Growth Hormone Deficiency - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERE...

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GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00498-4 1. Growth Hormone Deficiency-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on growth hormone deficiency. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ........................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Growth Hormone Deficiency ........................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY.................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Growth Hormone Deficiency ....................................................... 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ........................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 General References ....................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ........................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Growth Hormone Deficiency ..................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Growth Hormone Deficiency ................................................................. 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ............................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Chapters on Growth Hormone Deficiency ................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 81 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 83 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 87 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 91 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 91 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 91 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 97 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 97 GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DICTIONARY ............................................................ 99 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with growth hormone deficiency is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about growth hormone deficiency, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to growth hormone deficiency, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on growth hormone deficiency. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to growth hormone deficiency, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on growth hormone deficiency. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on growth hormone deficiency.

Federally Funded Research on Growth Hormone Deficiency The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to growth hormone deficiency. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to growth hormone deficiency. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore growth hormone deficiency. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for growth hormone deficiency: •

Project Title: CELL-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN THE PITUITARY GLAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Camper, Sally A.; Professor; Human Genetics; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2009

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The pituitary gland contains five different cell types that are specialized in hormone production. Understanding the mechanism of cell specification is important because many body functions depend on it. Genetically engineered mice have proven the roles of several transcription factors and signaling molecules, and the correspondence with human pituitary disease is outstanding. We proved that the homeodomain transcription factor PITX2 has a dosage dependent role in development of the pituitary primordium and in activation of lineage specific transcription factor genes. In humans, PITX2 mutations are a cause of Rieger syndrome and isolated growth hormone deficiency. We propose to test the role of PITX2 in maintenance of differentiated functions of specialized pituitary cells by cell specific deletion in mice. The role of GATA2, a downstream target of PITX2, will be tested using a conditional null allele of Gata2. FOXL2 is a forkhead transcription factor that is one of the earliest markers of differentiated cells in the developing pituitary gland, and it activates gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor transcription. Humans haploinsufficient for FOXL2 have eye defects and premature ovarian failure. We propose that FoxI2 has roles in regulating the growth of committed anterior pituitary cells during development, in the function of mature gonadotropes, and in susceptibility to pituitary tumors. We will explore these ideas by characterizing Foxl2 expression, placing it in the genetic hierarchy of known transcription factors, and analyzing the consequences of an inducible loss of function allele in mice. Our understanding of pituitary cell specification would be advanced if we had markers to identify specialized cells prior to terminal differentiation and activation of hormone gene transcription. To generate such markers we propose to compare the transcriptomes of pituitary cell types using transgenic technology to mark cells for purification and gene array analysis. Transcripts unique to each differentiated cell type will be identified by bioinformatics and verified experimentally. During the proposed grant cycle we will have defined the roles of three pituitary transcription factors using well-established methods and initiated a new approach to studying cell specification. We expect that these studies will provide valuable insight for understanding the etiology of human pituitary hormone deficiency diseases and characterization of pituitary adenomas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHRONIC SOMATOTROPIN ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN GH DEFICIENCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Arafah, Baha M.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Clinical studies have established that deficiency of growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin in adults is associated with higher adiposity, reduced lean body mass, lower bone mineral density, and decreased quality of life ratings in a wide range of areas. Somatotropin deficiency is associated with decreased bone mineral content and density in patients with childhood or adult-onset disease. While delayed bone maturation and unachieved peak bone mass might explain reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in patients afflicted with GH deficiency as children, the pathophysiology of low BMD in patients with adult-onset somatotropin deficiency is less clear. Recent research suggests that chronic somatotropin therapy can reverse some of the bony changes associated with adult-onset somatotropin deficiency. Unfortunately, the studies conducted thus far have lacked sufficient control measures to be regarded as "definitive." The aim of the present study is to investigate, in a randomized placebocontrolled design, the effect of chronic somatotropin treatment on BMD in patients

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diagnosed with adult-onset somatotropin deficiency. The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency who are treated with somatotropin will have a greater bone mineral density of the spine and the femoral neck, than those who are treated with placebo at the end of 2 years of treatment. The secondary objectives of the study are as follows: 1) to test the hypothesis that patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency who are treated with somatotropin will demonstrate increased bone formation and decreased bone breakdown, as assessed by serum and urinary markers, than those treated with placebo. 2) to assess adverse events associated with 2 years of somatotropin treatment in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. 3) to collect data on a new health-related quality of life questionnaire for Somatotropin Deficiency Syndrome (SDS). This will be a multi-center, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 72 patients diagnosed with somatotropin deficiency syndrome. Approximately 9-10 patients will be recruited for the study at our institution. Patients fulfilling the entry criteria will be randomized at Visit 2 to either somatotropin therapy or placebo. Clinical assessment of randomized patients will take place at 1,2,3,4,6,7,12,18, and 24 months after treatment is initiated. Clinical assessment will consist of BMD measurements using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and laboratory tests (n-telopeptide, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase) for bone turnover. BMD assessment and the latter laboratory tests will be done before treatment and at 6,12,18 and 24 months. Patients who are nutritionally deficient, based on a nutritional assessment at Visit 2, will be given supplements for optimal calcium and vitamin D levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Sonntag, William E.; Professor; Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Road Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The goal of the Animal Core is to provide support for each of the projects funded in the Program Project. In addition to standard responsibilities currently in progress, the Core will assume an additional responsibility to develop a colony of animals with the Tgr mutation (rGHRH-hGH) in a Brown-Norway genetic background. This will include characterizing the transgenic animal model for aging studies and detailing the basic characteristics of adult onset growth hormone deficiency in transgenics as compared to wild-type animals. This will be accomplished by infusing growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) into the Tgr rat to ensure similar growth characteristics compared to wild-type animals. Growth hormone deficiency will then be induced in adulthood by withdrawal of GHRH infusion. We propose that growth hormone deficiency induced in adulthood will result in alterations in a number of parameters associated with age including, but not limited to, a decrease in plasma IGF-1 levels. rarefaction of brain vasculature, synaptic loss, alterations in axonal and dendritic architecture, and cognitive deficits. Specific aspects of adult- onset growth hormone deficiency using these animals will be assessed by the individual projects. The Animal Core has multiple aims. 1) The Core will procure and maintain animals used by program investigators and meet all AAALAC and institutional standards for animal care in the satellite facilities. The Core also has the responsibility of implanting animals with intracerebroventricular cannulae with osmotic mini-pumps for short- term (28 days) administration of IGF-1. 2) The core personnel will assess basic parameters of aging animals (general health and body weight), monitor sentinel and experimental animals for presence of disease and provide these data to project investigators. 3) The

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Core will develop a model for adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Initial studies will validate the utility of the Tgr (Transgenic growth retarded) rat as a model appropriate to study brain aging. 4) The Core will provide statistical support for collaboration in the design of studies, data management, and statistical analyses of within project and between project results. The Animal Core is an essential aspect of the Program Project ensuring effective management of limited resources, smooth interactions between projects and the use of animal models that have been validated for studies of the biology of aging. In addition, the Core will be responsible for facilitating interactions with external/internal consultants and assisting in maintaining the focus of individual projects and the overall program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ESTROGEN IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PEAK BONE MASS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mulder, Jean E.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Advances in the treatment of childhood cancers have resulted in markedly improved survival rates for many patients. These advancements in therapy, however, have led to new problems, namely, long-term consequences of effective tretments such as the premature loss of gonadal function. Premature ovarian failure (POF) places women at great risk for osteoporosis. The issues raised in this research project, however, differ from usual considerations of age-related menopausal ovarian failure and the accelerated bone loss that ensues. This more typical clinical event follows well after the establishment of peak bone mass. The young women to be investigated in this research project have become estrogen deficient before achieving peak bone mass in this setting. The skeletal profile of young women cancer survivors with ovarian failure will be characterized first. Other potential contributing factors, such as androgen deficiency, growth hormone deficiency, chemotherapeutic agents, nutritional, and other metabolic parameters will be evaluated. The dosage of estrogen required to establish peak bone mass optimally will then be determined. In this prospective, longitudinal study, young cancer survivors with POF will be randomized to one of two estrogen replacement regimens (high dose versus conventional dose). Patients will be monitored every three months for 2 years. Evaluations will include peripheral and central measurements of bone density, indices of bone turnover, and endocrine studies. We anticipate that these studies will yield new information regarding the sufficiency of estrogen replacement therapy in establishing peak bone density in young amenorrheic women. My goal is to become an independent investigator in the field of metabolic bone disease. This award will enable me to obtain new skills in clinical research methods, as well as a greater understanding of the relationship between estrogen and bone modeling in young women. The proposal is particularly fitting for a research career award because it sets the groundwork for future studies, which are essential to my development as an independent investigator. My environment is ideally suited for achieving my goals. My sponsor, Dr. Bilezikian, is an internationally recognized investigator in the field of metabolic bone disease and is committed to providing me with the support I need to pursue my research plans as I make my transition to independent investigator. Through my collaboration with Dr. Sklar, I have access to a large number of young female cancer survivors with ovarian failure. Our Metabolic Bone Unit, with its distinguished tradition in metabolic bone research and education, is an excellent environment in which to develop my career as a clinical investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ESTROGEN SUPPRESSION IN MALES--METABOLIC & LINEAR Principal Investigator & Institution: Mauras, Nelly; Chief; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The specific and important role of estrogens in promoting epiphyseal closure, even in males, has been recently characterized. However, the metabolic impact of estrogen's effect in the male has not been properly studied in humans. These studies were therefore designed to address the role of estrogen on both whole body protein metabolism and epiphyseal closure in males, through the use of an aromatase inihibitor (Anastrozole). Data generated from these studies may provide important information in the treatment of young males with growth hormone deficiency. These studies are conducted at the Nemours Children's Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HYPOPITUITARY CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Peter M.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long term effect of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF DOSAGE SENSITIVE GENES ON 18Q Principal Investigator & Institution: Cody, Jannine D.; Pediatrics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 14-JAN-2004; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): One of every 180 live-born infants has a chromosome abnormality making it a leading cause of disability. Human genome sequence data now permits the identification of specific genes associated with each aneusomy, the correlation of these genes with specific phenotypes, and ultimately therapeutic options. Toward this end, we have established and sustained a large multidisciplinary team: The Chromosome 18 Clinical Research Center. Herein, we propose a model for identifying the specific gene(s) associated with each phenotypic feature of 18q deletions (dosage sensitive genes). The model may be widely applicable to other chromosome abnormalities. Deletions of 18q are among the most common of the chromosome abnormalities, yet no dosage sensitive genes have been identified whose hemizygosity results in haploinsufficiency and therefore a phenotype. Our goal is to identify dosage sensitive genes on 18q and to characterize the clinical consequences of this hemizygosity. Building on our extensive experience with the chromosome 18 syndromes, we propose to correlate specific key phenotypic features (dysmyelination, growth hormone deficiency, atretic/stenotic ear canals, autism, cleft palate, and severe developmental delay) with the deletion of particular regions of chromosome 18q (critical region). To further narrow this critical region to a candidate gene (or genes), we will study karyotypically normal children with a specific phenotype (e.g., dysmyelination) and search for microdeletions in the previously identified critical region on chromosome 18. This strategy has already been used to identity a candidate gene responsible for the dysmyelination phenotype. Sequencing of the candidate gene in the phenotype specific population will identify additional individuals with chromosome 18q based disease.

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Then, the karyotypically normal child with chromosome 18q based disease will be clinically assessed to determine the spectrum of expressivity. This last step will initiate the process of comprehensively defining the phenotype resulting from deletion or mutation of an individual dosage sensitive gene. Furthermore, it will begin to piece together the genotypic components that combine to generate the full phenotype of a child with an 18q deletion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHERITED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Parks, John S.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: No research subjects are admitted to the GCRC under this protocol. It utilizes the Molecular Cell Biology Lab to transform and store immortal Epstein-Barr virus lymphocyte cell lines from patient samples sent directly to the lab. The cell lines then serve as a permanent DNA/RNA resource, as well as an in vitro model system for molecular genetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LONG-ACTING GROWTH HORMONE FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED WASTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Cox, George N.; Bolder Biotechnology, Inc. 4056 Youngfield St Wheat Ridge, Co 800333862 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Unintentional weight loss, or wasting, occurs in up to 30% of HIV patients and correlates with increased mortality, increased disease severity, decreased functional performance and decreased patient quality of life. Clinical trials demonstrated that recombinant human Growth Hormone (GH) is effective at stimulating weight gain and preventing further weight loss in patients with HIVassociated wasting. In particular, GH therapy increases lean tissue mass, which most closely correlates with mortality and morbidity in this patient population. GH has a short circulating half-life and must be injected every day for optimum effectiveness in this indication. Bolder BioTechnology has created novel, highly potent, long-acting GH analogs having increased circulating half-lives and superior efficacy in animal models of Growth Hormone deficiency. Based upon animal studies we anticipate that our longacting GH analogs will be effective when administered once every 1-2 weeks in humans. The improved in vivo characteristics of these novel GH proteins will reduce the need for frequent injections, improve patient quality of life and potentially lead to improved therapeutic efficacy. The goal of this proposal is to develop one of these long-acting GH analogs for the treatment of HIV-associated wasting. During Phase I of this proposal, we will optimize the manufacturing process and produce material under GLP (Good Laboratory Practices) conditions for use in animal pharmacology and toxicology studies. During Phase I we also will design clinical protocols for Phase I safety and Phase II dose ranging effcacy studies in humans. The Phase II SBIR proposal will include production of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) material for clinical trials, preparation and filing of an Investigational New Drug application, and performance of the Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: METABOLIC SYNDROME IN ADULT SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD ALL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gurney, James G.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common malignancy of childhood, involves 24 to 36 months of chemotherapy and high dose steroids. Additionally, cranial radiation is sometimes included for treatment or prevention of central nervous system involvement. The 5-year survival probability of childhood is all over 80%, and there are tens of thousands of adult survivors worldwide. These individuals have a higher than expected frequency of obesity and early mortality from cardiovascular disease. Childhood ALL survivors may also be at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome, a constellation of disorders characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The syndrome is clearly associated with substantially elevated risks for type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic coronary disease. Deficiency in growth hormone secretion, which can result from damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis from either chemotherapy or cranial radiation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in childhood cancer survivors. 75 adult survivors of childhood ALL, ages 18-49 years will be randomly selected and recruited from an ongoing epidemiologic study to participate in a 2-day clinical evaluation. The aims of this study are to: 1) compare the extent to which prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is higher in ALL survivors than in same age, same sex population norms; 2) evaluate the relation between growth hormone deficiency and the metabolic syndrome; 3) investigate whether endothelial impairment and other early signs of cardiovascular disease are more prevalent among ALL survivors with, versus without, the metabolic syndrome; and 4) compare whether adjuvant cranial radiation increases risk for the metabolic syndrome above that of chemotherapy alone. A comparative evaluation of health behaviors and health knowledge related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, physical activity, and nutrition, and will also be included in the study. This proposal addresses the great need for clinical research on long-term, adverse effects of childhood cancer and its treatment, particularly those that are preventable or modifiable. The study will provide important data on potential etiologic factors, such as growth hormone deficiency and cranial radiation, and on potential avenues for education and intervention, such as targeted modifications of physical activity and dietary habits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC CHANGES IN THE AGING BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Brunso-Bechtold, Judy K.; Professor; Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Road Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Biological aging has been associated with a decline in tissue function. The brain, in particular, demonstrates a decline in neuronal function ranging from molecular changes such as a decrease in protein synthesis to systemic changes such a general reduction in cognitive ability. They hypothesis of the Program Project has been that the age-related decrease in pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and the concomitant decrease in plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) lead to a loss of cerebral vasculature with resulting changes in brain structure and function. Along with other findings, we have reported that there is an age-related rarefaction of surface cerebral

