HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960High Blood Pressure: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83709-0 1. High Blood Pressure-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on high blood pressure. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ........................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on High Blood Pressure ..................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 31 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE................................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Finding Nutrition Studies on High Blood Pressure .................................................................. 121 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 122 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ......................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 127 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 128 General References ..................................................................................................................... 149 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ........................................................... 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Dissertations on High Blood Pressure ....................................................................................... 151 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 152 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ...................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Recent Trials on High Blood Pressure ....................................................................................... 153 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ...................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Patents on High Blood Pressure ................................................................................................ 157 Patent Applications on High Blood Pressure............................................................................. 170 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 183 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.......................................................................... 185 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 185 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 185 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 186 Chapters on High Blood Pressure .............................................................................................. 195 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 196 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ............................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 199 Bibliography: Multimedia on High Blood Pressure ................................................................... 204 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ............................................ 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 205 Newsletters on High Blood Pressure.......................................................................................... 207 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 208 Academic Periodicals covering High Blood Pressure................................................................. 208 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 211 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 211 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 211 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 217 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 221
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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 221 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 221 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 223 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 226 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 227 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 243 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 245 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 245 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 245 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 245 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 245 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 251 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 251 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE DICTIONARY .............................................................................. 253 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 317
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with high blood pressure is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about high blood pressure, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to high blood pressure, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on high blood pressure. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to high blood pressure, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on high blood pressure. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on high blood pressure.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and high blood pressure, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus: Are All Antihypertensive Drugs Created Equal? Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 160(16): 2447-2452. September 11, 2000. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services Center, P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-2350. Fax (312) 464-5831. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This article describes a study that analyzed available data to evaluate the efficacy of various antihypertensive agents in hypertensive patients with diabetes. A MEDLINE search of English language articles published until June 1999 was undertaken with the use of the terms diabetes mellitus,' hypertension,' blood pressure,' and therapy.'
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Pertinent articles cited in the identified reports were also reviewed. Included were only prospective randomized studies of more than 12 months' duration that evaluated the effect of drug treatment on morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with diabetes. The study also estimated the risk associated with the combination of diabetes and hypertension and the effect of treatment on morbidity and mortality. The study found that the coexistence of diabetes doubled the risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and total mortality in hypertensive patients. Intensive blood pressure control to levels lower than 130/85 mm Hg was beneficial in hypertensive patients with diabetes. Diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium antagonists were effective in reducing cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with diabetes. In elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension and diabetes, calcium antagonists reduced the rate of cardiac end points by 63 percent, stroke by 73 percent, and total mortality by 55 percent. In more than 60 percent of hypertensive patients with diabetes, combination therapy was required to control blood pressure. The article concludes that, in hypertensive patients with diabetes, intensive control of blood pressure to levels lower than 130/85 mm Hg reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. 6 tables. 47 references. (AA-M). •
Reining In High Blood Pressure Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(6): 8, 10-12, 14. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article discusses the management of high blood pressure. People who have diabetes are more likely to develop hypertension and two to four times more likely to have a stroke or acute heart problems. Hypertension and diabetes are strong risk factors for the development of congestive heart failure. The blood pressure goal established by the American Diabetes Association for most people who have diabetes is blood pressure less than 130/85 millimeters of mercury. The top number represents the pressure in an artery during a contraction of the heart, and the bottom number represents the pressure in an artery between heartbeats. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of stroke and heart, kidney, and eye disease. Many lifestyle habits can be modified to help lower blood pressure, including quitting smoking, losing weight, making dietary changes, restricting sodium, exercising, using relaxation techniques, consuming alcohol in moderation, and setting goals that are specific and attainable. In addition to making lifestyle changes, people who have diabetes and hypertension will also have to take one or more drugs daily to control their blood pressure. Many people who have diabetes and hypertension are treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The most important action that people who have diabetes and hypertension can take is to get involved in their care and treatment. One way to take an active role in managing hypertension is to take blood pressure measurements between doctor visits. The article includes information on the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet and drugs for treating high blood pressure.
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Low Down on High Blood Pressure Source: Living Well With Diabetes. 7(1): 25-26. Winter 1992. Summary: This article focuses on preventing and controlling high blood pressure, with the end goal of preventing and controlling serious complications of diabetes, including stroke and heart, eye, and kidney problems. Topics include a definition of high blood
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pressure, how to prevent hypertension, how to control high blood pressure, and the role of lifestyle changes or medication. 2 tables. 2 references. •
Lowdown On High Blood Pressure Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 8(3): 44-47. May-June 1991. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing Company. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article reviews the problems of high blood pressure, or hypertension. Topics include the link between hypertension and diabetes; what a blood pressure measurement means; the probable causes of hypertension; what can be done to control blood pressure and blood glucose in people with diabetes; the role of diet, exercise and stress reduction; and drug therapy used to treat hypertension. Pharmaceutical agents discussed include diuretics, centrally acting agents, alpha-blocking agents, beta-blocking agents, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. One chart lists the generic and brand names of agents commonly used in the treatment of hypertension.
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How Much Do You Know About High Blood Pressure? Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 9(3): 46-47. May-June 1992. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing Company. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This brief article consists of a quiz of ten questions about high blood pressure and a discussion of the answers to each question. Subjects touched upon include how blood pressure levels are influenced, the complications arising from high blood pressure, normal blood pressure readings, systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, what can be done to reduce blood pressure, the influence of beverages containing alcohol or caffeine, blood pressure medications that are safe and effective for people with diabetes, and beta blockers.
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Weight Loss Diet, Regular Exercise Needed to Control High Blood Pressure Source: Diabetes in the News. 10(2): 12-13. March-April 1991. Summary: This brief article stresses the importance of a healthy weight loss diet and regular exercise in controlling high blood pressure in people with diabetes. The author notes that high blood pressure seems to go along with high blood glucose, citing that up to half of all people with diabetes also have high blood pressure. The article briefly overviews the diagnosis and complications of high blood pressure and medications that may be needed for hypertension control. One figure lists eight recommendations to combat high blood pressure, including controlling blood glucose and blood pressure; following a recommended diet; exercising; stopping smoking; minimizing alcohol consumption; reducing stress; taking your own blood pressure; and maintaining goals for systolic and diastolic readings.
Federally Funded Research on High Blood Pressure The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to high blood pressure. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to high blood pressure. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore high blood pressure. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for high blood pressure: •
Project Title: A PHARMACOGENETICS APPROACH TO DRUG INDUCED WEIGHT GAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Coe, Natalie R.; Jackson Laboratory 600 Main St Bar Harbor, Me 04609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-MAY-2001 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant?s description) Obesity, often the result of a person?s genetic predisposition, can lead to serious medical conditions, including noninsulin dependent diabetes, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, kidney failure, and depression. Clozapine is a highly prescribed anti-psychotic drug, but unfortunately, many patients become obese within several months after initiation of this drug therapy. Identification of the clozapine weight responsive genetic locus and subsequent gene identification will 1) further enhance our understanding of obesity, including genetic suscepibility and onset as well as the its underlying molecular basis, 2) allow psychiatric patients to be screened prior to clozapine treatment to avoid potential health risks brought on by obesity, 3) identify potential cross talk of neuronal and obesity-related metabolic pathways, and 4) help aid in the design of new anti-psychotic drugs that do not interfere with metabolic weight homeostasis. The potential correlation (positive or negative) between formation of the principal active metabolite of clozapine(Ndesmethyl-clozapine) and the onset of obesity will be explored as a viable tool to screen psychiatric patients genetically predisposed to clozapine induced weight gain. The involvement of histamine (H1) receptors and the neuroleptic induced obesity phenotype has abeen eluded to but not formally addressed in the literature. The potential role of the H1 receptor will be examined directly by the proposed work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: AGING WORKERS WITH HYPERTENSION: MANAGING OR MAKING DO? Principal Investigator & Institution: Davenport, Beverly A.; Anthropolgy, History & Soc Med; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This ethnographic study will explore the way a multi racial/ethnic sample of aging urban transit operators and their doctors
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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communicate with each other about the transit operators chronic health condition, hypertension. It will also look at the way transit operators interpret medical advice they receive in the routine practices of their daily lives. The study seeks to illuminate the choices that transit operators make in the way they manage their health. In addition, it seeks to describe the impact that various treatment regimens, including the use of prescription drugs, have on these workers quality of life, both on and off the job. The study will also seek to reveal the meaning that hypertension has for transit operators, considering such possibilities as the effect that labeling as "ill" may have on the transit operators view of themselves, and the impact of personal and cultural beliefs on the transit operators understanding and management of their condition. The research will attempt to distinguish effective and ineffective communication patterns and successful and unsuccessful self-management strategies with regard to an outcome of great importance as America s population ages -"controlled" high blood pressure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: APOLIPOPROTEIN-MEDIATED CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX Principal Investigator & Institution: Davidson, William S.; Associate Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: It is well known that plasma levels of apolipoprotein (apo)AI and high density lipoprotein (HDL) are inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVDs, which include heart attacks, stroke and high blood pressure, are estimated to shorten the average American life expectancy by about 10 years. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that protect the body from the pathological accumulation of lipid and cholesterol that cause CVD are not well understood. However, recent studies have shown that lipid-poor forms of apoAI may be particularly effective at promoting cholesterol removal from the periphery by a mechanism that is distinct from that used by the bulk of plasma HDL. The long-term goal of this research is to determine how the structure of lipid-poor modulates its ability to remove cholesterol from peripheral cells such as those that comprise the vessel wall. A secondary goal is to develop variant forms of apoAI that vary in their ability to interact with cell surfaces and to promote cholesterol efflux. These mutants will not only provide valuable information on the mechanism of cholesterol removal by lipid-poor apoAI, but will also be useful for future transgenic mouse and gene therapy studies designed to improve the effectiveness of HDL in the prevention of CVD. The approaches will include the use of sophisticated fluorescence studies combined with mutants of apoAI that contain single tryptophan residues to study the structure of apoAI in the lipid- free form and in various states of HDL particle maturation. This will provide information on apoAI dynamics that is not yet been possible by X-ray crystallography or NMR. Mutagenesis techniques will also be used to modulate the ability of apoAI to interact with lipids and to cell surface proteins. These mutants will be examined using detailed lipid binding and cell surface association assays. Finally, the effect of those modifications on the ability of apoAI to promote cholesterol removal from cells will be determined in cell culture-based studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumenthal, James A.; Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): High Blood Pressure (HBP) is a major health problem in the United States, with most adults >35 years of age exhibiting BP above optimal levels. Persons with HBP exhibit subclinical vascular disease, which is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Although pharmacologic treatments have proven to be successful in reducing HBP in many patients, drug therapy is not always successful and may be associated with iatrogenic effects that compromise compliance and impair quality of life. Furthermore, abnormalities associated with HBP, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, may persist or may even be exacerbated by anti-hypertensive medications. Thus, there continues to be a need to develop behavioral treatments for reducing HBP. There is now good reason to believe that diet and exercise may be one such approach. The study proposed in this application will build upon our previous work in which we demonstrated that exercise, especially when combined with a behavioral weight loss program, resulted in clinically significant BP reductions. In addition, feeding studies have demonstrated that a diet high in low fat dairy products as well as fruits and vegetables (i.e., the DASH diet) may significantly reduce BP without weight loss. The present application seeks to extend these findings by (a) evaluating the efficacy of the DASH diet in a free-living situation; (b) considering the DASH diet alone and in combination with a cognitive-behavioral weight loss program including aerobic exercise; (c) examining the impact of diet and exercise on cardiac, metabolic, and vascular function, and (d) following patients for one year to determine the longer term impact of the interventions on BP, body weight, and cardiovascular function. One hundred twenty men and women with HBP will be randomly assigned to the DASH diet alone, the DASH diet combined with a behavioral weight loss program, or to a usual care control condition. Before and after 4 months of treatment, patients will undergo assessments of BP and measures of arterial stiffness, endothelial function, baroreflex control, body composition, insulin resistance, systemic hemodynamics, and left ventricular structure and function. Twelve month follow-up will assess maintenance of benefit. The data generated from this study will have important clinical significance by determining the extent to which the DASH diet, alone and combined with caloric restriction and exercise, may lower BP and improve associated risk factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCTION AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Raskin, Phillip; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Excess insulin production might be a factor leading to high blood pressure since it has been shown that insulin produces salt retention in the kidneys and increases the blood levels of adrenalin. It has also been suggested that decreased insulin sensitivity could be a consequence not a cause of hypertension. In order to evaluate if decreased insulin sensitivity is a consequence or a cause of high blood pressure investigators will study the effects of different hypotensive medications on insulin sensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BPDIETS DIETARY INTERVENTION TOOL-HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Knebel, Ellen J.; Targeted Dietetics, Inc. Box 2893 Merrifield, Va 22116 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-2003; Project End 16-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by investigator): Dietary modifications are recognized as an integral part of adjuvant medical management for the treatment of high blood pressurea disease that affects over 50 million US adults, and which middle-age Americans face an estimated 90% lifetime risk. The current challenge is how to facilitate meaningful long-term lifestyle and nutritional changes in hypertensive patients that overcomes patient, physician, and lifestyle barriers. Targeted Dietetics' Web-Based Dietary Intervention Tool for High Blood Pressure (BPDiets TM) may provide an excellent resource for physicians, health professionals, and case managers, to facilitate long-term dietary changes in adults with hypertension. The tool locates "meals" that fit with antihypertensive diets and individual tastes (from restaurant, make-at-home, a la carte, ethnic, and frozen selections). Currently listing >150 meals the BPDiets TM tool enables users to: auto-generate their own menus; interact with registered dieticians specializing in hypertension online, self-monitor, and more. Phase 1 Feasibility Trials will aim to further understand the unique needs of the target user group, and improve the BPDiets TM tool to ensure the greatest utilization by target users. Phase 2 Efficacy Trials will test the hypothesis that a program of dietary modification using the BPDiets TM tool, can improve blood pressure control in adults who have Hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COMPREHENSIVE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CARE IN YOUNG URBAN BL Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, Martha N.; Associate Professor, School Of; None; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-JUN-1996; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: The main long term goal of this study is to improve the health care and health outcomes of young, hypertensive black men, the age-sex-race group which suffers disproportionately from premature high blood pressure (HBP) related morbidity and mortality. In an ongoing 24 month clinical trial, we have enrolled 309 black inner city hypertensive men, 21-54 years of age. They have been randomized to two parallel arms to test the effectiveness of an educational, behavioral and pharmacological HBP control program, provided by a nurse practitioner (NP)community health worker (CHW)- physician (MD) team (special intervention-SI), compared to usual medical care (UC). We have examined cardiovascular and renal abnormalities associated with HBP and identified barriers to HBP care and control. Preliminary results indicated that we have high rates of tracking and follow up (86% unadjusted; 97% adjusted) and have lowered both systolic and diastolic BP (DBP) in the SI group and DBP in the UC group. Over the first 12 months in the men (n=248) seen to date, BP changed from 146 to 136/99 to 90 mm Hg in the SI group and 145 to 144/98 to 94 mm Hg in the UC group. The primary objective of this continuation proposal is to extend the trial for 36 additional months to maintain and further lower BP, and to reduce cardiovascular complications associated with HBP, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic and systolic dysfunction, central vascular stiffness, and renal impairment. We will also integrate ancillary studies of newly discovered genetic polymorphisms and their relationships to cardiac, arterial and renal structure and function as well as response to HBP treatment. We plan to build upon our innovative
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model, which integrates, basic, clinical and behavioral sciences with sound research principles and methodology. Our ongoing intervention includes educational counseling and treatment sessions with an NP-MD team (using an angiotensin receptor +/diuretic), and telephone follow-up and 3 home visits by a CHW with the man and family members/friends who provide social support. In addition, we will document the cost of delivering the SI, an important step toward planning for cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of the intervention. This study is significant because it: 1) is the only randomized longitudinal study we are aware of that specifically targets the understudied, vulnerable, population of black men who are at disproportionately high risk of the adverse consequences of uncontrolled HBP, 2) extends the care and evaluation of a well characterized cohort of young hypertensive black me, 3) builds upon innovative multidisciplinary tem intervention strategies and biologic science techniques over a total of five years, 4) it integrates ancillary studies of genetic risk factors and cost, and 5) it has the potential for impact through future generalizability and sustainability of effective strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DECOUPLING OF PRINCIPAL RENAL AUTOREGULATORY MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chon, Ki H.; Electrical Engineering; City College of New York 138Th St and Convent Ave New York, Ny 10031 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Renal autoregulation is the, process that minimizes the effect of blood pressure variations on renal blood flow fluctuations. Two separate but interacting control mechanisms autoregulate renal blood flow: the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). TGF is an intrarenal control system found in each nepbron, and the myogenic response is a mechanism intrinsic to the vascular wall of the blood vessel. Highly regular blood pressure fluctuations in the kidney tubules in normotensive rats are replaced by highly irregular pressure fluctuations in hypertensive rats. The pressure fluctuation differences between the two strains of rats may be an indication of different autoregulatory dynamics. The primary goal of the proposed work is to unravel the underlying reasons for the changes in autoregulatory mechanics. The chief complication we must overcome, however, is the coupling between the autoregulatory mechanisms themselves. Specific Aim (1) of the project is to test the hypothesis that the dynamic characteristics of interactions between TGF and the myogenic mechanism are modulated by blood pressure and that chronic high blood pressure further affects the interaction. IN addition to these intra-nephron interactions between TOP and the myogenic mechanism, nephrons derived from the same radial cortical artery interact through the arteriolar wall. Oscillations in vascularlyconnected nepbrons are entrained in normotensive rats, but the entrainment is less complete in hypertensive rats. The static connection strength is stronger in hypertension, and the reduced entrainment is probably due to loss of signal coherence caused by the bifurcation to chaos. These observations suggest that these nephron-nephron interactions are affected by hypertension. Thus, in Specific Aim (2) we propose to measure the pressure dependence of the intra- and inter-nephron interactions, and use mathematical simulation to test the importance of these interactions to the dynamics of renal blood flow regulation. In Specific Aim (3) we propose to evaluate possible timevarying characteristics of autoregulation of single and whole kidney blood flow. With valuable information gathered from the first three specific aims, in Specific Aim (4) we propose to develop and test a block-structured mathematical model that will be able to
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emulate the observed functional behavior of the renal autoregulatory mechanisms under both normotensive and hypertensive conditions. By exercising this model, as described under Specific Aim (5), we plan to begin understanding the underlying reasons for the changes observed in autoregulation under pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ECONOMIC TRANSITION--THE EFFECTS ON HEALTH CARE IN CHINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Akin, John S.; Professor; Economics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: The purpose of this project is to define and statistically test the determinants of health outcome differences over regions and changes over time in 8 provinces of China through a model that incorporates individual, household, and community variable The model will be designed to take advantage of panel data estimation techniques to estimate both a fixed effect for individual (an estimate of unobserved, innate healthiness) and the impact of random shocks to health that cannot be explained by t variables in the model. No one-health outcome will be defined as the objective; the determinants of several specific ill health outcomes (such as diarrhea for children and high blood pressure for adults) will be modeled and the relationships estimated. The project addresses 2 basic failings of the literature on the determinants of health outcomes. A statistical model based on the micro-economic theory of household behavior is developed. Second, household and community data collected as part (the China Health and Nutrition Survey, over the 1989 to 1997 time period, is used so that the impact of the full set (determinants on changes in health can be analyzed. The hypothesis is that interventions such as education and higher incomes raise the demand for health care and also increase the efficiency of the use of inputs that enhance the ability of the household to deal with health shocks and to slow the depreciation of the stock of health. Government investments in public health goods reduce the probability of health shocks from specific sources (e.g., malaria) and reduce costs of curative interventions (b increasing the availability of inexpensive sources of curative care). The project outputs will include: (1) behavioral and statistical models of determinants of health; (2) a comparative analyst of the periods 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997; (3) a longitudinal comparative analysis across the 4 panels of the China data; (4) a macrolevel policy paper relating changes in macro-model variables to societal outcomes; and (5) a final report an Presentation of the findings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RENAL DISEASE IN SHR AND DAHL S RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rapp, John P.; Professor and Chairman; Physiology/Molecular Medicine; Medical College of Ohio at Toledo Research & Grants Admin. Toledo, Oh 436145804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the application): End stage renal disease (ESRD) in humans is an important medical problem requiring the expensive treatments of dialysis and renal transplantation. Studies in humans suggest that ESRO has a complex genetic component. In order to understand the genetic causes of ESRD we propose to define the genetic components responsible for the development of the rapidly progressing renal
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pathology in the Dahi salt sensitive (S) rat. To do this, segregating populations derived from crossing S rats with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) will be studied. The two strains are markedly different with regard to proteinuria and progression of renal disease. Young S rats have very high proteinuria and rapidly develop renal lesions; young SHR show essentially minimal proteinuria and very slow progression of renal disease in spite of their high blood pressure. Linkage analysis for the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the marked difference in proteinuria between S and SHR will be performed starting at a young age and also at successive time points in an F2(SHR X S) population fed a low salt diet to minimize the development of hypertension. The QTL for blood pressure that differentiate S and SHR rats have already been defined on high salt diet as residing on rat chromosomes 3, 6, 8 and 9. The relationship of these blood pressure QTL to the QTL for progressive proteinuria/renal disease will be sought by determining the positions of the QTL for both traits in an F2(SHR X S) population fed high salt diet. One of the blood pressure QTL differentiating S and SHR is likely to be related to the marked difference in the vascular smooth muscle response between S and SHR to ionic cobalt. This is a Mendelian trait and it will be placed on the rat genetic map to determine its relationship to blood pressure and proteinuria QTL. Lastly, the development of congenic strains will be initiated for any unique QTL, especially those for proteinuria/renal disease, defined by the above genetic analysis. These congenic strains are required for later fine genetic mapping and ultimate gene identification. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (GENOA) Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, C A.; Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, Ms 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-SEP-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The NHLBI Family Blood Pressure Program is made up of four cooperating networks whose overall objective is to localize and characterize genes contributing to variation in blood pressure levels and hypertension status. The four networks were originally separately funded and competitive, but two critical realizations have led to full cooperation and collaboration. First, the oligogenic nature of blood pressure control dictates that large samples are necessary to achieve adequate statistical power for genomic linkage and association analyses. Second, linkage intervals are broad and contain large numbers of genes, so that success in identifying genes and mutations requires the effort of multiple laboratories freely sharing information. This coordination extends far beyond phenotyping and genotyping and is best exemplified by the Program's creation of a pooled data set and agreements about coordinated publications. During the initial funding period, the Program surpassed its original recruitment goals, carried out multiple genome-wide linkage and association analyses and created an interim pooled data set consisting of phenotype and genotype data from more than 10,000 individuals. In this renewal application, the Program proposes five specific aims to be carried out by all four networks. These aims can be grouped according to two complementary themes: First, these applicants will create and analyze a database of blood pressure- related phenotype and genotype data from all FBPP participants (Aim 1). Within linked regions, they will identify allelic variation within positional candidate genes and evaluate the relationship of these polymorphisms with blood pressure levels and hypertension status (Aims 2 and 3). Second, they will use quantitative measures of target organ damage to identify genes that influence susceptibility to develop hypertensive heart and kidney diseases (Aims 4 and 5). In addition to the Program specific aims, each network proposes specific aims to be carried out by that network
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alone, based on unique aspects of their population and interests and expertise of the investigators. The Family Blood Pressure Program represents the most determined multidisciplinary approach to the genetics of hypertension ever assembled. The resulting synthesis of ideas and amassed data permits rigorous hypothesis testing not otherwise possible and will hasten understanding of the previously elusive genetic variation responsible for disease risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEALTH EFFECTS OF JOB DISPLACEMENT AMONG OLDER WORKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Assistant Professor; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: In the last two decades, older workers have represented an increasing proportion of the displaced workers in the U.S. Displaced workers are workers who experience involuntary loss of a permanent job, due to either business closing or layoff. Although the impact of job displacement on earnings is well established, the health effects of displacement among older workers in the U.S remain largely unknown. The broad objective of the proposed research is to examine the health consequences of job displacement among older workers in the U.S. The specific aims are to: 1) assess the effect of job displacement on subsequent physical disability and mental health, and investigate the persistence of observed effects; 2) assess the impact of re-employment and jobless duration on physical disability and mental health; and 3) examine the effect of job displacement on reports of disease onset. Using data from the first three waves of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), a nationally representative sample of older workers in the U.S., multivariate, longitudinal techniques will be used to investigate each aim. Physical disability will be measured using a composite score derived from self reports of difficulties with activities of daily living and mobility tasks. Mental health will be assessed using available items from the Center for Epidemiological StudiesDepression scale. Onset of disease will be measured by self-reported myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, and cancer. The proposed analyses build on the Investigators' previous examinations of the health effects of job displacement among older workers using data from the first two waves of the HRS. In addition, these proposed analyses are an important component of the Investigators' longer term goal of examining and explaining variations in the health effects of job displacement among older workers in comparable data sets in other countries. The larger goal of exploring cross-national comparisons will be the aim of a future application for national funding and is planned as the next step in the Investigators' research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CARE FOR KOREAN AMERICANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Miyong T.; None; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Provided by the Applicant) The primary objective of this study is to develop and test an innovative self-help program for Korean Americans (KA) that is culturally sensitive, built on valid behavioral theories and principles, and aimed at improving the control of high blood pressure (HBP) and enhancing health related quality of life.
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Specifically, we will focus on the self-help aspects of HBP control by empowering patients with greater knowledge about HBP, greater self-efficacy, and enhancing selfcare skills including general and HBP related problem-solving skills. We therefore propose to undertake a project to test the effectiveness of a self-help HBP control intervention program specifically designed for KA with HBP. This Self-Help Intervention Program (SHIP) will have three concurrently administered components: (1) a structured behavioral education intervention that focuses on fostering self-help skills in controlling HBP; (2) home BP monitoring with a telephone transmission system (HBPMT); and (3) telephone interaction with a bilingual nurse who will facilitate effective communication between KA with HBP and their care providers. Our specific aims are to: (1) further develop and test a self-help intervention program (SHIP) protocol that specifies the process and content of the intervention for KA with HBP; (2) enroll 260 KA, ages 40-65, with HBP in the SHIP intervention program; (3) deliver the SHIP intervention to the study participants; (4) measure the effect of the SHIP intervention on both primary outcome, BP reduction, and on secondary cognitive behavioral outcomes, including self-efficacy, problem-solving skills, and adherence to treatment recommendations; and (5) explore relevant methodological issues, which include evaluating the dose-response association with respect to the self-help education treatment strength, level of adherence necessary to induce the desirable changes in BP levels and psychological well-being. The outcome variables will be measured before the intervention and at 12 and 24 months after the start of the intervention. This investigation will allow us to examine theoretical, logistical, and methodological issues prior to implementing the proposed community-based intervention designed to improve health care outcomes in this vulnerable minority ethnic group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Ayers, Carlos R.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This is an interdisciplinary post-doctoral training grant application for 6 positions per year. The area of training is in hypertension, arteriosclerosis and vascular biology. The research training period is for two more years. The trainees are trained for positions in academic medicine. Additional clinical training for board qualification is supported by hospital sources. The departments include Internal Medicine Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology), Pediatrics (Nephrology Cardiology), Anesthesiology, Biochemistry, Physiology Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering. This is the only NIH institutional training grant supporting M.D. cardiovascular research training in the clinical departments of this institution. Almost all of the trainees have a basic scientist as a mentor; some have more than one mentor. The main research training projects have been in molecular or cell biology, however, and projects in whole animals and human subjects are done. There are three strong research areas that support the major part of research training: vascular smooth muscle program project group, the group working on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the vascular biology/arteriosclerosis program group. The greatest strength of this training program is the recruitment of highly qualified MD trainees to this program. We are now averaging 6 MD trainees/year. These trainees elect basic training that my include both a basic and clinical science mentors. Basic statistics, data management and research ethics are the only required courses but those training in vascular biology are required to take Vascular Cell Biology and Cellular and Molecular Biology are strongly recommended.
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The trainees are expected to attend lab meetings, selected seminars in Physiology, Vascular Smooth Muscle, Vascular Biology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Internal Medicine. Monthly journal clubs and research seminars in Cardiology are attended. MD trainees may earn the PhD degree. The research environment is superior and research grant support of the faculty is excellent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROVING CARE FOR HIGH RISK MINORITY PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Carson, Deborah Stier.; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Title: A Randomized Trial of Pharmacist-intervention to increase prescription refills. Abstract This study will use the capabilities of a commercially available pharmacy computer system to identify chronically ill black patients who are at risk for not refilling their prescriptions for medications that have proven value in controlling exacerbation of their illnesses. This intervention will be evaluated using data from the pharmacy computer system. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate that commercial pharmacy computer systems can be used to identify black patients at risk for poor adherence to life and cost saving medications. The patients identified through this method will receive a call from a pharmacist to remind them that it is time for their medication to be refilled, and to discuss any problems. This approach of selecting high risk patients should prove more cost effective than approaches where all patients receive counseling. We will compare responses to mailed reminders and to no reminders. The study design is a before-after time series with two interventions and a control group. Using an electronic data collection system at study design is a before-after time series with two interventions and a control group. Using an electronic data collection system at two pharmacies, non-adherent patients will be identified. Patients who have missed at least one prescription refill by one week during the last six months will be selected. They will be assigned randomly to two treatment groups and a control group. The control group will receive no special treatment; one experimental group will get a telephone reminder/counseling; the other will receive a reminder in the mail. After six months compliance will be re-evaluated using the electronic data collection system. Various types of medications for certain chronic diseases will be targeted (see attached medication list). The conditions include high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, heart failure, diabetes, and depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INSULIN, INSULIN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
RESISTANCE,
HYPERGLYCEMIA
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Haffner, Steven M.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is associated with increased risk for coronary artery, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. It has been hypothesized that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not a consequence of NIDDM but that both conditions share common antecedents. Risk factors such as obesity, high fasting plasma glucose and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure -- all cluster
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in normoglycemic subjects who subsequently develop impaired glucose tolerance. This study proposes to determine if insulin resistance is associated with increased prevalence of CVD independent of obesity, glycemia, and insulinemia, to determine the impact of insulin resistance on CVD risk factors, to determine if there are ethnic differences in the relationship between insulin resistance and the prevalence of CVD, and to establish the basis for a prospective study to determine if insulin resistance predicts the development of CVD and its risk factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: JACKSON HEART STUDY--COORDINATING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Garrison, Robert J.; None; Jackson State University 1400 John R. Lynch St Jackson, Ms 39217 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Despite encouraging declines over the past three decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death in the U.S. A number of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke have been identified; however, relatively few population-based studies have examined CVD in a large group of African-Americans. Existing evidence indicated that death rates in Mississippi are the highest in the nation and particularly high among African-Americans. Between 1980 and 1995, the decline in CVD death rates has been the slowest among African-American men and women in Mississippi relative to other groups in the state and nation. The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is a single-site prospective epidemiologic investigation of CVD among approximately 6,500 African-Americans ages 35 to 84, from Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area. The primary objective of the JHS is to investigate the causes of CVD in African- Americans to learn how to best prevent this group of diseases in the future. More specific objectives include: (1) Identifying factors which influence the development and worsening of CVD in African-Americans, with an emphasis on Manifestations related to high blood pressure (such as enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and disorders affecting the blood vessels of the kidney). (2) Building research capabilities in minority institutions at the undergraduate and graduate level by developing partnerships between minority and majority institutions and enhancing participation of minority investigators in largescale epidemiologic studies. (3) Attaching minority students to and preparing them for careers in public health and epidemiology. This project serves as the Coordinating Center where all data collected during the study will be managed, analysis of the data will be performed, and community involvement will be coordinated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: JACKSON HEART STUDY--EXAM CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Daniel W.; Professor; Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, Ms 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Despite encouraging declines over the past three decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death in the U.S. A number of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke have been identified; however, relatively few population-based studies have examined CVD in a large group of African-Americans. Existing evidence indicated that death rates in Mississippi are the highest in the nation and particularly high among African-Americans. Between 1980 and 1995, the decline in CVD death rates has been the slowest among African-American
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men and women in Mississippi relative to other groups in the state and nation. The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is a single-site prospective epidemiologic investigation of CVD among approximately 6,500 African-Americans ages 35 to 84, from Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area. The primary objective of the JHS is to investigate the causes of CVD in African- Americans to learn how to best prevent this group of diseases in the future. More specific objectives include: (1) Identifying factors which influence the development and worsening of CVD in African-Americans, with an emphasis on Manifestations related to high blood pressure (such as enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and disorders affecting the blood vessels of the kidney). (2) Building research capabilities in minority institutions at the undergraduate and graduate level by developing partnerships between minority and majority institutions and enhancing participation of minority investigators in largescale epidemiologic studies. (3) Attaching minority students to and preparing them for careers in public health and epidemiology. This project serves as the Coordinating Center where all data collected during the study will be managed, analysis of the data will be performed, and community involvement will be coordinated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: JACKSON HEART STUDY--TRAINING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Srinivasan, Asoka; None; Tougaloo College Tougaloo, Ms 39174 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Despite encouraging declines over the past three decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death in the U.S. A number of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke have been identified; however, relatively few population-based studies have examined CVD in a large group of African-Americans. Existing evidence indicated that death rates in Mississippi are the highest in the nation and particularly high among African-Americans. Between 1980 and 1995, the decline in CVD death rates has been the slowest among African-American men and women in Mississippi relative to other groups in the state and nation. The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is a single-site prospective epidemiologic investigation of CVD among approximately 6,500 African-Americans ages 35 to 84, from Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area. The primary objective of the JHS is to investigate the causes of CVD in African- Americans to learn how to best prevent this group of diseases in the future. More specific objectives include: (1) Identifying factors which influence the development and worsening of CVD in African-Americans, with an emphasis on Manifestations related to high blood pressure (such as enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and disorders affecting the blood vessels of the kidney). (2) Building research capabilities in minority institutions at the undergraduate and graduate level by developing partnerships between minority and majority institutions and enhancing participation of minority investigators in largescale epidemiologic studies. (3) Attaching minority students to and preparing them for careers in public health and epidemiology. This project serves as the Coordinating Center where all data collected during the study will be managed, analysis of the data will be performed, and community involvement will be coordinated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MEDITATION FOR HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, James D.; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): High blood pressure is a major public health problem that affects nearly 25 percent of adults in the United States and contributes to increased risks of morbidity and mortality via cardiovascular and renal diseases. Although anti-hypertensive medications are often effective in the treatment of hypertension, non-pharmacological therapies are recognized as important first-line or adjunctive treatments for blood pressure management. A variety of relaxation and stress management techniques have been tested for their potential contributions to blood pressure control through stress reduction. Among these interventions, meditation training has shown the greatest promise as an adjunctive behavioral treatment for lowering blood pressure. This project investigates the effectiveness of a meditationtraining program for the reduction of blood pressure. The 3-year study is a randomized, controlled clinical trial involving 120 adult men and women with hypertension or highnormal blood pressure recruited from the community. After extended screening and baseline testing, participants will be assigned at random to receive the experimental meditation training program (N= 60), to receive a progressive muscle relaxation training program that serves as a placebo control (N = 30), or to continue with usual care (N= 30). Post-treatment testing will be conducted 1, 2, and 3 months after training begins. Treatment outcome will be assessed by changes in laboratory-based and 24-hour ambulatory measures of blood pressure from baseline to follow-up. In addition, the study will test whether stress-reduction is a plausible mechanism that can account for clinical outcomes, using measurements of treatment-related changes in neuroendocrine and subjective measures of stress. Finally, the study will investigate the characteristics of those who respond best to this treatment and determine whether those individuals who begin training with higher levels of stress and anxiety show greater improvements in blood pressure and measures of stress than those who begin with lower levels. Meditation training may be a cost-effective non-pharmacological treatment for the management of high blood pressure. The results of this trial will advance our understanding of the potential benefits of this behavioral intervention, the mechanisms through which it works, and the kind of person who will benefit most from it. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING IN HYPERTENSIVE AFRICAN AMERI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Ogedegbe, Godwin O.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by investigator): In the United States, prevalence of high blood pressure in African-Americans is among the highest in the world. Prevalence of hypertension for non-Hispanic blacks age 20 and older is 50 percent higher than among non-Hispanic whites. African-Americans develop high blood pressure at an earlier age and are more likely to have poorly controlled blood pressure. Blacks have a 1.8 times greater rate of fatal stroke, a 1.5 times greater rate of heart disease death and a 4.2 times greater rate of end-stage hypertension-related kidney disease than whites. Adherence with anti-hypertensive medications can help reduce risk of negative outcomes. Motivational interviewing is a promising patient-centered approach for improving treatment compliance. This technique consists of brief, patient-driven counseling sessions to facilitate initiation and maintenance of behavior change. This study will assess whether adherence can be enhanced through motivational interviewing, an integrated, multiple-component, and culturally-sensitive intervention. The proposed
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study is a longitudinal, randomized controlled trial of 190 poorly controlled hypertensive patients. Subjects will be recruited from a community-based primary care practice and randomly assigned to one of two conditions: non-supportive counseling or motivational interviewing. Patients in both arms will have 4 sessions of either nonsupportive counseling or motivational interviewing at 3-month intervals after randomization. The primary outcome is medication adherence and the secondary outcomes are changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between baseline and oneyear follow-up assessment. Changes in medication-adherence self-efficacy will also be measured. The long-term objective is to determine whether better adherence to prescribed medications can be achieved through motivational interviewing, leading to reduction in hypertension-related outcomes like end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular mortality and stroke among African-American patients with poorly controlled hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL CONTROL OF FLUID HOMEOSTASIS IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fink, Gregory D.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: High blood pressure (hypertension) continues to have a major impact on mortality and morbidity in most human populations. This is particularly the case where dietary sodium chloride (salt) intake is high. Thus, the long-term goal of this project is to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which abnormal regulation of body sodium and water balance promote hypertension development. It is very likely that intrinsic kidney dysfunction plays a key role in this process. The central hypothesis motivating this work, however, is that humoral factors also involved in regulating body fluid volume and electrolyte concentration cause an increase in blood pressure by affecting neural cardiovascular control mechanisms (i.e. brain and autonomic nervous system). The proposed studies will focus on two such factors--angiotensin II and endothelin. Experiments utilizing chronic infusion of these peptides indicate that they influence blood pressure by at least two mechanisms: 1) "fast" pressor effects, primarily due to direct vasoconstriction; and 2) "slow" pressor effects, probably mediated via multiple indirect actions, including activation of neurogenic (sympathetic) pressor responses. High salt intake alone strongly enhances the slow pressor effects of angiotensin II and endothelin. Recent work, moreover, showed that both stenosis of a renal artery and experimental chronic renal failure (reduction in renal mass) also produced such enhancement (to the slow pressor effect of angiotensin II). The experiments proposed in this application will examine the mechanism and implications of these recent findings. All studies will be conducted in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats instrumented for direct, daily measurements of blood pressure and sodium/water balance; and for chronic administration of peptides. Several protocols will seek to establish if renal artery stenosis or reduced renal mass augment slow pressor mechanisms by: 1) affecting plasma peptide concentrations, 2) altering body fluid volume/electrolyte status, or 3) affecting neural input via renal sensory afferents. Others will address the question of how high salt intake is "sensed" by neurogenic pressor mechanisms responsive to angiotensin II and endothelin. The overall role of endothelin in the chronic maintenance of hypertension in rats with reduced renal mass will be assessed using newly developed pharmacological antagonists of endothelin receptors. Finally, a possible contribution of endothelin to angiotensin II induced hypertension will
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be explored. These investigations should provide new insights into the link between abnormalities in renal function and/or body fluid regulation and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROPLASTICITY IN ACQUIRED AND INHERITED FORMS OF HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Aileru, Azeez A.; Associate Professor of Neurophysiology; Winston-Salem State University 601 Martin Luther King Jr Dr Winston-Salem, Nc 27110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2007 Summary: Many studies suggest that hypertensive humans and animal models of hypertension exhibit increased peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA). Knowledge of the events that lead to elevated SNA and its significance in the genesis and maintenance of elevated blood pressure is rudimentary. Our longrange goal is to understand how blood pressure alters the efficiency of autonomic transmission and how neuroplastic behavior can be modulated for preventive and therapeutic purposes. The objective of this application is to understand the mechanisms by which high blood pressure produces profound changes in the physiology of autonomic synaptic transmission. The general approach is to 1) monitor the activity-dependent and activityindependent changes in neuroplasticity of the sympathetic ganglia isolated from hypertensive rat; 2) monitor the excitability of postganglionic neuron of acutely isolated ganglion cells and their responsiveness during sustained high blood pressure. In animal models of hypertension, our preliminary data show dramatic changes in the electrophysiological behavior of sympathetic ganglion neurons ranging from alterations in the pattern of action potential activity recorded in postganglionic neurons to an enhanced efficacy of synaptic transmission. The central hypotheses are that i) hypertension induces modulation of synaptic efficacy in sympathetic ganglia, and it) Angiotensin II (AnglI), either by long term actions at the ganglion or by increased activation of sympathetic nervous system outflow from the central nervous system, contributes to the alterations in ganglionic function. The rationale for the proposed research is that, once knowledge of the mechanisms that are responsible for alteration of synaptic plasticity in hypertension has been obtained, it will lead to new strategies that can be used to prevent and/or treat hypertension, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with high blood pressure. The central hypotheses will be tested and the objective of the application will be accomplished by three specific aims. The proposed work is innovative because it capitalizes on the autonomic control of hypertension. It is our expectation that the resultant approach will lead to a better perception of how autonomic ganglia function to regulate blood pressure or vice versa. This proposal uses electrophysiological techniques, receptor autoradiography techniques and neurotransmitter pharmacology in concert with genetic strains of hypertensive animals to learn how genesis and maintenance of high blood pressure alter the function of peripheral neural elements in autonomic ganglia. Such outcomes will be significant because it is expected that the new knowledge will suggest novel targets for preventive and therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEW CVD RISK FACTORS FOR LOWERED CONGITIVE FUNCTIONING Principal Investigator & Institution: Elias, Merrill F.; Research Professor of Epidemiology; Psychology; University of Maine Orono Orono, Me 04469 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Arterial hypertension and high blood pressure (BP) are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke; they are also risk factors for lowered cognitive functioning. Except for diabetes, there have been comparatively few studies of other common risk factors, particularly with regard to interrelationships among risk factors which may adversely affect cognitive ability. This study is concerned with associations between cognitive functioning and three major CVD risk factors: (1) BP, (2) high total plasma homocysteine (tHcy), and (3) ApoE e4 genotype. Although high BP is a wellestablished risk factor for lowered cognitive functioning, tHcy and ApoE e4 are relatively unexplored variables with respect to cognitive functioning. A major objective is to investigate the individual, cumulative, and synergistic effects of BP, tHcy levels, and ApoE e4 genotype on cognitive functioning over a broad range of cognitive abilities. Three secondary, but important, objectives are to determine: (1) the extent to which the adverse influence of these three CYD risk factors on cognitive functioning is affected by the presence of coexisting CVD risk factors (e.g., cigarette smoking); (2) the cumulative impact of multiple risk factors on cognitive functioning; (3) the extent to which age effects on cognitive functioning are attenuated by adjustment for BP, tHey, ApoE genotype, and other CVD risk factors. The study makes use of existing data from a large longitudinal study of hypertension and cognitive functioning. Additionally, important new information about relations among tHey, ApoE, and BP will be obtained by calling back the longitudinal subjects for additional studies of cognitive functioning and making use of concurrent, prospective, and retrospective analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NURSE-MANAGED BP TELEMONITORING WITH AFRICAN AMERICANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Artinian, Nancy T.; None; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: There is an urgent need to find better ways to control and treat high blood pressure in African Americans. Although there is some evidence to suggest there may be advantages to home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring, there is a need for more research since: a) we do not know about the effects of this strategy on long-term control of BP; and b) we do not know the mechanisms by which telemonitoring works to lower BP and achieve BP control. Accordingly, the specific aims of this "new investigator"-led randomized controlled trial are to: a) compare usual care only with home telemonitoring plus usual care to determine which has the greatest effect on change in blood pressure from baseline; and b) determine the extent to which the effects of the intervention are mediated by changes in dietary habits, physical activity level, weight loss, alcohol intake, compliance with an antihypertensive medication regimen, or contact with a primary care provider. Our study is one of the first of its kind using a community-based rather than clinic-based recruitment strategy, thereby expanding access to care. Otherwise healthy African American English speaking men and women (n=400) who are > 18 years with a SBP > 140 mmHG and a DBP > 90 mmHG (unless the individual self-identifies as a diabetic or with a history of a heart attack, then SBP> 130 mmHG,
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DBP > 85 mmHG) will be conveniently selected from specified community sites. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups that are stratified by use or non-use of antihypertension medication: Group A--home telemonitoring plus usual care; or Group B--usual care only. Participants in Group A will receive usual care plus weekly telemonitoring for 12 months and 15 sessions of telecounseling which provide information about lifestyle modifications in accordance with JNC-VI guidelines. The proposed intervention is intended to increase the saliency of the hypertension for participants, provide a cue to take action and assist them to learn about what actions to take. Data (change in blood pressure from baseline, dietary habits, physical activity level, weight loss, alcohol intake, compliance with an antihypertensive medication regimen, and contact with a primary care provider) will be collected at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Analysis will include a general mixed linear model approach to repeated measures MANOVA and structural equation growth curve modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OVERCOMING HEALTH RACIAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Carey, Timothy S.; Professor of Medicine; Sheps Center for Hlth Serv Res; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The Cecil G Sheps Center and the Program on Health Outcomes of the University of North Carolina propose to establish a Center of Excellence on Overcoming Racial Disparities (CEORHD). The CEORHD will focus the expertise of a diverse and unique research community on causes and contributing factors leading to inequalities in access to and outcomes of care. We will work with two historically black North Carolina universities, NC Central and Shaw University, in both the research projects and through research training linkages. We will establish two core groups: the Administrative and Methods Core and the Data Management Core. We will be assisted by an external advisory board as well an internal group to aid in training issues. Over the 5 years of the proposed program project, we will complete seven research projects. These projects will share research infrastructure and contribute to research seminars at UNC, NCCU, and Shaw. Our clinical area of interest is the understanding and elimination of health disparities for adult cancer and other chronic illnesses among black adults, with a special focus on rural black populations: (1) racial disparities in rectal cancer (community-based case-control study); (2) racial differences in prostate cancer treatment outcomes (community- based case-case study assessing differences between prostate cancer in whites and blacks); (3) interventions to reduce disparities between black and white women in physicians' recommendations for mammography (community-based RCT); (4) community-based disease management for (5) service coordination for patients with HIV and STD infections (study of administrative coordination among agencies in rural areas and its relationship to health disparities); (6) racial concordance and outcomes of care for black patients with high blood pressure (secondary data analysis); and (7) measurement of functioning and well-being in minority populations (secondary data analysis). Taken together, these projects will substantially advance our understanding of both the etiology of and redress for current racial disparities in health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--FAMILIES IMPLEMENTING GOOD HEALTH TRADITIONS FOR LIFE Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, Rakale; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: African Americans engage in the least amount of regular physical activity, exhibit an increased prevalence of obesity and have diets that are low in fruit and vegetable intake compared to other Americans. It is postulated that this unhealthy lifestyle contributes to the extremely high rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke in this population. It is for that reason that the Families Implementing Good Health Traditions for Life (FIGHT for Life) program will be developed. FIGHT for Life will be a community-based intervention pilot study to reduce blood pressure and improve other stroke risk factors by improving physical activity and dietary habits among African American families. This study will use a three-group, cluster-randomized design, with families rather than individuals, assigned to treatment conditions. Prior to randomization the families will be matched by socioeconomic status and family size. Group 1 (control=C) will receive standard physical activity and nutrition education materials. Group 2 (MI) will receive standard physical activity and nutrition education materials and in addition participate in the motivational interviewing (MI) intervention. Group 3 (TTM) will participate in a class-based transtheoretical model (TTM)-guided intervention. The three-group design will allow us to examine three questions. First, what is the feasibility of a family-tailored self-help diet and physical activity intervention using MI principles versus standard health education materials? Second, what is the feasibility of a TTM diet and physical activity intervention tailored to the stage of readiness of the family versus standard health education materials. Finally, do these interventions aid in reducing stroke risk factors such as high blood pressure and serum cholesterol by modifying physical activity and dietary habits? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: POST-EXERCISE MECHANISMS
