LOOD YPING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blood Typing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00154-3 1. Blood Typing-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blood typing. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLOOD TYPING ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Blood Typing................................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLOOD TYPING ......................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON BLOOD TYPING ...................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Blood Typing.............................................................................................................. 21 Patent Applications on Blood Typing .......................................................................................... 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLOOD TYPING ............................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 37 Academic Periodicals covering Blood Typing .............................................................................. 38 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 43 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 53 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 53 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 59 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 60 BLOOD TYPING DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 61 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 85
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blood typing is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blood typing, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blood typing, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blood typing. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blood typing, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blood typing. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLOOD TYPING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blood typing.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and blood typing, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Transplant: The Process and Evaluation Source: For Patients Only. 12(6): 16-19. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from For Patients Only. 18 East 41st Street, New York, NY 10017. (818) 704-5555. Fax (818) 704-6500. Summary: This patient education article reviews the criteria that hospitals use to determine if a patient is a candidate for kidney transplantation. The only method of determining who is a good candidate for a kidney transplant is to establish contact with a transplant hospital and to obtain an evaluation by a transplant physician. Evaluations are based on an individual's medical history, current health status, and other determining factors. The author reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the transplantation procedure and the tests included in the evaluation process, including a
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physical evaluation, psychosocial evaluation, financial counseling, and a battery of laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include blood typing, viral testing, tissue typing, panel reactive antibody, crossmatch testing, chest x ray, EKG (echocardiogram), renal ultrasound, and mammogram and gynecological examination (women only). In addition, patients must undergo a complete dental check before they can be listed for a transplant; gums and teeth must be healthy prior to the surgery. Patients also need to have had several vaccinations, including diphtheria and tetanus, pneumonia, flu, and hepatitis B series. The average waiting time on the transplant list varies, but can be 2 years or longer. The author briefly reviews what happens after one is accepted on the waiting list, including the call that an organ is available, the admission to the hospital, the surgery, and the postoperative recovery. The author stresses that the patient is a vital member of his or her own patient care team. 2 figures.
Federally Funded Research on Blood Typing The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blood typing. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blood typing. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blood typing. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for blood typing: •
Project Title: A NOVEL BLOOD TYPING REAGENT: POLYMERIC ANTI-RH IGG Principal Investigator & Institution: Chintalacharuvu, Koteswara R.; Chimeric Technologies, Inc. 12400 Wilshire Blvd, Ste 1500 Los Angeles, Ca 90025 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 14-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rh blood group phenotyping is required both before blood transfusion and to determine if potential Rh incompatibility exists in pregnant women. Normally the Rh phenotype is established by a hemagglutination test. However, a limiting factor with available reagents is that human IgG anti-Rh is unable to induce direct red cell agglutination. Although IgM monoclonal antibodies can directly agglutinate Rh-positive red blood cells, anti-Rh IgMs are frequently polyreactive and give false positives. In the Phase I SBIR application the investigators developed a novel human blood typing reagent consisting of a human IgM-like (polymeric) recombinant antibody containing the constant regions of human IgG and the variable regions of human anti-Rh monoclonal antibodies. The proposed polymeric anti-Rh IgG has been constructed and expressed in myeloma cells. This novel antibody
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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is correctly assembled and secreted and most important: it directly agglutinates Rhpositive red blood cells. For the Phase II SBIR the following specific aims are proposed. First, to produce two formulations of polymeric anti-Rh IgG. Second, to determine the fine specificity and affinity of polymeric anti-Rh IgG. Finally, to compare the polymeric anti-Rh IgG with commercially available anti-Rh reagents. It is expected that the anti-Rh polymeric IgG will make Rh phenotyping faster, more accurate and less expensive. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LAB-IN-A TUBE BLOOD TEST SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Shuqi; Iquum, Inc. 214 Lincoln St, Ste 300 Allston, Ma 02134 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this project proposal is the development of a commercially viable diagnostic blood testing product that will meet the growing demand for practical near-patient testing. The product will be built on the lab-in-a-tube platform, which uses novel sample handling, microfluidic, and imaging technology to achieve system miniaturization, low cost, high flexibility, and improved safety. The successful commercialization of this product will improve public health by enabling caregivers to easily collect more information about a patient's condition. They will accomplish this by directly conducting blood tests on-site, during the patient's visit.lQuum proposes to continue the development of the lab-in-a-tube platform by designing and building prototypes of the three major components of the system: the desktop analyzer; the integrated sample collection and processing container, and the multiple-use, disposable reagent cartridge. The company will concurrently develop platelet function and coagulation assays as the first applications for the lab-in-a-tube system. The flexible detection and processing technology of the product enable the platform to conduct numerous types of tests, including blood typing, cell counting, and immunoassay. These assays will be developed separately and will showcase the full multifunction capability of the lab-in-a-tube system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL DEVICES FOR RAPID BLOOD COMPATIBILITY TESTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Roback, John D.; Assistant Professor; Transfusion and Transplantation Technlgy Technologies, Inc. Dunwoody, Ga 303383431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a Phase II STTR application for funds to build, test, and optimize a full-size prototype of RAFT (Rapid Automated Flow cytometric Testing), a novel device for rapid, automated blood typing and compatibility testing. Phase I Aims of performing blood bank testing with inert filter membranes have been exceeded using RAFT in the manual format. RAFT is 1) accurate, sensitive, rapid, and capable of both batch and "stat" testing, 2) protected under patents pending, and 3) capable of being fully automated. For complete "walk away" automation, RAFT will require the assembly of 4 major component systems: 1) robotic liquid handling system, 2) proprietary RAFT reaction chamber module, 3) flow cytometric analysis station, and 4) computer software package to control sample processing and data interpretation. Proof-of-concept for components of the automated RAFT workstation has been achieved. The Phase II Specific Aims are: 1) To fabricate and assemble a fully-automated immunohematology workstation integrating the proprietary RAFT filter and vacuum particle exclusion technology, and 2) To optimize the clinical performance of the
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automated RAFT platform sufficiently to begin a multi-center clinical investigation. The results of the multi-center trial (to be completed during Phase Ill) will lead to an FDA 510(k) application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHAGE DISPLAY TOOLS FOR AUTOMATED BLOOD TYPING Principal Investigator & Institution: Siegel, Donald L.; Assistant Professor; Integral Molecular 3701 Market St, Ste 340 Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Current technologies used in blood banking are extraordinarily labor intensive, prone to human error, and an order of magnitude more expensive per test that those in other clinical laboratories. Coupled with a growing shortage of skilled medical technologists, dwindling supplies of human plasma-derived phenotyping reagents, and an inherent difficulty in fully automating agglutinationbased methodologies, the ability to perform rapid and accurate pre-transfusing testing in a cost-effective manner has become a significant challenge. The long-term objective is to use a set of novel molecular technologies to develop a new class of renewable, inexpensive, high-quality blood bank testing reagents that will function in a rapid, highthroughput, automatable assay system. At the core of the proposed technology are red blood cell antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies displayed on the surface of bacteriophage particles. The investigators propose to exploit the naturally-occurring presence of unique DNA sequences within the particles to develop an assay system in which the phenotype of a cell is determined by assaying the genotype of the detecting reagent. Such a strategy will offer extraordinary sensitivity and specificity, will require minute amounts of testing materials and reagents, will be easily adapted to automation, and will be amenable to multiplexing strategies offering the possibility of simultaneous antigen profiling of a red cell sample in a single reaction vessel. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS OF LECTINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Etzler, Marilynn E.; Professor of Biochemistry; Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1978; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicants abstract) Plant lectins are major tools in studies of the protein-carbohydrate interactions that play a key role in establishing the specificity of a wide variety of biological recognition and communication events. These carbohydrate binding proteins have also been used for a variety of medical purposes, including blood typing, separation of populations of lymphocytes prior to bone marrow transplantation, targeted drug delivery and various diagnostic assays. It is the long term goal of this research to determine the relationship of plant lectin structure to function. Such information should enhance the utilization and versatility of lectins as tools, provide basic information on protein-carbohydrate interactions and help determine the role of such proteins in oligosaccharide signaling and other recognition events in both plants and animals. The present investigation focuses on a new category of lectins, named LNP, with both carbohydrate binding and apyrase activities. Members of this LNP lectin category are present on the surfaces of legume root hairs and have been found to play a role in the oligosaccharide recognition events that initiate the nitrogenfixing symbiosis that occurs between rhizobia and legumes. Similarities in sequence
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suggest that other members of this category of lectins may be present in a wide variety of plants and animals and raise the possibility that they may participate in highly conserved oligosaccharide signaling processes. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) to determine the range of carbohydrate specificities found among members of this lectin category and the extent of their distribution in the plant and animal kingdoms; (2) to define the structural prerequisites for the carbohydrate binding and enzymatic activities of a representative legume LNP; and (3) to initiate studies to determine the molecular mechanisms by which legume LNPs elicit the activation of downstream events upon binding to their oligosaccharide ligands. This study will employ a variety of methodologies and approaches in studying LNP structure-function relationships, including carbohydrate binding and enzymatic assays, the recombinant expression of individual and combinations of domains and/or regions of this protein, the initiation of X-ray crystallographic studies, the use of site-specific mutations and transgenic analyses of these mutant lectins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blood typing, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blood typing (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
"Last minute" blood grouping and Rh typing. Author(s): Brosius OC, Darling JM. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1970 October; 36(10): 508-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4994324
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A fully automated blood typing system for hospital transfusion services. ABS2000 Study Group. Author(s): Sandler SG, Langeberg A, Avery N, Mintz PD. Source: Transfusion. 2000 February; 40(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686004