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arterioles that can be reversed by GH/IGF-1, that intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of IGF-1 improves behavioral performance in old rats, and that there is a significant age-related decrease in synaptic density, particularly in presumptive inhibitory terminals. The cognitive decline and decrease in synaptic density in old animals suggest a diminished ability to form new and/or maintain old synapses. The amelioration of age-related vascular and behavioral changes in the presence of elevated levels of GH and IGF-1 support the notion that these factors may be involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of synaptic density as well. Accordingly, in the present proposal, we will test they hypothesis that the age-related decrease in synaptic density will be reversed by acute icv delivery of IGF-1 and that synaptic density in the brain will be controlled by plasma IGF-1 levels independent of age. In order to address this hypothesis, three specific aims are proposed: 1) to test the hypothesis that a 28 day icv infusion of IGF-1 in aged animals will prevent the age-related decrease in density of presumptive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts, using the techniques of quantitative electron microscopy (EM) and EM immunocytochemistry, 2) to test the hypothesis that density of presumptive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts will be determined by plasma levels of IGF-1, independent of the age of the animal, using a transgenic model of adult onset growth hormone deficiency that can be reversed by D[Ala/2]GHRH injections, and 3) to test the hypothesis that synapse formation and/or maintenance is dependent on IGF-1, using organotypic slice preparation and EM, immunocytochemistry, and western blot analysis following IGF-1 receptor blockade. The results of the proposed experiments will provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of IGF-1 in synaptic plasticity and/or maintenance. This evidence is essential if trophic factors are to be used to ameliorate functional declines accompanying brain aging. Moreover, results of the proposed studies will begin to address the mechanism(s) of IGF-1 dependent regulation of synapses in the brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR IN SHORT STATURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wajnrajch, Michael; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and secretory insufficiency are major causes of growth failure and consequent severe short stature. While central nervous system dysfunction accounts for most cases of GHD, specific genetic defects in the GH secretory apparatus can also be responsible, especially when GHD occurs in families. We will define a pool of affected individuals by appropriate endocrine screening studies, test for association with GHRHR and other candiate genes, identify regions of the human GHRHR gene most likely to have phenotypically significant mutations and then screen for such mutations and we will examine leukocyte mRNA for low level transcription of GHRHR gene which could be exploited for mutation analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: USE OF GROWTH HORMONE FOR OSTEOPOROSIS OF WERNERS SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubin, Craig D.; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: The purpose of this project is to study the value of the administration of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of severe osteoporosis in a patient with Werner's Sundrome and growth hormone deficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for growth hormone deficiency in the PubMed Central database: •

A single amino acid change in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is associated with the ability to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome. by Teng MN, Borrow P, Oldstone MB, de la Torre JC.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190933

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Familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Evidence for a role of growth hormone deficiency in effecting its manifestation. by Merimee TJ.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=434469

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Genetic analysis of familial isolated growth hormone deficiency type I. by Phillips JA 3rd, Parks JS, Hjelle BL, Herd JE, Plotnick LP, Migeon CJ, Seeburg PH.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=370249

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Observations on the Responsiveness of Human Subjects to Human Growth Hormone. EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY AND MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY. by Rudman D, Chyatte SB, Patterson JH, Gerron GG, O'Beirne I, Barlow J, Ahmann P, Jordan A, Mosteller RC.; 1971 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=292120

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Variants able to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome are present within the disease-nil WE strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. by Buesa-Gomez J, Teng MN, Oldstone CE, Oldstone MB, de la Torre JC.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190997

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with growth hormone deficiency, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for growth hormone deficiency (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of pseudohypoparathyroidism type la complicated with growth hormone deficiency: recovery of growth hormone secretion after vitamin D therapy. Author(s): Kaji M, Umeda K, Ashida M, Tajima T. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 November; 160(11): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11760027

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A lifetime of growth hormone deficiency: a US pediatric perspective. Author(s): Saenger P. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 13 Suppl 6: 1337-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11202206

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A long-acting human growth hormone (Nutropin Depot): efficacy and safety following two years of treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Silverman BL, Blethen SL, Reiter EO, Attie KM, Neuwirth RB, Ford KM. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May; 15 Suppl 2: 715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092685

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A novel and de novo splice-donor site mutation in intron 3 of the GH-1 gene in a patient with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Katsumata N, Matsuo S, Sato N, Tanaka T. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2001 December; 11(6): 37883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914025

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A novel IVS2 -2A>T splicing mutation in the GH-1 gene in familial isolated growth hormone deficiency type II in the spectrum of other splicing mutations in the Russian population. Author(s): Fofanova OV, Evgrafov OV, Polyakov AV, Poltaraus AB, Peterkova VA, Dedov II. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 820-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574219

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A variant microcephalic osteodysplastic slender-bone disorder with growth hormone deficiency and a pigmentary retinopathy. Author(s): Maclean K, Ambler G, Flaherty M, Kozlowski K, Ades LC. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2002 October; 11(4): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401990

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Absence of effects of long-term growth hormone replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in adults with growth hormone deficiency of childhood-onset (GHDACO). Author(s): Knoepfelmacher M, Jallad RS, Liberman B. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2003 October; 13(5): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932752

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Acquisition of bone mass in normal individuals and in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Sodini F, Saggese G. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 March; 16 Suppl 2: 327-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729412

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Adult growth hormone deficiency in Japan: results of investigation by questionnaire. Author(s): Kaji H, Sakurai T, Iguchi G, Murata M, Kishimoto M, Yoshioka S, Iida K, Okimura Y, Chihara K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 December; 49(6): 597-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625408

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Adult growth hormone deficiency in patients with fibromyalgia. Author(s): Bennett RM. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002 August; 4(4): 306-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126582

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Adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Brooke AM, Monson JP. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2003 January-February; 3(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617407

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Adult height after long term treatment with recombinant growth hormone for idiopathic isolated growth hormone deficiency: observational follow up study of the French population based registry. Author(s): Carel JC, Ecosse E, Nicolino M, Tauber M, Leger J, Cabrol S, Bastie-Sigeac I, Chaussain JL, Coste J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 13; 325(7355): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114235

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Adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: Relation of postprandial dyslipidemia to premature atherosclerosis. Author(s): Twickler TB, Cramer MJ, Dallinga-Thie GM, Chapman MJ, Erkelens DW, Koppeschaar HP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 June; 88(6): 2479-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788843

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Adults with partial growth hormone deficiency have an adverse body composition. Author(s): Murray RD, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 158691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070916

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Amelogenesis imperfecta with growth hormone deficiency in a 12 year-old boy. Author(s): Dundar B, Ercal D, Bober E, Berk T, Buyukgebiz A. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May; 15(5): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014527

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An exonic mutation of the GH-1 gene causing familial isolated growth hormone deficiency type II. Author(s): Takahashi I, Takahashi T, Komatsu M, Sato T, Takada G. Source: Clinical Genetics. 2002 March; 61(3): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000366

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Antibodies against oxidised low-density lipoprotein in hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ozbey N, Aydin A, Telci A, Cakatay U. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 October; 48(5): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11789563

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Antipituitary antibodies in adults with apparently idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and in adults with autoimmune endocrine diseases. Author(s): De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Conte M, Perrino S, Coronella C, Solimeno S, Sinisi AM, Stile LA, Pisano G, Bellastella A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574195

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Arachnoid cyst with GnRH-dependent sexual precocity and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Huang HP, Tung YC, Tsai WY, Kuo MF, Peng SF. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2004 February; 30(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984911

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Assessing short-statured children for growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Chemaitilly W, Trivin C, Souberbielle JC, Brauner R. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(1): 34-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792152

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Basal metabolic rate in adults with growth hormone deficiency and in patients with acromegaly: relationship with lean body mass, plasma insulin level and leucocyte sodium pump activity. Author(s): Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Morris JF, Poston L, Sonksen PH. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1992 September; 83(3): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1327650

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Baseline characteristics and the effects of two years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency previously treated for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Johannsson G, Sunnerhagen KS, Svensson J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2004 May; 60(5): 550-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104557

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Beneficial effect of growth hormone on atherogenic risk in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kohno H, Ueyama N, Yanai S, Ukaji K, Honda S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 June; 126(6): 953-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776105

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Benefits of growth hormone treatment on bone metabolism, bone density and bone strength in growth hormone deficiency and osteoporosis. Author(s): Wuster C, Harle U, Rehn U, Muller C, Knauf K, Koppler D, Schwabe C, Ziegler R. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 1998 February; 8 Suppl A: 87-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993598

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Benign intracranial hypertension in children with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone. Author(s): Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski DK, Fleming GA, Stadel BV. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 June; 126(6): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776116

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Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. Author(s): Toogood AA, O'Neill PA, Shalet SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 February; 81(2): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8636250

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Biochemical tests in the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Tillmann V, Buckler JM, Kibirige MS, Price DA, Shalet SM, Wales JK, Addison MG, Gill MS, Whatmore AJ, Clayton PE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 February; 82(2): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024249

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Biosynthetic growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone deficiency: experience at AIIMS, New Delhi. Author(s): Menon PS, Virmani A, Sethi AK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1991 September-October; 58 Suppl 1: 71-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1824379

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Biosynthetic human growth hormone in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Holcombe JH, Conforti PM, Wong AC, Thompson RG, Draper MW. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1990; 367: 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2220388

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Birth data for patients who later develop growth hormone deficiency: preliminary analysis of a national register. The Executive Scientific Committee of the Kabi International Growth Study and the Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment. Author(s): Albertsson-Wikland K, Niklasson A, Karlberg P. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1990; 370: 115-20; Discussion 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2260449

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Birth weight affects final height in patients treated for growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Cacciari E, Zucchini S, Cicognani A, Pirazzoli P, Balsamo A, Salardi S, Cassio A, Pasini A, Gualandi S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1999 December; 51(6): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619978

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Blindness and hypoglycemia: growth hormone deficiency with septo-optic dysplasia. Author(s): Clark EA, Meyer WJ 3rd. Source: Tex Med. 1978 February; 74(2): 47-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=628902

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Body composition and bone mineral density in adolescents with partial growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Boot AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 November; 88(11): 5099-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602732

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Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement. Author(s): Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 June; 54(6): 709-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422104

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Body composition as a clinical endpoint in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Haymond MW, Sunehag AL, Ellis KJ. Source: Hormone Research. 1999; 51 Suppl 3: 132-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592458

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Bone loss is correlated to the severity of growth hormone deficiency in adult patients with hypopituitarism. Author(s): Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Loche S, Aimaretti G, Cerbone G, Faggiano A, Corneli G, Ghigo E, Lombardi G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 June; 84(6): 1919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10372687

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Bone markers and bone mineral density during growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Cowell CT, Woodhead HJ, Brody J. Source: Hormone Research. 2000; 54 Suppl 1: 44-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11146379

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Bone mineral density and biochemical parameters of bone turnover in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Saggese G, Baroncelli GI. Source: Hormone Research. 1996; 45 Suppl 1: 67-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8805036

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Bone mineralization after treatment of growth hormone deficiency in survivors of childhood malignancy. Author(s): Nussey SS, Hyer SL, Brada M, Leiper AD, Pazianas M. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1994 April; 399: 9-14; Discussion 15. Erratum In: Acta Paediatr Suppl 1995 June; 84(6): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7949625

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Bone status in children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency: effect of growth hormone treatment. Author(s): Saggese G, Baroncelli GI. Source: Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2002 May; (126): 18-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090695

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Cardiac dimension and function in patients with childhood onset growth hormone deficiency, before and after growth hormone retreatment in adult age. Author(s): Feinberg MS, Scheinowitz M, Laron Z. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 March; 145(3): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660681

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Cardiac effects of growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a metaanalysis. Author(s): Maison P, Chanson P. Source: Circulation. 2003 November 25; 108(21): 2648-52. Epub 2003 Nov 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623813

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Chemotherapy-induced growth hormone deficiency in children with cancer. Author(s): Roman J, Villaizan CJ, Garcia-Foncillas J, Azcona C, Salvador J, Sierrasesumaga L. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1995 August; 25(2): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603406

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Childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency: reassessment of GH status after completion of growth. Author(s): Charmian AQ. Source: Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2002 May; (126): 8-13. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090700

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Children with growth hormone deficiency and Chiari I malformation: a morphometric analysis of the posterior cranial fossa. Author(s): Tubbs RS, Wellons JC 3rd, Smyth MD, Bartolucci AA, Blount JP, Oakes WJ, Grabb PA. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 38(6): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759511

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Children with organic growth hormone deficiency have elevated cortisol responses to stimuli. Author(s): Finkelstein JW, Rusovici DE, Green E, Foreman S, Kulin HE, D'Arcangelo MR, Kemezys R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 June; 86(6): 2854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397899

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Chronic hydrocephalus associated with short stature and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hier DB, Wiehl AC. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1977 September; 2(3): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=617571

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Clinician and payer issues in managing growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Owens GM. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2000 September; 6(15 Suppl): S839-52; Quiz S853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11184425

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Collaborative study of the effects of human growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. V. Treatment with growth hormone administered once a week. Author(s): Frasier SD, Aceto T Jr, Hayles AB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1978 September; 47(3): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=263320

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Combined treatment with growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Saggese G, Cesaretti G, Andreani G, Carlotti C. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992 October; 127(4): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1449042

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Combining insulin-like growth factor-I and mean spontaneous nighttime growth hormone levels for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Oerter KE, Sobel AM, Rose SR, Cristiano A, Malley JD, Cutler GB Jr, Baron J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 December; 75(6): 1413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1464642

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Commercial assays available for insulin-like growth factor I and their use in diagnosing growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Clemmons DR. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55 Suppl 2: 73-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11684882

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Comparison between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) measurement in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hasegawa Y, Hasegawa T, Aso T, Kotoh S, Tsuchiya Y, Nose O, Ohyama Y, Araki K, Tanaka T, Saisyo S, et al. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1993 April; 40(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524925

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Comparison of final height in monozygotic twins, one with idiopathic and isolated growth hormone deficiency treated with low dose of growth hormone. Author(s): Sato H, Miyamoto S, Noda H, Sasaki N. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(3): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931044

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Confirming the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and transitioning the care of patients with childhood-onset GHD. Author(s): Hintz RL. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May; 16 Suppl 3: 631-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795365

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Congenital idiopathic growth hormone deficiency associated with prenatal and early postnatal growth failure. The International Board of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. Author(s): Gluckman PD, Gunn AJ, Wray A, Cutfield WS, Chatelain PG, Guilbaud O, Ambler GR, Wilton P, Albertsson-Wikland K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 December; 121(6): 920-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1447657

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Continuation of growth hormone therapy versus placebo in transition-phase patients with growth hormone deficiency: impact on body composition, insulin sensitivity, and thyroid function. Author(s): Jorgensen JO, Norrelund H, Vahl N, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 December; 15 Suppl 5: 1355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510991

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Contribution of growth hormone deficiency to the growth failure that follows bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Brauner R, Adan L, Souberbielle JC, Esperou H, Michon J, Devergie A, Gluckman E, Zucker JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 May; 130(5): 785-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152289

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Criteria for diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Laway BA, Masoodi SR. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 May; 21(5): 501-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11500696

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CT-determined body composition changes with recombinant human growth hormone treatment to adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Lonn L, Kvist H, Grangard U, Bengtsson BA, Sjostrom L. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1993; 60: 229-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110117

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Decreased quality of life in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency compared with general populations using the new, validated, self-weighted questionnaire, questions on life satisfaction hypopituitarism module. Author(s): Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Edwards DJ, Rosilio M, Hartman ML, Marin F, Valle D, van der Lely AJ, Attanasio AF, Strasburger CJ, Henrich G, Herschbach P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4158-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970281

