English-Oneida Dictionary

KARIN MICHELSON MERCY DOXTATOR

Oneida-English / English-Oneida Dictionary

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London

© Karin Michelson, Mercy Doxtator, and the Oneida Nation of the Thames Band Council 2002 Toronto Buffalo London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-3590-6 © Printed on acid-free paper

National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Michelson, Karin, 1 9 5 3 Oneida-English/English-Oneida dictionary ISBN 0-8020-3590-6 1. Oneida language - Dictionaries - English. Dictionaries - Oneida. PM2073.M527 2002

2. English language -

I. Doxtator, Mercy, 1 9 3 6 497'.55

II. Title

C2002-900000-9

All royalties from the sale of this work are paid to the Oneida Nation of the Thames Band for further research and documentation of the Oneida language.

University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. Financial support for this publication has been provided by the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Training and Adjustment Board. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada, through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP).

Contents

Preface Introduction Oneida Orthography Pre-pausal or utterance-final forms Overview of Oneida-English Entries ENTRIES FOR BASES Verb bases Noun bases AFFIXES AND CLITICS PARTICLES SIMPLE ENTRIES Guide to Oneida-English Entries LOUNSBURY'S DEFINITION OF BASE A REVISED DEFINITION OF BASE Looking up a base VERB BASES Active verbs, designated v.a. Motion verbs, designated v.m. Stative verbs, designated v.s. Subentries with prepronominal prefixes Subentries with incorporated nouns Bases that have N in the head of the entry The COMPOSED OF part of the entry The DERIVED BASES part of the entry The NOTE part of the entry NOUN BASES Bases designated n.

vi Contents

Bases designated N Bases designated v. > n. Bases designated V > N

42 42 43 44

ENTRIES FOR OTHER BASES

Bases designated v./n. Bases designated human n. Bases designated kin term.

44 44 45 45

BASES WITH ALTERNANTS

Bases with alternants separated by / Bases that end in (a)-, (u)- or (e)-

45 48 49 51

THE EXAMPLE SENTENCES PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNS

Speaker variation

53 55

REFERENCES CITED

List of Abbreviations

56 >

ONEIDA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

57

Guide to English-Oneida Entries

879

ENGLISH-ONEIDA DICTIONARY

883

APPENDICES Introduction Appendix 1: Nature 1.1. Animals 1.2. Birds 1.3. Bugs 1.4. Parts of animals, birds, or bugs 1.5. Trees 1.6. Plants (non-edible) 1.7. Natural objects and formations 1.8. Weather and meteorological phenomena 1.9. Directions 1.10. Division of time into units and phases 1.11. Seasons 1.12. Months 1.13. Days of the week 1.14. Numbers 1.15. Colours 1.16. Shapes 1.17. Foods 1.18. Food preparation 1.19. Eating and drinking 1.20. Tastes

1277 1279 1281 1281 1283 1284 1285 1285 1286 1287 1293 1298 1298 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1305 1308 1313 1317

Appendix 2: People 2.1. Family and kinship 2.2. Generations 2.3. Designations for or about people and their work 2.4. Body parts 2.5. Having a body part 2.6. Appearance and physical condition 2.7. Personality and mental states 2.8. Processes that affect the body 2.9. Grooming 2.10. Position of the body 2.11. Getting into a position 2.12. Perception 2.13. Speaking Appendix 3: Household and Community 3.1. Clothing and accessories 3.2. Dressing and undressing 3.3. Cooking implements 3.4. Cleaning gear, appliances, furniture, decor, and parts of houseí 3.5. Tools and heavy equipment 3.6. Transportation 3.7. Community buildings and structures 3.8. Games, toys, and musical instruments 3.9. Money 3.10. Measures 3.11. Attaching and placing objects Appendix 4: Exclamations and Slang 4.1. Exclamations 4.2. Slang List of Tables Table 1: Oneida orthography Table 2: Position classes of the verb according to Lounsbury (1953) Table 3: Position classes of the noun Table 4: Aspect conjugation classes Table 5: Pronominal prefixes Table 6: Aspect classes of stative verbs Table 7: Prepronominal prefixes Table 8: Derivational suffixes Table 9: Possessive prefixes Table 10: Base-initial modifications

Preface

+

+ + + t t

Harvey Antone Margaret Antone Clifford Cornelius Hazel Cornelius Pearl Cornelius Verland Cornelius Rueben Cutcut Dayton Doxtator Norman Doxtator Tom Doxtator Olive Elm Norma Jamieson Georgina Nicholas Barbara Schuyler Kate Schuyler

The speakers listed above, some of whom are no longer with us, contributed their vast and unique knowledge to this dictionary and shared with us an enthusiasm for the Oneida language. Many of them also recorded their life experiences, Oneida customs, amusing events, and stories. These recordings were a most valuable source for Oneida terms and expressions as well as cultural information. We hope that this dictionary will be used by anyone who has an interest in the Oneida language. We can imagine many ways in which a dictionary

can be used. For some, a dictionary is a reference where the spelling of particular words can be checked or the exact meaning of a word can be confirmed. For teachers, a dictionary can be a source for gathering together material for the classroom. For anyone interested in word structure, a dictionary provides technical information, such as what the components of a word are and how words are related to other words. Finally, some people may simply want to browse through some of the entries or some of the appendices in order to see what the Oneida language is like. We wish to acknowledge and thank several people who have been involved in one or another way in this project. First, I feel tremendously fortunate for having been involved over the last twelve years in discussions with Michael K. Foster and Hanni Woodbury about the goals and possible structure of dictionaries of Iroquoian languages. The format of this dictionary comes out of our meetings. I am especially grateful to Hanni Woodbury, whose Onondaga dictionary will soon appear. She and I decided to make the Onondaga and Oneida dictionaries as similar as possible in structure and

X Preface

format. This meant considering every type of entry and the relationships between entries from theoretical and practical perspectives that we had not originally thought about. Second, my father, Gunther Michelson, has produced two Mohawk dictionaries (1973, 2001); he has been a mentor and teacher throughout my academic career. Clifford Abbott, Wallace L. Chafe, Carrie Dyck, Bryan Gick, the late Floyd Lounsbury, Marianne Mithun, and Blair Rudes have also all worked on dictionaries or lexicons, and it has been fun comparing data and exchanging information about databases. Leslie Elm was a member of both the Oneida Band Council and the Oneida Language Committee at the point when the Ontario Ministry of Education became involved; he provided his administrative expertise and pushed us to move ahead. Joan Doxtator was persistently encouraging and she shared with us her constant curiosity about Oneida words. Matthew Dryer, Mike Foster, Eve Ng, and Hanni Woodbury provided extensive comments on the introduction. Jean-Pierre Koenig and Len Talmy provided insights into the nature of meaning in general and also the meaning of certain Oneida bases and constructions. A most important step in organizing all of one's data is the development of a database. I made an initial stab at this, using FileMaker Pro, but John Ourant modified the basic structure so that the database could be converted to a printed page relatively easily. He also added elements to the structure that made the database a lot of fun to use. His expertise and constant willingness to address technical matters over the last five years have been invaluable.

My husband, Russell Deer, and Mercy's late husband, Dayton Doxtator, deserve special mention. Russell provided constant encouragement throughout this long project; he also offered his opinions whenever a judgment was needed about format, wording, and the precise meaning of English glosses. Dayton was steadfast in his belief in the importance of documenting the Oneida language; his wisdom and encouragement gave us a boost on the many occasions when we felt overwhelmed. The final version of this dictionary represents what we feel has been a rewarding collaboration between the two authors. Perhaps this is because we share a fascination with Oneida words: the rich and complex way in which they are structured, the ways in which words are related to each other, the precise meanings that words convey and how the components of complex words contribute to their meaning, and the seemingly endless number of ways of expressing concepts in Oneida. The material contained in this dictionary comes out of our joint work on Oneida, but each of us also contributed in particular ways to the final result, and it may be interesting to users to know a little bit about the backgrounds each of us brings to this project. Mercy began teaching Oneida at the Standing Stone Elementary School at the Oneida-of-the-Thames settlement in 1974. For several years, she was the only full-time teacher of Oneida in Ontario. Mercy's introduction to the linguistic analysis of Oneida was in 1974, in a summer course designed to train fluent speakers of Iroquoian languages to teach their language. My introduction to Oneida took place over twenty years ago, in 1979, when I was

Preface xi

hired by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Western Ontario to direct the newly established Centre for the Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages. Before my arrival at the University of Western Ontario, I had already done research on Mohawk; I worked with speakers at Kahnawake, Quebec, when I was an undergraduate student at McGill University (1972-75) as well as when I was a graduate student at Harvard University (1975-83). In the fall of 1979 Mercy and I collaborated for the first time when we co-taught a course at the University of Western Ontario on the structure of Oneida. In the spring of 1980,1 met Georgina Nicholas, who was known for her knowledge of Oneida and was a superb storyteller. She recorded several stories, which were published in Michelson (1981). For the next two-and-a-half years I visited Georgina at her home two mornings a week, where we worked on these and other texts and together explored the intricacies of the Oneida language. Sadly, she passed away in July 1983. In 1982 I returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to take up a position at Harvard University. In 1983 I finished my dissertation on the accent of a number of Iroquoian languages. In 19891 joined the Department of Linguistics at the University at Buffalo (The State University of New York), and I am on the faculty there at the present time. From 1982 onwards, I have visited the Oneida community near London, Ontario, about twice a year in order to continue working with speakers of Oneida, and especially with Mercy, Norma Jamieson, and Olive Elm. In 1991 Mercy retired from full-time teaching, and in 1993 I obtained a grant from the National Science Foundation

(SBR-9222382) with Mercy as coprincipal investigator. The objective of the grant was to record spontaneously told narratives in Oneida in order to study phonological phrasing and intonational patterns. Mercy recorded most of the speakers, who spoke about traditional occupations and customs of the Oneida in Ontario from about the 1940s to the present. Usually the recordings begin with a part where Mercy is interviewing the speaker about her or his family background, and this is followed by a part where the speaker is talking about things that happened long ago. These recordings include many details about what it was like to grow up and work in southwestern Ontario forty or fifty years ago. Mercy also made several recordings herself, in which she tells about Oneida life or recalls amusing incidents including some that happened when Oneidas were trying to learn English. Mercy translated the recordings and did a preliminary transcription. Together, we went over all of the recordings (this took several years) and, as a result, we compiled a considerable amount of lexical material on Oneida. In 1994 John Stanley approached me about preparing an Oneida dictionary as part of an initiative by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training (earlier called the Ontario Training and Adjustment Board) to produce and publish comprehensive dictionaries and grammars of all the Algonquian and Iroquoian languages spoken in Ontario. Various projects were funded as co-sponsorship agreements between the ministry and specific Native nations (or organizations, such as the Woodland Cultural Centre). The goal of the ministry was, and still is, to make such reference works accessible

xii Preface

(and thus not overly technical) to members of the various communities Before undertaking the project I met v , ^ Oneida Language Committee, after being given the go-ahead, inte^ se w o r j í on the dictionary began in 1995. During the first two to three years I w 0 u id visit Mercy at her home several times a year for a few days at a time. \tye w e n t over all of the tape-recorded material, refined the transcriptions, and collected additional forms suggested by the forms in the texts. In the l^ st f e w years, we worked together maj n iy o v e r the telephone, several hours s V ery week, making sure the glosses f o r Oneida words were accurate s 0 that they would reflect the context j n which

an Oneida word might be used. With the help of the speakers listed earlier, we added forms in particular semantic areas. It is tempting, since we enjoy working together and since there are such knowledgeable speakers who are willing to help, to spend more time adding to aifd improving the dictionary. However, it is also important for the dictionary to be available sooner rather than later. Mercy and I have dedicated the dictionary to two people with whom we wish we could share it: Dayton Doxtator and Georgina Nicholas. Karin Michelson April 2001

Introduction

The Oneida today live primarily in three communities: Oneida-of-theThames near London, Ontario, the Oneida reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin, and the Oneida reservation near Syracuse, New York. The original homeland of the Oneida was in New York; those who want to learn about the history of the Oneida, and their move to Ontario and Wisconsin, should consult Campisi and Hauptman (1988). It is estimated that there are presently about 160 speakers of Oneida in Ontario, and probably fewer than two dozen in Wisconsin. There are no fluent speakers in New York, although it is being taught in schools by teachers from Ontario. All the speakers who contributed to this dictionary are from Ontario. An excellent dictionary of Wisconsin Oneida is Abbott, Christjohn, and Hinton (1996). Speakers from Ontario who travel regularly to Wisconsin report that there are significant differences between the dialects. There are some regular differences in pronunciation that have to do with accent and vowel length. In addition to regular differences, specific words may have a slightly different pronunciation in the

two dialects; for example, there might be a 7 in one dialect, and an h in the other, or there might be a vowel u in one, and a vowel A in the other. Sometimes the two communities use different Oneida words for the same meaning. In other cases the two communities both have a particular word, but the meaning of the word is different in the two dialects. There are also many cases where a lexical item in one dialect is not familiar to speakers of the other. To give some idea of the differences between the two dialects of Oneida, the entries for some animal names and tree or plant names give the Wisconsin form for comparison. This dictionary has three parts. The first is the Oneida-English dictionary. The Oneida-English entries include grammatical information, such as the composition of entries, cross-references to other entries, and notes about the pronunciation. The second part is the English-Oneida dictionary. This part gives all of the forms that are given as subentries in the Oneida-English dictionary, but the entries vdo not contain any of the grammatical information other than a cross-reference to the entry under which all the forms can be found

2 Introduction

in the Oneida-English dictionary. Someone who simply w a n t s to check how an Oneida word is spelled, or what the Oneida equivalent is for an English word, can probably use the English-Oneida dictionary although we recommend that the user refer to the Oneida-English entries to learn more about the Oneida forms. The Appendices, which comprise the third part of the dictionary, are organized according to semantic fields. Both the EnglishOneida dictionary and the Appendices have their own introductions. The ideas behind the organization of this dictionary go back over ten years to 1988, when Michael K. Foster, lianni Woodbury, and I began a series of regular meetings to discuss the organization of dictionaries of Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. Our goal was to attempt to achieve an organization that reflects the uniqueness, particularly semantic uniqueness, of specific constructions and also conveys what is known about the rich and intricate structure of words in these languages. When languages have such a rich morphological pattern, as the Iroquoian languages do, it is tempting to assume that words having a complex internal structure, i.e., words that include many components, are straightforwardly made up of one or more roots and affixes. Under that assumption, complex words are given as subentries of the root. However, what is perhaps remarkable about the highly polysynthetic Iroquoian languages is the degree to which complex words are not "regular" in the sense that their meaning is not necessarily predictable from the meaning of the components. Moreover, the formal properties of complex words are not always straightforward either. Many roots have multiple forms, or alter-

nants, whose distribution may be complex. The derivational morphemes of Iroquoian can have many alternants as well, and their distribution is also largely unpredictable and must be specified for each root. Finally, when words with a complex internal structure are entered asvsubentries of a smaller component, such as a root, there is the danger of suggesting that such complex structures are completely productive, a natural enough assumption with a polysynthetic language. This assumption, it turns out, is questionable, at least given our current understanding about the meaning and function of the derivational processes, and there are few morphological processes which are truly productive. For these reasons, we began to pursue an organization in which roots and complex stems derived from roots were independent entries, and we decided to call these independent lexical units "bases" (see also the Guide to Oneida-English Entries). The complex morphology of Oneida is also the reason that every inflected word in the text sources is included in the dictionary. This means that, for example, a particular aspectual form of a verb might be given with more than one pronominal prefix or with several different prepronominal prefixes. The inclusion of so many forms differs from most dictionaries, which give only a minimum number of forms from a paradigm (the "principal parts"), in addition to information that is unpredictable or irregular. The regular patterns are described in the grammar, and the characteristic set of examples in the dictionary illustrates the grammatical patterns of lexical items. Armed with the information provided in the grammar, it is assumed that anyone can come up with many more

3 Introduction

forms than are given in the dictionary. The choice to include all of the words that are attested in the sources we have amassed over the years partly reflects a belief that it is difficult to draw such a neat line between dictionary and grammar. As a result of this decision the dictionary is longer than it might have been had we not made this decision, but we believe it will also be more useful in the long run. Given the complex selection of pronominal and prepronominal prefix alternants and

aspect suffix alternants, and the complicated phonological modifications in Oneida, it can be quite an exercise to produce correctly the regular forms of a paradigm. Therefore, it seems useful to have many examples of a particular base. In addition we are hoping that the texts we recorded will also be published in the near future, and we can easily imagine that it will be useful for future generations of students of Oneida if they can find in the dictionary the actually attested form from the texts.

Oneida Orthography

\

The orthography used in this dictionary is the orthography that is used by most teachers of Oneida in all three communities where Oneida is taught. The sounds represented by the letters are described in Table 1 on page 5. The vowels A and u are nasalized, and so English examples are given where the approximate equivalent sound is the English vowel plus the nasal consonant n or m. Certain sounds have a slightly different pronunciation depending on neighbouring sounds. For example, it often makes a difference whether the following sound is an obstruent (t k s h ?) or a resonant (n 1 w y). Sometimes two adjacent sounds can influence one another. For example, in Oneida the sequences sy, hsy, and shy are pronounced like the sound written sh in English. From a physical standpoint, what happens is that during the pronunciation of the s, the y sound causes the centre of the tongue to rise towards the roof of the mouth. This is close to what happens in English when someone speaking very quickly says this year with a sh sound. The same phenomenon accounts for the North American pronunciation of the word issue with an sh sound; in Britain, this

word is pronounced with an s. In a similar way the combinations tsy and tsi are pronounced like the sound written j in English (at the beginning of the word judge) or dg (in the middle of the words judge or edge) or even g (at the beginning of gem and in the middle of page). The combinations tshy and tshi are pronounced much like the sound written ch in English. These points are summarized below. Letters

Sounds like English

sy hsy shy

sharp, fish, sure

tsy tsi

judge, jump, edge, agent, gentle

tshy tshi

church

When we write a language, we write sequences of letters which represent sounds as if sounds simply occurred one after the other. However, we know that speech is actually a continuous flow and has features that we otherwise associate with music and rhythm. Certain sounds are longer than other

Oneida Orthography

Table 1: Oneida orthography Sounds like English: a

father, luck

i

teak, need

e

ebb, debt, or take (when e is long)

o

toad, took

A

blunt, on, and sometimes end

u

oomph, or between the sounds in loon and loan

t

took before h, at the end of a word duck, stuck at the beginning of a word, before or after an obstruent consonant adapt, edit, adrift between vowels, between a vowel and a resonant consonant

k

cot before h, at the end of a word got, Scott at the beginning of a word, before or after an obstruent consonant against, magnet, agree between vowels, between a vowel and a resonant consonant

s

simmer, Aster before or after an obstruent consonant somewhere between slick and zlick, or saw and zombie at the beginning of words, between a vowel and a resonant consonant, between vowels

h

hello, ahead

7

uh-oh

n

needle, piano

1

ladder, foljow

w

wind, beware

y

yes, Bayou (as in the song "Blue Bayou")

5

Oneida Orthography 6

sounds, certain sounds have a higher pitch, and a sound may be louder than neighbouring sounds. These characteristics of speech are represented in the writing system of Oneida with additional symbols: an acute accent (') over a vowel and a raised dot (•)• The acute accent indicates that the vowel has a higher pitch, the voice "goes up." The accent is usually on one of the last three syllables of a word; occasionally it is on the fourth syllable from the end of the word, but this is far less common. To a large extent, the position of the accent, or the rise in pitch, is predictable, but the rules for predicting the location of the accent are quite complex, and we do not give them here. (See, for example, the chapter on Oneida accent in Michelson 1988.) The raised dot after a vowel indicates that the vowel is held longer, usually about 21/2 or 3 times longer than a short vowel. (In other works, a colon (:) is used instead of the raised dot to indicate vowel length.) Vowel lengthening in Oneida is due mainly to two factors. One is that under certain conditions (when the preceding vowel is accented) a ? or an h is replaced by vowel length. The other is that a vowel is lengthened in the syllable immediately preceding the accented syllable if the vowel of the pre-accented syllable is followed by a single consonant (except h). PRE-PAUSAL OR UTTERANCEFINAL FORMS One of the unique aspects of Oneida is the extent to which a word that is spoken at the end of an utterance occurs in a modified pronunciation compared with the same word spoken in the middle of an utterance. This means that most words have two pronunciations.