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A modular design for regional blood center automation with centralized blood typing. Author(s): Brodheim E. Source: Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol. 1978 March; 21(2): 681-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=675018
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A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ABO blood typing of semen by using anti-p 84 monoclonal antibody as a marker of blood group substance in semen. Author(s): Sato I, Nakamura A, Ujiie K, Yukawa N, Nakajima Y. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2000 July; 45(4): 795-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914572
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ABO blood typing of human skeletal remains in Hungary. Author(s): Lengyel I. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1984 March; 63(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6375395
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An evaluation of the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone on blood typing with anti-Rh serum: importance of albumin concentration. Author(s): Thorwarth R, Finlayson JS. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1969 May; 131(1): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4976951
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Anomalous blood typing from impersonation. Author(s): Littler ER, Siverman EM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 January 12; 241(2): Unknown. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=102804
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Automated blood typing of patients. Author(s): Taswell HF, Nicholson LL, Cochran ML. Source: Transfusion. 1974 March-April; 14(2): 124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731584
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Behavior of animal blood in blood typing systems. Isoelectric focusing of erythrocyte acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase. Author(s): Stowell LI, Thomson DG, Vintiner SK, Dick GL. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1989 September; 34(5): 1095-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2530313
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Blood typing and twin zygosity: a comparison of two methods. Author(s): Lykken DT. Source: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1981; 30(4): 293-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6954826
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Blood typing errors on U.S. Army identification (ID) cards and tags. Author(s): Gaydos JC, Polk AJ, Cowan DN, Clark GB, Stewart KR, Jones RV, Henry JM. Source: Military Medicine. 1990 April; 155(4): A19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110330
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Blood typing errors on U.S. army identification cards and tags. Author(s): Frohman EM. Source: Military Medicine. 1989 May; 154(5): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2499847
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Blood typing errors on U.S. Army identification cards and tags. Author(s): Gaydos JC, Cowan DN, Polk AJ, Clark GB, Stewart KR, Jones RV, Henry JM. Source: Military Medicine. 1988 December; 153(12): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144663
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Blood typing in disputed paternity cases: capabilities of American laboratories. Author(s): Polesky HF, Krause HD. Source: Transfusion. 1977 September-October; 17(5): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=910273
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Blood typing of blood stains on sweat stains by the isoagglutinins detection method. Author(s): Saneshige Y, Yuasa I, Okada K. Source: Forensic Science International. 1980 March-April; 15(2): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358326
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Blood typing studies in American Indians: misclassification of RZ phenotypes. Author(s): Layrisse Z, Layrisse M, Gershowitz H. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1970 May; 32(3): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4986786
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Chorionic villus sampling for fetal Rh typing: clinical implications. Author(s): Kickler TS, Blakemore K, Shirey RS, Nicol S, Callan N, Ness PM, Escallon C, Dover G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 May; 166(5): 1407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1375812
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Chorionic villus sampling for Rh typing: clinical implications. Author(s): Moise KJ Jr, Carpenter RJ Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 March; 168(3 Pt 1): 1002-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8456867
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Construction of mono- and bivalent human single-chain Fv fragments against the D antigen in the Rh blood group: multimerization effect on cell agglutination and application to blood typing. Author(s): Furuta M, Uchikawa M, Ueda Y, Yabe T, Taima T, Tsumoto K, Kojima S, Juji T, Kumagai I. Source: Protein Engineering. 1998 March; 11(3): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613848
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Detection of hemagglutinins in dried saliva stains and their potential use in blood typing. Author(s): Harrington JJ, Martin R, Kobilinsky L. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1988 May; 33(3): 628-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3385376
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Development of anti-human B blood group monoclonal antibodies suitable as a blood typing reagent. Author(s): Becker MI, Juica F, Jamett A, Tzichinovsky S, Barros S, Aguayo J, De Ioannes AE. Source: Hybridoma. 1994 August; 13(4): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7806251
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Difficulty in blood typing after infusion of plasma substitutes. Relationship to erythrocyte sedimentation rate and rouleaux-formation. Author(s): Goto Y. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1974 December; 4(4): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4465473
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Dry instant blood typing plate for bedside use. Author(s): Blakeley D, Tolliday B, Colaco C, Roser B. Source: Lancet. 1990 October 6; 336(8719): 854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976884
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Emergency blood typing in the field during World War II: a personal narrative. Author(s): Berg S. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1986 September; 62(7): 778-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3533192
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Erroneous blood typing due to polyagglutination. Author(s): Beck ML. Source: Med Lab Technol. 1972 January; 29(1): 55-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5038926
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Evaluation of a new blood typing instrument. Author(s): Girard M. Source: Transfusion. 1983 March-April; 23(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6836698
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Fetal blood typing after induced abortion. Author(s): Shah S, Haber JM, Queenan JT. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 November; 40(5): 724-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4378335
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Fetal blood typing after sexual assault. Author(s): LaFerla JJ, Bisbing RE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 September 10; 248(10): 1179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7109131
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Laboratory proficiency in blood banking: the variability of blood bank reagents for blood typing. Author(s): Koepke JA, Thakur K. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1972; 22(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5019391
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Modified microtiter tray method for blood typing. Author(s): Parker JL, Marcoux DA, Hafleigh EB, Grumet FC. Source: Transfusion. 1978 July-August; 18(4): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=684791
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Monoclonal anti-B as a new blood typing reagent. Author(s): Gaur V. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1982 February; 42(2): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7064429
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Monoclonal antibodies as potential blood typing reagents. Author(s): Hughes-Jones NC. Source: Immunology Today. 1988 March; 9(3): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3151437
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Munchausen syndrome by proxy documented by discrepant blood typing. Author(s): Yomtovian R, Swanger R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1991 February; 95(2): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992614
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Prenatal Rh typing errors. Author(s): Schmidt PJ, Pautler K, Samia CT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 April 1; 145(7): 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6404171
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Preparation of high-titre anti-P1 sera for blood typing in man. Author(s): Gertler A, Correns A, Prokop O. Source: Forensic Science International. 1988 February; 36(3-4): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3350443
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Quantitative blood typing profiles of human erythrocytes. Author(s): Berkman EM, Nusbacher J, Kochwa S, Rosenfield RE. Source: Transfusion. 1971 November-December; 11(6): 317-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4109328
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Quantitative Rh typing of r-Gr-G with observations on the nature of G (Rh 12) and anti-G. Author(s): Rosenfield RE, Levine P, Heller C. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1975; 28(4): 293-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804766
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Rh typing with albumin-serum-anti-D and dextran-anti D. Author(s): Drachmann O. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1967 February; 14(3): 52-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4963080
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Rh0(D) and Du cord blood typing during elective abortion operations. Author(s): Munsick RA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 March; 67(3): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3080717
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Semen specific gamma-glutamyltransferase carries ABH antigens: a sandwich ELISA for simultaneous semen detection and its ABO blood typing. Author(s): Abe S, Gunji H, Kunii S, Kuraya M, Fujita T, Hiraiwa K. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1999 May; 283(1-2): 183-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404742
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Simulated ABO and Rh blood typing. Author(s): Anderson BV, Warden BA. Source: Transfusion. 1995 September; 35(9): 754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7570936
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Solid-phase ABO grouping and Rh typing. Author(s): Sinor LT, Rachel JM, Beck ML, Bayer WL, Coenen WM, Plapp FV. Source: Transfusion. 1985 January-February; 25(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3918360
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The status of routine blood typing with the auto-analyzer. Author(s): Sturgeon P, McQuiston DT. Source: Bibl Haematol. 1965; 23: 975-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5879458
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Trial of ABO and Rh blood typing with an automated blood cell counter. Author(s): Tatsumi N, Tsuda I, Inoue K. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1989; 11(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2504533
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Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometric approach to blood typing: objective analysis by agglutination index. Author(s): Narayanan S, Orton S, Leparc GF, Garcia-Rubio LH, Potter RL. Source: Transfusion. 1999 October; 39(10): 1051-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532597
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Use of Escherichia coli O 86 :B7 in the adsorption of anti-A and anti-B from blood typing sera. Author(s): Oyen R, Colledge KI, Marsh WL, Wainfan E. Source: Transfusion. 1972 March-April; 12(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4555764
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UV-visible spectrophotometric approach to blood typing II: phenotyping of subtype A2 and weak D and whole blood analysis. Author(s): Narayanan S, Galloway L, Nonoyama A, Leparc GF, Garcia-Rubio LH, Potter RL. Source: Transfusion. 2002 May; 42(5): 619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084171
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What constitutes adequate routine Rh typing on donors and recipients? Author(s): Spielmann W, Allen FH, Engelfriet CP, Freiesleben E, Greenwalt TJ, Huestis DW, Myhre BA, Salmon C. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1971 August; 21(2): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5000960
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLOOD TYPING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to blood typing. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to blood typing and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to blood typing: •
A case of mu heavy-chain disease associated with hyperglobulinemia, anemia, and a positive Coombs test. Author(s): Witzens M, Egerer G, Stahl D, Werle E, Goldschmidt H, Haas R. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1998 November; 77(5): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858149
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A new low ionic strength test for assessment of pretransfusion compatibility. Studies in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Szymanski IO, Gandhi JG. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 July; 80(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6858963
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Agglutination of an EDTA blood sample caused by an EDTA-dependent panagglutinin. Author(s): Reid ME, Bottenfield LK, Toy PT, Ellisor SS, Hart CA.