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Decreased sweating in growth hormone deficiency: does it play a role in thermoregulation? Author(s): Juul A, Main K, Nielsen B, Skakkebaek NE. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1993 January-March; 6(1): 39-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8374687

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Defining growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Ho KK, Hoffman DM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1995 October; 44(10 Suppl 4): 91-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476318

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Development and psychometric properties of a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Herschbach P, Henrich G, Strasburger CJ, Feldmeier H, Marin F, Attanasio AM, Blum WF. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 September; 145(3): 255-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11517005

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Diagnosis and management of adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ho KK. Source: Endocrine. 2000 April; 12(2): 189-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10905379

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Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Stavrou S, Kleinberg DL. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2001 September; 30(3): 545-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11571930

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Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence. Part 1: diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Sizonenko PC, Clayton PE, Cohen P, Hintz RL, Tanaka T, Laron Z. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2001 June; 11(3): 137-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735230

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Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence--part 2: growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient children. Author(s): Tanaka T, Cohen P, Clayton PE, Laron Z, Hintz RL, Sizonenko PC. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2002 October; 12(5): 323-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213187

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Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency after pituitary surgery: the combined acipimox/GH-releasing hormone test. Author(s): van Dam PS, Dieguez C, Cordido F, de Vries WR, Veldhuyzen BF, van Thiel E, Casanueva FF, Koppeschaar HP. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 February; 58(2): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580930

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Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults by testing with GHRP-6 alone or in combination with GHRH: comparison with the insulin tolerance test. Author(s): Petersenn S, Jung R, Beil FU. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 May; 146(5): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980622

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Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in childhood. On behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society. Author(s): Clayton PE, Cohen P, Tanaka T, Hintz RL, Laron Z, Sizonenko PC. Source: Hormone Research. 2000; 53 Suppl 3: 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971100

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Diagnostic growth hormone deficiency testing practices among patients in the NCGS/NCSS databases. Author(s): Levy RA, Connelly K. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May; 16 Suppl 3: 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795363

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Diagnostic value of pituitary MRI in differentiation of children with normal growth hormone secretion, isolated growth hormone deficiency and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Author(s): Arslanoglu I, Kutlu H, Isguven P, Tokus F, Isik K. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May; 14(5): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393572

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Diagnostic value of serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in children with or without growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Qin S, Shi Y, Deng J. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 2002 September; 17(3): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901539

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Do all adults with growth hormone deficiency require growth hormone treatment? Author(s): Brooke AM, Monson JP. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2003; 35(6): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572166

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Does growth hormone therapy in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency protect against bone loss? Author(s): Brixen K, Hansen TB, Eriksen EF, Mosekilde L. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 1998 February; 8 Suppl A: 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993597

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Does the age of onset of growth hormone deficiency affect cardiac performance? A radionuclide angiography study. Author(s): Colao A, Cuocolo A, Di Somma C, Cerbone G, Morte AM, Pivonello R, Nicolai E, Salvatore M, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 April; 52(4): 447-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10762287

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Dose-dependent responses in insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factorbinding protein-3 and parameters of bone metabolism to growth hormone therapy in young adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Wollmann HA, Schonau E, Blum WF, Meyer F, Kruse K, Ranke MB. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(6): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7541769

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Dosing of growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ranke MB, Schweizer R, Wollmann HA, Schwarze P. Source: Hormone Research. 1999; 51 Suppl 3: 70-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592447

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Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in short children with and without growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Stratakis CA, Rusovici DE, Kulin HE, Finkelstein JW. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 September-October; 13(8): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11085187

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Early-onset idiopathic growth hormone deficiency within KIGS. Author(s): Ranke MB, Lindberg A; KIGS International Board. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(Suppl 1): 18-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955013

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Editorial: the diagnosis and treatment of childhood and adolescent growth hormone deficiency--consensus or confusion? Author(s): Frasier SD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 November; 85(11): 3988-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095418

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Effect of growth hormone on IGF-I levels in a patient with growth hormone deficiency and Wilson disease. Author(s): Koch A, Dorr HG, Gerling S, Behrens R, Bohles HJ. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 44(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7649526

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Effect of growth hormone replacement on bone mass in adults with adult onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Holmes SJ, Whitehouse RW, Swindell R, Economou G, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1995 June; 42(6): 627-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634504

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Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and growth hormone therapy on serum osteocalcin levels in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Antoniazzi F, Radetti G, Zamboni G, Gambaro G, Adami S, Tato L. Source: Bone Miner. 1993 May; 21(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8358252

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Effects of adult growth hormone deficiency and growth hormone replacement on circadian rhythmicity. Author(s): White HD, Ahmad AM, Vora JP. Source: Minerva Endocrinol. 2003 March; 28(1): 13-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621360

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Effects of growth hormone deficiency and recombinant growth hormone therapy on postprandial gallbladder motility and cholecystokinin release. Author(s): Moschetta A, Twickler TB, Rehfeld JF, van Ooteghem NA, Cabezas MC, Portincasa P, van Berge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004 March; 49(3): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15139510

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Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on metabolic and cardiac parameters, in adult patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Jallad RS, Liberman B, Vianna CB, Vieira ML, Ramires JA, Knoepfelmacher M. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2003 April-June; 13(2-3): 818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735929

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Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) administrations on serum IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hizuka N, Takano K, Asakawa-Yasumoto K, Fukuda I, Suzuki T, Demura H, Shimojoh C, Shizume K. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1993; 343: 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7514343

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Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone on bone and mineral metabolism in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Cinquanta L, Di Nero G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 January; 122(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8419613

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Effects of nightly clonidine administration on growth velocity in short children without growth hormone deficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Allen DB. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 January; 122(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8419612

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Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on adipose tissue in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Johannsson G, Rosen T, Lonn L, Bengtsson BA. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1994 December; 406: 60-3; Discussion 64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7734813

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Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I administration in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Thoren M, Wivall-Helleryd IL, Hall K. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1993 March; 388: 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7687171

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Elderly patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency are not osteopenic. Author(s): Toogood AA, Adams JE, O'Neill PA, Shalet SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 May; 82(5): 1462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141534

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Elderly people with hypothalamic-pituitary disease and growth hormone deficiency: lipid profiles, body composition and quality of life compared with control subjects. Author(s): Li Voon Chong JS, Benbow S, Foy P, Wallymahmed ME, Wile D, MacFarlane IA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 November; 53(5): 551-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11106915

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Endocrine responses to ghrelin in adult patients with isolated childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Aimaretti G, Baffoni C, Broglio F, Janssen JA, Corneli G, Deghenghi R, van der Lely AJ, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 June; 56(6): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072046

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Enhanced lipoprotein lipase secretion and foam cell formation by macrophages of patients with growth hormone deficiency: possible contribution to increased risk of atherogenesis? Author(s): Serri O, Li L, Maingrette F, Jaffry N, Renier G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 February; 89(2): 979-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14764824

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European audit of current practice in diagnosis and treatment of childhood growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Juul A, Bernasconi S, Clayton PE, Kiess W, DeMuinck-Keizer Schrama S; Drugs and Therapeutics Committee of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE). Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(5): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401943

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Evaluation of two health status measures in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): McMillan CV, Bradley C, Gibney J, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 436-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641626

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Expression of insulin target genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency: effect of one year recombinant human growth hormone therapy. Author(s): Khalfallah Y, Sassolas G, Borson-Chazot F, Vega N, Vidal H. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2001 November; 171(2): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11691648

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Factors determining pubertal growth and final height in growth hormone treatment of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Analysis of 195 Patients of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. Author(s): Ranke MB, Price DA, Albertsson-Wikland K, Maes M, Lindberg A. Source: Hormone Research. 1997; 48(2): 62-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251922

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Factors influencing the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Groisne C, Trivin C, Souberbielle JC, Brauner R. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207169

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Familial growth hormone deficiency associated with MRI abnormalities. Author(s): Hamilton J, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Cohen LE, Phillips JA 3rd, Daneman D. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 November 2; 80(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9805128

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Familial growth hormone deficiency resulting from a 7.6 kb deletion within the growth hormone gene cluster. Author(s): Braga S, Phillips JA 3rd, Joss E, Schwarz H, Zuppinger K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1986 November; 25(3): 443-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3024485

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Familial growth hormone deficiency with mutated GHRH receptor gene: clinical and hormonal findings in homozygous and heterozygous individuals from Itabaianinha. Author(s): Hayashida CY, Gondo RG, Ferrari C, Toledo SP, Salvatori R, Levine MA, Ezabella MC, Abelin N, Gianella-Neto D, Wajchenberg BL. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2000 June; 142(6): 557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822217

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Familial growth hormone deficiency: a model of dominant and recessive mutations affecting a monomeric protein. Author(s): Cogan JD, Phillips JA 3rd, Schenkman SS, Milner RD, Sakati N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 November; 79(5): 1261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962317

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Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. Author(s): Barreto-Filho JA, Alcantara MR, Salvatori R, Barreto MA, Sousa AC, Bastos V, Souza AH, Pereira RM, Clayton PE, Gill MS, Aguiar-Oliveira MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 May; 87(5): 2018-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994335

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Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency: genetics and pathophysiology. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Kamijo T, Ogawa M, Seo H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 June; 49(3): 265-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12201208

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Familial occurrence of growth hormone deficiency and primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Matsubara K, Suzuki K, Lin YW, Yamamoto T, Ohta S. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1992 October; 34(5): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1442032

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Familial X-linked mental retardation and isolated growth hormone deficiency: clinical and molecular findings. Author(s): Hamel BC, Smits AP, Otten BJ, van den Helm B, Ropers HH, Mariman EC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 July 12; 64(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8826446

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Final height and pubertal development in children with growth hormone deficiency after long-term treatment. Author(s): Frisch H, Birnbacher R. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(4): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750913

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Final height in a large cohort of Dutch patients with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone. Dutch Growth Hormone Working Group. Author(s): Rikken B, Massa GG, Wit JM. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(4): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750914

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Final height in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Severi F. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(4): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750915

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Final height in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Bramswig JH, Schlosser H, Kiese K. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(4): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750911

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Final height in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency treated with recombinant human growth hormone: the Belgian experience. Author(s): Thomas M, Massa G, Bourguignon JP, Craen M, De Schepper J, de Zegher F, Dooms L, Du Caju M, Francois I, Heinrichs C, Malvaux P, Rooman R, Thiry-Counson G, Vandeweghe M, Maes M. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509865

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Final height in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: the KIGS experience. KIGS International Board. Author(s): Cutfield W, Lindberg A, Albertsson Wikland K, Chatelain P, Ranke MB, Wilton P. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1999 February; 88(428): 725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10102057

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Final height of growth hormone-treated patients with growth hormone deficiency: the North American experience. Author(s): Hintz RL. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1999 February; 88(428): 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10102056

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Final height of patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency after long-term growth hormone treatment. Committee for Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficient Children, Growth Science Foundation, Japan. Author(s): Hibi I, Tanaka T. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1989 April; 120(4): 409-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2718695

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Fracture rates in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Wuster C. Source: Hormone Research. 2000; 54 Suppl 1: 31-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11146377

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Genetic characterization of growth hormone deficiency and resistance: implications for treatment with recombinant growth hormone. Author(s): Baumann G. Source: American Journal of Pharmacogenomics : Genomics-Related Research in Drug Development and Clinical Practice. 2002; 2(2): 93-111. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083945

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Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) from birth to 2 years of age: diagnostic specifics of GHD during the early phase of life. Author(s): Ogilvy-Stuart AL. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(Suppl 1): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955011

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Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in hypopituitary patients previously treated for acromegaly or Cushing's disease. Author(s): Feldt-Rasmussen U, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker H, Bramnert M, Hernberg-Stahl E, Monson JP, Westberg B, Wilton P, Wuster C; KIMS International Study Board on behalf of KIMS Study Group. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 January; 146(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751070

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Growth hormone deficiency and vascular risk. Author(s): McCallum RW, Petrie JR, Dominiczak AF, Connell JM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 July; 57(1): 11-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100064

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Growth hormone deficiency in adults and clinical use of recombinant human growth hormone. Author(s): Wang Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 March; 112(3): 195-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593547

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Growth hormone deficiency in autoimmune polyglandular disease type 1. Author(s): Al-Herbish AS, Bailey JD, Kooh SW. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 August; 21(8): 765-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423892

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Growth hormone deficiency in pituitary disease: relationship to depression, apathy and somatic complaints. Author(s): Zenker S, Haverkamp F, Klingmuller D. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 August; 147(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12153736

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Growth hormone deficiency in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a: another manifestation of multihormone resistance. Author(s): Germain-Lee EL, Groman J, Crane JL, Jan de Beur SM, Levine MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4059-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970262

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Growth hormone deficiency in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Author(s): Tirendi A, Traggiai C, Conway GS, Stanhope R. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 October; 161(10): 556-8. Epub 2002 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297904

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Growth hormone deficiency in the transition adolescent: should treatment be continued in adult life? Author(s): Aimaretti G, Corneli G, Bellone S, Baffoni C, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 5: 1233-42; Discussion 1261-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964018

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Growth hormone deficiency, situs inversus, hypertrichosis and brachydactyly. Author(s): Kurtoglu S, Atabek ME. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 June; 16(5): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880132

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Growth hormone deficiency: permanence and diagnosis in young adults. Author(s): Castro C, Trivin C, Souberbielle JC, Zerah M, Brauner R. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(4): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12324713

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Growth hormone deficiency: strategies and indications to continue growth hormone therapy in transition from adolescence to adult life. Author(s): Leong GM, Johannsson G. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(Suppl 1): 78-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955023

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Growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Saenger P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 13; 325(7355): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114222

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Growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. Deficiency cannot be diagnosed solely on the results of stimulation tests. Author(s): Loche S, Maghnie M, Cappa M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 2; 325(7371): 1037. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420334

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Growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. Ignore the evidence and keep going wrong. Author(s): Carel JC, Ecosse E, Coste J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 2; 325(7371): 1037. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12411378

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Growth hormone replacement for adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Shimon I. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 November; 4(11): 1977-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14596651

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Growth hormone substitution increases gene expression of members of the IGF family in cortical bone from women with adult onset growth hormone deficiency-relationship with bone turn-over. Author(s): Ueland T, Odgren PR, Yndestad A, Godang K, Schreiner T, Marks SC, Bollerslev J. Source: Bone. 2003 October; 33(4): 638-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555269

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Growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hsu HH. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001 September-October; 42(5): 269-70. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11729701

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Growth hormone-releasing hormone combined with arginine or growth hormone secretagogues for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Ghigo E, Aimaretti G, Arvat E, Camanni F. Source: Endocrine. 2001 June; 15(1): 29-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572322

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Hajdu-Cheney syndrome with growth hormone deficiency and neuropathy. Author(s): Siklar Z, Tanyer G, Dallar Y, Aksoy FG. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 July-August; 13(7): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968485

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Hand radiographic measurements in growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment. Author(s): Hernandez R, Poznanski AK, Kelch RP, Kuhns LR. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1977 September; 129(3): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=197844

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Height prognosis of children with true precocious puberty and growth hormone deficiency: effect of combination therapy with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and growth hormone. Author(s): Cara JF, Kreiter ML, Rosenfield RL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 May; 120(5): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1533661

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Hereditary gingival fibromatosis associated with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Oikarinen K, Salo T, Kaar ML, Lahtela P, Altonen M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1990 October; 28(5): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248943

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Hereditary isolated growth hormone deficiency caused by GH1 gene mutations in Japanese patients. Author(s): Kamijo T, Hayashi Y, Seo H, Ogawa M. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 1999 June; 9 Suppl B: 31-4; Discussion 35-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10549303