HYPOTENSION:
CENTRAL
SITES
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bonham, Ann C.; Professor & Chair; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Single bouts of exercise in hypertensive subjects can lead to a long-lasting decrease in sympathetic nerve activity that results in a postexercise hypotension (PEH) which can normalize high blood pressure. PEH requires an intact baroreflex system; but, the gain of the system in regulating sympathetic nerve activity is reduced. Although the potential therapeutic benefits are appreciated, the mechanisms whereby exercise in hypertensive subjects leads to a persistent lowering of high blood pressure through a decreased central sympathetic output and at the same time to a reduced gain of baroreflex control of sympathetic output are unknown. The goal of this proposal is to resolve those mechanisms. Our data suggest that PEH and the reduced gain are mediated by exercise-induced changes in the central baroreflex network, specifically, in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) where baroreceptor signals are first processed and at sympathetic cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the sympathetic output pathway. We pose two Specific Hypotheses: 1. The underpinning of PEH is a decrease in the impulse activity of RVLM sympathetic
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cardiovascular neurons, a decrease mediated by: a) a tonic increase in the impulse activity of baroreceptor NTS neurons (increasing the tonic level of GABA release at GABAA receptors (GABAA-Rs) on RVLM neurons), and b) an upregulation of RVLM GABAA-RS (amplifying the efficacy of the tonic GABA inhibitory input to the RVLM neurons). 2. The reduced baroreflex gain originates in the NTS (such that for a given change in blood pressure and baroreceptor input, the corresponding change in NTS neuronal output (and hence dynamic GABA release in the RVLM) is reduced. The hypotheses will be tested by four aims using extracellular recording of NTS and RVLM neuronal activity in the central baroreflex network in vivo; patch-clamping in medullary slices containing NTS and RVLM neurons in the central network; and real-time RT-PCR from NTS and RVLM micropunches in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Aims 1-2 will resolve GABA mechanisms in the RVLM (GABA release and GABAA-R gene expression) mediating PEH and Aims 3-4 will address pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in the NTS in mediating PEH and the reduced gain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRESSURE
PSYCHOSOCIAL
FACTORS
AND
AMBULATORY
BLOOD
Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldstein, Iris B.; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 11-AUG-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (investigator's abstract): Family history of hypertension is a primary predictor of high blood pressure in later life. The principal goal of this application is to determine how 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure distinguishes between individuals with different family histories: 2 hypertensive parents, 1 hypertensive parent, normotensive parents. The investigators will also examine effects of family history of blood pressure in combination with other factors linked to elevated blood pressure and hypertension: job strain, social support and personality traits (i.e., hostility, unexpressed anger, anxiety, defensiveness). Effects will be evaluated on a work day and an off work day in 192 men and women, aged 22-50 years, in a broad range of occupations. The investigators hypothesize that ambulatory blood pressure during waking and sleeping hours will be highest in offsprings of 2 hypertensive parents, somewhat elevated in those with 1 hypertensive parent, and lowest in those with normotensive parents. Predicted blood pressure elevations as a function of family history are expected to be greater in individuals with any of the following characteristics: high job strain, anxiety, hostility, defensiveness, or low anger-out. Also, the combination of a personality trait such as high hostility (or high anxiety, high defensiveness, or low anger-out), high job strain, and a family history of hypertension (particularly with 2 hypertensive parents) should lead to greater blood pressure magnifications. All predicted blood pressure effects are expected to be further elevated during work days, whereas the presence of high social support is expected to moderate blood pressure elevations. By sampling serum lipids, insulin, and glucose and daytime and nighttime urinary catecholamines and cortisol, the investigators will evaluate the role of insulin resistance and the sympathetic nervous system in family history. Investigating healthy men and women at risk for hypertension will help identify variables associated with high blood pressure before the disease is fully manifested and enable early intervention through diet and life-style changes. Since hypertension is predictive of future coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal disease, lowering the blood pressure for individuals at risk for hypertension can result in decreased morbidity and mortality rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PULSATILE ARTERIAL LOAD IN PREECLAMPSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Shroff, Sanjeev G.; Mcginnis Professor of Bioengineering& Me; Magee-Women's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-JUN-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Changes in pulsatile arterial load (PAL) early in gestation (e.g., increased global arterial compliance, AC) play an important adaptive role in normal pregnancy (e.g., minimize arterial pressure and flow pulsatiles) and preliminary data suggest that aberrant PAL responses may be involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Working model: AC does not increase early in gestation in subjects destined to develop preeclampsia resulting in increased arterial pressure and flow pulsatiles, and consequently, increased pulsatile (oscillatory) shear stress at vascular endothelium, which is known to cause a sustained activation of endothelial pro-oxidant processes. Over time, this sustained endothelial dysfunction and/or inadequate compensation by anti-oxidant defenses can lead to the hemodynamic milieu commonly seen with the onset of the clinical syndrome of preeclampsia (high blood pressure; high systemic vascular resistance, SVR; and normal-to-low cardiac output). Thus, the focus of the present proposal is to comprehensively examine systemic arterial and left ventricular (LV) properties in primiparous control and prior preeclamptic women, both in the nonpregnant state and throughout the second gestation. Hypotheses: 1) In subjects with a history of preeclampsia, differences in vascular mechanical properties (PAL in particular) and/or endothelial function exist in the non-pregnant state and chronic antioxidant therapy(vitamin C supplementation) can help reduce these differences. 2) In subjects destined to develop preeclampsia, the increase in AC during early gestation, which is seen in normal pregnancy, is significantly attenuated. Two groups of primiparous women will be studied at 6-12 months post- partum (Aim 1a): i) prior preeclamptic subjects (n=70, Group 1) and ii) control subjects (n=70, Group 2). Group 1 subjects will be restudied following an 8-week supplementation with either vitamin C (N=35) or placebo (n=35) (Aim 1b). Finally, a longitudinal study will be conducted in two groups of primiparous women (pre-conception-during second gestation-postpartum) (Aim 2): i) prior preeclamptic subjects (n=70) and ii) control subjects (n=15). Non-invasive measurements will be performed to quantify arterial properties (global: aortic input impedance spectrum, SVR, AC, wave reflection indices; regional: pulse wave velocity, pressure-diameter relationships, indices of vessel wall stiffness), LV properties (size, shape, and mass, indices of myocardial contractility), and endothelial function (forearm blood flow response to mental stress). Blood and urine samples will be analyzed to derive indices of endothelial activation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. Results of these studies are expected to provide insights into the role of pulsatile arterial load in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RACISM, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND ALCOHOL USE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN AFRICAN AMERICANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Robinson, Elwood L.; Professor; North Carolina Central University 160 Alexander-Dunn Bidg. Durham, Nc 27707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Two of the leading threats to american health are high blood pressure and alcohol-abuse. It is well documented that high blood pressure is linearly related to higher rates of certain forms of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and the
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relationship between hypertension and mortality is especially strong for African Americans. Moreover, African Americans alcoholics may run a greater risk than white alcoholics for blood pressure elevations as their drinking careers lengthen. Stressors, or the problems and pressures of life, have long been suspected as culprits linked to both hypertension and alcohol abuse. Racism has been reported to prevail as a primary stressor facing African Americans today. Several studies have described the potentially damaging social, economic, and political consequences of racism and its negative effects on individual well-being (Jaynes & Williams, 1989; Katz & Taylor, 1988; Schuman, Steeth, & Bobo, 1985). Recent studies from epidemiological literature have suggested that exposure to chronic stress of racism, prejudice, and discrimination may contribute to the disproportionately high rates of hypertension among African Americans. Social support has been purported to exert a buffering effect in ameliorating or attenuating the deleterious effects of stress on physical and mental health. Many epidemiological studies suggest that social support is related to reduced morbidity and mortality, particularly for cardiovascular disease. However, most of these studies have focused on white populations in the United States, Western Europe, and Scandinavia. This study proposes to investigate racism/discrimination, social support, alcohol use, and blood pressure in subjects that were drawn from a random sample survey of household residents in Erie county, New York. Overall, three waves of data are available for both cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis. The specific aims are: (l) To examine the influence of racism on alcohol use and BP in African Americans; (2) To determine if social support buffers these relations and investigate the relation between social network measures and social support; and (3) To assess the effects of age, gender, and socioeconomic status on the above relations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECIPES, MENUS, AND FOOD GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT & PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmurry, Martha; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to develop recipes which are tasty and which sound like foods which American families might like to prepare and eat. These foods will be based on the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) national blood pressure study. The DASH diet has been found to lower blood pressure. We will examine the results of using this diet in persons with high blood pressure or are at risk for high blood pressure (also called "hypertension"). We will provide meals which include foods to sample that are based on the DASH eating plan. These foods and recipes will be evaluated according to taste preferences and eating habits, with feedback requested on how we can improve them. 15 mealtime sessions will occur at the CRC over a 6 month period. Participants will be members of the "DASH Foods Tasting Panel." Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITY IN CV DISEASE THROUGH BP CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Egan, Brent M.; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: TITLE: Reducing the Racial Disparity in CV Disease Through Better BP control ABSTRACT. Background. Hypertension clearly contributes to the racial disparities in health outcomes. The Charleston Health Study indicated that hypertension contributed to approximately 40% of deaths in African Americans compared to 20% in Caucasians/1. The prevalence and complications are hypertension are greater and control rates lower among hypertensive patients of lower socioeconomic status (SES) which are disproportionately African American/2. For these and other reasons, African Americans in South Carolina continue to die from stroke at double the rate of caucasians/3. The hypertension Detection and Follow- up Program (HDFP) showed that stepped-care treatment of high blood pressure (BP) reduced stroke and total mortality more in African Americans than in caucasians/4. Although access to care is a significant issue for low income individuals, especially the uninsured, control of hypertension to 50% of hypertensive patients who are already in the system but the majority of whom are not consistently at the goal BP/5. Once that is accomplished, then improving access will lead to a more efficient utilization of resources and greater control rates. Reluctance off providers to increase therapy is a major contributor to inadequate BP control/6. An outpatient hypertension management program at Univ. of Pennsylvania, which focused on providers, increased BP control rates from 19-53% within one year/7. Thus, our initial focus and the principal emphasis of this proposal is on the provider and treatment of hypertension and associated risk factors. Hypothesis. Raising provider awareness through a either local Hypertension Expert or feedback on BP control for individual patients will be more effective than traditional continuing medical education (CME) in improving BP control rates. Study design. Using a randomized design, we propose to identify primary care providers in geographically separate areas serving a large proportion of lower income African American patients, Given an aging population, a disproportionate increase of systolic BP with aging, and the fact that systolic BP is less often controlled than diastolic BP and contributes to cardiovascular events and dementia, practices serving a high proportion or elderly African Americans will be selected Practices will be randomly allocated to one of three groups. (1) Hypertension Expert-Selected providers will be trained as the group expert (opinion leader) to (a) develop goals and practice guidelines for implementation in their practice (b) educate their peers and provide consultations on uncontrolled hypertensive patients and (c) participate in evaluating B control at their site. (2) Feedback on BP control. These providers will receive written feedback on treatment goals and control for individual hypertensive patients in their practice. (3) Hypertension CME. Providers at these sites will receive hypertension CME on JNC VI guidelines. BP control rates at one year will be assessed by chart review. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF CGMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Corbin, Jackie D.; Molecular Physiol & Biophysics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1989; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Interest in cGMP as a second messenger has dramatically escalated in recent years. The list of cGMP actions in mammalian tissues is now quite large, and it is growing. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is a major intracellular receptor for cGMP. Elucidation of the physiological regulation of PKG is the long-term objective of this investigation. In addition to the classical roles ascribed to PKG in mediating effects of natriuretic peptides, nitric oxide or guanylins on airway and vascular smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and neutrophil degranulation, PKG may
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also mediate the cGMP-dependent effects of these and other agents on gene expression, chloride transport in intestine and kidney, heart contractility, water transport through the vascular endothelium, bone resorption, melanogenesis in skin, long-term nerve depression and opioid effects. PKG activation is believed to account for many of the pharmacological actions of medications such as "PDE inhibitors" (e.g., caffeine, papaverine) and nitrovasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin) which are used for relief of chest pain, asthma, male impotence, and high blood pressure. PKG may also mediate the secretory diarrhea caused by certain bacterial enterotoxins. The importance of PKG has recently been enhanced by the realization that some effects of cAMP are mediated by cross-activation of PKG. The mechanism of dimerizaiton of PKG-I-alpha and PKG-I-beta will be studied using mutagenesis and proteolysis. Native and mutant PKG-I- alpha and PKG-I-beta will be utilized to define functional elements of the autoinhibitory domain and to study autophosphorylation. The autophosphorylation site(s) responsible for activation of each isoform will be identified. Conformational changes associated with cGMP binding and autophosphorylation will be measured using small angle X-ray scattering, gel filtration and native gel electrophoresis. PKG will be used as a model for other serine/threonine- and tyrosine-specific protein kinases that are activated by both ligand-binding (e.g., cyclic nucleotides Ca2+/calmodulin, insulin, growth factors) and autophosphorylation by determining whether or not activation by cGMP- binding or autophosphorylation produces the same enzyme conformation. The molecular mechanism of the activation processes will be examined. Native gel electrophoresis, which separates the different autophosphorylated species of the PKGs, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry will be used to determine if these species are present in intact tissues. Physiological regulation of PKG protein and mRNA levels will be explored. Results of these investigations will address major aspects of cGMP signaling through PKG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF KALLIKREIN MK9 IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Uddin, Mukarram; Anatomy and Physiology; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This seeks funding to retrain, to acquire additional technical skills, and to gain hand-on experience on the state-of-the-art molecular biology techniques. This retraining, and acquirement of additional state- ofthe-art technical skills will help the candidate not only in gaining cutting-edge technology experience but also making him competitive in seeking R01 type funding. The experience gained by the candidate will be applied to the proposed investigation in the evaluation of altered gene regulation of epidermal growth factor- binding protein (EGF-BP C), (Kallikrein mK9),a prorenin converting enzyme in mice genetically selected for high blood pressure. The funding will also provide opportunity to train minority students in the area related to cardiovascular diseases. Preliminary results of the proposed investigation, utilizing the submandibular gland(whole issue) from mice genetically selected for high blood pressure, indicated increase expression of EGF-BP C(kallikrein mK9), a prorenin converting enzyme. Immuno- histochemical localization of this kallikrein indicated it to be present in the submandibular gland duct cells. It is hypothesized that higher expression of this prorenin converting enzyme is due to altered activity of its gene MKlk-9. The main objective of the proposed investigation is to evaluate the molecular mechanism of the up regulation of EGF-BP C in long-term duct cell cultures. Specific aims to test the hypothesis include development of long- term duct
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cell cultures, quantitation and steady state levels of EFG-BP specific mRNA, mutational changes in the promoter region of EGF-BP C gene (mKlk-9), and evaluation of transcription factor binding to the promoter region of this kallikrein. This research will be conducted in the mentor's laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University and the candidate's laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Meharry Medical College. Both of these laboratories are located in Nashville, TN. During retraining, facility will be developed with techniques, data collected and affiliation developed will further the missions of Meharry Medical College. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF CEREBROVASCULAR K+ CHANNELS IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rusch, Nancy J.; Professor; Physiology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: The goal of this project is to provide a profile of the disease-specific expression of the Shaker (Kv1) gene family of voltage-gated K+ channels in the cerebral microcirculation of hypertensive rats. Our early results suggest that Shaker Kv1 channels upregulate in the cerebral circulation of normal Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats during the maturation of the animal to emerge as predominant contributors to cerebral arterial membrane potential and diameter. However, this progression is highly suppressed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), in which maturation results in the exposure of the cerebral microcirculation to progressively higher blood pressure levels in vivo. Indeed, patch-clamped cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells from adult SHR show reduced Shaker Kv1 current compared to cells from normal Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, and this alteration is associated with smooth muscle cell depolarization and constriction. Notably, this vasoconstriction is regarded as a fundamental adaptive response of small cerebral arteries to the development of high blood pressure in vivo, which minimizes the damaging transmission of the high systemic pressure to the blood brain barrier. Based on these findings, and our evidence that the remodeling of K+ channels in the cerebral circulation critically protects this vascular bed from the lethal effects of high blood pressure, we will: (a) combine RT-PCR gene expression studies, Western blotting, and patch-clamp techniques to examine the expression and function of Shaker Kv1 channels in rat cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells during the development of genetic and renal forms of hypertension, and after correction of hypertension by vasodilator drugs (b) assess the physiological impact of these changes in Shaker Kv1 channel expression on the membrane potential and diameter of isolated cerebral arteries in vitro and arterioles in vivo, and (c) test the hypothesis that pressure-induced membrane depolarization is a triggering stimulus for the remodeling of Shaker Kv1 channels in the vascular smooth muscle membranes of the cerebral circulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOFTWARE PROMOTES NCEP/AHA PROVIDER GUIDELINE ADHERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Baruch, Lawrence; Coecare.Com, Llc 185 Bridge Plaza N, Ste 306 Fort Lee, Nj 07024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States To assist health care practitioners in their integration of new information into clinical practice, professional organizations
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such as the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Treatment Panel (ATP Ill), American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and Expert Treatment Panel (ATP III), Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI), develop guidelines to promote evidence-based standards of care in the management of cardiovascular disease. Despite the comprehensive nature and widespread dissemination of these guidelines, target parameters are not being achieved, and patients are not managed optimally. These diseases include achievement of lipid and blood pressure goals, usage of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, usage of 13-blockers in patients post myocardial infarction, and the usage of t3-blockers and converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. The failure of implementation of optimal evidenced based guideline care has been attributed to a number of reasons including lack of knowledge of the guidelines and the failure of the guidelines to instruct the health care provider on strategies to implement the guidelines in individual patients. To facilitate the incorporation of these treatment guidelines in everyday medical practice, the Cardiac Goal Program software has been developed to prompt entry of data essential to the management of cardiovascular disease, based on Class I or Grade A recommendations using established guidelines, into standardized, computerized forms with a reminder system. The aims of the proposal are the incorporation of NCEP cholesterol treatment algorithms into the existing Cardiovascular Goal Program, employ usability methodologies, including in-depth interviews and focus groups with physicians, nurses, and physicians assistants, and refine the existing software based on the feedback from the practitioner's and retest the feasibility. If this automated clinical information and decision support system is successful and widely implemented, the best outcomes from care for chronic cardiovascular disease may be achieved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VASCULAR DISEASE AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE--PA1, INSULIN AND GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, Gordon H.; Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of the study is to investigate why patients develop high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VISUAL ADAPTATION LIMITS AND AGE-RELATED DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Eisner, Alvin; Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The proposed research will determine the extent to which diseased visual systems can be pushed selectively beyond the limits of their effective adaptation capabilities so that their sensitivities become categorically different from normal. The emphasis will be on glaucoma-related visual dysfunction that cannot be attributed directly to the loss of optic nerve cells. This dysfunction involves adaptation processes that actively maintain visual response. It occurs for people who have a slight degree of glaucomatous optic neuropathy combined with high blood pressure, and could be due to either condition. The research will help clarify the relation between high blood
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pressure and glaucoma-related visual dysfunction. It will focus on how to exceed the limits of the visual system's adaptation capabilities so that subtle physiologic compromise can be amplified into large sensitivity changes. A major emphasis will concern the visual system's ability to maintain a stable effective operating range for resolving temporally modulated stimuli, i.e. for detecting flicker. Psychophysical tests of visual function after adaptation-field onset will be compared with clinical assessments of early glaucomatous damage. The prevalence of visual adaptation abnormalities will be examined for four clinically-defined groups of middle-age subjects: 1) glaucoma subjects with positive medical histories of high blood pressure, 2) glaucoma subjects with negative medical histories of high blood pressure, 3) non-glaucoma subjects with positive medical histories of high blood pressure and negative clinical histories of ocular hypertension, and 4) healthy normal subjects. Young healthy subjects will be tested also. The experiments will identify the types of processes that underlie flicker response abnormalities and will integrate a diverse set of existing results concerning suppression of flicker response under taxing adaptation conditions. The specific aims are 1) to determine whether people with high blood pressure have a higher-thannormal prevalence of visual dysfunction, 2) to determine how often foveal visual adaptation is abnormal for people who have high blood pressure but do not have glaucoma, and vice versa, 3) to determine whether certain subtypes or stages of glaucoma are associated with certain types of foveal adaptation abnormalities, 4) to identify the mechanisms by which glaucoma and/or high-blood-pressure alter foveal flicker response, and 5) to determine if the limits of the visual system's flicker-response operating-range can be specified as precisely at bright ambient light levels as they have been at dim ambient light levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for high blood pressure in the PubMed Central database: •
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Chronic Control of High Blood Pressure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat by Delivery of Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antisense. by Iyer SN, Lu D, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK.; 1996 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38537
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Contribution of parental blood pressures to association between low birth weight and adult high blood pressure: cross sectional study. by Walker BR, McConnachie A, Noon JP, Webb DJ, Watt GC.; 1998 Mar 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28489
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Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. by Masuzaki H, Yamamoto H, Kenyon CJ, Elmquist JK, Morton NM, Paterson JM, Shinyama H, Sharp MG, Fleming S, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS.; 2003 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162290
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with high blood pressure, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for high blood pressure (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A “touch” of high blood pressure. Author(s): Moser M. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 January-February; 4(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821632&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical trial to improve high blood pressure care in young urban black men: recruitment, follow-up, and outcomes. Author(s): Hill MN, Bone LR, Hilton SC, Roary MC, Kelen GD, Levine DM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 June; 12(6): 548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371363&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of compliance techniques on the control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Binstock ML, Franklin KL. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1988 July; 1(3 Pt 3): 192S-194S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3415798&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the prevalence and risk factors of high blood pressure among Japanese living in Japan, Hawaii, and Los Angeles. Author(s): Imazu M, Sumida K, Yamabe T, Yamamoto H, Ueda H, Hattori Y, Miyauchi A, Hara H, Yamakido M. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1996; 111 Suppl 2: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8898778&dopt=Abstract
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A history of the Council for High Blood Pressure research. Past imperfect, present indicative, and future perfect. Author(s): Page IH. Source: Hypertension. 1984 March-April; 6(2 Pt 2): I208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373597&dopt=Abstract
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A history of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research: the first 50 years. Author(s): Dustan HP. Source: Hypertension. 1997 December; 30(6): 1307-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403546&dopt=Abstract
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A hospital-based screening, referral, and follow-up program for high blood pressure. Author(s): Theisen V, Caldwell JR, Erfurt JC, Foote A. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1979 June; 69(6): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=443501&dopt=Abstract
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A hypertension survey: respondents' knowledge of high blood pressure. Author(s): Hinds C. Source: International Nursing Review. 1983 January-February; 30(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6551358&dopt=Abstract
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A model for the pharmacist's involvement in high blood pressure control. Author(s): McKenney JM. Source: Family & Community Health. 1981 May; 4(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10250954&dopt=Abstract
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A nutrition curriculum for families with high blood pressure. Author(s): Farris RP, Frank GC, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1985 March; 55(3): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3845257&dopt=Abstract
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A positive parental history of high blood pressure. Author(s): Samani NJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 April; 12(4): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607686&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in women. Author(s): Fiebach NH, Hebert PR, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 October; 130(4): 646-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2773913&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Fifth Report, 1993. Author(s): Alderman MH. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1993 October; 6(10): 896-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8267949&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Schwartz GL, Sheps SG. Source: Current Opinion in Cardiology. 1999 March; 14(2): 161-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191976&dopt=Abstract
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A simple and effective method to teach patients about high blood pressure and obesity. Author(s): Neyses L, Greminger P, Bartsch A, Luscher T, Keller U, Bachmann L, Siegenthaler W, Vetter W. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1985 April; 3(1): S27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2439671&dopt=Abstract
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A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: a review. Author(s): Kasl SV. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1978 December; 1(4): 347-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=385886&dopt=Abstract
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A three-year study of obesity and its relationship to high blood pressure in adolescents. Author(s): Adeyanju M, Creswell WH, Stone DB, Macrina DM. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1987 March; 57(3): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3645176&dopt=Abstract
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A young woman with high blood pressure on haemodialysis: it is never too late to evaluate hypertension. Author(s): Nickeleit V, Moll S, Cynke E, Brunner FP, Mihatsch MJ. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 November; 14(11): 2734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534523&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of renin-angiotensin system in maintenance of high blood pressure in uncomplicated pheochromocytoma--a case report. Author(s): Muratani H, Kawasaki T, Kawano Y, Abe I, Kumamoto K, Omae T. Source: Jpn J Med. 1983 August; 22(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6353013&dopt=Abstract
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Adherence to management of high blood pressure: recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): Chockalingam A, Bacher M, Campbell N, Cutler H, Drover A, Feldman R, Fodor G, Irvine J, Ramsden V, Thivierge R, Tremblay G. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 September-October; 89(5): I5-11. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813919&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse treatment effects in the trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Fletcher AE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 42S-44S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006659&dopt=Abstract
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Affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or chronic lung conditions. Author(s): Wells KB, Golding JM, Burnam MA. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1989 September; 11(5): 320-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2792744&dopt=Abstract
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African Americans and high blood pressure: the role of stereotype threat. Author(s): Blascovich J, Spencer SJ, Quinn D, Steele C. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2001 May; 12(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437305&dopt=Abstract
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Age-related hypotensive effect of placebo and active treatment in patients older than 60 years. European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Thijs L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 24S-26S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006656&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol and obesity: a new look at high blood pressure and stroke. An epidemiological study in preventive neurology. Author(s): Kornhuber HH, Lisson G, Suschka-Sauermann L. Source: Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1985; 234(6): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3896816&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for high blood pressure from the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study. CARDIAC Cooperative Research Group). Author(s): Mizushima S, Nara Y, Mano M, Sawamura M, Horie R, Yamori Y. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 16 Suppl 8: S35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706027&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for high blood pressure. Munich Blood Pressure Study. Author(s): Cairns V, Keil U, Kleinbaum D, Doering A, Stieber J. Source: Hypertension. 1984 January-February; 6(1): 124-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6693142&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol drinking and high blood pressure: data from a 1980 national cardiovascular survey of Japan. Author(s): Ueshima H, Ozawa H, Baba S, Nakamoto Y, Omae T, Shimamoto T, Komachi Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992 June; 45(6): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1607906&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, high blood pressure, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level. Author(s): Yamada Y, Ishizaki M, Kido T, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Ikai E, Yamaya H. Source: Hypertension. 1991 December; 18(6): 819-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1683858&dopt=Abstract
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Alteration in the carotid artery wall properties with ageing and high blood pressure level. Author(s): Benetos A, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Safar M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1991 December; 9(6): S112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1818905&dopt=Abstract
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An approach to primary preventive treatment for children with high blood pressure in a total community. Author(s): Frank GC, Farris RP, Ditmarsen P, Voors AW, Berenson GS. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1982; 1(4): 357-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7185868&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of the utility of high blood pressure detection fairs. Author(s): Wassertheil-Smoller S, Bijur P, Blaufox MD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1978 August; 68(8): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=686203&dopt=Abstract
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An osteopathic cardiologist's review of hypertension: beyond the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Williams AM. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994 October; 94(10): 833-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814277&dopt=Abstract
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Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reveals an important role for the renin system in the control of normal and high blood pressure in man. Author(s): MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Smith SJ, Sagnella GA, Morton JJ. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1983; 5(7-8): 1367-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6315274&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipatory blood pressure response to exercise predicts future high blood pressure in middle-aged men. Author(s): Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT. Source: Hypertension. 1996 May; 27(5): 1059-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8621197&dopt=Abstract
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Antihypertensive therapy in patients above age 60 with systolic hypertension. A progress report of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bogaert M, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, De Leeuw P, De Plaen JF, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Fagard R, Forette F, Forte J, Hamdy R, Hellemans J, Henry JF, Koistinen A, Laaser U, Laher M, Leonetti G, Lewis P, Lund-Johansen P, MacFarlane J, Meurer K, Miguel P, Morris J, Mutsers A, Nissinen A, O'Brien E, Ohm OJ, O'Malley K, Pelemans W, Perera N, Tuomilehto J, Verschueren LJ, Willemse P, Williams B, Zanchetti A. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982; 4(7): 1151-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7116662&dopt=Abstract
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Antihypertensive therapy in patients above age 60 years (Fourth Interim report of the European Working Party on High Blood pressure in Elderly: EWPHE). Author(s): Amery A, Berthaux P, Birkenhager W, Boel A, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, De Padua F, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, Forette F, Forte J, Henry JF, Hellemans J, Koistinen A, Laaser U, Lund-Johansen P, MacFarlane J, Miguel P, Mutsers A, Nissinen A, Ohm OT, Pelemans W, Suchett-Kaye AI, Tuomilehto J, Willems J, Willemse P. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1978 December; 4: 263S-270S. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=365433&dopt=Abstract
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Antihypertensive therapy in patients above age 60. Third interim report of the European Working Party on High blood pressure in Elderly (EWPHE). Author(s): Amery A, Berthaux P, Birkenhager W, Boel A, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, de Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, Forette F, Henry JF, Hellemans J, Laaser U, Lund-Johansen P, MacFarlane J, Maling T, Mutsers A, Nissinen A, Ohn OH, Pelemans J, Suchettkaye AI, Tuomilehto J, Willems J. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1978; 33(2): 113-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=356497&dopt=Abstract
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Are there interactions and relations between genetic and environmental factors predisposing to high blood pressure? Author(s): Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Berry TD, Stults BM, Barlow GK, Schumacher MC, Lifton RP, et al. Source: Hypertension. 1991 September; 18(3 Suppl): I29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1889856&dopt=Abstract
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Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries. Author(s): Benetos A, Laurent S, Hoeks AP, Boutouyrie PH, Safar ME. Source: Arterioscler Thromb. 1993 January; 13(1): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8422344&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. For years, I have been taking reserpine for my high blood pressure. A younger doctor I recently saw had never met anyone taking it. Should I be switched to something new? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 September; 10(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10446024&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I am a 70-year-old man with high blood pressure that I control with medication, diet, and exercise. My mother, aunt, and maternal grandfather all died in their 50s after a single stroke. Is there an inherited tendency to hemorrhagic stroke? Are there any precautions I can take? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 June; 12(10): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079827&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I am a 78-year-old woman and have been taking high blood pressure medications for many years. Maybe it s because I've lost a lot of weight I used to be quite heavy but my blood pressure has fallen to about 110/70 mm Hg. My doctor tells me that the lower my blood pressure, the better. But I worry that it's getting too low. What do you think? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2001 October; 12(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684496&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I am trying to decide whether to buy a home blood pressure monitor. I have mild high blood pressure (my doctor has recorded some readings lately in the vicinity of 170/90 mm Hg). He is starting me on medicines now. Should I lay out the money for a monitor? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 November; 11(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063532&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I first learned I had high blood pressure in the 1970s. Back then, I was told that the bottom number was the important one. Now I am hearing the opposite. Which is right? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 June; 9(10): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233792&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I have tried - and stopped - almost every medication known to man for treatment of high blood pressure. All of them have caused a serious side effect, impotence. Is there any medication out there or coming soon that can control blood pressure without causing impotence? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 July; 9(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368530&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor. I have used a medication called Aldomet for many years for my high blood pressure. Recently, I had to go to the hospital, and the young intern said that he had never heard of anyone using this drug and that it was something out of the history books. Should I be on another drug? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 July; 9(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369656&dopt=Abstract
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Ask the doctor: I take a water pill for my high blood pressure, but just hate taking my potassium supplement - two teaspoons of a bitter liquid per day. Is there any better way to keep my potassium up? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 August; 9(12): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402355&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the association between habitual salt intake and high blood pressure: methodological problems. Author(s): Liu K, Cooper R, McKeever J, McKeever P, Byington R, Soltero I, Stamler R, Gosch F, Stevens E, Stamler J. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979 August; 110(2): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=463875&dopt=Abstract
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Association between obesity and high blood pressure: reporting bias related to gender and age. Author(s): Chen Y, Rennie DC, Lockinger LA, Dosman JA. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1998 August; 22(8): 771-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725637&dopt=Abstract
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Association of the human Y chromosome with high blood pressure in the general population. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: Hypertension. 2000 November; 36(5): 731-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082135&dopt=Abstract
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Atrial natriuretic factor, the kidney and high blood pressure. Author(s): Hamet P, Tremblay J. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1989 October; 12(5): 329-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2532087&dopt=Abstract
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Autometrically and automatically monitored, iatrogenous, inhalant-decongestantassociated high blood pressure quantified by rhythmometry. Author(s): Scarpelli PT, Scarpelli L, Livi R, Groppi E, Cornelissen G, Romano S, Cagnoni M, Halberg F. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987; 227B: 183-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442774&dopt=Abstract
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Autoregulation as a factor in peripheral resistance and flow: clinical implications for analysis of high blood pressure. Author(s): Pickering TG, Laragh JH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1980 June; 68(6): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7386486&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness of high blood pressure increases arterial plasma catecholamines, platelet noradrenaline and adrenergic responses to mental stress. Author(s): Rostrup M, Mundal HH, Westheim A, Eide I. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1991 February; 9(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1849532&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness of high blood pressure influences on psychological and sympathetic responses. Author(s): Rostrup M, Ekeberg O. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992 February; 36(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1560424&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness of high blood pressure stimulates platelet release reaction. Author(s): Rostrup M, Mundal HH, Kjeldsen SE, Gjesdal K, Eide I. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1990 June 28; 63(3): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2144919&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness, use, and impact of the 1984 Joint National Committee consensus report on high blood pressure. Author(s): Hill MN, Levine DM, Whelton PK. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1988 September; 78(9): 1190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407818&dopt=Abstract
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Beating high blood pressure with low-sodium DASH. Author(s): Greenland P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 January 4; 344(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136961&dopt=Abstract
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Behavior changes and the prevention of high blood pressure. Workshop II. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health. Author(s): Levine DM, Cohen JD, Dustan HP, Falkner B, Flora JA, Lefebvre RC, Morisky DE, Oberman A, Pickering TG, Roccella EJ, et al. Source: Circulation. 1993 September; 88(3): 1387-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8353905&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure II. Acute and sustained effects of relaxation and systolic blood pressure biofeedback. Author(s): Glasgow MS, Gaarder KR, Engel BT. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1982 May; 44(2): 155-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7045912&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure. I. Analyses of intra- and interdaily variations of blood pressure during a one-month, baseline period. Author(s): Engel BT, Gaarder KR, Glasgow MS. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1981 June; 43(3): 255-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7255637&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure: III. Follow-up results and treatment recommendations. Author(s): Engel BT, Glasgow MS, Gaarder KR. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1983 March; 45(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6342016&dopt=Abstract
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Beliefs about high blood pressure prevention in a survey of blacks and Hispanics. Author(s): Kumanyika S, Savage DD, Ramirez AG, Hutchinson J, Trevino FM, AdamsCampbell LL, Watkins LO. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1989 January-February; 5(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2742786&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure. Author(s): Cruickshank JM, Thorp JM, Zacharias FJ. Source: Lancet. 1987 March 14; 1(8533): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2881129&dopt=Abstract
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Beta blockers and the primary prevention of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, LoGerfo JP, Inui TS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990 November 6; 66(16): 12G-14G. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1978545&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-blockers and primary prevention of coronary heart disease in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, LoGerfo JP, Wagner EH, Inui TS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 April 14; 261(14): 2087-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2564445&dopt=Abstract
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Biased appraisal of high blood pressure. Author(s): Croyle RT. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1990 January; 19(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320558&dopt=Abstract
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Biosocial aspects of high blood pressure in people of the Bahamas. Author(s): Halberstein RA, Davies JE. Source: Human Biology; an International Record of Research. 1984 May; 56(2): 317-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6489982&dopt=Abstract
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Blacks and high blood pressure. Author(s): Hogan A. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1990 September; 83(9): 466-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2214756&dopt=Abstract
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Blood platelet responses to laboratory stress in young men. The effect of awareness of high blood pressure. Author(s): Mundal HH, Rostrup M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1996 January; 9(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834701&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure and high blood pressure. Aspects of risk. Author(s): Stamler J. Source: Hypertension. 1991 September; 18(3 Suppl): I95-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1889862&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure response in 24 hours in patients with high blood pressure treated with two nifedipine formulations once a day. Author(s): Rodriguez-Roa E, Octavio A, Mayorca E, Castro P, Miranda R, Valecillo E, Gonzalez M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986915&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure response to an angiotensin II antagonist in thyrotoxic patients with and without high blood pressure. Author(s): Ogihara T, Hata T, Maruyama A, Mikami H, Nakamaru M, Naka T, Kumahara Y, Kuma K. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1980 April; 27(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7408785&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure variability at normal and high blood pressure. Author(s): Mancia G. Source: Chest. 1983 February; 83(2 Suppl): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6822125&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure variability in man: its relation to high blood pressure, age and baroreflex sensitivity. Author(s): Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, Parati G, Pomidossi G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, Zanchetti A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1980 December; 59 Suppl 6: 401S404S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7449290&dopt=Abstract
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Blurred vision and high blood pressure in a young woman. Author(s): Flanagan DE, Cole C, Crick MD, Kerr D. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 October; 74(876): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211361&dopt=Abstract
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Body mass index and prognosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a report from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Tuomilehto J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 34S-41S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006658&dopt=Abstract
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But, on the other hand: high blood pressure, economics and equity. Author(s): Fein R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 31; 296(13): 751-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=402578&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I recently read that Tylenol and anti-inflammatory drugs can cause high blood pressure. This doesn't leave me with many pain relief options. What do you suggest? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2003 February; 10(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604441&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I am 87 and have been taking blood pressure medications for years. In the past, side effects were a problem, but for about the last year I've done very well taking valsartan (Diovan) and hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrex). Now My blood pressure is about 165/72 mm hg. The top number seems high. One doctor told me that as long as the bottom number is low, I shouldn't be concerned. But I am. My father died from a stroke many years ago, and I'm pretty sure he had high blood pressure. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 February; 25(4): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10637019&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor.I have high blood pressure and arthritis, but otherwise am healthy. Recently, my doctor told me that my creatinine level was up to 1.9. Is that high? And is there anything I can do to lower it? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2002 May; 27(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034559&dopt=Abstract
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Can high blood pressure alone increase erythrocytic intracellular sodium concentration? Author(s): Matsuura H, Oshima T, Inoue I, Shingu T, Fujii T, Kato Y, Kajiyama G. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1992 December; 56(12): 1234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1336074&dopt=Abstract
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Can high blood pressure mask severe aortic stenosis? Author(s): Chambers J. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 1999 May; 8(3): 277-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399660&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian Consensus Conference on Nonpharmacological Approaches to the Management of High Blood Pressure: postconference initiatives. Author(s): Chockalingam A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 16 Suppl 8: S51-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706032&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian Consensus Conference on Nonpharmacological Approaches to the Management of High Blood Pressure: recommendations. Author(s): Laidlaw JC, Chockalingam A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 16 Suppl 8: S48-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706031&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian national high blood pressure prevention and control strategy. Author(s): Chockalingam A, Campbell N, Ruddy T, Taylor G, Stewart P; Expert Working Group. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2000 September; 16(9): 1087-93. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021952&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac status after four years in a trial on nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. Author(s): Stamler R, Grimm RH Jr, Dyer AR, Talano JV, Prineas R, Crow R, Berman R, Gosch FC, Elmer P, Stamler J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 March; 149(3): 661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2645845&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular outcomes of treating high blood pressure. Author(s): Weber MA. Source: American Heart Journal. 1987 October; 114(4 Pt 2): 964-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3310572&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular perspectives of reducing high blood pressure. Author(s): Birkenhager WH, de Leeuw PW. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1989 June; 34(5-6): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2770936&dopt=Abstract
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Caring for older patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Burris JF. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 July; 44(1): 137-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2058528&dopt=Abstract
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Cation imbalance in erythrocytes, serum and 24-hour urine from patients with essential hypertension and adolescents with high blood pressure. Author(s): Tochikubo O, Sasaki O, Umemura S, Goto E, Fujishima S, Kaneko Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1982 May; 46(5): 512-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7077814&dopt=Abstract
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Causes and effects of high blood pressure: a longitudinal approach to genetic cosegregational analysis. Author(s): Harrap SB. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1988; 12 Suppl 3: S99-109. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467113&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in average blood pressure and incidence of high blood pressure 1983-1984 to 1987-1988 in four population cohorts in the People's Republic of China. The PRCUSA Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group. Author(s): Wu X, Huang Z, Stamler J, Wu Y, Li Y, Folsom AR, Tao S, Rao X, Zhang H, Cen R, Wang S, Shen L, Liu S, Chen H, Yu X, Tian X, Huang M, He Y. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1996 November; 14(11): 1267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934353&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in cardiovascular responsiveness caused by age and high blood pressure: implications for therapy. Author(s): Buhler FR, Bolli P. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1985; 7 Suppl 3: S206-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2409395&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood high blood pressure: a new emphasis. Author(s): Heavenrich RM, Cinque TJ. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1977 June; 6(6): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=865906&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood precursors of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol. Author(s): Labarthe DR, Eissa M, Varas C. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 1991; 12: 519-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049146&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood predictors of high blood pressure. Author(s): Mahoney LT, Clarke WR, Burns TL, Lauer RM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1991 November; 4(11): 608S-610S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789940&dopt=Abstract
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Children can have high blood pressure, too. Author(s): Greenfield D, Grant R, Lieberman E. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1976 May; 76(5): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1046898&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic control of high blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat by delivery of angiotensin type 1 receptor antisense. Author(s): Iyer SN, Lu D, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 September 3; 93(18): 9960-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8790439&dopt=Abstract
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Circannual modulation of blood pressure enhanced by paternal history of high blood pressure. Author(s): Saito Y, Cornelissen G, Hillman D, Tarquini B, Mainardi G, Syutkina EV, Safin SR, Grigoriev AE, Abramian AS, Yatsyk GV, et al. Source: Chronobiologia. 1992 January-March; 19(1-2): 75-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1628524&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Author(s): Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Source: Neurology. 1999 December 10; 53(9): 1948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599763&dopt=Abstract
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Combined hemodynamic overload of the left and right ventricles as a possible cause of interventricular septum preponderance in high blood pressure. Author(s): Fiorentini C, Galli C, Tamborini G, Moruzzi P, Berti M, Riva S, Guazzi MD. Source: American Heart Journal. 1988 August; 116(2 Pt 1): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3400570&dopt=Abstract
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Combined high blood pressure and glucose in type 2 diabetes: double jeopardy. British trial shows clear effects of treatment, especially blood pressure reduction. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 September 12; 317(7160): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732334&dopt=Abstract
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Combined low-dose medication and primary intervention over a 30-month period for sustained high blood pressure in childhood. Author(s): Berenson GS, Shear CL, Chiang YK, Webber LS, Voors AW. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1990 February; 299(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301454&dopt=Abstract
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Combining repeated blood pressure measurements to obtain prevalences of high blood pressure. Author(s): Wietlisbach V, Rickenbach M, Burnand B, Hausser D, Gutzwiller F. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1988; 728: 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3202026&dopt=Abstract
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Common questions and answers in the management of hypertension: Am I more likely to develop diabetes if I have high blood pressure? Author(s): Townsend RR. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2003 March-April; 5(2): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671335&dopt=Abstract
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Community control of high blood pressure in Portugal. Author(s): Mota JC, Miguel JP, Nunes AC, Caeiro JM. Source: Bibl Cardiol. 1987; (42): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3632621&dopt=Abstract
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Community control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Steinbach M, Constantineanu M, Harnagea P, Theodorini S. Source: Med Interne. 1978 October-December; 16(4): 425-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=749180&dopt=Abstract
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Community involvement in high blood pressure control--the Bamberg model. Author(s): Watson MC. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1980 September; 76(9 Suppl): 83-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6933297&dopt=Abstract
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Community-based high blood pressure programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Author(s): Pobee JO. Source: Ethn Dis. 1993; 3 Suppl: S38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087022&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of blood pressure, sodium intake, and other variables in offspring with and without a family history of high blood pressure. Author(s): Watt GC, Foy CJ, Hart JT. Source: Lancet. 1983 June 4; 1(8336): 1245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6134040&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of high-risk and mass strategies for the prevention of high blood pressure. Author(s): Watt G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1989 February; 7(1): S29-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2651612&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of nasal pH values in black and white individuals with normal and high blood pressure. Author(s): Ireson NJ, Tait JS, MacGregor GA, Baker EH. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 March; 100(3): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222120&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril treatment in obese patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Reaven GM, Clinkingbeard C, Jeppesen J, Maheux P, Pei D, Foote J, Hollenbeck CB, Chen YD. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 May; 8(5 Pt 1): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662221&dopt=Abstract
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Connecticut high blood pressure program: the first three years. Author(s): D'Atri DA. Source: Conn Med. 1978 December; 42(12): 795-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720050&dopt=Abstract
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Considerations for evaluating community high blood pressure control programmes. Author(s): Roccella EJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 February; 10 Suppl 1: S17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8965281&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous recording of direct arterial pressure in unrestricted patients. Its role in the diagnosis and management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Littler WA, Honour AJ, Pugsley DJ, Sleight P. Source: Circulation. 1975 June; 51(6): 1101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1132100&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of parental blood pressures to association between low birth weight and adult high blood pressure: cross sectional study. Author(s): Walker BR, McConnachie A, Noon JP, Webb DJ, Watt GC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 14; 316(7134): 834-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549456&dopt=Abstract
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Controlling high blood pressure. Author(s): Giblin E. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1978 May; 78(5): 824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=247897&dopt=Abstract
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Controlling high blood pressure. Author(s): Zellmer WA. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977 May; 34(5): 461. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=868887&dopt=Abstract
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Controlling high blood pressure: a simple and effective approach. Author(s): Freis ED. Source: Compr Ther. 2001 Fall; 27(3): 209-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569321&dopt=Abstract
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Controversies regarding the recommendations of the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Elliott WJ. Source: Compr Ther. 1994; 20(3): 181-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187460&dopt=Abstract
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Cost effective analyses in the treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Fletcher A. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 December; 6(6): 437-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1296007&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness analysis: role in evaluation of alternatives for improving high blood pressure control. Author(s): Steinwachs DM. Source: Md State Med J. 1984 March; 33(3): 225-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6717085&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness of the lower treatment goal (of JNC VI) for diabetic hypertensive patients. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Elliott WJ, Weir DR, Black HR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 May 8; 160(9): 1277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809030&dopt=Abstract
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Critical patient behaviors in high blood pressure control. Author(s): McCombs J, Fink J, Bandy P. Source: Cardiovasc Nurs. 1980 July-August; 16(4): 19-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6903146&dopt=Abstract