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Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1985 April; 83(4): 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3920896 •
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute leukemia: cytoreduction with fractionated total body irradiation, high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide. Author(s): Duerst RE, Horan JT, Liesveld JL, Abboud CN, Zwetsch LM, Senf ES, Constine LS, Raubertas RF, Passarell JA, DiPersio JF. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 March; 25(5): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10713624
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An antibody screening test based on the antiglobulin gel technique, pooled test cells, and plasma. Author(s): Lillevang ST, Georgsen J, Kristensen T. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1994; 66(3): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036792
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Anti-Rga: identifying serologic characteristics. Author(s): Strohm PL, Molthan L. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1982 December; 48(12): 997-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7165034
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Blood type A and B frequencies in Turkish Van and Angora cats in Turkey. Author(s): Arikan S, Duru SY, Gurkan M, Agaoglu ZT, Giger U. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine. 2003 August; 50(6): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887623
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Comparison of plasma and serum for antibody detection using DiaMed microtubes. Author(s): Scott Y, Parker P, McArdle B, Wallis JP. Source: Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England). 1996 March; 6(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8696450
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Discrepancies in reverse ABO typing due to prozone. How safe is the immediate-spin crossmatch? Author(s): Judd WJ, Steiner EA, O'Donnell DB, Oberman HA. Source: Transfusion. 1988 July-August; 28(4): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3388479
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Effect of delayed centrifugation or reading on the detection of ABO incompatibility by the immediate-spin crossmatch. Author(s): Shulman IA, Calderon C.
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Source: Transfusion. 1991 March-April; 31(3): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2003320 •
Evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate for ABO and Rh typing and alloantibody screening. Author(s): Anderson DR, Wiseman J, MacLeod J, Burton E, Zayed E. Source: Transfusion. 2000 June; 40(6): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10864986
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Evaluation of the gel system for ABO grouping and D typing. Author(s): Langston MM, Procter JL, Cipolone KM, Stroncek DF. Source: Transfusion. 1999 March; 39(3): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204594
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Evidence of an anti-A1 inhibited by EDTA. Author(s): Tedrow HE, Zeigler ZR. Source: Transfusion. 1988 March-April; 28(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3127970
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Factors that influence platelet recovery after transfusion: resolving donor quality from ABO compatibility. Author(s): Jimenez TM, Patel SB, Pineda AA, Tefferi A, Owen WG. Source: Transfusion. 2003 March; 43(3): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12675717
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Inhibition of serological reactions with enzyme-treated red cells by complement binding alloantibodies. Author(s): Lown JA, Holland PA, Barr AL. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1984; 46(5): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6730426
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National survey of neonatal transfusion practices: I. Red blood cell therapy. Author(s): Levy GJ, Strauss RG, Hume H, Schloz L, Albanese MA, Blazina J, Werner A, Sotelo-Avila C, Barrasso C, Blanchette V, et al. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 March; 91(3): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441554
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Prenatal HLA typing of uncultured amniocytes prior to the collection of related allogeneic cord blood. Author(s): Bugert P, Zieger W, Kluter H, Eichler H.
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Source: Tissue Antigens. 2001 August; 58(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11696225 •
Reactivity of a transient autoantibody inhibited by ionized calcium. Author(s): Joshi SR. Source: Haematologia. 1997; 28(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408770
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Relationship between antibodies dependent on calcium chelators and the H antigen. Author(s): Janvier D, Reviron M, Maury J. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1998; 75(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779568
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Report on the Tenth International Platelet Genotyping and Serology Workshop on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Author(s): Panzer S. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 2001 January; 80(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339073
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The collaborative study on typing group-specific component by eight forensic science laboratories. Author(s): Westwood SA, Werrett DJ. Source: J Forensic Sci Soc. 1989 May-June; 29(3): 173-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2677220
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The pH optima for papain and bromelain treatment of red cells. Author(s): Scott ML, Johnson CA, Phillips PK. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1987; 52(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604182
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The use of EDTA plasma obviates the need for prewarmed tests. Author(s): Pereira A, Alcorta I. Source: Transfusion. 1995 October; 35(10): 885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7570925
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Unsatisfactory detection of an in vivo haemolytic anti-vel by the gel test. Author(s): Neppert J, Bartz L, Clasen C. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1998; 75(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745158
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON BLOOD TYPING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “blood typing” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blood typing, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Blood Typing By performing a patent search focusing on blood typing, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 4Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on blood typing: •
Agglutinant complex as blood typing reagent Inventor(s): Pernelle; Michel (Igny, FR) Assignee(s): Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostics (Marnes La Coquette, FR) Patent Number: 5,302,512 Date filed: May 4, 1992 Abstract: The invention includes an agglutinant complex which is useful for the investigation of the antigens present on erythrocytes, and which results from affinity couplings between nonagglutinant IgG type antibodies specific for the antigen to be identified, a protein capable of binding to at least two sites on the Fc part of antibodies and an anti-immunoglobulin antibody or its fragments. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an agglutinant complex, and the reagents containing it as well as their use for the identification of erythrocyte antigens, especially rare antigens, in a rapid agglutination test. In the field of blood typing, a reagent, or test serum, is said to be agglutinant when it is capable of producing, in a saline solution an agglutination of cells carrying the antigen which is specific for the antibody present in the test serum; this is the most frequently observed behaviour for reagents containing IgM type antibodies; in contrast, IgG type antibodies are generally not agglutinant even after a certain period of incubation. In this case, and in particular for membrane antigens which are either in small numbers on each cell, or are not very accessible to antibodies, the agglutination has to be induced using means such as the addition of proteolytic enzymes or high protein concentrations into the medium, or alternatively by using chemically modified IgG molecules, as in WO 90/07118 and EP-A 022,669. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05302512__
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Apparatus for displaying the results obtained on an agglutination support Inventor(s): Robuchon-Merovak; Christian Romain (Paris, FR), Robuchon-Merovak; Romain Gabriel (Levallois-Perret, FR) Assignee(s): Readymatie S.A. (Lausanne, CH) Patent Number: 4,104,031 Date filed: December 8, 1975 Abstract: Apparatus for projecting, in conventional indication form, i.e. A, B, AB or O followed by the sign + or -, the results which enable an individual's blood group and rhesus factor to be determined and which are obtained with mixtures of blood taken from the individual and of different, appropriate, test sera. The apparatus comprises four positive luminous sighting members, representing a state of agglutination of the mixtures, four negative luminous sighting members, representing a state of nonagglutination of the mixtures, four electric switches controlled by levers which are each actuated towards one or other of these sighting members, from a middle position, depending on the results obtained with the mixtures, and five further luminous sighting members causing the letters A, B and O and the signs + and - to appear in dependence on the direction in which the levers are actuated to display the definition of the blood group. The apparatus is intended for use with a blood typing installation.