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High and low dose clonidine tests for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Menon PS, Gupta P, Karmarkar MG. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1994 February; 31(2): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7875837

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High risk of adrenal insufficiency in adults previously treated for idiopathic childhood onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Lange M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Svendsen OL, Kastrup KW, Juul A, Muller J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 December; 88(12): 5784-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671169

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High-affinity growth hormone binding protein, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Roelen CA, Koppeschaar HP, de Vries WR, Zelissen PM, Snel YE, Doerga ME, Thijssen JH, Blankenstein RA. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 July; 135(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765978

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How (not) to diagnose growth hormone deficiency in adults: stimulated serum concentrations of growth hormone in healthy subjects and in patients with pituitary macroadenomas. Author(s): Vierhapper H, Nowotny P, Czech T, Bieglmayer C, Raber W, Waldhausl W. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 June; 46(6): 680-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9186305

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Human growth hormone therapy: longterm responses in 30 children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kannan V, Usharani K. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1991 September-October; 58 Suppl 1: 65-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1824378

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Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in a boy with Fanconi anemia with growth hormone deficiency and pituitary stalk interruption. Author(s): Massa GG, Heinrichs C, Vamos E, Van Vliet G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 February; 140(2): 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11865289

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Hyperleptinaemia in young adults following cranial irradiation in childhood: growth hormone deficiency or leptin insensitivity? Author(s): Brennan BM, Rahim A, Blum WF, Adams JA, Eden OB, Shalet SM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1999 February; 50(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396357

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Hypoglycemia associated with clonidine testing for growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Huang C, Banerjee K, Sochett E, Perlman K, Wherrett D, Daneman D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 August; 139(2): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487765

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Hypokalaemia during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in hypopituitary adults with and without growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Davies JS, Hinds NP, Millward EM, McDowell I, Scanlon MF. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 August; 49(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9828910

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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and growth hormone deficiency in a boy with the XXXXY syndrome. Author(s): Haeusler G, Frisch H, Guchev Z, Hadziselimovic F, Neuhold A, Vormittag W. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1991 September; 40(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1773542

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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and growth hormone deficiency in the XXXXY syndrome. Author(s): Haeusler G, Frisch H, Guchev Z, Hadziselimovic F, Neuhold A, Vormittag W. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 September 15; 44(2): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456296

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Hypothalamic growth hormone deficiency and supplementary GH therapy in two patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes. Author(s): Matsuzaki M, Izumi T, Shishikura K, Suzuki H, Hirayama Y. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2002 October; 33(5): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12536371

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Hypothalamic growth hormone deficiency in a patient with ring chromosome 18. Author(s): Meloni A, Boccone L, Angius L, Loche S, Falchi AM, Cao A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 February; 153(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157016

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Hypothalamo-pituitary axis by magnetic resonance imaging in isolated growth hormone deficiency patients born by normal delivery. Author(s): Marwaha R, Menon PS, Jena A, Pant C, Sethi AK, Sapra ML. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 March; 74(3): 654-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1740501

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Immunoreactive proinsulin-like growth factor-II levels in healthy subjects, patients with growth hormone deficiency, and patients with type 1 diabetes: effects of insulinlike growth factor-I and insulin. Author(s): Tally M, Eriksson U, Thoren M, Brismar K, Hall K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 December; 79(6): 1576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989458

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Impaired reproductive function in women treated for growth hormone deficiency during childhood. Author(s): de Boer JA, Schoemaker J, van der Veen EA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1997 June; 46(6): 681-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9274698

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Impaired thermoregulation in adults with growth hormone deficiency during heat exposure and exercise. Author(s): Juul A, Behrenscheer A, Tims T, Nielsen B, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Skakkebaek NE. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 March; 38(3): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8458095

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Improvement of growth hormone deficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy: results of a prospective study. Author(s): Cecconi E, Gasperi M, Bogazzi F, Grasso L, Genovesi M, Marcocci C, Pinchera A, Procopio M, Bartalena L, Martino E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 March; 89(3): 12136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001612

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Incidence of growth hormone deficiency in pediatric-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis: efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment. Author(s): Donadieu J, Rolon MA, Pion I, Thomas C, Doz F, Barkaoui M, Robert A, Deville A, Mazingue F, David M, Brauner R, Cabrol S, Garel C, Polak M; French LCH Study Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 February; 89(2): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14764769

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Increased arterial intima-media thickness in childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Capaldo B, Patti L, Oliviero U, Longobardi S, Pardo F, Vitale F, Fazio S, Di Rella F, Biondi B, Lombardi G, Sacca L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 May; 82(5): 1378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141519

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Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Rosen T, Bosaeus I, Tolli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 January; 38(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435887

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Induction of postprandial inflammatory response in adult onset growth hormone deficiency is related to plasma remnant-like particle-cholesterol concentration. Author(s): Twickler TB, Dallinga-Thie GM, Visseren FL, de Vries WR, Erkelens DW, Koppeschaar HP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 122833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629111

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Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 levels in pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency, eating disorders and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Barrios V, Buno M, Pozo J, Munoz MT, Argente J. Source: Hormone Research. 2000; 53(5): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150883

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Insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding protein-3 in serum: are they good screening properties for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency? Author(s): Koch A, Dorr HG. Source: Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1997 May; 35(5): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189743

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Intestinal permeability in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Garcia-Arnes J, Sierra C, Tinahones F, Monzon A, Lopez MJ, Mazuecos N, Soriguer F, Valverde E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 February; 24(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11263475

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Intima-media thickness in cardiovascularly asymptomatic hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency: relation to body mass index, gender, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Leonsson M, Hulthe J, Oscarsson J, Johannsson G, Wendelhag I, Wikstrand J, Bengtsson BA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 December; 57(6): 751-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460325

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Intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 in children with growth hormone deficiency: effects on growth hormone secretion and growth. Author(s): Hummelink R, Sippell WG, Benoit KG, Danielson K, Faijerson Y. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1993 March; 388: 23-6; Discussion 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329828

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Is there a place for short bursts of growth hormone treatment in short children without significant growth hormone deficiency? Author(s): Kelnar CJ, Tanaka T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1994 December; 406: 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7734814

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Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency associated with growth hormone deficiency and empty sella. Author(s): Hatazoe T, Murakami Y, Umaki I, Sohmiya M, Hu HY, Kato Y. Source: Intern Med. 1995 July; 34(7): 688-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7496087

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Isolated growth hormone deficiency and the GH-1 gene: update 2002. Author(s): Binder G. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58 Suppl 3: 2-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435888

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Isolated growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents. Author(s): Argente J, Abusrewil SA, Bona G, Chiarelli F, Kelnar CJ, Skordis N; International Workshop on Management of Puberty for Optimum Auxological Results. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 July; 14 Suppl 2: 1003-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11529396

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Isolated growth hormone deficiency type IA associated with a 45-kilobase gene deletion within the human growth hormone gene cluster in an Italian family. Author(s): Ghizzoni L, Duquesnoy P, Torresani T, Vottero A, Goossens M, Bernasconi S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1994 November; 36(5): 654-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7877887

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ITT and IGF-I in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Hoffman DM, Nguyen TV, O'Sullivan AJ, Baxter RC, Ho KK. Source: Lancet. 1994 August 27; 344(8922): 613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7914979

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Jacobsen syndrome: report of a patient with severe eye anomalies, growth hormone deficiency, and hypothyroidism associated with deletion 11 (q23q25) and review of 52 cases. Author(s): Pivnick EK, Velagaleti GV, Wilroy RS, Smith ME, Rose SR, Tipton RE, Tharapel AT. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 September; 33(9): 772-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880580

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Kabuki syndrome and growth hormone deficiency: description of a case treated by long-term hormone replacement. Author(s): Gabrielli O, Bruni S, Bruschi B, Carloni I, Coppa GV. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2002 January; 11(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822710

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Knemometric monitoring of early effects of human growth hormone on leg length in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hermanussen M, Sippell WG, Valk IM. Source: Lancet. 1985 May 11; 1(8437): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2860287

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L-arginine and insulin-tolerance tests in the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency: influence of confounding factors. Author(s): Fisker S, Jorgensen JO, Orskov H, Christiansen JS. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 January; 48(1): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509076

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Left ventricular function in young adults with childhood and adulthood onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Longobardi S, Cuocolo A, Merola B, Di Rella F, Colao A, Nicolai E, Cardei S, Salvatore M, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 February; 48(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579223

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Leukaemia in children with growth hormone deficiency not treated with growth hormone. Author(s): Kubota M, Fujii K, Yamanaka C, Akiyama Y, Momoi T, Hori C, Watanabe S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 May; 154(5): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7641781

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Linear growth response to recombinant human growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Shih KC, Ho LT, Kuo HF, Chang TC, Liu PC, Chen CK, Tiu CM. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1994 July; 54(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8087727

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Links between growth hormone deficiency, adaptation and social phobia. Author(s): Stabler B, Clopper RR, Siegel PT, Nicholas LM, Silva SG, Tancer ME, Underwood LE. Source: Hormone Research. 1996; 45(1-2): 30-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8742115

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Lipid profiles in untreated severe congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency through the lifespan. Author(s): Gleeson HK, Souza AH, Gill MS, Wieringa GE, Barretto ES, Barretto-Filho JA, Shalet SM, Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Clayton PE. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 July; 57(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100075

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Localized lipoatrophy due to recombinant growth hormone therapy in a child with 6.7 kilobase gene deletion isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Buyukgebiz A, Aydin A, Dundar B, Yorukoglu K. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999 January-February; 12(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392355

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Long-lasting catch-up growth under bio-methionyl growth hormone treatment in an infant with isolated growth hormone deficiency type 1A. Author(s): De Luca F, Duquesnoy P, Arrigo T, Lombardo F, Goossens M. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 December; 80(12): 1235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1686134

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Long-term consequences of growth hormone deficiency acquired in childhood. Author(s): Vandeweghe M. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993 June; 128 Suppl 2: 6-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342395

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Long-term growth hormone deficiency as a cause of cardiomyopathy and its reversibility with specific replacement therapy. Author(s): Fazio S, Biondi B, Sabatini D, Cuocolo A, Tommaselli AP, Lombardi G, Sacca L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 March; 81(3): 88790. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8772545

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Long-term growth of children with growth hormone deficiency and hypoglycemia. Therapeutic Trial of Growth Hormone Committee. Medical Research Council of Canada. Author(s): Dean HJ, Friesen HG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 October; 115(4): 598-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2795355

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Long-term hormone replacement therapy in two patients with Kabuki syndrome and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Gabrielli O, Carloni I, Coppa GV, Bedeschi MF, Petroncini MM, Selicorni A. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2000 January-February; 52(1-2): 47-53. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829592

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Long-term therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (Saizen) in children with idiopathic and organic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Bercu BB, Murray FT, Frasier SD, Rudlin C, O'Dea LS, Brentzel J, Hanson B, Landy H. Source: Endocrine. 2001 June; 15(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572324

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Low bone mass is an infrequent feature of the adult growth hormone deficiency syndrome in middle-age adults and the elderly. Author(s): Murray RD, Columb B, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 March; 89(3): 112430. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001597

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Low hemoglobin levels in children with in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Eugster EA, Fisch M, Walvoord EC, DiMeglio LA, Pescovitz OH. Source: Endocrine. 2002 July; 18(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374460

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Low-dose growth hormone replacement lowers plasma leptin and fat stores without affecting body mass index in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Florkowski CM, Collier GR, Zimmet PZ, Livesey JH, Espiner EA, Donald RA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1996 December; 45(6): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039344

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Lung volumes and respiratory muscle strength in adult patients with childhood- or adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: effect of 12 months' growth hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Merola B, Longobardi S, Sofia M, Pivonello R, Micco A, Di Rella F, Esposito V, Colao A, Lombardi G. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 November; 135(5): 553-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980157

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Tillmann V, Tang VW, Price DA, Hughes DG, Wright NB, Clayton PE. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 November-December; 13(9): 1577-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154153

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Measurement of serum free IGF-I in diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Wacharasindhu S, Chaichanwatanakul K, Likitmaskul S, Angsusingha K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 May; 83(5): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10863894

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Megestrol acetate to correct the nutritional status in an adolescent with growth hormone deficiency: Increase of appetite and body weight but only by increase of body water and fat mass followed by profound cortisol and testosterone depletion. Author(s): Schmid I, Stachel DK, Freudenberg S, Schmitt M, Schuster F, Haas RJ. Source: Klinische Padiatrie. 2002 March-April; 214(2): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972310

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Metabolic effects of 20-kilodalton human growth hormone (20K-hGH) for adults with growth hormone deficiency: results of an exploratory uncontrolled multicenter clinical trial of 20K-hGH. Author(s): Hayakawa M, Shimazaki Y, Tsushima T, Kato Y, Takano K, Chihara K, Shimatsu A, Irie M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 156271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070913

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Molecular and cellular basis of isolated dominant-negative growth hormone deficiency, IGHD type II: insights on the secretory pathway of peptide hormones. Author(s): Mullis PE, Deladoey J, Dannies PS. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(2): 53-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207163

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Molecular genetic analysis of X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Stewart DM, Notarangelo LD, Kurman CC, Staudt LM, Nelson DL. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1995 September 1; 155(5): 2770-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7650402

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Molecular study of human growth hormone gene cluster in three families with isolated growth hormone deficiency and similar phenotype. Author(s): Cacciari E, Pirazzoli P, Gualandi S, Baroncini C, Baldazzi L, Trevisani B, Capelli M, Zucchini S, Balsamo A, Cicognani A, et al. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 September; 153(9): 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7957420

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More guidance on growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ayling R. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 February; 57(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747432

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Mosaic variegated aneuploidy with growth hormone deficiency and congenital heart defects. Author(s): Lane AH, Aijaz N, Galvin-Parton P, Lanman J, Mangano R, Wilson TA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 July 1; 110(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116237

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MR imaging and spectroscopy of a tuber cinereum hamartoma in a patient with growth hormone deficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Martin DD, Seeger U, Ranke MB, Grodd W. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812950

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Near adult heights after growth hormone treatment in patients with idiopathic short stature or idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Frindik JP, Kemp SF, Hunold JJ. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May; 16 Suppl 3: 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795361

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Nephropathy and growth hormone deficiency in a patient with mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation. Author(s): Yorifuji T, Kawai M, Momoi T, Sasaki H, Furusho K, Muroi J, Shimizu K, Takahashi Y, Matsumura M, Nambu M, Okuno T. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 July; 33(7): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818955

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Neuromuscular dysfunction in adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Webb SM, de Andres-Aguayo I, Rojas-Garcia R, Ortega E, Gallardo E, Mestron A, Serrano-Munuera C, Casamitjana R, Illa I. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 October; 59(4): 450-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510907

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New approach to the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Ghigo E, Aimaretti G, Gianotti L, Bellone J, Arvat E, Camanni F. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 March; 134(3): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8616534

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New GH-1 gene mutations: expanding the spectrum of causes of isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Mullis PE, Deladoey J, Dannies PS. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 December; 15 Suppl 5: 1301-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510984

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Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. A double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Boger RH, Skamira C, Bode-Boger SM, Brabant G, von zur Muhlen A, Frolich JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 December 15; 98(12): 2706-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8981915

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No advantage of the new combined octreotide-GHRH test over established GHstimulation tests in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults. Author(s): Schutz F, Wuster C, Heilmann P, Ziegler R, Hadji P. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 December; 53(6): 667-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155087

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Nocturnal urinary growth hormone excretion as a criterion for growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Fortes ES, Chacra AR, Kunii HS, Vieira JG, Russo EM. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1995 April; 28(4): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8520540