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Culture and high blood pressure: understandings of a chronic illness in an Ojibwa community. Author(s): Garro LC. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1988; 47 Suppl 1: 70-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272720&dopt=Abstract
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Current aspects of high blood pressure research in Africa. Author(s): Akinkugbe OO. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1989 December; 12(12 Suppl 4): Iv87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2620476&dopt=Abstract
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Current recommendations of the joint national high blood pressure committee. Author(s): Carter BL. Source: Clin Pharm. 1993 January; 12(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8428433&dopt=Abstract
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Current status of high blood pressure control. Author(s): Cunningham S, Hill M. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1982 March; 7(3): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7063158&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclosporine-associated hypertension. National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Porter GA, Bennett WM, Sheps SG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 February; 150(2): 280-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405801&dopt=Abstract
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Definition of high blood pressure, epidemiology and goals of hypertension treatment. Author(s): Dahlof B. Source: Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 1998 November; 98: 3-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344023&dopt=Abstract
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Dental treatment in a patient with malignant pheochromocytoma and severe uncontrolled high blood pressure. Author(s): Findler M, Mazor Z, Galili D, Garfunkel AA. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 March; 75(3): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8097035&dopt=Abstract
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Dentists and high blood pressure control: an opportunity for service and growth. Author(s): Abbey LM. Source: J Prev Dent. 1978 March-April; 5(2): 17, 19, 22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=286796&dopt=Abstract
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Deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis: a new factor for defining high blood pressure. Author(s): Thulin T, Pero RW, Bryngelsson C, Mitelman F, Norden A, Schersten B. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1976 December; 3: 695S-696S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1071712&dopt=Abstract
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Design and interpretation of studies comparing individuals with and without a family history of high blood pressure. Author(s): Watt G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1986 February; 4(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3958483&dopt=Abstract
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Designation of children with high blood pressure--considerations on percentile cut points and subsequent high blood pressure: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Author(s): Shear CL, Burke GL, Freedman DS, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 January; 125(1): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3788956&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting high blood pressure in an industrial population. Report on a hypertension screening program at Merck & Co., Inc. Author(s): Davidson WL. Source: Occup Health Nurs. 1975 May; 23(5): 10-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1169726&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and control of high blood pressure in the community : Do we need a wakeup call? Author(s): Meissner I, Whisnant JP, Sheps SG, Schwartz GL, O'Fallon WM, Covalt JL, Sicks JD, Bailey KR, Wiebers DO. Source: Hypertension. 1999 September; 34(3): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489395&dopt=Abstract
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Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Moser M. Source: N Y State J Med. 1977 September; 77(11): 1753-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=268506&dopt=Abstract
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Detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension: JNC-5 (Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure) Author(s): Frohlich ED. Source: Heart Dis Stroke. 1993 November-December; 2(6): 459-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8137049&dopt=Abstract
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Development and testing of the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale. Author(s): Kim MT, Hill MN, Bone LR, Levine DM. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing. 2000 Summer; 15(3): 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951950&dopt=Abstract
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Devices used for self-measurement of blood pressure. Revised statement of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Hunt JC, Frohlich ED, Moser M, Roccella EJ, Keighley EA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 December; 145(12): 2231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4074037&dopt=Abstract
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Diabetes technology news. Calcium antagonists aid high blood pressure control. Author(s): Walczak IM. Source: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2003; 5(3): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838935&dopt=Abstract
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Diabetic retinopathy and high blood pressure: defining the risk. Author(s): Kohner EM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997 September; 10(9 Pt 2): 181S-183S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9324119&dopt=Abstract
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Diabetics' high blood pressure is often undertreated, study says. Author(s): Levenson D. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2002 January 25; 13(2): 7-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425320&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure. New directions and new approaches: 1999 Canadian recommendations for management of hypertension. Author(s): Petrella RJ. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 July; 46: 1479-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925762&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of high blood pressure in children by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Lurbe E, Redon J. Source: Current Hypertension Reports. 2001 April; 3(2): 89-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276387&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary sodium and blood pressure in young people with and without familial predisposition to high blood pressure. Author(s): Watt GC, Foy CJ, Hart JT. Source: J Clin Hypertens. 1986 June; 2(2): 141-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3489817&dopt=Abstract
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Differential impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure level on JNC-VI staging. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D. Source: Hypertension. 1999 September; 34(3): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489380&dopt=Abstract
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Diminished baroreflex sensitivity in high blood pressure and ageing man. Author(s): Bristow JD, Gribbin B, Honour AJ, Pickering TG, Sleight P. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1969 May; 202(1): 45P-46P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5770914&dopt=Abstract
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Diminished baroreflex sensitivity in high blood pressure. Author(s): Bristow JD, Honour AJ, Pickering GW, Sleight P, Smyth HS. Source: Circulation. 1969 January; 39(1): 48-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4302539&dopt=Abstract
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Diminished pulse pressure under mental stress characterizes normotensive adolescents with parental high blood pressure. Author(s): Ewart CK, Harris WL, Zeger S, Russell GA. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1986 September-October; 48(7): 489-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763788&dopt=Abstract
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Directory of high blood pressure resources available to physicians. Author(s): Lewis C, Amador EC, Ward BL, Russell RP. Source: Md State Med J. 1984 March; 33(3): 216-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6371394&dopt=Abstract
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Diseases of the urinary system. High blood pressure and renal disease. Author(s): MacGregor GA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 September 3; 2(6087): 624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=20193&dopt=Abstract
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Divergent responses of common carotid artery intimal-medial thickness to high blood pressure and hypercholesterolaemia in relation to age. Author(s): Ludwig MM, Jorger U, Lund S, Stumpe KO. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1993 December; 11 Suppl 5: S130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158310&dopt=Abstract
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Do subjects with stiff arteries have high blood pressure? Author(s): Cox JP, England R, Cox T, Walsh JB, Coakley D, Feely J, O'Malley K, O'Brien E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1989 December; 7(6): S82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2632754&dopt=Abstract
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Does oral calcium supplementation lower high blood pressure? A double blind study. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Singer DR, Smith SJ, Shore AC, MacGregor GA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1987 February; 5(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3295037&dopt=Abstract
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Doing something about high blood pressure. Author(s): Robertson JI. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1978 March-April; 32(3-4): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=32135&dopt=Abstract
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Doing something about high blood pressure. Author(s): Robertson JI. Source: Ciciams Nouv. 1978; 1: 6-9, 16-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246790&dopt=Abstract
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Down with high blood pressure! Author(s): Mahler H. Source: Ciciams Nouv. 1978; (1): 3-4, 10-1. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246785&dopt=Abstract
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Down with high blood pressure, World Health Day, 7 April 1978: hypertension in Africa. Author(s): Akinkugbe OO. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1978 May-June; 32(5-6): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=753759&dopt=Abstract
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Down with high blood pressure. Author(s): Lovell RR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1978 April 8; 1(7): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=672719&dopt=Abstract
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Down with high blood pressure. Author(s): Chaudhuri BR. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1978 April 1; 70(7): 166-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=690462&dopt=Abstract
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Down with high blood pressure: World Health Day, 7 April 1978. Cuba fights hypertension. Author(s): Castro IM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1978 July-August; 32(7-8): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=753761&dopt=Abstract
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Drug treatment of high blood pressure in the community--experience in eastern Finland. Author(s): Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Pekkanen J, Enlund H, Gunther A. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 June; 3(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769674&dopt=Abstract
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Drug treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Hutchins LN. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1981; 16(2): 365-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6167937&dopt=Abstract
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Drugs for rapid treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Author(s): Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001449. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796261&dopt=Abstract
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Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Author(s): Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd001449. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519557&dopt=Abstract
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Dyslexia and familial high blood pressure: an observational pilot study. Author(s): Taylor K, Stein J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 January; 86(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806878&dopt=Abstract
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Early cardiovascular changes in adolescents with high blood pressure values. Author(s): Seguro C, Sau F, Ruscazio M, Sias M, Cherchi A Jr, Mercuro G, Cherchi A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1986 December; 4(6): S34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475422&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: Ethics and high blood pressure. Author(s): Ingelfinger FJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 January 2; 292(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1109189&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: High blood pressure in Georgia. Author(s): Wilber JA. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1976 May; 65(5): 155-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=932580&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: High blood pressure month--different perspectives. Author(s): Chissell JT. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1978 June; 70(6): 393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=702576&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: High blood pressure: as a physician sees it. Author(s): Tatum FE. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1974 February; 15(2): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4815791&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: High blood pressure--blood banks. Author(s): Barclay WR, Macenski CW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 October 29; 226(5): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4800308&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Zellmer WA. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1975 May; 32(5): 465. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1146816&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a structured health education program on reducing morbidity and mortality from high blood pressure. Author(s): Levine DM, Green LW, Morisky D. Source: Bibl Cardiol. 1987; (42): 8-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3307759&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Author(s): Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Source: Circulation Research. 1971 October; 29(4): 424-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5110922&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of physical exercise on high blood pressure. Author(s): Lund-Johansen P. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1982; 30: 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7116868&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of age and high blood pressure on intelligence. Author(s): Elias MF. Source: Experimental Aging Research. 1991 Summer; 17(2): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1794406&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of exercise and weight loss on mental stress-induced cardiovascular responses in individuals with high blood pressure. Author(s): Georgiades A, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, Waugh R, Tweedy D, Craighead L, Bloomer R, Blumenthal JA. Source: Hypertension. 2000 August; 36(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948073&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of sex on differences in awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Plasencia A, Ostfeld AM, Gruber SB. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1988 November-December; 4(6): 31526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3228527&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated risk of high blood pressure: climate and the inverse housing law. Author(s): Mitchell R, Blane D, Bartley M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 August; 31(4): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177031&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency department detection and follow-up of high blood pressure: use and effectiveness of community health workers. Author(s): Bone LR, Mamon J, Levine DM, Walrath JM, Nanda J, Gurley HT, Noji EK, Ward E. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1989 January; 7(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2914043&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency treatment of high blood pressure with oral atenolol. Author(s): Bannan LT, Beevers DG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 May 30; 282(6278): 1757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6786611&dopt=Abstract
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Employment status and high blood pressure in women: variations by time and by sociodemographic characteristics. Author(s): Rose KM, Newman B, Bennett T, Tyroler HA. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1997 February; 7(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9099398&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries is related to high blood pressure and circulating low density lipoproteins in previously treated hypertension. Author(s): Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Aalkjaer C, Devereux RB, Dige-Petersen H, Ibsen H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 September; 14(9 Pt 1): 861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587150&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelium and high blood pressure. Author(s): Noll G, Tschudi M, Nava E, Luscher TF. Source: Int J Microcirc Clin Exp. 1997 October; 17(5): 273-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9370127&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of the pulmonary vasoconstriction reaction to alveolar hypoxia in systemic high blood pressure. Author(s): Guazzi MD, Berti M, Doria E, Fiorentini C, Galli C, Pepi M, Tamborini G. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1989 June; 76(6): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2736878&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of high blood pressure and obesity. Author(s): Martinez FJ, Sancho-Rof JM. Source: Drugs. 1993; 46 Suppl 2: 160-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7512470&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of high blood pressure. Author(s): Whelton PK, Klag MJ. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1989 November; 5(4): 639-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691056&dopt=Abstract
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European working party on high blood pressure in elderly (EWPHE): organization of a double-blind multicentre trial on antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients. Author(s): Amery A, De Schaepdrijver A. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1973 August; 45 Suppl 1: 71S-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4593570&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of family health education to build social support for long-term control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Morisky DE, DeMuth NM, Field-Fass M, Green LW, Levine DM. Source: Health Educ Q. 1985 Spring; 12(1): 35-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3980239&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for an association of high blood pressure and hyperinsulinemia in obese man. Author(s): Manicardi V, Camellini L, Bellodi G, Coscelli C, Ferrannini E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 June; 62(6): 1302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3517032&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based medicine: worship of form and treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Psaty BM, Rhoads C, Furberg CD. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2000 October; 15(10): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089721&dopt=Abstract
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Exercise guidelines for patients with high blood pressure: an update. Author(s): Pescatello LS, Buckley T. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1995 May-June; 15(3): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8542529&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with changes in body weight during a five-year follow-up of a population with high blood pressure. Author(s): Tuomilehto J, Jalkanen L, Salonen JT, Nissinen A. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1985; 13(4): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4089572&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with stable high blood pressure in adolescents. Author(s): Torok E, Gyarfas I, Csukas M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1985 December; 3 Suppl 3: S389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856747&dopt=Abstract
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Factors predisposing to postural hypotensive symptoms in the treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Talbot S, Smith AJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1975 October; 37(10): 1059-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=127594&dopt=Abstract
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Factors that appear as obstacles to the control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Lang T. Source: Ethn Dis. 2000 Winter; 10(1): 125-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764138&dopt=Abstract
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Familial risk of high blood pressure in the Canadian population. Author(s): Katzmarzyk PT, Rankinen T, Perusse L, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Source: American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council. 2001 September-October; 13(5): 620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505470&dopt=Abstract
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Financing treatment for high blood pressure. Author(s): Gorman M. Source: Urban Health. 1979 June; 8(5): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10242739&dopt=Abstract
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Folk beliefs about high blood pressure in Hispanic immigrants. Author(s): Ailinger RL. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1988 October; 10(5): 629-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3188520&dopt=Abstract
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Further learnings from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE) study: focus on systolic hypertension. Author(s): O'Malley K, Cox JP, O'Brien E. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1991 January; 4 Suppl 6: 1249-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2009248&dopt=Abstract
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Future management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Johnston CI. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1996; 27 Suppl 3: S55-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8872300&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic and sociocultural components of high blood pressure. Author(s): Ward RH. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1983 September; 62(1): 91-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6624904&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation at the angiotensinogen locus in relation to high blood pressure and myocardial infarction: the ECTIM Study. Author(s): Tiret L, Ricard S, Poirier O, Arveiler D, Cambou JP, Luc G, Evans A, Nicaud V, Cambien F. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 March; 13(3): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622852&dopt=Abstract
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Geographical and socioeconomic distribution of high blood pressure and borderline high blood pressure in a Swedish rural county. Author(s): Haglund BJ. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1985; 13(2): 53-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3874420&dopt=Abstract
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Ginseng and high blood pressure. Author(s): Siegel RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 January 4; 243(1): 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7350333&dopt=Abstract
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Glomerular hyperfiltration, high renin, and low- extracellular volume in high blood pressure. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD001449 Source: Hypertension. 2000 April; 35(4): 952-7. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12519557
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Glucose intolerance during diuretic therapy in elderly hypertensive patients. A second report from the European Working Party on high blood pressure in the elderly (EWPHE). Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Fagard R, Forette F, Forte J, et al. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1986 October; 62(732): 919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3534842&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for a dental office high blood pressure screening program. Author(s): Abbey LM, Hargrave B. Source: Va Dent J. 1974 August; 51(4): 52-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4529089&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for measurement of blood pressure, follow-up, and lifestyle counselling. Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): Abbott D, Campbell N, Carruthers-Czyzewski P, Chockalingam A, David M, Dunkley G, Ellis E, Fodor JG, McKay D, Ramsden VR. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1994 September-October; 85 Suppl 2: S29-43. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804948&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines on high blood pressure in pregnancy give new classifications of disease. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2000 December 18; 11(24): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902247&dopt=Abstract
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Health awareness and treatment compliance of high blood pressure among women in a peri-urban colony of Chandigarh, India. Author(s): Thakur K, Malhotra P, Walia I, Kumar R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 June; 97(6): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645694&dopt=Abstract
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Help lower the mercury and control high blood pressure. Author(s): Classe JG, Marshall EC. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1996 May; 67(5): 245-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8888835&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure (hypertension). Author(s): Woods A. Source: Nursing. 2002 April; 32(4): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11969020&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and associated cardiovascular risk factors in France. Author(s): Asmar R, Vol S, Pannier B, Brisac AM, Tichet J, El Hasnaoui A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 October; 19(10): 1727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593091&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and bone-mineral loss in elderly white women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Meilahn E, Zmuda JM, Cauley JA. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 971-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501357&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population of Mexico City. Characteristics of the studied population. Author(s): Yamamoto-Kimura L, Zamora-Gonzalez J, Huerta-Alvarado S, FajardoGutierrez A, Cardoso-Saldana G, Posadas-Romero C. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1996 Summer; 27(2): 213-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696067&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability in the Cuban epidemic neuropathy. Author(s): Gutierrez J, Santiesteban R, Garcia H, Voustianiouk A, Freeman R, Kaufmann H. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082051&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and dementia. Author(s): Rockwood K, Lindsay J, McDowell I. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 6; 348(9019): 65; Author Reply 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8691960&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and dementia. Author(s): Korczyn AD. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 6; 348(9019): 65; Author Reply 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8691959&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus: are all antihypertensive drugs created equal? Author(s): Grossman E, Messerli FH, Goldbourt U. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 September 11; 160(16): 2447-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979055&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and muscle morphology/metabolism--causal relationship or only associated factors? Author(s): Krotkiewski M, Lithell H, Shono N, Wysocki M, Holm G. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1998 May; 18(3): 203-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649908&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and the incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: findings in a 11.5 year follow-up study in The Netherlands. Author(s): Stolk RP, van Splunder IP, Schouten JS, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 March; 9(2): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519350&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and the kidney. Author(s): Goldsmith D. Source: Kidney International. 2000 September; 58(3): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972703&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and the kidney: the forgotten contribution of William Senhouse Kirkes. Author(s): Cameron JS, Hicks J. Source: Kidney International. 2000 February; 57(2): 724-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10652052&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure and ventricular arrhythmias. Author(s): Sideris DA. Source: European Heart Journal. 1993 November; 14(11): 1548-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299639&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure attack mounted in Pennsylvania. Author(s): Spring WC Jr, Ranberg RA. Source: Pa Med. 1978 April; 81(4): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=634618&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure control: put the champagne away. Author(s): Lenfant C. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 NovemberDecember; 4(6): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461300&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure due to alcohol. A rapidly reversible effect. Author(s): Maheswaran R, Gill JS, Davies P, Beevers DG. Source: Hypertension. 1991 June; 17(6 Pt 1): 787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2045140&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure during pregnancy and working conditions among hospital personnel. Author(s): Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Kaminski M, Du Mazaubrun C, Llado J, Estryn-Behar M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1991 June 5; 40(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1855606&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in African Americans. Author(s): Materson BJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 10; 163(5): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622599&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in older persons: a high risk special population. Author(s): Flack JM. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1994 September-October; 85 Suppl 2: S9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804955&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in pregnancy. Author(s): Iffy L, Ganesh V. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 July; 165(1): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1853906&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in pregnancy. Author(s): Green LA. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 July 15; 64(2): 225, 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476270&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in pregnancy: effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Author(s): Kisters K, Louwen F, Witteler R, Hausberg M, Barenbrock M, Rahn KH. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1998 October; 16(10): 1561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814631&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure in the geriatric population: treatment considerations. Author(s): Sander GE. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2002 July-August; 11(4): 223-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091771&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure is a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria in Japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Haneda M, Kikkawa R, Togawa M, Koya D, Kajiwara N, Uzu T, Shigeta Y. Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 1992 July-September; 6(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472744&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure knowledge in an urban African-American community. Author(s): Martins D, Gor D, Teklehaimanot S, Norris K. Source: Ethn Dis. 2001 Winter; 11(1): 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11289257&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure lowered by pregnancy. Author(s): Murakami T, Watanabe Ogura E, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto M. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 9; 356(9246): 1980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130528&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure management: potential benefits of I1 agents. Author(s): Esler M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1998 August; 16(3): S19-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747906&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure research in Australian general practice. Author(s): Nelson M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 April; 32(4): 277. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735270&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure screening in the dental office: a survey among Dutch dentists. Author(s): Gortzak RA, Abraham-Inpijn L, ter Horst G, Peters G. Source: Gen Dent. 1993 May-June; 41(3): 246-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8243963&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure treatment in the elderly. Author(s): Applegate WB. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1992 February; 8(1): 103-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576569&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure, oxygen radicals and antioxidants: etiological relationships. Author(s): Romero-Alvira D, Roche E. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1996 April; 46(4): 414-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733174&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure. A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food. Author(s): Grossman E, Messerli FH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995 March 13; 155(5): 450-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7864701&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure: definitions, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Author(s): Birbari AE. Source: J Med Liban. 2001 November-December; 49(6): 338-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744637&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure: hunting the genes. Author(s): Leckie BJ. Source: Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. 1992 January; 14(1): 37-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347682&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure: new efforts in primary prevention and disease management. Author(s): Zelizer G. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1993 April; 86(4): 157-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8479185&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure: some answers, new questions, continuing challenges. Author(s): Lenfant C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 May 22-29; 275(20): 1604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622253&dopt=Abstract
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High blood pressure--current state of play. Author(s): Shaw J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 May; 22(5): 702-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8517812&dopt=Abstract
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Highlights of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Carter BL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1998 February 15; 55(4): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504199&dopt=Abstract
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How common is high blood pressure? Author(s): Beard TC. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 February; 23(2): 93-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8161317&dopt=Abstract
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How do we treat, or not treat, high blood pressure in the oldest old? A practice study in Swedish geriatricians. Author(s): Kilander L, Boberg M, Lithell H. Source: Blood Pressure. 1997 November; 6(6): 372-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9495664&dopt=Abstract
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How to use calcium antagonists in hypertension: putting the JNC-VI guidelines into practice. Joint National Committee for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Singh V, Christiana J, Frishman WH. Source: Drugs. 1999 October; 58(4): 579-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10551431&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension and the brain. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 May; 152(5): 938-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580719&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension and the eye: applications of the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Marshall EC, Malinovsky VE. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1998 May; 69(5): 281-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610036&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension in a black population: prevalence and biosocial determinants of high blood pressure in a group of urban Nigerians. Author(s): Olatunbosun ST, Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, Bella AF. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 April; 14(4): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805050&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension syndrome and cardiovascular events. High blood pressure is only one risk factor. Author(s): Glasser SP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 November; 110(5): 29-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727651&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension--new drug therapies. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Solomon J. Source: Rn. 1994 January; 57(1): 26-32; Quiz 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905659&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertensive patients' knowledge of high blood pressure. Author(s): Kjellgren KI, Svensson S, Ahlner J, Saljo R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1997 December; 15(4): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444722&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertensive update: highlights from the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Fitzgerald MA. Source: Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1998 July; 2(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10455561&dopt=Abstract
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I am a 64-year-old man with high blood pressure. My doctor always checks my pressure in my right arm, but I've started checking both arms with my own blood pressure machine. My right arm is always 6-10 points higher than my left. Is this normal? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 1999 April; 3(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095273&dopt=Abstract
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I like to run for exercise and fitness but have never been a speed demon. I used to run my four-mile route in 35 minutes, but since I started taking a beta blocker for high blood pressure, my time has stretched to more than 40 minutes. Should I stop taking this medication? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 January; 9(5): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916565&dopt=Abstract
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I take Adalat (or nifedipine, also sold as Procardia) and captopril tablets daily for my high blood pressure. My physician told me not to take aspirin because of the possibility of drug interactions. From what I have read about aspirin, I hate to miss out on the benefits. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1998 October; 9(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9780876&dopt=Abstract
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I would like to know if it is ever too late to begin hormone replacement therapy to protect against heart disease and osteoporosis. My 84-year-old mother has high blood pressure and has never drunk much milk, so is she at risk of both these conditions? Wouldn't she benefit from estrogen? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 June; 5(10): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663016&dopt=Abstract
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I'm a 65-year-old man with high blood pressure and a family history of stroke. Which stroke-prevention medication would be better for me--aspirin or clopidogrel (Plavix)? Author(s): Ornato JP. Source: Health News. 2003 February; 9(2): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632550&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological factors and high blood pressure in man. Systemic hypertension and raised levels of immunoglobulins in the serum. Author(s): Olsen F. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [a]. 1972; 80(2): 257-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5028055&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of a rural high blood pressure control program on hypertension control and cardiovascular disease mortality. Author(s): Kotchen JM, McKean HE, Jackson-Thayer S, Moore RW, Straus R, Kotchen TA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986 April 25; 255(16): 2177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3959301&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of hypertension information on high blood pressure control between 1973 and 1978. Author(s): Apostolides AY, Cutter G, Kraus JF, Oberman A, Blaszkowski T, Borhani NO, Entwisle G. Source: Hypertension. 1980 September-October; 2(5): 708-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7419272&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired microvascular dilatation and capillary rarefaction in young adults with a predisposition to high blood pressure. Author(s): Noon JP, Walker BR, Webb DJ, Shore AC, Holton DW, Edwards HV, Watt GC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 April 15; 99(8): 1873-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109431&dopt=Abstract
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Implementing high blood pressure control activities in South Carolina. Author(s): Shepard DM. Source: Urban Health. 1985 September; 14(9): 29, 34, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10278799&dopt=Abstract
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Independent association of high blood pressure and aortic atherosclerosis: A population-based study. Author(s): Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, Schwartz GL, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Gentile F, Whisnant JP, Wiebers DO, Seward JB. Source: Circulation. 2000 October 24; 102(17): 2087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044425&dopt=Abstract
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Inference of the existence of high blood pressure as a cause of renal disease in the mid-19th century: observations on vascular structures in the kidney. Author(s): Newton NM, Fine LG. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1999; 19(2): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10213836&dopt=Abstract
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Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of high blood pressure: epidemiologic and biological evidence. Author(s): Bautista LE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2003 April; 17(4): 223-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692566&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of antihypertensive drug treatment on morbidity and mortality in patients over the age of 60 years. European Working Party on High blood pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE) results: sub-group analysis on entry stratification. Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, de Leeuw P, de Plaen JF, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, et al. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1986 December; 4(6): S642-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475430&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of anti-hypertensive therapy on serum cholesterol in elderly hypertensive patients. Results of trial by the European Working Party on High blood pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, Forette F, Forte J, Hamdy R, Leonetti G, LundJohansen P, MacFarlane JP, Mutsers A, O'Malley K, Tuomilehto J. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1982; 37(4): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751003&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of hypotensive drug treatment in elderly hypertensives: study terminating events in the trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, de Leeuw P, De Plaen JF, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, et al. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1985 December; 3 Suppl 3: S501-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856778&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibited power motivation and high blood pressure in men. Author(s): McClelland DC. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1979 April; 88(2): 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=447901&dopt=Abstract
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Initial medication selection for treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Oparil S. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1995 January-February; 8(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7701966&dopt=Abstract
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Insufficient duration of action of antihypertensive drugs mediates high blood pressure in the morning in hypertensive population: the Ohasama study. Author(s): Chonan K, Hashimoto J, Ohkubo T, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Matsubara M, Suzuki M, Fujiwara T, Araki T, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 2002 May; 24(4): 261-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069357&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin resistance and abnormal electrocardiograms in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Sheu WH, Jeng CY, Shieh SM, Fuh MM, Shen DD, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1992 July; 5(7): 444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637516&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin therapy could prevent salt-induced high blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Orie NN, Osirim FE. Source: East Afr Med J. 1997 September; 74(9): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487435&dopt=Abstract
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Intensifying the fight against high blood pressure. Author(s): Oganov RG, Glasunov IS, Britov AN, Chazova LV, Sapozhnikov II, Deev AD. Source: World Health Forum. 1988; 9(1): 88-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3254207&dopt=Abstract
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Inverse association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with high blood pressure in Japanese adults. Author(s): Nishimura M, Ushiyama M, Nanbu A, Mashida C, Kawagoe K, Yoshimura M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 January; 14(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206673&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of fluctuating high blood pressure in the enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. Author(s): Maruishi M, Shima T, Okada Y, Nishida M, Yamane K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 June; 41(6): 300-4; Discussion 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458742&dopt=Abstract
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Is cardiovascular remodeling in patients with essential hypertension related to more than high blood pressure? A LIFE substudy. Losartan Intervention For EndpointReduction in Hypertension. Author(s): Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Hermann KL, Frandsen E, Dige-Petersen H, Rokkedal J, Devereux RB, Ibsen H. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 September; 144(3): 530-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228792&dopt=Abstract
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Is exercise good for high blood pressure? Author(s): Wilcox RG, Bennett T, Brown AM, Macdonald IA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 September 18; 285(6344): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6810991&dopt=Abstract
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Is high blood pressure a late manifestation of the hypertension syndrome? Author(s): Neutel JM, Smith DH, Weber MA. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 December; 12(12 Pt 3): 215S-223S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619574&dopt=Abstract
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Is high blood pressure a psychosomatic disorder? A critical review of the evidence. Author(s): Davies MH. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1971 July; 24(4): 239-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4398526&dopt=Abstract
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Is high blood pressure an aetiological factor in epistaxis? Author(s): Petruson B, Rudin R, Svardsudd K. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1977; 39(3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=339142&dopt=Abstract
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Is high too low? A commentary by the Wisconsin State High Blood Pressure Advisory Committee. Author(s): Gutmann FD. Source: Wis Med J. 1985 January; 84(1): 31-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3976246&dopt=Abstract
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Is increased plasma viscosity a risk factor for high blood pressure? Author(s): Koenig W, Sund M, Ernst E, Matrai A, Keil U, Rosenthal J. Source: Angiology. 1989 March; 40(3): 153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2916766&dopt=Abstract
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Is the effect of low birth weight on cardiovascular mortality mediated through high blood pressure? Author(s): Koupilova I, Leon DA, McKeigue PM, Lithell HO. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1999 January; 17(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100089&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a different dietetic pattern depending on self-knowledge of high blood pressure? Author(s): Tormo MJ, Navarro C, Chirlaque MD, Barber X; EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation on Cancer. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(10): 963-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338129&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated systolic hypertension: a different kind of high blood pressure. Author(s): Maio A. Source: Nebr Med J. 1994 April; 79(4): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008149&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated systolic hypertension: data from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): O'Malley K, McCormack P, O'Brien ET. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1988 November; 6(1): S105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3063783&dopt=Abstract
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JNC 7--it's more than high blood pressure. Author(s): Kottke TE, Stroebel RJ, Hoffman RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 21; 289(19): 2573-5. Epub 2003 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748200&dopt=Abstract
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JNC guidelines: is the message getting through? Joint National Commission on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Lenfant C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 December 3; 278(21): 1778-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388157&dopt=Abstract
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Keeping high blood pressure on the run. Pharmacy's big part in hypertension control. Author(s): Williams RL. Source: Am Pharm. 1980 February; Ns20(2): 26-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7355709&dopt=Abstract
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Labeling of participants in high blood pressure screening programs. Implications for blood cholesterol screenings. Author(s): Lefebvre RC, Hursey KG, Carleton RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 September; 148(9): 1993-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3046540&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory assessment of the hypertensive individual. Value of the main guidelines for high blood pressure. Author(s): Reis RS, Bensenor IJ, Lotufo PA. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 1999 August; 73(2): 201-10. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752189&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of control of high blood pressure and treatment recommendations in Canada. Author(s): Khan N, Chockalingam A, Campbell NR. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2002 June; 18(6): 657-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107423&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of oral magnesium on high blood pressure: a double blind study. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Beynon GW, Shore AC, Sampson B, MacGregor GA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 July 27; 291(6490): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926135&dopt=Abstract
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Latest guidelines on the treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Thomson GE. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1985 May; 77 Suppl: 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3999157&dopt=Abstract
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Learned control of blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Kristt DA, Engel BT. Source: Circulation. 1975 February; 51(2): 370-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112018&dopt=Abstract
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Left ventricular diastolic function of children in high blood pressure tracking group. Author(s): Harada Y, Mori C, Watanabe K, Kishida K, Haneda N, Iwatani H, Nishio T. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1990 October; 32(5): 530-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2284930&dopt=Abstract
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Left ventricular hypertrophy in elderly hypertensive patients: a report from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Author(s): Van Hoof R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 55S-59S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1826071&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons from the real world about patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Dorsey JL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1979 January; 69(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=420349&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons taught by experimental high blood pressure research. Author(s): Weiner H. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1976 September-October; 38(5): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=981489&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: National high blood pressure month. Author(s): Ward GW. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1975 November; 32(11): 1094. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1190224&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Obesity and high blood pressure. Author(s): Jones J. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1974 September; 20(9): 197. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4420010&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: On high blood pressure. Author(s): Berman CL, Guarino MA, Giovannelli SM. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1974 June; 88(6): 1242. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4524443&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Urges action by dentist on high blood pressure. Author(s): Berman CL. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1975 May; 90(5): 907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1055158&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle approaches to managing high blood pressure. New Canadian guidelines. Author(s): Petrella RJ. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 July; 45: 1750-5, 1760-5. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10424275&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 1. Methods and an overview of the Canadian recommendations. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Campbell NR, Burgess E, Choi BC, Taylor G, Wilson E, Cleroux J, Fodor JG, Leiter LA, Spence D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333847&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 2. Recommendations on obesity and weight loss. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Leiter LA, Abbott D, Campbell NR, Mendelson R, Ogilvie RI, Chockalingam A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333848&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 3. Recommendations on alcohol consumption. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Campbell NR, Ashley MJ, Carruthers SG, Lacourciere Y, McKay DW. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333849&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 4. Recommendations on physical exercise training. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Cleroux J, Feldman RD, Petrella RJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333850&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 5. Recommendations on dietary salt. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Fodor JG, Whitmore B, Leenen F, Larochelle P. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333851&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 6. Recommendations on potassium, magnesium and calcium. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Burgess E, Lewanczuk R, Bolli P, Chockalingam A, Cutler H, Taylor G, Hamet P. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333852&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 7. Recommendations on stress management. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Spence JD, Barnett PA, Linden W, Ramsden V, Taenzer P. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333853&dopt=Abstract
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Little effect of ordinary antihypertensive therapy on nocturnal high blood pressure in patients with sleep disordered breathing. Author(s): Pelttari LH, Hietanen EK, Salo TT, Kataja MJ, Kantola IM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 March; 11(3 Pt 1): 272-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544866&dopt=Abstract
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Living with high blood pressure. Author(s): van Wissen K, Litchfield M, Maling T. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1998 March; 27(3): 567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543043&dopt=Abstract
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Localization of cytoplasmic collagen mRNA in human aortic coarctation: mRNA enhancement in high blood pressure-induced intimal and medial thickening. Author(s): Jaeger E, Rust S, Scharffetter K, Roessner A, Winter J, Buchholz B, Althaus M, Rauterberg J. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1990 September; 38(9): 1365-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2387988&dopt=Abstract
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Long term effects of guar gum on metabolic control, serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J, Karttunen P, Wolf E. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1984; 16 Suppl 43: 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6398982&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects of cessation of smoking on body weight, blood pressure and serum cholesterol in the middle-aged population with high blood pressure. Author(s): Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A, Puska P, Salonen JT, Jalkanen L. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1986; 11(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3716910&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term evaluation of group education for high blood pressure control. Author(s): Wyka-Fitzgerald C, Levesque P, Panciera T, Vendettoli D, Mattea E. Source: Cardiovasc Nurs. 1984 May-June; 20(3): 13-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6370434&dopt=Abstract
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Louisiana high blood pressure control program. Author(s): Huber ML, Lambert L, Trahan B, Gottlieb MS. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1984 May; 136(5): 11-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6563051&dopt=Abstract
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Low birth weight and risk of high blood pressure in adulthood. Author(s): Gennser G, Rymark P, Isberg PE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 May 28; 296(6635): 1498500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3134084&dopt=Abstract
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Management guidelines for optometric screening for high blood pressure. Author(s): Eisenberg S, Posner J, Salomon E. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1978 June; 49(6): 685-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681678&dopt=Abstract
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Management of high blood pressure in African Americans: consensus statement of the Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Author(s): Douglas JG, Bakris GL, Epstein M, Ferdinand KC, Ferrario C, Flack JM, Jamerson KA, Jones WE, Haywood J, Maxey R, Ofili EO, Saunders E, Schiffrin EL, Sica DA, Sowers JR, Vidt DG; Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 10; 163(5): 525-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622600&dopt=Abstract
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Management of high blood pressure in general practice. Author(s): O'Hanrahan M, Laher M, O'Boyle C, O'Malley K, O'Brien ET. Source: Ir Med J. 1982 April; 75(4): 102-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7076475&dopt=Abstract
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Managing hypertension in the southeastern United States: applying the guidelines from the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Author(s): Jones D, Basile J, Cushman W, Egan B, Ferrario C, Hill M, Lackland D, Mensah G, Moore M, Ofili E, Roccella EJ, Smith R, Taylor H. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1999 December; 318(6): 357-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616159&dopt=Abstract
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Managing worry, stress and high blood pressure: African-American women holding it together through 'family'. Author(s): Boutain DM. Source: Ethn Dis. 2001 Fall; 11(4): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763301&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal hypertension during pregnancy and high blood pressure in children. Preliminary communication. Author(s): Svensson A, Sigstrom L, Andersch B, Hansson L. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens B. 1983; 2(2): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6872283&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms contributing to high blood pressure. Author(s): Frohlich ED. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 May; 98(5 Pt 2): 709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6847008&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms in obesity-related high blood pressure. Author(s): Dustan HP. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1984 January; 21(1): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703244&dopt=Abstract
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Meeting the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease: which patients have untreated high blood pressure? Author(s): Marshall T, Rouse A. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2001 July; 51(468): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462320&dopt=Abstract
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Mercury sphygmomanometers should not be abandoned: An advisory statement from the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, American Heart Association. Author(s): Jones DW, Frohlich ED, Grim CM, Grim CE, Taubert KA. Source: Hypertension. 2001 February; 37(2): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230268&dopt=Abstract
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Microalbuminuria in subjects with no history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension: the relationship with hyperglycemia and high blood pressure at non-diagnostic level. Author(s): Ishibashi F, Ishida K, Takashina S. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1990 June; 39(2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2228727&dopt=Abstract
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Microalbuminuria, high blood pressure burden, and nondipper phenomenon: an interaction in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients. Author(s): Cohen CN, Albanesi FM, Goncalves MF, Gomes MB. Source: Diabetes Care. 2001 April; 24(4): 790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315854&dopt=Abstract
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Mineralocorticoids, salt and high blood pressure. Author(s): Gomez-Sanchez EP, Zhou M, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Source: Steroids. 1996 April; 61(4): 184-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8732997&dopt=Abstract
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Modern system for treating high blood pressure based on renin profiling and vasoconstriction-volume analysis: a primary role for beta blocking drugs such as propranolol. Author(s): Laragh JH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1976 November; 61(5): 797-810. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of high blood pressure after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kario K, Pickering TG. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2000 January; 84(1): 1-21, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685125&dopt=Abstract
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More bang for the buck in managing high blood pressure. Author(s): Smith MD, McGhan W. Source: Bus Health. 1996 May; 14(5): 44-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10157918&dopt=Abstract
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More on high blood pressure. Author(s): Kahn A Jr. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1979 September; 76(4): 179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=159282&dopt=Abstract
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More on the dentist's role in the prevention of high blood pressure. Author(s): Raab F, Schaffer E, Cornelissen G, Halberg F. Source: Chronobiologia. 1993 July-December; 20(3-4): 245-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8131673&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Author(s): Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, Forette F, et al. Source: Lancet. 1985 June 15; 1(8442): 1349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2861311&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality and treated blood pressure in patients of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Staessen J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 60S-61S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006663&dopt=Abstract
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National high blood pressure conference. Author(s): Levy RI. Source: Urban Health. 1978 June; 7(5): 10, 12, 27 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10308601&dopt=Abstract
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National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) review paper on complications of shock wave lithotripsy for urinary calculi. Author(s): Smith LH, Drach G, Hall P, Lingeman J, Preminger G, Resnick MI, Segura JW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 December; 91(6): 635-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750434&dopt=Abstract
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National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Lenfant C, Roccella EJ. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1986 May; 57(5): 347-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3711571&dopt=Abstract
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National High Blood Pressure Education Programme using data to focus communications to minority populations. Author(s): Roccella EJ, Lenfant C. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 January; 9(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7731003&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of male psychological health, XIII: Who develops high blood pressure and who responds to treatment. Author(s): Vaillant GE, Gerber PD. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 July; 153(7 Suppl): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8659638&dopt=Abstract
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Need to prevent and control high-normal and high blood pressure, particularly socalled “mild” hypertension: epidemiological and clinical data. Author(s): Giumetti D, Liu K, Stamler R, Schoenberger JA, Shekelle RB, Stamler J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1985 July; 14(4): 396-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3877923&dopt=Abstract
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Needed: pharmacists in high blood pressure control. Author(s): Williams RL. Source: Am Pharm. 1978 May; 18(5): 32-3, 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=655122&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal cardiovascular dynamics in relation to matroclinous and patroclinous history of high blood pressure. Author(s): Hermida RC, Fernandez JR, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Rey A, Rodriguez-Cervilla J, Fernandez-Lorenzo JR, Fraga JM. Source: Chronobiology International. 1993 June; 10(3): 214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319320&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroticism and the discovery of high blood pressure. Author(s): Cochrane R. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1969 March; 13(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5776998&dopt=Abstract
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New expression profiles of voltage-gated ion channels in arteries exposed to high blood pressure. Author(s): Cox RH, Rusch NJ. Source: Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994). 2002; 9(4): 243-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152102&dopt=Abstract
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New guidelines for prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Glick M. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1998 November; 129(11): 158894. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818576&dopt=Abstract