Patents 23
Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with the typing of an individual's blood. To type an individual's blood one mixes samples of his blood with various test-sera, here anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB and anti-D, one deposits the different mixtures on a so-called agglutination plate, one examines the plate to see whether or not there has been any agglutination in the mixtures, one determines, on the basis of the results obtained, the blood group of the tested blood, and one prepares a corresponding record card. These operations can give rise to handling errors, errors in the interpretation of the results and/or errors of transcription. Now, such errors, as is known, can have grave consequences since they can be the cause of an individual's death in the even of a blood transfusion. It is therefore important to avoid them. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04104031__ •
Blood cell typing and compatibility test procedure Inventor(s): Kochwa; Shaul (Queens, NY), Rosenfield; Richard E. (Bronx, NY) Assignee(s): Mt. Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,275,053 Date filed: June 14, 1978 Abstract: A solid-phase blood typing procedure is described based upon either aggluation or immune lysis. In this invention, a monolayer of cells is irreversibly bound to a solid matrix, and thereafter a serum containing antibodies is brought into contact with the bound cell layer. Immuno-adsorption of antibodies by the bound cells occurs where the antigens of the cell membranes and the antibodies in the serum are complementary to each other. This antibody-sensitized monolayer of blood cells can either bind a second layer of blood cells carrying complementary antigen (solid-phase agglutination) or undergo lysis in the presence of serum lytic complement (solid-phase immune lysis). Carrying out these reactions with a monolayer of blood cells bound to a solid matrix allows quantitative evaluation of results by such standard instrumentable procedures as densitometric scanning, radioisotope counting, etc. Excerpt(s): Many medical procedures require a determination of pre-transfusion or pregrafting blood cell compatibility between donor and patient. Blood cell compatibility is determined by the non-occurrence of an immunological reaction between antibodies contained in the blood serum of a patient and antigens present on blood cells from a donor. For example, if the red cells of a patient are type A (i.e., have "A" antigens on the red cells), the serum of such a patient's blood will have anti-B antibodies, i.e., antibodies which will react with "B" cells. If such a patient receives a donation of "B" blood, an immunological reaction will occur between the anti-B antibodies of the patient's serum and the B-antigens of the red blood cells of the donor. Such an incompatibility can result in serious consequences because of intravascular hemolysis. Test for blood cell typing and compatibility are generally of two types: (i) a test to determine whether a specific antibody added to the cells will cause their agglutination, and (ii) a test to determine whether a specific antibody added to the tested cells together with serum complement, will cause cell lysis. The first of these two basic tests, agglutination, refers to a clumping of blood cells containing, for example, type A antigens, to which anti-A antibodies are added in the absence of complement. The A-antigen and the anti-A antibody react specifically with each other by immunological reaction with the antibody forming bridges between adjacent cells. This leads to an interlocked mass of the blood cells joined to each other by the added antibodies.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04275053__ •
Blood typing tests and reagents Inventor(s): Graham, Jr.; Henry A. (Annandale, NJ), Hawk; Johnna B. (Rocky Hill, NJ), Kebles; Diane B. (Stewartsville, NJ), Olekna; David J. (Annandale, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Diagnostics, Inc. (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 4,358,436 Date filed: June 9, 1980 Abstract: Methods and reagents for determination of Rh.sub.o (D), C, c, E, e, and K antigens in human blood. The reagents are low-protein compositions containing reduced and S-alkylated IgG antibody to the selected antigen maintained at a pH of between about 7.5 and 8.3. These reagents meet or exceed FDA standards for potency and specificity of the respective antisera. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and reagents for use in blood typing and more specifically for the detection of Rh antigens such as the Rh.sub.o (D) antigen, as well as other antigens. Blood typing, and particularly the determination of the presence or absence of Rh.sub.o (D) antigen, is a routine procedure in modern medicine. Since the discovery of the relationship between Rh factor and disease in the 1930's, there has been an increasing concern to detect Rh incompatibilities between mother and fetus so that such incompatibilities may be treated or avoided in future children. At the present time, many state laws require Rh testing of pregnant women and of infants born of Rh negative women. The introduction of Rh immune globulin in 1968 allowed for the first time a method of treatment of Rh negative women bearing Rh positive children to prevent disease in later Rh positive children of these women. There are two types of diagnostic tests currently used for detecting the presence of D antigen. It should be understood, by way of introduction, that IgG antibody to D antigen is a socalled "incomplete" antibody. That is, IgG antibodies with specificity for the D antigen often fail to agglutinate Rh positive red cells suspended in saline. In contrast, IgM antibodies to the D antigen do cause agglutination of Rh positive red cells in saline. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04358436__
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Bloodless blood typing training kit Inventor(s): Inoue; Tsutomu (Fuchu, JP), Kawamura; Naoto (Yamato, JP), Okamoto; Rokuro (Fujisawa, JP), Okamura; Kazuhiko (Fujisawa, JP), Tone; Hiroshi (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Sanraku Incorporated (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,055,259 Date filed: July 24, 1989 Abstract: This invention provides a blood typing training kit comprising a red blood cell model and an antiserum model with no use of human blood in experiments for blood agglutination and in learning of blood typing, the red blood cell model being an easily available granule which can be suspended in water such as agarose bead, Sepharose, cellulose, Sephadex, cellulofine, alginate, tamarind polysaccharide, gelatin, xanthan gum, etc. or the saccharide- or protein-bound form thereof and the antiserum model being lectin, boric acid-containing liquid or immunoglobulin G.
Patents 25
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to model kits for learning blood typing principle comprising red blood cell models and antiserum models with no use of human blood, for use in experiments for blood agglutination and in learning of blood typing, the red blood cell models being easily available granules which can be suspended in water such as agarose bead, Sepharose, cellulose, Sephadex, cellulofine, alginate, tamarind polysaccharide, gelatin, xanthan gum, etc., or the saccharide- or protein-bound form thereof and the antiserum models being lectin, boric acid-containing liquid or immunoglobulin. Blood typing is to be learned in biology in high school, wherein "the relationship among agglutinins based on ABO blood group system" and "the agglutination reaction" should be instructed according to the textbook and so on. However, since human blood has been used in the experiments, they may actually be instructed only at nearly half of high schools in Japan. In the learning of blood typing human blood was taken and used as experimental materials, but the use of human blood in lessons at high school is not preferable as such blood is not easily available; blood-collecting from students would violate the medicinal affairs law; a great number of diseases infected via blood are known and in particular, AIDS and hepatitis B have become a social problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05055259__ •
Method and erythrocyte preparation for reverse blood grouping Inventor(s): Friedman; Stephen B. (Stanhope, NJ), Price; Richard T. (Verona, NJ), Prodell; Rita C. (West Orange, NJ) Assignee(s): Akzona Incorporated (Asheville, NC) Patent Number: 3,956,477 Date filed: June 8, 1973 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a stable preparation of human erythrocytes for use in reverse blood typing comprising erythrocytes hemolyzed by gradual hypotonic hemolysis using a sequence of aqueous hypotonic buffers to form stroma wherein the stroma cells are in the form of discoid bodies having the reticular membrane of the cell substantially intact. The stroma reagent has been found to be highly stable and antigenic in the sense that it contains blood group antigens (carried on the stroma cells), and can be admixed with human blood serum or plasma to determine the presence of hemologous blood group antibodies. Excerpt(s): Native erythrocytes and those treated by many prior art procedures useful for indirect hemagglutination testing such as blood typing suffer from the disadvantage that they deteriorate rapidly on storage so that for typing purposes they are considered useless after about 21 days and are required to be replaced. Examples of methods directed at stabilization of red blood cells include U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,345, to Hirata which describes an erythrocyte preparation wherein stabilization is accomplished by sequential exposure of the blood cells to dilute solutions of pyruvic aldehyde and formaldehyde. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,427, also to Hirata. Literature of interest includes the following references: Ling, Brit. J. Haemat., Vol. 7, 1961 (pp. 229 - 302); Kabat, Exptl. Immunochem. CC Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 2nd Ed., 1961 (pp. 542 - 550); Chem. Abs., Vol. 55 (1961) pp. 27495; Vol. 65 (1966) pp. 20497, 20672; and, Ingraham, PSEBM Vol. 99, Nov., 1958 (pp. 452 - 456). The invention is a stable preparation of human erythrocytes for use in reverse blood typing by immunochemical agglutination reaction between blood group antigens carried on the erythrocytes and homologous antibodies present in the blood plasma or serum to be tested. The erythrocytes are
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prepared by a process of gradual hypotonic hemolysis using a sequence of aqueous hypotonic buffers, i.e., the blood cells are washed in a first aqueous buffer and allowed to remain in contact with the buffer until osmotic equilibrium is reached with the buffer. Thereafter, the process is repeated or a buffer which is more hypotonic is employed. The process is continued until essentially complete hemolysis is obtained. The resulting stroma (slightly pink to off white in color) is characterized in that the stroma cells are generally in form of discoid bodies (i.e., the stroma is homogeneous) of approximately the same size as the unhemolyzed erythrocytes. The reticular membrane of the cell is generally intact, although small rupture zones may be present where hemoglobin and other internal cell components exited from the cell during the process of hemolysis. As the reticulum is believed to carry the blood group antigens, it is important that this membrane survive hemolysis generally intact so that the resulting stroma is sufficiently antigenic to agglutinate homologous antibodies contained in blood serum or plasma. To aid in visualization of the agglutination test reaction, the hemolyzed erythrocytes are stained (e.g., red or blue) to contrast in color with the blood fluids to be tested. The preparation also contains, as an important component, an aqueous buffer solution which is generally isotonic to the stromatol erythrocytes, i.e., the buffer is matched generally with the fluids used to hemolyze the cell and thereby serves to minimize further leaching out, osmosis or removal of components of the cell. The degree of matching is not, however, as important as the fact that a buffer of some strength be employed. The buffer also functions to maintain the dispersibility of the stroma cells which aids in the avidity and sensitivity of the agglutination reaction. It is known, for example, that if distilled water is used instead of an aqueous buffer, the stroma cells exhibit some tendency to pack tightly together during processing and the preparation often fails to exhibit a consistent sensitivity. The buffer also serves as a carrier liquid for the stroma cells during storage and prior to use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03956477__ •