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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic steatosis in patients with adult onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ichikawa T, Hamasaki K, Ishikawa H, Ejima E, Eguchi K, Nakao K. Source: Gut. 2003 June; 52(6): 914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740357

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Normal progression of testicular size in boys with idiopathic short stature and isolated growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone: experience from the KIGS. Author(s): Lindgren AC, Chatelain P, Lindberg A, Price DA, Ranke MB, Reiter EO, Wilton P; KIGS International Board. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207167

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Observational study in adult hypopituitary patients with untreated growth hormone deficiency (ODA study). Socio-economic impact and health status. Collaborative ODA (Observational GH Deficiency in Adults) Group. Author(s): Sanmarti A, Lucas A, Hawkins F, Webb SM, Ulied A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1999 November; 141(5): 481-9. Erratum In: Eur J Endocrinol 2000 February; 142(2): 209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576764

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Observations on the responsiveness of human subjects to human growth hormone. Effects of endogenous growth hormone deficiency and myotinic dystrophy. Author(s): Rudman D, Chyatte SB, Patterson JH, Gerron GG, O'Beirne I, Barlow J, Ahmann P, Jordan A, Mosteller RC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1971 September; 50(9): 1941-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4327577

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Observations on the stimulation of growth hormone secretion in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kendall-Taylor P, Paxton A, Koppiker NP. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1996 August; 45(8 Suppl 1): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769406

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Occurrence of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in a patient with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Inada S, Shida K, Mouri Y, Sakai R, Koga H, Miyazaki S, Okamura J, Anami K, Eguchi M. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995 April; 37(2): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793261

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One-year follow-up of quality of life in adults with untreated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Badia X, Lucas A, Sanmarti A, Roset M, Ulied A. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 December; 49(6): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10209564

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One-year treatment with recombinant human growth hormone of children with meningomyelocele and growth hormone deficiency: a comparison of supine length and arm span. Author(s): Hochhaus F, Butenandt O, Ring-Mrozik E. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999 March-April; 12(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392361

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Oral administration of the growth hormone secretagogue NN703 in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Svensson J, Monson JP, Vetter T, Hansen TK, Savine R, Kann P, Bex M, Reincke M, Hagen C, Beckers A, Ilondo MM, Zdravkovic M, Bengtsson BA, Korbonits M; NN703 Clinical Research Group. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 May; 58(5): 572-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699438

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Oral clonidine for screening of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Romer TE, Rymkiewicz-Kluczynska B, Bogoniowska Z. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1982 July-September; 24(3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7177689

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Orocraniodigital (Juberg-Hayward) syndrome with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kingston HM, Hughes IA, Harper PS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1982 October; 57(10): 790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7138070

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Outcome of growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone deficiency showing an inadequate response to growth hormone-releasing hormone. Author(s): Saenger P, Pescovitz OH, Bercu BB, Murray FT, Landy H, Brentzel J, O'Dea L, Hanson B, Howard C, Reiter EO; Geref International Study Group. Source: Endocrine. 2001 June; 15(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572326

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Parathyroid hormone secretory pattern, circulating activity, and effect on bone turnover in adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Fraser WD, Ooi CG, Durham BH, Vora JP. Source: Bone. 2003 February; 32(2): 170-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633789

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Pitfall in diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in a hypochondroplastic patient with a delayed puberty. Author(s): Meyer MF, Menken KU, Zimny S, Hellmich B, Schatz H. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2003 May; 111(3): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784193

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Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging and function in patients with growth hormone deficiency with and without mutations in GHRH-R, GH-1, or PROP-1 genes. Author(s): Osorio MG, Marui S, Jorge AA, Latronico AC, Lo LS, Leite CC, Estefan V, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 5076-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414875

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Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic and genetic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Maghnie M, Loche S, Cappa M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1911; Author Reply 1911-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679493

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Plasma levels of insulin-like binding protein-2 in prepubertal short children and its diagnostic value in the evaluation of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): van Doorn J, Ringeling AM, Rikken B, van Buul-Offers SC. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55(3): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549877

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Precocious puberty associated with growth hormone deficiency in a patient with craniopharyngioma: report of one case. Author(s): Chen YD, Shu SG, Chi CS, Hsieh PP, Ho WL. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001 July-August; 42(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11550415

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Prediction model of total pubertal growth in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: analysis of data from KIGS. Author(s): Ranke MB, Martin DD, Lindberg A. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(Suppl 1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955019

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Presence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is a significant determinant of the first 3 years growth response to human growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with nonacquired growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Zenaty D, Garel C, Limoni C, Czernichow P, Leger J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 May; 58(5): 647-52. Erratum In: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 September; 59(3): 407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699449

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Psychological effects of withdrawal of growth hormone therapy from adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): McMillan CV, Bradley C, Gibney J, Healy ML, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 October; 59(4): 467-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510909

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Quadriceps and hand-grip strength in adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Sartorio A, Narici M, Conti A, Monzani M, Faglia G. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 January; 132(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850008

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Quality of life and retrospective perception of the effect of growth hormone treatment in adult patients with childhood growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Lagrou K, Xhrouet-Heinrichs D, Massa G, Vandeweghe M, Bourguignon JP, De Schepper J, de Zegher F, Ernould C, Heinrichs C, Malvaux P, Craen M. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 5: 1249-60; Discussion 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964020

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Quality of life assessment before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): McGauley GA. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989; 356: 70-2; Discussion 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816361

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Quality of life of adults with growth hormone deficiency: a controlled study. Author(s): Bjork S, Jonsson B, Westphal O, Levin JE. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989; 356: 55-9; Discussion 60, 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816358

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Quality of life, body composition and muscle strength in adult growth hormone deficiency: the influence of growth hormone replacement therapy for up to 3 years. Author(s): Wallymahmed ME, Foy P, Shaw D, Hutcheon R, Edwards RH, MacFarlane IA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1997 October; 47(4): 439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9404442

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Quality-of-life assessment of adults with growth hormone deficiency. Implications for drug therapy. Author(s): McKenna SP, Doward LC. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1994 November; 6(5): 434-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10155272

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Radiation and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Skalet SM, Beardwell CG, Pearson D, Morris Jones PH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 October 15; 2(6093): 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=922361

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Radiation and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Burrows AW, Hockaday TD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 October 1; 2(6091): 893-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=922343

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Radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 59 Suppl 1: 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566714

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Rasch measurement in the Assessment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in adult patients. Author(s): Prieto L, Roset M, Badia X. Source: J Appl Meas. 2001; 2(1): 48-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000856

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Rational use of the laboratory for childhood and adult growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Pandian R, Nakamoto JM. Source: Clin Lab Med. 2004 March; 24(1): 141-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15157561

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Re-assessment of growth hormone secretion in young adult patients with childhoodonset growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Donaubauer J, Kiess W, Kratzsch J, Nowak T, Steinkamp H, Willgerodt H, Keller E. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641629

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Responses of bone turnover markers and bone mineral density to growth hormone therapy in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. Author(s): Kandemir N, Gonc EN, Yordam N. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 June; 15(6): 809-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099391

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Results of early reevaluation of growth hormone secretion in short children with apparent growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Loche S, Bizzarri C, Maghnie M, Faedda A, Tzialla C, Autelli M, Casini MR, Cappa M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 April; 140(4): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006959

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Retinitis pigmentosa, growth hormone deficiency, and acromelic skeletal dysplasia in two brothers: possible familial RHYNS syndrome. Author(s): Hedera P, Gorski JL. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 June 15; 101(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391657

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Short stature and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1995 August; 43(2): 133-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554307

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Short stature, growth hormone deficiency, and social anxiety. Author(s): Nicholas LM, Tancer ME, Silva SG, Underwood LE, Stabler B. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1997 July-August; 59(4): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251156

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Shouldn't adults with growth hormone deficiency be offered growth hormone replacement therapy? Author(s): Cook DM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 August 6; 137(3): 197-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160368

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Shwachman-Diamond syndrome associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kornfeld SJ, Kratz J, Diamond F, Day NK, Good RA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 August; 96(2): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636061

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Skin morphological changes in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Author(s): Lange M, Thulesen J, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Skakkebaek NE, Vahl N, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Poulsen SS, Sneppen SB, Juul A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 August; 145(2): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11454509

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Solitary median maxillary central incisor, Duane retraction syndrome, growth hormone deficiency and duplicated thumb phalanx: a case report. Author(s): Parentin F, Perissutti P. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 April; 12(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868480

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Spontaneous nocturnal leptin secretion in children with myelomeningocele and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Trollmann R, Dorr HG, Groschl M, Blum WF, Rascher W, Dotsch J. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(3): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218376

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Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity is associated with increased peripheral vascular resistance in hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Scott EM, Greenwood JP, Stoker JB, Mary DA, Gilbey SG. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 June; 56(6): 759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072045

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Syndrome of hypoparathyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and multiple minor anomalies. Author(s): Marsden D, Nyhan WL, Sakati NO. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 September 1; 52(3): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7810565

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Systemic ghrelin levels in subjects with growth hormone deficiency are not modified by one year of growth hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Janssen JA, van der Toorn FM, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld P, Broglio F, Ghigo E, Lamberts SW, Jan van der Lely A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 December; 145(6): 711-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720895

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The effect of long-term untreated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and 9 years of GH replacement on the quality of life (QoL) of GH-deficient adults. Author(s): Gilchrist FJ, Murray RD, Shalet SM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 September; 57(3): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12201829

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The effectiveness of arginine + GHRH test compared with GHRH + GHRP-6 test in diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Popovic V, Pekic S, Doknic M, Micic D, Damjanovic S, Zarkovic M, Aimaretti G, Corneli G, Ghigo E, Deiguez C, Casanueva FF. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 August; 59(2): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12864804

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The effects of growth hormone deficiency and replacement on glucocorticoid exposure in hypopituitary patients on cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone replacement. Author(s): Swords FM, Carroll PV, Kisalu J, Wood PJ, Taylor NF, Monson JP. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 November; 59(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616886

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The effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in adultonset growth hormone deficiency: a 2-year open randomized controlled multicenter trial. Author(s): Bex M, Abs R, Maiter D, Beckers A, Lamberigts G, Bouillon R. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 June; 17(6): 1081-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054164

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The treadmill exhausting test is not suitable for screening of growth hormone deficiency! Author(s): Donaubauer J, Kratzsch J, Fritzsch C, Stach B, Kiess W, Keller E. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55(3): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549875

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The use of the pyridostigmine growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test to detect growth hormone deficiency in patients with pituitary adenomas. Author(s): Vierhapper H, Nardi A, Bieglmayer C. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 January; 51(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782869

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Timing of onset of growth hormone deficiency is a major influence on insulin-like growth factor I status in adult life. Author(s): Lissett CA, Murray RD, Shalet SM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 July; 57(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100067

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Transcription factor SOX3 is involved in X-linked mental retardation with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Laumonnier F, Ronce N, Hamel BC, Thomas P, Lespinasse J, Raynaud M, Paringaux C, Van Bokhoven H, Kalscheuer V, Fryns JP, Chelly J, Moraine C, Briault S. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 December; 71(6): 1450-5. Epub 2002 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428212

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Transition from pediatric to adult care for growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Rosenfeld RG. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May; 16 Suppl 3: 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795367

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Treatment of growth hormone deficiency in very young children. Author(s): Carel JC, Huet F, Chaussain JL. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 60(Suppl 1): 10-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955012

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Unfavorable effects of growth hormone therapy on the final height of boys with short stature not caused by growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kawai M, Momoi T, Yorifuji T, Yamanaka C, Sasaki H, Furusho K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 February; 130(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042121

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Unique hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Liberfarb RM, Jackson AH, Eavey RD, Robb RM. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1993 July; 8(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8409271

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Untreated growth hormone deficiency explains premature mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Author(s): Bengtsson BA. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 1998 February; 8 Suppl A: 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993596

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Urinary growth hormone estimation in diagnosing severe growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Pirazzoli P, Mandini M, Zucchini S, Gualandi S, Vignutelli L, Capelli M, Cacciari E. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 September; 75(3): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976663

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Urinary human growth hormone measurement using a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay: diagnostic and therapeutic uses in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Kohno H, Murakami Y, Kodaira T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 December; 71(6): 1496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229307

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Urinary insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and IGF-binding proteins in normal subjects, growth hormone deficiency, and renal disease. Author(s): Gargosky SE, Hasegawa T, Tapanainen P, MacGillivray M, Hasegawa Y, Rosenfeld RG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 June; 76(6): 1631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7684745

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Urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in healthy children and in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Fujimoto S, Kubo T, Tanaka H, Miura M, Seino Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 June; 80(6): 1922-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7775642

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Use of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 in the diagnosis of acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency in adults. Author(s): Thissen JP, Ketelslegers JM, Maiter D. Source: Growth Regul. 1996 December; 6(4): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8971551

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Usefulness and limitation of measurement of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) for diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hasegawa Y, Hasegawa T, Aso T, Kotoh S, Tsuchiya Y, Nose O, Ohyama Y, Araki K, Tanaka T, Saisyo S, et al. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1992 December; 39(6): 585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1284115

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Utah Growth Study: growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Lindsay R, Feldkamp M, Harris D, Robertson J, Rallison M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 July; 125(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021781

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Validation and calibration of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study prediction model for children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): de Ridder MA, Stijnen T, Hokken-Koelega AC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 12237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629110

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Validity of height velocity as a diagnostic criterion for idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome. Author(s): Van den Broeck J, Hokken-Koelega A, Wit J. Source: Hormone Research. 1999; 51(2): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352395

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Value of computed tomographic scanning in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Smith SP, Wolpert SM, Sadeghi-Nejad A, Senior B. Source: Pediatrics. 1986 October; 78(4): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763267

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Vascular malformation of hypothalamus: a cause of isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Russell JD, Wise PH, Rischbieth HG. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 August; 66(2): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7402818

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Western ligand blot assay for human growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3): the serum levels in patients with classical growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Hasegawa Y, Hasegawa T, Yokoyama T, Kotoh S, Tsuchiya Y, Kurimoto F. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1992 February; 39(1): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1376683

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When are we diagnosing growth hormone deficiency? Author(s): Herber SM, Milner RD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 February; 61(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954435

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Why retest young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency? Author(s): de Boer H, van der Veen EA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 July; 82(7): 2032-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9215268

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Williams syndrome and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Spadoni GL, Colloridi V, Finocchi G, Manca Bitti ML, Chini L, Boscherini B. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1983 April; 102(4): 640. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6834206

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Workshop report: protein metabolism and muscles. The effects of growth hormone and growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Umpleby M, Salomon F. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993 June; 128 Suppl 2: 65-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342396

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X-linked agammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Arslan D, Patiroglu T, Kendirci M, Kurtoglu S. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1998 October-December; 40(4): 609-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028873

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X-linked agammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Monafo V, Maghnie M, Terracciano L, Valtorta A, Massa M, Severi F. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 May; 80(5): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1872183

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X-linked agammaglobulinemia, growth hormone deficiency and delay of growth and puberty. Author(s): Buzi F, Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Duse M, Parolini O, Monteleone M, Ugazio AG. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 January; 83(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8193484

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X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Fleisher TA, White RM, Broder S, Nissley SP, Blaese RM, Mulvihill JJ, Olive G, Waldmann TA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 June 26; 302(26): 1429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189577

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X-linked mental retardation with isolated growth hormone deficiency is mapped to Xq22-Xq27.2 in one family. Author(s): Raynaud M, Ronce N, Ayrault AD, Francannet C, Malpuech G, Moraine C. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 March 19; 76(3): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9508246