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New hypertension guidelines set aggressive goals based on risk factors. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Gifford RW Jr. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1998 January; 65(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9465452&dopt=Abstract
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New hypertension guidelines. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Hurley ML. Source: Rn. 1998 March; 61(3): 25-8. Erratum In: Rn 1998 April; 61(4): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544090&dopt=Abstract
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New oral salt in treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Karppanen H. Source: Magnesium. 1989; 8(5-6): 274-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2693847&dopt=Abstract
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New predictive test for high blood pressure. Author(s): Habeck M. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 2000 March; 6(3): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689308&dopt=Abstract
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New recommendations for high blood pressure control: guidelines for all NPs. Author(s): Hill MN, Cunningham SG. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1985 July; 10(7): 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022467&dopt=Abstract
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New rules for high blood pressure. Author(s): SoRelle R. Source: Circulation. 1998 February 3; 97(4): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468200&dopt=Abstract
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New staging system of the fifth Joint National Committee report on the detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC-V) alters assessment of the severity and treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Pogue VA, Ellis C, Michel J, Francis CK. Source: Hypertension. 1996 November; 28(5): 713-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901813&dopt=Abstract
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NHBPEP report on high blood pressure in pregnancy: a summary for family physicians. Author(s): Zamorski MA, Green LA. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 July 15; 64(2): 263-70, 216. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician 2002 February 15; 65(4): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476271&dopt=Abstract
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NHBPEP: working to reduce death and disability from high blood pressure. National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Cziraky MJ. Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996). 2002 November-December; 42(6): 886-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482016&dopt=Abstract
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NHLBI releases new high blood pressure guidelines. Author(s): Ressel GW; NHLBI. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 July 15; 68(2): 376, 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892357&dopt=Abstract
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NIH priorities in high blood pressure control. Author(s): Ware DR. Source: Urban Health. 1977 June; 6(4): 18, 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10305892&dopt=Abstract
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No correlation between insulin levels and high blood pressure in obese subjects. Author(s): Grugni G, Ardizzi A, Dubini A, Guzzaloni G, Sartorio A, Morabito F. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1990 February; 22(2): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2182501&dopt=Abstract
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Nobel laureates honored by the council for high blood pressure research. Author(s): Frohlich ED, Navar LG, Re RN. Source: Hypertension. 1999 November; 34(5): 1025. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10567176&dopt=Abstract
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Noise exposure and prevalence of high blood pressure among weavers in Iran. Author(s): Parvizpoor D. Source: J Occup Med. 1976 November; 18(11): 730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1032926&dopt=Abstract
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Noise-induced hearing loss: a possible marker for high blood pressure in older noiseexposed populations. Author(s): Talbott EO, Findlay RC, Kuller LH, Lenkner LA, Matthews KA, Day RD, Ishii EK. Source: J Occup Med. 1990 August; 32(8): 690-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2401923&dopt=Abstract
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Nomenclature for angiotensin receptors. A report of the Nomenclature Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Author(s): Bumpus FM, Catt KJ, Chiu AT, DeGasparo M, Goodfriend T, Husain A, Peach MJ, Taylor DG Jr, Timmermans PB. Source: Hypertension. 1991 May; 17(5): 720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022414&dopt=Abstract
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Non-invasive 24-hr monitoring of high blood pressure in climacteric outpatients. Author(s): Villecco AS, de Aloysio D, Pilati G, Mauloni M, Roncuzzi A, Bottiglioni F, Pisi E. Source: Maturitas. 1987 November; 9(3): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3431477&dopt=Abstract
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Nonpharmacologic management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Cunningham SG. Source: Cardiovasc Nurs. 1987 July-August; 23(4): 18-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3650125&dopt=Abstract
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Non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Haines AP. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract Occas Pap. 1980 July; (12): 32-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7005434&dopt=Abstract
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Nonpharmacological control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Kaplan NM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1989 February; 2(2 Pt 2): 55S-59S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2645907&dopt=Abstract
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and high blood pressure. Author(s): Radack K. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995 March 1; 122(5): 397. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7847663&dopt=Abstract
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Normal blood pressure and incidence of high blood pressure in the Thai population. Author(s): Jaroonvesama N, Charoenlarp K, Viranuvatti V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1980 July; 63(7): 391-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410987&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' role in managing high blood pressure. Author(s): Annand J, Addison C, Martin J, Marsden D. Source: Community Nurse. 1996 October; 2(9): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9450443&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing assessment of the patient with high blood pressure. Author(s): Grim CM. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1981; 16(2): 349-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6973749&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing role in the detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Grancio SD, Kornacki MJ, Pisarczyk J. Source: Mass Nurse. 1979 June; 48(6): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255731&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing's challenge in high blood pressure control. Author(s): Giblin E. Source: The American Nurse. 1977 May 15; 9(5): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=586121&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional factors in high blood pressure. Author(s): Zozaya JL. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 April; 14 Suppl 1: S100-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854089&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. Final report of a four-year randomized controlled trial--the Hypertension Control Program. Author(s): Stamler R, Stamler J, Grimm R, Gosch FC, Elmer P, Dyer A, Berman R, Fishman J, Van Heel N, Civinelli J, et al. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 March 20; 257(11): 1484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3546747&dopt=Abstract
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Objectives of high blood pressure treatment: left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic function, and coronary reserve. Author(s): Strauer BE, Schwartzkopff B. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 July; 11(7): 879-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9683053&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational noise exposure, noise-induced hearing loss, and the epidemiology of high blood pressure. Author(s): Talbott E, Helmkamp J, Matthews K, Kuller L, Cottington E, Redmond G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 April; 121(4): 501-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3874543&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular hypotensive effect of late pregnancy with and without high blood pressure. Author(s): Phillips CI, Gore SM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 February; 69(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3966998&dopt=Abstract
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Office evaluation of hypertension. A statement for health professionals by a writing group of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, American Heart Association. Author(s): Gifford RW Jr, Kirkendall W, O'Connor DT, Weidman W. Source: Circulation. 1989 March; 79(3): 721-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2917396&dopt=Abstract
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On Call. I am a subscriber to Harvard Men's Health Watch, but I am writing about my wife, not myself. She's only 58 and she's always been healthy, but over the past year she's been bothered by shaking and trembling in her hands, particularly when she's pouring tea or eating dinner. Her doctor gave her a blood pressure pill, but she's never had high blood pressure. Does she have Parkinson's? Should I take her to a specialist? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2002 February; 6(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869988&dopt=Abstract
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Opportunities for nurses in high blood pressure control. Author(s): Grancio SD. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1981; 16(2): 309-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6911619&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptives and high blood pressure. Author(s): Stokes GS. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1971 February; 1(1): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5284092&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptives and high blood pressure: a review. Author(s): Fregly MJ, Fregly MS. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1977 February; 64(2): 84-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=839193&dopt=Abstract
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Oral dosing with ketanserin to control high blood pressure in the elderly. Author(s): van Oene JC. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1990 January; 4 Suppl 1: 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2285639&dopt=Abstract
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Origins of the NHLBI program on high blood pressure in the young. Author(s): Havlik RJ, Feinleib M. Source: Hypertension. 1980 July-August; 2(4 Pt 2): I1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7399632&dopt=Abstract
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Overestimation of the number of individuals with hypertension who are eligible for treatment according to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Klungel OH, de Boer A, Seidell JC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 May 22; 160(10): 1540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826473&dopt=Abstract
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Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure. Author(s): Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 May 20; 298(6684): 1356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2502252&dopt=Abstract
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Partners for two decades: AOA and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Nickey WA, Lenfant C. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 March; 98(3): 153-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558830&dopt=Abstract
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Pretransplant hypertension as the main determinant of postrenal transplant high blood pressure. Author(s): Manfro RC, Thome FS, Schacher SC, Boger J, Goncalves LF, Prompt CA. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1992 December; 24(6): 3080-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1466064&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of high blood pressure and associated coronary risk factors in an adult population of Mexico City. Author(s): Yamamoto-Kimura L, Zamora-Gonzalez J, Garcia de la Torre G, CardosoSaldana G, Fajardo-Gutierrez A, Ayala-Barajas C, Posadas-Romero C. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1998 Winter; 29(4): 341-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9887554&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Influence of obesity. Author(s): Macedo ME, Trigueiros D, de Freitas F. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 1997 January; 16(1): 27-30, 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115774&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of high blood pressure in patients submitted to liver transplantation at the ISCMPA. Author(s): Marroni CA, Diehl JL, Leipnitz I, Pires LM, Brandao AB, Cassal AP, Schlindwein E, Zanotelli ML, Cantisani GP. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 November; 31(7): 3047. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578387&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of hyperinsulinaemia in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Dall'Aglio E, Gasparini P, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1992 March; 231(3): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1556520&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of hypertension in a Mexican population according to the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Gonzalez Villapando ME, Gaskill S, Rivera Martinez D. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1999 June; 6(3): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463145&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence, control and awareness of high blood pressure among Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. Author(s): Joffres MR, Hamet P, Rabkin SW, Gelskey D, Hogan K, Fodor G. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 June 1; 146(11): 1997-2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596849&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in the French population: data from a survey on high blood pressure in general practice, 1994. Author(s): Chamontin B, Poggi L, Lang T, Menard J, Chevalier H, Gallois H, Cremier O. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 June; 11(6 Pt 1): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657642&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness of high blood pressure and the risk of stroke in Northwest England. Author(s): Du X. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2000 April; 30(4): 288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731457&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing CHF is goal of National High Blood Pressure Education Program call to action. Author(s): Carter BL, Roccella EJ. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1996 June 15; 53(12): 1381, 1384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8781682&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between mortality and treated blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension: report of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Staessen J, Bulpitt C, Clement D, De Leeuw P, Fagard R, Fletcher A, Forette F, Leonetti G, Nissinen A, O'Malley K, et al. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 June 10; 298(6687): 1552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503114&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of high blood pressure to glucose intolerance, plasma lipids and educational status in an Arabian Gulf population. Author(s): Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K, McKeigue PM. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 February; 29(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750606&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of alcohol and illicit drug use with high blood pressure care and control among urban hypertensive Black men. Author(s): Kim MT, Dennison CR, Hill MN, Bone LR, Levine DM. Source: Ethn Dis. 2000 Spring-Summer; 10(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892823&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of clinic, ambulatory, and laboratory stress blood pressure to left ventricular mass in overweight men and women with high blood pressure. Author(s): Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Hinderliter AL, Georgiades A, Babyak M, Waugh RA, Blumenthal JA. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2002 March-April; 64(2): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914440&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of parental history of high blood pressure to blood pressure: combined findings of three Japanese population samples, the INTERSALT study. Author(s): Naruse Y, Nakagawa H, Kagamimori S, Fujita Y, Hashimoto T, Kasamatsu T, Mikawa K, Ueshima H. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 April; 12(4): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607688&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of tachycardia with high blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities: a study with mixture analysis in three populations. Author(s): Palatini P, Casiglia E, Pauletto P, Staessen J, Kaciroti N, Julius S. Source: Hypertension. 1997 November; 30(5): 1267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9369286&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenoceptor gene to central adiposity and high blood pressure: interaction with age. Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings of the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Author(s): Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Siani A, Cappuccio FP, Russo O, Barba G, Barbato A, D'Elia L, Trevisan M, Farinaro E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 March; 19(3): 399-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288809&dopt=Abstract
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Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Author(s): Schoolwerth AC, Sica DA, Ballermann BJ, Wilcox CS; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Source: Circulation. 2001 October 16; 104(16): 1985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602506&dopt=Abstract
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Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and hyperinsulinemia: role in noninsulin-dependent diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Reaven GM. Source: Diabete Metab. 1991 May; 17(1 Pt 2): 78-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1936488&dopt=Abstract
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Revision of guidelines for high blood pressure management: JNC IV. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Hill MN, Russell RP. Source: Md Med J. 1988 September; 37(9): 698-701. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3173007&dopt=Abstract
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Revision of guidelines for high blood pressure therapy. Author(s): Russell RP. Source: Md State Med J. 1984 September; 33(9): 692-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6492878&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for high blood pressure among workers in French poultry slaughterhouses and canneries. Author(s): Ledesert B, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Bourgine M, Kaminski M, Touranchet A, Verger C. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 October; 10(5): 609-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7859863&dopt=Abstract
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Risks and benefits in the trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Fletcher A, Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bulpitt C, Clement D, de Leeuw P, Deruyterre ML, de Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, et al. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1991 March; 9(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1851785&dopt=Abstract
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Role of optometrists in combatting high blood pressure. Author(s): Good GW, Augsburger AR. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1989 May; 60(5): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2732415&dopt=Abstract
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Round table 2. A critique of the Fifth Joint National Committee Report on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Moser M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1993 December; 11 Suppl 5: S384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158431&dopt=Abstract
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Salt and high blood pressure. Author(s): McGuffin WL Jr. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1984 January; 21(1): 20-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703245&dopt=Abstract
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Screen detected high blood pressure under 40: a general practice population followed up for 21 years. Author(s): Hart JT, Edwards C, Hart M, Jones J, Jones M, Haines A, Watt G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 February 13; 306(6875): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8461729&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for high blood pressure. Author(s): Schwartz SN. Source: Bull Eleventh Dist Dent Soc. 1978 March; 16(3): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=276389&dopt=Abstract
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Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study (ANBP2). Australian Comparative Outcome Trial of ACE inhibitor- and diuretic-based treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Management Committee on behalf of the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Author(s): Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, Shaw J, Steven ID, West MJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1997 JulyAugust; 19(5-6): 779-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247755&dopt=Abstract
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Seeking and finding all those patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Hill MN, Foster SB. Source: Nursing. 1982 February; 12(2): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915420&dopt=Abstract
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Selection, training, and utilization of health counselors in the management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Frate DA, Whitehead T, Johnson SA. Source: Urban Health. 1983 May; 12(5): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10262031&dopt=Abstract
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Self-help for high blood pressure. Author(s): Rogers CS. Source: N C Med J. 1984 March; 45(3): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6585655&dopt=Abstract
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Self-measurement of blood pressure: assessment of equipment. Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): McKay DW, Campbell NR, Chockalingam A, Ku L, Small C, Wasi S. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1995 November; 11 Suppl H: 29H-34H. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489541&dopt=Abstract
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Self-measurement of blood pressure: benefits, risks and interpretation of readings. The Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): Campbell NR, Bass M, Chockalingam A, LeBel M, Milkovich L. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1995 November; 11 Suppl H: 18H-22H. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489539&dopt=Abstract
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Self-measurement of blood pressure: issues related to the training of patients. Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): Birkett NJ, Abbott D, Campbell NR, Chockalingam A, Dagenais GR, Hogan K. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1995 November; 11 Suppl H: 23H-27H. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489540&dopt=Abstract
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Self-measurement of blood pressure: recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Author(s): Campbell NR, Abbott D, Bass M, Birkett NJ, Chockalingam A, Dagenais GR, Hogan K, Ku L, LeBel M, McKay DW, et al. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1995 November; 11 Suppl H: 5H-17H. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489545&dopt=Abstract
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Serum cholesterol levels and survival in elderly hypertensive patients: analysis of data from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Fagard R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 62S-63S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006664&dopt=Abstract
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Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): resetting the hypertension sails. Author(s): Lenfant C, Chobanian AV, Jones DW, Roccella EJ; Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Source: Hypertension. 2003 June; 41(6): 1178-9. Epub 2003 May 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756222&dopt=Abstract
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Severity of human hypertension in relation to the age in which high blood pressure makes its presumptive appearance. Author(s): Cugini P, Ferrari P, De Rosa R, Caliumi C, Delfini E, Colotto M, Fontana S, Mandolini C, Manetti L, Letizia C. Source: Clin Ter. 2003 January-February; 154(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854280&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual functioning, health beliefs, and compliance with high blood pressure medications. Author(s): Watts RJ. Source: Nursing Research. 1982 September-October; 31(5): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6922469&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term and long-term effects of a high blood pressure intervention program. Author(s): Frate DA, Johnson SA, Meydrech EF, Frate JB, Walsh DA. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1984 October; 25(10): 267-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6492148&dopt=Abstract
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Should family doctors screen asymptomatic children for high blood pressure? Author(s): St George IM. Source: Family Practice. 1990 September; 7(3): 219-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245893&dopt=Abstract
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Should we be treating high blood pressure in persons over 65? Author(s): Lichtenstein MJ. Source: Compr Ther. 1988 January; 14(1): 54-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3342604&dopt=Abstract
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Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? The emergence of diabetes and high blood pressure in African-origin populations. Author(s): Cruickshank JK, Mbanya JC, Wilks R, Balkau B, McFarlane-Anderson N, Forrester T. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 February; 30(1): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171870&dopt=Abstract
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Sodium and potassium intake and high blood pressure. Author(s): McGregor GA. Source: Acta Cardiol Suppl. 1988; 29: 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389028&dopt=Abstract
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Sodium and potassium intake in the management of high blood pressure. Author(s): MacGregor GA. Source: J Clin Hypertens. 1986 June; 2(2): 132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3531413&dopt=Abstract
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Sodium intake, high blood pressure, and calcium channel blockers. Author(s): MacGregor GA, Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 March 30; 82(3B): 16-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3551600&dopt=Abstract
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Sodium restriction lowers high blood pressure through a decreased response of the renin system--direct evidence using saralasin. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1985 June; 3(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3894515&dopt=Abstract
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Sounding board. High blood pressure: do we really know whom to treat and how? Author(s): Alderman MH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 31; 296(13): 753-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=840267&dopt=Abstract
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Specific aspects of high blood pressure in the elderly. Author(s): Blacher J, Safar M. Source: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2002 September; 3 Suppl 1: S10-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428216&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous changes in very high blood pressure after admission to the hospital and their relation to target organ involvement. Author(s): Ambrosio GB, Pigato R, Zamboni S, Dal Palu C. Source: Cardiology. 1982; 69(2): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7105068&dopt=Abstract
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Spouse similarities in high blood pressure knowledge: implications for control of high blood pressure. Author(s): Speers MA, Niemcryk SJ, Morter R, Gary HE Jr, Ostfeld AM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1990 January-February; 6(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340188&dopt=Abstract
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Stabilization of high blood pressure with tricyclic antidepressants and lithium combinations in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Zachariah PK, Rosenbaum AH. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1982 October; 57(10): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121068&dopt=Abstract
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Standards for accurate measurement of blood pressure: standards of detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Grancio SD. Source: Mass Nurse. 1979 March; 48(3): 7-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=253880&dopt=Abstract
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State of the art in high blood pressure control. Author(s): Smith WM. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1980 September; 76(9 Suppl): 11-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6933287&dopt=Abstract
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Statewide community high blood pressure control programs. Author(s): Chiappini M, Henson MA, Wilber JA, McClellan W. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1981 May; 70(5): 357-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7264471&dopt=Abstract
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Status of high blood pressure control in California: a preliminary report of a statewide survey. Author(s): Leonard AR, Igra A, Hawthorne A. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1981 March-April; 10(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6907260&dopt=Abstract
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Strengths and weaknesses of family studies of high blood pressure. Author(s): Watt GC. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 May; 8(5): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064778&dopt=Abstract
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Stress, ACTH, salt intake and high blood pressure. Author(s): Denton DA, Coghlan JP, Fei DT, Mckinley M, Nelson J, Scoggins B, Tarjan E, Tregear GW, Tresham JJ, Weisinger R. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1984; 6(1-2): 403-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6321067&dopt=Abstract
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Strong association of overweight to high blood pressure in a rural community of central Italy: the 'Di.S.Co.' Project. Author(s): Urbinati GC, Angelico F, Del Ben M, Giampaoli S, Menotti A, Ricci G, Savocchi P, Seccareccia F, Spitoni M, Volpe R. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1990; 10 Suppl 1: S205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2286133&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. II. Antecedents in childhood of high blood pressure in young adults. Author(s): Higgins MW, Keller JB, Metzner HL, Moore FE, Ostrander LD Jr. Source: Hypertension. 1980 July-August; 2(4 Pt 2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7399643&dopt=Abstract
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Study of noise exposure and high blood pressure in shipyard workers. Author(s): Wu TN, Ko YC, Chang PY. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1987; 12(4): 431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3499819&dopt=Abstract
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Successful modules of community hypertension control programs--examples from the German National High Blood Pressure Programme. Author(s): Hense HW. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 February; 10 Suppl 1: S13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8965280&dopt=Abstract
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Symposium on high blood pressure: mechanisms and management. Introduction. Author(s): Laragh JH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1973 September 20; 32(4): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4729720&dopt=Abstract
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Symptoms and the discovery of high blood pressure. Author(s): Robinson JO. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1969 June; 13(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5789608&dopt=Abstract
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The 2000 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: part two-diagnosis and assessment of people with high blood pressure. Author(s): Zarnke KB, Levine M, McAlister FA, Campbell NR, Myers MG, McKay DW, Bolli P, Honos G, Lebel M, Mann K, Wilson TW, Abbott C, Tobe S, Burgess E, Rabkin S; Canadian Hypertension Recommendations Working Group. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 December; 17(12): 1249-63. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773936&dopt=Abstract
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The ALLHAT Trial. Diuretics are still the preferred initial drugs for high blood pressure. Author(s): Vidt DG. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 March; 70(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678218&dopt=Abstract
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The angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and predisposition to high blood pressure. Author(s): Harrap SB, Davidson HR, Connor JM, Soubrier F, Corvol P, Fraser R, Foy CJ, Watt GC. Source: Hypertension. 1993 April; 21(4): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8384602&dopt=Abstract
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The association between high blood pressure, physical fitness, and body mass index in adolescents. Author(s): Nielsen GA, Andersen LB. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 February; 36(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590998&dopt=Abstract
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The association between racism and high blood pressure among African Americans. Author(s): Boutain DM, Cooke C. Source: Ethn Dis. 2001 Fall; 11(4): 793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763304&dopt=Abstract
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The Austin Doyle Lecture, High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Renal disease as a metaphor: towards a more integrated view of aboriginal health. Author(s): Hoy WE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1998 December; 25(12): 1038-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888003&dopt=Abstract
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The Canadian consensus report on non-pharmacological approaches to the management of high blood pressure. Author(s): Fodor JG, Chockalingam A. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1990; 12(5): 729-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2208746&dopt=Abstract
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The complex relationship between nocturnal obstructive apnea and high blood pressure. The eternal question of the chicken and the egg. Author(s): Polonia J. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2000 October; 19(10): 1007-12. English, Portuguese. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126103&dopt=Abstract
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The consistency of various high blood pressure indicators based on questionnaire and physical measures data from the Canada Health Survey. Author(s): Gentleman JF, Tomiak M. Source: Health Reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports Sur La Sante / Statistique Canada, Centre Canadien D'information Sur La Sante. 1992; 4(3): 293-311. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1493199&dopt=Abstract
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The contexts of adherence for African Americans with high blood pressure. Author(s): Rose LE, Kim MT, Dennison CR, Hill MN. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2000 September; 32(3): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012800&dopt=Abstract
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The Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Its origin and purposes. Author(s): Page IH. Source: Hypertension. 1988 June; 11(6 Pt 2): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3292418&dopt=Abstract
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The determinants and prognostic significance of serum uric acid in elderly patients of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Author(s): Staessen J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 50S-54S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006662&dopt=Abstract
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The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: III. Social support, social stressors, and treatment dropout. Author(s): Williams CA, Beresford SA, James SA, LaCroix AZ, Strogatz DS, Wagner EH, Kleinbaum DG, Cutchin LM, Ibrahim MA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1985 May; 75(5): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3872605&dopt=Abstract
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The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: the process of medical care and blood pressure control. Author(s): Ballard DJ, Strogatz DS, Wagner EH, Siscovick DS, James SA, Kleinbaum DG, Williams CA, Cutchin LM, Ibrahim MA. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1986 September-October; 2(5): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453192&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of long-term verapamil treatment on the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone in subjects with normal and high blood pressure. Author(s): Zofkova I. Source: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1985 April; 85(2): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2990975&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of regulation of high blood pressure on plasma endothelin-1 levels in blacks with hypertension. Author(s): Ergul S, Ergul A, Hudson JA, Puett D, Wieman BM, Durham MD, Parish DC. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 November; 11(11 Pt 1): 1381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832184&dopt=Abstract
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The European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Author(s): Amery A, De Schaepdryver A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 March; 90(3A): 1S-4S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006651&dopt=Abstract
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The fifth Joint National Committee report on the detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Author(s): Frohlich ED. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993 August; 22(2): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8335838&dopt=Abstract
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The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: a resource for occupational health. Author(s): Young JM. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 1995 June; 43(6): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772208&dopt=Abstract
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The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: insights and highlights from the chairman. Author(s): Gifford RW Jr. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1993 July-August; 60(4): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8339452&dopt=Abstract
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The HEDIS performance NAVIGATOR for controlling high blood pressure: a resource to assist health plans improve patient adherence. Author(s): Turpin R, Jungkind K, Salvucci L. Source: Disease Management : Dm. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899567&dopt=Abstract
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The High Blood Pressure and You Education Program. Author(s): Hale CD, Richards N, Belcuore T, Rains CS, Davis RC. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1988 August; 58(6): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3216633&dopt=Abstract
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The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: let their silence not be matched by the silence of the ordinary physician. Author(s): Silverberg D, Oksenberg A, Iaina A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 June 8; 158(11): 1272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625409&dopt=Abstract
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The National High Blood Pressure Education Program reaches maturity. Author(s): Cooper T. Source: Chest. 1984 September; 86(3): 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6467994&dopt=Abstract
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The National High Blood Pressure Education Program: longtime partners with new strategies. Author(s): Nickey WA, Lenfant C, Chobanian AV, Roccella EJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2003 June; 103(6): 297-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834103&dopt=Abstract
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The National High Blood Pressure Education Program: measuring progress and assessing its impact. Author(s): Roccella EJ, Horan MJ. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1988; 7 Suppl: 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3243223&dopt=Abstract
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The national high blood pressure education program: thirty years and counting. Author(s): Jones DW, Hall JE. Source: Hypertension. 2002 May; 39(5): 941-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019273&dopt=Abstract
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The National High Blood Pressure Program. Author(s): Frohlich E. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1988 September; 12(3): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3403842&dopt=Abstract
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The nature and efficacy of intervention studies in the National High Blood Pressure Education Research Program. Author(s): Garrity TF, Garrity AR. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1985 April; 3(1): S91-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3916445&dopt=Abstract
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The primary prevention of high blood pressure: a population approach. Author(s): Blackburn H, Grimm R Jr, Luepker RV, Mittelmark M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1985 July; 14(4): 466-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4070185&dopt=Abstract
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The relation between coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. Author(s): Hilden T. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986; 714: 159-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3472439&dopt=Abstract
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The relative risk of myocardial infarction in patients who have high blood pressure and non-cardiac pain. Author(s): Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, LoGerfo JP, Wagner EH, Inui TS. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1987 November-December; 2(6): 3817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3694297&dopt=Abstract
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The Report of Fifth Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: a “loose” constructionist view. Author(s): Black HR. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 March; 8(3): 331-3, 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7794586&dopt=Abstract
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The risks of hypertension: a renewed call for high blood pressure control. Author(s): Lackland DT. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2000 June; 13(6 Pt 1): 736-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912762&dopt=Abstract
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The role of dietary sodium intake in the control of high blood pressure. A short review. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1994; 106: 148-52. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174362&dopt=Abstract
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The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. Author(s): Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 21; 289(19): 2560-72. Epub 2003 May 14. Erratum In: Jama. 2003 July 9; 290(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748199&dopt=Abstract
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The sixth report of the Joint National Committee: an appropriate celebration of the 25th anniversary of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Author(s): Frohlich ED. Source: Hypertension. 1997 December; 30(6): 1305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403545&dopt=Abstract
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The stability of high blood pressure in Dunedin children: an eight year longitudinal study. Author(s): St George IM, Williams SM, Silva PA. Source: N Z Med J. 1990 March 28; 103(886): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320336&dopt=Abstract
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The use of volunteers in mass screening for high blood pressure. Author(s): Elder JP, McKenna CA, Lazieh M, Ferreira A, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1986 September-October; 2(5): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453190&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic approach to patients complaining of high blood pressure in a cardiological emergency room. Author(s): Gus M, Andrighetto AG, Balle VR, Pilla MB. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 1999 March; 72(3): 321-6. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513043&dopt=Abstract
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Time trends in high blood pressure control and the use of antihypertensive medications in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Author(s): Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Gottdiener JS, Burke GL, Weissfeld J, Enright P, Lumley T, Powe N, Furberg CD; Cardiovascular Health Study. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 November 11; 162(20): 2325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418946&dopt=Abstract
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Treat high blood pressure sooner: tougher, simpler JNC 7 guidelines. Author(s): Vidt DG, Borazanian RA. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 August; 70(8): 721-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959399&dopt=Abstract
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Treating high blood pressure following acute stroke. Author(s): Keir SL, Murphy PJ, MacMahon M. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1996 May-June; 30(3): 26970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8811609&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure in Germany. Author(s): Faulhaber HD, Luft FC. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 June; 11(6 Pt 1): 750-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657639&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure in overweight patients. Author(s): MacMahon S, Macdonald G. Source: Nephron. 1987; 47 Suppl 1: 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2962005&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure in the young. Author(s): Kotchen JM, Holley J, Kotchen TA. Source: Semin Nephrol. 1989 September; 9(3): 296-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675247&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure. From diuretics to the present and future. Author(s): Nogueira da Costa J. Source: Cardiologia. 1995 December; 40(12): 893-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901039&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure: should clinical practice be based on results of clinical trials? Author(s): Wilcox RG, Mitchell JR, Hampton JR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 16; 293(6544): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3091147&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of high blood pressure--the effect on coronary morbidity and mortality. Author(s): Reid JL, Curzio JL, Kennedy S, Elliott HL. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 December; 3 Suppl 2: 35-8; Discussion 3940. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691693&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in antihypertensive drug use in the United States: do the JNC V recommendations affect prescribing? Fifth Joint National Commission on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Siegel D, Lopez J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 December 3; 278(21): 1745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388150&dopt=Abstract
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Unrecognized high blood pressure. A major public health issue for the workplace. Author(s): Capriotti T, Kirby LG, Smeltzer SC. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 2000 July; 48(7): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261183&dopt=Abstract
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Update on high blood pressure: highlights from the 1988 national report. Author(s): Fontana SA. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1988 December; 13(12): 8, 10-2, 15 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3231362&dopt=Abstract
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Update on the factors associated with high blood pressure compliance. Author(s): Bone LR, Levine DM, Parry RE, Morisky DE, Green LW. Source: Md State Med J. 1984 March; 33(3): 201-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6717083&dopt=Abstract
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Using the emergency department as a screening site for high blood pressure. A method for improving hypertension detection and appropriate referral. Author(s): Mamon J, Green L, Levine DM, Gibson G, Gurley HT. Source: Medical Care. 1987 August; 25(8): 770-80. Erratum In: Med Care 1987 October; 25(10): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3695673&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of self diagnosis of high blood pressure in a sample of the Spanish EPIC cohort: overall agreement and predictive values. EPIC Group of Spain. Author(s): Tormo MJ, Navarro C, Chirlaque MD, Barber X. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 March; 54(3): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746117&dopt=Abstract
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Very high blood pressure in acute stroke. Author(s): Britton M, Carlsson A. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 December; 228(6): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280238&dopt=Abstract
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Villain and victim: the kidney and high blood pressure in the nineteenth century. Author(s): Cameron JS. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1999 July-August; 33(4): 382-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472029&dopt=Abstract
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Visual diagnosis: a child who has a nosebleed and high blood pressure. Author(s): Herman A. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001 March; 22(3): 1047. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230629&dopt=Abstract
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Warning--the physician's clinical judgement can be hazardous to your health: withdrawing drugs in patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Grimm RH Jr. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1997 July-August; 10(4): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228628&dopt=Abstract
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Weight reduction versus antihypertensive drug therapy in obese men with high blood pressure: effects upon plasma insulin levels and association with changes in blood pressure and serum lipids. Author(s): Fagerberg B, Berglund A, Andersson OK, Berglund G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 September; 10(9): 1053-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1328365&dopt=Abstract
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What does the public know about high blood pressure? Author(s): Levy RI, Ward GW. Source: Am Pharm. 1979 May; 19(5): 39-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474392&dopt=Abstract
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What is high blood pressure and why is it important? Author(s): Hill M. Source: Pa Nurse. 1982 May; 37(5): 7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6918898&dopt=Abstract
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When your patients ask about salt and high blood pressure. Author(s): Trimmer E. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1985 November; 21(11): 394. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3853741&dopt=Abstract
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Wisconsin high blood pressure control program--involving the physician. Author(s): Handy GH, Dart R, Koehn A. Source: Wis Med J. 1979 November; 78(11): 14-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=516783&dopt=Abstract
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Workup and evaluation of the patient with high blood pressure. Author(s): Propert DB, Anderson MA. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1980 September; 76(9 Suppl): 44-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6933292&dopt=Abstract
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World Health Day 1978: down with high blood pressure. Author(s): Mahler H. Source: Xianggang Hu Li Za Zhi. 1978 November; (25): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=311319&dopt=Abstract
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Young men with high blood pressure report few recent life events. Author(s): Theorell T, Svensson J, Knox S, Waller D, Alvarez M. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1986; 30(2): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3723455&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and high blood pressure.
Finding Nutrition Studies on High Blood Pressure The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on high blood pressure: •
Blood pressure response in 24 hours in patients with high blood pressure treated with two nifedipine formulations once a day. Author(s): Hospital Jose Ignacio Baldo, Caracas, Venezuela. Source: Rodriguez Roa, E Octavio, A Mayorca, E Castro, P Miranda, R Valecillo, E Gonzalez, M J-Hum-Hypertens. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S151-5 0950-9240
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High blood pressure: the end of an epidemic. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. December 2000. volume 27 (10) page 1, 3-9. 0885-7792
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “high blood pressure” (or a synonym): •
Blood pressure response in 24 hours in patients with high blood pressure treated with two nifedipine formulations once a day. Author(s): Hospital Jose Ignacio Baldo, Caracas, Venezuela. Source: Rodriguez Roa, E Octavio, A Mayorca, E Castro, P Miranda, R Valecillo, E Gonzalez, M J-Hum-Hypertens. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S151-5 0950-9240
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High blood pressure: the end of an epidemic. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. December 2000. volume 27 (10) page 1, 3-9. 0885-7792
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to high blood pressure; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html
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Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ace) Inhibitors Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Calcium-channel Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hmg-coa Reductase Inhibitors (statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium Chloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Dean Ornish Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to high blood pressure. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to high blood pressure and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to high blood pressure: •
Awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of older americans about high blood pressure: implications for health care policy, education, and research. Author(s): Egan BM, Lackland DT, Cutler NE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 24; 163(6): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639200&dopt=Abstract
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Common Questions and Answers in the Management of Hypertension - Everyday Practice in Hypertension: Herbal Remedies for High Blood Pressure. Author(s): Townsend RR. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2000 January; 2(1): 54-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416627&dopt=Abstract
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Discourses of worry, stress, and high blood pressure in rural south Louisiana. Author(s): Boutain DM. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2001; 33(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552548&dopt=Abstract
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Initial cost of care results in medically supervised water-only fasting for treating high blood pressure and diabetes. Author(s): Goldhamer AC. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 December; 8(6): 696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614522&dopt=Abstract
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Lay beliefs about high blood pressure in a low- to middle-income urban AfricanAmerican community: an opportunity for improving hypertension control. Author(s): Wilson RP, Freeman A, Kazda MJ, Andrews TC, Berry L, Vaeth PA, Victor RG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 January; 112(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812403&dopt=Abstract
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Lifestyle modification as a means to prevent and treat high blood pressure. Author(s): Appel LJ. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2003 July; 14(7 Suppl 2): S99-S102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819311&dopt=Abstract
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Working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy. Author(s): Lenfant C; National Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2001 March-April; 3(2): 7588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416689&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to high blood pressure; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hiv and Aids Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Menopausal Symptoms (other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mitral Valve Prolapse Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tias Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ayurveda Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Biofeedback Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Chiropractic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,682,00.html Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Homeopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,703,00.html
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Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Iridology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,709,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Homeopathy Argentum Nitricum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aurum Metallicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Belladonna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcarea Carbonica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glonoinum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lachesis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natrum Muriaticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nux Vomica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphorus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plumbum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sanguinaria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements 5-htp Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acebutolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Achillea Millefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ala Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha2-adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-linolenic Acid (ala) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Panax quinquefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amlodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angelica Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angiotensin Ii Receptor Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10005,00.html Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Baking Soda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,835,00.html Bearberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Betaxolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blue Cohosh Alternative names: Caulophyllum thalictroides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Butcher's Broom Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10010,00.html Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candesartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carvedilol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Angelica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chitosan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10016,00.html
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Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 (coq10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coleus Forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coq10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Diltiazem Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai (angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Eicosapentaenoic Acid (epa) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Enalapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ephedra (ma Huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedra Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erocalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginseng (panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html Glucosamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza Glabra Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guanfacine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus oxyacantha, Crataegus monogyna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hawthorn Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10035,00.html Huperzine a Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huperzine a Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10038,00.html Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypericum Perforatum Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Irbesartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Klamathweed Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kudzu Alternative names: Pueraria lobata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kudzu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,858,00.html Labetalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lobelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Losartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ma Huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maitake Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html Methyldopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mistletoe Alternative names: Viscum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html
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Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olive Leaf Alternative names: Olea europa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Panax Quinquefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula,Plantago isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reishi Alternative names: Ganoderma lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html Spanish Licorice Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taraxacum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Taurine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10059,00.html Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (tcas) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triotann-s Pediatric Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Bearberry, Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valsartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium, Milfoil Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yohimbe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Yohimbe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,830,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to high blood pressure. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “high blood pressure” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on high blood pressure, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on High Blood Pressure ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to high blood pressure. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Biosocial Study of High Blood Pressure among Underground Mineworkers in a South African Gold Mine by Molapo, Matsheliso Palesa; Phd from Emory University, 2001, 331 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3018820
•
A High Blood Pressure Education Program for Sixth Graders: Impact on Parents by Walker, Peter, Edd from University of Virginia, 1980, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8102615
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Implication of Cyclic Amp in the Physiopathology of Labile High Blood Pressure by Hamet, Pavel; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11836
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Medicinal Plant Use and High Blood Pressure on St. Kitts, West Indies. by Stevenson, David Richter, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1979, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7922566
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•
The Effects of a Selected Health Education Intervention upon the Compliance Behavior of Individuals Diagnosed As Having High Blood Pressure by Kardas, Edward Joseph, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1987, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717658
•
The Effects of Expressive Writing on Blood Pressure, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Heart Rate Variability in High Normal to Moderate High Blood Pressure by Beckwith, Kimberly Michelle; Phd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080395
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning high blood pressure.
Recent Trials on High Blood Pressure The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to high blood pressure.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
A Study to Prevent Complications of High Blood Pressure Caused by Hepatitis in Patients with Cirrhosis Condition(s): Hypertension, Portal; Liver Cirrhosis; Esophageal and Gastric Varices Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Yale University Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the efficacy of a certain drug in preventing intestinal complications in patients with cirrhosis and high blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. II. Evaluate vein pressure measurements to predict the development of internal bleeding. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004641
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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•
Effects of Rosiglitazone on Blood Vessels in Patients with High Blood Pressure and High Cholesterol Condition(s): Hypercholestrolemia; Hypertension Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Cells in the lining of blood vessels produce various substances that cause the vessels to dilate (relax) and constrict (tighten), thereby regulating blood flow. In patients with high blood pressure and high cholesterol, the blood vessels do not dilate properly. This study will investigate the effects of rosiglitazone-a drug used to improve the action of insulin in diabetic patients-on blood flow by examining its effects on endothelin (a substance that causes vessel constriction), and other substances produced by the vessel-lining cells. Adults with blood pressure recordings of 140/90 mmHg or higher on at least three separate days or with a blood cholesterol level of at least 240 mg/dl may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical history and physical examination, blood pressure recordings, blood and urine tests. This "crossover" study involves two separate treatment periods; that is, participants will take either rosiglitazone or placebo (an inactive look-alike pill) once a day for 8 weeks, then no drug for 4 weeks, and then the alternative treatment for the next 8 weeks. Patients will continue to take their high blood pressure medicines during the first 6 weeks of each treatment period. They will stop the medication 2 weeks before the following procedures, which are done at the end of each 8-week treatment period: Strain gauge plethysmography-A small catheter is placed through a needle into an artery at the bend of the arm for measuring blood pressure and drawing blood samples during the study. Pressure cuffs are placed on the wrist and upper arm, and a strain gauge (a rubber band device) is placed around the forearm to measure forearm blood flow. When the cuffs are inflated, blood flows into the arm, stretching the strain gauge at a rate proportional to the flow, and the measurement is recorded. Small doses of four drugs-acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside and BQ-123-are given through the catheter. Acetylcholine slows the heart rate. Bradykinin stimulates the release of a substance that causes blood vessels to dilate and can lower blood pressure. Sodium nitroprusside causes blood vessels to dilate and is used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. BQ-123 blocks the blood vessel-constricting activity of endothelin. Brachial ultrasound reactivity study-A baseline ultrasound image (picture produced using sound waves) of the brachial artery (artery located at the bend of the arm) is taken and blood flow measurements are recorded. Then, a pressure cuff is placed around the upper forearm, inflated for 5 minutes to stop blood flow to the forearm, and then released. Images of the artery and flow measurements are repeated. After a 15-minute rest, new baseline images are taken and flow measurements obtained. A small amount of nitroglycerin is then sprayed under the tongue and after 3 minutes, blood flow measurements and brachial artery images are recorded once more. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006071
•
Effects of Salt Intake on the Nervous Systems of Patients with Salt-Sensitive High Blood Pressure Condition(s): Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension Study Status: This study is completed.