Microtiter plate for blood typing Inventor(s): Merz; Dieter (Frankfurt, DE), Schleussner; Hans (Frankfurt, DE), Uthemann; Horst (Frankfurt, DE) Assignee(s): Biotest-Serum-Institut GmbH (Frankfurt, DE) Patent Number: 4,770,856 Date filed: October 29, 1987 Abstract: A microtiter plate for blood typing consisting of a flat-bottomed plate of rigid transparent polystyrene having a plurality of wells, the polystyrene being surface treated by a corona and/or plasma method of applying high power electric energy at high frequency resulting in a permanently measurable negative ion-charge at the surface of the wells, and layers of substantially pure antiserums dried on the wells without any binder from a suspension or solution of the antiserums and tightly but releasably bound to the polystryene. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a microtiter plate for blood typing. 6. American Red Cross: Application of microplates in regional blood centers, National Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The micromethod has certain advantages over existing methods like spot-plating, tube centrifuging, or slide testing, namely lower cost, less time, suitability for routine use, and greater sensitivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04770856__
Patents 27
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Monoclonal antibodies for detection of an H (O) blood group antigen Inventor(s): Anger; Bernd R. (Kreiensen, DE), Karlsson; Karl-Anders (Gothenburg, SE), Larson; Goran (Gothenburg, SE), Lloyd; Kenneth O. (Bronx, NY), Oettgen; Herbert F. (New Canaan, CT), Old; Lloyd J. (New York, NY), Stromberg; Nicklas (Gothenburg, SE), Thurin; Jan (Gothenburg, SE) Assignee(s): Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,678,747 Date filed: February 28, 1983 Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the difucosyl-type-2-H antigen on human cells and a method of producing said antibodies are disclosed. The monoclonal antibodies are useful in blood typing and in diagnosis of blood disorders and malignancies involving loss or gain of this H antigen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to typing human cells with monoclonal antibodies specific for an H antigen of O type cells. The monoclonal antibodies recognize the difucosyl-type 2-H antigen on human cells and are useful in assays for this antigen. Blood must be typed to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient before a transfusion can be started. For purpose of typing, human blood is divided into the major groups A, B, AB and O. The surface structures of the cell membrane of the red blood cell determine the particular group to which the blood belongs. Typing into groups is made possible by reagents which recognize these specific cell surface determinants. In the case of the A and B determinants, antibodies to A and B surface antigens are used in immunological assays. In the case of O blood type, it is the H cell surface antigen which must be recognized. However, an H antibody has not been available for immunossay of O blood so O blood is currently typed with extracts of seed of Ulex europeus (common gorse) which acts somewhat like an anti-H antibody. (Boyd, W. C. et al, Blood 9:11951198 (1954)). This reagent lacks specificity for fine structures of the H antigen which may be of significance in some blood disorders. Moreover, quantitation of the H antigen is not possible with this reagent. New possibilities for the detection of antigens arose with the development of the hybridoma technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies. (Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. Nature 256:495-497 (1975).) Although most monoclonal antibodies are developed for the purpose of detecting tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens, in actual practice many of the hybridoma clones developed will produce antibodies for more common antigens as well. These antibodies are valuable tools for characterizing the cell surface in general or as diagnostic reagents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04678747__
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Portable blood typing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Goldfinger; Dennis (Encino, CA), Hsi; Rock C. (Monterey Park, CA) Assignee(s): Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 4,650,662 Date filed: November 13, 1984 Abstract: A portable apparatus to enable rapid determination of an individual's ABO blood group and Rh blood type and a method of using such apparatus. The apparatus has a plurality of microtubes joined together which contain blood taken from an individual. The assembly of microtubes is connected during use to an assembly of
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reaction chambers containing blood typing reagents. The apparatus enables rapid visualization of the test reactions within the reaction chambers, and may be used in locations removed from a laboratory to determine the ABO blood group and Rh blood type of an individual. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention is a portable apparatus for performing tests to identify the blood group and blood type of a patient according to the ABO and Rh blood type classification systems, and methods of using such apparatus. The testing procedures for determining the ABO blood group and Rh type of an individual's blood are well known to those skilled in the art. The major blood groups are: type A, type B, type A,B and type O. These blood groups are determined by the antigens present on an individual's red blood cells. An individual with type A blood carries red blood cells with type A antigens. In addition, persons of a particular ABO type have antibodies in their blood plasma which react with the antigens that they lack. For example, individuals who are type A have antibodies to the B antigen. Type O individuals have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Typically blood typing involves both "forward" and "reverse" typing. Forward typing tests are performed on the person's red blood cells to determine which antigens are present. A confirmatory, reverse typing test to determine which antibodies are present is also usually performed in the laboratory on the individual's blood serum or plasma. (Technical Manual of the American Association of Blood Banks, 8th Ed. 1981, Washington, D.C.). An additional important antigen is the Rho(D) antigen (hereinafter referred to as the Rh antigen). Determination of the presence or absence of the Rh antigen is known as determining the Rh type of a patient's blood. The presence or absence of the Rh antigen has significance during pregnancy. If a pregnant woman has Rh negative type blood, she may have developed Rh antibodies in a prior pregnancy. If her fetus has Rh positive type blood the mother could transfer Rh antibodies to the fetus, resulting in its death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04650662__ •
Process and apparatus for detection of specific biological factors by means of osmotic hemolysis Inventor(s): Chryssanthou; Chryssanthos P. (Cliffside Park, NJ) Assignee(s): Beth Israel Medical Center (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,130,395 Date filed: August 19, 1975 Abstract: The extent of lysis or red blood cells treated with a test solution containing a known or suspected agglutinating factor, and preferably with a lipid, serves for blood typing and cross matching, and, in addition for the detection and semi-quantitation of tumor factors and of viruses including myxoviruses (influenza, mumps) and adenoviruses (herpes), and of antibodies to such viruses. The method involves as one step the agglutination of erythrocytes (RBC) as well as lysis. Consequently, it is useful for detecting agglutinating factors. An apparatus for carrying out the method automatically is described. Excerpt(s): With the increase in cost of laboratory tests, and with the proliferation of useful tests as the knowledge of pathology and physiology in general and of immunology and blood-banking in particular, increases, it becomes most desirable to develop test procedures which can be carried out quickly, precisely, in large numbers and, wherever possible, automatically. Typing of blood is particularly important from
Patents 29
the above standpoints due to the fact that it is one of the tests most frequently carried out. It is done essentially on a routine basis whenever a patient enters a hospital for surgery due to the fact that transfusion of blood may become necessary. It is extremely important to determine whether a pregnant woman may be Rh negative and the father Rh positive. Problems also arise where an individual who is Rh negative receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood. A second transfusion of blood of this type to such an individual can develop a severe reaction. Where it is suspected that a patient is suffering the effects of infection with a specific virus, a rapid, simple and reliable test for determing whether the patient has been infected with said specific virus would be of substantial value. The value of such a test would be increased if the test could be carried out automatically. It would be desirable in this respect to be able to test for the presence of an antibody to the specific virus in the blood of the individual. As is well-known, red blood cells, henceforth to be termed RBC, undergo osmotic hemolysis when placed in water or in a hypotonic solution, as a result of which the solution turns red. Furthermore, RBC, when brought in contact with a serum or test solution, the term "test solution" as used herein including dispersions as well, said serum or test solution containing an agglutinating factor which is specific to the RBC type, are agglutinated thereby. Applicant has found that clumped cells, when placed in water or in hypotonic solution also undergo osmotic hemolysis but to a substantially lesser extent. More importantly, however, applicant has also found that the degree of osmotic hemolysis is greatly reduced if the clumped cells are treated with a lipid, directly or indirectly, prior to bringing same in contact with the hypotonic solution, water, of course, also being a hypotonic solution. The term lipid as used herein denotes hydrophobic substances of which oils and fats are examples. Further, if the serum or test solution containing an agglutinating factor specific to the RBC is treated with a lipid prior to bringing the serum or test solution into contact with the RBC, then, once more, the degree of hemolysis is greatly reduced. By these means either unknown RBC or an unknown serum can be typed. Unknown RBC can be typed by the use of sera of known type, and an unknown serum can be typed by the use of RBC of known types. The method is applicable to distinguishing RBC and sera as to types A, B, AB and O. In addition, it is applicable to typing with respect to the Rh and Coomb's factors and with respect to M and N factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04130395__ •