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Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium metabolism in patients with human growth hormone deficiency or acromegaly. Author(s): Aihara K, Nishi Y, Hatano S, Kihara M, Ohta M, Sakoda K, Uozumi T, Usui T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985 August; 4(4): 610-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4032177

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and growth hormone deficiency.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Growth Hormone Deficiency The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “growth hormone deficiency” (or a synonym): •

Adult growth hormone deficiency syndrome: a personal approach to diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA. Source: Cook, D M Growth-Horm-IGF-Res. 1999 April; 9 Suppl A129-33 1096-6374

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Atrioventricular block in a patient with growth hormone deficiency during growth hormone therapy. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Japan. [email protected] Source: Okada, T Tomoda, T Shinohara, M Misaki, Y Shiraishi, T Fujieda, M Wakiguchi, H Kurashige, T Pediatr-Int. 1999 February; 41(1): 90-3 1328-8067

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Changes in body composition during 12 months after discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in young adults with growth hormone deficiency from childhood. Author(s): Institute of Endocrinology, Reproduction and Metabolism, Academic Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Stouthart, P J de Ridder, C M Rekers Mombarg, L T van der Waal, H A J-PediatrEndocrinol-Metab. 1999 April; 12 Suppl 1335-8

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Changes in the volume of residual pituitary adenomas in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency during replacement therapy with the recombinant human growth hormone. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria. [email protected] Source: Finkenstedt, G Hofle, G Pallua, A Sailer, U Gasser, R W Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 1999 November 12; 111(21): 887-90 0043-5325

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Growth hormone treatment in adults with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency increases iliac crest trabecular bone turnover: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark. Source: Brixen, K Hansen, T B Hauge, E Vahl, N Jorgensen, J O Christiansen, J S Mosekilde, L Hagen, C Melsen, F J-Bone-Miner-Res. 2000 February; 15(2): 293-300 08840431

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The adult growth hormone deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA. Source: Cook, D M Ludlam, W H Cook, M B Adv-Intern-Med. 2000; 45297-315 0065-2822

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Treatment of growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy. [email protected] Source: De Feo, P Lucidi, P Santeusanio, F Diabetes-Nutr-Metab. 1999 October; 12(5): 336-9 0394-3402

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to growth hormone deficiency. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to growth hormone deficiency and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to growth hormone deficiency: •

A comparison of IGF-I levels measured by two commercially available radioimmunoassays. Author(s): Silbergeld A, Jaber L, Lilos P, Laron Z. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988 November; 119(3): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3188808

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A cross-sectional study of growth, puberty and endocrine function in patients with thalassaemia major in Hong Kong. Author(s): Kwan EY, Lee AC, Li AM, Tam SC, Chan CF, Lau YL, Low LC. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1995 April; 31(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794630

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Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. Author(s): Attanasio AF, Lamberts SW, Matranga AM, Birkett MA, Bates PC, Valk NK, Hilsted J, Bengtsson BA, Strasburger CJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 January; 82(1): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989238

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Adult height and adult sitting height in childhood medulloblastoma survivors. Author(s): Xu W, Janss A, Moshang T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 October; 88(10): 4677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557440

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Aged-rodent models of long-term growth hormone therapy: lack of deleterious effect on longevity. Author(s): Kalu DN, Orhii PB, Chen C, Lee DY, Hubbard GB, Lee S, Olatunji-Bello Y. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1998 November; 53(6): B452-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9823743

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Ageing and growth hormone status. Author(s): Toogood AA, Shalet SM. Source: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 July; 12(2): 281-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10083897

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Age-related changes in growth hormone secretion: should the somatopause be treated? Author(s): Cummings DE, Merriam GR. Source: Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1999; 17(4): 311-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10851571

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Age-related growth hormone-releasing activity of growth hormone secretagogues in humans. Author(s): Arvat E, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1997 November; 423: 92-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9401552

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Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Author(s): Weltman A, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, Hartman ML.

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Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2001 September; 6(3 Suppl): 28-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706505 •

Ceramic systems for long-term delivery of chemicals and biologicals. Author(s): Bajpai PK, Benghuzzi HA. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 1988 December; 22(12): 1245-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3235459

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Changes in thyroid hormone levels during growth hormone therapy in initially euthyroid patients: lack of need for thyroxine supplementation. Author(s): Wyatt DT, Gesundheit N, Sherman B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 October; 83(10): 3493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9768652

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Childhood-onset growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adult life. Author(s): Lissett CA, Shalet SM. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002 June; 16(2): 209-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064889

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Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in aging: reversal of hypercholesterolemia by growth hormone treatment in old rats. Author(s): Parini P, Angelin B, Rudling M. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999 April; 19(4): 832-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195906

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Clinical response of alopecia, trichorrhexis nodosa, and dry, scaly skin to zinc supplementation. Author(s): Slonim AE, Sadick N, Pugliese M, Meyers-Seifer CH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 December; 121(6): 890-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1447651

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Determinants of age-associated changes in os calcis ultrasonic indices in elderly women: potential involvement of geriatric hyposomatotropism in bone fragility. Author(s): Boonen S, Nicholson PH, Lowet G, Cheng XG, Verbeke G, Lesaffre E, Aerssens J, Dequeker J. Source: Age and Ageing. 1997 March; 26(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9177671

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DHEA-S levels in hypopituitaric patients with severe GH deficiency are strongly reduced across lifespan. Comparison with IGF-I levels before and during rhGH replacement.

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Author(s): Aimaretti G, Baffoni C, Ambrosio MR, Maccario M, Corneli G, Bellone S, Gasperi M, Degli Uberti E, Ghigo E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 January; 23(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698044 •

Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Author(s): Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sellmeyer DE, Todd K, Sebastian A. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 40(5): 200-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842945

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Dietary arginine supplementation enhances the growth of milk-fed young pigs. Author(s): Kim SW, McPherson RL, Wu G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 March; 134(3): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14988458

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Disturbed pubertal growth in girls treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Moell C, Garwicz S, Westgren U, Wiebe T. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1987; 4(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3152908

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Effect of pituitary hollow fiber units and thyroid supplementation on growth in the little mouse. Author(s): Harkness JE, Hymer WC, Rosenberger JL, Grindeland RE. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1984 November; 177(2): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6483864

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Effect of selenium and lodine supplementation on growth rate and on thyroid and somatotropic function in dairy calves at pasture. Author(s): Wichtel JJ, Craigie AL, Freeman DA, Varela-Alvarez H, Williamson NB. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 October; 79(10): 1865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923257

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Effects of 12 months of GH treatment on cortical and trabecular bone content of IGFs and OPG in adults with acquired GH deficiency: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Ueland T, Bollerslev J, Flyvbjerg A, Hansen TB, Vahl N, Mosekilde L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 June; 87(6): 2760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12050246

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Effects of aging and estradiol supplementation on GH axis dynamics in women. Author(s): Lieman HJ, Adel TE, Forst C, von Hagen S, Santoro N.

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Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3918-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502833 •

Effects of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and testosterone in young and elderly subjects. Author(s): Lee MS, Kang CW, Ryu H, Kim JD, Chung HT. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1999; 27(2): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10467451

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Effects of glutamine supplementation, GH, and IGF-I on glutamine metabolism in critically ill patients. Author(s): Jackson NC, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH, Treacher DF, Umpleby AM. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 February; 278(2): E226-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10662706

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Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium metabolism. Author(s): Burstein S, Chen IW, Tsang RC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1983 June; 56(6): 1246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6302126

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Effects of zamic as a means for zinc supplementation in growing children. Author(s): Fons C, Brun JF, Fedou C, Fussellier M, Bardet L, Orsetti A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1995 April; 48(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7626370

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Epidemiology of the arterial stiffness. Author(s): Breithaupt-Grogler K, Belz GG. Source: Pathologie-Biologie. 1999 June; 47(6): 604-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472071

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Failure of IGF-I infusion to promote growth in Zn deficient hypophysectomized rats. Author(s): Cha MC, Rojhani A. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 1998 November; 12(3): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9857326

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Five years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults: age- and gender-related changes in isometric and isokinetic muscle strength. Author(s): Svensson J, Stibrant Sunnerhagen K, Johannsson G.

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Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 2061-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727955 •

Free insulin-like growth factor I serum levels in 1430 healthy children and adults, and its diagnostic value in patients suspected of growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Juul A, Holm K, Kastrup KW, Pedersen SA, Michaelsen KF, Scheike T, Rasmussen S, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 August; 82(8): 2497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253324

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GH deficiency syndrome in elderly patients. Author(s): De Marinis L, Mancini A, Giampietro A, Gentilella R, Bianchi A, Perrelli M, Vezzosi C, Milardi D, Fusco A, Valle D, Bernabei R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508912

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GH increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron and preventing pressure natriuresis. Author(s): Johannsson G, Sverrisdottir YB, Ellegard L, Lundberg PA, Herlitz H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932310

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GH-related and extra-endocrine actions of GH secretagogues in aging. Author(s): Muller EE, Rigamonti AE, Colonna Vde G, Locatelli V, Berti F, Cella SG. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 907-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12392795

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Growth and growth hormone secretion after bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Brauner R, Fontoura M, Zucker JM, Devergie A, Souberbielle JC, PrevotSaucet C, Michon J, Gluckman E, Griscelli C, Fischer A, et al. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 April; 68(4): 458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8503666

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Growth hormone deficiency in elderly patients with hypothalamo-pituitary tumors. Author(s): Colao A, Cerbone G, Pivonello R, Klain M, Aimaretti G, Faggiano A, Di Somma C, Salvatore M, Lombardi G. Source: Pituitary. 1998 April; 1(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11081184

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How should we manage growth hormone deficiency in adolescence? Transition from paediatric to adult care. Author(s): Papagianni M, Stanhope R.

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Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 January; 16(1): 23-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585336 •

Is growth hormone deficiency a beneficial adaptation to aging? Evidence from experimental animals. Author(s): Bartke A. Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: Tem. 2003 September; 14(7): 340-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946877

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Is growth hormone deficiency contributing to heart failure in patients with betathalassemia major? Author(s): Erfurth EM, Holmer H, Nilsson PG, Kornhall B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2004 August; 151(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15296469

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Parathyroid responsiveness to hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic stimuli in adult growth hormone deficiency after growth hormone replacement. Author(s): Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Durham BH, Fraser WD, Vora JP. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 June; 286(6): E986-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15140756

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Reduced longevity in untreated patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): Besson A, Salemi S, Gallati S, Jenal A, Horn R, Mullis PS, Mullis PE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915652

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The somatopause: should growth hormone deficiency in older people Be treated? Author(s): Lieberman SA, Hoffman AR. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1997 November; 13(4): 671-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354748

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to growth hormone deficiency; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “growth hormone deficiency” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on growth hormone deficiency, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Growth Hormone Deficiency By performing a patent search focusing on growth hormone deficiency, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on growth hormone deficiency: •

Method for improving the accuracy of diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency Inventor(s): Bercu; Barry B. (Tampa, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 5,065,747 Date filed: November 21, 1989 Abstract: Somatostatin, a growth hormone suppressant, is administered to an individual before the growth hormone secretion of that individual is provoked. The somatostatin is applied first in bolus form and the bolus administration is followed by a prolonged adminstration of the somatostatin. Both the bolus and the subsequent adminstration of growth hormone suppressant can be administered intravenously. This procedure insures that the growth hormone secretion of the individual's pituitary gland will be reduced to a minimum, thereby insuring that the results of subsequent provocative tests will be standardized and thus interpreted more consistently. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, generally, to diagnostic methods. More particularly, it relates to a method whereby the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency is improved. Human growth normally occurs, in simplified terms, as a result of growth hormone secretion by the pituitary gland. In less simplified terms, growth occurs as a result of a complex interplay of factors. Accordingly, when a child is observed to be of unusually short stature for his or her age and a growth hormone deficiency is suspected, it is the current practice to administer various drugs to the child in an effort to provoke secretion of growth hormone. Normally, at least two provocative tests are administered; if the peak growth hormone response is less than 10 ng/mL after each administration of provocative drugs, then a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency is usually made. However, growth hormone secretion occurs in pulsatile or episodic patterns, i.e., at any given time a measurement of growth hormone secretion is likely to be very low, even in individuals not suffering from growth hormone deficiency, because such a measurement is highly likely to be taken between pulses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05065747__

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Treatment of growth hormone deficiency Inventor(s): S.o slashed.rensen; Hans Holmegaaard (Virum, DK) Assignee(s): Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 5,851,992 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a growth hormone and asparagine as additive or buffering substance shows a very high stability against deamidation, oxidation and cleavage of peptide bonds. The stability of the product allows for the storing and shipment thereof in a lyophilized state or in the form of a dissolved or redissolved preparation at ambient temperature. The formulation may be used to treat a patient with a disorder associated with growth hormone deficiency.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stabilized pharmaceutical formulation comprising growth hormone, to a method of making such formulation, and the use of asparagine for stabilizing a formulation of growth hormone. The growth hormones from man and from the common domestic animals are proteins of approximately 191 amino acids, synthesized and secreted from the anterior lope of the pituitary gland. Human growth hormone consists of 191 amino acids. Growth hormone is a key hormone involved in the regulation of not only somatic growth, but also in the regulation of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The major effect of growth hormone is to promote growth. The organ systems affected by growth hormone include the skeleton, connective tissue, muscles, and viscera such as liver, intestine, and kidneys. Until the development of the recombinant technology and the cloning of the growth hormone gene now giving rise to production of e.g. human growth hormone (hGH) and Met-hGH in industrial scale, human growth hormone could only be obtained by extraction from the pituitary glands of human cadavers. The very limited supplies of growth hormone restricted the use thereof to longitudinal growth promotion in childhood and puberty for treatment of dwarfism, even though it has been proposed for inter alia treatment of short stature (due to growth hormone deficiency, normal short stature and Turner syndrome), growth hormone deficiency in adults, infertility, treatment of burns, wound healing, dystrophy, bone knitting, osteoporosis, diffuse gastric bleeding, and pseudoarthrosis as well as for decreasing the proportion of fat in animals to be slaughtered for human consumption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05851992__

Patent Applications on Growth Hormone Deficiency As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to growth hormone deficiency: •

Medical indication Inventor(s): Lippe, Barbara; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Dinsmore & Shohl, Llp; 1900 Chemed Center; 255 East Fifth Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202; US Patent Application Number: 20040038863 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: An aromatase inhibitor, alone or in combination with Growth Hormone, is used in the treatment of growth failure/short stature and in order to improve final height. It is believed that the present treatments delay bone maturation, especially in the treatment of pre-peri and pubertal humans with open epiphyses. The treatment is especially suitable for boys, with or without growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of U.S. application Ser. No. 60/388,562 filed Jun. 13, 2002. The invention relates methods which employ an aromatase inhibitor, alone or in combination with Growth Hormone, in the treatment of growth failure/short stature and in order to improve final height. The