One form, called the "utterancemedial" form (Lounsbury 1953), is used when the word is followed immediately by another word or when the speaker is indicating that there's more to come in the same vein. The other form, the "utterance-final" form, is used when the word is spoken by itself, or when the speaker is indicating to the hearer a certain finality about what is being said. We use the term "prepausal" in the present work rather than "utterance-final." In pre-pausal forms, the last syllable, and sometimes even part of the second-to-last syllable, is whispered or even completely silent. The term "devoiced" is used for this effect. In some cases, the pre-pausal form is distinguished from the utterancemedial form by more than just devoicing. For example, the vowel of the penultimate syllable (the syllable before the final syllable) may be lengthened in the pre-pausal form, and sometimes there is an additional ("epenthetic") vowel in the pre-pausal form. For reasons explained in the next paragraph, this dictionary always gives the utterance-medial forms of words. However, we often give a prepausal form as well, and all imperative verb forms are given only in prepausal form. An interesting question is whether every utterance-medial form can be predicted from its corresponding prepausal form or vice versa. In other words, if someone who doesn't speak Oneida knows what the medial form is, can they give the correct final form? Or, if they know the final form, can they produce the medial form? In some cases, the medial form cannot be predicted from the pre-pausal form, which is why medial forms are always

Oneida Orthography 7

given in this dictionary. However, it turns out that in many cases, both directions of predictability are possible. When we give pre-pausal forms in the dictionary, we underline the part of the word that is devoiced. This notation makes it possible to move relatively easily between utterance-medial and pre-pausal forms. Note that when the medial form has an accented wordfinal vowel which is devoiced in the pre-pausal form, we leave the accent mark on the vowel in the pre-pausal form. The final vowel is devoiced, as indicated by the underlining, and so the vowel is not accented, but by leaving the accent mark where it would be in the medial form, we allow the user to recover as much information about the medial form as possible. The underlining sometimes extends all the way to the consonant which precedes the final devoiced vowel, and sometimes it does not. The amount of underlining indicates the amount of devoicing. For example, in wa?katekhu-nf 'I ate a meal' the final consonant plus (accented) vowel is devoiced or whispered, but in ohkwa-lí 'bear' only the final vowel is devoiced; the consonant

remains voiced. In some cases, the underlining extends even further into the word. For example, when the vowel in the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of a word is accented and long, the underlining extends all the way to the raised dot, which indicates the length (e.g., okalanA-ta? 'lizard' is represented okalanA-ta?). In this case, the long vowel is actually pronounced as a short vowel followed by breathiness, or an h-like sound. We could instead represent the pre-pausal form as okalanAhtcS, so that this breathiness is reflected in the orthography, but this would make it more difficult to recover the medial form, since okalanAhta7 would be a possible medial word (even though this particular word does not exist). In some cases, only a word-final 7 or word-final vowel length (•) is underlined, as in aknulhá^ 'my mother'. In this case, the word-final ? or vowel length is replaced by breathiness. For example, the pre-pausal form of 'my mother' sounds like aknulháh. Once again, the notation with the underlined ? or vowel length makes it possible to produce the correct medial form.

Overview of Oneida-Englísh Entries

\

The entries in the Oneida-English dictionary fall into four categories: • entries for bases • entries for affixes and clitics • entries for particles • entries for cross-referencing purposes An example of each of these is given below, with a description of the information found in each one. ENTRIES FOR BASES The most frequent type of base is a verb or noun base. A small number of bases fall into neither of these categories; they will be discussed in the Guide to Oneida-English Entries. Verb bases An example of an entry for a verb base is: -atketskw- v.a. get up. katkétskwas I keep getting up, latkétskwas he gets up. wakatkétskwA I have gotten up, I'm up, lotkétskwA he has gotten up. wa 7katkétsko7 wahatkétsko7 wa7utkétsko7

I got up, he got up, she got up,

wa 7akyatkétsko up, wahyatkétsko

we two (excl.) got

7 7

the t w o ( m . ) got

up, wa7kyatkétsko7 the two (z.) got up, wa7akwatkétsko7 we (excl.) got up, Akatkétsko7 I will get up, akatkétsko 7 I should get up. satkétsko Get up! With s- repetitive: sayutkétsko 7 she got back up again. With tsh- coincident: tsha7katkétsko7 when I got up. With th- contrastive: yáh thahatkétsko7 he didn't get up. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wa7kalahsi7takétsko7 I raised my foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: katnAtshakétskwas

I'm putting my

arm up, wakattiAtshakétskwA m y a r m u p , iva?katnAtshakétsko7

I have I

raised my arm. And n- partitive: tsi7 nú- na7utnAtshakétsko7 whenever she raised her arm. Aspect class: D3. • Astéhtsi7 kati7 wí- kwáh tsi7 nikú wa?katkétsko7 khále7 "átskwe 7 náhte wesaslAhtáksA7 skabé-bis" kwí' yukna 7túkhwa7. In the morning when I got up and (she said) "well what did you dream about 'skabebis'," that's what she called me. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical

9 Overview of Oneida-English Entries

position, put on an affair. DERIVED BASES: .atketskwaht-

plus t- cislocative, get up quickly; .ani'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, flip over, get upside down; •atlu?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, somersault. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ketskw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. This entry includes the following kinds of information: (1) The head of the entry is the base in boldface. The term base is defined in the Guide to Oneida-English Entries. (2) The head is followed by a category designation. The category tells the user which type of paradigm the entry has. In this case the category is v.av for active verb, which means that the verb occurs in the three primary aspects. The two other verbal categories are v.m. (motion verb) and v.s. (stative verb). (3) The English gloss comes next. It may be useful for the user to understand how this gloss was arrived at. Several decades ago, it was not unusual for linguists to work with speakers who spoke their language most of the time and perhaps knew little English. In this situation, it was often the linguist who, based on the knowledge he or she acquired, came up with appropriate English glosses. Today, the situation is often quite different. Most speakers of Oneida are completely bilingual, and many speakers have been introduced to the methods of linguistic analysis as part of their training to teach the lan-

guage. Mercy Doxtator, the co-author of this work, and I reviewed the gloss (or glosses) for every base in the dictionary in order to determine precisely what meaning is expressed by the base. Although I contributed something by discussing the glosses, they are mostly hers. Often, in trying to pinpoint the meaning of a base, Mercy would suggest a situation in which the base could be used, and we have included this situation in many of the entries in order to help explicate the meaning and usage of the base. (4) Forms with pronominal prefixes and in the different aspects. The pronominal and aspectual categories are described in the Guide to Oneida-English Entries. (5) Forms with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. (6) An example sentence, preceded by a bullet (•). (7) The composition of the base when it consists of more than one part, preceded by COMPOSED OF. This allows the user to look up information about any one of the components of a complex base. (8) A list of bases that have this base as a component, preceded by DERIVED BASES. Again, in this way the user can look up any related entries. (9) Additional information is given in the NOTE. Almost all of the entries for verb bases have the first three parts, but many do not have all nine parts. The sample entry given above is a verb base, with a dash at both edges. The dashes indicate that the base must have at least a prefix and a suffix before it is an actual word. In some case;

10 Overview of Oneida-English Entries

the head of the entry is preceded by a period (.) instead of a dash, and the head is followed by an expression such as "plus te- dualic." This can mean one of two things: (1) the verb has to have the specific prepronominal prefix, and the verb is never attested without the prefix; (2) the verb does occur without the prepronominal prefix, but forms with the prefix have a meaning that is not predictable based on what we know about the meaning of the prefix. An example of a verb that must have the te- dualic prefix is the verb base for 'cry'. The dualic prefix is realized as te- word-initially or -t- after the factual mode wa'-. Notice that all the subentries begin in te- or wa't- and that the dualic prefix is separated from the rest of the base by a pronominal prefix. In other words, the prepronominal prefix is always discontinuous from the rest of the base. .ashAtho- plus te- dualic, v.a. cry, weep. tekashXthos I'm crying, teyushXthos she's crying, tehashXthos he's crying. tewakashXthu I have cried, tehoshXthu he has cried. wa7tkashXtho7 I started to cry, wa 7thashXtho 7 he started to cry, wa 7tyushXtho 7 she started to cry. Aspect class: E2. • "Teská-nlak ka 7ikX, wa7thashXtho7 kAs Spot tá-t nále7 lothu-té• ka7ikX wa7katlAno-tX-." "Watch this, Spot starts to cry if he hears me making music." (M8) DERIVED BASES: .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic, go around crying or weeping. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

Noun bases An example of a noun base is: -htehl- n. root ohté-la7 root. With •N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekahté-lake two roots (e.g., two carrots). With .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus tedualic, peel something: wa7tyehtehlakA-séle7

she peeled

carrots. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: nikahtehló-tA the kind of root it is. And secondary habitual: na7kahtehló-tAhse7

the

kinds (species) of roots they are. DERIVED BASES: ohtehlakáhtu' radish; onikwXhtala 7 nikahtehló tA beet; otsí-nkwala' nikahtehló tA carrot; yohtehlaténi 7 tree root. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. This entry includes the following kinds of information: (1) The head of the entry is the base in boldface. (2) The category designation, which in this case is n., for noun. (3) The English gloss. (4) The basic noun form, which has a noun prefix and noun suffix, and forms with locative suffixes and clitics. (5) Examples where the noun is incorporated into a verb. (6) An example sentence, preceded by a bullet (•). (7) The composition of the base when it consists of more than one part, preceded by COMPOSED OF.

11 Overview of Oneida-English Entries

(8) A list of bases that have this base as a component, preceded by DERIVED BASES, so that the user can look up other, related, entries. (9) Additional information in the NOTE. AFFIXES AND CLITICS Two kinds of bound grammatical morphemes are affixes and clitics. Oneida has affixes that occur before a base (prefixes) and after a base (suffixes). Affixes occur specifically with either noun bases or verb bases. For example, the aspect suffixes occur with verb bases, and not with noun bases. Locative suffixes occur with noun bases, but not verb bases. Clitics can be added to both noun and verb bases, although they are attested more often with noun bases. In addition, clitics always occur after a base (thus, they are enclitics), and they always occur after any suffixes. The following is an example of an entry for an affix, in this case a pronominal prefix: yukhi-/yukhiy-/-ukhi-/-ukhiy- pref. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on first person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yukhi- and -ukhi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yukhiy- and -ukhiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?factual.

An example of a suffix is the punctual aspect suffix: - 7 suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs after bases that end in a vowel. The ? of the suffix is replaced by length when it follows ar accented vowel. In that case the marl of the punctual aspect is the vowel length. This type of entry has the following information: (1) The head of the entry is the affix (which includes all of the alternants) in boldface. Prefixes are always followed by a dash since they always come before something. A prefix is given with a dash preceding it if the prefix occurs only following another prefix, i.e., word-medially. There is no dash if the prefix occurs word-initiallj as well as word-medially. Suffixes are always preceded by a dash, since they always come after something. A suffix is followed by a dash if it is always followed by another component; no dash indicates that the suffix can occui word-finally. (2) The affix is followed by the category designation. The category designa tion is pref. for prefixes and suf. for suffixes. (3) Pronominal prefixes and single prepronominal prefixes have a gloss, a do certain suffixes. Combinations of prepronominal prefixes do not have a gloss. (4) The gloss is followed by the grammatical term currently used by most Iroquoian linguists for the prefix or suffix. When the term is different fron the one that was used for Oneida in

12 Overview of Oneida-English Entries

Lounsbury (1953), the older term is given in parentheses. Most affixes have several alternants, which are separated by a forward slash (/). The distribution of all the alternants is described in the NOTE. Each of the alternants also has a simple entry, which gives a brief description of where the alternant occurs, followed by a reference to the main entry for the affix: •ukhi- pref. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yukhi-/yukhiy-/-ukhi-/ -ukhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. The clitics of Oneida generally have an attributive meaning. An example is: -shuha clitic, several. Collective clitic. Entries for clitics give an approximate English gloss and a label. The augmentative (-kó-)/ collective (-oku/-okú-, -shX-, -shuha, and -shu'), and decessive (-kX) clitics are relatively productive, or frequent. The locative clitics (-ke/ -'•ke, -ne/-'ne, -ké-ne, -hnéke, -é ne, and -í-ne) are also relatively productive. In our data they are attested most often in possessive forms of body part nouns; however which locative clitic occurs with which noun is often unpredictable. The authentic (-uwe), diminutive (-ha), characterizer (-keha, -kha 7 , and -hneha), populative (-a ká /-ha ká ), and resident (-hlonu'/-hloIu?) clitics almost always occur in lexicalized forms.

PARTICLES The following is an example of the entry for a particle: k i ' Emphatic particle: as a matter of fact, actually. Particles do not have a category designation; the boldfaced head is followed directly by a label that attempts to describe the function of the particle (for example, "Locative particle"). Common combinations of particles are also given as main entries, but these do not have labels. SIMPLE ENTRIES Simple entries are for cross-referencing purposes. Many entries for verb and noun bases and almost all entries for affixes have more than one form, or alternant. The distribution of the alternants—where each alternant occurs—cannot always be stated in terms of a regular phonological process. Often the alternants also differ quite extensively in their form. All the alternants of a base or affix are listed in the boldfaced head (separated by a forward slash /). In addition, each alternant is also listed separately, in boldface and with the English gloss. The simple entry includes the direction "See," pointing the reader to the main entry for the base or affix. -ya'tanawA- get wet. See -na'nawA-/ -ya'tanawA-/-nawA-. -nawA- get wet. See -na'nawA-/ -ya'tanawA-/-nawA-.

Guide to Oneida-English Entries

In the following sections we define what we mean by base and describe how the information in entries for bases is organized. The structure of words in Oneida and other Iroquoian languages is notoriously complex. Notions which are expressed in other languages by independent words are often expressed in Iroquoian languages as part of a single word. Linguists who have studied these languages, beginning with Floyd Lounsbury in Oneida Verb Morphology (1953), have found it useful to use the terms root, base, and stem to identify certain units within words. LOUNSBURY'S DEFINITION OF BASE Perhaps the easiest way to review these terms is with reference to a chart that gives the linear arrangement of the components of a word. Tables 2 and 3 on the next page give the positional classes of verbs, as first analyzed by Lounsbury (1953), and of nouns. Every verb must have a verb root and every noun must have a novm root. Verbs must also have a pronominal prefix and an aspect suffix, and nouns must also

have a noun prefix and noun suffix. The other positions are optional in that not all verbs or nouns have a component from one of these positions. The root is the smallest part of a word that has lexical meaning as opposed to grammatical meaning. An example of a root is -e-, which means 'go, walk, be somewhere'. It occurs, for example, in the word wá-ke7'I'm going', where the wá- is a prepronominal prefix (the factual mode or aorist tense), the k- is the first person singular agent or subjective pronominal prefix, and the at the end is the punctual aspect suffix. The stem, as defined in Lounsbury (1953) and other works on Iroquoian (such as Chafe 1967 on Seneca), is the part of the word that begins with the semireflexive position and ends with the aspect suffix. (See Rudes 1999 for a slightly different definition of stem.) When there is no semireflexive, reflexive, or reciprocal prefix, the stem begins with the incorporated noun, and when there is no incorporated noun either, the stem begins with the verb root. The reason the notion of stem is so important in Iroquoian is that most of the pronominal prefixes have different

14 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

•T3 - n ' ttl •tí to T3 S w efli g >u £ T «J <Jc/i S J S) O J 'S P-. a . p ^ iS s§ £ 0

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o o

5

0 £

1>

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15 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

forms depending on the first sound of the stem. So the first thing a student of Iroquoian typically learns is how to "find" the verb stem, which involves identifying the pronominal prefix. Once the pronominal prefix is "removed" and the stem is identified, the student can add other pronominal prefixes to form more verb forms. For example, in the word katkétskwas 'I get up', the pronominal prefix is k(first person singular), which leaves -atketskwas as the stem. Then the student can add the prefix yu- (third person feminine-indefinite singular) to form yutkétskwas 'she or someone gets up'. (In this case the initial vowel a of the stem is also deleted.) We have described this example in terms of a process that is applied by a student who is learning how to analyze Oneida words; fluent speakers do not, of course, apply such a process when they are speaking since they already know the words. To summarize, the term root is used when the emphasis is on breaking the word down into minimal units and identifying the smallest component that has lexical meaning. The term stem is used when the emphasis is on identifying the unit that pronominal prefixes attach to. Several excellent dictionaries of Iroquoian languages are rootbased, in that complex structures are listed under roots (e.g., Chafe 1967, G. Michelson 1973, Rudes 1987). There is also a unit that is larger than a single root but smaller than a stem. For example, the stem -atketskwas, discussed in the previous paragraph, can be analyzed into three components: the semireflexive prefix -at-, the verb root -ketskw-, and the habitual (or serial) aspect suffix -as. The term base in Lounsbury (1953) refers

to the part of a verb that does not have any pronominal or prepronominal prefixes or any aspect suffix. In this example, then, the base is -atketskw-. Whereas the effect of adding a prepronominal prefix, pronominal prefix, or aspect suffix is usually (but not always) predictable, the effect of adding the semireflexive or an incorporated noun or one of the derivational suffixes is far less predictable. A REVISED DEFINITION OF BASE We use the term base in a different way from Lounsbury (1953). The term base is used in this dictionary to refer to any combination of components that has properties that are unpredictable, whether these unpredictable properties are structural (i.e., have to do with form) or semantic (i.e., have to do with meaning). (See also Woodbury (forthcoming) and Foster (in preparation).) The base can be as small as a root (as in the example -e- 'go, walk, be somewhere' given above), or it can be the same unit that Lounsbury (1953) would identify as a base (as in the example -atketskw- 'get up'). What is significant however, is that a base can also be a larger unit, such as a whole word. An example of a whole word that is a base is the word for 'goat', which is, kaya'táklahse'. Literally, this word means 'smelly body', and it is composed of a prefix ka- (third person femininezoic singular agent), a noun root -ya't'body', a verb root -akla'- 'smell, stink', and an aspect suffix -se 7 (habitual or serial). Most speakers of Oneida can tell you the literal meaning for this word, but what is crucial about this word is that it refers specifically to a goat, and this meaning is not predictable from the component parts.