Simultaneous human ABO and RH(D) blood typing or antibody screening by flow cytometry Inventor(s): Venkateswaran; Kodumudi (San Francisco, CA), Vyas; Girish N. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,776,711 Date filed: November 12, 1996 Abstract: Flow cytometric methodology is provided for simultaneous determination of (1) ABO and Rh(D) typing of human red cells, (2) natural isoantibodies in plasma, and (3) screening for alloantibodies in plasma. The method includes (a) the use of a unique combination of fluorescent labelled antibodies to A, B and Rh(D) antigens to carry out (1); (b) different sized beads coated with blood group substances A & B to carry out (2); and (c) the differential fluorescent labelling of screening reagent red blood cells for flow cytometric analyses to carry out (3). The routine ABO and Rh(D) typing and antibody
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screening of human blood for both isoantibodies and alloantibodies can be determined in three individual reactions compared to 7 to 10 tests currently performed in blood banks. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to flow cytometric methods for the simultaneous detection of ABO and Rh(D) antigens in human red blood cells (RBC), isoantibodies to erythrocyte antigens A and B in serum/plasma, and alloimmune antibodies of clinical significance to blood group antigens in serum/plasma. Annually, about 14 million voluntary blood donations and about 8 million platletapheresis are performed in the United States of America. Before this blood can be used it must be tested for ABO and Rh(D) blood groups and screened for alloimmune antibodies. Current methods in blood centers employ agglutination assays and about 7 to 10 individual reactions are required to arrive at the results for each blood sample. To determine the blood group, red blood cells are reacted separately with anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB and anti-D antibodies. The serum/plasma from the same blood sample is also individually tested with Type A and Type B reagent RBCs and at least two different pools of Type O reagent cells representing most of the antigens of clinical significance. Thus, in the U.S. alone 150 to 200 million tests are performed annually to determine the blood groups in blood centers. It is therefore of interest to develop a method which would make it possible for a blood bank technologist to simultaneously determine blood group antigens in the red cells as well as antibodies of clinical significance in the serum. Such a method would considerably decrease the number of individual tests performed i.e., provide a reduction of about 50 to 100 million tests per year in the number of tests performed in blood centers resulting in significant savings of time and cost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776711__ •
Specimen disk for blood analyses Inventor(s): Jewell; Charles R. (9810 Kingsbridge Dr., #102, Fairfax, VA 22031) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,631,166 Date filed: March 21, 1995 Abstract: A disk for holding, centrifuging and microscopically viewing fluid samples is provided. The disk includes a plurality of reaction wells radiating outwardly and includes a barrier to restrain particles during centrifugation. This disk is used in the disclosed apparatus and method for blood typing and related procedures. The apparatus comprises sample loading, mixing, centrifuging, incubating, viewing and sterilizing stations. Additionally, a photomicrograph of the sample is taken, digitized, displayed, stored and printed along with corresponding test results and interpretation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to hemo-analysis. More particularly, the invention relates to a testing disk for handling and carrying samples and also to a method and apparatus for analyzing, storing, displaying and printing data from blood typing and other related procedures. Blood grouping is a routine procedure for categorizing human blood into one of four classifications: A, B, AB or O. Currently, blood grouping is accomplished by inducing agglutination, i.e., clumping, in red blood cell suspensions. To perform this procedure a patient's blood sample is clotted and then centrifuged to separate the red blood cells from the blood serum. A small amount of red blood cells is mixed with a diluent and a portion of this test solution is introduced into a test tube. The test tube also contains either anti-A-serum, anti-B-serum or anti-AB-
Patents 31
serum. At various stages of the procedure, reagents facilitating and enhancing immunological reactions are added to the test solution and the resulting solution is incubated, centrifuged and agitated. A sample is then removed from the solution and visually analyzed under a microscope to determine whether cell agglutination has occurred. A sample which agglutinates in the presence of anti-A reagent, but does not agglutinate with the presence of anti-B reagent is identified as blood type A. Similarly, a sample which agglutinates with anti-B reagent but does not agglutinate with anti-A reagent is classified as blood type B. A sample which agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B reagents is classified as blood type AB, and a sample which does not respond to either reagent is classified as blood type O. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05631166__ •
Spectrophotometric method and apparatus for blood typing Inventor(s): Garcia-Rubio; Luis Humberto (Temple Terrace, FL), Leparc; German (Tampa, FL), Narayanan; Smita (Tampa, FL), Orton; Sharyn (Rockville, MD), Potter; Robert (Tampa, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 6,330,058 Date filed: April 13, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for characterizing the type of a blood sample are provided wherein an optical density spectrum of the sample is collected over a predetermined wavelength range. A reference optical density spectrum is collected over a predetermined wavelength range for a portion of the blood sample diluted in saline. Another portion of the blood sample is then mixed with an antibody corresponding to a known blood type (e.g., anti-A, anti-B, anti-D antibody). The optical density spectrum is then collected over a predetermined wavelength range for blood diluted with saline and each antibody in saline. The slopes are then calculated over a predetermined wavelength range for each spectrum. A numerical indicator of agglutination is then calculated by dividing the slope of each antibody-treated sample by the slope of the sample in saline. The resulting number is multiplied by 100. The agglutination index (AI) is arrived at by subtracting this number from 100 so that the magnitude of the AI is a reflection of the degree of agglutination of the sample. A high index value indicates large agglutination (i.e., strong interaction with antibody). Blood type is determined by comparing the AI to a predetermined empirical cutoff value. Typically cutoff values greater than 17 indicate type-specific interaction (type AB samples yield AI values over 17 with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, while type O samples yield AI values less than 17 with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the characterization of blood types, and, more particularly, to a spectrophotometric apparatus and method of blood typing. Blood typing is the most commonly used test in blood centers and transfusion medicine (Beutler et al., 1995). Manual blood typing methods are time-consuming, require special skills, and are prone to errors. Automated systems involve expensive and complex instrumentation. In addition, these methods do not lend themselves to a quantitative interpretation of the antibody-induced aggregation process. Consequently, there has been ongoing interest in developing alternative methods for blood typing. This had led us to examine the utility of a simple and easily automated approach, namely, multiwavelength ultraviolet/visible spectroscopic analysis as a potential quantitative blood typing procedure. The basis for currently known blood typing methods is the
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examination of blood samples for aggregation in the presence of agglutinating antibodies (Walker et al., 1990; Gane et al., 1987). At present, the most sophisticated automated blood typing procedure uses image analysis measurements of incubated mixtures of test and reagent samples in optically clear reaction chambers (Olympus, 1993). A special camera records the light transmission pattern throughout the image to distinguish between a positive and negative agglutination test. Manual approaches employed in smaller clinical settings use tube testing that relies on the technician's subjective visual recognition of aggregates. An alternate multistep test uses bromelaintreated erythrocytes adhering to microtiter plates; typing is accomplished via analysis of coagglutination with erythrocytes of unknown sera following centrifugation and evaluation of optical image patterns (Muller et al., 1981). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06330058__ •
Thiol reactive liposomes Inventor(s): Hubbell; Wayne L. (Orinda, CA), Martin; Frank J. (San Francisco, CA), Papahadjopoulos; Demetrios P. (Lafayette, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 4,429,008 Date filed: December 10, 1981 Abstract: Liposomes are provided which have a plurality of thiol reactive groups extending outward of the liposomal bilayer. The liposomes form stable covalent bonds with ligands having thiol groups, such as Fab' fragments. Particularly preferred liposomes include maleimide moieties as the thiol reactive groups. The thiol reactive liposomes are usefully employed in agglutination assays, such as blood typing and binding inhibitions, and targeting to specific cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to liposomes, and more particularly to liposomes which may encapsulate materials, such as drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, reporter molecules and the like, and which have a plurality of thiol reactive groups connected to and extending from the lipid bilayer. These thiol reactive liposomes may be readily and efficiently covalently bound to a variety of ligands having thiol groups for uses such as the specific targeting of chemotherapeutic agents, as immunodiagnostic agents, and the like. The invention described herein was made in the course of work under a grant or award from the Department of Health and Human Services. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar lipid vesicles which enclose a three-dimensional space. The lipid membranes of liposomes are formed by a bimolecular layer of one or more lipid components having polar heads and non-polar tails. In an aqueous solution, the polar heads of one layer orient outwardly to extend into the aqueous solution and to form a continuous, outer surface. Unilamellar liposomes have one such bimolecular layer, whereas multilamellar vesicles generally have a plurality of substantially concentric bimolecular layers arranged rather like an onion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04429008__
Patents 33
Patent Applications on Blood Typing As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to blood typing: •