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Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Some patients with high blood pressure can experience an increase of blood pressure by 10 percent or more by taking in salt. These patients are referred to as having "salt-sensitive" (SS) hypertension. Previous studies conducted on patients with salt sensitive hypertension suggest that their portion of the nervous system responsible for maintaining normal blood pressure (autonomic nervous system) may respond differently to salt than patients with non-salt sensitive (NSS) hypertension. This study is designed to examine the response of the nervous system to high doses of salt in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension and patients with non-salt sensitive hypertension. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001176
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “high blood pressure” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “high blood pressure” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on high blood pressure, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on High Blood Pressure By performing a patent search focusing on high blood pressure, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on high blood pressure: •
2,2'-bi-1H-imidazoles Inventor(s): Whitten; Jeffrey P. (Cincinnati, OH), McCarthy; James R. (West Chester, OH), Matthews; Donald P. (West Chester, OH) Assignee(s): Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,147,863 Date filed: October 17, 1990 Abstract: This invention relates to novel derivatives of 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazoles, to the processes and intermediates used in their preparation, to their ability to exert the pharmacologic effects of lowering high blood pressure and of increasing heart contractile force and to their use as chemotherpauetic agents useful in treating cardiac insufficiency and hypertension. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazoles and to the processes for their preparation and their use as chemotherapeutic agents. More specifically, this invention relates to novel derivatives of 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazoles, to the processes and intermediates used in their preparation, to their ability to exert the pharmacologic effects of lowering high blood pressure and of increasing heart contractile force and to their use as chemotherapeutic agents useful in treating cardiac insufficiency and hypertension. B is hydrogen or methyl, ethyl, vinyl, phenyl or benzyl with the proviso that at least one of A or B is hydrogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05147863__
•
Benzonaphthyridine Inventor(s): Hatzelmann; Armin (Constance, DE), Flockerzi; Dieter (Allensbach, DE) Assignee(s): Byk Gulden Lomberg Chemische Fabrik GmbH (Constance, DE) Patent Number: 6,384,047 Date filed: December 3, 1999 Abstract: Compounds 8,9-diethoxy-2-methyl-6-[4(p-toluenesulfonamide) phenyl]1,2,3,4,4a,10b-hexahydrobenzo[c][1,6]naphthyridine and 9-ethoxy-8-methoxy-2-methyl6-[4-(p-toluenesulfonamido)phenyl]-1,2,3,4,4a, 10bhexahydrobenzo[c][1,6]naphthyridine and medicament compositions based thereon are useful for treating airway disorders, high blood pressure disorders and concomitant disorders connected therewith. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel benzonaphthyridines, a process for their preparation, their use and medicaments containing them. The compounds according to the invention are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of medicaments. and the salts of these compounds. The compounds of the formula I are chiral compounds having chiral centers in positions 4a and 10b. The Invention therefore both comprises all conceivable pure diastereomers and pure enantiomers, and their mixtures in any mixing ratio, including the racemates. Preferred compounds of the formula I are those in which the hydrogen atoms in the positions 4a and 10b are cis to one another.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06384047__ •
Extract from flowers of Salvia officinalis, process of its preparation and use thereof Inventor(s): Reinhard; Max (Bad Homburg, DE) Assignee(s): Heilmittebetrieb Isernhagen GmbH (Isernhagen, DE) Patent Number: 5,660,831 Date filed: July 24, 1995 Abstract: A method is described for obtaining an extract from the flowers of Salvia officinalis. The extraction process is performed preferably at a temperature of less than 50.degree. C. A preferred extraction agent is supercritical CO.sub.2. The extract thus obtained can be processed, if desired, with the addition of suitable thinners or fillers, in order to obtain a medicament. Medicaments containing the extract of Salvia officinalis flowers can be used to control high blood-pressure, circulatory problems and incomplete cicatrization of wounds. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an extract of flowers of Salvia officinalis (sage) and a method of producing same. Furthermore, the invention relates to a medicament having a content of extract from flowers of Salvia officinalis and the use thereof in combating circulatory disorders and high blood pressure as well as in improving the healing of wounds. High blood pressure and related cardiovascular diseases, which are not seldomly fatal, represent one of the major problems in medicine. Circulatory disorders are also often associated with serious complications. The problem of inadequate healing of wounds exists particularly with elderly people, so that wounds fail to heal in many cases even after a lengthy period. Although intensive efforts have been made to develop synthetic drugs or natural remedies which are effective in the case of the aforementioned indications, there is ultimately still a continuous need for new medicaments, last but not least due to the side-effects which occur repeatedly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05660831__
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High blood pressure relief method and compositions Inventor(s): Vanmoor; Arthur (153 E. Palmetto Park Rd. #219, Boca Raton, FL 33432) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,708,029 Date filed: November 13, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed is the method of determining the effectiveness of an agent for the relief of elevation of the blood pressure, comprising the steps ofa) administering to a susceptible subject a quantity of a trigger substance reproducibly effective in producing within a period of six hours a perceptible increase in blood pressure lasting for at least twenty-four hours in the absence of treatment,b) administering to said subject having received said quantity of trigger substance a predetermined quantity of the agent whose effectiveness is to be determined,c) measuring the duration of said elevation of blood pressure upon administering said agent, andd) comparing the duration of said elevation with and without the administration of said agent.Also disclosed are effective quantities of certain nutrient substances which can reproducibly relieve elevated blood pressure produced in a susceptible subject by the administration of a trigger substance.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the relief of elevated blood pressure, also known as hypertension. More particularly, this invention relates to the relief of arterial hypertension defined as elevation of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, either primary (essential hypertension) or secondary (see Merck Manual, 16th edition, 1992, pages 413-429). As stated in this reference work, "primary or essential hypertension is of unknown etiology, and it seems improbable that a single cause will explain its diverse hemodynamic and pathophysiologic derangements. Heredity undoubtedly predisposes individuals to hypertension, but the exact mechanism is unclear." It has been estimated that there are more than 50 million hypertensives in the United States, that is persons with systolic blood pressure of 140 millimeters of mercury or more and/or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm or more, or taking antihypertensive medication. Primary hypertension is asymptomatic until complications develop. Symptoms and signs are non-specific and arise from complications in target organs. Complications include left ventricular failure; atherosclerotic heart disease; retinal hemorrhages, exudates, papilledema, and vascular accidents; cerebrovascular insufficiency with or without stroke, and renal failure. As to treatment, the same reference states that "there is no cure for primary hypertension, but therapy can modify its course." In cases of mild hypertension, non-drug therapies such as weight reduction to ideal levels, modest dietary sodium restriction to less than 2000 milligrams per day, limitation of alcohol intake to less than one ounce of ethanol per day and prudent exercise can make drug therapy unnecessary. However, it is recommended that "when complications are present or impending, or when the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 95 mm, drug therapy should not be deferred while awaiting the uncertain results of dietary therapy." The goal of drug therapy is stated to be reducing the blood pressure to normal, ie 140/90 or less. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05708029__ •
Medicaments containing doxazosin mesylate of crystalline modification D Inventor(s): Einig; Heinz (Neustadt, DE), Thyes; Marco (Ludwigshafen, DE), Klein; Peter (Birkenheide, DE), Hix; Dieter (Grosskarlbach, DE) Assignee(s): Chemische Fabrik Berg GmbH (Bitterfeld, DE) Patent Number: 6,476,033 Date filed: September 18, 2001 Abstract: Drugs comprising modification D of doxazosin mesylate are described. They are suitable for treating high blood pressure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a drug comprising doxazosin mesylate in crystal modification D. Doxazosin (=4-amino-2-[4-(1,4-benzodioxan-2carbonyl)piperazin-1yl-]6,7-dimethoxyqui nazoline) is a known substance (Merck Index, 12.sup.th edition 1996, No. 3489) which lowers blood pressure. The substance is mainly used in the form of the monomesylate which, in crystalline form, occurs in several modifications. Thus, three crystal modifications which are referred to as modifications A, B and C are described in the Chinese Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 5(4), 266-270 (1995). Modification A is obtained on recrystallization of doxazosin mesylate from ethanol. Modifications B and C result on recrystallization of doxazosin mesylate from chloroform and water respectively. Mention may be made of the fact that the Chinese Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in fact speaks simply of doxazosin. However, according to the published data, the material must be doxazosin mesylate. Modification A is also the subject of EP-A 0 849 266, where it is referred to as form III. Another modification has been described and characterized in EP-A 0 848 001, but it was not given a special
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name. EP-A 0 849 264 describes a form I and EP-A 0 849 265 describes a form II of doxazosin mesylate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06476033__ •
Method to determine predisposition to hypertension Inventor(s): Lalouel; Jean-Marc (Salt Lake City, UT), Rohrwasser; Andreas (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): University of Utah Research Foundation (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,177,252 Date filed: August 27, 1999 Abstract: The T/C(67) AGT gene variant and the association of the molecular variant C(67) with predisposition of an individual to hypertension are disclosed. The determination of this association enables the screening of persons to identify the severity of hypertension or the severity of the risk of a predisposition to high blood pressure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular variants of the angiotensinogen gene. The present invention further relates to the diagnosis of these variants for the determination of a predisposition to hypertension, the determination of the prognosis of the predisposition to hypertension, and the management of hypertension. The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, or provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference herein, and for convenience are respectively grouped in the appended List of References. Hypertension is a leading cause of human cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with a prevalence rate of 25-30% of the adult Caucasian population of the United States (JNC Report, (1985). The primary determinants of essential hypertension, which represents 95% of the hypertensive population, have not been elucidated in spite of numerous investigations undertaken to clarify the various mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Studies of large populations of both twins and adoptive siblings, in providing concordant evidence for strong genetic components in the regulation of blood pressure (Ward (1990)), have suggested that molecular determinants contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06177252__
•
NADH and NADPH pharmaceuticals for treating hypertension Inventor(s): Birkmayer; Joerg G. D. (Vienna, AT) Assignee(s): Birkmayer Pharmaceuticals (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,668,114 Date filed: May 8, 1996 Abstract: A method for lowering high blood pressure includes the step of administering the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or physiologically compatible salts of NADH and/or NADPH. Patients so treated exhibit a significant reduction of their elevated blood pressure over time. The method is effective in treating hypertension and chronic hypertension.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical and a method for treating patients with high blood pressure and, more particularly, to the use of reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and physiologically acceptable salts thereof in the treatment of hypertension. Hypertension, a major public health problem, is defined as the condition of having blood pressure (BP) exceeding an upper limit of normality. The upper limit is generally accepted as a systolic BP>140 mg Hg and/or diastolic BP>90 mg Hg. This perturbation is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which account for approximately 50% of mortality beyond age 65. It is generally accepted that a significant elevation of blood pressure can accelerate the aging process in the circulatory system. During aging, many factors involved in regulating blood pressure can go awry. Therefore it is not surprising that systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase progressively with aging, a phenomenon which is called "age-related hypertension." Hypertension is found in 50% or more of individuals above age 55 years, and 63% of those age 65 to 74 years. The rate is 76% among persons of African origin over 65 years old in the United States. This age-related hypertension, particularly of the diastolic blood pressure, is most likely due to the reduced elasticity of the blood vessels or, even worse, stiffness of the blood vessels. This reduced elasticity may be caused by damage of the muscle layer of the blood vessels. This damage can be caused by radicals from chemicals, radiation or other toxins. Due to this, these endothelial muscles cannot function properly contracting and relaxing when blood pressure demand makes that necessary. The consequence is a higher diastolic blood pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05668114__ •
Nitrato alkanoic acid derivatives, methods for their production, pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives and medicinal uses thereof Inventor(s): Sandrock; Klaus (Langenfeld, DE), Kanzler; Ralf (Leverkusen, DE), Fritschi; Edgar (Schwalmtal-Luttelforst, DE), Feelisch; Martin (Dusseldorf, DE), Noack; Eike (Neuss, DE) Assignee(s): Schwarz Pharma AG (Monheim, DE) Patent Number: 5,284,872 Date filed: April 5, 1991 Abstract: New organic nitrate compounds, formed by condensing a nitrato alkanoic acid with a sulfur-containing amino acid or peptide followed by the reaction of the resulting product with an amino acid, N-acylamino acid, peptide or an N-acyl peptide to produce a thio ester thereof, which prevent nitrate tolerance or overcome existing tolerance and which are useful for the treatment of cardiac diseases including circulatory diseases, coronary dilation, high blood pressure, cardiac insufficiency and for dilating the peripheral vessels. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with new nitrato alkanoic acid derivatives, methods for their manufacture, pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives and uses thereof for medicinal purposes. Organic nitrates (nitric acid esters) have proven effective in the therapy of heart diseases. They exert their effectiveness through cardiac support as well as by alleviating the before and after effects of a load on the heart as well as through improvement of the oxygen supply to the heart by dilation of the coronary vessels. It has been found in recent years that the organic nitrates which have been previously used in heart therapy, such as glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbid5-mononitrate or isosorbid dinitrate, because of nitrate tolerance, exhibit a clear drop in
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efficacy in a relatively short time when continuous high dosages are administered to a patient. Numerous experiments indicate that the presence of sulfhydryl (--SH) groups prevents the development of nitrate tolerance and that an existing tolerance can be reduced by the presence of sulfhydryl groups. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05284872__ •
Panax notoginsenoside composition Inventor(s): Pu; De (Industry, CA), Zeng; Lipin (Industry, CA) Assignee(s): Farlong Pharmaceutical, Inc. (City of Industry, CA) Patent Number: 6,500,468 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: A panax notoginsenoside composition for patients having coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood fat, and high cholesterol, consists of 41% by weight of panax notoginsenoside powder extracted from panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. chen ex C. Chow et al, 0.5% by weight of beeswax, 58.48% by weight of peanut oil, and 0.02% by weight of BHT. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to panax notoginseng, and more particularly to a panax notoginsenoside composition consisting of panax notoginsenoside extracted from panax notoginseng. According to Chinese (herbal) medicine such as Compendium of Materia Medica, panax notoginsenoside extracted from panax notoginseng can help cerebral blood vessel dilatation, increase cerebral blood flow, reduce the oxygen consumption of organism, increase the orgainism's resistance to oxygen shortage, decrease cerebrovascular resistance, enhance immune function of organism, prevent shock caused by bleeding, and provide functions of resisting thrombus, blood coagulation, and atherosclerosis. The main object of the present invention is to provide a panax notoginsenoside compound for patients having coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood fat, and high cholesterol, which consists of 41% by weight of panax notoginsenoside powder extracted from panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. chen ex C. Chow et al, 0.5% by weight of beeswax, 58.48% by weight of peanut oil, and 0.02% by weight of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500468__
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Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of high blood pressure Inventor(s): Teetz; Volker (Holheim am Taunus, DE), Urbach; Hansjorg (Kronberg/Taunus, DE), Geiger; Rolf (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Henning; Rainer (Hattersheim am Main, DE), Becker; Reinhard (Wiesbaden, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 5,256,687 Date filed: November 19, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (trandolpril or pamipril) and a loop diuretic (Furosemide or piretanide), and to their use for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Excerpt(s): It is known that the high blood pressure of patients with essential hypertension can be reduced using inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitors), such as captoprit or enalapril (Therapiewoche 29 [1979] 7746; Lancet 2 [1981] 543-546). However, a certain percentage of patients with essential hypertension do not respond to substances of this type (Drug Devel. Eval. 4 [1980] 82-91). It has been disclosed that the antihypertensive action of enalapril or captopril is potentiated by the addition of diuretically effective amounts of a diuretic of the thiazide type of analogous compounds (Brunner et al., Clin. Exp. Hypertension 2 [1980] 639-657; McGregor et al., Br. Med. J. 284 [1982] 693-696). It is generally assumed that this effect is based on stimulation by the diuretic of the renin-angiotensin system via a loss of salt and volume (P. J. S. Chiu et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 37 [1985] 105). There is a report in Arzneim.Forsch./Drug Res. 34 (II) [1984] 1417-1425 of investigations into the cardiovascular action of 2-[N-[(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-alanyl]-(1S,3S,5S)-2-azabicyclo[3.3. 0]octane-3-carboxylic acid ("ramiprilate"). This entailed animals being pretreated with furosemide or piretanide for several days for the purpose of sodium depletion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05256687__ •
Preparation for diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome and diseases including the syndrome Inventor(s): Marin; Per (Goteberg, SE) Assignee(s): Cortenda AB (Gothenburg, SE) Patent Number: 6,410,339 Date filed: February 26, 1998 Abstract: The use of cortisol agonist for preparing a system for diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome and related conditions as belly fatness, insulin resistance including increased risk of developing senile diabetes, i.e., diabetes type II, high blood fats and high blood pressure, in which system the dose of cortisol agonist is in an interval where a difference is obtained in the inhibitory effect of the autoproduction of cortisol in individuals suffering from the Metabolic Syndrome, compared to normal values. Excerpt(s): The metabolic syndrome is characterized by an increased amount of adipose tissue inside the abdominal cavity (popularly called belly fatness), insulin resistance with increased risk of developing senile diabetes, i.e. diabetes type II (=NIDDM, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus), high levels of blood fats and high blood pressure. Parallel to this is an increased risk of coronary, apoplexy, sudden death and other arteriosclerotic conditions. A hypothetical explanation to the metabolic syndrome could be an overproduction of cortisol, a stress hormone which causes an accumulation of fat inside the abdominal cavity, and insulin resistance. Theoretically this could, through secondary metabolic effects, explain the other disorders related to the metabolic syndrome. In Metabolism, vol. 41, No 8, 1992, pages 882-886, it is shown that belly fat women have higher secretion of cortisol than "evenly fat" women. The same work describes the effects of acute mental stress on the production of cortisol. It was shown that belly fat women, at a given stress signal, produced more cortisol than `evenly fat` women. This suggested, but did not prove, that there may be a relationship between stress and belly obesity. A dexamethasone inhibitor test was carried out with 1 mg dexamethasone and subsequent measurement of cortisol content in serum. No difference in inhibitory effect on the production of cortisol could be found between the groups of belly fat women and evenly fat women and standard values.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410339__ •
Substituted N-biphenylyl lactams Inventor(s): Wachter; Michael P. (Bloomsbury, NJ), Murray; William V. (Belle Mead, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 5,246,940 Date filed: January 21, 1993 Abstract: This invention relates to novel N-biphenylyl lactam compounds having a substituted methylidene or methyl moiety adjacent to the lactam nitrogen, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.The compounds are angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and are useful in treating hypertension (lowering high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, elevated ocular pressure, cerebral stroke, angina, cardiac insufficiency, myocardial infarction or diabetic nephropathy.The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, a method of treating a physiological condition in a mammal that is mediated by angiotensin II which comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound of the invention, and novel processes for preparing the compounds of the invention. Excerpt(s): The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, a method of treating a physiological condition in a mammal that is mediated by angiotensin II which comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is a compound of the invention, and novel processes for preparing the compounds of the invention. The compounds are angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and are useful in treating hypertension (lowering high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, elevated ocular pressure, cerebral stroke, angina, cardiac insufficiency, myocardial infarction or diabetic nephropathy. The aforesaid references, however, do not disclose the N-biphenylyl lactams of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05246940__
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Substituted phenylacetamides Inventor(s): Fey; Peter (Wuppertal, DE), Dressel; Jurgen (Wuppertal, DE), Kazda; Stanislav (Wuppertal, DE), Wohlfeil; Stefan (Hilden, DE), Yalkinoglu; Ozkan (Wuppertal, DE), Knorr; Andreas (Erkrath, DE), Stasch; Johannes-Peter (Wuppertal, DE), Hanko; Rudolf (Duesseldorf, DE), Kramer; Thomas (Wuppertal, DE), Beuck; Martin (Erkrath, DE), Hubsch; Walter (Wuppertal, DE), Muller; Ulrich E. (Wuppertal, DE), Muller-Gliemann; Matthias (Solingen Ohligs, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,352,687 Date filed: March 3, 1993 Abstract: Substituted phenylacetamides can be prepared by reaction of appropriately substituted phenylacetic acids with imidazoles and subsequent amidation. The substituted phenylacetic acid derivatives can be employed in medicaments for the treatment of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to substituted phenylacetamides, processes for their preparation, and their use in medicaments, in particular as hypotensive and antiatherosclerotic agents. It is known that renin, a proteolytic enzyme, cleaves the decapeptide angiotensin I, which is in turn degraded in the lungs, the kidneys or other tissues to the hypertensive octapeptide angiotensin II, from angiotensinogen in vivo. The various effects of angiotensin II, such as, for example, vasoconstriction, Na.sup.+ retention in the kidney, aldosterone release in the adrenal gland and increase in tone of the sympathetic nervous system act synergistically in the sense of an increase in blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II has the property of promoting the growth and the replication of cells such as, for example, of heart muscle cells and smooth muscle cells, where these grow at an increased rate and proliferate in various disease states (for example hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiac insufficiency). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05352687__ •
Substituted triazoles as angiotensin II inhibitors Inventor(s): Bandurco; Victor T. (Bridgewater, NJ), Schwender; Charles F. (Califon, NJ), Murray; William V. (Belle Mead, NJ), Wachter; Michael P. (Bloomsbury, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 5,508,419 Date filed: September 9, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to novel bis-biphenyl substituted 3-mercapto-1,2,4tetrazoles and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.The compounds are angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and are useful in treating hypertension (lowering high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, elevated ocular pressure, cerebral stroke, angina, cardiac insufficiency, myocardial infarction or diabetic nephropathy.The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, a method of treating a physiological condition in a mammal that is mediated by angiotensin II which comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound of the invention, and novel processes for preparing the compounds of the invention. Excerpt(s): The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention as the active ingredient, a method of treating a physiological condition in mammals that is mediated by angiotensin II by administration of a compound of this invention, to novel processes for preparing the compounds of the invention and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The novel compounds are angiotensin II receptor antagonists and are useful in treating hypertension (lowering of high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, elevated ocular pressure, cerebral stroke, angina, cardiac insufficiency, myocardial infarction and diabetic nephropathy. The role of hypertension in cardiac dysfunction is continually evolving. Therefore, the treatment of hypertension continues to be clinically important. The discovery of new agents with fewer undesirable side effects is a therapeutic target since hypertension must be treated chronically. Long term toxicity as well as long term patient compliance are important considerations in the development of new antihypertensive agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05508419__
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System and method for evaluating the circulatory system of a living subject Inventor(s): Inukai; Hidekatsu (Nagoya, JP), Sakai, deceased; Hiroshi (late of Komaki, JP) Assignee(s): Colin Corporation (Komaki, JP) Patent Number: 5,921,936 Date filed: June 3, 1997 Abstract: A system that accurately evaluates a living subject's circulatory system, even if the living subject is taking high blood pressure medication includes a time-difference determining device that determines a time difference between predetermined periodic points on a subject's electrocardiographic waveform and predetermined periodic points on corresponding oscillatory pressure-pulse waves of the living subject. A strain application device applies a physical strain to the subject's body for a predetermined period of time so that the subject' blood pressure changes. A blood-pressure measurement device measures the subject's blood pressure while the subject's blood pressure is changing. A circulatory-system evaluation device determines a relationship between changes in the subject's blood pressure and corresponding time differences determined by the time-difference determining. The circulatory-system evaluation device evaluates the subject's circulatory system based on the hysteresis present in the relationship. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical diagnostic devices. More specifically, this invention is directed to a system and method for evaluating the circulatory system of a living subject. Some circulatory ailments that cause high blood pressure, such as arteriosclerosis, are discovered by measuring the subject's blood pressure with a blood pressure measurement apparatus. One such blood pressure measurement apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Application No. 6-292660. The blood-pressure measurement device measures the blood pressure of a living subject using a cuff that is wrapped around a portion of the living subject. The cuff applies pressure to the living subject. The living subject's blood pressure is measured using a well-known oscillometric method, which is based on detecting changes in the amplitude of a synchronous wave pulsation as the pressure applied by the cuff is gradually released. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05921936__
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Transgenic rats containing at least one human gene which participates in blood pressure control Inventor(s): Mullins; John (Edinburgh, GB3), Ganten; Detlev (Tischbeinstr. 5, 6900 Heidelberg, DE), Murakami; Kazuo (Ibaraki-Ken, JP) Assignee(s): Ganten; Detlev (Heidelberg, DE) Patent Number: 5,731,489 Date filed: January 17, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to transgenic rats in the genome of which at least one human gene is integrated the gene product of which participates in blood pressure control. More specifically, the invention relates to transgenic rats and their offspring exhibiting increased blood pressure (>90/>140 mm Hg) or high blood pressure (>95/>160 mm Hg). Finally, the invention relates to processes for the production
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of the transgenic rats of the present invention and their offspring and their use for pharmacological tests. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transgenic rats in the genome of which at least one human gene is integrated the gene product of which participates in blood pressure control. More specifically, the invention relates to transgenic rats and their offspring exhibiting increased blood pressure (>90/>140 mm Hg) or high blood pressure (>95/>160 mm Hg). Finally, the invention relates to processes for the production of the transgenic rats of the present invention and their offspring and their use for pharmacological tests. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05731489__ •
Use of.gamma.-tocopherol and its oxidative metabolite LLU-.alpha. in the treatment of natriuretic disease Inventor(s): Wechter; William J. (Redlands, CA) Assignee(s): Loma Linda University Medical Center (Loma Linda, CA) Patent Number: 6,048,891 Date filed: December 17, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is generally related to the discovery of the therapeutic benefit of administering.gamma.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives. More specifically, the use of.gamma.-tocopherol and racemic LLU-.alpha., (S)-LLU-.alpha., or.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives as antioxidants and nitrogen oxide scavengers which treat and prevent high blood pressure, thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, natriuretic disease, the formation of neuropathological lesions, and a reduced immune system response are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally related to the discovery of the therapeutic benefit of administering.gamma.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives. More specifically, the use of.gamma.-tocopherol and racemic LLU-.alpha., (S)-LLU-.alpha., or other.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives as antioxidants and nitrogen oxide scavengers which treat and prevent high blood pressure, thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, natriuretic disease, the formation of neuropathological lesions, and a reduced immune system response are disclosed. Vitamin E, an essential fat-soluble vitamin, encompasses eight naturally occurring compounds in two classes. The first class, tocopherols, have four members designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The two major forms,.alpha.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol, differ structurally only by a methyl group substitution at the 5-position. The second class, tocotrienols, are molecules related to the tocopherols and also consist of four members designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The tocotrienol structure differs from the tocopherols by possessing three double bonds in their side chain rather than being saturated. One of the important chemical features of the tocopherols is that they are redox agents which act under certain circumstances as antioxidants. In acting as an antioxidant, tocopherols presumably prevent the formation of toxic oxidation products, such as perioxidation products formed from unsaturated fatty acids. Early on, investigators attributed most if not all of the biological activity of the tocopherols to their ability to act as antioxidants. More recently, however, other biological activities have been associated with tocopherols including the modulation of signal transduction, modulation of phospholipid metabolism, inhibition of protein kinase C, inhibition of phospholipase A
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and inhibition of prostaglandin production. (Meydani and Mosen, The Lancet 345(8943):170-175 (1995)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06048891__ •
Use of retinoids to treat high blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease Inventor(s): McCarron; David A (2605 SW. Buena Vista St., Portland, OR 97201), Roullet; Jean-Baptiste (4124 Tunnelwood St., Portland, OR 97221) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,437,003 Date filed: June 3, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides methods of treating a disease in a mammal where the disease is characterized by a symptom ameliorated by inhibition of cellular calcium influx. The methods involve administering to the mammal an effective amount of a retinoid and a pharmacologically acceptable excipient. Excerpt(s): Calcium channel blockers are a relatively recently discovered class of compounds which possess a wide spectrum of properties useful in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, intraocular, and other disorders. Calcium channel blockers were initially identified as a method for the control of hypertension (Fleckenstein et al. (1967) Z. Kreislaufforsch, 56: 716), and are routinely used in the control of hypertension and other disorders. In particular, calcium blockers have shown some useful therapeutic properties in the treatment of classic exertional angina, vasospastic angina, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, systemic arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. In addition, calcium channel blockers have shown therapeutic properties in the treatment of various cerebrovascular disorders, including but not limited to migraine headaches, and convulsive epilepsy. Several structural classes of compounds are known which exhibit calcium channel blocking utility and have been used as therapeutics in a variety of contexts. The three major classes include dihydropynidines (e.g., nifedipine, felodipine, isradipine, and amlodipine), the benzothiazepines (e.g., diltiazem), and the phenylalkylamines (e.g., verapamil). Three calcium channel blockers are currently of primary clinical significance in the United States, verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. All three achieve their antihypertensive effect by inhibiting the entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle. The ultimate effect is vasodilation. These calcium blockers are, however, contraindicated in various circumstances (e.g., where there is impaired left ventricular function). Thus, there is a need for other calcium blocking agents. The present identifies previously unknown calcium channel blocking properties of retinoids, in particular retinol, and provides methods of treating pathological conditions characterized by and ameliorated by inhibition of cellular calcium influx using retinoids. Retinoids (e.g., vitamin A and analogues) are lipid-soluble and can therefore achieve extensive distribution within body tissues. They are also rapidly absorbed after oral or intravenous administration and, because of their affinity for fatty tissues, provide a reservoir that maintains elevated retinoid levels for some time after administration. In addition, the physiological tolerance for many retinoids (e.g., vitamin A) has been repeatedly demonstrated and well characterized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06437003__
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Patent Applications on High Blood Pressure As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to high blood pressure: •
1-(p-thienylbenzyl)imidazoles as agonists of angiotensin (1-7) receptors, processes for their preparation, their use, and pharmaceutical preparations comprising them Inventor(s): Wiemer, Gabriele; (Kronberg, DE), Heitsch, Holger; (Mainz-Kastel, DE) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT &; DUNNER LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20010018449 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to novel 1-(p-thienylbenzyl)imidazoles of formula (I) 1where the radicals R(1) to R(6), X, and Y have the meaning indicated in the description, which are potent agonists of angiotensin (1-7) receptors and owing to the production and release of the vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and cardioprotective messengers cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) associated with the stimulation of these receptors on endothelial cells are valuable pharmaceuticals for the treatment and prophylaxis of high blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac insufficiency, coronary heart diseases such as angina pectoris, cardiac infarct, vascular restenosis after angioplasty, cardiomyopathies, endothelial dysfunction or endothelial damage, e.g., as a result of arteriosclerotic processes or diabetes mellitus, and also of arterial and venous thromboses. Excerpt(s): which are potent agonists of angiotensin (1-7) receptors and, because of the production and release of the vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and cardio-protective messengers cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) associated with the stimulation of these receptors on endothelial cells, are valuable pharmaceuticals for the treatment and prophylaxis of high blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac insufficiency, coronary heart diseases such as angina pectoris, cardiac infarct, vascular restenosis after angioplasty, cardiomyopathies, an endothelial dysfunction or endothelial damage, e.g., as a result of arteriosclerotic processes or in diabetes mellitus, and of arterial and venous thrombosis. EP-A 512675 and WO 94/27597 describe thienylbenzyl-substituted imidazoles as angiotensin 11 receptorantagonists and their use for the treatment of hypertension, cardiac insufficiency, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, and as antidepressants. Moreover, thienylbenzylsubstituted imidazopyridines are disclosed in EP-A 513979 as antagonists of angiotensin 11 receptors and their use for the treatment of hypertension, cardiac insufficiency, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,067 as angiotensin 11 agonists and their use for the treatment of hypotension and of hypoaldosteronism. In addition, in EP-A 534706 thienylbenzyl-substituted quinazolinones and pyridopyrimidones and in EP-A 510812 thienylbenzyl-substituted triazoles are disclosed as antagonists of angiotensin II receptors. The 1-(p-thienylbenzyl)imidazoles of formula (I) described here and their use as agonists of angiotensin (1-7) receptors are in this case neither described, anticipated, nor suggested in the applications mentioned. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Agents for improving lipid metabolism and reducing high blood pressure Inventor(s): Toba, Yasuhiro; (Tokyo, JP), Morita, Yoshikazu; (Kawagoe-shi, JP), Kawakami, Hiroshi; (Kawagoe-shi, JP), Abe, Takumi; (Kawagoe-shi, JP), Takada, Yukihiro; (Kawagoe-shi, JP) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 91614; US Patent Application Number: 20030040475 Date filed: January 15, 2002 Abstract: A milk-derived basic protein fraction and a basic peptide fraction are provided for use as an effective component for agents for improving lipid metabolism and reducing high blood pressure which can be administered orally, are effective with a relatively small dosage, have good taste and are stable during storage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to agents, drinks and food products for improving lipid metabolism and reducing high blood pressure and the combination thereof that are effective in treating and preventing diseases such as fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, obesity and hypertension. Lipid metabolism refers to catabolic (decomposing) and anabolic (accumulating) processes of lipids, mainly comprising triglicerides derived from food. Lipid metabolism generally includes energy-releasing reaction of lipids, biosynthesis of fatty acids, biosynthesis of acylglycerols, phospholipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, and the like ("Biochemistry for Nutrition" by Akira Misaki, Asakura Shoten, 1993, pp. 123-134). In recent years, the mortality rate from cardiovascular disease has been rapidly increasing and the correlation between the risk of getting cardiovascular disease and the blood cholesterol concentration has been pointed out. Meantime, several attempts have been made to reduce the blood cholesterol concentration by using food materials, which can be ingested in daily life. For example, soybean protein (Arteriosclerosis 1988 72:115), whey protein (Agric Biol Chem 1991 55:813; Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H5-176713), soybean protein hydrolyzates (J Nutr 1990 120:977), and egg yolk phospholipid (Agric Biol Chem 1989 53:2469) have been tried. Further, a method making use of lactoalbumin, collagen, soybean protein or wheat gluten and soybean lecithin in combination (Nutr Rep Int 1983 28:621) and a method making use of tissue-like soybean protein containing soybean lecithin (Ann Nutr Metab 1985 29:348), and the like have been proposed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Biological markers and diagnostic tests for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorand vasopeptidase inhibitor-associated angioedema Inventor(s): Brown, Nancy J.; (Nashville, TN) Correspondence: JENKINS & WILSON, PA; 3100 TOWER BLVD; SUITE 1400; DURHAM; NC; 27707; US Patent Application Number: 20030180828 Date filed: April 25, 2003 Abstract: Deficiencies in certain physiological pathways are linked with ACE or vasopeptidase inhibitor associated angioedema. Additionally, detection and/or measurement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) enzyme activity and aminopeptidase
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P (APP) enzyme activity is a predictor of this risk. The present invention provides biological markers, diagnostic tests, and pharmaceutical indications that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of angioedema and in the marketing and safety of certain medications. This ability can be important for the treatment of a subject that is in need of or are taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and/or a vasopeptidase inhibitor (combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor), which are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, and cardiac and renal diseases. Excerpt(s): The present patent application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/244,524, entitled "Biological Markers and Diagnostic Tests for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Vasopeptidase Inhibitor Associated Angioedema", which was filed Oct. 31, 2000 and is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to screening tests to determine which patients are at risk for developing angioedema associated with inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and/or combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors (a combined ACE/NEP inhibitor is referred to herein as a "vasopeptidase inhibitor"). More particularly, the present invention relates to an association between dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and aminopeptidase P (APP) enzymatic activity and ACE and vasopeptidase inhibitor-related angioedema. The present invention also provides screening tests and kits to identify a subject who is at risk for ACE and vasopeptidase inhibitor-associated angioedema. Administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is common medical practice for the treatment of a variety of disease conditions, including: cardiac and renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension (high blood pressure). Several combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors are presently under investigation or are awaiting regulatory approval for the treatment of the aforementioned disease conditions. However, the administration of an ACE and/or a vasopeptidase inhibitor (referred to herein as an ACE/vasopeptidase inhibitor) is contraindicated for subjects with a history of angioedema due to the potential severity of this side effect, which can be so severe as to result in death. Approximately 0.1% to 1.0% of the population receiving an ACE inhibitor is predicted to be susceptible to developing at least one episode of angioedema during treatment. This percentage might be even higher, especially for subjects taking a vasopeptidase inhibitor. Also, these inhibitors are often administered over long periods of time because the illnesses that they treat are often chronic conditions. This could increase the chances of a subject developing angioedema over a course of treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition and method for prevention and treatment of health conditions caused by constriction of smooth muscle cells Inventor(s): Rath, Matthias; (Cupertino, CA) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20030003162 Date filed: June 19, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of administering to a human subject a composition comprising a vitamin, an amino acid and a trace element for the prevention and treatment of health conditions caused by constriction of smooth muscle cells in organs of the human body like high blood pressure, asthma, glaucoma and tinnitus. The
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composition comprises a vitamin such as ascorbic acid, an amino acid such as arginine, and a trace element such as magnesium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the prevention and treatment of health conditions caused by constriction of smooth muscle cells in organs of the human body. The cause of many diseases remains unknown. Among these diseases with unknown origin are most common diseases including high blood pressure, asthma, glaucoma and tinnitus. In case of high blood pressure, one of the most renowned textbooks in medicine, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, states that the cause of the disease is unknown in about 90% of the patients. Worldwide several hundred million people suffer from these health conditions and the economic damage to society from not being able to treat these health conditions effectively is immeasurable. Worldwide several million people suffer from asthma bronchiale (asthma). In its late stages asthma is a debilitating disease leading to the inability to work and to-social isolation. The cause of this disease remains unknown, even though allergens, genetic disposition and psychological factors have been implicated. The common pathomechanism of this disease is an obstruction of the ventilation channels in the lung (bronchioles) and of the passages to the alveoli where the oxygenation takes place. However, the cellular mechanisms that trigger this obstruction, thereby causing asthma, is not yet understood. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cryogenic stimulating device of acupuncture points Inventor(s): Ahn, Moon-Hwi; (Chollabuk-do, KR) Correspondence: FROMMER LAWRENCE & HAUG; 745 FIFTH AVENUE; NEW YORK; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20010023364 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a cryogenic stimulating device of acupuncture points. Previous cryogenic stimulating devices of acupuncture points have limitations in maximizing the effect of lowering blood pressure since such devices do not allow the user to control the cooling temperature of the contact rod according to the individual body temperature.In order to eliminate the drawbacks of the previous cryogenic stimulating devices, the present invention provides a cryogenic stimulating device of acupuncture points with a temperature sensor which senses the cooling temperature of the contact rod in contact with the skin and a temperature controlling means comparing the temperature of the contact rod and the temperature set by the user and then automatically controlling the temperature of the contact rod according to the temperature set by a user to a preferred degree in consideration of his conditions. Consequently, the user can freely set a cooling temperature of the contact rod by using the present inventive cryogenic stimulating device and thus he may obtain the best effect of high blood pressure treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stimulating device of acupuncture points provided with a temperature sensor mounted on a contact rod contacting a user's skin and a temperature controlling means which enables the user to freely set the cooling temperature of the contact rod, whereby according to the difference between the temperature set by the user and that sensed by the temperature sensor the temperature of the contact rod may be automatically adjusted. Therefore, by using the present
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stimulating device, the user may control the temperature of the contact rod to a preferred degree to give the more effective treatment of acupuncture points in consideration of his conditions. In general, high blood pressure treatments have been largely done with some occidental medicines (e.g. a medicine for internal use, an injection, etc.) and oriental acupuncture, etc. While, the medicines cause side effects and the oriental acupuncture requires expertness, and furthermore, these treatments cannot bring an effect in a short period. According to the research on the acupuncture points in a human body, the inventor learned that low-temperature stimulus on acupuncture points helps high blood pressure decrease and thus the inventor have completed the present invention of the cryogenic stimulating device of acupuncture points enabling the users to treat conveniently high blood pressure, headache, fever, and the likes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Drinking carbonated water for the use of reducing high blood pressure and edema Inventor(s): Bida, Sam; (Ely, NV) Correspondence: Sam Bida; 2160 Crawford Street; Ely; NV; 89301; US Patent Application Number: 20020098263 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: By taking carbonated water orally each day it aids in the reduction of high blood pressure and edema. To use this invention a person would orally drink 5 oz. of the carbonated water in the morning and another 5 oz. in the evening for the reduction of high blood pressure and edema. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to home health remedy. Many prescription drugs are sold each year for the control of high blood pressure and edema. The drugs which are prescribed for these aliments have many unhealthy side effects. My invention entails a person who is plagued by either or both high blood pressure and edema to take along with any medication that they may be on in order to help with the reduction of both high blood pressure and edema. By orally drinking the carbonated water daily, high blood pressure and edema is reduced. The advantage of this invention is that it may be taken along with any and all prescription and non-prescription medications while aiding in the reduction of high blood pressure and edema without the side effects caused by some prescription and non-prescription drugs. Not Applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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ELECTRONIC BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION REMINDER SYSTEM AND METHOD Inventor(s): CLENDENON, JOHN RICHARD; (PALMETTO, FL) Correspondence: DOROTHY S MORSE; 515 PARK DRIVE N W; BRADENTON; FL; 342091847 Patent Application Number: 20020072959 Date filed: June 19, 1999 Abstract: A discrete operator reminder system and method for modifying recognized unwanted behavior. The system uses a combination of manual operator input and prior history to establish the timing of future prompting signals. It does not provide users with programmed schedules of future events, but instead calculates the timing of each
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future prompting signal based upon the most recent operator response indicating whether the operator was engaged in the monitored behavior at the time of prompting signal generation. The system comprises a microprocessor housed in a hard outer casing that is compact, lightweight, easily portable, and discretely configured as a writing implement, wristwatch, pocket watch, key chain, piece of jewelry, or pocket-sized trinket, or in the alternative comprises programming for personal computers, electronic notebooks, cell phones, pagers, hand-held organizers, or other similar electronic devices. After initialization, prompting signals are periodically generated. If the operator is engaged in the unwanted activity during a prompting signal and so indicates by response, the next signal interval would be shortened by a variable increment to prevent the operator from anticipating the next prompting signal. If the operator is not thus engaged and so indicates by response, the interval is increased. The system may also display various behavior related data, such as current date, time, progress graph, and average signal interval. Applications may include, but are not limited to, use by people to quit smoking, stop nail biting and hair pulling, improve posture, reduce high blood pressure, improve attitude, enhance concentration, and change other unwanted behavior. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to training and behavior modification devices, specifically to a discrete operator-prompting reminder system and method which uses a combination of manual operator input and prior history to establish the timing of a next prompting signal. The device does not provide its user with a programmed schedule of future events, but instead calculates the timing of each next prompting signal based in part upon the most recent operator entry identifying whether the operator was engaged in the monitored behavior at the time the last prompting signal was generated. Applications may includes, but are not limited to help in changing undesirable or unwanted behavior or such is the correction of poor posture, quitting the use of tobacco products, cessation of nail biting, cessation of hair pulling, reduction of elevated blood pressure levels, overcoming negative reactions to stress, improvement in attitude and a sense of well-being, and enhancing one's ability to concentrate or focus. A parent concerned about a child's future behavior, social acceptability, and general sense of wellbeing and self-worth is a valuable instrument in conditioning the child and shaping the behavioral patterns that the child will carry forward into a, successful adulthood. In essence, the reminding parent can continually assist a child in remembering to pick up and straighten the belongings in his or her room, stand up straight, use good manners while eating, stop nail biting, eat the proper foods for good nutrition, stop squirming, use socially acceptable language, be fiscally conservative, and the like, until the repetition conditions the child over an extended period of time to function in a positive and productive manner. Although children may not always appreciate the constant reinforcement, they rely on it to learn acceptable behavior until they can become sufficiently self-disciplined to correct bad habits and undesirable behavior on their own. However, in spite of the best efforts of even the most concerned parents, most children will experience a variety of bad habits as they grow up and most will enter adulthood with at least a few which they have been unable to overcome. In addition, many adults become so busy in their daily lives that they are not able to find the extra energy or focus necessary to correct such bad habits or other recognized unwanted behavior without some assistance. These adults would benefit from a companion device that would take the place of a reminding or nagging parent and remind them on a periodic basis to stop performing a selected type of behavior which they consider undesirable and sincerely want to correct or improve, but have otherwise been unable to do so. Many conditioning, memory enhancing, and behavior modification devices are known. They have been used for weight control, posture monitoring and training, diabetes