16 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

The form kaya'táklahse? 'goat' is an example of a whole word that is a base, and whole word bases are not uncommon. However, by far the majority of bases that have some internal structure are verb bases that can be inflected with different pronominal prefixes and aspect suffixes rather than existing in just one form with a fixed pronominal prefix and aspect suffix, as with kaya'táklahse 7 . Verb bases that include a component from two or more of the positions in Table 2 fall into five general categories. First, a verb plus a prepronominal prefix is a base when either the prepronominal is required (occurs in all forms of the verb), or when the prepronominal prefix does not add a predictable meaning. An example of a base that always has a prepronominal prefix is the base for 'cry, weep'. All the forms of this verb have the tedualic prepronominal prefix. Bases that must have a prepronominal prefix are given with a period (.) in the head of the entry, and the specific pronominal prefix is identified as part of the head of the entry, e.g., .ashAtho- plus te- dualic, cry, weep. (This base was given as an example in the Overview to Oneida Entries). In this case the base never occurs without the te- dualic prefix. The other type of case, where the prepronominal prefix adds an unpredictable meaning, is exemplified by the bases -kalhateny- and .kalhateny- plus te- dualic. The base -kalhateny-, without the te- dualic, means 'empty'. The base with the dualic, .kalhateny- plus te- dualic, means 'turn something or someone around'. Second, all verbs that consist of a base plus the semireflexive prefix ( - a t - / - a t e - / - a t A - / - a n - / - a l - / - a - ) , the reflexive prefix (-atat-/-atate-), or the

reciprocal (-atat-/-atate-) prefix are bases. It is difficult to pinpoint in a single statement what meaning is added by the semireflexive prefix, but we can say that, generally, it indicates that the action reflects on the actor: either the actor performs the action for or by himself or herself, or the action happens by itself. The reflexive adds the meaning that the actor does something to himself or herself, and the reciprocal occurs when two or more actors do something to each other. Verbs with the semireflexive prefix are bases because often, as already stated above, the meaning contributed by the semireflexive prefix is difficult to define, and it is not possible to predict with certainty whether or not a base with the semireflexive prefix exists in addition to the base without the prefix. Furthermore, it is difficult to specify with certainty which specific form, or alternant, of the semireflexive prefix occurs. (The meaning and form of the reflexive and reciprocal prefixes are much more regular.) Last of all, verbs with these prefixes are bases because the first sound of the base determines which alternants of the pronominal prefixes are selected. This means that a base with a prefix can take a different set of pronominal prefixes than the base without the prefix. For example, the base -hkwi't- 'move something or someone over' takes pronominal prefix alternants that occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The base -atkwi't'move over', which is composed of the -at- semireflexive prefix and -hkwi't-, takes pronominal prefix alternants that occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. (In addition the initial h of -hkwi't- is deleted when the semireflexive is prefixed to it, since the

17 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

sequence thkw is disallowed in Oneida.) Another example is the base .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic, which means 'turn around'. Here the semireflexive prefix -at- has been added to .kalhateny- plus te- dualic, 'turn something or someone around', which was also given as an example of a base with a prepronominal prefix above. The base •atkalhateny- plus te- dualic is an example of a base that has both a prepronominal prefix and the semireflexive prefix. Third, structures with a derivational suffix are bases. The derivational suffixes of Oneida are listed in Table 8 on page 38. Each suffix has several forms, and which form occurs is generally unpredictable. In addition, since the last sound of a base determines which aspect suffix occurs, the base with the derivational suffix can have a different aspect suffix than the base without the derivational suffix. For example, the base -alu'tat- 'shoot' has the habitual aspect suffix -s, as in lalú-tats 'he's shooting', while the base -alu'tathu- 'shoot several', with the -hu- distributive suffix, has the habitual aspect suffix -he', as in lalu7táthuhe? 'he shoots several'. As we will see later, every verb base belongs to a particular aspect conjugation class, which identifies the specific aspect suffixes that occur with the base. Fourth, all verbs that have the progressive suffix (e.g., -hatye-) are bases. The progressive adds the meaning that the action occurs while the actor is moving along while performing the action. It occurs after the stative aspect suffix and is itself inflected for aspect. In this respect the progressive functions as a derivational component.

Fifth, some verbs with an incorporated noun are bases. In this dictionary certain combinations with an incorporated noun are bases (and separate entries) while others are not bases (and subentries under both the verb base and the incorporated noun base). A base is defined as a unit which has unique properties; therefore when the meaning of the incorporated noun plus verb is not compositional, i.e., when the meaning cannot be predicted given what we know about the meaning of the component noun and verb, the combination is a separate base. For example, when the noun base -khw- 'food' is incorporated into the verb base -hsa?-/-isa'- 'finish' the result, -khwisa?-, means 'finish preparing a meal'. Given the meaning 'food' and the meaning 'finish', we could have (incorrectly) hypothesized that -khwisa7- means 'finish eating food', or 'finish growing food'. But -khwisa7- cannot be used to refer to either of these two activities; it is used only to mean 'finish preparing food or a meal'. Sometimes the meaning is compositional, but the verb is used for what constitutes a conventionalized activity in the bicultural society that the Oneida live in today. An example is the verb base -atnawilohale-, literally 'wash one's teeth'. Here the noun base -nawil- 'tooth' is incorporated into the verb base -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale-'wash oneself, wash for oneself. Thus the equivalent of English 'brush one's teeth' is expressed in Oneida as 'wash one's teeth'. The verb is a base because it is this combination, and none other, that is used for the particular activity, even though the meaning of the Oneida base is quite transparent. Another example is the base -tsi'nuhklokew-, which is used

18 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

where in English we would say 'wipe one's nose'. This base is composed of the incorporated noun base -tsi'nuhkl'snot' and the verb root -okew-, which is the incorporating alternant of the verb base -lakew-/-ya 7 tokew-/-okew'wipe, wipe off. Again, the Oneida expression is simply different from the English one: in Oneida one wipes away the substance (snot), whereas in English one wipes the affected part (nose). In both languages, though, there exists a fixed expression for the specific action. The way we use the term base is intended to reflect the fact that in a great many cases, a combination of any of the components given in Tables 2 and 3 has properties that someone who doesn't speak Oneida could not predict just from knowing the meaning or function of the individual components. With determination and practice it is possible to identify the stems and roots of Oneida. However it is often (though not always) much more challenging to take a verb root, incorporate a noun root and perhaps also add the semireflexive prefix or a derivational suffix, then add a pronominal prefix and aspect suffix, and come up with a word that speakers recognize. Often the structure of the word is correct, but the meaning—the expected meaning that results from simply combining the meanings of all the parts—is not the actual meaning. Sometimes, the word sounds "okay," but no one who speaks Oneida would actually use it. Even the pronunciation can be unexpected. And quite often the word just doesn't exist.

Looking up a base When the base is an entire word, such as kaya'táklahse', most users of the dictionary will find it relatively easy to find the base in the Oneida-English dictionary. In other words, if someone hears a word spoken, they can make a guess as to how it might be spelled, and then try to look it up, exactly as we do when we use an English dictionary. The majority of bases, however, are not words, and they must have either a pronominal prefix or noun prefix and either an aspect suffix or noun suffix in order to be a word in Oneida. For example, the base -atekhuni- 'eat' must have a prefix such as the first person singular agent prefix k- and a suffix such as the habitual aspect suffix -he 7 , thus katekhu-níhe? 'I'm eating'. The prefixes and suffixes do not change, or add to, the basic lexical meaning of the base; rather they indicate who is doing the eating and at what time intervals the event of eating takes place. Because there are so many pronominal (and prepronominal) prefixes, it is difficult to know which form to choose for the head of an entry. Therefore, in dictionaries of Iroquoian languages, the head of the entry typically lacks the prefixes and suffixes, and the head of most entries is preceded and followed by a dash to indicate that the base must occur with prefixes and suffixes. Then the entries are alphabetized according to the first sound of the base. This means that when someone encounters a verb or noun form in Oneida, they must determine the first sound of the base before they can look it up in the Oneida-English dictionary.

19 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

VERB BASES

There are three types of verb bases in Oneida: active verbs, motion verbs, and stative verbs. Active verbs have the category designation v.a. after the boldfaced head. Motion verbs have v.m. and stative verbs have v.s. Active verbs, designated v.a. Active verbs typically occur in three aspects: habitual, stative, and punctual (called serial, perfective, and punctual in Lounsbury 1953). The aspects are marked by suffixes to the verb base. Below is part of the entry for -atketskw-, which has subentries in all three aspects. -atketskw- v.a. get up. katkétskwas I keep getting up, latkétskwas he gets up. wakatkétskwA I have gotten up, I'm up, lotkétskivA he has gotten up. wa7katkétsko7 I got up, wahatkétsko 7 he got up, wa7utkétsko7 she got up, wa 7akyatkétsko 7 we two (excl.) got up, wahyatkétsko 7 the two (m.) got up, wa 7akwatkétsko? we (excl.) got up, Akatkétsko 7 I will get up, akatkétsko7 I should get up. satkétsko Get up! Aspect class: D3. Habitual forms are given first; they are usually glossed in English as iterative ('do something, I keep doing something') or progressive (T'm doing something'). In this case, there is more than one example in the habitual aspect (the first two forms). Examples in the same aspect are separated by a comma. The last example in any particular aspect is followed by a period; thus a period indicates that the next example

is in a different aspect. Stative aspect forms are given next; they are glossed in English with the perfect ('I have done something') or, for some verbs, with the progressive (T'm doing something'). The sample entry also has more than one form in the stative aspect (the third and fourth forms). Some verbs have a form in the stative aspect with a neuter agent pronominal prefix and this form has a special meaning, similar to the passive of English ('it is done'). When this type of example is attested, it is given after all the other stative aspect forms, and it is separated from them by a period. (The sample entry does not have such a form.) Punctual aspect forms come last. The punctual aspect always requires a modal prepronominal prefix: the factual or aorist (e.g., wa 7 -, wa-, or we-), the future (A-), or the optative or indefinite (e.g., a- or a-). The factual is glossed with the simple past ('I did something'), the future is glossed with the future ('I will do something'), and the optative is usually translated as 'I should do something'. Most entries give either a factual or future form. Finally, many bases are attested in an imperative form, which is given after forms in the three aspects. Note that not all the bases designated v.a. are in fact attested in all three aspects, but they must be attested in at least either the habitual aspect or the punctual aspect in order to be labelled v.a. There is more than one reason why any particular verb may lack one of the three aspect forms. In some cases, it seems to be an idiosyncratic property of the base that the base can occur in only one or two of the aspects. In other cases, the other aspect forms do exist, but speakers say that they don't use the forms because the

20 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Table 4: Aspect conjugation classes Active verbs (v.a.) Habitual (Serial)

Class A1

-he?

A2

-s

B1

-he?

B2

-s

B3

-7se7/-'-se7/-hse7

CI

-he?

C2

-s

C3

-7se7/-'-se7 /-hse7

D1

-ha?

D2

-s

D3

-as

El

-ha?

E2

-s

E3

-se7

E4

-e7se7/-é-se7

E5

-as

E6

-us

F

-ha 7

Stative (Perfective)

Punctual

—

-7u/-'*u/-u7 - ? /-'7-e 7 /-ne 7 -A

-u /-ehse7

-e 7

-A7/-Á-

Motion verbs (v.m.) Intentive

Habitual

Stative

G1

-7se7/-'-se7

-nu

G2

/-hse7

-nA

H

-e7/-é-

-e 7 se 7 /-ése 7 /-ehse7

-u

Punctual

-a 7 /-á-

Note: — indicates no overt suffix or zero. Suffixes with 7 have alternants with vowel length after accented vowels and h in post-accented syllables.

21 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

meaning is rather strange. Lastly, in some cases the forms are simply missing from our sources and, given more time, we could have provided forms. Verbs that are attested in all three aspects have an aspect code after all the subentries (including subentries with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns, which are discussed in sections below). The reason for including such a code is that each of the aspect categories has several different suffixes. The base -atketskw-, for example, has the habitual aspect suffix -as. Other habitual suffixes are -s, -he?, and -ha 7 . The particular suffix that occurs with a given base is not always predictable, and so, following Lounsbury (1953, especially Table 10, p. 85), we assume that every base belongs to a particular "conjugation class," which is coded Al, A2, Bl, etc. Table 4 on page 20 gives the conjugation classes and the set of aspect suffixes that define each class. The terms used in Lounsbury (1953) and Abbott, Christjohn, and Hinton (1996) are given in parentheses. Note that we give the aspect code only if the base is actually attested in all three aspects. In some cases, if one knows two of the three aspect forms, the third can be predicted from the other two; however this is not always possible. Finally, note that the last two or three syllables of words in Oneida are often affected by processes related to the placement of accent. Aspect suffixes occur towards the end of a word, and so particular suffixes may have different forms depending on where they occur in relation to the accented (most prominent) syllable. Active verbs can also occur in expanded aspect forms. The expanded forms are marked by suffixes and convey meanings which are equivalent

to such English categories as present, past and future progressive, and past and future perfect forms with the auxiliaries 'be' and 'have'. Expanded aspect forms are preceded by the relevant label: Habitual past, Stative past, Future habitual, Optative habitual, Future stative, Optative stative, Secondary habitual, Intentive past, and Facilitative. (The suffixes which mark these expanded categories also have entries in the dictionary.) The base -atekhuni-/-atekhuny- has several expanded aspect forms: -atekhuni-/-atekhuny- v.a. eat a meal, latekhu-níhe7 he's eating, twatekhu-níhe7 we (incl.) are eating, yakwatekhu-níhe7 we (excl.) are eating, lotekhuní he has eaten, he's eating, wahatekhu-ní• he ate, wa7akyatekhu-ní• we two (excl.) ate, wa7akwatekhu-níwe (excl.) ate, wahutekhu-ní• they (m.) ate, Ahatekhu-ní• he will eat, Ayutekhu-ní• she will eat. satekhu-nf Eat! twatekhu-ní Let's all (incl.) eat! Habitual past: katekhuníhahkwe7 I was eating. Stative past: wakatekhuni-hné• I had eaten. Future habitual: Ahatekhuníheke7 he will be eating. Future stative: Ahotekhunthake7 he will have eaten. Aspect class: Al. Typically, an entry for an active verb includes examples with either the first person singular pronominal prefix (T'), the third person masculine singular pronominal prefix ('he') or the third person feminine-indefinite singular prefix ('she' or 'someone'). Many entries have subentries with other pronominal prefixes as well. Note that when the English glosses are ambiguous, we

22 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

include an abbreviation in the gloss: (m.) for masculine, (z.) for femininezoic, (incl.) for inclusive person, and (excl.) for exclusive person. Tables 5a-5d on pages 23-26 give the pronominal prefixes, in the form of four tables rather than in a single chart as in Lounsbury (1953). The terms agent and patient correspond to subjective and objective, respectively, in Lounsbury (1953). In the tables, FZ stands for feminine-zoic, and FI stands for feminine-indefinite. M is for masculine. Part of the complexity of the pronominal system in Oneida is that most active verbs (and all motion verbs, except those with the progressive suffix) have agent prefixes (the prefixes in the column labelled "No Patient" in Tables 5b and 5d) in the habitual and punctual aspects, but the corresponding patient prefixes (the prefixes in the row labelled "No Agent" in Tables 5c and 5d) in the stative aspect. A relatively small number of active verbs (and all motion verbs with the progressive suffix) have patient prefixes in all three aspects. Motion verbs, designated v.m. Motion verbs typically describe the manner in which movement takes place. An example of a motion verb is the base -e- 'go, walk, be somewhere' or -atawA'n- 'go swimming or bathing'. Motion verbs have a fourth aspect form, the intentive aspect. (Some Iroquoianists use the term "purposive" rather than "intentive," but for Oneida this is confusing since Lounsbury (1953) used the term "purposive" for another category, which is called the "dislocative" in most of the recent literature on Iroquoian.) In entries for motion verbs, forms in the intentive aspect are given

first, followed by forms in the habitual, stative, and punctual aspects. -atawA'n- v.m. go swimming or bathing. katawA-ne7 I'm going to swim, I'm going to bathe. katawA-neb.se7 I go swimming. wakatawAnu I have gone to swim. waAataxvA-na7 I'm going swimming. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. There are relatively few (less than a dozen) non-derived motion verbs; an example is -e- 'go, walk, be somewhere'. However, all bases which have the dislocative or progressive suffix are motion verbs. These two suffixes are extremely productive and so the class of motion verbs is quite large. The sample entry above, for example, has the dislocative suffix. Stative verbs, designated v.s. Stative verbs occur in only one basic aspect form: the stative aspect. An example of a stative verb is given below. (The pre-pausal form is explained in the section on orthography.) -atiwA- v.s. be thin. wakatiwA I'm thin, yakotiwA she's thin, lotiwA he's thin. Pre-pausal: lotí-wA. Stative past: wakatiwA-hné• I was thin (at one time), yakotiwA-hnéshe was thin, lotiwA-hné• he was thin. Future stative: AyakotiwAhake7 she will be thin, AhotiwAhake 7 he will be thin. Aspect class: A.

23 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

P-,

in H XI

Oh

O

c o I*

OH

£a>

H

O

shakwa- / shakw- / shakw A- / shaky-

yakwa- / yakw- / yakw A- / yaky- / -akwa- / -akw- / -akwA-/-aky-

tni-/tn-/ty-

1 excl. pi

1 incl. du.

sni-/sn-/tsy-

£

bb
2 pi.

1 £ 1 C3 £

2du.

i 4-4
s- / se- / ts- /1- / -hs- / -hse-

yetshi- / yetshiy- / -etshi- / -etshiy-

etsni- / etsn- / etsy- / -hetsni- / -hetsn- /-hetsyets wa- / etsw- / etsw A- / etsy- / -hetswa- / -hetsw- / -hetsw A- / -hetsyi

she-/-shey-

etsh- / etshe- / -hetsh- / -hetshe-

ethwa- / ethw- / ethwA- / ethy- / -hethwa- / -hethw- / -hethw A- / -hethy-

y ethi- / yethiy- / -ethi- / -ethiy-

y akhi- / y akhiy- / -akhi- / -akhiy-

I

1 incl. pi.

3 non-sg. FZ M non-sg. non-sg. 1

ethni-/ ethn-/ ethy-/ -hethni-/ -hethn-/ -hethy-

shakni- / shakn- / shaky-

2

yakni- / yakn- / yaky- / -akni-/ -akn-/-aky-

b (0C CD

1 excl. du.

U 0) a-

li- / liy- / -hi- / -hiy-

§(A

k-/ke-

bb V I E

lsg.

FZsg.

Msg.

<j (0 g 0IH 3
Patient Agent

§ bp

No Pat

24 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

i

<1

CD

£

£ Cfi

1

(0 £

25 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

> t^ > to Cl,

CN

s? • < O «S I > J £CO £ CQ£ (Ak (/C I £ £ id > in U 4+3 4J u u u
cd < £ £

i4C->O HI

3 H3 fs|

>'• 2CO c COk CO >-, 4-1 4-1 4-1 •2 c CO 4-1 COm J 3! o 4-1 a; a; a> i"T "T

CO 4->

i W i, «

60 to CN

Oh

3 3 3 ^

« ' i ctí < to i^x! >N X, X í>% 1 I I

5? >! < , £ £ £ ík r* ^ M S3 3 3 3 3 I I I I CO CO CO CO

i f iO nsCO C 0) CD

CO
«to có < re CO *5 ^ a) ai a; $ i i

33

I

I

3 —i

3

3

3 3 3 10 CO CO

d l ^ S

li

> m

C cu H rt P-,

I
C
IH 40-»1 3 01 2

50

to N P*

£

di

ní nj -J X

í^ ^

60 to

to to t—f H-,

i

3 T3 N M H

i i

— lH £1, H.

Mdu

b toO

O. S

26 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

<2P ¥ f

S G

CO

i

-a

o ra X03

g

q OO O

X X

03 <

£ £3

^3

(13

6or C

re X

G

O

1

03

£ ~JL O -J3 O

N

PH

^re

X3 C « <3 52 í£ 3 M3 3

3 X

X

ra o Xre ra ra 03 ---- £ ^ O o ra ra o 0 ra « MMM 03 ctf ffl (0 «3 X ^ 1 i 03 b£ CO O

(0

1

X X 03

03

i >, < ns «i i
Cí ^o , o en X X x ,

XI G c o o M * J ra re

^ A c Íi .2.33

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J3 3 ^

X

X

X X

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X

6C

< ra £ £ £ 2 3 3 MMX

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3


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55

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5

i>S I

ra X

G •01l-l ra

< r ra i • 10 A

3

oi ra

I

.3

60 03

-o N Uh

PH

o 2 G

ra

s

(S bo Pi C < o <60

2

•oj w 3


2

60 to M PH

60 to

3

I

Uh

X

G

3

N Hh

<

G < . 3 -

I

3

G

^

G

"O

i

ft

27 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Generally stative verbs are intransitive—they describe a situation where there is only one participant— although there are a few stative verbs that are transitive and have two participants. Stative verbs that are intransitive and describe inanimate objects occur only with the neuter pronominal prefix. In most cases, the verb always occurs either with a neuter agent prefix (e.g., ka- or w-) or with a neuter patient prefix (e.g., yo-). In a few cases, however, a stative verb can occur with both a neuter agent prefix and a neuter patient prefix, with a slight difference in meaning. Stative verbs that are intransitive and describe animate beings (i.e., persons or animals) can occur with all the pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Stative verbs that have a single animate participant always take either agent prefixes (the prefixes in the column labelled "No Patient" in Tables 5b and 5d) or patient prefixes (the prefixes in the row labelled "No Agent" in Tables 5c and 5d). The sample entry above is a stative verb that describes a situation that applies to animate beings, and it belongs to the class of stative verbs that requires patient prefixes. The stative aspect suffixes that occur with stative verbs are given in Table 6. Note that they are the same suffixes as those given in the third column of Table 4 (page 20). For example, if the stative verb has the aspect suffix the aspect code is B, which also occurs with active verbs in conjugations Bl, B2, and B3. Many stative verbs also have one or two expanded aspect forms, and these are also given when they are attested.