Animal health diagnosis Inventor(s): Dodds, W. Jean; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Attention OF Charles Berman, ESQ.; Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Llp; 38th Floor; 2029 Century Park East; Los Angeles; CA; 90067-3024; US Patent Application Number: 20020022772 Date filed: August 22, 2001 Abstract: Laboratory test data are analyzed in relation to the health assessment data of an animal together with the genetic data related to that same animal. These data are relevant to the likely morbidity, likely longevity, and/or the potential risk for disease or disorder for the animal, including temperament, immune stimulation and cellular inflammatory response mediators, markers for neoplastic or paraneoplastic change, inherited organ dysfunction or dysplasia, autoimmune thyroiditis, mammary cancer, immune surveillance markers, and inherited bleeding tendency. A panel of tests relates to at least one of endocrine function, immunologic function, gastrointestinal function and nutritional analysis, inborn errors of metabolism, paternity, DNA fingerprinting, hemostasis and coagulation function, vaccinal antibody status, adverse and potential adverse vaccine reaction, infectious diseases, pathology, blood typing and bone marrow analysis, cell cytotoxicity, cytokine and allergy testing, and markers of neoplastic and paraneoplastic change. Excerpt(s): This application relates to application Ser. No 09/419,192 (Dodds) entitled Animal Genetic And Health Profile Database Management, and filed Oct. 15, 1999, the contents thereof are incorporated by reference herein. This invention is concerned with animal health diagnosis. More particularly the invention is directed to the testing, diagnosis and prediction of diseases and disorders of animal companions, for instance dogs and cats. Further this invention relates to a method, system and apparatus for the management of comprehensive and cumulative genetic and health assessment databases in relation to animals worldwide. In particular, the invention relates to a bioinformatics system and its implementation in relation to animal biological data. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods and apparatus for blood typing with optical bio-disc Inventor(s): Cohen, David S.; (Alpharetta, GA), Gordon, John F.; (Irvine, CA), Hunt, Susan N.; (Lake Forest, CA) Correspondence: Hale And Dorr, Llp; 60 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20020098528 Date filed: November 19, 2001
5
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Blood Typing
Abstract: This invention relates to clinical diagnostic assays and related optical bio-discs and a disc-reading apparatus. The invention is directed to a methods for determining the blood cell type of an individual. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional applications: U.S. Serial No. [Prov. 106], filed Nov. 22, 2000 and U.S. Serial No. [Prov. 107], filed Nov. 17, 2000. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference into the subject application. The present invention relates to the field of diagnostic assays and biological analysis and to identification of cell types in a biological sample and analyses related thereto. The invention is further related to the manufacture and use of optically readable discs for biological analysis. Medical diagnostics are critical to the diagnosis and treatment of disease, as well as the general maintenance of good health. Particularly useful are the biological and chemical assays performed on whole blood or its components. One early area of development in the field related to blood typing for the purposes of transfusion. In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered that when the blood of one human being was transfused with that of another human being, differences in their blood might well be the cause of shock, jaundice, and the blood disorder hemoglobinuria that had resulted through earlier blood transfusions. Landsteiner classified human blood into A, B, and O groups and demonstrated that transfusions between humans of group A or B did not result in the destruction of new blood cells and that this catastrophe occurred only when a person was transfused with the blood of a person belonging to a different group. A fourth main blood type, AB was found in 1902 by A. Decastrello and A. Sturli. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Microfluidic analysis cartridge Inventor(s): Bardell, Ronald L.; (Redmond, WA), Klein, Gerald L.; (Edmonds, WA), Schulte, Thomas H.; (Redmond, WA), Weigl, Bernhard H.; (Seattle, WA), Williams, Clinton L.; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: Jerrold J. Litzinger; Sentron Medical, INC.; 4445 Lake Forest DR.; Suite 600; Cincinnati; OH; 45242; US Patent Application Number: 20010046453 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A device for analyzing sample solutions such as whole blood based on coagulation and agglutination which requires no external power source or moving parts to perform the analysis. Single disposable cartridges for performing blood typing assays can be constructed using this technology Excerpt(s): This patent application takes priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/189,163, filed Mar. 14, 2000, which application is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for analyzing samples in microfluidic cartridges, and, in particular, to a device for analyzing sample solutions such as whole blood based on coagulation and agglutination which requires no external power source or moving parts. Microfluidic devices have recently become popular for performing analytical testing. Using tools developed by the semiconductor industry to miniaturize electronics, it has become possible to fabricate intricate fluid systems which can be inexpensively mass produced. Systems have been developed to perform a variety of analytical techniques for the acquisition of information for the medical field. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 35
•
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis Inventor(s): Lo, Yuk-Ming Dennis; (Homantin, CN), Wainscoat, James Stephen; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Volpe And Koenig, P.C.; Suite 400, One Penn Center; 1617 John F. Kennedy Boulevard; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20010051341 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a detection method performed on a maternal serum or plasma from a pregnant female, which method comprises the presence of a nucleic acid of fetal origin in the sample. The invention enables non-invasive prenatal diagnosis including, for example, sex determination, blood typing and other genotyping, and detection of pre-eclampsia in the mother. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/380,696, having a.sctn.102(e) date of Nov. 29, 1999, which is a.sctn.371 national stage of PCT Application No. PCT/GB 98/00690, Filed Mar. 4, 1998. This invention relates to prenatal detection methods using non-invasive techniques. In particular, it relates to prenatal diagnosis by detecting fetal nucleic acids in serum or plasma from a maternal blood sample. Conventional prenatal screening methods for detecting fetal abnormalities and for sex determination traditionally use fetal samples derived by invasive techniques such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. These techniques require careful handling and present a degree of risk to the mother and to the pregnancy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with blood typing, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on blood typing. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning blood typing. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
37
CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLOOD TYPING Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover blood typing.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on blood typing is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to blood typing. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “blood typing” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for blood typing: •
Routine blood typing and screening before vaginal delivery not cost-effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 27, 1998
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “blood typing” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to blood typing, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “blood typing” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Blood Typing Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to blood typing. In addition to
Periodicals and News
39
these sources, you can search for articles covering blood typing that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
41
APPENDICES
43
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
6
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
7
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2798 99 788 20 64 3769
HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “blood typing” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
10
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
14 Adapted 15
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
49
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blood typing can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blood typing. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blood typing. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blood typing”:
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Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Blood and Blood Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodandblooddisorders.html Blood Transfusion and Donation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html Sickle Cell Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sicklecellanemia.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blood typing. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
Patient Resources
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
51
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blood typing. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blood typing. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blood typing. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blood typing” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blood typing”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format
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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blood typing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blood typing” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
53
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
17
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Blood Typing
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
18
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
55
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
57
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
59
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on blood typing: •
Basic Guidelines for Blood Typing Blood typing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003345.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Blood Typing Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Blood Typing Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Coombs' test - indirect Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003343.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm
60
•
Blood Typing
Background Topics for Blood Typing Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
61
BLOOD TYPING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]
Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU]
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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this
Dictionary 63
binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH]
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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Blood Banks: Centers for collecting, characterizing, and storing human blood. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood Stains: Antigenic characteristics and DNA fingerprint patterns identified from blood stains. Their primary value is in criminal cases. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the
Dictionary 65
pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in
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mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]