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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invention further relates to such methods wherein delay of bone maturation is achieved, for example, in the treatment of preperi and pubertal humans with open epiphyses. The treatment is preferably for boys, with or without growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The invention further relates to the use of aromatase inhibitor in such treatments and to medicaments for use in such treatments. Aromatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the aromatization of C.sub.19 androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) to obtain C.sub.18 estrogens (estrone and estradiol). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and kit for diagnosing GH deficiency Inventor(s): Ranke, Michael; (Tubingen, DE) Correspondence: Dinsmore & Shohl, Llp; 1900 Chemed Center; 255 East Fifth Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202; US Patent Application Number: 20030027185 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and kit for diagnosing GH (growth hormone) deficiency, in particular isolated growth hormone deficiency II (IGHD II). The method comprises the steps of analysing the missense mutation G.sup.6191 to T in exon 4 of GH-1 which changes valine 110 to phenylalanine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and kit for diagnosing GH (growth hormone) deficiency, in particular isolated growth hormone deficiency II (IGHD II). The majority of cases with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) are idiopathic (1). Monogenetic recessive inheritance of IGHD was shown to be caused by complete deletions of the GH-1 (IGHD IA)(2) and, more recently, by nonsense mutations of the GHRH receptor gene (3). Dominant transmission (IGHD II) was exclusively found in the presence of GH-1 splice site mutations which cause skipping of exon 3 (4,5). This inframe deletion results in the loss of 40 amino acids and a presumably misfolded dc13271 GH. The prevalence of such mutations in families with IGHD II is high, up to 100% (6). The mechanism of the dominant negative effect of the mutant protein in only partly understood (7). In-vitro studies suggested cell-specific mechanisms in neuro-endocrine cells which included insufficient storage and secretion of the wild-type GH in the presence of the de132-71GH (8,9). Seven different splice site mutations in intron 3 of GH-1 have been reported (4,5,10-13). Because of the very compact gene structure of the GH-1, splicing is also affected by point mutations outside the conserved splicing sites (14). In addition, two GH-1 missense mutation (P89L and R183H) were recently implicated in IGHD II (15,16). The present invention provides novel markers for the diagnosing IGHD II. These markers provide early and accurate diagnosis of affected children. The present inventors have found that not only splice site mutations causing skipping of exon 3 of GH-1 but also GH-1 missense mutations result in a mutant GH with a dominant negative effect. Thus it is very important to also investigate children with suspected GH-deficiency for missense mutations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with growth hormone deficiency, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on growth hormone deficiency. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning growth hormone deficiency. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to growth hormone deficiency. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on growth hormone deficiency include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Growth Hormone Deficiency In order to find chapters that specifically relate to growth hormone deficiency, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and growth hormone deficiency using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on growth hormone deficiency: •

Prevalence and Incidence of Secondary and Other Types of Diabetes Source: in Harris, M.I., et al., eds., for the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG). Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. 1995. p. 69-84. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text book and chapter available online at no charge; book may be purchased for $20.00. Order number: DM-96 (book). Summary: This chapter on the prevalence and incidence of secondary and other types of diabetes is from a compilation and assessment of data on diabetes and its complications in the United States. The prevalence of these secondary types is approximately 1 to 2

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percent of all diabetes. The extent of glucose intolerance in patients with secondary forms of diabetes can vary widely, presenting as overt diabetes that is insulin-requiring or noninsulin-requiring, simulating IDDM or NIDDM, or as milder forms such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or minimally abnormal glucose tolerance. Topics include diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases, malnutrition-related diabetes, hemochromatosis, acromegaly, isolated growth hormone deficiency, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism, tumors of endocrine pancreas or gut, polyendocrine autoimmunity syndromes, and POEMS (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes) syndrome. The author also discusses diabetogenic drugs, chemical agents, and toxins, including diuretics and beta-adrenergic antagonists, diphenylhydantoins, glucocorticoids, oral contraceptives, progestins, pentamidine, Vacor, nicotinic acid, cyclosporin, and opiates. The author concludes with a discussion of genetic syndromes related to secondary diabetes. 2 figures. 7 tables. 147 references. (AA-M).

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 6594 31 754 12 235 7626

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on growth hormone deficiency can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to growth hormone deficiency. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to growth hormone deficiency. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “growth hormone deficiency”:

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Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Endocrine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html Growth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/growthdisorders.html Hormones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on growth hormone deficiency. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Growth hormone deficiency Source: Oak Park, IL: MAGIC Foundation. n.d. 2 pp. Contact: Available from MAGIC Foundation for Children's Growth, 1327 North Harlem Avenue, Suite 701, Oak Park, IL 60302. Telephone: (708) 383- 0808 or (800) 3MAGIC3 / fax: (708) 383-0899 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.magicfoundation. Summary: This brochure provides an overview of growth hormone deficiency, one of the causes of growth failure. It briefly describes the characteristics of the disorder, how it is diagnosed, and treatment for the disorder. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to growth hormone deficiency. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information

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for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to growth hormone deficiency. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with growth hormone deficiency. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about growth hormone deficiency. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.

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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “growth hormone deficiency” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “growth hormone deficiency”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “growth hormone deficiency” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of

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each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from

Dictionary 101

which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Arenavirus: The only genus in the family Arenaviridae. It contains two groups LCM-Lassa complex viruses and Tacaribe complex viruses, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as

Dictionary 103

the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Thalassemia: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH]

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Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates

Dictionary 105

are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH]

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Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH]

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Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH]

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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]

Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH]

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Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epiphyseal: Pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. [EU] Epiphyses: The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary,

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placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]

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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue,

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breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain

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neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaldosteronism: Aldosteronism. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the

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anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incisor: Anything adapted for cutting; any one of the four front teeth in each jaw. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus,

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or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3: One of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]

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Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: The type species of arenavirus, part of the LCMLassa complex viruses, producing an inapparent infection in house and laboratory mice. In humans, infection with LCMV can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. The virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medulloblastoma: A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and

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can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,

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can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]

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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nil: Nothing, zero. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The

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ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU]

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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Gland, Posterior: The neural or post-neural lobe of the pituitary gland. The infundibulum is considered part of the posterior pituitary by most authors. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH]

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Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH]

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Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purified Insulins: Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radionuclide Angiography: The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which radioisotope renography is available. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

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Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary

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sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatomedins: Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by somatotropin. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters

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distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but,

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according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures

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preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tuber Cinereum: Layer of gray matter in the hypothalamus that also forms part of the floor of the third ventricle and merges anteriorly into the infundibulum (pituitary gland, posterior). [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 99, 124 Ablation, 99, 117 Acceptor, 99, 124 Acidosis, 36, 99 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 9, 38, 66, 99 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 99 Adaptation, 41, 69, 99, 126 Adipocytes, 99, 107, 119 Adipose Tissue, 26, 28, 99, 119 Adjustment, 99 Adjuvant, 9, 99 Adolescence, 22, 23, 32, 68, 99 Adrenal Cortex, 99, 101, 108, 112, 116 Adrenal Glands, 99, 100 Adrenal insufficiency, 34, 100 Adrenergic, 78, 100, 110, 111 Adrenergic Antagonists, 78, 100 Adverse Effect, 9, 100, 130 Afferent, 100, 119 Affinity, 35, 100, 130 Agammaglobulinemia, 57, 58, 100 Age of Onset, 24, 100, 104, 133 Agonist, 34, 100, 110 Agoraphobia, 100, 125 Algorithms, 100, 103 Alkaline, 5, 99, 100, 101, 104 Alkaline Phosphatase, 5, 100 Alopecia, 65, 100 Alpha Particles, 100, 128 Alternative medicine, 100 Amino acid, 11, 73, 74, 100, 101, 102, 112, 113, 114, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133 Amino Acid Sequence, 101, 112 Ammonia, 101, 114, 131 Anal, 101, 120 Analog, 101, 123 Anatomical, 101, 106, 117 Androgenic, 101 Androgens, 74, 99, 101, 102 Androstenedione, 74, 101 Anemia, 35, 101, 103, 132 Aneuploidy, 44, 101 Animal model, 5, 8, 101 Anomalies, 40, 53, 101 Antibacterial, 101, 131

Antibiotic, 101, 124, 131 Antibodies, 14, 15, 101, 114, 120, 126 Antibody, 100, 101, 102, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 131 Antigen, 100, 101, 107, 115, 117, 118 Anti-inflammatory, 102, 113 Anxiety, 52, 102, 125 Apathy, 32, 102 Apolipoproteins, 102, 119 Arenavirus, 102, 120 Arginine, 33, 40, 53, 66, 102 Aromatase, 7, 73, 102 Arterial, 37, 67, 102, 106, 108, 116, 127, 132 Arteries, 102, 103, 108, 120, 121, 122 Arterioles, 10, 102, 103, 104, 122, 134 Artery, 102, 103, 108, 128, 129, 132, 134 Aseptic, 102, 120, 131 Assay, 57, 102, 117 Asymptomatic, 38, 102, 103 Ataxia, 102, 115 Atherogenic, 15, 102 Attenuation, 102, 128 Autoimmune disease, 102 Autoimmunity, 78, 102 Autonomic, 55, 102, 123, 124 Autonomic Neuropathy, 55, 102 Axonal, 5, 103 B Bacteria, 101, 102, 103, 115, 121, 131, 133 Bacterial Physiology, 99, 103 Benign, 16, 103, 104, 109, 114, 120, 122 Beta-Thalassemia, 69, 103 Bewilderment, 103, 107 Bile, 103, 112, 119, 131 Biochemical, 16, 18, 103 Biological therapy, 103, 114 Biotechnology, 8, 11, 12, 83, 103 Bladder, 103, 117, 133 Blood Coagulation, 103, 104 Blood Glucose, 103, 115, 118 Blood pressure, 103, 105, 116, 122, 130 Blood vessel, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 Blot, 10, 57, 103 Body Composition, 14, 21, 27, 50, 60, 103 Body Fluids, 104, 130 Body Mass Index, 38, 43, 104 Bolus, 72, 104

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Growth Hormone Deficiency

Bolus infusion, 104 Bone Density, 6, 16, 104 Bone Marrow, 21, 68, 99, 104 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 21, 68, 104 Bowel, 101, 104, 118, 123 Brain Neoplasms, 104, 116 Burns, 73, 104 Burns, Electric, 104 C Calcium, 5, 67, 104, 107, 123 Calibration, 56, 104 Capillary, 104, 119 Carbohydrate, 104, 113 Carcinogen, 105, 112 Cardiac, 18, 24, 26, 105, 108, 111, 122, 131 Cardiomyopathy, 42, 105 Cardiovascular, 9, 38, 103, 105 Cardiovascular disease, 9, 105 Cardiovascular System, 103, 105 Case report, 52, 105 Caudal, 105, 109, 117, 126 Cell Division, 103, 105, 109, 114, 121, 126, 127, 130 Cell Survival, 105, 114 Cellulose, 105, 126 Central Nervous System, 9, 10, 104, 105, 113, 114, 115, 124 Central Nervous System Infections, 105, 114, 115 Cerebral, 9, 102, 104, 105, 108, 111, 112, 115 Cerebrospinal, 105, 115 Cerebrospinal fluid, 105, 115 Cerebrovascular, 105 Cerebrum, 105 Chemotherapeutic agent, 6, 105 Chemotherapy, 9, 19, 105 Chin, 106, 121 Cholesterol, 38, 65, 103, 106, 108, 110, 116, 119, 120, 131 Cholesterol Esters, 106, 119 Chromosomal, 101, 106, 129 Chromosome, 7, 36, 101, 106, 119, 122, 129, 133 Chromosome Abnormalities, 7, 106 Chronic, 4, 19, 106, 118, 127 Chylomicrons, 106, 119 Circadian, 25, 106 Circadian Rhythm, 25, 106 Cirrhosis, 106, 115 Cleft Palate, 7, 106 Clinical Protocols, 8, 106

Clinical trial, 3, 8, 43, 83, 106, 108, 110, 127, 128 Cloning, 73, 103, 106 Cofactor, 106, 127 Collagen, 101, 106, 116, 130 Collagen disease, 106, 116 Complement, 107, 113 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 70, 107 Complementary medicine, 63, 107 Computational Biology, 83, 107 Concomitant, 9, 107 Confounding, 40, 107 Confusion, 25, 107, 110, 116 Connective Tissue, 73, 104, 106, 107 Connective Tissue Cells, 107 Constriction, 108, 127, 129 Contraindications, ii, 108 Controlled study, 5, 26, 45, 50, 60, 66, 108 Convulsions, 108, 116 Cor, 108, 117 Coronary, 9, 105, 108, 121, 122 Coronary Disease, 9, 108 Coronary heart disease, 105, 108 Coronary Thrombosis, 108, 121, 122 Coronary Vessels, 108 Corpus, 36, 108 Corpus Callosum, 36, 108 Cortex, 102, 108, 112 Cortical, 33, 66, 108, 112 Cortisol, 19, 43, 108 Cortisone, 53, 109 Cranial, 9, 19, 35, 109, 114, 118, 124, 125 Cranial Irradiation, 35, 109 Craniocerebral Trauma, 109, 114, 116 Craniopharyngioma, 49, 109 Creatinine, 5, 109 Criterion, 46, 56, 109 Cyst, 15, 109 Cytochrome, 102, 109 Cytogenetics, 109, 129 D De novo, 12, 109 Degenerative, 109, 129 Deletion, 4, 7, 28, 40, 74, 109, 113 Dendrites, 109, 122 Dendritic, 5, 109 Density, 4, 6, 10, 17, 18, 51, 104, 109, 110, 119, 123, 128 Diabetes Mellitus, 109, 113, 115, 123, 124 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 109 Diastolic, 109, 116

137

Diencephalon, 109, 117 Digestion, 103, 104, 110, 118, 119, 131 Digestive tract, 103, 110, 130 Dilation, 110, 115 Diploid, 101, 110, 122, 126, 133 Direct, iii, 10, 110, 128, 132 Disorientation, 107, 110 Dissociation, 100, 110 Distal, 68, 103, 110, 129 Dopamine, 110, 122, 125 Dorsal, 110, 126 Double-blind, 5, 26, 45, 60, 66, 110 Drug Tolerance, 110, 132 Dwarfism, 73, 110 Dyslipidemia, 9, 14, 29, 110 Dyspareunia, 111, 112 Dysplasia, 17, 51, 111 Dystrophy, 46, 73, 111 E Eating Disorders, 38, 111 Edema, 111, 118 Efficacy, 8, 12, 37, 111 Electrolyte, 111, 126, 130 Electrons, 111, 124, 128 Electrophysiological, 111, 134 Encephalopathy, 36, 111 Endogenous, 46, 100, 110, 111, 133 Energy balance, 111, 119 Environmental Health, 82, 84, 111 Enzymatic, 101, 104, 107, 111 Enzyme, 55, 74, 100, 102, 111, 114, 119, 128, 134 Epigastric, 111, 124 Epinephrine, 100, 110, 111, 122, 123 Epiphyseal, 7, 111 Epiphyses, 73, 74, 111 Erythrocytes, 101, 104, 111 Estradiol, 66, 74, 111, 112 Estrogen, 6, 7, 102, 112 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 6, 112 Estrone, 74, 112 Excitatory, 10, 112, 113 Exocrine, 112, 124 Exogenous, 111, 112, 133 Exon, 74, 112 Extracellular, 38, 68, 107, 112, 123, 130 Extracellular Matrix, 107, 112, 123 Extraction, 73, 112 F Family Planning, 83, 112 Fat, 38, 43, 73, 99, 103, 104, 108, 112, 119, 130, 133

Fatigue, 112, 114 Femoral, 5, 112 Femur, 112 Fetus, 112, 125, 126, 133 Fissure, 106, 108, 112 Fistula, 112, 123 Fossa, 19, 112 G Gallbladder, 26, 99, 112 Gas, 101, 112, 116, 123, 128 Gastric, 73, 112 Gastrin, 113, 115 Gastrointestinal, 111, 113, 130, 131 Gastrointestinal tract, 113, 130 Gene, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 28, 33, 34, 39, 41, 44, 45, 73, 74, 102, 103, 113, 115, 116, 126, 130 Gene Deletion, 39, 41, 113 Gene Expression, 33, 113, 130 Genetic Engineering, 103, 106, 113 Genetics, 3, 8, 14, 28, 29, 36, 40, 44, 45, 51, 53, 54, 58, 109, 113 Genital, 103, 113 Genotype, 113, 125 Geriatric, 65, 69, 113 Gland, 4, 88, 99, 109, 113, 124, 125, 129, 131, 132 Glucocorticoid, 53, 113, 116 Glucose, 9, 78, 103, 105, 109, 113, 115, 116, 118, 128 Glucose Intolerance, 9, 78, 109, 113 Glucose tolerance, 78, 113 Glucose Tolerance Test, 113 Glutamic Acid, 113, 114, 122 Glutamine, 67, 114 Glutathione Peroxidase, 114, 129 Glycine, 101, 114, 122 Glycoprotein, 11, 114 Gonad, 114 Gonadal, 6, 114, 131 Gonadotropin, 4, 20, 34, 114 Governing Board, 114, 126 Granulocytes, 114, 119, 134 Growth factors, 24, 55, 114, 118 Guinea Pigs, 114, 120 H Half-Life, 8, 114 Hamartoma, 44, 114 Haptens, 100, 114 Headache, 114, 115, 116, 118, 125 Health Behavior, 9, 114 Health Status, 28, 46, 114