Suffix

Class A

—

B C

-?u/-'-u/-u?

D

-A

E

-u

F

-e ?

Table 6: Aspect classes of stative verbs

Subentries with prepronominal prefixes Following subentries in the different aspects, examples with prepronominal prefixes are given. Each example, or set of examples if there is more than one with any specific prepronominal prefix, is preceded by a label that identifies the prefix: te- dualic, srepetitive, t- cislocative, y- translocative, n- partitive, tsh- coincident, thcontrastive, or te ? - negative. The phonological part of the label (such as the "t-" in "t- cislocative") is intended to identify the most general shape of the prefix: a sound which is common to all the actual manifestations of the prefix. The prepronominal prefixes of Oneida are given in Table 7 on pages 2831, which is based on Lounsbury (1953: Table 3). Every prefix, and every prefix combination, is also an entry in the Oneida-English dictionary. The first column in Table 7 gives the prepronominal prefixes as they occur in the habitual and stative aspects, that is without any modal prefix. A modal prefix is required in the punctual aspect, as explained in the section on

28 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Table 7: Prepronominal prefixes •••..• .1. . ífsjt v No modal prefix

: , .^á^VS'í "Mi Future A-

Dualic (two, teRepetitive

completely) tA-

(again, back again)

s-/ts-/tsi-/se-

AS-/ Ats-/ A t s i - / A s e -

Cislocative t-/ti-/te-

At-/Ati-/Ate-

(there, this way)

Translocative ye-/yehe-

(over there, that way) yA-/yAhA-

Dualic and repetitive tes- / tets- / tetsi- / tese-

t AS-/1 Ats- / 1 Atsi- / 1 Ase-

Dualic and cislocative tet-/teti-/tete-

tAt-/tAti-/tAte-

Translocative and dualic ya'te-

ya?tA-

Translocative and repetitive yes- / yets- /yetsi- /yese- / yehes- / yehets-

yAS-/yAts-/yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAS-/ yAhAts-

Translocative, dualic and repetitive ya ? tes-/ya ? tets-/ya ? tetsi-/ya ? tese-

ya?tAs-/ya?tAts-/ya?tAtsi-/ya?tAse-

Partitive (how, so, such) ni-

nA-

Partitive and dualic na ? te-

na ? tA-

Partitive and repetitive nis-/nits-/ nitsi-/ nise-

riAS-/nAts-/nAtsi-/nAse-

Partitive and cislocative nit-/niti-/nite-

nAt-/nAti-/nAte-

29 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

With a modal prefix Factual (Aorist)

Optative (Indefinite)

wa?-/wa-/we-/u-

a-/a--/ae-/au-

wa ? t-/wa ? te-

ta-/ta--/tae-/tau-

sa-/se-/su-

usa-/u-sa-/use-/u-se-/usu-/u-su-

ta-/te-/tu-

uta-/u-ta-/ute-/u-te-/utu-/utu-

ya ? -/ya-/yahe-/yahu-/yaha-

ya-/ya-/yae-/yau-

tusa- / tuse- / tusu-

tusa- / tu-sa- / tuse- / tu-se-/ tusu- / tu-su-

tuta-/tute-/tutu-

tuta-/tu-ta-/tute-/tu-te-/tutu-/tu-tu-

ya ? t-/ya 7 te-

ya?ta-/ya ? ta-/ya ? tae-/ya' ;> tau-

yusa-/yuse-/yusu-

yusa-/yu-sa-/yuse-/yu-se-/yusu-/yu-su-

ya7tusa-/ya?tuse-/ya'tusu-

ya'tusa'/ya'tu-sa'/ya'tuse-/ ya?tu-se-/ya?tusu-/ya?tu-su-

na7-/na-/ne-/nu-

na-/na--/nae-/nau-

na ? t-/na ? te-

na?ta-/ na ? ta-/ na?tae-/ na ? tau-

nusa-/nuse-/nusu-

nusa- / nu-sa-/nuse-/nu-se-/nusu-/nu-su-

nuta-/ nute-/ nutu-

nuta-/nu-ta-/nute-/nu-te-/nutu-/nu-tucontinued on next page

30 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Partitive and translocative nye-/ nyehe-

nyA-/nyAhA-

Partitive, dualic and repetitive na ? tes- / na? tets- / na'tetsi- /na7tese-

na ? tAS-/na ? tAts-/na ? tAtsi-/na ? tAse-

Partitive, dualic and cislocative na ? tet-/na 7 teti-/na ? tete-

na?tAt- / n a ' t Ati- / na ? tAte-

Partitive, translocative and dualic nya'te-

nya'tA-

Partitive, translocative and repetitive nyes-/nyets-/nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/ nyehets-

nyAS- / nyAts- / ny Atsi- / nyAse- / ny AhAS- / nyAhAts-

Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive nya'tes-/nya 7 tets-/nya?tetsi-/ nya'tese-

nya'tAS'/nya'tAtS'/nya'tAtsi-/ nya'tAse-

Coincident tshi-

tshA-

(when)

Coincident and other prepronominals

Contrastive (ever, just) thiContrastive and other prepronominals

Negative te 7 -/te-

(not)

Negative and repetitive te ? s- / te ? ts- / te ? tsi- / te 7 seNegative and cislocative te 7 t-/te ? ti-/te 7 te-

thA-

Guide to Oneida-English Entries 31

nya?-/nya-/nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-

nya-/nya-/nyae-/nyau-

na?tusa-/na?tuse-/na?tusu-

na?tusa-/na?tu-sa-/na?tuse-/ na?tu-se-/na?tusu-/na?tu-su-

na7tuta-/na?tute-/na?tutu-

na?tuta-/na?tuta-/na?tute-/ na?tu-te-/na?tutu-/na?tu-tu-

nya ? t-/nya ? te-

nya'ta- /nya?ta-/nya?tae- / nya'tau-

nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu-

nyusa-/nyusa-/nyuse-/nyu-se-/nyusu-/ nyu-su-

nya?tusa-/nya?tuse-/nya?tusu-

nya?tusa-/nya?tu-sa-/nya?tuse-/ nya?tu'se-/nya'tusu-/nya7tu-su-

tsha?- / tsha- / tshe- / tshu-

tsha-/tsha--/tshae-/tshau-

The coincident is attested with the dualic, the repetitive, the cislocative, the translocative, the dualic and repetitive, the dualic and cislocative, the translocative and dualic, and the translocative and repetitive. Substitute tsh- for the n- of the partitive. tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-

tha-/tha--/thae-/thau-

The contrastive is attested with the dualic, the repetitive, the cislocative, the translocative, the dualic and repetitive, the dualic and cislocative, the translocative and dualic, and the translocative and repetitive. Substitute th- for the n- of the partitive. Substitute the contrastive. Substitute the contrastive and repetitive. Substitute the contrastive and cislocative.

32 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

active verbs. The modal prefixes are the future, factual (or aorist in Lounsbury 1953), and optative (or indefinite). The next three columns give the different modal combinations. The prefixes can occur in combination with each other, giving a large number of possibilities. Although forms without the prepronominals are commonly obtained when eliciting forms from speakers (e.g., asking someone "what is the word for X in Oneida?"), forms with prepronominals are extremely frequent in actual speech. Most of the examples that occur in this part of the entry are attested in our recordings of spoken Oneida. An example of an entry that has subentries with prepronominal prefixes is given below. Note that we use the label "With" to introduce the particular prepronominal prefix. For example some of the subentries have "With srepetitive" or "With t- cislocative" and so on: -ataya't-/-atawya?t- v.a. go to school, katayá-tha7 I go to school, satayá-tha7 you go to school, lutayá-tha7 they (m.) go to school. wa7katáyahte7 I went to school, wahatáyahte7 he went to school, Ahsatáyahte7 you will go to school. With s- repetitive: sayakyatáyahte7

we two (excl.)

went back to school again. With tcislocative: thutayá-tha7 there they (m.) go to school. With y- translocative: yewakatayá-tu I have gone to school there, ya7katáyahte7 I went to school there. With n- partitive: kátsha7 nú• nisatayá-tu Where did you go to school? tsi7núnihutayá-tha7 where they (m.) go to school. With te ? - negative: yáh

te7satawyá-tu you haven't gone to school. With tsh- coincident: tshiyutayá-tha7 when she's going to school. With tshy- coincident and translocative: tshyeyutawyá-tha7 when she goes to school there. With th- contrastive: yáh thakatáyahte7 I won't go to school. Aspect class: El. •Thó kati7 nú- ostúha yewakatayá-tu. So I went to school there a little bit. (CI) NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. In the example just given, the forms with prepronominal prefixes are all subentries, and the base can occur without any prepronominal prefix. However, it is not at all uncommon that a specific prepronominal prefix is a required part of the base. An example is the base .'kashayA- plus te- dualic, 'be slow'. Note that the boldfaced head has a period, rather than a dash, in front of it, and the head is followed by the word "plus" and the name of the prepronominal prefix. 'kashayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be slow. tewake7kashayA I'm slow, tesa7kashayA you're slow, teho 7kashayA he's slow, teyako7kashayA she's slow, teyo7kashayX she (z.) or it is slow. Pre-pausal: teyo7kasha-yA. Future stative: tAyo7kashayAhake7 it will be slow. With t- cislocative: nétetyo7kashayA it's the slowest, ítetwake 7kashayA I'm the slowest. With n- partitive: tsi7 na 7teyo 7kashayA she (z.) or it is so slow. Aspect class: A.

33 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Some bases with an obligatory prepronominal prefix have subentries which have both the obligatory prepronominal prefix and also another prepronominal prefix. In the following example, the te- dualic prefix is required, and so it occurs in every subentry. Some of the subentries also have the t- cislocative prefix or y- translocative prefix. The optional prefix is identified before the relevant subentry, but the name of the obligatory prefix (the te- dualic in this case) is not repeated since it is given in the head of the entry. alahtat- plus te- dualic, v.a. run. tehaláhtats he runs, teholahtatú he was running. wa7tkaláhtate7 I ran, tAkaláhtate7 I will run. tehsaláhtat Run! With t- cislocative: tutahaláhtate7 he ran back this way. With y- translocative: ya7tkaláhtate7 I ran the other way, ya7thaláhtate7 he ran the other way. Aspect class: E2. •NX sók ya7tkaláhtate7 tsi7 tyonhoká-lute7 nya7ktákhe7 tewakhAlehtá-ne7. Then I ran towards the door, as I'm running I'm going along hollering. (Dl) DERIVED BASES: .alahtatst- plus te- dualic, start up, run, operate. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and possibly the -alsemireflexive and the alternant -aht- of the base -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe. In the next example the te- dualic prefix is, again, required and so it occurs in all of the subentries; in addition there is a subentry with the t- cisloc-

ative prefix and another subentry with the n- partitive prefix: nutakli'tslal- plus te- dualic, v.s. be sweet, teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's sweet. Habitual past: teyonutaklí-tslalahkwe7 it used to be sweet. Future stative: tAyonutaklí-tslalake7 it will be sweet. With t- cislocative: nétetyonutaklí-tslale 7 it's the sweetest. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyonutaklvtslale7 it's so sweet. Aspect class: F. • Só-tsi7 teyonutaklí-tslale7 thikX wá-yat. That pie is too sweet. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nutakli-/-nutakli?tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The ? of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Subentries with incorporated nouns Following the examples with prepronominal prefixes are examples with incorporated nouns. Specific examples (or sets of examples) are preceded by the word "With" and the noun base that is incorporated into the verb, followed by the English gloss of the noun base. The partial entry for -hninu- 'buy' below has several subentries with incorporated nouns. In many cases, an example with an incorporated noun also has a prepronominal prefix. For example, one of the subentries under -hninu- has both the incorporated noun base -aht-/-ahtahkw- 'shoe', and the s- repetitive prefix.

34 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

-hninu- v.a. buy, buy from, shni-núhe? you are buying it. wakhni-nú• I have bought it. wa?khni-nú- I bought it, wahihni-nú• I bought it from him, Ahahni-nú• he will buy it, Ashni-núyou will buy it. With -ahsliye-/ -ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? t- string, thread, yarn: wa?ksliye ?tahni-nú- I bought thread. With -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, and s- repetitive: usahahtahkwahní-nú• he should buy shoes again. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wahatihnekahni-núthey (m.) bought a drink. With -hul- gun: wa?khulahni-nú• I bought a gun. With -nutakli-/-nutakli ? tsl- sugar: wa7knutakli?tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa?ke?slehtahni-nú• I bought a car. And t- cislocative: tho?slehtahni-núhe bought a car there. Aspect class: Bl. The examples of noun incorporation that are included as subentries have both a meaning and a structure that is predictable given what we know about the meaning and structure of the verb base and of the noun base that is incorporated into the verb base. (If the meaning or structure is not predictable the incorporated noun plus verb is a base and thus a separate entry, as described in the definition of bases at the beginning of this guide.) In addition, the existence of subentries with incorporated nouns is intended to reflect the fact that noun incorporation can be very productive: certain noun bases (or roots) occur with any verb where the meaning is appropriate, and there are verb bases (or roots) which occur with many incorporated nouns. However, the three factors—semantic transparency,

formal regularity, and productivity— do not always converge, and so in a few cases it was difficult to know whether the combination of an incorporated noun plus verb should be a subentry or a distinct base. Other Iroquoian dictionaries either give most examples of incorporation as subentries under the relevant root (e.g., Chafe 1967, G. Michelson 2001) or give all the combinations as separate entries (e.g., Abbott, Christjohn, and Hinton 1996). In most cases, the incorporated nouns designate objects that are inanimate and easily moved or manipulated. They include, for example, names of moveable household objects, names of foods, names of clothing items and accessories, and names of certain objects found in nature that do not grow (such as a stick, dirt or soil, and snow). They also very frequently include names of body parts and sometimes a few nouns that apply to animate beings (e.g., -wil- 'baby, offspring'). The user might infer from our listing of incorporations as subentries that a corresponding syntactic expression, in which the verb does not have the incorporated noun and the noun occurs independently, is always possible. But this is not the case; in a large number of cases, including some where the incorporation seems completely transparent and productive, the syntactic alternative is not possible. When a verb base is composed of the semireflexive, reflexive, or reciprocal prefix plus a verb base (or root), incorporated nouns always occur between the prefix and the verb. (This can be confirmed by looking back at the positional chart on page 14.) An example is the base -atAhninu- 'sell', which is composed of the -atA- semireflexive prefix and the verb base -hninu- 'buy,

35 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

buy from'. Incorporated nouns occur between -atA- and -hninu- (and the location of incorporated nouns is described in the NOTE). In examples with incorporated nouns, the alternant -atA- of the semireflexive is replaced by the alternant that normally occurs with the incorporated noun; thus, for example, -at- occurs in place of -atAbefore the noun base -nehw- 'pelt'. -atAhninu- v.a. sell. latAhni-núhe7 he sells. lotAhni-nú• he has sold it, yukwatAhni-nú• we have sold it. wa?katAhni-nú- I sold it, wahatAhni-nú• he sold it. With tcislocative: tyutAhni-núhe7 she sells there, AtyakwatAhni-nú• we (excl.) will sell there. With -a'ahslbasket: Ayuta7ahslahni-nú• she will sell baskets. With -hnana ? t- potato: ayakwathnana7tahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell potatoes. With -nattown, village, place: wa7katnatahni-nú• I sold my home or place. With -nehw- pelt: wahatnehwahni-nú• he sold a pelt. With -nAst- corn: ayakwatnAstahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell corn. With -nuhs- house, building: wa7katnuhsahni-nú• Isold a house. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7kate7slehtahni-nú• I sold a car. With -'wahl- meat, and t- cislocative: thute7wahlahni-núhe7 they (m.) sell meat there. Aspect class: Bl.

COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -hninu- buy, buy from. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -hninu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun.

Some verb bases require a special form (or alternant) with incorporated nouns. An example is -aty-/-uty- 'lose, leave, disperse'. All the subentries with incorporated nouns select the form -uty- of the base. Both alternants are given in the head of the entry, and the NOTE specifies which alternant occurs with incorporated nouns. -aty-/-uty- v.a. lose, leave, disperse. wakátyehse7 I keep losing it, lótyehse7 he keeps losing it. wakáti I have lost it. ukwa-tí• I lost it, waho-tí- he lost it, xvahona-tí• they (m.) lost it, Aho-tí• he will lose it. With s- repetitive: Asho-tí- he will lose it again. With -a ? nyanawA-/ -a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten: waho?nyanawA?tslu-tí• he lost his mitten. With -hlohkw- cigarette: wahohlohku-tí• he lost his cigarettes. With -hnana't- potato: wa7ukwahnana?tu-tv we dropped in or dispersed potatoes (e.g., into the ground when planting). And s- repetitive: Atsyukwahnana?tu-tíwe will disperse potatoes again. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: AwakkAhu-tíI will lose my blanket. With -nAhseed, grain, oats: AyukwanAhwtv we will drop in seeds. And n- partitive: thó nú- na?ukwatiAhu-tí• there's where we dispersed the seeds. With -nAst- corn: yukwatiAstu-tí• we dispersed corn, AyukwanAstu-tí- we will drop in corn. With -sahe'tbean: losahe7tútyehse7 he drops in beans (e.g., when planting). And npartitive: tsi7 nú• nyukwasahe7tu-tíwhere we dispersed beans. With - ? sleht- vehicle: waho7slehtu-tí• he lost his car. Aspect class: E4. NOTE: The alternant -uty- occurs with incorporated nouns.

36 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

The incorporating alternant also has an entry, which is a simple cross-reference directing the user to the primary entry. -uty- lose, leave, disperse. See -aty-/ -uty-. In many cases where a special alternant occurs just with incorporated nouns, it looks as if the alternant that occurs without incorporated nouns has an extra component that occurs in the same position as incorporated nouns—right before the verb—and instead of an incorporated noun. Moreover, the extra component does not add to the meaning of the verb in the way that specific incorporated nouns do, so it acts like a kind of "place-holder". In Lounsbury (1953), these meaningless placeholders are called empty noun roots. In the example below, the alternant -A'only occurs with incorporated nouns, while the alternant -a'sA?- never occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -a'sA'- is composed of the empty noun root -a ? s- and a verbal component -A?-. -a ? sA?-/-A?- v.a. fall. wásAhse7

it

falls. yo7sA-u it has fallen. ú-SAne7 it fell. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: ú-yAne7 the fruit fell (e.g., apples from a tree). With -nakt- bed, place, space: uknáktAne7 my bed fell through, wa7ukwanáktAne7

our bed

fell through (i.e., the bed broke and we fell through to the floor). With -nlaht- leaf: yonlahtA-u the leaves are falling,

wa?kanláhtAne7

the

leaves fell, akanláhtAne7 the leaves should fall. With -stal- drop: wa7kasta-lAne7 there was a drop, a drop fell. With -'nhaht- branch, limb: wa7ka7nháhtAne7 the limb fell. Aspect class: E3.

NOTE: The alternant -a?sA?- is composed of an empty noun root -a7s-, a verb root -A-, and the inchoative suffix. The alternant -A?- occurs with incorporated nouns. The verb root -Ais attested only with incorporated nouns plus a derivational suffix.

Bases that have N in the head of the entry Some verb roots always occur with incorporated nouns and in most, if not all, of the examples with an incorporated noun, the meaning of the forms is compositional, or predictable from the meaning of the incorporated noun base and the verb root. Two examples of verbs that always occur with an incorporated noun are the stative verb roots -iyo- 'be good' and -aksA- 'be bad, be not the way it should be1. Both of these roots occur with a large number of incorporated nouns, and speakers easily provide more examples when asked. To indicate that there must be an incorporated noun, these roots are given with a capital -N- (for "incorporated noun"), as in -N-iyo-, and examples with incorporated nouns (where the meaning is predictable) are given as subentries. The N is disregarded in the alphabetical placement of the base. Hence, -N-iyo- is alphabetized under "i". Part of the entry for this verb is given below. -N-iyo- v.s. be good. With -ahsatshadow, movie, show: wahsatiyó it's a good movie or show. With -ahsohkw- colour: wahsohkwiyó it's a nice colour. With -ahsut- night: wahsutiyó it's a nice night. With -ashe'nut-/-ashe'nutsl- basket: washe7nutsliyó it's a nice basket.