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management, sports training, timed medication dispensing, prenatal breathing control, pulmonary tract sensitivity testing, and swallowing rehabilitation. Some involve biofeedback where respiration or electrical impulses are measured and used as a basis for timing the next generated signal. Others provide for randomly generated prompting signals after which the operator may be offered one or more alternative choices of response behavior, and still others set target times and schedules for operator performance. The prior art believed to be the most closely related to the present invention is the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,854 to Behar (1989). The Behar method and apparatus uses the establishment of baseline behavior for generating a behavior specific and targeted withdrawal schedule for a user. The user is reminded of the schedule through timely audio or visual signals. The Behar device can also have a display which identifies to a user the number of days left in the schedule and the time remaining until the next signal. In contrast, the present invention does not provide a schedule, and in the preferred embodiment the time remaining until the next prompting signal is variable and purposefully not made available to the operator so that the operator is not able to anticipate the next prompting signal and thereby skew the history available for use in determining the timing of future prompting signals. No other behavior modification device is known that functions in the same manner as the present invention and provides all of its advantages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for detecting cardiovascular disease Inventor(s): Park, Su-Hong; (Inchon, KR), Kim, Dae-Woo; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: COLLIER, SHANNON, SCOTT, PLLC; 3050 K STREET, NW; SUITE 400; WASHINGTON; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20020183631 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: A method is disclosed which comprises the steps of detecting a pulse wave of a user and measuring pulse wave information for a plurality of beats from the pulse wave; producing a statistical average of the measured pulse wave information; and determining whether the user has arrhythmia or high blood pressure based on the produced statistical average of the pulse wave information. And, an apparatus which comprises a detecting part which detects a pulse wave of a user and measures pulse wave information for a plurality of beats from the pulse wave; a memory device which stores the measured pulse wave information; and a determining part which produces a statistical average of the stored pulse wave information and determines whether the user has arrhythmia or high blood pressure based on the produced statistical average of the pulse wave information. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority on Korean Patent Application No. 10-20010024889, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Detecting Cardiovascular Disease," filed May 8, 2001. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting cardiovascular disease, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for detecting arrhythmia or high blood pressure using the statistical average of information taken from pulse wave. Generally, those people who have arrhythmia also have high blood pressure, and they usually have both a sphygmomanometer and a device for measuring electrocardiogram. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of blood pressure moderation Inventor(s): Swenson, David D.; (Carlsbad, CA), Grey, Thomas L.; (Carlsbad, CA), Gruzdowich, Gregory J.; (Carlsbad, CA) Correspondence: CROCKETT & CROCKETT; 24012 CALLE DE LA PLATA; SUITE 400; LAGUNA HILLS; CA; 92653; US Patent Application Number: 20020133210 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: A method of controlling the blood pressure in a patient with high blood pressure or low blood pressure utilizing a non-invasive nerve stimulation device applied to the wrist. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/767,062 filed Jan. 22, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,393,324, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/307,272 filed May 7, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,352. This invention relates to moderation of blood pressure. High blood pressure and low blood pressure are usually treated with drugs. Several proposals have been made to treat blood pressure with electrical stimulus applied to the body. For example, Terry, et al, Treating Refractory Hypertension By Nerve Stimulation, U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,400 (Jan. 13, 1998) proposes implantation of an electrical coil around the vagus nerve, which runs superficially through the neck, and stimulation of the vagus nerve to lower high blood pressure. Zhu, Blood Pressure Depressor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,181 (Apr. 6, 1999) proposes electrical stimulation of nerves in the ear lobe to lower blood pressure. Pomeranz, et al, Electrotherapy Acupuncture Apparatus and Method, U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,064 (Dec. 3 1985) mentions blood pressure as an indication for electro-acupuncture, but does not mention any point of application. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Naphthalenyl piperidines as renin inhibitors Inventor(s): Marki, Hans-Peter; (Basle, CH), Breu, Volker; (Schliengen, DE), Vieira, Eric; (Allschwil, CH), Wostl, Wolfgang; (Grenzach-Wyhlen, DE) Correspondence: HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE INC.; PATENT LAW DEPARTMENT; 340 KINGSLAND STREET; NUTLEY; NJ; 07110 Patent Application Number: 20020087002 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: Piperidine derivatives, their manufacture and use as medicaments is described. The compounds are useful for treating diseases associated with restenosis, glaucoma, cardiac infarct, high blood pressure and end organ damage, e.g. cardiac insufficiency and kidney insufficiency. Excerpt(s): This is a divisional of copending application No. 09/542,303, filed Apr. 4, 2000. The present invention relates to novel piperidine derivatives, their manufacture and use as medicaments. and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Preparation for diagnostic of the metabolic syndrome and diseases including the syndrome Inventor(s): Marin, Per; (Goteborg, SE) Correspondence: Bradley N. Ruben; Suite 5A; 463 First Street; Hoboken; NJ; 07030; US Patent Application Number: 20030013209 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: The use of cortisol agonist for preparing a system for diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome and related conditions as belly fatness, insulin resistancy including increased risk of developing senile diabetes, i.e. diabetes type II, high blood fats and high blood pressure, in which system the dose of cortisol agonist is in an interval where a difference is obtained in the inhibitory effect of the autoproduction of cortisol in individuals suffering from the metabolic syndrome, compared to normal values. Excerpt(s): The metabolic syndrome is characterised by an increased amount of adipose tissue inside the abdominal cavity (popularly called belly fatness), insulin resistance with increased risk of developing senile diabetes, i.e. diabetes type II (=NIDDM, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus), high levels of blood fats and high blood pressure. Parallel to this is an increased risk of coronary, apoplexy, sudden death and other arteriosclerotic conditions. A hypothetical explanation to the metabolic syndrome could be an overproduction of cortisol, a stress hormone which causes an accumulation of fat inside the abdominal cavity, and insulin resistance. Theoretically this could, through secondary metabolic effects, explain the other disorders related to the metabolic syndrome. In Metabolism, vol. 41, No 8, 1992, pages 882-886, is shown that belly fat women have higher secretion of cortisol than "evenly fat" women. The same work describes the effects of acute mental stress on the production of cortisol. It was shown that belly fat women, at a given stress signal, produced more cortisol than `evenly fat` women. This suggested, but did not prove, that there may be a relationship between stress and belly obesity. A dexamethasone inhibitor test was carried out with 1 mg dexamethasone and subsequent measurement of cortisol content in serum. No difference in inhibitory effect on the production of cortisol could be found between the groups of belly fat women and to evenly fat women and standard values. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Regulation of human leucine aminopeptidase-like enzyme Inventor(s): Xiao, Yonghong; (Cambridge, MA), Ramakrishnan, Shyam; (Brighton, MA) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030049670 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: Reagents which regulate human leucine aminopeptidase-like enzyme activity and reagents which bind to human leucine aminopeptidase-like enzyme gene products can be used to regulate cellular and extracellular polypeptide degradation. Such regulation is particularly useful for treating cancer, HIV, autoimmune disease, and high blood pressure. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the area of regulation of cellular and extracellular degradation of polypeptides. More particularly, the invention relates to the regulation of
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human leucine aminopeptidase-like enzyme activity to increase or decrease cellular and extracellular polypeptide degradation. Aminopeptidases comprise a family of zinc metalloproteinases that catalyze the removal of N-terminal residues from protein substrates. A leucine aminopeptidase catalyzes the release of an N-terminal amino acid wherein the N-terminal amino acid is preferably Leu, but can be other amino acids such as Pro. A leucine aminopeptidase can also hydrolyze amino acid amides and methyl esters. Elevated levels of leucine aminopeptidase is correlated with various cancers, autoimmune diseases, and HIV. Leucine aminopeptidase has also been shown to decrease high blood pressure. It is an object of the invention to provide reagents and methods of regulating cellular and extracellular degradation of polypeptides. These and other objects of the invention are provided by one or more of the embodiments described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Sulfonylaminocarboxylic acid N-arylamides as guanylate cyclase activators Inventor(s): Strobel, Hartmut; (Liederbach, DE), Schindler, Ursula; (Bad Soden, DE), Schoenafinger, Karl; (Alzenau, DE) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER; LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030171352 Date filed: January 24, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of the formula I 1in which A.sup.1, A.sup.2, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings indicated in the claims, which are valuable pharmaceutical active compounds for the therapy and prophylaxis of diseases, for example of cardiovascular disorders such as high blood pressure, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, thromboses or atherosclerosis. The compounds of the formula I have the ability to modulate the endogenous production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and are generally suitable for the therapy and prophylaxis of disease states which are associated with a disturbed cGMP balance. The invention relates to the use of compounds of the formula I for the therapy and prophylaxis of the designated disease states and for the production of pharmaceuticals therefor, novel compounds of the formula I, pharmaceutical preparations comprising them and processes for their preparation. Excerpt(s): in which A.sup.1, A.sup.2, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings indicated below, which are valuable pharmaceutical active compounds for the therapy and prophylaxis of diseases, for example of cardiovascular disorders such as high blood pressure, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, thromboses or atherosclerosis. The compounds of the formula I have the ability to modulate the endogenous production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and are generally suitable for the therapy and prophylaxis of disease states which are associated with a disturbed cGMP balance. The invention relates to the use of compounds of the formula I for the therapy and prophylaxis of the designated disease states and for the production of pharmaceuticals therefor, novel compounds of the formula I, pharmaceutical preparations comprising them and processes for their preparation. cGMP is an important intracellular messenger, which elicits a number of pharmacological effects by means of the modulation of cGMPdependent protein kinases, phosphodiesterases and ion channels. Examples are smooth muscle relaxation, the inhibition of platelet activation and the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation and leukocyte adhesion. cGMP is produced by particulate and
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soluble guanylate cyclases as a response to a number of extracellular and intracellular stimuli. In the case of the particulate guanylate cyclases, the stimulation essentially takes place by means of peptidic messenger substances, such as the atrial natriuretic peptide or the cerebral natriuretic peptide. The soluble guanylate cyclases (sGC), which are cytosolic, heterodimeric heme proteins, however, are essentially regulated by a family of low molecular weight, enzymatically formed factors. The most important stimulant is nitrogen monoxide (NO) or a closely relates species. The importance of other factors such as carbon monoxide or the hydroxyl radical is still largely unclarified. The binding of NO to the heme with formation of a pentacoordinated heme-nitrosyl complex is discussed as an activation mechanism of activation by NO. The release associated therewith of the histidine which is bound to the iron in the basal state converts the enzyme into the activated conformation. Active soluble guanylate cyclases are each composed of one.alpha.- and one.beta.-subunit. Several subtypes of the subunits have been described, which differ from one another with respect to sequence, tissue-specific distribution and expression in various stages of development. The subtypes.alpha.sub.1 and.beta.sub.1 are mainly expressed in the brain and lung, while.beta.sub.2 is especially found in liver and kidney. The subtype.alpha.sub.2 was detected in human fetal brain. The subunits designated as.alpha.sub.3 and.beta.sub.3 were isolated from human brain and are homologous to.alpha.sub.1 and.beta.sub.1. More recent studies point to an.alpha.sub.2i subunit, which contains an insert in the catalytic domain. All subunits show great homology in the area of the catalytic domain. The enzymes presumably contain one heme per heterodimer, which is bonded via.beta.sub.1-Cys-78 and/or.beta.sub.1-His-105 and is part of the regulatory center. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Therapeutic uses of milk mineral fortified food products Inventor(s): Ward, Loren Spencer; (Twin Falls, ID), Bastian, Eric Douglas; (Twin Falls, ID) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030118662 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: Food products fortified with a therapeutically effective amount of milk mineral are administered for the treatment of high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, kidney stones, colon cancer, breast cancer, head and neck tumors, premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Type-2 diabetes, depression, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, attention deficit disorder, migraine headaches, kidney disease, hypercholesterolaemia, congestive heart failure, or immune deficiency. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to milk mineral fortified food products and, more particularly to the treatment of high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and various other disorders by administering food products fortified with a therapeutically effective amount of milk mineral. The natural milk minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc, are of great importance in nutrition. Their importance is widely recognized for proper teeth and bone formation, as well as for skeletal structure development. During the period of late teenage to young adulthood, however, significant reductions in dietary calcium intake often occur. This is particularly true of the female population, where reduced dietary calcium intake usually occurs much
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earlier in life compared to their male counterparts. It has been observed that females are especially susceptible to a prolonged calcium deficit over their life span. This calcium deficit is believed to contribute to the greater incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Calcium supplements and calcium-fortified foods containing calcium in such forms as calcium carbonate, calcium lactate, calcium citrate, calcium chloride, and calcium hydroxide have been proposed. These forms of calcium, however, can yield undesirable flavors and/or can strip desirable aroma and flavor compounds from food products. More significantly, these types of supplements deliver only calcium (no other minerals) and lack the balanced and pure form of the milk minerals (including calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and zinc) present in milk and dairy products. As a result, these forms of calcium are less easily absorbed by the body and are inferior to milk and dairy products from a nutritional standpoint. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of agonists or antagonists of P2 purinoceptors for the prevention glutamateevoked cytotoxicity Inventor(s): Merlo, Daniela; (Roma, IT), Volonte, Cinzia; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Rd.; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020028790 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: Compounds that are agonists of P2 purinoceptors, such as 5adenylylimidodiphosphate, are used to treat conditions such as pain, hormonal imbalance, high blood pressure, thermoregulation, respiration, learning, patter recognition and memory. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a specific class of compounds for the prevention of glutamate-evoked cytotoxicity. Glutamate constitute the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (Hollmann M., Heinemann S., Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 31-108, 1994) and the ubiquitous distribution of glutamate receptors throughout the CNS proves that glutamate plays a central role in a wide range of physiological as well as pathological events (Watkins J. C., Collingridge G. L., The NMDA receptor, IRL Oxford, 1989). By most plausible theories and several experimental findings it is suggested a central role for glutamate-dependent neurotransmission in functions such as learning, pattern recognition, and memory (Bliss T. V. P. Collingridge G. L., Nature 361, 31-39, 1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of gamma-tocopherol and its oxidative metabolite LLU-alpha in the treatment of disease Inventor(s): Wechter, William J.; (Ojai, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020165268 Date filed: April 26, 2002
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Abstract: The present invention is generally related to the discovery of the therapeutic benefit of administering.gamma.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives. More specifically, the use of.gamma.-tocopherol and racemic LLU-.alpha., (S)-LLU-.alpha., or.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives as antioxidants and nitrogen oxide scavengers which treat and prevent high blood pressure, thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, natriuretic disease, the formation of neuropathological lesions, and a reduced immune system response are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/814,330, filed Mar. 21, 2001, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/461,645, filed Dec. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,479, issued Jun. 5, 2001, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/215,608, filed Dec. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,891, issued Apr. 11, 2000. All of these prior applications which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. The present invention is generally related to the discovery of the therapeutic benefit of administering.gamma.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives. More specifically, the use of.gamma.-tocopherol and racemic LLU-.alpha., (S)-LLU-.alpha., or other.gamma.-tocopherol derivatives as antioxidants and nitrogen oxide scavengers which treat and prevent high blood pressure, thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, natriuretic disease, the formation of neuropathological lesions, and a reduced immune system response are disclosed. Vitamin E, an essential fat-soluble vitamin, encompasses eight naturally occurring compounds in two classes. The first class, tocopherols, have four members designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The two major forms,.alpha.-tocopherol and.gamma.-tocopherol, differ structurally only by a methyl group substitution at the 5-position. The second class, tocotrienols, are molecules related to the tocopherols and also consist of four members designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The tocotrienol structure differs from the tocopherols by possessing three double bonds in their side chain rather than being saturated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of retinoids to treat high blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease Inventor(s): Roullet, Jean-Baptiste; (Portland, OR), McCarron, David A.; (Portland, OR) Correspondence: MCDONNELL BOEHNEN HULBERT & BERGHOFF; 300 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE; SUITE 3200; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030008919 Date filed: August 20, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides methods of treating a disease in a mammal where the disease is characterized by a symptom ameliorated by inhibition of cellular calcium influx. The methods involve administering to the mammal an effective amount of a retinoid and a pharmacologically acceptable excipient. Excerpt(s): Calcium channel blockers are a relatively recently discovered class of compounds which possess a wide spectrum of properties useful in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, intraocular, and other disorders. Calcium channel blockers were initially identified as a method for the control of hypertension (Fleckenstein et al. (1967) Z. Kreislaufforsch, 56: 716), and are routinely used in the control of hypertension and other disorders. In particular, calcium blockers have shown some useful therapeutic properties in the treatment of classic exertional angina, vasospastic angina, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias,
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systemic arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. In addition, calcium channel blockers have shown therapeutic properties in the treatment of various cerebrovascular disorders, including but not limited to migraine headaches, and convulsive epilepsy. Several structural classes of compounds are known which exhibit calcium channel blocking utility and have been used as therapeutics in a variety of contexts. The three major classes include dihydropynidines (e.g., nifedipine, felodipine, isradipine, and amlodipine), the benzothiazepines (e.g., diltiazem), and the phenylalkylamines (e.g., verapamil). Three calcium channel blockers are currently of primary clinical significance in the United States, verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. All three achieve their antihypertensive effect by inhibiting the entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle. The ultimate effect is vasodilation. These calcium blockers are, however, contraindicated in various circumstances (e.g., where there is impaired left ventricular function). Thus, there is a need for other calcium blocking agents. The present identifies previously unknown calcium channel blocking properties of retinoids, in particular retinol, and provides methods of treating pathological conditions characterized by and ameliorated by inhibition of cellular calcium influx using retinoids. Retinoids (e.g., vitamin A and analogues) are lipid-soluble and can therefore achieve extensive distribution within body tissues. They are also rapidly absorbed after oral or intravenous administration and, because of their affinity for fatty tissues, provide a reservoir that maintains elevated retinoid levels for some time after administration. In addition, the physiological tolerance for many retinoids (e.g., vitamin A) has been repeatedly demonstrated and well characterized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with high blood pressure, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on high blood pressure. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning high blood pressure. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to high blood pressure. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on high blood pressure include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on high blood pressure: •
Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure Source: New York, NY: Kensington Publishing. 1999. 180 p. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 291-1128 or (507) 284-2511. Fax (507) 284-0161. Website: www.mayo.edu. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1893005011. Summary: This book focuses on what people who have high blood pressure can do to better manage their blood pressure and keep it at a safe level. The book begins with a chapter that explains the basics of blood pressure, how high blood pressure develops, and why it can be harmful. This is followed by a chapter that identifies unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure. Unmodifiable risk factors include race, age, family history, and gender. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, inactivity, tobacco use, sodium sensitivity, low potassium, excessive alcohol consumption, stress,
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chronic illness, high cholesterol, diabetes, sleep apnea, and heart failure. Other topics addressed in this chapter include secondary high blood pressure and ways of preventing high blood pressure. The third chapter focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure. Topics include measuring blood pressure, receiving a diagnosis, getting a medical evaluation, and deciding on treatment with either medication or lifestyle changes. Subsequent chapters discuss determining a healthy weight, losing weight, becoming more physically active, and eating well using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) plan. The following chapters detail the effects of sodium, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and stress on blood pressure. Another chapter focuses on the mode of action and side effects of various medications used in controlling high blood pressure, including diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium antagonists, alpha blockers, central acting agents, and direct vasodilators. Remaining chapters examine factors unique to women, management of high blood pressure among specific populations and groups, treatment of difficult-to-control high blood pressure, management of a hypertensive emergency, and home monitoring of blood pressure. The book also includes a week of menus based on the recommendations of the DASH eating plan. 17 figures. 2 tables. •
You Can Control Diabetes and High Blood Pressure: Self Care Handbook Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 2000. 31 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. PRICE: $2.73 each; plus shipping and handling; quantity discounts available. Summary: This handbook provides people who have diabetes with self care advice for managing high blood pressure. The handbook begins with an explanation of diabetes and high blood pressure and the complications they can cause. Having both conditions puts a person at greater risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, kidney disease, blindness, reduced circulation to the feet and legs, and nerve damage. The handbook then provides guidelines for monitoring blood glucose and blood pressure, setting weight and exercise goals, making other lifestyle changes to improve health, eating balanced meals and snacks, and managing their medications. The handbook includes charts and worksheets that help readers with managing their diabetes and high blood pressure. The handbook also stresses the importance of undergoing regular screenings, caring for one's emotional health, and seeking outside assistance when needed. The handbook includes a list of organizations that can answer questions about diabetes and high blood pressure.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “high blood pressure” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “high blood pressure” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for
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“high blood pressure” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Guide to controlling high blood pressure in black communities; ISBN: 086536074X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086536074X/icongroupinterna
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About Your High Blood Pressure Medicines by U S Pharmacopeia; ISBN: 0913595756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913595756/icongroupinterna
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ACE Inhibition in the Management of High Blood Pressure - pocketbook by Robert J. MacFayden, Robert J. Macfadyen (1999); ISBN: 185317730X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185317730X/icongroupinterna
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Alternative Medicine Guide: Heart Disease, Stroke & High Blood Pressure/With Alternative Medicine Digest by Burton Goldberg, The Editors of Alternative Medicine; ISBN: 1887299270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887299270/icongroupinterna
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Chelation Can Cure: How to Reverse Heart Disease, Diabetes, Stroke, High Blood Pressure and Poor Circulation Without Drugs or Surgery by E. W. McDonagh; ISBN: 0912815000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912815000/icongroupinterna
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Churches As an Avenue to High Blood Pressure Control by Edward J. Roccella (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0788186108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788186108/icongroupinterna
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Clinical Approaches to High Blood Pressure in the Young by Theodore A. Kotchen; ISBN: 0723670323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723670323/icongroupinterna
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Conquering High Blood Pressure: The Complete Guide to Managing Hypertension by Stephen Wood, et al; ISBN: 0306456311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306456311/icongroupinterna
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Conquering Hypertension: An Illustrated Guide to Understanding Treatment and Control of High Blood Pressure by R. Brian Haynes MD, Frans H. H. Leenen (1994); ISBN: 0969778120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969778120/icongroupinterna
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Control High Blood Pressure Without Drugs: A Complete Hypertension Handbook by Robert L., Md Rowan, Constance Schrader (Contributor) (2001); ISBN: 0684873281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684873281/icongroupinterna
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Control Your High Blood Pressure Cookbook by Cleaves M. Bennett, et al; ISBN: 0385199198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199198/icongroupinterna
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Control Your High Blood Pressure Without Drugs by Cleaves M., M.D. Bennett, Charles Cameron; ISBN: 0385235798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385235798/icongroupinterna
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Controlling high blood pressure; ISBN: 0891190244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891190244/icongroupinterna
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Controlling High Blood Pressure by Frans H. Leenen (Editor), R. Brian Haynes (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0914629875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914629875/icongroupinterna
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Controlling High Blood Pressure the Natural Way by David L. Carroll, Wahida Karmally (Contributor); ISBN: 0345431464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345431464/icongroupinterna
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Coping With High Blood Pressure by Sandy Sorrentino, Carl D. Hausman (1990); ISBN: 0942637259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942637259/icongroupinterna
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Cure of High Blood Pressure by Respiratory Exercises by Tirala (2003); ISBN: 1852289023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852289023/icongroupinterna
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Diet for a Strong Heart: Michio Kushi's Macrobiotic Dietary Guidelines for the Prevention of High Blood Pressure, Heart Attack, and Stroke by Michio Kushi, Alex Jack (Contributor); ISBN: 0312001207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312001207/icongroupinterna
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Down With High Blood Pressure; ISBN: 0886901030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886901030/icongroupinterna
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Down With High Blood Pressure by R. Brian Haynes, Frans H.H. Leenen (Editor); ISBN: 0919959512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0919959512/icongroupinterna
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Dr. Donsbach Tells You What You Always Wanted to Know About.: High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) by Kurt W. Donsbach (1993); ISBN: 1569595623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569595623/icongroupinterna
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Drugs for High Blood Pressure 2002 (Treatment Trove Series) by Lindy van den Berghe; ISBN: 1904279007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1904279007/icongroupinterna
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Eat Right to Help Lower Your High Blood Pressure; ISBN: 0160381274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160381274/icongroupinterna
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Eat to Beat - High Blood Pressure: Natural Self-help for Hypertension, Including 60 Recipes (Eat to Beat) by Sarah Brewer, Michelle Berridale-Johnson; ISBN: 0007141351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007141351/icongroupinterna
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Exploring the Heart: Discoveries in Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure/08952 by Julius H. Comroe; ISBN: 0393017087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393017087/icongroupinterna
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Fact Book on Hypertension High Blood Pressure and Your Diet by Carlson Wade; ISBN: 0879830956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879830956/icongroupinterna
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From the Isle of Skye to the Isle of Maui: A Doctor's Personal Story Including Plantation Medicine and the Cause of High Blood Pressure by William Benton Patterson; ISBN: 0533124751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533124751/icongroupinterna
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Good News About High Blood Pressure: Everything You Need to Know to Take Control of Hypertension -And Your Life by Thomas, MD Pickering (1997); ISBN: 0684832119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684832119/icongroupinterna
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Guide to Contented Hearts: Cardiac Risk Management: Cholesterol, High Blood Pressure Exercise, Stress, Weight, Diet by D. Charles Van Fulpen (1995); ISBN:
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0963756206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963756206/icongroupinterna •
Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure by Hutchin Kc; ISBN: 0668011351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668011351/icongroupinterna
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Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T. Murray (1997); ISBN: 0761506586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761506586/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Neil B. Shulman, et al; ISBN: 0025474405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0025474405/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Thomas J. Cottle, Martin Bates; ISBN: 0133873730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0133873730/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Peter J. Lewis; ISBN: 0443023018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443023018/icongroupinterna
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High blood pressure by George White Pickering; ISBN: 0700013725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700013725/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Leon Chaitow; ISBN: 072251221X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072251221X/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Sarah Brewer; ISBN: 072253390X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072253390X/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Ada P. Kahn (Editor); ISBN: 0809255995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809255995/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (1987); ISBN: 0874340748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874340748/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Leonard Mervyn; ISBN: 0909911967; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0909911967/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure by Richard Burns (1995); ISBN: 0949142409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0949142409/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (Doctors' Rx for Health Series) (1997); ISBN: 0899708218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899708218/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (Perspectives on Disease and Illness) by Susan R. Gregson (2001); ISBN: 0736807500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736807500/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (Sound Techniques for Healing) by Robert Friedman, Kelly Howell (1993); ISBN: 1881451216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881451216/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (The BMA Family Doctor Guides) by Peter Semple; ISBN: 1853360538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853360538/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure (What You Really Need to Know About.) by Patsy Westcott; ISBN: 1840282487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840282487/icongroupinterna
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High blood pressure : how to help your doctor control it! by M. Douglas Dorn; ISBN: 091763201X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091763201X/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure [LARGE PRINT] by Caroline Shreeve; ISBN: 1856950530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1856950530/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure at Your Fingertips (At Your Fingertips) by Julian Tudor Hart, et al (1998); ISBN: 1872362818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1872362818/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure at Your Fingertips ('Gao xue ya 305 wen', in traditional Chinese, NOT in English) by Dr. Julian (Author); ISBN: 9574690822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9574690822/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure for Dummies by Alan L. Rubin M.D.; ISBN: 0764554247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764554247/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure in Teenagers by David J. Gerrick; ISBN: 0916750272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916750272/icongroupinterna
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High blood pressure in the African by O. O. Akinkugbe; ISBN: 0443008566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443008566/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure Lowered Naturally by Linda M. Sciullo (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1890957410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890957410/icongroupinterna
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High blood pressure lowered naturally : the natural way to help control your blood pressure, with your doctor's permission by Janice McCall Failes (Author), et al; ISBN: B00005W10T; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005W10T/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure Lowered Naturally: Your Arteries Can Clean Themselves by Fireside Books, FC&A Publishing; ISBN: 1890957348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890957348/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure Special Diet Cookbook: Delicious Low-Salt Recipes That Are Calorie Controlled for Weight Reduction (Special Diet Cookbooks) by Maggie Pannell; ISBN: 0722522363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722522363/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and You by Harold C. Steele; ISBN: 0873971019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873971019/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure/Large Print by Vernon Coleman; ISBN: 0745108717; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0745108717/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: A Handbook for Survival by Neil B. Shulman; ISBN: 5556005141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/5556005141/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: Diet Against It by James Scala; ISBN: 0572026412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0572026412/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: Everything You Need to Know and More by Vernon Coleman; ISBN: 1898947791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898947791/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: How to Control It/Cassette by Blocom Communications; ISBN: 0553450034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553450034/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: How to Lower Your Blood Pressure in 4 Easy Stages: Effective Treatment Without Drugs (Thorsons Health) by Caroline M. Shreeve; ISBN: 0722530412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722530412/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: Practical, Medical, and Spiritual Guidelines for Daily Living With Hypertension (Hazelden Pocket Health Guide) by Mark Jenkins; ISBN: 1568383517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568383517/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: The Black Man and Woman's Guide to Living with Hypertension by Hilton M., Ii Hudson, et al (2002); ISBN: 0971606714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971606714/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: Treat It for Life by National Heart (1995); ISBN: 0160451760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160451760/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: Treat It for Life. (1994); ISBN: 0788121685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788121685/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: What Causes It, How to Tell If You Have It, How to Control It for a Longer Life by Frank A., Finnerty; ISBN: 0679505121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679505121/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: What It Means for You, and How to Control It by Kevin, Md. O'Malley; ISBN: 0668053232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668053232/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure: What You Need to Know (Johns Hopkins Health) by Mark Giuliucci, Johns Hopkins Health (1999); ISBN: 0737016108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737016108/icongroupinterna
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High Blood Pressure-Hypertension (Healthtalk the Complete Self-Health Series); ISBN: 0936439076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936439076/icongroupinterna
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How to Control High Blood Pressure Without Drugs by Robert L. Rowan; ISBN: 0684183366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684183366/icongroupinterna
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How to Live With You High Blood Pressure by William Alexander, Brams; ISBN: 0668026952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668026952/icongroupinterna
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How to Lower High Blood Pressure: The Natural Way to Reduce Hypertension by Caroline M. Shreeve (2001); ISBN: 000712094X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/000712094X/icongroupinterna
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Hypertension 2003 Weekly Planner: High Blood Pressure by Bonnie Dickens, Thomas Masterson; ISBN: 1588082083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588082083/icongroupinterna
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Hypertension Digest : Learn Why High Blood Pressure Is Such a Danger [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KF23; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KF23/icongroupinterna
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Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure by Joseph L. Izzo (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0683307061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683307061/icongroupinterna
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Hypertension: A Self-Management Approach for High Blood Pressure; ISBN: 0815195974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815195974/icongroupinterna
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Hypertension: Community Control of High Blood Pressure by Julian Tudor Hart; ISBN: 0443031525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443031525/icongroupinterna
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JNC 7 Express: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committe on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (2003); ISBN: 1588080013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588080013/icongroupinterna
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Kroger How to Control High Blood Pressure Without Drugs by Robert L. Rowan (1996); ISBN: 0804115737; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804115737/icongroupinterna
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Living with High Blood Pressure by Tom Smith, Dr. Tom Smith; ISBN: 0859698610; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859698610/icongroupinterna
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Living With High Blood Pressure Large Pr by Tom Smith (Author); ISBN: 1850891605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850891605/icongroupinterna
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Living With High Blood Pressure: The Hypertension Diet Cookbook by Joyce D. and Hunt, James C. Margie; ISBN: 0801968550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801968550/icongroupinterna
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Living With Your High Blood Pressure by William A. Brams; ISBN: 0668042869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668042869/icongroupinterna
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Manual for High Blood Pressure Control at the Worksite by Darlyn Weikel; ISBN: 9996559475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996559475/icongroupinterna
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Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure by Sheldon G., Md. Sheps (Editor), Mayo Clinic (2003); ISBN: 1893005267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893005267/icongroupinterna
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Natural Care Library Garlic: Safe and Effective Self-Care for Arthritis, High Blood Pressure and Flu by Stephanie Pedersen; ISBN: 0789451921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789451921/icongroupinterna
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Natural Guide to Treating High Blood Pressure by S. Streicher-Lankin (1998); ISBN: 0761515542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761515542/icongroupinterna
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Natural Medicine for Heart Disease: The Best Alternative Methods for Prevention and Treatment: High Cholesterol, High Blood Pressure, Stroke, Chest Pain, Other Circulatory Problems by Glenn S., Md Rothfeld, et al; ISBN: 0875962890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875962890/icongroupinterna
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Outsmart High Blood Pressure by The Editors of Prevention Health Books (Author); ISBN: 0312988125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312988125/icongroupinterna
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Patient's Health Maintenance Workbook for High Blood Pressure: A Guide to SelfCare and Healing by Brian C. Leutholtz (1999); ISBN: 0849307376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849307376/icongroupinterna
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Prevention & Cure Without Medicine: For High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Flu-Cold, and 20 Other Diseases by Sahid Sulistija Hardja, Hardja. Sahid; ISBN: 1887750436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887750436/icongroupinterna
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Protect Your Lifeline: Fight High Blood Pressure (1981); ISBN: 9997490673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997490673/icongroupinterna
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Randalls/Tom Thumb How to Control High Blood Pressure Without Drugs by Robert L. Rowan (1996); ISBN: 0804115745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804115745/icongroupinterna
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Recipes for Health: High Blood Pressure by Maggie Pannell; ISBN: 0722531443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722531443/icongroupinterna
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Reversing Hypertension: Vital New Prog to Prevent, Treat & Reduce High Blood Pressure by Julian M.D. Whitaker (Author), Julian Whitaker M.D. (2000); ISBN: 0446522864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446522864/icongroupinterna
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Salt, Diet and Health: Neptune's Poisoned Chalice: the Origins of High Blood Pressure by G. A. MacGregor (Author), H. E. de Wardener (Author); ISBN: 0521635454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521635454/icongroupinterna
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Speaking of High Blood Pressure: A Comprehensive Guide for Hypertensives and Their Partners by Hanns Peter Wolff (1979); ISBN: 0832622354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0832622354/icongroupinterna
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Stress and Relaxation: Self-Help Ways to Cope With Stress and Relieve Nervous Tension, Ulcers, Insomnia, Migraine, and High Blood Pressure by Jane. Madders; ISBN: 0668046805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668046805/icongroupinterna
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Strokes and Their Prevention: How to Avoid High Blood Pressure and Hardening of the Arteries. by Arthur, Ancowitz; ISBN: 0442203306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442203306/icongroupinterna
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Taking Charge of High Blood Pressure: Start-Today Strategies for Combatting the Silent Killer by Susan Perry (2003); ISBN: 0762103515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762103515/icongroupinterna
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The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on High Blood Pressure by James N. Parker (Editor), Philip M. Parker (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0597831998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831998/icongroupinterna
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The Bible Cure for High Blood Pressure by Don, Md. Colbert, Don Colbert; ISBN: 0884197476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884197476/icongroupinterna
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The complete family guide to living with high blood pressure by Michael K. Rees; ISBN: 0131604325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0131604325/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Guide to Living With High Blood Pressure by Michael K. Rees; ISBN: 0131593102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0131593102/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Guide to Living With High Blood Pressure (1988); ISBN: 0890431744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890431744/icongroupinterna
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The Doctor Is Out! Exposing the High Blood Pressure, Low Thyroid and Diabetes Scams by Sydney Ross Singer, Soma Grismaijer; ISBN: 1930858043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930858043/icongroupinterna
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The Healing Power of Exercise : Your Guide to Preventing and Treating Diabetes, Depression, Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, Arthritis, and More by Linn Goldberg (Author), Diane L. Elliot (Author); ISBN: 0471348007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471348007/icongroupinterna
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The High Blood Pressure Book: A Guide for Patients and Their Families by Edward D. Freis; ISBN: 0525124721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0525124721/icongroupinterna
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The High Blood Pressure Relief Diet by James, Dr. Scala; ISBN: 0453006302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0453006302/icongroupinterna
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The High Blood Pressure Relief Diet; ISBN: 9992711078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992711078/icongroupinterna
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The High Blood Pressure Solution: A Scientifically Proven Program for Preventing Strokes and Heart Disease by Richard D. Moore M.D. Ph.D., Ph.D., Richard, D. Moore M.D.; ISBN: 0892819758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892819758/icongroupinterna
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The High Blood Pressure Solution: Natural Prevention and Cure With the K Factor by Richard D. Moore; ISBN: 0892814462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892814462/icongroupinterna
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The Hypertension Report: Say Goodbye to High Blood Pressure by William Campbell Douglass (2003); ISBN: 9962636604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9962636604/icongroupinterna
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The K Factor: Reversing and Preventing High Blood Pressure Without Drugs by Richard, M.D. Ph.D. Moore, George, Ph.D. Webb; ISBN: 0025861905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0025861905/icongroupinterna
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The Pill Book of High Blood Pressure by Bood and Drug Book Company; ISBN: 0553244892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553244892/icongroupinterna
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The Salt-Free Diet Book: An Appetizing Way to Help Reduce High Blood Pressure by Graham MacGregor; ISBN: 0668059664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668059664/icongroupinterna
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The Salt-Free Diet Book: To Help Avoid High Blood Pressure and Other Common Conditions by Graham MacGregor; ISBN: 0668059729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668059729/icongroupinterna
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The Secrets of Blood Pressure and High Blood Pressure by Afif N. Karkabi, Afif Karbaki (1998); ISBN: 0805940731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805940731/icongroupinterna
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The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure by Claude Lenfant, et al (1997); ISBN: 1883205425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883205425/icongroupinterna
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The Sodium Counter: Including Calories: Your Long Life Guide to Help Avoid High Blood Pressure and Heart Problems (Long Life Guide Series) by Jacqueline Nagel
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(Editor); ISBN: 155785100X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155785100X/icongroupinterna •
Understanding High Blood Pressure and Its Treatment by Richard A. Schacht; ISBN: 0941827003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941827003/icongroupinterna
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What You Can Do About High Blood Pressure by Madias; ISBN: 0895690098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895690098/icongroupinterna
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What You Really Need To Know About High Blood Pressure by Robert Buckman, et al; ISBN: 0867307951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867307951/icongroupinterna
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What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Hypertension: The Revolutionary Nutrition and Lifestyle Program to Help Fight High Blood Pressure [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Mark C. Houston, et al (2003); ISBN: B0000TW2O8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000TW2O8/icongroupinterna
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Working Group Report on Primary Prevention of Hypertension: National High Blood Pressure Education Program by Edward J. Roccella (1993); ISBN: 0788142267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788142267/icongroupinterna
Chapters on High Blood Pressure In order to find chapters that specifically relate to high blood pressure, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and high blood pressure using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on high blood pressure: •
High Blood Pressure Source: in Gilroy, D.K., ed. Guide to a Man's Life. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. 1995. p. 11-13. Contact: Available from Rodale Press. 14 East Minor Street, Emmaus, PA 18098. (610) 967-8620. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This chapter on high blood pressure is from a booklet that presents the latest medical breakthroughs on common health risks that target men. The chapter presents a brief discussion of the problems caused by hypertension and then considers two recent advances in the treatment of hypertension: the use of beta blockers and the addition of high-potassium foods to the diet. The chapter then lists recommendations for lifestyle changes that can have a positive impact on the problem of hypertension. Suggestions cover topics including weight loss; sodium restrictions; alcohol consumptions; the role of calcium; avoiding isometrics; aerobic exercise; dietary changes, including the role of vegetarianism; monitoring blood pressure at home; psychological factors; and communication. The booklet is written in an informal, friendly style, with medical terms defined for the layperson.
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Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to high blood pressure have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:11 •
Asian Language: Sources of Health Materials Source: Washington, DC: Office of Minority Health Resource Center. 199x. [11 p.]. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. Website: www.omhrc.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This directory lists sources identified by the Office of Minority Health Resource Center (OMH RC) that produce or distribute health promotion materials in various Asian languages. Materials concentrate on minority health priority areas and associated risk factors: cancer, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, chemical dependency, diabetes, infant mortality, homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury. Sources of AIDS information and educational materials are also included. Topics related to kidney and urologic diseases include AIDS, cultural awareness, high blood pressure (hypertension), lupus, men's health, nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, and women's health. Sources are arranged alphabetically. Organization entries include organization name, address, telephone number, source title, and annotation. The primary languages in which the organization provides materials are noted. Organizations should be contacted directly to determine the cost and availability of bulk quantities or for permission to photocopy.
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Finding resources for Healthy Heart programs at work Source: Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1992. 92 pp. Contact: Available from Information Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. Telephone: (301) 951-3260. (NIH Publication No. 92-737). Summary: This resource directory is designed to assist in developing worksite Healthy Heart programs for employees. Healthy Heart programs emphasize cardiovascular health which includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, nutrition, weight control, and physical fitness. There are three sections. The first section suggests organizations, associations, and government agencies which can provide information and resources on developing workplace health promotion activities. Included in this section is a list of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Cardiovascular Disease Liaisons for each state health department. The second section lists brochures, guides, manuals, booklets, video recordings, programs, services, and other resources available
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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “high blood pressure” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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through organizations. The third section is an alphabetical listing of the organizations with their addresses and phone numbers.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on high blood pressure. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on high blood pressure is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “high blood pressure” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on high blood pressure: •
Best of Living With Diabetes Television Video Series, Volume 1 Source: Vista, CA: CNBC. Lifetime. 1995. Contact: Available from Living with Diabetes. P.O. Box 2514, Vista, CA 92085-2514. (800) 433-2469. PRICE: $19.95 (as of 1995). Summary: In this videotape program, television medical correspondent Pat Gallagher narrates a compilation of the best of 100 episodes of the newsmagazine television show called Living With Diabetes. Produced by CNBC and Lifetime, the program explains the difference between insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes, and covers weight loss, exercise, cholesterol, high blood pressure, neuropathy, foot care, eye disease, kidney disease, and proper disposal of syringes. In addition, Terri Miller, a nurse and diabetes educator who has diabetes, shares practical tips on living with diabetes. (AA-M).
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Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Source: Kansas City, MO: American Academy of Family Physicians. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 8880 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114-2797. (800) 274-2237. PRICE: $17.95 for members; $25.00 for nonmembers, plus shipping and handling. Summary: The macrovascular (large blood vessel) complications of diabetes account for the majority of the morbidity (related illness) and mortality (death) associated with the disease. In particular, people with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, since they exhibit many independent risk factors for heart disease, including obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), and dyslipidemia (disordered levels of fats in the blood). This continuing education program features a videocassette and study guide that discuss why people with diabetes are at increased risk for macrovascular complications and how to reduce the patient's risk of cardiovascular disease. Topics include hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) and cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, the benefits of improved glycemic control, recommended target glycemic goals, nonpharmacologic therapies for diabetes (diet, exercise, patient education), pharmacologic (drug) therapies for diabetes (insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin), determining the optimal drug treatment regimen for individual patients, and treating cardiovascular risk factors. The program recommends that patients should be seen quarterly or more often, depending upon the severity of their disease, and target goals for HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin, a measurement of blood glucose levels over time) and fasting blood glucose should be established at the initial visit and discussed directly with the patient. Patients should be reminded at every office visit that weight loss and regular exercise are the most important aspects of controlling their diabetes and reducing the risk of macrovascular disease. A sample patient education hand out is included in the study guide. Through this program, users can qualify for one credit hour of Continuing Medical Education (CME) in category 1; the appropriate posttest is provided. 5 figures. 14 tables. 15 references.
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Barbershop Talk: Benny's Advice on Healthy Eating: A Nutrition Video for the Black Community Source: Southampton, PA: Dairy Council, Inc. 199x. (videocassette with leader's guide, participant cards, and education materials). Contact: Available from Dairy Council, Inc. 1225 Industrial Highway, Southampton, PA 18966-4010. (215) 322-0450. PRICE: $15 for video and all instructional materials. Video alone available for $12. Additional Leader's Guides and participant cards also available separately. Summary: This nutrition videotape on health targets black males. The videotape shows a group of African American men in an everyday setting talking about nutrition and health. Topics include high blood pressure, controlling dietary fats, lactose intolerance, the basic four food groups, soul food, and weight control. The packet includes the videotape, a leader's guide, 25 participant's cards, and Dairy Council education materials. The materials focus on the prevention of common health problems in this population, notably hypertension and diabetes.
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Diabetes and Heart Disease Source: Dallas, TX: American Heart Association. 1996. (videorecording). Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company/American Heart Association. Fulfillment Center, 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 611-6083. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $39.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This video, which was developed by the American Heart Association, is intended to help people with diabetes become better informed about heart disease. The video points out that people who have diabetes have a increased risk of developing problems that involve the cardiovascular system. These problems include atherosclerosis (the build up of fatty acids in arteries) and hypertension (high blood pressure). High levels of glucose can damage arteries and increase the likelihood of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In some cases, hypertension may be controlled with changes in lifestyle, such as losing weight, reducing salt intake, and exercising. When lifestyle changes are insufficient to control hypertension, medication is used. The video notes that people must not treat hypertension with over the counter medicines or prescriptions from a friend because they may worsen diabetes or its related conditions. Many of the things that help to manage diabetes can also be effective in reducing the risk of heart disease. Self monitoring of blood glucose, eating healthfully, exercising, taking medication as needed, and educating oneself are each important. The video concludes that people with diabetes can successfully control blood glucose levels and significantly lower the risk of heart disease by making appropriate lifestyle changes and working with health care professionals. An accompanying brochure focuses on topics addressed in the video. The video is available in English or Spanish. (AA-M).