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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a
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molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and
Dictionary 69
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a glutamyl group from a glutamyl-peptide and an amino acid to a peptide and a glutamylamino acid. EC 2.3.2.2. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as
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antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]
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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the
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large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH]
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Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be
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absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH]
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Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Paternity: Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphoglucomutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]
Dictionary 77
Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Substitutes: Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]
78
Blood Typing
Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive
Dictionary 79
error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]
80
Blood Typing
Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]
Dictionary 81
Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]
82
Blood Typing
Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]
Dictionary 83
Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
85
INDEX A Acid Phosphatase, 8, 61 Acute leukemia, 16, 61 Adsorption, 13, 23, 61 Adsorptive, 61 Adverse Effect, 61, 79 Aerosol, 61, 80 Affinity, 5, 22, 61, 79 Agar, 61 Agarose, 24, 25, 61 Agglutinins, 25, 61, 70 Albumin, 8, 12, 61, 77 Algorithms, 62, 64 Alkaline, 62, 64 Allo, 17, 29, 62 Allogeneic, 16, 17, 62 Alopecia, 62, 67 Alternative medicine, 38, 62 Amino Acid Sequence, 62, 70 Amino Acids, 62, 70, 76, 78, 82 Ammonia, 62, 80, 82 Amniocentesis, 35, 62 Amniotic Fluid, 62 Anaphylatoxins, 62, 66 Anemia, 15, 50, 62, 70 Anions, 61, 62, 73, 79 Antibacterial, 62, 80 Antibiotic, 62, 80 Antibodies, 4, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 60, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 75, 77 Antibody, 4, 8, 16, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82 Anticoagulant, 63, 77 Antigen, 6, 10, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 71, 72 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 63, 66 Anti-inflammatory, 63, 64 Antineoplastic, 63, 67, 77 Antiserum, 24, 25, 63 Apyrase, 6, 63 Aqueous, 25, 26, 32, 63, 67 Assay, 6, 63, 72 Avidity, 26, 63 B Bacteria, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 71, 80, 81, 82 Base, 63, 70, 73 Bile, 63, 73, 74
Bile Pigments, 63, 73 Bilirubin, 61, 63, 71 Biochemical, 63, 69, 73 Biological Factors, 28, 63 Biotechnology, 7, 38, 45, 64 Bivalent, 10, 64 Blood Banks, 28, 30, 64 Blood Cell Count, 13, 64, 70 Blood Coagulation, 64, 81 Blood Glucose, 64, 70 Blood Groups, 28, 30, 64 Blood Stains, 9, 64 Blood transfusion, 4, 23, 34, 64 Blood vessel, 64, 76, 80, 82 Bone Marrow, 6, 16, 33, 61, 64, 74 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 6, 16, 64 Brachytherapy, 64, 72, 73, 78, 82 Bromelain, 18, 32, 64 Buffers, 25, 26, 64 C Calcium, 18, 63, 64, 66 Carbohydrate, 6, 64, 77 Carcinogenic, 65, 72 Causal, 65, 70, 81 Cell Count, 5, 65 Cell Cycle, 65, 69 Cell Division, 63, 65, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77 Cell membrane, 23, 27, 65, 73 Cell Size, 65, 69 Centrifugation, 16, 30, 32, 65, 70 Chemotactic Factors, 65, 66 Chemotherapeutic agent, 32, 65 Chromatin, 65, 74, 80 Chronic, 65, 72, 80 Chymopapain, 65, 76 Clinical trial, 4, 45, 65 Cloning, 64, 65 Coagulation, 5, 33, 34, 64, 65, 71, 77 Collagen, 64, 65 Colloidal, 61, 66, 79, 80 Complement, 17, 23, 62, 66, 73, 77 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 19, 66 Complementary medicine, 15, 66 Computational Biology, 45, 66 Concentric, 32, 66 Conception, 66, 69, 80 Conjunctiva, 66, 72
86
Blood Typing
Connective Tissue, 64, 66, 67 Contraindications, ii, 67 Cornea, 67, 80 Cortisol, 61, 67 Curative, 67, 81 Cyclophosphamide, 16, 67 Cytokine, 33, 67 Cytoplasm, 65, 67, 68, 74 Cytotoxicity, 33, 67 D Degenerative, 67, 71 Dehydration, 67, 77 Dermis, 67, 79, 80 Dextrans, 67, 77 Diabetes Mellitus, 67, 70 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 38, 67 Diphosphates, 63, 67 Diphtheria, 4, 67 Diploid, 67, 76 Direct, iii, 4, 67, 78 Discoid, 25, 26, 67 Dissociation, 61, 67 Drug Interactions, 68 Dysplasia, 33, 68 E Edema, 68, 77 Effector, 66, 68 Ejaculation, 68, 79 Elective, 12, 68 Electrocoagulation, 65, 68 Embryo, 68, 77 Empirical, 31, 68 Encapsulated, 68, 74 Endotoxic, 68, 73 Endotoxins, 66, 68 Environmental Health, 44, 46, 68 Enzymatic, 7, 64, 66, 68, 76 Enzyme, 8, 17, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 8, 68 Erythrocyte Indices, 64, 68 Erythrocytes, 12, 22, 25, 28, 32, 62, 64, 69, 70, 78 Etoposide, 16, 69 Excitation, 69 Exogenous, 61, 69 External-beam radiation, 69, 73, 78, 82 F Family Planning, 45, 69 Fat, 64, 69, 73, 74, 80 Fatty acids, 61, 69
Fetus, 24, 28, 69, 77, 82 Flow Cytometry, 29, 69 Fluorescence, 69 Fluorescent Dyes, 69 G Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, 12, 69 Gas, 62, 69, 71, 75, 80, 82 Gastrointestinal, 33, 69 Gene, 64, 69, 74 Genetic Code, 70, 75 Genotype, 6, 70, 76 Gestation, 70, 77 Glucose, 64, 67, 70, 76 Governing Board, 70, 77 Grafting, 23, 70 Granule, 24, 70 H Haploid, 70, 76 Haptens, 61, 70 Headache, 70, 72 Health Status, 3, 70 Hemagglutinins, 10, 70 Hematocrit, 64, 68, 70 Hemoglobin, 26, 62, 64, 68, 69, 70 Hemoglobin A, 26, 70 Hemoglobinuria, 34, 70 Hemolysis, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 70 Hemostasis, 33, 71 Hepatic, 61, 71 Hepatitis, 4, 25, 71 Hepatocytes, 71 Herpes, 28, 71 Herpes Zoster, 71 Heterogeneity, 61, 71 Homogeneous, 26, 71 Homologous, 25, 64, 71, 75 Hormone, 62, 67, 71, 74, 81 Horseradish Peroxidase, 68, 71 Hybrid, 71 Hybridoma, 10, 27, 71 Hydrogen, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75 Hydrolysis, 63, 71, 78 Hydrophobic, 29, 71 Hyperbilirubinemia, 71, 73 Hyperreflexia, 71, 81 Hypertension, 70, 71, 77 I Immune response, 63, 70, 72, 82 Immune system, 72, 82 Immunoassay, 5, 68, 72 Immunogenic, 72, 73 Immunologic, 33, 65, 72, 78
87
Immunology, 11, 28, 61, 69, 71, 72 Immunosuppressive, 67, 72 Implant radiation, 72, 73, 78, 82 In vitro, 15, 72 In vivo, 15, 18, 72 Incision, 72, 73 Incubated, 31, 32, 72 Incubation, 22, 72 Infection, 29, 65, 67, 72, 74, 80, 82 Inflammation, 61, 63, 71, 72, 75, 77, 81 Influenza, 28, 72 Infusion, 10, 72, 82 Initiation, 7, 72 Internal radiation, 72, 73, 78, 82 Interstitial, 64, 72, 73, 82 Intestines, 69, 72 Intracellular, 72, 73, 74 Intravascular, 23, 73 Intravenous, 72, 73 Intrinsic, 61, 73 Invasive, 35, 73 Ions, 63, 64, 68, 71, 73 Irradiation, 16, 73, 82 Isotonic, 26, 73 J Jaundice, 34, 71, 73 K Karyotype, 62, 73 Kb, 44, 73 Kidney Transplantation, 3, 73 L Labile, 66, 73 Laceration, 73, 81 Lectin, 6, 24, 25, 73, 74 Leukemia, 73 Ligands, 7, 32, 73 Linkages, 70, 73 Lipid, 28, 29, 32, 73, 74 Lipid A, 29, 73 Lipopolysaccharides, 73, 74 Liposomal, 32, 74 Liposomes, 32, 74 Liver, 61, 63, 67, 71, 74, 82 Localized, 67, 68, 72, 74, 76, 81 Locomotion, 74, 76 Lymphatic, 72, 74, 80 Lymphocytes, 6, 63, 74, 80, 82 Lymphoid, 62, 74 Lytic, 23, 74, 79 M Malnutrition, 61, 74 Mammary, 33, 74
Mammogram, 4, 74 Meat, 64, 74 MEDLINE, 45, 74 Meiosis, 64, 74, 75 Membrane, 22, 25, 26, 65, 66, 74, 75, 76 Membrane Proteins, 74 Mental, iv, 4, 44, 46, 68, 74, 78 Mental Health, iv, 4, 44, 46, 74, 78 Mercury, 69, 74 Metaphase, 64, 75 Mitotic, 69, 75 Molecular, 6, 7, 45, 47, 64, 66, 74, 75, 81 Molecule, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78 Monoclonal, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 27, 73, 75, 78, 82 Monoclonal antibodies, 4, 6, 10, 11, 27, 75 Mucins, 75, 79 Multivalent, 63, 75 Myalgia, 72, 75 Myeloma, 4, 71, 75 Myocarditis, 67, 75 N Nasal Mucosa, 72, 75 Neonatal, 17, 75 Neutrons, 73, 75, 78 Nitrogen, 6, 61, 67, 75 Nucleic acid, 32, 35, 70, 75 Nucleus, 65, 67, 74, 75, 77 O Organelles, 65, 67, 75 Osmosis, 26, 75, 76 Osmotic, 26, 28, 29, 61, 76, 79 P Palliative, 76, 81 Papain, 18, 76 Parasitic, 70, 76 Particle, 5, 76 Paternity, 9, 33, 76 Pathogen, 72, 76 Patient Care Team, 4, 76 Patient Education, 3, 54, 56, 60, 76 Peptide, 69, 76, 78 Pharmacologic, 76, 81 Pharynx, 72, 76 Phenotype, 4, 6, 76 Phosphoglucomutase, 8, 76 Phosphorus, 64, 76 Photocoagulation, 65, 76 Physiologic, 73, 76, 78 Physiology, 16, 28, 76 Plants, 6, 70, 73, 76, 81
88
Blood Typing
Plasma, 6, 10, 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 61, 62, 65, 67, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 79 Plasma cells, 62, 75, 77 Plasma protein, 61, 77, 79 Plasma Substitutes, 10, 77 Pneumonia, 4, 67, 77 Podophyllotoxin, 69, 77 Polyethylene, 17, 77 Polyneuritis, 67, 77 Polysaccharide, 24, 25, 61, 63, 77 Postoperative, 4, 77 Practice Guidelines, 46, 77 Precursor, 67, 68, 77 Pre-Eclampsia, 35, 77 Prenatal, 12, 17, 35, 68, 77 Prenatal Diagnosis, 35, 77 Prone, 6, 31, 77 Prophase, 64, 75, 77 Protein C, 22, 24, 61, 62, 77, 82 Protein S, 64, 70, 78 Proteins, 6, 32, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Proteinuria, 77, 78 Proteolytic, 22, 66, 76, 78 Proxy, 12, 78 Public Health, 5, 46, 78 Public Policy, 45, 78 R Radiation, 69, 72, 73, 78, 82 Radiation therapy, 69, 72, 73, 78, 82 Radioactive, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 82 Radioisotope, 23, 78 Radiolabeled, 73, 78, 82 Radiotherapy, 64, 73, 78, 82 Reagent, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 78 Receptor, 63, 78 Recombinant, 4, 7, 78 Red blood cells, 4, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 69, 70, 78 Refer, 1, 66, 71, 74, 75, 78, 81 Refraction, 78, 80 Reticular, 25, 26, 79 Rigidity, 76, 79 S Saline, 22, 24, 31, 77, 79 Saliva, 10, 79 Salivary, 79 Salivary glands, 79 Screening, 16, 17, 29, 35, 37, 65, 79 Secretion, 75, 79 Sediment, 79
Sedimentation, 10, 65, 79 Semen, 8, 12, 68, 79 Semisynthetic, 69, 79 Serologic, 16, 72, 79 Serum, 8, 12, 16, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 61, 62, 63, 66, 73, 77, 79 Serum Albumin, 77, 79 Sex Determination, 35, 79 Shock, 34, 79 Side effect, 61, 67, 79, 81 Skeletal, 8, 79 Skeleton, 79 Small intestine, 71, 73, 79, 82 Sodium, 79, 80 Soft tissue, 64, 79, 80 Solvent, 76, 80 Specialist, 51, 80 Species, 62, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82 Specificity, 5, 6, 24, 27, 61, 80 Spectroscopic, 31, 80 Spectrum, 31, 80 Spermatozoa, 79, 80 Spleen, 71, 74, 80 Stabilization, 25, 80 Sterility, 67, 80 Stomach, 69, 71, 72, 76, 79, 80 Stroma, 25, 26, 80 Subacute, 72, 80 Subclinical, 72, 80 Substrate, 68, 80 Suspensions, 30, 80 Sweat, 9, 67, 80 Sweat Glands, 67, 80 Symbiosis, 6, 80 Systemic, 67, 72, 73, 78, 80, 82 T Temperament, 33, 81 Tetani, 81 Tetanic, 81 Tetanus, 4, 81 Therapeutics, 81 Thrombin, 77, 81 Thrombomodulin, 77, 81 Thyroid, 81 Thyroid Gland, 81 Thyroiditis, 33, 81 Thyroxine, 61, 81 Tissue, 4, 18, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82 Titre, 12, 81 Tonicity, 71, 73, 81 Topical, 76, 81
89
Toxic, iv, 67, 77, 81 Toxicity, 68, 75, 81 Toxicology, 46, 81 Toxin, 67, 68, 81 Transfection, 64, 81 Transfusion, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, 29, 31, 34, 50, 82 Transplantation, 3, 5, 82 U Urea, 80, 82 Urine, 70, 78, 82 Uterus, 62, 82 V Vaccine, 33, 82 Vagina, 82 Vaginal, 37, 82 Vascular, 67, 72, 81, 82
Venous, 64, 78, 82 Venous blood, 64, 82 Veterinary Medicine, 16, 45, 82 Villus, 9, 10, 35, 82 Viral, 4, 70, 72, 82 Virus, 29, 82 Vitro, 82 Vivo, 82 W White blood cell, 62, 72, 74, 75, 77, 82 X X-ray, 7, 69, 73, 74, 78, 82 X-ray therapy, 73, 82 Y Yeasts, 76, 83 Z Zymogen, 77, 83
90
Blood Typing
91
92
Blood Typing