37 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

With -a?k.Ahl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: wa?kAhliyó it's good soil. With -khw- food: kakhwiyó it's good food. With -nuhs- house, building: kanuhsiyó it's a nice house. With - ? sleht- vehicle: ka7slehtiyó (it's) a good or nice car. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Another case in which -N- appears in the head of an entry is when a base has a specific alternant that occurs only with incorporated nouns, and the incorporated noun is located in a position internal to the verb base rather than before the verb base. An example is the base -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- 'put in the oven, roast, bake, fry'. The alternant that occurs with incorporated nouns is -at-N-ut-. Given the position of the incorporated noun, we can surmise that the form -ate'skut- probably is composed of the semireflexive alternant -ate-, an empty noun root - ? sk-, and a verb root -ut-. The semireflexive and the verb root are present in all the forms of this verb, and any incorporated noun is situated between what we are suggesting is probably the semireflexive and the verb root. Note that the actual semireflexive alternant that occurs is the one normally selected by the noun. When there is no incorporated noun (i.e., when the speaker does not wish to specify what is being baked or roasted or fried), the alternant -ate'skut- is used. In this case the empty noun root - ? sk- seems to be a kind of "place-holder" in the incorporated noun position, and because it adds no meaning to the base, it is called an empty noun root. (Empty noun roots were discussed also in the previous section.)

-ate'skut-/-at-N-ut- v.a. put in the oven, roast, bake, fry. kate7skútha7 I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying, yute7skútha7 she's baking. wakaté-skute7 I have prepared it and it's roasting, waté-skute7 it's baked, roasted, or fried. wa7kate7sku-tAI baked it, I fried it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: katahyútha7 I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), watá-yute7 (it's) baked fruit. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: wakatAhétshute7 I have fried the sausage. With -hnana'tpotato: wathnaná-tute7 (it's) a baked potato, wa7kathnana7tu-tA• I baked potatoes. With -na'talbread, cake: katna7talútha7 I bake bread. With - ? nhuhs-/-i 7 nhuhs- egg: wa7ute7nhuhsu-tA• she fried eggs. With -?wahl- meat: kate7wahlútha7 I fry meat. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The alternant -ate'skut- is composed of the -ate- semireflexive, an empty noun root -?sk-, and a verb root -ut-.

The COMPOSED OF part of the entry Complex bases—bases that consist of a base plus another component, such as an incorporated noun or a derivational suffix—give the composition of the base in á part labelled COMPOSED OF. The derivational suffixes of Oneida an given in Table 8 on page 38. The composition reflects a linguistic analysis. In some cases, the analysis is suggested by statements offered by speakers, since speakers often recognize recurring portions of words and can explain their meaning or function; in other cases it is an analysis by the authors. One piece c

38 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Table 8: Derivational suffixes Accelerative quickly Ambulative going Benefactive (Dative) for, to

Aspect class -'tsy-?ne-Ani-/-A-7se-/-?s-

-Ani-/-?s-

-ni-/-?s-ni-/-hahs-ni-/-A-

Causative (Instrumental I, Causative) make, cause, use for

Causative-inchoative cause, become Dislocative (Purposive) go somewhere to do something, intend to do something

Distributive several, here and there,

repeatedly

Inchoative become

-?t-ht-st-tst-ho-t-

-hn-h-hs-hsl-sl- ? nh-nyu-u-unyu-hu-hslu-lyu-hatu-

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 El El El El E2 E2 H H H H H H H B1 B B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 E3 or D3

-ha ? -ha-/-hA-

Instrumental (Instrumental II) use for, use with Reversative (Infective) undo, do completely Nominalizer (derives a noun base from a verb base)

-hkw-

D1

-kw-hsyu-hkw-hsl-'tsl-

D3 A2 D3

39 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

information that we do not give in the

COMPOSED OF part is the stem-joiner

vowel -a-. This vowel occurs when the combination of incorporated noun plus verb base, or verb base plus derivational suffix, would result in two or more adjacent consonants. In this case the vowel "joins" the two components. The effect of listing bases in the COMPOSED OF (and DERIVED BASES)

part of the entry is a cross-referencing system allowing the user to move back and forth between related entries. Noun or verb bases that are given in this part of an entry are in boldface so that the resemblance between the base at the head of the entry and any component base(s) is highlighted. For example: -anowAht- v.a. lie, tell lies. kanowAtha7 I .tell lies. wakanowAhtu I have lied. wa7kano-wAhte7 I lied. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -anowA- lie, be a liar, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -anowAhtanyutell lies all over or repeatedly; -atanowAht- doubt, not really believe. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. The COMPOSED OF part gives the immediately prior base plus the additional component or components that are combined with the prior base. Sometimes the immediately prior base is itself complex. In the following example, the composition of the base is given as -anowAht- plus the -nyudistributive suffix. When we turn to -anowAht- (given above), we learn that -anowAht- is composed of -anowA- plus the -ht- causative suffix.

-anowAhtanyu- v.a. tell lies all over or repeatedly. kanowAhtányuhe7 I'm telling lies. wa7kanowAhtáni7 I told lies. COMPOSED OF: -anowAht- lie, tell lies, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anowAhtani- before a final Students who are interested in word structure and who actively use the cross-referencing between the DERIVED BASES and COMPOSED OF parts will observe that we assume a hierarchical word structure for Oneida. Lounsbury (1953) described the word structure in Oneida as a "box within a box" (p. 76). The DERIVED BASES part of the entry Just as users of the dictionary may want to learn about the composition of a complex base, they may also want to know what other bases have a particular base as a component. The DERIVED BASES part of the entry lists bases that have the base as a component noun or verb base. For example, -anowAhtanyu'tell lies all over or repeatedly' is listed in the entry for -anowAht-, and -anowAht- 'lie, tell lies' is listed in the entry for -anowA- 'lie, be a liar'. The NOTE part of the entry Many entries have a NOTE, which provides additional information about the entry. The information may be about the composition of the base. Most of the time the composition of complex bases is given in the COMPOSED OF part of the entry, but in some cases although we suspect that a base contains certain components, we are

%to0neida-Eng*ishEntrieS

40

a ialy ()t our analysis-, s o t h e tentative sj tyhe„es is explained ^ e NOTE. a l t e , V e r 3 b a s e h a s f 1 1 0 ™ t h a r i one

the 1W, the NOTE c ? e s c r i b e s where subej^nants occur. W h e n e v e r p h o n e s show the e & e c t s o f a regular are $ Jogical process Oome of which phot^ribed in the s ^ c t i o n o n Cox)t logical pattern-^)' t h e N O T E Adty^s a brief expl&nationm e ^ V a l informati^" a b o u t t h e a b ^ g of a base, tH^ c o n text in which or the relevPis typically cultural NO^ce of a base is? i n d u d e d in the NO]

BASES

The^ noun bases in O , " are four kinds c ' , ^eirt , that are roots, tW^a: noun bases 1 , . . , 45 words that are wated n.; who! . .. , nfll n ° \ designated l J ' n 0 m m a l l Z e d v e í k d e S l g n a t , ^ r b a l nouns, V > N. v. > n.; and ^ designated n^ta .. base with the catep^/us that have a . , . ,. consist of a noun P % (e-?> 8

^P

'^ d

01 ka"}' a root rfof OTaexam xarr ^e' a noun to -hnana*- po* ^ anbas which 7 in (e g / -e o t ' * : . . , ,, "i H a. ° . t. is given in boldfa us case is a roc*1' . j ^ followed by t ^ designahon n^and 1 After the gloss the English gloss. ^ f o l l o w e d % t h e w pi 'u form is give*1' , 8 \ of the Oneid^ w o r d :

j-

-hVna't-

-potato

to. ohnaná-ta7 n. pot^

^ the bases that have « * the most part' e r ^d ' ti n objects which

> b S y mov^ fro1" °,ne location to N i e s o f h o u s e h ^ e c t s (e.g.,

kaná-tsi7 'pail'), many foods (e.g., ohnaná-ta7 'potato'), some names of plants or plant parts (e.g., ónlahte7 'leaf'), most body parts (e.g., onAtsha 7 'arm'), and some things found in nature (e.g., ónyAhte7 'snow'). A few names of animals (e.g., oséhtu 7 'tick') and most names of colours (e.g., owískla7 'white') also have the structure of nouns. Following the basic noun form and its gloss are possessed forms of nouns, forms with locative suffixes, and forms with clitics, when these are attested. -nuto'tsl- n. box. kanuló-isli7 box. Prepausal: kanutó-tshelP. With -'ke locative suffix: kanuto7tslá-ke on the box. With -ku locative suffix: kanutó-tslaku in the box. With -shuha collective clitic: laonuto7tsli7shúha his boxes. This base has both a basic noun form with the prefix ka- and a possessed form with the prefix lao-. The possessive noun prefixes are given in Table 9. (They also appear as entries in the Oneida-English dictionary.) Many noun bases can be incorporated into a verb. Examples of incorporation are preceded by the word "With" followed by the incorporating verb base and its gloss: -wis- n. ice, glass, window, o-wíse7 ice, glass. With - ? ke locative suffix: owisá-ke on the ice, on the window. With -ku locative suffix: owi-sáku in the glass. With .hli ? - plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyowísahlí-u the glass or window is broken. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skawi-sát one glass.

41 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

The examples of incorporation that are given in the entry for the noun base are also given in the entry for the incorporating verb base. For example: .hli'- plus te- dualic, v.a. become broken into pieces, teká-lihse 7 it breaks, teyohlí-u it got broken, it's broken. wa7tká-line7 it broke. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: teyoksahlí-u the dish is broken, wa7tkaksá-line7 the dish broke. With -wis- ice, glass, window: teyowisahlí-u the glass or window is broken. Aspect class: E3.

1 singular

ak-/ake-/akw-

1 dual

ukni-/ukn-/ uky-

1 plural

ukwa-/ukw-/ ukwA-/uky-

2 singular

sa-/sA-/s-

2 dual

sni-/sn-/tsy-

2 plural

swa-/swA-/ sw/tsy-

Masculine singular

lao-/law-/la-

Feminine-zoic singular

ao-/aw-/a-

Feminineindefinite singular

ako-/akaw-/ ako-

Masculine non-singular

laoti-/laon-

Feminine-zoic non-singular

aoti-/aon-

Table 9: Possessive prefixes

Some noun bases have a special incorporating alternant. An example is -tshe-/-tshe ? t-. The first alternant, -tshe-, occurs in the basic noun form. The second alternant, -tshe't-, is the one that is incorporated into verbs. -tshe-/-tshe 7 t- n. bottle, jar, quart. kátshe7 bottle, jar. With-shuha collective clitic: katshe7shúha bottles, jars. With -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have: yakotshé-tote7 she has a bottle standing, wa7etshe7to-tA- she stood up the bottle. With .N-t-/.ya7tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skatshé-tat one jar or bottle, one quart. NOTE: The alternant -tshe- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -tshe ? t- is the incorporating form, and the ? of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The incorporating alternant also has a simple entry: -tshe't- bottle, jar, quart. See -tshe-/ -tshe'tSeveral n. entries are noun roots which never occur unless they are incorporated into a verb. The root has an entry in the dictionary, and the bases that include the root are listed there. -ahsa'kAsl- n. frost. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ahsa'kAslal- have frost on; -ahsa ? kAslayA-/-ahsa ? kAslayAt- get a frost; and .ahsa?kAslut- plus tedualic, be frosty. The DERIVED BASES part of an entry for noun bases lists the bases that

42 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

include the noun base as a component. (In a technical linguistic sense, verb bases that are listed under DERIVED BASES are not "derived from" the noun base; rather they are compounded with the noun base.) The entry for -wis- 'ice, glass, window' lists several bases under DERIVED BASES. DERIVED BASES: -wisakwAhtalho- get covered in ice, become icy; -wisal- be icy; -wisanhotu- close a window; .wisAhtplus t- cislocative, lower or close a window; .wisut- plus te- dualic, become icy; -wisuty- freezing rain, hail; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses.

Bases designated N Many words in Oneida that refer to objects occur only in one basic form; they are never attested with possessive prefixes or as an incorporated noun. This is especially true for names of plants and animals. Examples are wíhsu? 'plum', kwa'yAha 'rabbit1, and okalanX-ta 7 'lizard'. Some of these words look as though they might have the form of an n. entry. For example, okalanX ta 7 'lizard' begins in o-, which we know is a noun prefix, and ends in -a', which is a noun suffix. However, when a word occurs in one form only, we do not know for sure what its structure is (although it's true that we can often make an educated guess). In other cases, such as kwa'yXha 'rabbit', the word does not have the structure of the noun. Some of these are examples of imitative vocabulary, such as the word kóskos 'pig', which is said

to come originally from Dutch and from the sound used to call pigs. An Oneida word that occurs always and only as a whole word is listed as a whole word, followed by the designation N. This type of entry, then, is an example of a base that is an entire word. So the entry for 'rabbit' is: kwa?yXha N rabbit. From a strictly structural perspective, nouns such as kwa'yXha are particles since they occur in only one form, which is the morphological definition of a particle. However, the word for 'rabbit' can be substituted in appropriate contexts for structural or morphological nouns (i.e., for nouns that have the designation n.), and this property is the reason for assigning them to a special category, N. Bases designated v. > n. Some noun bases are derived from verbs with a nominalizer suffix or, less often, a causative or instrumental suffix. Such bases occur in all the positions or formations that a simple n. base can occur in. Specifically, the base has a noun prefix and noun suffix, and it can be incorporated into verbs. These bases have the category designation v. > n. The composition of the base is given in the COMPOSED OF part of the entry, and the base is listed in the DERIVED BASES part of the entry for the component verb. An example is -hyatuhsl- 'paper, book, letter', which is composed of the active verb base -hyatu- 'write' and the -hsl- nominalizer suffix. The (partial) entry for this base is:

43 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Bases designated V > N -hyatuhsl- v. > n. paper, book, letter. kahyatúhsli7 or kahyatúhsla7 paper, book, letter. Pre-pausal: kahyatúhselP or kahyatúhsela7 akhyatúhsli7 my paper or book, sahyatúhsli7 your paper. With -shuha collective clitic: kahyatuhsli7shúha papers, akohyatuhsli7shúha her books. With -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear: uthyatuhsláhtu7 the paper disappeared. With .alenya't/.kalenya ? t- plus te- dualic, dis7 tribute: tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha he distributes papers, wa7thahyatuhslakalényahte7 he distributed the papers. With .hsa ? kt-/.hsa ? ket-/.a?kt-/.a ? ketplus te- dualic, fold over, bend something: wa7tekhyatuhslá-kete7 I folded the paper. With -latsyu- tear something: wa7khyatuhslalátsi7 I tore the paper, shyatuhslalátsi Tear the paper! With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skahyatúhslat one book. With -tAs- be thick, and npartitive: nikahyatúhslatAS the book is so thick. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: kahyatúhslaya 7 the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor). COMPOSED OF: -hyatu- write, -hsl- nominalizer. DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslaketskw- turn a page; .hyatuhslayA- plus te- dualic, play cards; -hyatuhslota'se-/ -hyatuhslota's- receive mail; -athyatuhslanAtakt- put up wallpaper; kahyatuhslatokXhti Bible; tehahyatuhslakalenyá tha' mailman, postman; yehyatuhslayAtákhwa? post office.

Entries with this designation are verb forms structurally. They have the morphology of verb forms including, crucially, a pronominal prefix and aspect suffix. However, their meaning has been lexicalized, so that the form is used to refer to a particular object, and they generally occur in one form only, which means that they do not otherwise participate in verbal morphology. This type of noun is referred to as a 'verbal noun'. Typical verbal nouns are names of some household objects (e.g., furniture), certain foods, most tools, and some animals. V > N entries usually give the composition of the verbal noun in the COMPOSED OF part of the entry, but when the composition is unclear we give whatever we do know about the structure of the verbal noun in the NOTE. yenutakli'tslalákhwa? V > N sugar bowl. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminineindefinite singular agent, -nutakli-/ -nutakli7tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. We do not give as part of the composition the vowel called the "joiner vowel." This vowel, which is always the vowel a, occurs in complex bases between an incorporated noun and a following verb base that begins in a consonant, or between a verb base and a following derivational suffix that begins in a consonant.

44 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

ENTRIES FOR OTHER BASES

Bases designated human n.

Bases designated v./n.

A small number of bases that designate kinds of human beings occur both with inflectional affixes that otherwise occur with nouns and also with some of the inflectional affixes that otherwise occur with verbs (such as the te- dualic prefix or the tsh- coincident prefix). Most of these bases can also be incorporated into a verb. A partial entry for one of these nouns is:

hi a very few eases (fewer than a dozen in all), a base has some of the features of a noun base, but other features which lead one to think that it is a verb base. We give these with the category designation v./n. and give the relevant properties in the NOTE. An example is -ase- 'be new, be fresh'. -ase- v./n. be new, be fresh, a-sé- it's new. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe: ohtáhkwase7 new shoes. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: ó-yase7 fresh fruit. With -atya'tawi't-/ -atya'tawi'tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: otya7tawí-tslase7 new dress. With -na'tal- bread, cake: oná-talase 7 fresh bread. And te ? negative: yáh te7yoná-talase7 it's not fresh bread. With -nAst- corn: onAstase 7 new corn. With -nu'tmilk, breast: onú-tase 7 fresh milk. With -'sleht- vehicle: o7sléhtase7 new car. DERIVED BASES: -Iihwase- be new news; -ukwe'tase- be a new person; -ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking; OnAstase? August. NOTE: This base has both verbal and nominal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which is a verbal property. However the basic form a-sé• lacks a verbal pronominal prefix, and even forms with an incorporated noun regularly have the onoun prefix (unless there is also a prepronominal prefix).

-ksa 7 -/-ksa't- human n. child, keksáI'm a child, laksá• boy, yeksá• girl. Pre-pausal: yeksáj With te- dualic: tekniksá• two girls, tehniksá• two boys, two children. With -shuha collective clitic: yakwaksa7shúha we (excl.) children, latiksa7shúha boys, children, kutiksa7shúha girls. With te ? - negative: yáh laksá- té-kA he's not a boy, yáh tehaksá- he's not a child, he's no child. With tshcoincident: tshikeksá• when I was a child, tshiyeksá• when she was a child. And -shuha collective clitic: tshiyakwaksa7shúha when we (excl.) were children. With ,N-o?tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihaksa7tó-tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa 7tó tA the kind of child she is. DERIVED BASES: -ksa?taks(A)- be a bad child; -ksa'tiyo- be a good child. NOTE: The alternant -ksa ? t- is the incorporating form, -ksa ? - occurs elsewhere. The final 7 of -ksa ? - is replaced by length after accented vowels.

45 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Bases designated kin term.

BASES WITH ALTERNANTS

Kin terms have special properties in Oneida. They take interactive pronominal prefixes, which otherwise occur with verbs that have two or more participants: someone who is performing the action and someone who is undergoing the action. Thus the form aknulhá• 'my mother' could be glossed more literally as 'she is a mother to me' or 'she mothers me'. However, in certain kin forms the initial w or y of the interactive pronominal prefix is lacking, which is otherwise a structural property of nouns. In the example for 'my mother' the initial w of the prefix wak- (feminine-zoic singular acting on first person singular) is lacking.

Many bases have different forms, or alternants, where the difference between the forms is not due to the phonological patterns (or sound patterns) of Oneida. There are two general strategies that are used in this dictionary to represent alternants. One is to list all the alternants in the head of the entry, separated by a forward slash (/). This type of case has come up already in the section on subentries with incorporated nouns. In that section examples were discussed where either a noun base or a verb base has a special incorporating alternant. Some additional, particularly frequent, cases where this strategy is used are discussed below. The other strategy is to enclose a part of the base (the final vowel) in parentheses to indicate that the final vowel is absent in some, or all, of the DERIVED BASES. Examples of this strategy are also discussed below.