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Pediatric Hypertension Source: New Hyde Park, NY: Schneider Children's Hospital. 2000. (Videorecording). Contact: Available from Schneider Children's Hospital. 269-01 76th Avenue, Room 365, New Hyde Park, New York 11040-1432. (718) 470-3491. Fax: (718) 470-0887. Website: www.schneiderchildrenshospital.org. Summary: This videotape program educates parents and families of children who are diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure). The program is narrated by three health care providers: Dr. Julie Ingelfinger, Dr. Howard Trachtman, and Rachel Frank, a nephrology nurse. The program explains why it is vital to diagnose and manage pediatric hypertension, noting the role of long term hypertension in adult problems of heart attack, stroke, and congestive heart failure. The program reviews hypertension and its causes, treatment options, how to understand blood pressure readings (systolic and diastolic), classification of the different levels of hypertension, risk factors, diagnostic considerations and tests, and management options, including nutrition, drug therapy, weight control, exercise, relaxation methods, and refraining from smoking. The program features many interviews with children and parents and their health care providers.
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Choices: Options for Living with Kidney Failure Source: McGaw Park, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation. 1997 (videocassette). Contact: Available from community service section of Blockbuster video stores. PRICE: Free rental. Also available to health professionals from Baxter Healthcare Corporation. (888) 736-2543. 1620 Waukegan Road, McGaw Park, IL 60085.
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Summary: This videotape program helps viewers newly diagnosed with kidney failure to understand their treatment options and to make more informed choices for their own health care. The narrator reminds viewers that many members make up the health care team, but stresses that patients are the most important member of that team. The program reviews the functions of the kidneys, including clean the blood, make red blood cells, help maintain healthy bones and other bodily functions, balance body fluids and chemical levels, and retain valuable substances. Graphics demonstrate each of these functions. The narrator reviews the symptoms of kidney failure, and then real patients tell their own experiences of their movement into chronic kidney failure. The program outlines the common causes of chronic kidney failure, including diabetes, glomerulonephritis, hypertension (high blood pressure), polycystic kidney disease, and infections. The remainder of the program outlines each of the treatment options: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), and kidney transplantation. For each type, the program offers live footage of real patients using that treatment, drawings and graphics that demonstrate how the treatment works, and interviews with patients talking about how that treatment affects their lives. The program summarizes the reasons why each treatment option may be appropriate or inappropriate for a specific patient. The program concludes with a list of general guidelines that can help to reduce treatment side effects and with a list of associations to contact for more information. •
Diagnosing Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Source: Minneapolis, MN: Alpha 1 Association. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Alpha 1 Association. 8120 Penn Avenue, South, Suite 549, Minneapolis, MN 55431-1326. (800) 521-3025 or (612) 703-9979. Fax (612) 703-9977. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.alpha1.org. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program, narrated by Sandra Brandley, the Executive Director of the Alpha 1 National Association, reminds physicians of the symptoms and differential diagnosis of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or Alpha 1). The program features Dr. James Stoller, who describes the typical underdiagnosis of A1AD which is typical: the mean time until diagnosis is 7 years (from onset of symptoms) and the mean number of doctors consulted before diagnosis is 3.5. Alpha 1 is a relatively common genetic disorder that affects infants, children, and adults. It is the most common metabolic disorder that causes liver disease in infants and children; the disorder also causes cirrhosis and cancer of the liver in adults. Symptoms of A1AD deficiency in children include prolonged obstructive jaundice, low birth weight, mildly elevated liver enzymes, cholestasis, enlarged liver, abnormal bleeding, feeding difficulties, poor growth (or failure to thrive), and ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluids). In adults, the spectrum of liver disease associated with A1AD deficiency varies from mild to severe. Symptoms include chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis (liver scarring of unknown cause), portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein of the liver), and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). A rare but telling symptom is panniculitis, a chronic inflammation of subcutaneous fat featuring ulcerated skin lesions on the torso. Dr. Stoller reminds viewers of the indications for A1AD screening: premature onset of moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) before age 50; predominant basilar emphysema; chronic bronchitis with airflow obstruction in a nonsmoker; bronchiectasis (irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial walls) without clear risk factors; development of unremitting asthma; family history of A1AD; cirrhosis without apparent risk factors; and family history of
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panniculitis. The program includes a chart of laboratory values and the risk of development of A1AD, and a series of interviews with patients about the interplay of early diagnosis and good quality of life. The program concludes with the contact information for the Alpha 1 National Association (800-521-3025). •
Diabetes Home Video Guide: Skills for Self-Care Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093-3100. (800) 432-8433. Fax (410) 252-6316. PRICE: $350.00; bulk orders available; plus shipping and handling. Order number: HV-14. Summary: This videotape provides people who have diabetes with information on the basic skills needed to keep blood glucose in the target range and offers tips for incorporating these skills into daily life. Part one focuses on diabetes and related health concerns. One chapter in this segment of the tape explains how diabetes affects the body, what the long term complications are, and how to determine an appropriate blood glucose range. Another chapter examines related health concerns such as smoking, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and excess body weight. Part two deals with blood glucose management, focusing on education, diet, exercise, monitoring, and medications. The chapter on education discusses the importance of education, the diabetes care team, and other resources. The chapter on nutrition provides nutrition guidelines and discusses other aspects of healthy eating. The chapter on exercise explains how to create an exercise plan. Other topics include doing aerobic and weight bearing exercises, keeping exercise fun and safe, and maintaining physical activity. The chapter on blood glucose monitoring focuses on laboratory testing, blood glucose self testing, and self testing techniques. Other topics include blood glucose records, medical emergencies, and equipment and supplies. The chapter on medications focuses on oral medications and insulin. Topics include insulin care, injection, and supplies; hypoglycemia; and medication tracking systems. Part three addresses the challenges of self management and offers strategies to help the viewer balance diabetes management with living. One chapter in this segment focuses on understanding the importance of pattern management, recognizing patterns, and adjusting a treatment plan. Another chapter deals with solving problems associated with sick days, dining out, unusual schedules, travel, special occasions, and holidays. A third chapter discusses lifestyle changes and emotions, focusing on incorporating change into daily life, managing emotions, handling sexual dysfunction and stress, dealing with close relationships, and finding support. The final chapter of the segment offers suggestions on maintaining good health, focusing on foot, skin, eye, and dental care; immunizations; and medical appointment and test scheduling. The video is accompanied by a foldout guide that provides an overview of diabetes self care skills.
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Living with Diabetes: Making the Diagnosis Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1999. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 071899A. Summary: This videotape, part of a series on living with diabetes, focuses on the diagnosis of diabetes. A moderator discusses the new criteria for the diagnosis and
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classification of diabetes, the rise in the incidence of diabetes, the symptoms of diabetes, and the prevention of diabetes with an endocrinologist. The videotape begins with a discussion of what diabetes is, how insulin works, the types of diabetes, and risk factors for diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which was formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes, usually develops quickly, whereas type 2 diabetes, which was formerly known as noninsulin dependent diabetes, usually has a gradual onset. The symptoms of diabetes, which are generally the same regardless of the type, are related to high blood sugar. They include excessive urination and thirst, fatigue, hunger, weight loss, and blurred vision. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include a genetic predisposition for developing the disease. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include being overweight, sedentary, and over 45 years old; having a history of stillbirth or gestational diabetes; having high blood pressure and high cholesterol; being African American, Hispanic, or Native American; and having previously been identified with impaired glucose tolerance. The acute complications of diabetes include ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome, and hypoglycemia. The chronic complications are divided into microvascular and macrovascular complications. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular complications include heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Early diagnosis is important in preventing complications. Diagnosis is based on blood sugar levels obtained from a blood glucose test, a fasting plasma glucose test, or an oral glucose tolerance test. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes may be reduced by eating properly, maintaining an ideal weight, and exercising. The videotape includes a self test that viewers can take to assess their risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Bibliography: Multimedia on High Blood Pressure The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in high blood pressure (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on high blood pressure: •
Update of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure [videorecording] Source: Health Communications Network, Division of Continuing Education, Medical University of South Carolina, in cooperationwith Department o; Year: 1978; Format: Videorecording; [Charleston, S. C.]: The Network, 1978]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover high blood pressure.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on high blood pressure is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to high blood pressure. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “high blood pressure” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for high blood pressure: •
High blood pressure in teens predicts heart disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 29, 2003
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Coffee shop workers have high blood pressure risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 26, 2003
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High blood pressure in pregnancy tied to later ills Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2003
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Traffic noise linked to high blood pressure Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2003
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Statins may help some with high blood pressure Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 02, 2003
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High blood pressure "epidemic" seen in Canada teens Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2003 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or
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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “high blood pressure” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to high blood pressure, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “high blood pressure” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on High Blood Pressure Find newsletters on high blood pressure using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “high blood pressure.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Kidney Disease? Know Your Options Source: Lexington, MA: Kidney Options. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from Kidney Options. 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA 124209192. (866) 543-6391. Website: www.kidneyoptions.com. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: Kidney disease happens when there is damage to the filters in the kidneys. These filters remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood. There are many causes of kidney disease, including high blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes mellitus. This newsletter briefly outlines the treatment options for people with kidney disease. Topics include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplants, the role of pre-dialysis education, social services, the importance of appropriate diet therapy, and commonly asked questions about transplants. The newsletter includes a brief profile of a transplant patient. Readers are referred to a web site (www.kidneyoptions.com) for more information.
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Kidney Failure in Sarcoidosis Source: Sarcoidosis Networking. 8(3): 3. 2000. Contact: Available from Sarcoid Network Association. Sarcoidosis Networking, 13925 80th Street East, Puyallup, WA 98372-3614. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: Sarcoidosis is a chronic, progressive systemic granulomatous (causing lesions) disease of unknown cause (etiology), involving almost any organ or tissue, including the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands or feet. This brief article, from a newsletter for patients with sarcoidosis, reviews the
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complications of kidney failure in sarcoidosis. Granulomatous infiltration of the kidney may be present in as many as 40 percent of patients with sarcoidosis, but it is rarely extensive enough to cause renal (kidney) dysfunction. The lesions are usually responsive to steroid therapy. Kidney failure has also been diagnosed in patients with sarcoidosis without the presence of lesions, possibly due to hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood), involvement of the glomerular filter system, and renal arteritis (inflammation of the arteries of the kidney), which may be associated with severe high blood pressure. It is recommended that all people with active sarcoidosis be screened for hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in the urine). This may precede development of hypercalcemia, which should be treated. Glucocorticoids are the main choice of therapy and do seem to reduce levels of urinary calcium to normal within a few days. People with sarcoidosis may also have severe pain; the frequent use of pain medication can be another cause of kidney failure. People who take pain medication should ask their physicians to evaluate their kidneys on a regular basis. 9 references.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on high blood pressure: •
Hypertension Drugs: They Can Treat More Than High Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 17(11): 5. November 1999. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews the drugs used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). The author focuses on the additional benefits of these drugs. Not only do hypertension drugs help control elevated blood pressure, but some actually offer additional health benefits. These can include treating heart failure, diabetes, or symptoms resulting from an enlarged prostate. There are several types of hypertension drugs, and each type helps control elevated blood pressure in a different way. These include diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, and central acting agents (central adrenergic inhibitors). In choosing drug therapy to treat a specific patient's hypertension, the physician will consider age, overall health, other medications already being taken, and cost considerations. One table outlines the possible additional health benefits these drugs have beyond treating elevated blood pressure. 1 table.
Academic Periodicals covering High Blood Pressure Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to high blood pressure. In
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addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering high blood pressure that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for high blood pressure. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with high blood pressure. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to high blood pressure: Amlodipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norvasc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202670.html
Amlodipine and Benazepril •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203634.html
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accupril; Aceon; Altace; Capoten; Lotensin; Mavik; Monopril; Prinivil; Univasc; Vasotec 4; Zestril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202044.html
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accuretic; Capozide; Lotensin HCT; Prinzide; Uniretic; Vaseretic; Zestoretic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202045.html
Antihistamines and Decongestants •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets; Actagen; Actifed; Actifed Allergy Nighttime Caplets 20; Alcomed; Alcomed 2-60; Allent; Allercon; Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerfrim; Allerphed; Amilon; Anamine; Anamine T.D.; Andec; Andec-TR; Aprodrine; Atrofed; Atrohi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Analgesics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aclophen; Actifed Cold & Sinus; Actifed Cold & Sinus Caplets; Actifed Sinus Nighttime; Actifed Sinus Nighttime Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Allergy Medicine Liqui-Gels; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine Liqui-Gels; Allerest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202062.html
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html
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Calcium Channel Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adalat; Adalat CC; Calan; Calan SR; Cardene; Cardizem; Cardizem CD; Cardizem SR; Dilacor-XR; DynaCirc; Isoptin; Isoptin SR; Nimotop; Plendil; Procardia; Procardia XL; Vascor; Verelan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202107.html
Candesartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atacand http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203598.html
Carvedilol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Coreg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203636.html
Clonidine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Catapres; Catapres-TTS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202152.html
Clonidine and Chlorthalidone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Combipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202153.html
Cyclosporine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neoral; Sandimmune; SangCya http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202176.html
Decongestants and Analgesics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Sinus Medicine; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Aspirin-Free Bayer Select Sinus Pain Relief Caplets; BC Cold Powder Non-Drowsy Fo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html
Diuretics, Loop •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bumex; Edecrin; Lasix; Myrosemide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202205.html
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactone; Dyrenium; Midamor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202206.html
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactazide; Dyazide; Maxzide; Moduretic; Spirozide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202207.html
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Diuretics, Thiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquatensen; Diucardin; Diulo; Diuril; Enduron; Esidrix; Hydro-chlor; Hydro-D; HydroDIURIL; Hydromox; Hygroton; Metahydrin; Microzide; Mykrox; Naqua; Naturetin; Oretic; Renese; Saluron; Thalitone; Trichlorex 10; Zaroxolyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202208.html
Doxazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardura http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202629.html
Enalapril and Felodipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lexxel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203638.html
Epoprostenol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flolan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203429.html
Eprosartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teveten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500044.html
Guanabenz •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wytensin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202271.html
Guanadrel •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hylorel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202272.html
Guanethidine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ismelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202273.html
Guanfacine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tenex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202275.html
Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html
Hydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Apresazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202286.html
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Indapamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lozol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202296.html
Irbesartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avapro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203379.html
Isoxsuprine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vasodilan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202310.html
Laxatives •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html
Losartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cozaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202767.html
Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hyzaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203639.html
Mecamylamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Inversine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202340.html
Methyldopa •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldomet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202359.html
Methyldopa and Thiazide Diuretics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldoclor; Aldoril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202360.html
Metyrosine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demser http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202368.html
Midodrine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: ProAmatine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203640.html
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Minoxidil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loniten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202373.html
Nisoldipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203431.html
Phenoxybenzamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dibenzyline http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202458.html
Phenylephrine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Dilate; Ak-Nefrin; Dilatair; I-Phrine; Mydfrin; Neofrin; Neo-Synephrine; Ocugestrin; Phenoptic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202461.html
Phenylpropanolamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note:; Propagest; Thinz-Span http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202462.html
Potassium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Kl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html
Prazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Minipress http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202475.html
Prazosin and Polythiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Minizide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202476.html
Rauwolfia Alkaloids •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Harmonyl; Raudixin; Rauval; Rauverid; Serpalan; Wolfina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202503.html
Rauwolfia Alkaloids and Thiazide Diuretics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demi-Regroton; Diupres; Diurigen with Reserpine; Diutensen-R; Enduronyl; Enduronyl Forte; Oreticyl; Oreticyl Forte; Rauzide; Regroton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202504.html
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Reserpine, Hydralazine, and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cam-Ap-Es; Cherapas; Ser-A-Gen; Seralazide; Ser-ApEs; Serpazide; Tri-Hydroserpine; Unipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202506.html
Sibutramine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Meridia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203725.html
Telmisartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Micardis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203710.html
Terazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hytrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202546.html
Torsemide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demadex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202740.html
Trandolapril and Verapamil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tarka http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203641.html
Valsartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diovan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203478.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by
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brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “high blood pressure” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on Hypertension in Diabetes Source: Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 1995. 26 p. Contact: Available from NHLBI Information Center. P.O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 251-1222. Fax (301) 251-1223. PRICE: $3.00; bulk discounts available. This publication is also available on the Internet at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhlbi/nhlbi.htm. Summary: This report is designed to increase awareness of the importance and implications of the problem of hypertension in persons with diabetes in community control programs; and to guide clinicians in their care of persons with the concomitant problems of hypertension and diabetes. Topics include definitions and diagnostic criteria; epidemiologic considerations; clinical trials; a guide to clinical evaluation; special considerations in patients with diabetes and hypertension, including kidney disease, secondary forms of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension with orthostatic hypotension, autonomic neuropathy, sexual dysfunction, lipid disorders, obesity, pregnancy, and children; treatment considerations, including lifestyle modifications, the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension, and drugs for managing hypertensive emergencies in patients with diabetes; and considerations in education, control, and maintenance. 3 figures. 116 references. (AA-M).
•
Working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy (Rev. ed.) Source: Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2000. 39 pp. Summary: This report provides guidance to the practicing physician in 1) managing hypertensive patients who become pregnant and 2) managing pregnant patients who become hypertensive. This report updates the 1990 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. It expands on recommendations made in the 6th Report of the Joint National Committee
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on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC v1). Sections of the report are devoted to classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; pathology and pathophysiology; differential diagnoses; chronic hypertension in pregnancy; preeclampsia; postpartum counseling and followup; and recommendations for future research. The section on management of hypertension in pregnancy contains recommendations on diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and lactation.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 162293 3189 1256 117 65 166920
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. 15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on high blood pressure can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to high blood pressure. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to high blood pressure. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “high blood pressure”:
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•
Other guides Preeclampsia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preeclampsia.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to high blood pressure, the following was listed: •
General/Overview Hypertension http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertensionloader.html JAMA Patient Page: Hypertension Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZI58IAQ8D& sub_cat=74 What Is High Blood Pressure? Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2112
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Diagnosis/Symptoms Essential Guide to Hypertension: Blood Pressure Classifications Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ7GMDWGL C&sub_cat=74 High Blood Pressure Detection Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/detect/detect.htm
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Treatment Alpha and Beta Blockers: How Do They Work? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00427 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/107/24/e215.pdf Facts about ALLHAT: New Findings about Drugs to Lower High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/allhat/facts.htm High Blood Pressure Drug Eases Vessel Stiffness, Lowers Systolic Pressures Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3002818
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Possible Side Effects of Blood Pressure-Lowering Drugs Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=593 Treatment of High Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/treat/treat.htm •
Nutrition Facts about the DASH Eating Plan http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf Making Healthy Food Choices Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=570 New Guidelines Focus on Fish, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3006624 Read the Food Label for Sodium! Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhbpep_kit/label.htm
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Alcohol: Does It Affect Blood Pressure? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00318 Essential Guide to Hypertension: Medications and Hypertension Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZIB7GWGLC &sub_cat=74 High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/main/uedocuments/HighBloodPressure-English.pdf High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease Source: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/highblood/index.htm Hypertension Drugs: Treating More Than Just Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00900 Hypertensive Crisis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00626 Medical Conditions That Cause Secondary Hypertension Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01345
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Safe and Effective Cold and Flu Medication for People with High Blood Pressure Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=580 Sleep Apnea: A Possible Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HI00017 Systolic High Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhbpep_kit/systolic.htm •
Children Hypertension Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/heart/hypertension.html
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From the National Institutes of Health Facts about ALLHAT: New Findings about Drugs to Lower High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/allhat/facts.htm Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/hbp_low/hbp_low.pdf
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Latest News Blood Pressure Drop After Stroke Not a Good Sign Source: 10/27/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14430 .html Forgive for Good Health Source: 10/29/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14462 .html High Blood Pressure Is a Factor in Some “Senior Moments” Source: 09/23/2003, American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3015552 Intervention Improves Control of High Blood Pressure in Young Inner-City African-American Men Source: 10/29/2003, National Institute of Nursing Research http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2003/ninr-29.htm More News on High Blood Pressure http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_h.html#H ighBloodPressure
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NHLBI Study Finds Hostility, Impatience Increase Hypertension Risk Source: 10/21/2003, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2003/nhlbi-21.htm Viagra Cuts Blood Pressure in Heart Transplantees Source: 10/24/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14411 .html •
Men Inflammation May Increase Stroke Risk in Men with Hypertension Source: American Stroke Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3006230
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Organizations American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
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Pictures/Diagrams Effect of High Blood Pressure on Your Body Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/hbp/effect/effect.htm
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Prevention/Screening New Normal: Experts Toughen Blood Pressure Goals Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HI00032 Prevention Experts Urge High Blood Pressure Screening for All Adults Age 18 and Older Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2003/highbppr.htm Protect Your Heart! Prevent High Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/chdblack/protect1.htm Risk Factors: Reduce Your Odds of Developing High Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HI00026
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Research Benefits of Losartan in Patients with Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy but No Vascular Disease Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/3/I-28
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Boys Thin at Birth But Heavy as Teens Face Risk for High Blood Pressure Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3008492 Diabetes and Hypertension Combo Invite Silent Stroke Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3015383 Effects of Blood Pressure Drugs in Patients with Diabetes and Kidney Disease Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/7/I-43 Hypertension-Related Eye Damage More Common in Blacks Than Whites Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3010303 Intervention Improves Control of High Blood Pressure in Young Inner-City African-American Men Source: National Institute of Nursing Research http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2003/ninr-29.htm Morning Surge in Blood Pressure Linked to Strokes in Elderly Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3009554 NHLBI Study Finds All-in-one Approach to Lifestyle Changes Effectively Lowers Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/apr2003/nhlbi-22.htm NHLBI Study Finds Hostility, Impatience Increase Hypertension Risk Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2003/nhlbi-21.htm NHLBI Study Finds Traditional Diuretics Better Than Newer Medicines for Treating Hypertension Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec2002/nhlbi-17.htm •
Statistics FASTATS: Hypertension Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/hyprtens.htm High Blood Pressure Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/cvh/library/fs_bloodpressure.htm
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Teenagers Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/heart/hypertension.html
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Women About High Blood Pressure: A Special Message for Women Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2123 High Blood Pressure in African American Women http://www.4woman.gov/faq/easyread/Highblood-etr.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on high blood pressure. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
1 Out of Every 3 People with Kidney Failure is African American: High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease Source: Rockville, MD: American Kidney Fund. 199x. [6 p.]. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852-9813. (800) 638-8299 or (301) 881-3052. Fax (301) 881-0898. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: High blood pressure is the leading cause of kidney failure in African Americans. This brochure encourages African Americans to learn about high blood pressure (hypertension) and kidney disease. The brochure emphasizes that kidney failure from hypertension is preventable; high blood pressure cannot be cured, but it can be controlled. Written in question and answer format, the brochure describes how blood pressure is monitored and measured, the risk factors for high blood pressure (including being African American, overweight, older, or in a family with high blood pressure, lack of exercise, eating too much salt, and smoking cigarettes), treatment options for hypertension, the complications that can arise from high blood pressure, how hypertension affects the kidneys, the role of the kidneys, what happens to the body in kidney failure, the warning signs of kidney disease, the role of diabetes in kidney disease, and the activities of the American Kidney Fund (AKF), an organization that helps people of all races cope with the effects of kidney disease. The warning signs of kidney disease include swelling of parts of the body (especially around the eyes or ankles), pain in the lower back, burning or unusual sensation during urination, bloody or coffee colored urine, urinating more often (especially at night), listless or tired feeling, and high blood pressure. The brochure includes a tear off card for readers to return to
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the AKF to obtain more information, to volunteer, or to contribute money. The brochure is written in nontechnical language. •
High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease. [La Tension Arterial Alta y la Enfermedad de los Rinones] Source: Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 2002. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390 or (301) 654-4415. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk orders available. NIH Publication number: 014572. Summary: The kidneys play a key role in keeping the blood pressure in a healthy range, and blood pressure, in turn, can affect the health of the kidneys. High blood pressure (hypertension) can damage the kidneys. This brochure describes the interplay between hypertension and kidney disease. Topics include a definition of high blood pressure; how hypertension hurts the kidneys; diagnostic tests used to confirm and monitor blood pressure; the diagnosis of kidney damage; medications that can be useful to control hypertension; groups who are at high risk for kidney failure related to hypertension; and current research in this area. One sidebar describes five specific lifestyle changes that can help control blood pressure: maintain normal body weight, limit daily sodium intake, get plenty of exercise, avoid consuming to much alcohol, and limit caffeine intake. The brochure concludes with the contact information for three resource organizations, and a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 1 figure.
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High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease Source: Lexington, KY: Virgil Smirnow Associates. Health Quality, Inc. 1993. 18 p. Contact: Available from Health Information Library. P.O. Box 55109, Lexington, KY 40555. (606) 299-8475. PRICE: $1.95 each for 1-99 copies; plus shipping and handling. Summary: The purpose of this booklet is to provide general information to patients and to the public about the relationships between hypertension and kidney diseases. The booklet is not intended as a detailed description of hypertension and its management, but rather as an explanation of kidney impairment in which hypertension is a significant causative or resultant factor. Written in detailed, but layperson's language, the brochure provides a definition of hypertension and then discusses how blood pressure is measured; its causes; secondary hypertension; the prevalence of hypertension; the effects of hypertension; malignant hypertension; stepped care; how hypertension is controlled; the side effects of hypertension medications; the kidneys and hypertension; how hypertension affects the kidneys; diagnostic factors; the relationship between endstage renal disease and hypertension; children and young people with hypertension; and how to avoid kidney damage from hypertension. The booklet concludes with an order form for the kidney series of booklets available from the Health Information Library.
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Protect Your Heart! Prevent High Blood Pressure Source: Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Office of Research on Minority Health. 8p. 1997. Contact: NHLBI Information Center. Attention: Web Site P.O. Box 30105 Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. Phone 301-592-8573. Fax: 301-592- 8563 E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www:nhlbi.nih.gov. Summary: This article, aimed at African Americans, explains high blood pressure and how it affects health. Ways of preventing high blood pressure are suggested, such as becoming physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, eating less salt, increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, and reducing alcohol intake. If readers take medication for their high blood pressure, they are urged to take it consistently and not skip any doses.
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High Blood Pressure: What You Can Do Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from ETR Associates. 4 Carbonero Way, Scotts Valley, CA 950664200. (800) 321-4407. Fax (800) 435-8433. Website: www.etr.org.PRICE: $1.00 plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available. Order number: R864. Summary: This booklet focuses on steps people who have high blood pressure can take to manage this problem. The booklet explains what high blood pressure is and how blood pressure is measured. This is followed by a checklist of reasons people may have for managing their blood pressure and a checklist of steps people are already taking to lower their blood pressure. The booklet then offers tips for making an action plan, eating healthy foods, being active, losing weight, relaxing, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol. The brochure also lists sources of additional information. 7 figures.
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About High Blood Pressure: Control, Risk, Lifestyle, Weight Source: Dallas, TX: American Heart Association. 1995. 17 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company/American Heart Association Fulfillment Center. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 611-6083. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $7.50 for 50 copies. Summary: This booklet provides basic information about hypertension (high blood pressure). The booklet notes that adults have hypertension if their blood pressure remains above the threshold of 140 over 90. Approximately 90 percent of the cases of high blood pressure have no known causes. However, researchers have determined that some controllable risk factors for high blood pressure include obesity, excessive salt intake, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, and stress. Uncontrollable risk factors include race, heredity, and age. The booklet points out that an inactive lifestyle makes it easier for people to become overweight and therefore increases the chance of high blood pressure. High blood pressure has no symptoms, so adults should have a health care professional check their blood pressure at least once a year. Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can usually be controlled. When compared with people who have controlled high blood pressure, people with uncontrolled high blood pressure are on average three times more likely to develop coronary heart disease, six times more likely to develop congestive heart failure, and seven times more likely to have a stroke. Most treatments for high blood pressure involve a combination of diet,
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exercise, and medication. The booklet concludes with a list of related brochures available from the American Heart Association. •
Living With High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1994. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet provides general information for people with high blood pressure and diabetes. The booklet focuses on preventing the complications of these two diseases. Written in a question-and-answer format, it covers the following topics: a definition of high blood pressure and how it is measured; the causes of high blood pressure; how diabetes increases one's chances of developing high blood pressure; the interaction of blood pressure and diabetes; the symptoms of complications; risk factors and diagnostic screening tests for kidney disease; treatment options for high blood pressure; medications and their side effects; recommendations for self-care; and pregnancy in women with diabetes and high blood pressure. The booklet concludes with a list of the other materials in the Living With High Blood Pressure program.
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High Blood Pressure and Your Kidneys Source: Montreal, Quebec: Kidney Foundation of Canada. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Kidney Foundation of Canada. 300-5165, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H4A 1T6. (514) 369-4806. Fax (514) 369-2472. Website: www.kidney.ca. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure answers common questions about high blood pressure and the kidneys. High blood pressure (hypertension) occurs when blood vessels become narrower, forcing the heart to pump harder to push blood through the body. If high blood pressure is left uncontrolled, it can damage the kidneys (kidney failure), heart (heart attacks), and brain (stroke). High blood pressure is a silent disease; there are no clear signs or warning signals. The causes of high blood pressure are not fully understood, but there are risk factors for developing hypertension, including family history of the problem, age, high sodium (salt) diet, and race. The brochure reviews the interplay between hypertension, kidney disease, and diabetes; describes the physiological role of the kidneys and why they are so important; and explains how hypertension can hurt the kidneys and reduce their effectiveness. The brochure also provides suggestions for healthier living to treat or prevent hypertension. One section reviews the warning signs of kidney disease. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the Kidney Foundation of Canada, including patient services and public education programs. 1 figure.
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Your Kidneys and High Blood Pressure: African-American Health Education Program Source: Cincinnati, OH: Kidney Foundation of Greater Cincinnati. 1997. [1 p.]. Contact: Available from Kidney Foundation of Greater Cincinnati. 220 Victory Parkway, Suite 510, Cincinnati, OH 45206. (513) 961-8105. Fax (513) 961-8120. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure discusses kidneys and high blood pressure. The brochure is from the African American Health Education Program of the Kidney Foundation of Greater Cincinnati. This program was specially designed for adults and children in the
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African American community at risk for kidney disease, particularly those who have, or who are at risk of having, high blood pressure or diabetes. The mission of the program is to prevent or slow down the onset of kidney disease within the African American community through ministry, education, and counseling. The brochure answers common questions about blood pressure, including why measuring blood pressure is important, the problems associated with high blood pressure, factors that contribute to high blood pressure (including heredity, age, race, obesity, and sensitivity to salt), how to lower the risks associated with high blood pressure, and how to tell if one's blood pressure is high. The brochure stresses that people with kidney disease due to diabetes who control their blood pressure are half as likely to lose kidney function. The brochure includes a check list of strategies to employ after finding out that high blood pressure is present. These strategies include the following: have blood pressure checked regularly, maintain appropriate weight levels, do not use excessive salt, do not smoke cigarettes, eat a low fat diet, take medications exactly as prescribed, see a health care provider regularly, and follow the physician's advice about exercise. •
High Blood Pressure and Your Kidneys. [Acerca de Presion Arterial Alta y las Enfermedades de Rinones] Source: New York: National Kidney Foundation. 2001. 11 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure discusses the interrelationship of high blood pressure and kidney disease. Written in a question and answer format and designed for the person who as been diagnosed with high blood pressure, the brochure discusses the causes, detection, and dangers of high blood pressure. In addition, the incidence of high blood pressure in the black population is considered briefly. The final sections present information about how high blood pressure is treated, including the various medications used and their potential side effects. The brochure is available in English or Spanish.
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High Blood Pressure and its Effects on the Kidneys Source: Rockville, MD: American Kidney Fund. 1995. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Boulevard, Suite 1010 Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299. Fax (301) 881-0898. PRICE: Single copy free; additional copies $0.15 each plus shipping (as of 1995). Summary: This brochure explains the symptoms, causes, effects, and treatment of hypertension. The damage to the body caused by hypertension is explained, with particular emphasis on how hypertension affects the kidneys. A list of factors that can aggravate hypertension is also given.
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High Blood Pressure and Diabetes: A Dangerous Combination Source: Clinical Diabetes. 14(4): 95. July-August 1996. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Reproducible. Summary: This fact sheet provides information about high blood pressure and diabetes. Topics include determining if high blood pressure is present; steps to take to lower hypertension without medication; the use of antihypertensive medications, including
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diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators, alpha blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers; and the side effects of some hypertensive medications. One chart lists the ranges of blood pressure readings from high normal to very severe hypertension. The fact sheet includes the toll-free number of the American Diabetes Association (800342-2383). •
About High Blood Pressure Source: Dallas: The Association, 17 p., 1995. Contact: American Heart Association, National Center, 7272 Greenville Ave., Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: This pamphlet explains what high blood pressure is, and how it is affected by various factors. The author distinguishes between controllable factors, such as obesity, salt intake, physical inactivity, and stress, and uncontrollable factors, such as race, heredity, and age. The brochure then goes on to offer suggestions on how to change the controllable factors by losing weight, changing the diet, and becoming more active.
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Your Podiatric Physician Talks About High Blood Pressure Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 366-8227 or (301) 581-9200. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have foot problems with information on high blood pressure. A podiatrist is concerned about hypertension and vascular disease, so he or she should know whether a patient has rheumatic heart disease, diabetes, ulceration, swollen feet, or burning feet. In addition, the pamphlet explains that a podiatrist assists in controlling high blood pressure by taking every patient's blood pressure on a routine basis; referring all patients who have high blood pressure to their physicians for evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment; and encouraging patients to adhere to treatment.
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Living With High Blood Pressure and Eating Healthy Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1994. 5 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education booklet is one of a series on living with high blood pressure. Designed for patients newly diagnosed with hypertension, the booklet gives general information about the role diet plays in treating high blood pressure. Written in question-and-answer format, the booklet covers topics including blood pressure measurement; the causes of hypertension; the complications associated with hypertension; treatment options; how weight loss and exercise can help control high blood pressure; dietary changes recommended for people with hypertension; limiting sodium intake; the effects of potassium and calcium on blood pressure; the importance of following medication guidelines, even while utilizing diet therapy; patients with diabetes; and patients with kidney function. The brochure concludes with a list of the other resources in the Living With High Blood Pressure program. The brochure presents information in clear, easy-to-understand language.
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Living With High Blood Pressure: An Introduction Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1994. 5 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education booklet is the first in a series on living with high blood pressure. Designed for patients newly diagnosed with hypertension, the booklet answers basic questions in the areas of blood pressure measurement; the causes of hypertension; the complications associated with hypertension; treatment options; side effects attributable to hypertension medications; and the role of diet therapy. The brochure concludes with a list of the other resources in the Living With High Blood Pressure program. The brochure presents information in clear, easy-to-understand language.
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “high blood pressure” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
National High Blood Pressure Education Program: Working Group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1990 (revised 2000 Jul); 39 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1478&nbr=704&am p;string=high+AND+blood+AND+pressure
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Primary prevention of hypertension. Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 October 16); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3482&nbr=2708&a mp;string=high+AND+blood+AND+pressure
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Screening for high blood pressure: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2003 July 14); 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3853&nbr=3068&a mp;string=high+AND+blood+AND+pressure
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The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1997 (revised 2003 May 21); 22 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3744&nbr=2970&a mp;string=high+AND+blood+AND+pressure Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Blood Pressure Testing and Measurement Summary: Information about at-home high blood pressure monitoring. Source: American Heart Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3826
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Controlling High Blood Pressure: A Woman's Guide Summary: Three out of every four women with high blood pressure know they have it. Yet fewer than one in three are controlling it. This easy-to-read guide tells women how to control their high blood pressure. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=717
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Facts About Heart Disease and Women: Preventing and Controlling High Blood Pressure Summary: If you have high blood pressure, you can control it with proper treatment. If you don't have high blood pressure now, you can take steps to prevent it from developing. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=242
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healthfinder® just for you: Adults Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: Adults section features topics such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical activity. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7017
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healthfinder® just for you: Blacks or African Americans Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: Blacks or African Americans section features topics such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7021
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High Blood Pressure Summary: The American Heart Association provides this site as a service to the general public. Users can get general information about high blood pressure risks, prevention and management. Source: American Heart Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3827
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High Blood Pressure Guidelines (JNC VI) Summary: This is an update of the previous guideline (JNC V, 1992), and contains important new information for clinicians. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2610
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High Blood Pressure: Tips for Keeping It Under Control Summary: You can have high blood pressure (HBP) and still feel just fine. That’s because HBP does not cause symptoms. But, HBP (sometimes called hypertension) is a major health problem. Source: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=36
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Men: Eat 9 A Day for Better Health Summary: Black men are at high risk for many serious and potentially fatal diseases including many cancers, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7470
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Questions To Ask Your Doctor If You Have High Blood Pressure Summary: Questions you should ask if your doctor prescribes a drug to treat your blood pressure. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5290
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Take Steps--Prevent High Blood Pressure Summary: This publication is part of a set of booklets that present key steps that Latinos can take to reduce their chances of having a heart attack or stroke. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3173
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Tips for Reducing Sodium in Your Diet Summary: Written specifically for persons with high blood pressure, following these tips will help you to reduce salt and sodium in your diet. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5291
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Tips On How To Make Healthier Meals Summary: These tips were written specifically for persons with high blood pressure but may be used by anyone who would like to improve their eating habits. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5289
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Tips To Help You Remember To Take Your High Blood Pressure Medicine Summary: This mini fact sheet presents advice for patients with high blood pressure. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5227
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Your Guide to Lowering High Blood Pressure Summary: Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure is intended for people who are interested in learning more about preventing and controlling high blood pressure. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6385 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to high blood pressure. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to high blood pressure. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with high blood pressure. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about high blood pressure. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “high blood pressure” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “high blood pressure”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “high blood pressure” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “high blood pressure” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acupuncture Points: Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar
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tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenalin: A hormone of the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in
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birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]
that
produce
immediate
hypersensitivity
Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.
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Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH]
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Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including
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phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Coarctation: Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, caused by deformity of the aortic media. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the
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arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as
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the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]
Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavioral Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH]
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Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut
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walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Butylated Hydroxytoluene: Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH]
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Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]
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Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiological: Relating to the study of the heart. [EU] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral
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proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chaos: Complex behavior that seems random but actually has some hidden order. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental
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protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrization: The formation of a cicatrix or scar. [EU] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,
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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2.
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Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]
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Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH]
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Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH]
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Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depreciation: Decline in value of capital assets of a permanent or fixed nature over time with use. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina
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and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by
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the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Educational Status: Educational attainment or level of education of individuals. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH]
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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]
Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used
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for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse
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submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU]
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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have
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less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]
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Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]
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Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hate: An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially
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lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhagic stroke: A disorder involving bleeding within ischemic brain tissue. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels that are damaged or dead from lack of blood supply (infarcted), located within an area of infarcted brain tissue, rupture and transform an "ischemic" stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia is inadequate tissue oxygenation caused by reduced blood flow; infarction is tissue death resulting from ischemia. Bleeding irritates the brain tissues, causing swelling (cerebral edema). Blood collects into a mass (hematoma). Both swelling and hematoma will compress and displace brain tissue. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
High blood cholesterol: Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones. The relationship between the intake of cholesterol and its manufacture by the body to its utilization, sequestration, or excretion from the body is called the cholesterol balance. When cholesterol accumulates, the balance is positive; when it declines, the balance is negative. In 1993, the NHLBI National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults issued an updated set of recommendations for monitoring and treatment of blood cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines recommended that total cholesterol levels and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be measured beginning at age 20 in all adults, with subsequent periodic screenings as needed. Even in the group of patients at lowest risk for coronary heart disease (total cholesterol 200 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL), the NCEP recommended that rescreening take place at least once every 5 years or upon physical examination. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH]
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Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of
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exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertension, Pulmonary: Increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation, usually secondary to cardiac or pulmonary disease. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU]
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Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]
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Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism: The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA
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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning
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secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or
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animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of
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plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]
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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]
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Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nail Biting: Common form of habitual body manipulation which is an expression of tension. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH]
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Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-
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anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio
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of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.
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[EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
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Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]
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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the
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platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podiatrist: A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,
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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]
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Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
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[NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.