138

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Heart attack, 105, 114 Heart failure, 69, 114 Hemochromatosis, 78, 115 Hemoglobin, 42, 101, 103, 111, 115, 132 Hemorrhage, 109, 114, 115, 125, 131 Hepatic, 46, 113, 115 Hereditary, 34, 55, 115, 132 Heredity, 113, 115 Heterogeneity, 64, 100, 115 Hirsutism, 115, 116 Histiocytosis, 37, 115 Homologous, 115, 118, 132 Hormonal, 28, 112, 115 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 13, 15, 26, 42, 43, 50, 52, 53, 67, 115 Hormone therapy, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 48, 49, 51, 54, 60, 64, 65, 115 Hydrocephalus, 19, 115, 118 Hydrocortisone, 53, 116 Hydrogen, 99, 104, 114, 116, 121, 123, 124, 127 Hydrophobic, 116, 119 Hydroxyproline, 101, 106, 116 Hyperaldosteronism, 78, 116 Hypercholesterolemia, 65, 110, 116 Hyperlipidemia, 110, 116 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 11, 116, 119 Hyperplasia, 32, 116 Hypertension, 9, 105, 108, 116, 118, 123 Hyperthyroidism, 78, 116 Hypertrichosis, 32, 115, 116 Hypertriglyceridemia, 110, 116 Hypertrophy, 108, 116 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 44, 52, 58, 116 Hypoglycaemia, 36, 116 Hypoglycemia, 17, 35, 42, 116 Hypogonadism, 35, 44, 116 Hypopituitarism, 18, 21, 55, 116 Hypothalamic, 9, 25, 27, 36, 43, 49, 117, 130 Hypothalamus, 56, 104, 109, 117, 125, 130, 133 Hypothermia, 116, 117 Hypothyroidism, 29, 40, 117 I Idiopathic, 14, 15, 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 34, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 74, 117 Immortal, 8, 117 Immune response, 99, 102, 109, 114, 117, 131, 134 Immune system, 102, 103, 117, 120, 134

Immunoassay, 55, 117 Immunodeficiency, 116, 117 Immunologic, 100, 117 Immunology, 44, 52, 99, 100, 117 Immunosuppressive, 113, 117 Impairment, 9, 102, 103, 117, 121 In vitro, 8, 117 In vivo, 8, 117 Incisor, 52, 117 Incontinence, 115, 117 Induction, 38, 101, 117, 128 Infarction, 108, 116, 117, 121, 122 Infection, 102, 103, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 133, 134 Infertility, 73, 118 Inflammation, 102, 116, 118, 121, 126, 129 Influenza, 118, 120 Infusion, 5, 10, 67, 118 Ingestion, 113, 118 Initiation, 118, 133 Insight, 4, 118 Insulin, 9, 13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 67, 68, 78, 113, 118, 127, 130, 133 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 118 Insulin-like, 9, 20, 24, 26, 27, 35, 37, 38, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 67, 68, 118, 130 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3, 35, 118 Intestinal, 38, 113, 118 Intestine, 73, 104, 118, 119 Intoxication, 118, 134 Intracellular, 118, 126, 129 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 115, 118, 125 Intracranial Hypertension, 16, 114, 115, 118, 125 Intravenous, 118 Intrinsic, 100, 119 Invasive, 119, 120 K Kb, 28, 82, 119 Kilobase, 39, 41, 119 L Large Intestine, 110, 118, 119, 130 Leishmaniasis, 119, 124 Leptin, 35, 43, 52, 119 Lethargy, 115, 117, 119 Leucocyte, 15, 119, 120 Leukemia, 47, 119 Leukocytes, 104, 114, 119 Libido, 101, 119 Ligaments, 108, 119

139

Linkages, 115, 119 Lipid, 27, 41, 102, 118, 119, 133 Lipoprotein, 27, 65, 110, 119, 120 Lipoprotein Lipase, 27, 119 Liver, 73, 99, 103, 106, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120, 128, 130 Lobe, 115, 120, 125 Longitudinal study, 6, 120 Low-density lipoprotein, 14, 110, 119, 120 Lymphoblasts, 99, 120 Lymphocyte, 8, 102, 120 Lymphocytic, 11, 120 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, 11, 120 Lymphoid, 101, 119, 120 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 36, 48, 49, 120 Malformation, 19, 56, 114, 120 Malignancy, 9, 18, 120 Malignant, 104, 109, 115, 120, 122 Malnutrition, 78, 120 Mammary, 119, 120 Manifest, 103, 120 Maxillary, 52, 120 Mediate, 45, 110, 120 MEDLINE, 83, 120 Medulloblastoma, 64, 120 Meiosis, 121, 132 Melanin, 121, 125 Membrane, 107, 112, 121, 123, 125, 129 Meninges, 105, 109, 121 Meningitis, 120, 121, 125 Mental, iv, 3, 29, 54, 58, 82, 84, 106, 107, 110, 112, 117, 121, 125, 127, 129 Mental Retardation, 29, 54, 58, 121 Meta-Analysis, 18, 121 Metabolite, 112, 121 Metastatic, 104, 117, 121 MI, 97, 121 Microbiology, 99, 121 Microorganism, 106, 121, 134 Milliliter, 104, 121 Mineralization, 18, 121 Mitosis, 121, 130 Modeling, 6, 121 Modification, 101, 113, 121, 128 Molecular, 8, 9, 29, 44, 83, 85, 103, 107, 109, 121, 133 Molecule, 102, 107, 110, 121, 124, 126, 128 Monitor, 5, 109, 122 Monosomy, 101, 122

Morphological, 52, 122 Motility, 26, 122 Muscular Dystrophies, 111, 122 Myocardial Ischemia, 108, 122 Myocardium, 121, 122 Myopathy, 36, 122 N Natriuresis, 68, 122 Necrosis, 117, 121, 122, 125 Neoplasm, 114, 122 Neoplastic, 116, 122 Nerve, 52, 100, 102, 103, 106, 109, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131 Nervous System, 100, 105, 122, 124 Neurologic, 115, 122 Neuronal, 9, 122 Neurons, 109, 112, 122, 131, 132 Neuropathy, 34, 103, 122 Neurosis, 122, 125 Neurotransmitter, 101, 110, 113, 114, 122, 123, 130, 131 Neutrons, 100, 123, 128 Nil, 11, 123 Nitrogen, 101, 114, 123 Norepinephrine, 100, 110, 122, 123 Nuclei, 100, 111, 113, 120, 121, 123, 127 Nutritional Status, 43, 123 O Octreotide, 45, 123 Opacity, 109, 123 Optic Chiasm, 117, 123, 125 Orthostatic, 123 Osmosis, 123 Osmotic, 5, 123 Osteoblasts, 123 Osteocalcin, 25, 123 Osteoporosis, 6, 11, 16, 73, 112, 123 Ovaries, 102, 123, 129 Ovary, 101, 111, 114, 124 Oxidation, 72, 99, 109, 114, 124 P Paediatric, 17, 27, 68, 124 Palate, 106, 124 Pancreas, 78, 99, 115, 118, 124, 127, 130 Pancreatic, 78, 124 Particle, 38, 124 Pathogenesis, 9, 124 Pathologic, 99, 108, 124, 128 Pathophysiology, 4, 29, 124 Patient Education, 88, 92, 94, 97, 124 Penicillin, 124, 133 Pentamidine, 78, 124

140

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Peptide, 44, 72, 101, 119, 124, 126, 127, 130, 132 Perception, 49, 124, 129 Peripheral Nervous System, 122, 124, 130, 131 PH, 11, 15, 28, 49, 50, 56, 65, 67, 104, 124 Pharmacologic, 114, 125, 133 Phenotype, 7, 44, 113, 125 Phenylalanine, 74, 125 Phobia, 41, 125 Phobic Disorders, 125 Phospholipids, 112, 119, 125 Phosphorus, 104, 125 Physiologic, 100, 114, 125, 128 Piloerection, 116, 125 Pituitary Apoplexy, 117, 125 Pituitary Gland, 4, 72, 73, 117, 125, 129, 133 Pituitary Gland, Posterior, 125, 133 Pituitary Neoplasms, 117, 125 Placenta, 102, 112, 125 Plants, 113, 123, 126, 133 Plaque, 102, 126 Plasma, 5, 9, 15, 38, 43, 48, 101, 106, 113, 115, 116, 126 Plasma cells, 101, 126 Plasticity, 10, 126 Pneumonia, 108, 124, 126 Point Mutation, 74, 126 Polypeptide, 101, 106, 126, 130, 132 Posterior, 19, 101, 102, 110, 124, 125, 126 Postmenopausal, 112, 123, 126 Postnatal, 21, 126 Postprandial, 14, 26, 38, 126 Potassium, 66, 126 Practice Guidelines, 84, 126 Precursor, 101, 110, 111, 123, 125, 126, 133 Prenatal, 21, 126 Presumptive, 10, 126 Prevalence, 9, 56, 74, 77, 126 Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 121, 126 Progression, 46, 101, 127 Progressive, 106, 110, 112, 122, 127 Proinsulin, 37, 127, 128 Prophase, 127, 132 Prospective study, 37, 120, 127 Protein C, 101, 102, 119, 123, 127 Protein S, 9, 103, 115, 123, 127 Proteins, 8, 26, 55, 73, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 118, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133

Protocol, 8, 127 Protons, 100, 116, 127, 128 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 118, 127 Psychic, 119, 121, 122, 127 Psychoactive, 127, 134 Puberty, 34, 39, 48, 49, 58, 63, 73, 127 Public Policy, 83, 127 Publishing, 11, 127 Pulse, 122, 128 Purified Insulins, 127, 128 Q Quality of Life, 4, 8, 17, 21, 22, 27, 47, 53, 128 R Radiation, 9, 50, 117, 128, 134 Radioactive, 114, 116, 128 Radioactivity, 109, 128 Radioisotope, 128 Radionuclide Angiography, 24, 128 Randomized, 4, 6, 53, 60, 66, 111, 128 Rarefaction, 5, 9, 128 Reabsorption, 68, 128 Receptor, 4, 10, 28, 74, 99, 102, 110, 128 Recombinant, 8, 11, 14, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 41, 42, 45, 47, 60, 73, 128 Recurrence, 106, 128 Reductase, 102, 128 Refer, 1, 107, 123, 128, 133 Refraction, 128, 131 Regimen, 106, 111, 128, 129 Resorption, 116, 128 Respiration, 122, 128 Retina, 123, 129 Retinopathy, 13, 129 Retraction, 52, 129 Retreatment, 18, 129 Retrospective, 49, 129 Risk factor, 38, 127, 129 S Satellite, 5, 129 Schizoid, 129, 134 Schizophrenia, 129, 134 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 129, 134 Screening, 10, 38, 47, 54, 106, 129 Secretion, 9, 12, 23, 27, 39, 46, 51, 52, 64, 68, 72, 74, 100, 106, 110, 116, 117, 118, 123, 129 Secretory, 10, 44, 48, 117, 129 Selenium, 58, 66, 129 Sella Turcica, 125, 129 Senile, 123, 129 Serologic, 117, 129

141

Serum, 5, 24, 25, 26, 35, 38, 43, 57, 68, 107, 114, 120, 123, 129 Sex Characteristics, 99, 101, 127, 129, 132 Shock, 116, 130 Side effect, 100, 103, 130, 133 Skeletal, 6, 28, 51, 101, 110, 122, 130 Skeleton, 73, 112, 130 Small intestine, 106, 115, 118, 130, 134 Social Environment, 128, 130 Sodium, 15, 66, 68, 122, 128, 130, 131 Soft tissue, 104, 130 Solvent, 123, 130 Soma, 130 Somatic, 32, 73, 99, 121, 124, 130 Somatomedins, 118, 130 Somatostatin, 72, 123, 130 Somatotropin, 4, 117, 130 Specialist, 89, 110, 130 Species, 111, 114, 119, 120, 121, 130, 134 Specificity, 100, 131 Spectrum, 8, 13, 45, 131 Sperm, 101, 106, 131 Spinal cord, 105, 106, 121, 122, 124, 131 Steatosis, 46, 131 Sterility, 118, 131 Steroid, 101, 102, 108, 109, 131 Stimulant, 131, 133 Stimulus, 125, 131, 132 Stomach, 99, 110, 112, 113, 115, 130, 131 Stress, 108, 131 Stroke, 36, 82, 105, 131 Substance P, 121, 129, 131 Supine, 47, 131 Supplementation, 65, 66, 67, 131 Survival Rate, 6, 131 Sweat, 116, 131 Synapse, 10, 100, 131, 132 Synaptic, 5, 10, 122, 132 Systemic, 9, 53, 103, 106, 111, 118, 132, 134 Systolic, 29, 116, 132 Systolic blood pressure, 29, 132 T Testicular, 46, 102, 132 Testis, 101, 112, 132 Testosterone, 43, 67, 74, 101, 128, 132 Thalassemia, 103, 132 Thermoregulation, 22, 37, 132 Thigh, 112, 132 Threshold, 116, 132 Thrombosis, 65, 127, 131, 132 Thyroid, 21, 65, 66, 116, 117, 132 Thyroid Gland, 116, 132

Thyrotropin, 117, 132 Thyroxine, 65, 125, 132 Tolerance, 23, 40, 78, 113, 132 Tomography, 104, 132 Tooth Preparation, 99, 132 Toxic, iv, 122, 124, 129, 133 Toxicology, 8, 84, 133 Toxin, 132, 133 Trachea, 132, 133 Transcription Factors, 4, 133 Transfection, 103, 133 Translation, 101, 133 Triglyceride, 116, 133 Trisomy, 101, 133 Trophic, 10, 133 Trypanosomiasis, 124, 133 Tuber Cinereum, 44, 133 Type 2 diabetes, 9, 133 U Urinary, 5, 46, 55, 115, 117, 133 Urine, 103, 109, 112, 117, 122, 133 Uterus, 108, 124, 133 V Vaccines, 133, 134 Valine, 74, 133 Vascular, 10, 31, 52, 56, 65, 118, 125, 132, 133, 134 Vascular Resistance, 52, 134 Vasomotor, 112, 134 Vein, 118, 129, 134 Venous, 127, 134 Ventricle, 108, 117, 128, 132, 133, 134 Ventricular, 40, 108, 116, 134 Ventricular Function, 40, 134 Veterinary Medicine, 83, 134 Villi, 116, 134 Virus, 8, 105, 113, 120, 126, 134 Viscera, 73, 130, 134 Visceral, 103, 119, 134 Vitro, 74, 134 Vivo, 134 W White blood cell, 99, 101, 119, 120, 126, 134 Windpipe, 132, 134 Withdrawal, 5, 49, 134 Wound Healing, 73, 134 X Xenograft, 101, 134 X-ray, 5, 104, 134 Y Yeasts, 125, 134

142

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144

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