-nulha' kin term, mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother, aknulhá• my mother, yuknulhá• my aunt, laknulhá• my uncle, sanulhá• your mother, yesanulhá• your aunt, yanulhá- your uncle, lonulhá• his mother, onulhá• her mother, yukhinulhá• our mother(s), lotinulhá• their (m.) mother(s). Prepausal: aknulhá^ my mother. NX Mother! With -kX decessive clitic: onulha7kA her late mother, lonulha7kA his late mother. With -ké-ne locative clitic: lonulha7ké-ne at his mother's place. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Bases with alternants separated by / Several verb bases have two alternants where the factor that determines which alternant occurs is the pronominal prefix category. That is to say, different pronominal prefixes select different forms of the base. The NOTE part of the entry specifies which pronominal prefixes select which alternant. For example: -lho-/-elho- v.a. spread with, cover with, kélhos I'm spreading something with something (e.g., I'm greasing something, I'm putting jam on toast), sélhos you're spreading, lálhos he's spreading, yélhos she's spreading, kálhos she (z.) is

46 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

spreading, tnélhos you and I (incl.) are spreading, yaknélhos we two (excl.) are spreading, snélhos you two are spreading, tiélhos the two (m.) are spreading, knélhos the two (z.) are spreading, twálhos we (incl.) are spreading, yakwálhos we (excl.) are spreading, swálhos you all are spreading, Unélhos they (m.) are spreading, kunélhos they (z.) are spreading, wakélhu I have spread it, lonélhu they (m.) have spread it. wetnélho7 you and I (incl.) spread it, wahAnélho 7 they (m.) spread it, Akélho 7 I will spread it. NOTE: The alternant -elho- occurs in the first and second persons singular, the dual, and the third person plural. The alternant -lho- occurs elsewhere. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. Another case where pronominal prefixes are the determining factor is a verb base that requires a special alternant when one or both of the participants in the situation described by the verb is animate. The first alternant occurs just with neuter prefixes, which refer to inanimate objects or situations. The second alternant, which occurs with prefixes that refer to animate participants, includes the noun base -ya't-, which otherwise means 'body'. (The situations which require the noun base -ya 7 t- form part of the comprehensive analysis of noun incorporation in Woodbury 1975.) For example:

crowded or jammed in. With npartitive: na 7tehatiya 7tahsíhale 7 they (m.) are really packed in there. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .ahsihalahtplus te- dualic, jam in, wedge in; ,ahsihala 7 -/.ya 7 tahsihala 7 - plus tedualic, get jammed in, get wedged in. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tahsihal- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. In the section Subentries with incorporated nouns, it was pointed out that some bases have two alternants where the second alternant occurs with incorporated nouns. Two examples were given: -aty-/-uty- 'lose, leave, disperse', and -a ? sA?-/-A 7 - 'fall'. Some bases have three alternants, where both pronominal prefix category and incorporation are factors. An example is given below. The first alternant, -na7nawA-, occurs with neuter pronominal prefixes and when there is no incorporated noun. The second alternant, -ya7tanawA-, occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants and there is no incorporated noun (other than the -ya 7 t- which is part of the alternant). The third alternant, -nawA-, occurs with incorporated nouns. na 7 nawA-/-ya 7 tanawA-/-nawA- v.a. get wet. wakya ?tanawA I'm wet, yoná-nawA

it's wet.

wet, Akaná-nawA

.ahsihal-/.ya 7 tahsihal- plus tedualic, v.s. be jammed in, be wedged in. tewahsíhale7 it's jammed or wedged in, teyakwaya7tahsíhale7 we (excl.) are jammed in, tehatiya7tahsíhale7 they (m.) are

wa7kaná-nawA7

it got wet, Akya 7tanawA• 7

I will get

it will get wet.

Stative past: yona7nawA-hné- it was wet (but it's dry now). With srepetitive: Askaná-nawA7 it will get wet again. With n- partitive: na7akwaya7tana-wA-

we (excl.) got

really wet, niyoná-nawA7

it's so wet.

47 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

With -hah-/-h-/-wah- road, path: yohahanawA the road is wet. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yohyatuhslanawA the paper is wet. With -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. With - ? sleht- vehicle: yo7slehtanawA the car is wet. DERIVED BASES: -na'nawAht-/ -nawAht- soak something. NOTE: The alternant -ya'tanawAoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -nawAoccurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -na'nawA- is composed of an empty noun root -na'- and a verb root -nawA-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? n cluster of -na'nawA- is replaced by length after accented vowels. So far, all the distribution of the alternants has depended on what comes before the verb base—pronominal prefix category, or presence versus absence of incorporated nouns. Some verb bases also have alternants depending on the derivational suffix or aspect suffix that follows the verb base. For example, many (but not all) bases that end in the vowel i have an alternant with a final y in place of i before derivational suffixes. Since not all bases that end in the vowel i replace the i with y, we cannot attribute the difference simply to the sound patterning of Oneida; therefore we give both alternants. An example is -khuni/-khuny- 'cook'. -khuni-/-khuny- v.a. cook. kekhu-níhe7 I'm cooking, yekhu-níhe7 she's cooking, lakhu-níhe7 he's cooking.

wakekhuní I have prepared it for cooking (and it's cooking), yakokhuní she has cooked. wa7kekhu-nv I cooked, wa?ekhu-ní• she cooked, Akekhu-ní• I will cook, Ayekhuníshe will cook, Akutikhu-nv they (z.) will cook. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -khunihatye- go along cooking; -khunihe? be a cook; -khunya'n- intend to cook; -khunya't- use something to cook with; -khunyAni-/-khunyA- cook for someone. NOTE: The alternant -khunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. When the alternant given after the forward slash is attested before more than just one derivational suffix, the NOTE states "occurs before derivational suffixes." This is the case with our example above. We also give such a general statement when the second alternant is attested before just one derivational suffix, but, given what we know about similar cases, we are relatively confident that we are correct when we state that the second alternant occurs before derivational suffixes. When the two alternants occur before different derivational suffixes, we state which alternant occurs before which suffix. An example where the different aspect suffixes select one or the other alternant is given below. In this example, -khunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect and -khunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -khunyAni-/-khunyA- v.a. cook for someone. kukhunyA-nthe7 I'm cooking for you, khekhunyA-nthe7

48 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

I'm cooking for her or someone. waTkukhúni7 I cooked for you, wa7utatekhúni7 she cooked for her, Ahuwakhúni7 she will cook for him, ahuwakhúni7 she should cook for him. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, - A n i - / - A - benefactive.

DERIVED BASES: .atatekhunyAni-/ .atatekhunyA- plus te- dualic, cook for each other. NOTE: The alternant -khunyAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -khunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -khuni- before a final This last example also illustrates the fact that not all fluent, highlyregarded speakers talk exactly alike. We have recorded quite a few speakers of Oneida, and it has become clear that speakers have characteristic speech patterns. Indeed, fluent speakers often notice these variations. Variation is a phenomenon that is true of all languages, and Oneida is no different in this respect. For example, the alternant -khunyA- in the example above occurs before the punctual aspect suffix as in wa TkukhúnyA 7 'I cooked for you'. However many speakers pronounce this wa 7kukhúni7. This is in fact the pronunciation attested most often in our sources, so it is the form that is given. The NOTE says that many speakers have -khuni- before a final acknowledging the different pronunciations. In all of the cases of bases with more than one alternant where the alternants are separated by a slash, the second alternant (and additional alternants, if there are more than two) also

have an entry, which is a crossreference to the main entry. For example: -khuny- cook. See-khuni-/-khuny-.

Bases that end in (A)-, (u)- or (e)Some bases have a final vowel that is present in all the aspect forms, but the vowel is lacking before derivational suffixes. The final vowel is given in the head of the entry in parentheses and the NOTE says that the base occurs without the vowel before derivational suffixes. For example, the base -'netsk(A)- has an alternant -'netskbefore the -ht- causative and inchoative suffixes (and note that the stem-joiner vowel a intervenes between -'netsk- and either -ht- or -?-). -'netsk(A)- v.s. be loose, be soft. yo7nétskA it's loose, it's soft. Optative stative: ayo7netskAhake7 it should be soft. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyo7nétskA it's so soft. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yohya 7nétskA the fruit is soft. Aspect class: A. •NX ki7 yohya7nétskA

nA kati7 wí-

yohya • lí. The fruit is soft now, so it's ripe. DERIVED BASES: -'netskahtloosen something; -'netska'- become loose, become soft; -ahkala'netskAbe a softwood; -hneka'netskA- be soft water. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes.

49 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

THE EXAMPLE SENTENCES

Many entries include sample sentences, preceded by •. Some come from texts. Others are from a collection that is the result of my asking Mercy Doxtator, the co-author of this dictionary, to think of sentences that would illustrate the meaning and grammatical properties of specific classes of words. When the sentence is from one of the texts it is followed by a reference; if there is no reference it is from the collection provided by Mercy. The references to texts are given after the English gloss of the sentence and in parentheses. The following is a list of the texts from which sentences were drawn. (Al)

(CI)

Margaret Antone. Her father's predictions for the future, that people would travel in airplanes and cars, and on bicycles. There would be many natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, strong winds, and fires), and these would be a message for people to go to church. [6 minutes] Clifford Cornelius. His life as a young man going to work cutting wood with his father and two brothers and, later, doing ironwork. Includes several amusing incidents, such as how the bed on which they were all sleeping broke through during the night, and how he tried to make porridge or bake bread (with disastrous results). Urging young people to get an education. [21.5 minutes]

(Dl)

A story translated for Doris Antone by Mercy Doxtator and Olive Elm. How little kids got scared when a mop with a coat hanging on it fell over and slammed against the floor.

(D2)

A story translated for Doris Antone by Mercy Doxtator and Olive Elm. A party at which mummies and vampires were dancing.

(D3)

A story translated for Doris Antone by Mercy Doxtator and Olive Elm. How strawberries got their "freckles."

(Gl)

Georgina Nicholas. Her day-to-day life as a young girl growing up. A detailed description of her chores, and especially how farming was carried out. [27 minutes]

(G2)

Georgina Nicholas. A version of the story called "The Young Flirt," a later version of which was published in Michelson (1981). A typical Oneida "scary story." [4 minutes]

(HI)

Hazel Cornelius. Talking about her family, and the way people used to get married and look after their families. [5 minutes]

(Ml)

Mercy Doxtator. The first of several amusing stories about people who knew hardly any English, in this case how someone insulted his boss by calling him a "German." [2 minutes]

(M2)

Mercy Doxtator. How two ladies who were picking berries thought their white boss was

50 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

asking to see their bellies! [1.75 minutes] (M3)

(M4)

(M5)

Mercy Doxtator. How someone inadvertently insulted a storekeeper when he returned a pig head by saying that he didn't like the storekeeper's "face." [4.3 minutes] Mercy Doxtator. A little story that Margaret Antone told her about her granddaughter, and how she confused the Oneida word for thank-you (ya-wA) with the sound a cat makes (meow). [2 minutes] Mercy Doxtator. A man, all dressed in black (actually the devil), visits people who were gambling at cards. [8.5 minutes]

(M6)

Mercy Doxtator. Remembering the behaviour of one of two dogs she had growing up. [3 minutes]

(M7)

Mercy Doxtator. A story about a little girl who is spoiled and just lies in bed all the time, and how a fortuneteller says she must be cured. [11 minutes]

(M8)

Mercy Doxtator. Why dogs don't talk anymore. [4 minutes]

(M9)

Mercy Doxtator. A story about how her father-in-law spit tobacco juice in his wife's ear! [4 minutes]

(M12) Mercy Doxtator. The custom of going to get donut dolls on New Year's Day. [5 minutes] (M13) Mercy Doxtator. Working in tobacco. [27 minutes] (M14) Mercy Doxtator. The beaver instead of the tooth fairy. [3.5 minutes] (M15) Mercy Doxtator. The customs surrounding a death in the community. [12 minutes] (Nl)

Norma Jamieson. How a wish made while holding a rabbit's foot came true; in this case the wish was that Mercy would come and play with her. [3 minutes]

(01)

Olive Elm. Her earliest memories growing up, and what happened when she, her brother, and her mother used to go to visit her aunt. [4.5 minutes]

(02)

Olive Elm. A conversation between Olive and Mercy about her family, and also about how they used to tell fortunes. [8 minutes]

(03)

Olive Elm. How she was taught as a young girl to work in tobacco. [9 minutes]

(PI)

Pearl Cornelius. Mercy interviewing Pearl about her family and her memories growing up, including going to the Longhouse, going to church with her father and brother, and the way her mother used to bake bread. [21 minutes]

(R)

(The R is followed by a numeral.) Recipes for which the original recording is no

(M10) Mercy Doxtator. What Mercy found in a haunted house. [5 minutes] (Mil) Mercy Doxtator. Christmas and how Mercy and her father got a Christmas tree. [6 minutes]

51 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

longer available, but published in Cornelius et al. (1985:63-75). (RC)

Rueben Cutcut. Why bats travel at night and hang upside down. Original recording no longer available, but published in Cornelius et al. (1985:212-213).

(S)

Songs that have been recorded and written down in several places.

(Tl)

A short text that Mercy developed for teaching purposes about boys playing hockey.

(T2)

A short text that Mercy developed for teaching purposes about the adventures of a little girl on her walk.

(Tl)

A story (originally Ukrainian) Mercy was asked to translate by a teacher at Standing Stone School about a mitten that a little boy asks his grandmother to make for him, and how all these animals crawl into it.

(VI)

Verland Cornelius. Her life from the time she was a little girl until she got married and had children. Many detailed descriptions of how people used to live, including how to prepare squirrels for cooking, attempts at curing tuberculosis (which her father died from), or how she was taught to make splint baskets. [49 minutes]

(V2)

Verland Cornelius. What happened when a spell was put on Aunt Aggie. Original recording no longer available, but published in Cornelius et al. (1985:207).

(V3)

Verland Cornelius. A prank that her father played on her mother and her. Original recording no longer available, but published in Cornelius et al. (1985:208-209).

An additional source of textual material for this dictionary are the four texts r e c o r d e d by Georgina Nicholas in 1980 and 1981, which were published in Michelson (1981). [22.5 minutes] PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNS

It would be ideal if a student of Oneida could simply choose a base from the dictionary, add the appropriate pronominal (and prepronominal) prefixes and an aspect suffix, and the result would be an Oneida word. However, in most languages, including Oneida, the components very frequently undergo some phonological modification. Part of the reason for this is that sounds have an effect on neighbouring sounds. Another reason is that the accent (the rise in pitch) causes certain modifications. The NOTE part of the entry includes information about some of these modifications so that the student is not left wondering why some element in the head of the entry is not present in all of the subentries. Below we provide a summary of some of the prominent phonological modifications which are given a brief explanation in the NOTE. Most of the modifications explained in a NOTE are automatic. That is to say, they take place whenever a particular sequence of sounds comes about as the result of any combination of components, regardless of the specific identity of the components.

52 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

One of the processes which is evident in many of the entries involves the laryngeal consonants h and 7 When 7 is in an accented syllable and immediately followed by an obstruent (k t s), it is replaced by vowel length. Thus where certain bases have a 7 in the head of the entry, one or more of the subentries will have vowel length (represented by a raised dot) instead. In post-accented syllables (i.e., syllables after the accented one), a 7 which is followed immediately by an obstruent is replaced by h. The base -the 7 t'pound' shows both of these processes in the forms kethé-tha 7 'I pound' and Akéthehte? 'I will pound'. When a resonant consonant (n 1 w y) immediately follows either 7 or h, the situation is rather complex. In accented syllables before resonants, 7 and h are either replaced by length or deleted. We will not go into any more detail here, but refer the reader to Michelson (1988) or to Grimm and Michelson (2000). The intention in the NOTE is to inform the user that a segment which is present in the head of the entry is not present in some of the subentries, so that the user does not think we inadvertently left the segment out in the subentries. There are several modifications that affect the last segment in a base when a suffix follows the base. Two common processes affect bases that end in w or y. When a base that ends in w or y is followed by an aspect suffix that consists just of 7 (e.g., the punctual aspect suffix), the w is replaced by o, and the y is replaced by i. In some cases the 7 is no longer present either, because it has been replaced by vowel length when the o or i is accented. For example, the base -atketskw- has an o in the form wa7katkétsko7 'I got up' (from

wa?katketskw-7), and the base -atkwatakw- has a long ó- in the form wa7katkwata-kó• 'I became well-off, I prospered' (from wa7katkwatakw-7). One way of interpreting the processes that replace w or y with o or i before a 7 is that Oneida never has the sequence w 7 or y 7 The w and y are replaced by vowels, thereby avoiding sequences which otherwise are never pronounced. There are other cases where the effect of a modification is to replace a sequence that otherwise never occurs in Oneida by one that is part of the phonological pattern of Oneida. For example, the sequences hth and hkh never occur in the actual pronunciation of Oneida. When a suffix that begins in h (e.g., the habitual aspect suffix -ha 7 ) is added to a base that ends in ht or hk, such sequences could arise. In this case, the first h is deleted, so that what is pronounced is th or kh. Hence, the base -yeht- 'wake someone up' is pronounced without the h in the form liyétha 7 'I'm waking him up' from liyéht-ha7. Certain bases that end in the vowels a or o do not have the vowel when they occur in the stative aspect. The stative aspect suffix in this case is either -A or -u. This deletion is probably motivated by the fact that in Oneida the vowel combinations aA and ou never occur, and so the deletion results in a word that conforms to the shape of Oneida words. The modifications discussed up until this point all take place at the end of a base. For the most part, when the modification takes place at the beginning of a base, after pronominal prefixes, we do not explain the modification in a NOTE, since anyone interested in the verbal structure of Oneida will have to learn how pronominal prefixes combine with bases of various types (traditionally, consonant-stems, a-stems, i-stems,

53 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

e- and A- stems, and o- and u-stems). For example, the initial vowels a and i are not present after certain pronominal prefixes that end in vowels. The principal base-initial modifications appear in Table 10 on page 54. Speaker variation The processes discussed so far occur in the speech of all Oneida speakers. There are, in addition, differences between speakers, and sometimes the same speaker can use one pronunciation on one occasion but a different one on another occasion. One variation is particularly common: bases that end in a sequence which consists of a consonant plus y plus a vowel (e.g., lye) are pronounced by many speakers with an i in place of the y plus vowel (e.g., li) when the base is followed by an aspect suffix that is - 7 . For example, wa 7tkawAlye 7 'I stirred it' can be pronounced either wa 7tkawAlye 7 or wa 7tkawAli7 (the base is -awAlye-). In the NOTE we say "Many speakers have -awAli- before a final This pronunciation is so widespread that subentries are usually given with the i rather than with the y plus vowel. The pronunciation with i was, at one time, restricted to pre-pausal or utterancefinal position but, over time, the prepausal pronunciation was adopted even in medial positions. Two other cases of variation involve combinations of the factual (aorist) prepronominal prefix plus certain pronominal prefixes. The first is the pronunciation of pronominal prefixes that begin in y (e.g., ye- third person feminine-indefinite singular agent). When these occur after the factual prefix wa 7 -, or after combinations of prepronominal prefixes that end in the

factual a 7 -, the y is sometimes pronounced and sometimes not. In fact, all the speakers we have recorded sometimes pronounce a combination such as the factual mode plus feminineindefinite singular agent with the y(wa 7ye-) and sometimes without the y(wa7e-). Even the whole first syllable of a prefix can be left out, as in the combination wa 7-yakwa- (factual plus first person exclusive plural agent). This can be pronounced wa 7akwa-, wa7yakwa-, or wa7kwa-. We are not sure, yet, under what circumstances each of these pronunciations is used, but in our tape recordings all speakers seem to be able to use all the possibilities. In subentries with these combinations, we give the forms consistently without the y, but students should not be surprised to hear forms with the y. The second case involves pronominal prefixes that are given in Table 6 of Lounsbury (1953) with an initial superscript h . This indicates that the pronominal prefix requires the factual (aorist) alternant wa-, rather than wa 7 -. For example, the combination wa 7 - plus shako- (factual plus masculine singular acting on feminineindefinite singular or third person nonsingular) is pronounced, according to Lounsbury's Table 6, as washako-. However, most speakers in Ontario pronounce the glottal stop before these prefixes, wa 7shako-, and so we consistently write the glottal. A final case of variation is the pronunciation of the punctual aspect of bases that end in -kw, when the punctual aspect is realized as -kó-. (The final accented and lengthened vowel is due to processes already described above.) Many speakers consistently pronounce the punctual aspect as -kúinstead of -kó-.