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[NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of
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treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another,
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all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rosiglitazone: A drug taken to help reduce the amount of sugar in the blood. Rosiglitazone helps make insulin more effective and improves regulation of blood sugar. It belongs to the family of drugs called thiazolidinediones. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saralasin: 1-(N-Methylglycine)-5-L-valine-8-L-alanineangiotensin II. An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of
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epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcosine: Methylamino-acetic acid. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important
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physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH]
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Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphygmomanometer: Consisting of a blood pressure cuff which is applied to the arm and inflated to approximately 100 mm Hg, in order to distend and locate the anticubital vessel; to measure blood pressure. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
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[NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a
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smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH]
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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for
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increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tractus: A part of some structure, usually that part along which something passes. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
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Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Calculi: Calculi in any part of the urinary tract. According to their composition or pattern of chemical composition distribution, urinary calculi types may include alternating or combination, cystine, decubitus, encysted, fibrin, hemp seed, matrix, mulberry, oxalate, struvite, urostealith, and xanthic calculi. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH]
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Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]
Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei
Dictionary 315
(cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
317
INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 137, 253 A Abdomen, 253, 261, 286, 288, 297, 308, 309, 311, 314 Abdominal, 100, 164, 178, 253, 296, 297, 300, 304 Aberrant, 25, 253 Acceptor, 253, 288, 295 ACE, 5, 104, 124, 164, 171, 172, 187, 208, 238, 253 Acetylcholine, 154, 253, 293, 294 Acidosis, 253, 287 Acrylonitrile, 253, 305 Activities of Daily Living, 13, 253 Acupuncture Points, 173, 253 Acyl, 162, 253 Adaptation, 30, 253, 298 Adenine, 161, 162, 253, 303 Adenocarcinoma, 253, 282 Adenosine, 253, 262, 298 Adipose Tissue, 32, 164, 178, 253, 296 Adjustment, 21, 152, 253, 254 Adjuvant, 9, 254, 278 Adrenal Cortex, 254, 255, 270, 300, 304 Adrenal Glands, 254, 304 Adrenal Medulla, 254, 275, 276, 294 Adrenalin, 8, 254 Adrenergic, 41, 138, 139, 208, 212, 254, 257, 258, 259, 273, 276, 300, 301 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 254, 257 Adverse Effect, 254, 267, 304, 307 Aerobic, 8, 195, 203, 254 Aerobic Exercise, 8, 195, 254 Affinity, 169, 183, 254, 267, 308 Age of Onset, 254, 313 Ageing, 37, 55, 254 Agonist, 164, 178, 254, 273 Air Sacs, 254, 255 Airway, 27, 158, 255, 307 Alanine, 255, 305 Aldosterone, 14, 91, 107, 112, 166, 255 Alertness, 255, 262 Algorithms, 30, 255, 261 Alkaline, 253, 255, 262 Alkaloid, 255, 296, 298, 304 Allergens, 173, 255 Alloys, 255, 267
Alpha Particles, 255, 303 Alpha-1, 255, 273, 300 Alternative medicine, 206, 255 Alveoli, 173, 255, 314 Ameliorated, 169, 182, 183, 255 Ameliorating, 26, 255 Amine, 255, 282 Amlodipine, 138, 169, 183, 212, 256 Amplification, 32, 256 Ampulla, 256, 266 Anabolic, 171, 256 Anal, 256, 275, 289 Analog, 256, 305 Analogous, 164, 256, 312 Anatomical, 256, 259, 265, 269, 272, 284, 306 Anemia, 256, 267, 289 Anesthesia, 255, 256, 274 Aneurysm, 256, 278, 314 Angina, 129, 165, 166, 169, 170, 179, 182, 254, 256, 286, 294, 301 Angina Pectoris, 169, 170, 179, 182, 254, 256, 286, 301 Anginal, 256, 294 Angioedema, 129, 171, 172, 256 Angioplasty, 170, 256 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 4, 102, 163, 171, 256 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 186, 256, 257 Angiotensinogen, 63, 161, 166, 256, 304 Animal model, 20, 257 Anions, 257, 286 Antagonism, 257, 262, 267, 272 Antibacterial, 257, 308 Antibiotic, 257, 308 Antibodies, 257, 281, 284 Antibody, 254, 257, 268, 281, 283, 284, 285, 308 Anticoagulant, 30, 257, 302 Antidepressant, 253, 257 Antidote, 257, 263 Antiepileptic, 253, 257 Antigen, 254, 255, 257, 268, 279, 283, 284, 285 Antihypertensive, 3, 21, 38, 61, 65, 73, 74, 80, 98, 116, 117, 119, 160, 164, 166, 169, 183, 237, 257, 304
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Antihypertensive Agents, 3, 166, 257 Anti-inflammatory, 45, 89, 257, 259, 270, 271, 279 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 257, 259, 270 Antioxidant, 168, 257, 259, 262, 296 Antipsychotic, 257, 267, 293, 304 Antithrombotic, 170, 258 Antiviral, 258, 297 Anuria, 258, 287 Anus, 256, 258, 261, 268, 303 Anxiety, 18, 24, 35, 254, 258, 301 Anxiety Disorders, 35, 258 Aorta, 258, 300, 304, 314 Aortic Coarctation, 81, 258 Apathy, 258, 293 Apnea, 111, 113, 134, 230, 258 Apolipoproteins, 258, 288 Aponeurosis, 258, 278 Arachidonic Acid, 258, 301 Arginine, 139, 173, 258, 294 Arrhythmia, 130, 176, 258, 314 Arteries, 29, 38, 56, 60, 86, 190, 193, 201, 208, 258, 259, 261, 265, 269, 270, 289, 291, 292 Arteriolar, 10, 258, 259, 261, 277, 304 Arterioles, 29, 258, 259, 261, 263, 291, 292, 314 Arteriolosclerosis, 258, 259 Arteriosclerosis, 14, 129, 167, 171, 259, 284, 292 Arteriovenous, 259, 265, 291 Arteritis, 208, 259 Ascorbic Acid, 173, 259, 283 Aspirin, 71, 72, 213, 259 Astringents, 259, 291 Asymptomatic, 106, 160, 259 Atenolol, 60, 259 Atrial, 30, 41, 180, 259 Atrial Fibrillation, 30, 259 Atrium, 259, 314 Attenuation, 259, 303 Atypical, 259, 267 Auditory, 259, 290, 314 Autoimmune disease, 178, 179, 259 Autonomic, 19, 20, 155, 224, 253, 258, 259, 278, 294, 297, 308, 310 Autonomic Nervous System, 19, 155, 259, 297, 308, 310 Autonomic Neuropathy, 224, 259 Autoradiography, 20, 260 Axillary, 260, 261 Axillary Artery, 260, 261
Axons, 260, 295, 305 B Bacteria, 253, 257, 260, 275, 291, 308, 312, 314 Bacterial Physiology, 253, 260 Bactericidal, 260, 276 Baroreflex, 8, 23, 44, 55, 59, 260 Basal Ganglia, 258, 260, 278 Base, 253, 260, 271, 286, 287 Behavioral Sciences, 10, 260 Benign, 130, 259, 260, 278, 281, 292 Beta blocker, 4, 5, 43, 71, 186, 195, 208, 238, 260 Bile, 260, 278, 282, 283, 286, 288, 309 Bile Pigments, 260, 286 Biliary, 260, 263, 266 Biological Markers, 172, 260 Biological therapy, 261, 280 Biotechnology, 31, 32, 206, 223, 261 Bladder, 260, 261, 268, 288, 293, 301, 304, 313 Blastocyst, 261, 269 Blood Coagulation, 163, 261, 262, 311 Blood Coagulation Factors, 261 Blood Glucose, 5, 186, 200, 201, 203, 204, 261, 281, 285 Body Composition, 8, 261 Body Fluids, 202, 261, 273, 308 Body Mass Index, 110, 261, 295 Bone Marrow, 130, 261, 279, 284, 289 Bone Resorption, 28, 261 Bowel, 256, 261, 272, 285, 286, 297, 309 Bowel Movement, 261, 272, 309 Brachial, 154, 261 Brachial Artery, 154, 261 Bradykinin, 154, 261, 286, 294 Brain Ischemia, 262, 265 Brain Stem, 262, 265 Branch, 249, 262, 274, 289, 290, 296, 302, 304, 308, 311 Bronchi, 262, 276 Bronchial, 202, 262, 282 Bronchiectasis, 202, 262 Bronchioles, 173, 255, 262 Bronchitis, 130, 202, 262, 266 Buccal, 262, 289 Buffers, 26, 260, 262 Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 163, 262 C Caffeine, 5, 28, 186, 234, 262, 303 Calcification, 259, 262 Calcium blocker, 169, 182, 262
Index 319
Calcium Carbonate, 181, 262 Calcium channel blocker, 5, 107, 169, 182, 208, 238, 256, 257, 263, 314 Calcium Channel Blockers, 5, 107, 169, 183, 208, 238, 257, 263 Calcium Channels, 263, 296 Calcium Chloride, 181, 263 Calcium Hydroxide, 181, 263 Calculi, 263, 313 Calmodulin, 28, 263 Capillary, 72, 261, 263, 314 Capillary Permeability, 261, 263 Captopril, 71, 140, 164, 263 Carbohydrate, 263, 270, 280 Carbon Dioxide, 263, 271, 278, 304 Carboxy, 164, 263 Carcinogenic, 263, 285, 301, 309 Carcinoma, 263 Cardiac Output, 25, 260, 264 Cardiological, 116, 264 Cardiorespiratory, 254, 264 Cardioselective, 259, 264, 301 Cardiovascular, 4, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 42, 45, 46, 47, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75, 76, 86, 91, 96, 102, 116, 130, 159, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 176, 179, 182, 196, 200, 201, 224, 260, 263, 264, 307, 308 Cardiovascular System, 201, 260, 264 Carnitine, 125, 264 Carotene, 139, 264, 304 Case report, 35, 264, 266 Catalytic Domain, 180, 264 Catecholamines, 24, 41, 98, 254, 264, 273, 304 Catheter, 154, 264, 274, 288 Catheterization, 256, 264 Cations, 264, 286 Causal, 65, 264, 275, 286 Cause of Death, 16, 17, 264 Cell Differentiation, 264, 307 Cell Division, 260, 264, 265, 280, 290, 298, 301 Cell membrane, 263, 264, 271, 278, 296, 298, 315 Cell proliferation, 179, 259, 265, 307 Cell Respiration, 265, 304 Cell Survival, 265, 280 Central Nervous System Infections, 265, 281 Cerebellum, 265
Cerebral, 29, 93, 163, 165, 166, 180, 260, 262, 265, 269, 276, 282, 290, 296, 302 Cerebral Arteries, 29, 265 Cerebral Cortex, 265, 276 Cerebral Infarction, 265 Cerebrovascular, 8, 15, 29, 160, 163, 169, 182, 224, 263, 264, 265 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 169, 183, 265 Cerebrum, 265 Chaos, 10, 265 Character, 256, 265, 271, 280 Chemotherapeutic agent, 158, 265 Chest Pain, 28, 192, 265 Chin, 265, 290 Chloroform, 160, 266 Cholestasis, 202, 266 Cholesterol Esters, 266, 288 Chromosomal, 256, 266 Chromosome, 40, 266, 288, 313 Chronic Disease, 15, 106, 232, 266 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 202, 266 Chronic renal, 19, 266, 278, 299 Chylomicrons, 266, 288 Cicatrix, 266 Cicatrization, 159, 266 Circulatory system, 162, 167, 266, 274 Cirrhosis, 153, 202, 266, 299 CIS, 158, 266, 304 Citrus, 259, 266 Clamp, 266, 296 Climacteric, 88, 266 Clinical study, 266, 269 Clinical trial, 6, 9, 32, 117, 153, 155, 223, 224, 266, 269, 273, 302, 303 Cloning, 261, 267 Clozapine, 6, 267 Coagulation, 261, 267, 311 Cobalt, 12, 267 Cochlear, 267, 311, 314, 315 Cochlear Diseases, 267, 311 Coenzyme, 141, 259, 267 Cofactor, 267, 302, 311 Cognition, 267, 293 Cognitive restructuring, 267, 309 Cohort Studies, 267, 275 Colitis, 267, 285 Collagen, 81, 171, 256, 267, 278, 299, 301 Collapse, 267, 307 Colloidal, 268, 274 Colon, 135, 180, 267, 268, 285, 287 Combination Therapy, 4, 268
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Complement, 268 Complementary and alternative medicine, 127, 149, 268 Complementary medicine, 127, 268 Compliance, 8, 15, 18, 21, 25, 33, 42, 54, 64, 106, 118, 152, 268 Compress, 268, 282 Computational Biology, 223, 268 Computer Systems, 15, 269 Conception, 25, 269, 277 Concomitant, 158, 224, 269 Cones, 269, 305 Congestion, 258, 269, 271 Congestive heart failure, 4, 165, 166, 180, 201, 235, 269, 288 Connective Tissue, 259, 261, 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 289, 291, 311 Consciousness, 269, 271, 273, 302 Constrict, 154, 269 Constriction, 29, 154, 172, 173, 269, 286, 314 Constriction, Pathologic, 269, 314 Consumption, 5, 36, 79, 185, 235, 269, 296 Contractility, 25, 28, 256, 269 Contraindications, ii, 269 Control group, 15, 269, 303 Controlled clinical trial, 18, 269 Convulsions, 269, 273, 300 Convulsive, 169, 183, 269 Coordination, 12, 22, 265, 269 Coronary, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 30, 43, 83, 90, 94, 102, 114, 117, 130, 162, 163, 164, 170, 178, 186, 235, 256, 264, 269, 270, 282, 291, 292, 294 Coronary Circulation, 256, 269, 294 Coronary heart disease, 16, 17, 24, 25, 43, 83, 102, 114, 163, 170, 235, 264, 269, 282 Coronary Thrombosis, 270, 291, 292 Coronary Vessels, 162, 269, 270 Cortex, 270 Cortical, 10, 270, 276 Corticosteroid, 270, 309 Cortisol, 24, 112, 164, 178, 270 Cortisone, 270, 271 Cranial, 265, 270, 281, 286, 295, 297, 314 Craniocerebral Trauma, 270, 281, 311 Creatinine, 45, 95, 270, 287 Cross-Sectional Studies, 270, 275 Curative, 11, 270, 293, 311 Cutaneous, 270, 289 Cyclic, 28, 151, 170, 179, 262, 263, 270, 280, 294, 301
Cystine, 270, 313 Cytotoxic, 270, 307 Cytotoxicity, 181, 270 D Dairy Products, 8, 181, 270 Data Collection, 15, 271, 277 Decarboxylation, 271, 282 Decongestant, 41, 271 Decubitus, 271, 313 Degenerative, 271, 282, 305 Dementia, 27, 65, 258, 271 Dendrites, 271, 293 Density, 7, 15, 60, 261, 271, 273, 282, 288, 295, 303, 308 Dental Care, 203, 271 Dentists, 53, 68, 271 Depolarization, 29, 271, 307 Depreciation, 11, 271 Depressive Disorder, 271, 288 Dermis, 256, 271 Deuterium, 271, 283 Dexamethasone, 164, 178, 271 DHEA, 141, 271 Diabetes Insipidus, 271, 283 Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 65, 66, 74, 83, 131, 164, 170, 178, 207, 271, 279, 281 Diabetic Retinopathy, 224, 271 Diagnostic procedure, 157, 206, 272 Dialyzer, 272, 281 Diarrhea, 11, 28, 272, 275, 287 Diastole, 272 Diastolic, 5, 9, 19, 27, 55, 78, 90, 160, 162, 201, 272, 284 Diastolic blood pressure, 5, 19, 55, 160, 162, 272 Diencephalon, 265, 272, 284 Dietary Fats, 200, 272 Digestion, 260, 261, 272, 285, 286, 288, 309 Digestive system, 156, 272 Digestive tract, 260, 272, 307 Dilatation, 72, 163, 256, 262, 272, 314 Dilatation, Pathologic, 272, 314 Dilate, 154, 216, 272 Dilation, 162, 202, 261, 272, 314 Dilator, 272, 294 Diltiazem, 142, 169, 183, 272 Dimethyl, 272, 286 Direct, iii, 19, 50, 107, 186, 211, 272, 273, 296, 303, 310 Discrete, 174, 175, 272, 311 Discrimination, 26, 98, 272 Disinfectant, 272, 276
Index 321
Disposition, 173, 272 Dissociation, 254, 272 Diuresis, 262, 273 Diuretics, Thiazide, 214, 257, 273 Dopamine, 258, 267, 273, 293, 298 Double-blind, 61, 273 Doxazosin, 160, 214, 273 Drug Interactions, 71, 217, 218, 273 Drug Tolerance, 273, 311 Duct, 28, 256, 264, 273, 305, 309 Dyes, 273, 294 Dyslipidemia, 8, 25, 102, 200, 273 E Eclampsia, 273, 300 Edema, 174, 256, 271, 273, 278, 282, 283, 286, 300 Educational Status, 100, 273 Effector, 253, 268, 273 Efficacy, 3, 8, 9, 14, 19, 20, 24, 114, 153, 163, 274, 312 Egg Yolk, 171, 274 Elastic, 274, 280, 308 Elasticity, 162, 259, 274 Elastin, 267, 274 Electrocardiogram, 176, 274 Electrolyte, 19, 216, 255, 270, 274, 287, 299, 308 Electrophoresis, 28, 274 Electrophysiological, 20, 274, 314 Embryo, 261, 264, 274 Emollient, 274, 280 Emphysema, 202, 266, 274 Emulsion, 260, 274 Enalapril, 142, 164, 214, 274 Endarterectomy, 256, 274 Endemic, 274, 289 Endocrine System, 274, 293 Endogenous, 179, 261, 273, 274, 275 Endorphins, 274, 293 Endothelial cell, 170, 275, 311 Endothelium, 25, 28, 60, 275, 294 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 275 Endothelium, Vascular, 275 Endothelium-derived, 275, 294 Endotoxic, 275, 288 End-stage renal, 19, 234, 266, 275, 299 Enkephalins, 275, 293 Enterotoxins, 28, 275 Environmental Exposure, 260, 275 Environmental Health, 222, 224, 275 Enzymatic, 172, 256, 262, 264, 268, 275, 282, 304
Enzyme Inhibitors, 30, 275 Epidemic, 65, 122, 206, 275 Epidemiologic Studies, 16, 17, 260, 275 Epidemiological, 13, 26, 36, 85, 275 Epidermal, 28, 275 Epidermal Growth Factor, 28, 275 Epidermis, 271, 275, 276 Epinephrine, 254, 273, 276, 293, 294, 313 Epistaxis, 76, 100, 276 Epithelial, 253, 276 Epithelial Cells, 276 Epithelium, 275, 276 Equipment and Supplies, 203, 276 Erythrocytes, 46, 256, 261, 276, 303 Esophagus, 272, 276, 298, 309 Estrogen, 72, 276 Ethanol, 160, 276 Evoke, 276, 309 Excipient, 169, 182, 276 Excitability, 20, 276 Excitation, 276, 293 Excitatory, 181, 276, 280 Excrete, 258, 276, 287 Exhaustion, 257, 276, 289 Exogenous, 263, 274, 276, 313 Expiration, 276, 304 Extracellular, 24, 63, 178, 180, 269, 277, 308 Extraction, 159, 277 Extravasation, 277, 281 F Failure to Thrive, 202, 277 Family Health, 61, 277 Family Planning, 223, 277 Fat, 8, 126, 163, 164, 168, 178, 182, 202, 237, 253, 258, 261, 264, 269, 270, 277, 287, 288, 295 Fatigue, 130, 204, 277, 281 Fatty acids, 168, 171, 201, 277, 301 Fatty Liver, 171, 277 Felodipine, 143, 169, 183, 214, 277 Femoral, 38, 277 Femur, 277 Fertilizers, 277, 294 Fetus, 277, 300, 309 Fibrin, 261, 277, 311, 313 Fibrosis, 277, 306 Filtration, 28, 277, 287 Fluorescence, 7, 277 Focus Groups, 30, 277 Foot Care, 199, 277 Forearm, 25, 154, 261, 278 Free Radicals, 257, 272, 278
322 High Blood Pressure
Furosemide, 163, 164, 278 G Gallbladder, 253, 260, 272, 278, 288 Gallstones, 278, 282 Ganglia, 20, 253, 278, 293, 297, 310 Ganglion, 20, 278, 295, 305, 314 Ganglionic Blockers, 257, 278 Gap Junctions, 278, 310 Gas, 263, 278, 283, 285, 294, 303, 310, 314 Gas exchange, 278, 314 Gastric, 153, 264, 276, 278, 282 Gastrin, 278, 283 Gastrointestinal, 262, 276, 278, 287, 290, 306, 308, 310 Gastrointestinal tract, 276, 278, 287, 306 Gelatin, 278, 280, 311 Gene, 6, 7, 12, 24, 28, 29, 93, 98, 101, 110, 161, 167, 168, 178, 260, 261, 278, 279, 298 Gene Expression, 24, 28, 29, 279 Gene Therapy, 7, 279 Genetics, 13, 279 Genital, 260, 279, 313 Genotype, 12, 21, 279, 298 Gestation, 25, 279, 300 Gestational, 131, 204, 279 Giant Cells, 279, 306 Ginseng, 63, 138, 139, 143, 147, 279 Gland, 28, 166, 254, 270, 279, 284, 289, 296, 301, 306, 309, 311 Glomerular, 63, 208, 279, 287, 304 Glomeruli, 279 Glomerulonephritis, 202, 279 Glomerulus, 279 Glucocorticoid, 32, 271, 279 Glucose Intolerance, 100, 271, 279 Glucose tolerance, 16, 204, 279, 280 Glucose Tolerance Test, 204, 279, 280 Glutamate, 181, 280 Glutamic Acid, 280, 293, 301 Gluten, 171, 280 Glycerol, 162, 280, 298 Glycine, 255, 280, 293, 306 Glycols, 280, 283 Glycoproteins, 263, 280, 284, 286 Goats, 270, 280 Gonadal, 280, 309 Governing Board, 280, 300 Government Agencies, 196, 280, 300 Gp120, 280, 297 Grafting, 280, 284 Granulocytes, 280, 288, 307, 315
Growth, 22, 28, 53, 166, 202, 254, 257, 265, 275, 277, 280, 290, 292, 298, 311, 313, 314 Growth factors, 28, 280 Guanylate Cyclase, 179, 180, 280, 294 H Habitual, 40, 265, 281, 292 Haemodialysis, 35, 281 Haptens, 254, 281 Hate, 40, 71, 281 Headache, 100, 133, 174, 214, 262, 281, 300 Headache Disorders, 281 Health Education, 23, 59, 152, 236, 281 Health Promotion, 196, 232, 281 Health Status, 277, 281 Heart attack, 7, 21, 201, 204, 236, 242, 264, 281 Heart failure, 15, 16, 17, 154, 186, 208, 256, 281, 300 Heartbeat, 281, 310 Hematoma, 75, 281, 282 Heme, 180, 281 Hemodialysis, 202, 207, 262, 272, 281, 287 Hemodynamics, 8, 281 Hemoglobin, 200, 256, 276, 281, 282, 288 Hemoglobinopathies, 279, 282 Hemorrhage, 270, 281, 282, 309, 315 Hemorrhagic stroke, 39, 282 Hepatic, 153, 280, 282 Hepatitis, 131, 153, 202, 282 Hepatocellular, 202, 282 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 202, 282 Hepatocyte, 266, 282 Heredity, 160, 235, 237, 238, 278, 279, 282 Heterodimer, 180, 282 Heterogeneity, 254, 282 High blood cholesterol, 203, 282 Histamine, 6, 258, 282, 284 Histidine, 180, 282 Holidays, 203, 282 Homeostasis, 6, 282, 308 Homicide, 196, 283 Homologous, 180, 279, 283, 310 Hormonal, 181, 270, 283 Hormone, 72, 88, 164, 178, 254, 255, 260, 270, 276, 278, 283, 285, 300, 307, 311 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 72, 283 Humoral, 19, 283 Humour, 283 Hydrochlorothiazide, 45, 50, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 283 Hydrogen, 158, 253, 255, 260, 262, 263, 271, 283, 288, 291, 293, 295, 302
Index 323
Hydrolysis, 283, 298, 302 Hydrophobic, 283, 288 Hydroxides, 283 Hydroxyl Radical, 180, 283 Hydroxylysine, 267, 283 Hydroxyproline, 256, 267, 283 Hyperbilirubinemia, 283, 286 Hypercalcemia, 208, 283 Hypercalciuria, 208, 283 Hypercholesterolemia, 132, 273, 283 Hyperglycemia, 83, 200, 283 Hyperlipidemia, 171, 273, 283 Hypersensitivity, 255, 283 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 255, 283 Hypertension, Pulmonary, 169, 183, 284 Hyperthyroidism, 132, 284, 301 Hypertriglyceridemia, 273, 284 Hypertrophy, 9, 78, 90, 170, 231, 284, 300 Hypoglycemia, 132, 203, 204, 284 Hypotension, 23, 170, 224, 258, 269, 278, 284 Hypotensive, 8, 36, 62, 74, 90, 166, 284, 286 Hypothalamus, 259, 272, 284 Hypoxia, 60, 262, 265, 284 I Id, 123, 128, 228, 229, 230, 231, 239, 240, 243, 248, 250, 284 Idiopathic, 284, 305 Immune function, 163, 284 Immune response, 254, 257, 259, 270, 281, 284, 310 Immune system, 168, 182, 261, 284, 314, 315 Immunization, 284, 300 Immunogenic, 284, 288 Immunoglobulins, 72, 284 Immunology, 254, 284 Immunosuppressive, 279, 284 Impairment, 9, 234, 265, 266, 284, 291 Implantation, 177, 269, 284 Impotence, 28, 40, 285, 296 In vitro, 29, 279, 285 In vivo, 24, 29, 166, 279, 285 Incision, 285, 286 Indicative, 33, 186, 285, 296, 314 Indigestion, 285, 287 Infant Mortality, 196, 285 Infarction, 133, 262, 265, 282, 285 Infection, 75, 134, 135, 261, 284, 285, 289, 293, 309, 315 Infiltration, 208, 279, 285 Inflammatory bowel disease, 180, 285
Infusion, 19, 285 Ingestion, 280, 285, 299 Initiation, 6, 18, 285 Inotropic, 259, 273, 277, 285 Insomnia, 193, 285, 300 Insulin, 6, 8, 15, 24, 28, 66, 68, 74, 81, 88, 102, 119, 132, 154, 164, 178, 199, 200, 203, 204, 280, 285, 287, 305, 313 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 68, 285 Intermittent, 285, 297 Interstitial, 285, 304 Intervention Studies, 114, 286 Intestinal, 153, 264, 275, 280, 286 Intestine, 28, 261, 286, 287 Intoxication, 286, 315 Intracellular, 27, 45, 179, 262, 263, 285, 286, 294, 299, 301, 307 Intracranial Embolism, 265, 286 Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, 265, 286 Intracranial Hypertension, 281, 286, 311 Intraocular, 169, 182, 286, 294 Intraocular pressure, 286, 294 Intravenous, 169, 183, 285, 286 Intrinsic, 10, 19, 254, 286 Invasive, 25, 88, 177, 286 Involuntary, 13, 286, 292, 308 Ion Channels, 86, 179, 286, 310 Ions, 169, 183, 260, 262, 263, 272, 273, 274, 283, 286, 291 Ischemia, 262, 282, 286 Isradipine, 169, 183, 286 J Jaundice, 202, 283, 286 K Kallidin, 261, 286 Kb, 222, 286 Ketoacidosis, 204, 287 Ketone Bodies, 287 Ketosis, 287 Kidney Failure, 6, 201, 202, 207, 208, 233, 234, 236, 275, 287 Kidney Failure, Acute, 287 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 287 Kidney stone, 180, 287, 295, 309, 313 Kidney Transplantation, 202, 287 L Lactation, 225, 287 Lactose Intolerance, 200, 287 Large Intestine, 272, 286, 287, 303, 307 Larynx, 287, 314
324 High Blood Pressure
Latent, 288, 300 Lens, 288, 304 Lethal, 29, 260, 288 Leucine, 178, 179, 288 Leucocyte, 100, 255, 288 Leukemia, 130, 279, 288 Library Services, 248, 288 Life Expectancy, 7, 288 Ligament, 288, 301 Linkage, 12, 288 Lipid, 7, 30, 169, 171, 183, 224, 258, 259, 263, 280, 285, 288, 296 Lipid A, 7, 30, 288 Lipid Peroxidation, 288, 296 Lipopolysaccharides, 288 Lipoprotein, 7, 15, 273, 282, 288, 289 Lisinopril, 50, 145, 288 Lithium, 108, 258, 288 Lithotripsy, 85, 288 Liver cancer, 202, 288 Liver Transplantation, 95, 288 Lobe, 177, 265, 289 Localization, 28, 81, 289 Localized, 256, 262, 281, 285, 289, 298, 313 Longitudinal study, 10, 21, 25, 48, 115, 289 Loop, 145, 163, 213, 289 Low-density lipoprotein, 15, 273, 288, 289 Lumen, 258, 275, 289 Lupus, 196, 289 Lymph, 207, 260, 266, 275, 283, 289, 306, 309 Lymph node, 207, 260, 289, 306 Lymphatic, 275, 285, 289, 291, 308 Lymphatic system, 289, 308 Lymphocytes, 257, 284, 288, 289, 308, 315 Lymphoid, 257, 288, 289 M Malaria, 11, 289, 290 Malaria, Falciparum, 289, 290 Malaria, Vivax, 289, 290 Malignant, 52, 234, 253, 259, 288, 290, 292 Mammography, 22, 290 Manic, 258, 288, 290 Mass Screening, 116, 290 Meat, 272, 290 Meat Products, 272, 290 Meatus, 290, 314 Medial, 56, 81, 259, 290, 295 Mediate, 28, 273, 290 Medicament, 158, 159, 290 MEDLINE, 3, 223, 290 Medullary, 24, 290
Meiosis, 290, 310, 313 Melanin, 290, 298, 313 Memory, 175, 176, 181, 271, 290 Meninges, 265, 270, 290 Menopause, 290, 299, 301 Menstrual Cycle, 290, 300 Menstruation, 290, 300 Mental Disorders, 156, 291, 300, 302 Mental Health, iv, 6, 13, 26, 156, 222, 225, 291, 294, 300, 302 Mentors, 14, 291 Mercury, 4, 64, 83, 103, 160, 291 Mesenchymal, 276, 291 Mesenteric, 291, 299 Metabolic disorder, 202, 271, 291 Metabolite, 6, 168, 181, 272, 291 Methionine, 272, 291, 310 MI, 23, 85, 251, 291 Microbe, 291, 312 Microbiology, 253, 259, 291 Microcirculation, 29, 86, 291 Mineralization, 263, 291 Mobility, 13, 291 Modeling, 22, 291 Modification, 9, 84, 128, 160, 175, 256, 291, 303 Molecular Structure, 291, 313 Molecule, 257, 260, 263, 267, 268, 272, 273, 275, 276, 280, 282, 283, 291, 295, 303, 307 Monitor, 9, 20, 39, 234, 270, 292, 294 Monophosphate, 170, 179, 292 Morphological, 254, 274, 292 Morphology, 65, 292 Mucinous, 278, 292 Mucosa, 289, 292 Muscle Relaxation, 18, 27, 179, 263, 292 Mydriatic, 272, 292 Myocardial infarction, 13, 30, 43, 63, 84, 114, 165, 166, 169, 182, 270, 291, 292, 301 Myocardial Ischemia, 256, 292 Myocardium, 256, 291, 292 N Nail Biting, 175, 292 Natriuresis, 256, 292 Nausea, 258, 285, 287, 292, 300, 313 NCI, 1, 155, 221, 266, 292 Neonatal, 86, 285, 292 Neoplasms, 262, 292 Nephrology, 14, 35, 73, 128, 201, 292 Nephron, 10, 116, 279, 292 Nephropathy, 165, 166, 204, 287, 293
Index 325
Nervous System, 20, 154, 155, 181, 253, 255, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 267, 278, 280, 293, 295, 297, 306, 310 Networks, 12, 293 Neural, 19, 20, 278, 283, 293 Neuroendocrine, 18, 293 Neurogenic, 19, 293, 313 Neuroleptic, 6, 257, 267, 293 Neurology, 36, 48, 65, 293 Neuromuscular, 253, 293 Neuromuscular Junction, 253, 293 Neuronal, 6, 24, 263, 293 Neurons, 20, 23, 271, 276, 278, 293, 310, 314 Neuropathy, 30, 65, 199, 204, 260, 293 Neurophysiology, 20, 271, 293 Neurotransmitter, 20, 181, 253, 256, 262, 273, 280, 282, 286, 293, 294, 307, 310 Neutrons, 255, 293, 303 Neutrophil, 27, 293 Niacin, 293, 313 Nifedipine, 44, 71, 122, 147, 169, 183, 293 Nitric acid, 162, 294 Nitric Oxide, 27, 98, 294 Nitrogen, 165, 168, 170, 180, 182, 255, 287, 294, 313 Nitroglycerin, 28, 154, 294 Nitroprusside, 154, 294 Norepinephrine, 254, 273, 293, 294, 304 Normotensive, 10, 24, 55, 83, 294 Nuclear, 260, 267, 278, 294, 305 Nuclei, 255, 279, 293, 294, 295, 302, 314 Nucleic acid, 294, 303 Nucleus, 23, 270, 271, 289, 290, 293, 294, 301, 302, 308, 315 O Occupational Health, 113, 117, 294 Ocular, 31, 90, 165, 166, 294 Ocular Hypertension, 31, 294 Odds Ratio, 294, 304 Oliguria, 287, 295 Opacity, 271, 295 Opium, 295, 296 Opsin, 295, 304, 305 Optic Chiasm, 284, 295 Optic Disk, 272, 295, 296 Optic Nerve, 30, 295, 304, 305 Organelles, 295, 296 Orthostatic, 224, 258, 295 Osteoporosis, 72, 133, 181, 295 Outpatient, 27, 295
Overweight, 101, 109, 116, 122, 204, 233, 235, 295 Ovum, 279, 295, 300, 315 Oxalate, 295, 313 Oxidation, 168, 253, 257, 270, 288, 295, 296 Oxidative Stress, 25, 296 Oxygen Consumption, 163, 296, 304 Oxygenation, 173, 282, 296 P Palliative, 296, 311 Pancreas, 253, 272, 285, 296, 308 Pancreatic, 264, 296 Panniculitis, 202, 296 Papaverine, 28, 295, 296 Papilledema, 160, 296 Parotid, 296, 306 Paroxysmal, 256, 281, 296 Patch, 24, 29, 296 Patch-Clamp Techniques, 29, 296 Pathogenesis, 20, 25, 92, 161, 296 Pathologic, 253, 269, 283, 296 Pathophysiology, 25, 225, 296 Patient Compliance, 166, 296 Patient Education, 200, 233, 238, 239, 246, 248, 251, 296 Pelvic, 297, 301 Peptide, 19, 162, 171, 180, 255, 297, 301, 302 Peptide T, 162, 297 Perception, 20, 297, 306 Percutaneous, 288, 297 Perfusion, 284, 297 Peripheral Nervous System, 275, 293, 297, 310 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 204, 297 Peritoneal, 202, 207, 297 Peritoneal Cavity, 297 Peritoneal Dialysis, 202, 207, 297 Peritoneum, 297 Petroleum, 262, 297 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 170, 179, 276, 278, 297 Pharmacist, 15, 33, 297 Pharmacologic, 8, 158, 200, 224, 256, 297, 312, 313 Pharynx, 298, 314 Phenotype, 6, 12, 260, 298 Phenyl, 158, 298 Phenylalanine, 298, 313 Phospholipases, 298, 307 Phospholipids, 277, 288, 298 Phosphorus, 137, 147, 180, 262, 298
326 High Blood Pressure
Physical Examination, 154, 282, 298 Physical Fitness, 110, 196, 298 Physiologic, 31, 254, 266, 290, 298, 301, 303 Physiology, 11, 14, 20, 28, 29, 55, 65, 111, 260, 274, 292, 293, 298 Pigments, 260, 264, 267, 298, 304 Pilot study, 23, 58, 298 Piperidines, 177, 298 Plants, 255, 263, 266, 279, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 313 Plaque, 256, 298 Plasticity, 20, 298 Platelet Activation, 179, 298, 307 Platelet Aggregation, 27, 294, 299 Platelets, 294, 299, 306, 311 Platinum, 289, 299 Plethysmography, 154, 299 Pneumonia, 269, 299 Podiatrist, 238, 299 Poisoning, 263, 286, 291, 292, 299 Policy Making, 280, 299 Polycystic, 202, 299 Polymorphism, 93, 101, 299 Portal Hypertension, 202, 299 Portal Vein, 153, 202, 299 Postmenopausal, 181, 295, 299 Postsynaptic, 24, 299, 307, 310 Postural, 62, 299 Potassium, 40, 80, 93, 107, 125, 180, 185, 195, 213, 216, 238, 255, 273, 283, 299 Potentiation, 299, 307 Practicability, 299, 312 Practice Guidelines, 27, 225, 239, 299 Prazosin, 98, 216, 300 Precursor, 253, 256, 258, 273, 274, 275, 294, 298, 300, 313, 314 Predisposition, 6, 55, 72, 93, 110, 161, 204, 300 Preeclampsia, 25, 133, 225, 228, 300 Pre-Eclampsia, 100, 300 Prejudice, 26, 300 Premenstrual, 180, 300 Premenstrual Syndrome, 180, 300 Prenatal, 176, 274, 300 Pressoreceptors, 260, 300 Presumptive, 106, 300 Presynaptic, 293, 300, 310 Prevalence, 16, 18, 23, 27, 31, 33, 70, 88, 94, 95, 96, 108, 161, 234, 295, 300 Primary Prevention, 43, 69, 114, 195, 300 Progesterone, 300, 309 Progression, 12, 29, 257, 300
Progressive, 12, 18, 207, 259, 264, 266, 271, 273, 280, 287, 298, 300, 304, 313 Projection, 294, 295, 300 Proline, 267, 283, 301 Promoter, 29, 301 Prophase, 301, 310, 313 Prophylaxis, 170, 179, 301 Proportional, 154, 301 Propranolol, 84, 259, 301 Prospective study, 16, 34, 65, 289, 301 Prostaglandin, 169, 256, 301 Prostaglandins A, 301 Prostate, 22, 130, 208, 301 Protease, 268, 301 Protective Agents, 263, 301 Protein C, 171, 258, 288, 302 Protein Kinases, 28, 179, 302 Protein S, 179, 261, 302 Proteinuria, 12, 300, 302 Proteolytic, 166, 255, 268, 302 Protocol, 14, 302 Protons, 255, 283, 302, 303 Protozoan, 265, 289, 302 Psychiatric, 6, 260, 291, 302 Psychiatry, 7, 17, 35, 36, 65, 85, 101, 302, 314 Psychic, 266, 290, 302 Psychoactive, 302, 315 Psychomotor, 293, 302 Public Health, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 33, 35, 37, 41, 47, 64, 67, 78, 97, 99, 112, 117, 162, 225, 239, 302 Public Policy, 223, 302 Pulmonary, 60, 98, 133, 176, 261, 269, 284, 287, 302, 314 Pulmonary Artery, 261, 302, 314 Pulmonary Circulation, 284, 302 Pulmonary Edema, 133, 287, 302 Pulsation, 167, 302 Pulse, 25, 55, 167, 176, 292, 302 Pupil, 272, 292, 303 Purines, 303, 306 Pyrimidines, 303, 306 Q Quality of Life, 7, 8, 13, 203, 303 R Race, 9, 168, 182, 185, 235, 236, 237, 238, 303 Racemic, 168, 182, 303 Radiation, 162, 256, 260, 275, 277, 278, 303 Radioactive, 260, 283, 284, 294, 303 Random Allocation, 303
Index 327
Randomization, 19, 23, 303 Randomized, 4, 9, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 90, 274, 303 Rarefaction, 72, 303 Recombination, 279, 303 Rectal, 22, 303 Rectum, 258, 261, 268, 272, 278, 285, 287, 301, 303 Red blood cells, 202, 276, 303, 305 Refer, 1, 262, 268, 274, 289, 293, 303, 306, 312 Refraction, 303, 308 Regimen, 21, 200, 274, 296, 303 Relative risk, 114, 304 Relaxant, 296, 304 Relaxation Techniques, 4, 136, 304 Renal Artery, 19, 304 Renal failure, 160, 304 Renal pelvis, 287, 304 Renin, 14, 35, 37, 63, 84, 91, 107, 164, 166, 177, 256, 263, 304 Renin-Angiotensin System, 35, 164, 256, 263, 304 Reserpine, 39, 216, 217, 304 Resolving, 31, 304 Respiration, 176, 181, 258, 263, 292, 304 Respiratory Physiology, 304, 314 Retina, 269, 271, 288, 295, 304, 305 Retinal, 103, 160, 272, 295, 304, 305 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 295, 305 Retinal Hemorrhage, 160, 305 Retinoid, 169, 182, 183, 305 Retinol, 169, 183, 304, 305 Retinopathy, 54, 134, 204, 271, 305 Retrospective, 21, 305 Retroviral vector, 279, 305 Rhodopsin, 295, 304, 305 Risk patient, 15, 305 Rod, 173, 266, 305 Rosiglitazone, 154, 305 Rubber, 154, 253, 305 S Salivary, 272, 305, 309 Salivary glands, 272, 305 Saponins, 305, 309 Saralasin, 107, 305 Sarcoidosis, 134, 207, 305 Sarcosine, 305, 306 Schizoid, 306, 315 Schizophrenia, 306, 315 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 306, 315 Sclerosis, 258, 259, 306
Screening, 18, 33, 53, 64, 68, 77, 82, 103, 104, 118, 161, 172, 202, 231, 236, 239, 266, 306 Secretion, 112, 164, 178, 270, 276, 282, 283, 285, 287, 306 Secretory, 28, 306, 310 Sedentary, 204, 306 Self Care, 186, 203, 253, 306 Semen, 301, 306 Senile, 164, 178, 295, 306 Sensor, 173, 306 Septal, 306 Septum, 48, 306 Septum Pellucidum, 306 Sequence Homology, 297, 306 Serine, 28, 306 Serotonin, 253, 258, 267, 293, 304, 306, 313 Serous, 275, 307 Serum, 23, 24, 36, 46, 72, 73, 81, 95, 105, 111, 119, 164, 178, 268, 273, 287, 289, 307 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 196, 307 Shock, 85, 134, 163, 288, 307 Signal Transduction, 168, 307 Skeletal, 180, 266, 307, 308 Skeleton, 277, 286, 301, 307 Sleep apnea, 186, 307 Small intestine, 266, 283, 286, 307 Social Environment, 303, 307 Social Isolation, 173, 306, 307 Social Support, 10, 24, 26, 61, 307, 309 Solitary Nucleus, 259, 308 Solvent, 266, 276, 280, 308 Somatic, 266, 283, 290, 297, 308, 314 Sound wave, 154, 308 Spasm, 269, 308 Specialist, 91, 243, 272, 308 Species, 28, 149, 180, 276, 289, 290, 303, 306, 308, 309, 312, 315 Specificity, 254, 263, 308 Spectrum, 25, 169, 182, 202, 308 Sperm, 266, 308 Sphygmomanometer, 176, 308 Spinal cord, 261, 262, 265, 266, 278, 290, 293, 297, 308, 310 Spleen, 207, 289, 306, 308 Splenic Vein, 299, 308 Staging, 55, 87, 308 Steady state, 29, 309 Steatosis, 277, 309 Stenosis, 19, 45, 309 Steroid, 208, 270, 282, 305, 309 Steroid therapy, 208, 309
328 High Blood Pressure
Stillbirth, 204, 309 Stimulant, 180, 262, 282, 286, 309, 314 Stimulus, 29, 174, 177, 269, 276, 286, 309, 311 Stomach, 134, 253, 272, 276, 278, 280, 283, 287, 292, 297, 298, 307, 308, 309 Stool, 268, 287, 309 Stress management, 18, 80, 309 Stricture, 309 Struvite, 309, 313 Styrene, 305, 309 Subacute, 285, 309 Subarachnoid, 281, 309 Subclinical, 8, 285, 309 Subcutaneous, 202, 256, 273, 296, 309 Submandibular, 28, 309 Submaxillary, 276, 309 Subspecies, 308, 309 Substance P, 291, 306, 310 Substrate, 264, 275, 310 Suction, 277, 296, 310 Sudden death, 164, 178, 310 Sulfur, 162, 291, 310 Supplementation, 25, 56, 310 Suppression, 31, 270, 310 Sympathetic Nervous System, 20, 24, 166, 256, 259, 310 Symphysis, 265, 301, 310 Synapse, 254, 293, 300, 310, 312 Synapsis, 310 Synaptic, 20, 293, 307, 310 Synaptic Transmission, 20, 310 Synergistic, 21, 310 Systolic, 4, 5, 9, 19, 27, 30, 38, 42, 55, 62, 76, 160, 162, 201, 228, 230, 284, 310 Systolic blood pressure, 42, 160, 310 T Tachycardia, 101, 311 Telecommunications, 269, 311 Tendon, 278, 311 Teratogenic, 272, 311 Therapeutics, 54, 169, 183, 218, 311 Thermoregulation, 181, 311 Thigh, 277, 311 Thorax, 253, 311, 314 Threonine, 28, 297, 306, 311 Threshold, 235, 276, 284, 311 Thrombin, 277, 299, 302, 311 Thrombomodulin, 302, 311 Thromboses, 170, 179, 311 Thrombosis, 41, 286, 302, 309, 311 Thrombus, 163, 270, 285, 292, 299, 311, 314
Thyroid, 194, 284, 311, 313 Time Management, 309, 311 Tinnitus, 172, 173, 311, 315 Tolerance, 162, 169, 183, 280, 311 Tone, 166, 294, 312 Tonic, 24, 312 Tonus, 312 Tooth Preparation, 253, 312 Topical, 259, 276, 312 Toxaemia, 300, 312 Toxic, iv, 168, 270, 275, 293, 294, 309, 312 Toxicity, 166, 273, 291, 312 Toxicology, 19, 224, 312 Toxin, 275, 311, 312 Trace element, 172, 267, 312 Tractus, 23, 312 Transduction, 307, 312 Transfection, 261, 279, 312 Translation, 255, 312 Transmitter, 253, 273, 286, 294, 312 Transplantation, 11, 35, 94, 95, 266, 284, 312 Treatment Outcome, 22, 312 Trees, 305, 313 Tricyclic, 108, 148, 313 Tryptophan, 7, 267, 306, 313 Tumour, 278, 313 Type 2 diabetes, 48, 200, 204, 313 Tyrosine, 28, 148, 264, 273, 313 U Ulcer, 133, 313 Ulceration, 238, 313 Unconscious, 284, 313 Univalent, 283, 295, 313 Uremia, 287, 304, 313 Ureter, 288, 304, 313 Urethra, 301, 313 Uric, 111, 303, 313 Urinary, 24, 56, 85, 208, 263, 295, 300, 313 Urinary Calculi, 85, 313 Urinary Retention, 300, 313 Urinary tract, 313 Urine, 25, 46, 154, 208, 233, 258, 261, 270, 271, 273, 276, 283, 287, 292, 295, 302, 304, 313 Urogenital, 313 Urogenital Diseases, 313 Urologic Diseases, 196, 229, 234, 313 V Vaccine, 254, 302, 314 Vagus Nerve, 177, 308, 314 Valine, 305, 314
Index 329
Vascular Resistance, 25, 260, 277, 314 Vasculitis, 265, 314 Vasoconstriction, 19, 29, 60, 84, 166, 276, 314 Vasodilation, 169, 183, 256, 296, 314 Vasodilator, 29, 257, 262, 273, 282, 293, 294, 296, 314 VE, 39, 45, 70, 71, 314 Vegetarianism, 195, 314 Vein, 153, 256, 259, 286, 294, 296, 299, 308, 314 Venous, 170, 259, 265, 286, 294, 302, 314 Venous Thrombosis, 170, 314 Ventilation, 173, 314 Ventricle, 16, 17, 284, 302, 310, 314 Ventricular, 8, 9, 25, 30, 66, 78, 90, 101, 160, 169, 183, 231, 314 Ventricular Dysfunction, 30, 314 Ventricular Function, 169, 183, 314 Venules, 261, 263, 275, 291, 314 Verapamil, 112, 149, 169, 183, 217, 314 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 311, 314, 315
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 311, 315 Veterinary Medicine, 223, 315 Virulence, 312, 315 Visceral, 259, 260, 297, 314, 315 Visceral Afferents, 259, 314, 315 Viscosity, 76, 315 Vitreous, 272, 288, 304, 315 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 272, 315 Vitro, 315 Vivo, 29, 315 Volition, 286, 315 Voltage-gated, 29, 86, 315 W Weight Gain, 6, 277, 315 White blood cell, 257, 289, 293, 315 Withdrawal, 176, 315 X Xenograft, 257, 315 Y Yeasts, 298, 315 Z Zygote, 269, 315 Zymogen, 302, 315
330 High Blood Pressure
Index 331
332 High Blood Pressure