54 Guide to Oneida-English Entries

Table 10: Base-intial modifications Prefix ends in

Base begins in

Modification

u-

-a

a is deleted

e.g. yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix

e.g. -atekhuni- eat a meal

yutekhu-níhe7 eating

o-

-a

a is deleted

e.g. yako- feminine-indefinite singular patient prefix

e.g. -ata'kalit(e)- be well, feel well

yakota?kali-té• well

o-

-i

i is deleted

e.g. lo- masculine singular patient prefix

e.g. -itAht- be poor

lo-tA-t he's poor

e-

-i

i is deleted

e.g. ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix

e.g. -i'tlu- be sitting, be at home

yé-tlu7 she's sitting, she's at home

A-

-i

i is deleted

kA- feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix

e.g. -i'tluta'- land, something heavy

wa7kA7tlu-táne7

k- or t-

-ht, -hk, -hs

h is deleted

e.g. k- first person singular agent prefix

e.g. -hsliye'tohalthread a needle

ksliye 7tohálha 7 I'm threading a needle

she's

she's

it

landed (an airplane)

Guide to Oneida-Eriglish Entries 55

REFERENCES CITED

Abbott, Clifford (ed.), with Amos Christjohn and Maria Hinton. 1996. An Oneida Dictionary, Ukwehuwehneha TekawAnate?nyése. Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin. Antone, Angela, et al. 1981. Tekalihwathéitha'. London: Centre for the Research and Teaching of Canadian Languages, Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario. Campisi, Jack, and Laurence M. Hauptman (eds.). 1988. The Oneida Experience: Two Perspectives. Syracuse University Press. Chafe, Wallace L. 1967. Seneca Morphology and Dictionary. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Publications in Anthropology 48. New Haven: Yale University. [Reprinted by Human Relations Area Files Press, 1976.] Michelson, Gunther. 1973. A Thousand Words of Mohawk. Mercury Series, Ethnology Division, paper no. 5. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada. Michelson, Gunther. 2001. Notes for a Mohawk Dictionary. Unpublished ms. Michelson, Karin. 1981. Three Stories in Oneida, Told and Translated by Georgina Nicholas. Mercury Series, Ethnology Division, paper no. 73. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada. Michelson, Karin. 1988. A Comparative Study of Lake-Iroquoian Accent. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Cornelius, Maria, et al. 1985. Tsi' Niyukwalihó:tA. Centre for the Research and Teaching of Canadian Languages, Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario.

Rudes, Blair. 1987. Tuscarora Roots, Stems, and Particles: Towards a Dictionary of Tuscarora. Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Memoir no. 3. Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Foster, Michael K. In preparation. Cayuga Dictionary.

Rudes, Blair. 1999. Tuscarora-English /English-Tuscarora Dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Grimm, Cori, and Karin Michelson. 2000. Metrical and Tonal Structure in Oneida. Unpublished ms. University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

Woodbury, Hanni. 1975. Noun Incorporation in Onondaga. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.

Lounsbury, Floyd. 1953. Oneida Verb Morphology. Yale University

Woodbury, Hanni. Forthcoming. Onondaga Dictionary.

List of Abbreviations

ACH

Abbott, Christjohn and Hinton (see References)

GM

G. Michelson (see References)

excl.

exclusive

f.

feminine-indefinite

incl.

inclusive

m.

masculine

n.

neuter

n.

noun base

N

whole word used as a noun

v.a.

active verb

v.m.

motion verb

v.s.

stative verb

v. > n.

nominalized verb base

V>N

verbal noun

z.

feminine-zoic

ONEIDA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

Oneida-English

59

A ,a- plus n- partitive, v.s. be a certain size, ni-ká• I'm that size, niya-káshe's that size, thó ni-ká• I'm that size (showing someone), a 7é• niya-káshe's that big. kók ni-ká- I'm just or only that size, kók niya-ká• she's just that size, kók ní-la7 he's just that size, tó- ni-wá- thi-kA What size is it (n.)? tók ni-wá• it (n.) is so big, it's the size of it. Secondary habitual: ni-wá-se7 it's that size (in all dimensions). With -kó- augmentative clitic: a7é• niwa7kó• it's great big. With tsh- coincident: kók tshi-káwhen I was this small, kók tshí-la7 when he was that small. With -ahta ? nawA-/-ahta ? nawA ? tsl- ball: kók niwahta7nawA-tsla7 the ball is this size. And s- repetitive: kók niszvahta7nawA-tsla7 the ball is only this size (only this big). With -alhyohkw- sinker, ring, hoop: a7éniwalhyóhkwa7 it's a great big hoop. With -atku-/-atku ? sl- snake: niwatkú-sla7 the snake is such a size. With -hAt- field, garden: a7éniyukwahA-tá- we have a big field. With -hle?n- bundle: nihohlé-na7 his bundle is that size. With -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin: kók nikahna-kwála7 the tire is this size, this small. And secondary habitual: kók nikahna-kwálahse7 the tires are only this size, the tires are this small. With -itstotsl- parcel, bundle, package: a7é• nikAtstótsla7 it's a big package. With -kahl- eye, hole: thó niyoká-la7 the hole is that size. With -kal- value, worth: niyoka-láthe value or cost. With -kwil- twig, whip, and secondary habitual: nikakwi-lá-se7 the size of the twigs.

With -nakt- bed, place, space: thó niyonákta 7 there's that much room, there's enough room, kók nikanákta7 the bed is this size. And te ? - negative: yáh te7yonákta7 there's not enough room. With -nhoskwmouthful, inside of the mouth: a 7énihanhóskwa7 he has such a big mouthful. With -nho ? kw- cheek, tedualic, and secondary habitual: a 7éna7tehanhó-kwahse7 he has such big cheeks. With -nuhs- house, building: nikanúhsa7 the house is such a size. And secondary habitual: nihotinúhsahse7 their (m.) houses are that big. With -nuto'tsl- box: a 7é- nikanutó-tsla 7 it's a great big box. With -tal- brim of a hat, and tedualic: a7é• na7teyota-lá- the brim of her hat is really broad. With -tshe-/-tshe ? t- bottle, jar, quart: nikatshé-ta7 the size of the jar. With -tsist- fire, light: a7énikatsísta7 it's a big light. With -uhw Atsy- / -uhutsy- / -hwA tsy- / -hutsy- land, ground, earth: tsi7 niyohútsya 7 the land is so big. Aspect class: B. • Yáh te7wé-ni

nityo7talíhA

khále7

kwáh nók thó It's amazing how warm it is there and it's just the right size. (T3) Wá-lelhe7 thikA tsi7nyu-kále7 yáh né• thó te7yonákta7 tehnitsyalú thó ahniya7ti• take7. He thought, that mole, there's not enough room there for the two of them to be in there. (T3) Yáh te7wé-ne tsi7 nihotinúhsahse7 kA- tsi7 nú• nihatinákle7 kA-, tsi7 nihoti-kwáts. It's amazing what big houses they had where they were living, they were so well-off. (M8) ye7

tsi7

nvzvá-se7

60 Oneida-English

NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix and a verb root -a-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .a- plus tsha'tecoincident and dualic, be the same size, and ska'nyúhsa' moose. The feminine-indefinite singular form, niya-ká-, is used for animals as well as persons. This form has the feminine-indefinite singular prefix alternant yak-, which otherwise occurs with bases that begin in e, A, O, or u.

tashakohsi-ná• he took hold of her leg. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: wahaknAtsha 7 he took me by my arm, wa 7shakonAtsha 7 he took her by her arm. And t- cislocative: tashakonAtsha7 there (or then) he took her by her arm. With -shnuhs-/ -ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers: wa7shakoshnúhsa'7 he took hold of her hand. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns.

.a- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the same size, tsha 7tétna 7 you and I (incl.) are the same size, tsha 7teyákna 7 we two (excl.) are the same size, tsha7tésna7 you two are the same size, tsha 7té na 7 the two (m.) are the same size, tsha 7tékna 7 the two (z.) are the same size. Prepausal: tsha 7tékena7 Secondary habitual: tsha7tétwahse7 we (incl.) all are the same size, tsha?tehA-ná-se7 they (m.) all are the same size, tsha7teku ná se7 they (z.) all are the same size. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Composed of tsha'te- coincident and dualic prefixes and a verb root -a-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .aplus n- partitive, be a certain size. This base takes dual and plural pronominal prefix alternants that otherwise occur with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u.

a- pref. hers, its. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter possessive. See ao-/aw-/a-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

-N-a- v.a. take hold of a part of someone's body. With -hnya?s- nape of the neck, collar: wa7kuhnyá-sa7 I put my arms around your neck, wa7shakohnyá-sa7 he put his arms around her neck, Akuhnyá-sa7 I will hold you around the neck, takhnyá-sa Put your arms around my neck! With -hsin- leg, and t- cislocative:

-a- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-/ -o-/-aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -a- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/-ate/-atA-/-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in n, h, or tsi. a -/a-/ae-/au- pref. should, would. Optative mode (indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant ae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant au- replaces the sequence aawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is

Oneida-English 61

the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise a - occurs in free variation with a-. Note that a - behaves as a sequence of two vowels (aa-) in the phonological system. ae- pref. should, would. Optative mode. See a -/a-/ae-/au-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .ahahiya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. cross a road, tekahahi-yá-ks I keep crossing the road, tehahahi-yá-ks he keeps crossing the road. I crossed the

wa?tkahahi-yá-ke7

road, wa7thahahi-yá-ke7 across the road, wa7tyakyahahi-yá-ke7

he went w e two

(excl.) went across the road, wa7tyakwahahi-yá-ke7

we

(excl.) went across the road, tAtyahahi-yá-ke7

you and I

(incl.) will cross the road. •Nók kwí• né- thó yahá-keive7 kAkwáh kwí• nók wa7tkahahi-yá-ke7 7 ókhna thá yahá-kewe7 ya7katá7 y a hte So then when I got there I just

crossed the road, immediately when I got there I went in. (M10) COMPOSED OF: - h a h - / - h - / - w a h -

road, path, .yahya'k-/.iya ? k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. DERIVED BASES: .ahahiya'kh- plus te- dualic, intend to cross a road; .ahahiya'kuhatye- plus te- dualic, be crossing a road. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Note that this base has an irregular alternant -ahah- of the component base -hah-/-h-/-wah-. Alternatively, the initial a of the base is the semireflexive, although

the semireflexive is not otherwise required in this construction. .ahahiya'kh- plus te- dualic, v.m. intend to cross a road. tekahahiyá-khe7 I'm going to cross the road. COMPOSED OF: .ahahiya 7 k- plus tedualic, cross a road, -h- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahahiya'kuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be crossing a road. tewakahahiya7kuháti7 I'm crossing the road. COMPOSED OF: .ahahiya 7 k- plus tedualic, cross a road, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ahahiya'kuhati- before a final -ahetkA- v.s. be broken down, be in poor condition, be bad. wahétkA7 it's broken down, it's in poor condition, it's bad or evil. With te 7 - negative: yáh te 7wahétkA 7 it's not broken down. Aspect class: B. •WahétkA7

kwí- n

yakotA7kéivhA.

It's bad when a person is jealous. Né• thikA Akakwe-níAkatáhko7 wahétkA 7 kA-. That will be able to take out the bad. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -ahetkA?- break

down, become spoiled, become ruined. NOTE: Related to -hetkA- be ugly. -ahetkA7- v.a. break down, become spoiled, become ruined. wahétkAhse7 it keeps spoiling, it keeps becoming bad. yohetkAu it has broken down, it's spoiled. AwahétkAne 7 it will spoil. Aspect class: E3. •WahA-lu7 kAS tá-t yah thaútnane7 n skanúhsat yáh ki7 thau-tú• ahate-ká-te7 óksa7 ok, tá-t nú-wa7 AwahétkAtie7 né7n oyú-kwa7.

Oneida-English 72

He said if the kiln didn't get filled up he couldn't fire it up right away, and then maybe the tobacco would spoil. (03) COMPOSED OF: -ahetkA- be broken down, be in poor condition, be bad, inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -ahkal- n. wood chip, ohka-lá- wood chip. With -shuha collective clitic: ohkala7shúha chips of wood. DERIVED BASES: - a h k a l o t - drive in

a chip of wood, tap a tree; -ahkalahnil- be a hardwood; -ahkala'netskA- be a softwood. -ahkalahnil- v.s. be a hardwood. yohkalahnilú (it's) a hardwood. Pre-pausal: yohkalahni-lú. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -ahkal- wood chip, -hnil- be hard, be solid. -ahkalahwA- v.s. feel sensitive to the touch. Wakahkalá-WA I'm sensitive (I'm sore somewhere and it's sensitive if I touch there). Aspect class: A. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahkala'netskA- v.s. be a softwood. yohkala?nétskA (it's) a softwood. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ahkal- wood chip, -'netsk(A)- be loose, be soft. -ahkalot- v.a. drive in a chip of wood, tap a tree, lahkalótha7 he's tapping trees (e.g., for maple syrup), he's driving in a little stick or wedge, luhkalótha7 they (m.) are tapping trees, wakahka-lóte7 I have tapped trees, wa 7kahkalo-tA• I tapped

trees, Akahkalo-tA- I will tap trees. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ahkal- wood chip, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -ahkatst(e)- v.s. be tough, be able to endure hardship, wakahkátste7 I'm tough (e.g., I can endure cold), lohkátste7 he's tough, yakohkátste7 she's tough. Habitual past: wakahkátstehkwe7 I used to be tough. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h k a t s t a t -

make oneself tough, toughen up. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -tcausative-inphoative suffix. -ahket- come by, drop in. See -akt-/ -ahket-. .ahket- plus s- repetitive, come back, turn back. See .akt-/.ahket- plus srepetitive. .ahket- plus t- cislocative, come somewhere from somewhere. See .akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative. .ahket- plus y- translocative, go somewhere and back. See .akt-/ .ahket- plus y- translocative. .ahkokw- plus te- dualic, v.a. search in something, tekahkókwas I'm searching in something for it, I'm digging around in something looking for it. tewakahkókwA I have searched for it. wa7tkahko-kó• I searched for it, wa7thiyahko-kó• I searched him for it, ta-kahko-kó• I should search around in it. Aspect class: D3. • Yáh s kwí• te?kanúhte7 náhte7 7 kéhsaks kwáh ki uhte wí- nók tsi7 i-kélhe7 ta-kahko-kó-. I don't know what I'm looking for but I guess I just want to search around in it (a

Oneida-English 63

drawer). (M10) DERIVED BASES: . a h k o k w A n i - /

.ahkokwa's- plus te- dualic, search in something for someone. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix and possibly a component -ahkw- and a verb root -okw-, which occurs also in .at-N-okw-/ .atya'tokw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse; and -ata'klokw- snow. See note also under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ahkokwAni-/.ahkokwa ? s- plus tedualic, v.a. search in something for someone. tehiyahkokwA-níhe7 I'm searching in it for him. wa7thiyahkókwahse7 I searched in it for him, wa 7tkuyahkókwahse7 I searched in it for you. COMPOSED OF: .ahkokw- plus te-

dualic, search in something, - A n i - / - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .ahkokwAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .ahkokwa?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -ahkwahsyu- v.a. take the covers off oneself, kahkwáhsyus I'm taking the covers off me. wakahkwáhsi I have taken the covers off. wa7kahkwáhsi7 I took the covers off, Akahkwáhsi7 I will take the covers off. Aspect class: A2. NOTE: Composed of a root -ahkwand the -hsyu- reversative suffix. The root -ahkw- occurs also in -ahkwas- cover up, put a cover on oneself; -ahkwa's- put a cover on someone; -atahkwahsluni- get dressed, put on clothes; yuhkwátsta' covering, shawl; and possibly

.ahkokw- plus te- dualic, search in something. Many speakers have -ahkwahsi- word-finally and before a final -ahkwas- v.a. cover up, put a cover on oneself. wakahkwasA I have covered up (e.g., with a blanket or shawl), wa 7káhkwase7 I covered up, Akáhkwase 7 I will cover up. sáhkwas Cover up! NOTE: May include a root -ahkw-, but the composition is unclear. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. -ahkwatase- v.a. go around. kahkwata-séhe7 I'm going around it. wa 7kahkwata-sé• I went around it, wa 7uhkwata-sé• she went around it, Akahkwata-sé• I will go around it. With t- cislocative: takahkwata-séI came this way around it. With ytranslocative: ya7kahkwata-sé• I went that way around it. With npartitive: a7é- nukwánahahkwata-sé• over there he went around it. • Thó wa7uhkwata-sé• tsi7 kanAyayA7kó-. She went around a big rock. (T2) DERIVED BASES: .ahkwatase-/ .at-N-tase- plus te- dualic, go completely around. NOTE: Probably includes the alternant -tase- of the verb base -hwatase-/-tase- turn, twist; otherwise the composition is unclear. .ahkwatase-/.at-N-tase- plus tedualic, v.a. go completely around. tekahkwata-séhe7 I'm going all around it. wa7tkahkwata-sé• I went all around it, wa 7tyuhkwata-sé• she went all around it, wa7thahkwata-sé• he went all around it. With n- partitive: tóhka7

64 Oneida-English

na7tehahkwata-sé• he went all the way around it several times. With -nuhs- house, building: tewatnuhsata-séhe7 she (z.) or it is going around the house, wa 7tkatnuhsata-sé• I went around the house, wa7thatnuhsata-sé• he went around the house. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7tkate7slehtata-séI went around the car. • Sá-lawe7 wa7thahkwata-sé-. He hit a home run (lit. he arrived home and he went all around it). Tóhka7 kwí• na7tehahkwata-sé• Ashakalhátho 7 tiále7 AtsyonAhlo-tXAtsyukwahnana?tu-tf. Several times he would go around plowing, and again a crowd of us would throw potatoes (in the ground). (Gl) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic,

-ahkwatase- go around. DERIVED BASES: .ahkwatasehatye/.at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic, be going completely around; .ahkwataseht- plus te- dualic, take something around. NOTE: The object one is going around must be large (e.g., a house). The alternant .at-N-tase- occurs with incorporated nouns. It includes the semireflexive and probably the alternant -tase- of the verb base -hwatase-/-tase- turn, twist. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. ,ahkwatasehatye-/.at-N-tasehatyeplus te- dualic, v.m. be going completely around. tewakahkwataseháti7 I'm going around it. With -nuhs- house, building: teyakotnuhsataseháti7 she's going around the house. COMPOSED OF: .ahkwatase-/

.at-N-tase- plus te- dualic, go completely around, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: The alternant

.at-N-tasehatye- occurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have .ahkwatasehati- and .at-N-tasehati- before a final .ahkwataseht- plus te- dualic, v.a. take something around. tekahkwatasétha7 I'm taking it around (e.g., thread or rope around something, or passing out food). tewakahkwataséhtu I have taken it around. wa7tkahkwata-séhte7 I took it around. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .ahkwatase-/

.at-N-tase- plus te- dualic, go completely around, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ahkwa's- v.a. put a cover on someone. wa7shakóhkwahse7 he covered her or them (e.g., he put a blanket on them), Ashakóhkwahse 7 he will cover her or them. NOTE: Composed of a root -ahkwand the -?s- benefactive suffix, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. -ahkwesAt- n. jug. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tewahkwesA-táke two jugs. With •N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be o n e : swahkwesA-tát

o n e jug.

NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root with counting verbs. -ahkwe'nAht- v.a. descend, go down. kahkwe 7nXtha 7 I descend, I go down. wakahkwe7nXhtu I have gone down. Ahahkwé-tiAhte7 he will go down. sahkwé-tiAt Get down! With t-

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cislocative: thahkwe7nAtha7 he keeps getting down, tahahkwé-nAhte7 he came down, takuhkwé-tiAhte? they (z.) came down. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahahkwé-riAhte? he came down again. With y- translocative: yahahkwé-tiAhte? he went down. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakahkwé-nAhte 7 I went back down there again. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES:

-ahkwe'nAhtuhatye- be on the way down. NOTE: Possibly includes a component -Aht-. See .a'sAht-/ .ya ? tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahkwe'nAhtuhatye- v.m. be on the way down,

wakahkwe

7nAhtuháti7

I'm on my way down. COMPOSED OF: - a h k w e ' n A h t -

descend, go down, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahkwe'nAhtuhati- before a final .ahkwAnyo'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. have on a kind of outfit, uniform, or suit. nikahkwAnyó-tA I have on that kind of outfit, nihuhkwAnyó-tA they (m.) have on that kind of uniform. Stative past: nikahkwAnyo7tA-hné• I had on that kind of outfit. Future stative: nAkahkwAnyo7tXhake7 I will have on that kind of outfit. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of; otherwise the composition is

unclear. See also .ahkwAnyo'tA- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, have on the same kind of outfit. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahkwAnyo'tA- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, v.s. have on the same kind of outfit. tsha?tehuhkwAnyó-tA they (m.) have on the same kind of outfit or uniform. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base .N-o'tA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of; otherwise the composition is unclear. See also .ahkwAnyo'tA- plus n- partitive, have on a kind of outfit, uniform, or suit. The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahkwishlu- v.a. try hard, struggle, do intensely, kahkwíshluhe7 I'm trying hard (physically or mentally), wakahkwíshlu7 I'm struggling to do it, lohkwíshlu 7 he's struggling to do it. wa 7kahkwíshlu 7 I tried hard, Ahsahkwíshlu7 you will try hard, sahkwíshlu Try hard! tákA7 Atehsahkwishlu Don't use such force! With t- cislocative: tuhkwíshlu 7 it did it hard, Atehsahkwíshlu 7 you will use your strength there. With n- partitive: tsi7 na 7kahkwíshlu 7 I struggled so hard. With nit- partitive and cislocative: thó nityohkwíshlu7 it's doing something really hard there. Aspect class: BL. •Tsi 7 na7kahkwíshlu7 wa7kláthA7 7 ste kanutó-tsheU . I really struggled to get the box upstairs. Thó nityohkwíshlu7 yokanolú kwáh nók a7é• niyohna-wés. It's raining so hard that there's just a long stream or gush of water. TákA7 Atehsahkwíshlu tsi7 Ahsenho-tw. Don't slam the door! DERIVED BASES: - a h k w i s h l u n y u - try

66 Oneida-English

hard, struggle repeatedly; .atlihwahkwishlu- plus t- cislocative, really mean something, be serious about. -ahkwishlunyu- v.a. try hard, struggle repeatedly. kahkwishlúnyuhe7 I keep struggling. wahahkwishlúni7 he struggled. COMPOSED OF: -ahkwishlu- try

hard, struggle, do intensely, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahkwishluni- before a final -ahlist- v.a. forbid someone, put a stop to, shut down, kheyahlísta 7 I tell her or them not to do it, liyahlísta 7 I forbid him to do it. kheyahltstu I have forbidden her or them to do it, liyahltstu I have told him not to do it. wa^kuyá-liste7 I told you not to do it, wahiyá-liste7 I told him not to do it, wa7ká-liste7 I told her (z.) or it not to do it, I shut it down (e.g., a radio), wahakwá-liste7 he told me not to do it, Akuyá liste7 I will forbid you, asheyá-liste7 you should forbid her or them, ahetshá liste7 you should forbid him. takzvá-list (You) forbid me! sá-list Put a stop to it! Habitual past: kuyahlístahkwe7 I was telling you not to do it. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -atahlist- forbid,

put a stop to. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahluk- v.a. know a language. kahlúkha7 I know the language (e.g., talking about a foreign language), yuhlúkha7 she speaks or understands the language, lahlúkha 7 he knows the language. Habitual past: lahlúkhahkwe7 he used to know the

language. With te ? - negative: yáh te7kahlúkha7 I don't know the language, yáh tehahlúkha7 he doesn't know the language, yáh te tyuhlúkha 7 she doesn't know the language, yáh tehuhlúkha7 they (m.) don't know the language. DERIVED BASES: .ahlukha'- plus srepetitive, learn to speak a language again. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahluk- v.a. hear about, kahlu-kás I hear about it. wakahlukú I have heard about it. wa7ká-luke7 I heard about it. With -hsAn- name, reputation: khehsAtiahlúkha7 I hear about her, waksAnahlukú I have heard of her (z.) or its name, wahihsAná-luke7 I heard about him. With -kal- story: wakkalahlukú I have heard the story, Ahakalá-luke7 he will hear the story. Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: -ahluka't- send word, notify, inform; -Iihwahlukhear about, hear of; -wAnahluk- hear of or about someone. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahluka't- v.a. send word, notify, inform, lakwahluká-tha7 he sends word to me, he informs me, yukwahluká-tha 7 she sends word to me. wahakwahlu-ká-te7 he sent word to me, Ahakwahlu-ká-te7 he will send word to me, akuyahlu-ká-te7 I should send word to you. COMPOSED OF: -ahluk- hear about, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The

7

of the ?t cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahlukha 7 - plus s- repetitive, v.a. learn to speak a language again. sakahlúkhane7 I learned how to speak it again (a language I used to be able to speak but have lost the ability), sahuhlúkhane7 they (m.) learned how to speak it again, usahuhlúkhane 7 they (m.) should learn how to speak it again. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -ahlukknow a language, -ha ? - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahlyohkawine- v.a. kahlyohkawi-né-se7 lahlyohkawi-né-se7 wahahlyóhkawine7 Habitual past: lahlyohkazvi-né-skwe7 fishing.

fish. I'm fishing, he's fishing. he fished. he was

DERIVED BASES: - a h l y o h k a w i n e h s -

go fishing; yuhlyohkawine'tákhwa 7 fishing pole. -ahlyohkawinehs- v.m. go fishing. lahlyohkawinéhse7 he's going to go fishing, lahlyohkawinéhsehse7 he goes fishing, lohlyohkawinéhsu he has gone fishing. wa7kahlyohkaxvinéhsa7 I'm going fishing. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: - a h l y o h k a w i n e -

fish, -hs- dislocative. •ahnehkwanA-/.ahnehkwan- plus ytranslocative, v.a. swallow. yekahnehkwa-nAs I'm swallowing. yewakahnehkwanA I have swallowed. ya7kahnéhkzvarte7 I swallowed, yahahnéhkwane7 he swallowed, ya7uhnéhkwane7 she swallowed, yAkahnéhkwane 7 I will swallow. Aspect class: A2.

NOTE: T h e alternant

.ahnehkwanA- occurs in the habitual

and stative aspects, .ahnehkwanoccurs in the punctual aspect.

-ahnisl- day, weather. See -Ahnisl-/ -ahnisl-. -ahnotes- v.s. be deep liquid. yohno-tés it's deep (anything that has liquid in it, e.g., a swimming pool). With n- partitive: kók niyohno-tés it's just this deep (and so it's shallow). Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .ahnotesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be shallow liquid; -nyAhtahnotes- be deep snow. NOTE: Composed of a root -ahnotand the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long. See note under -ahnotu- flood. .ahnotesha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be shallow liquid. kA 7 niyohnotésha it's shallow. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ahnotes- be deep liquid, .ha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be smaller in some dimension. -ahnotu- v.a. flood, yohno-tú• it's flooded. Axvahno-tú• it will flood. • KAkwité-ne /ens yohno-tw. In the springtime it usually floods. NOTE: Probably includes a root -ahnot-, which is a component in -ahnotes- be deep liquid; -atlihwahnot- give a sermon; and -wAnahnot- read. -ahsakayute- v.a. be thundering. wahsakayu-té-se7 it's thundering. DERIVED BASES: -ahsakayutehsluthunder; Wahsakayu té se 7 April. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect.

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-ahsakayutehslu- v.a. thunder. uhsakayutéhslu7 it thundered, Awahsakayutéhslu7 it's going to thunder. COMPOSED OF: - a h s a k a y u t e - b e

thundering, -hslu- distributive. -ahsat- n. shadow, movie, show. ohsa-tá• shadow. With - N - a k s ( A ) be bad, be not the way it should be: wahsatáksA it's a bad movie or show. With -es-/-us- be long: ivahsa-tés it's a long movie or show. With -N-iyo- be good: wahsatiyó it's a good movie or show. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h s a t a l - b e a

shadow; .atahsatu- plus te- dualic, have a bruise. -ahsa'k- v.a. cough, kahsá-kha7 I'm coughing, lahsá-kha7 he's coughing, yuhsá-kha7 she's coughing, lohsá-ku he has coughed, waháhsahke7 he started to cough, he gave a single cough, Aháhsahke 7 he will cough. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yah te7shahsá-kha7 he's not coughing anymore. Aspect class: El. •Tyótkut lahsá-kha7 Tá-wet nétsi7 yotká-te7 ló-lote7 David is always coughing because he's smoking so often (much). DERIVED BASES:

-atahsa ? ka ? tslolyAni-/ -atahsa ? ka ? tslolyA- get a coughing attack; wahsa'ka'tsláksA tuberculosis. NOTE: The 7 of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ahsa'kAsl- n. frost. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ahsa'kAslal- have frost on; -ahsa?kAslayA-/-ahsa ? kAslayAt- get

a frost; and .ahsa'kAslut- plus tedualic, be frosty. -ahsa'kAslal- v.s. have frost on. yohsa7kAslale7 it has frost on it. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyohsa7kAslale7 is it ever frosty. Aspect class: F. •Tsi7 niyohsa7kAslale7 owisá-ke. Is the window ever frosty. COMPOSED OF: -ahsa'kAsl- frost, -1be in or on. DERIVED BASES: yonahsa'kAslale? spruce. -ahsa ? kAsl^íyA-/-ahsa 7 kAslayAt- v.a. get a frost. yohsa7kAsla-yA(there's) a frost. uhsa7kAsla-yX- it got a frost. Habitual past: yohsa7kAslayA-táhkwe7 there was a frost. •Thó niyotho-léhkwe7 wé-ne tsi7 yohsa7kAslayA-táhkwe7 kwa7ahsu-té\ It was cold enough that there must have been a frost last night. COMPOSED OF: -ahsa'kAsl- frost, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: T h e alternant

-ahsa?kAslayAt- occurs in the expanded aspects. .ahsa'kAslut- plus te- dualic, v.s. be frosty. teyohsa7kAslute7 it's frosty (e.g., if you look around outside and things are all frosty). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahsa ? kAsl- frost, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -ahseht-/-ya 7 tahseht- v.a. hide something or someone, kahsétha 7 I keep hiding things, lahsétha7 he keeps hiding things, kuya7tahsétha7 7 I hide you, loya tahsétha 7 he keeps hiding him. wakahséhtu I'm hiding it, lohséhtu he's hiding it, yohséhtu she (z.) or it is hiding it,

Oneida-English 69

loya7tahséhtu he's hiding him. wahséhtu it's hidden. wa7káhsehte7 I h i d it, waháhsehte7 he h i d it, wa 7úhsete 7 s h e h i d it. takya7táhset Hide me! etsya7táhset Hide him! Habitual past: kahséthahkwe7 I used to hide

it. Stative past: wakahsehtú-ne7 I had hidden it (but it's found again). Future habitual: Akahséthake7 I will be hiding it. Future stative: Awakahsehtúhake7 I will have it hidden. With n- partitive: na 7tíhsete 7 how or where she hid it. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -ahsehtanyu- hide things here and there; -ahsehtAni-/ -ahsehtA- hide something from someone; -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself; -lihwahseht- hide facts, keep a secret. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tahsehtoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h and word-finally. -ahseht- v.a. rob someone. kuyahsétha 7 I'm robbing you, lakwahsétha7 he's robbing me. lakwahséhtu he has robbed me. wa7kuyáhsehte7 I robbed you, wahiyáhsehte7 I robbed him, wahakwáhsehte7 he robbed me. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ahsehtanyu- v.a. hide things here and there, kahsehtányuhe7 I'm hiding things here and there. wakahsehtáni7 I have hidden things. wa7kahsehtáni7 I hid things. Habitual past: kahsehtanyúhahkwe7 I used to hide things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -ahseht-/

-ya'tahseht- hide something or someone, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: - a h s e h t a n y u h a t y e -

go along hiding things here and there. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahsehtani- before a final 7 . -ahsehtanyuhatye- v.m. go along hiding things here and there. wakahsehtanyuháti7 I'm hiding things as I go along. wakahsehtanyuhátyehse7 I'm going around hiding things here and there. COMPOSED OF: -ahsehtanyu- hide things here and there, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahsehtanyuhati- before a final 7 . -ahsehtAni-/-ahsehtA- v.a. hide something from someone. kuyahsehtA-níhe7 I hide it from you, lakwahsehtA-níhe7 he hides it from me. yukwahsehtAtií she or someone has hidden it from me, lakwahsehtAní he has hidden it from me. wa7kuyahséhtA7 I hid it from you. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ahseht-/ -ya'tahseht- hide something or someone, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ahsehtAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -ahsehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. áhsA Numeral particle: three. áhsA na'teyotakwalu té- triangle. NOTE: Composed of áhsA three; and na ? te- partitive and dualic prefixes, yo- neuter patient, a verbal component -atakwalute-, and stative. See also kayé na'teyotakwalu té- square, baseball diamond; -ya'takwalut(e)be lying on one's side.

70 Oneida-English

áhsA niwáshA thirty. COMPOSED OF: áhsA three; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. áhsA tewA'nyáwelu' three hundred. áhsA yawA-lé- thirteen. ahsAhatú-thne third. • AhsAhatú-thne teha-tá-se7 He's at third base. AhsAhatú-thne teye-tá-se7. She's at third base. COMPOSED OF: áhsA three, -hatúthne ordinal number. ahsXhatu 7 t Wednesday. Pre-pausal: ahsAhatuht. With oyá- another, and nya'tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive: oyánya7teswahsAhatu7t next Wednesday. With tsh- coincident: tshiwahsAhatu7t last Wednesday. COMPOSED OF: áhsA three, -hatu't day of the week. .ahsAnA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the middle, be halfway between. tsha7tewahsAnA it's in the middle, it's halfway between. Pre-pausal: tsha7tewahsA-nA. Aspect class: A. •Tsha7tewahsAnA úska. It's 1:30. Kwáh kwí• tsha7tewahsAnA tsi7 ni-wá• ukwehuwé-ne. Just right in the middle of the Reserve. .ahsAni'tak- plus te- dualic, v.a. get freezing cold feet. tewakahsAní-taks my feet are freezing cold, tesahsAní-taks your feet are cold. wa7twakah$Aní-take7 I got cold feet, wa?thohsAní-take? he got cold feet, wa?tyakohsAní-take7 she got cold feet. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

ahsAshu7 three at a time, three each. COMPOSED OF: áhsA three, -shu ? collective clitic. -ahsi- foot. See -ahsi't-/-ahsi-. .ahsihal-/.ya'tahsihal- plus tedualic, v.s. be jammed in, be wedged in. tewahsíhale7 it's jammed or wedged in, teyakwaya7tahsíhale7 we (excl.) are jammed in, tehatiya7tahsíhale7 they (m.) are crowded or jammed in. Habitual past: teyakwaya7tahsíhalahkwe7 we (excl.) were crowded in. Future stative: tAyakwaya7tahsíhalake7 we (excl.) will be crowded in. With n- p^iftitive: na7tehatiya7tahsíhale7 they (m.) are really packed in there. Aspect class: F. • Yáh thau-tú• náhte7 autétane7 só'tsi7 tewahsíhale7 It's not possible to put anything in there, it's too crammed full. Na7tehatiya7tahsíhale7 thikA lonatnuhtú-tu ahutáyahte7. There was such a jam of people waiting to get in. DERIVED BASES: .ahsihalaht- plus te- dualic, jam in, wedge in; .ahsihala'-/.ya 7 tahsihala'- plus tedualic, get jammed in, get wedged in. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tahsihaloccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. .ahsihalaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. jam in, wedge in. tekahsihalátha7 I'm jamming it in (e.g., I jam something in a window to block cold air from coming in), tehohsihaláhtu he has jammed it in. wa7tkahsíhalahte7 I jammed it in. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .ahsihal-/

.ya'tahsihal- plus te- dualic, be jammed in, be wedged in, -htcausative.

Oneida-English 71

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. ahsihala 7 -/.ya 7 tahsihala 7 - plus tedualic, v.a. get jammed in, get wedged in. tezvahsíhalahse7 it keeps getting jammed or wedged in, tekya 7tahsíhalahse 7 I keep getting stuck, tewakya 7tahsihalá-u I'm stuck, I'm wedged in, teyohsihalá-u it's wedged in. wa 7tekya 7tahsíhalane 7 I got stuck, tAwahsíhalane7 it will get jammed in. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: tehohsi?tahsihalá-u his foot is stuck, wa7tkahsi?tahsíhalane? my feet got stuck. With -shnuhs-/ -ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers: wa7tkeshnuhsahsíhalane7 my finger or hand got stuck. Aspect class:.E3. •Yáh thau-tú• usakóthsi7 thikA teyohsihalá-u. I can't pull it back out, it's jammed in there. COMPOSED OF: .ahsihal-/

.ya'tahsihal- plus te- dualic, be jammed in, be wedged in, inchoative. NOTE: The alternant .ya 7 tahsihala 7 - occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The final 7 of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. ahsi-sát N pestle. -ahsithA- v.a. for a part of the body to fall asleep. wakahstthAhse7 some part of my body keeps falling asleep. lohsithA-u some part of his body is asleep. ukwahsíthA7 some part of my body fell asleep, AwakahsíthA 7 a part of my body will fall asleep. Aspect class: C3. -ahsi 7 t-/-ahsi- n. foot, ohsí-ta7 foot. With -'-ke locative clitic: kahst-ke

(on) my foot, sahsí-ke (on) your foot, yuhsvke (on) her foot, lahsí-ke (on) his foot, tyahsí-ke (on) our feet (incl. dual), swahsvke (on) all your feet. With -oku locative suffix: kahsi7tokú under my feet. Prepausal: kahsi7to-kú. With .ahsihala 7 -/.ya 7 tahsihala 7 - plus tedualic, get jammed in, get wedged in: tehohsi7tahsihalá-u his foot is stuck, wa7tkahsi?tahsíhalane7 his foot got stuck. With -akla 7 -/-kla 7 smell, stink, and te- dualic: tehahsi7táklahse7 his feet stink, tewahsi7táklahse? it's smelly feet, it's smelly footwear. With -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself: wa7kalahsi7táhsehte7 I hid my feet, salahsi7táhset Hide your feet! With -ate 7 skohw-/-at-N-ohw- go into water, and ya 7 te- translocative and dualic: ya7tkalahsí-toive7 I put part of my foot (my toes) in the water. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself, and te- dualic: tekalahsi7tahélha7 I keep putting my feet up, tewakalahsi7táhele7 I have my feet up, wa7tkalahsi?tá-lA7 I put my foot up on it. And habitual past: tewakalahsi7tá-lahkwe7 my feet were up (but now they're down). With -atita 7 - get in, put into for oneself, and ya 7 te- translocative and dualic: ya7thalahsi7títane7 he got his feet into there. With -atketskwget up: wa7kalahsi7takétsko7 I raised my foot. With -atke 7 tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out: wa7kalahsi7take7to-tA• I stuck my foot out. With -at-N-o- swell: wakalahsí-to7 my foot is swollen, Akalahsí-to7 my foot will swell. With .atohlok-/.atohl- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself: ya7kalahsi?tó-loke7 I inserted my foot into it (e.g., shoes,

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slippers). With .at-N-t- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out: thó ya?tewakalahsí-tate? there my foot is extended or stuck out. With .at-N-tat- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, extend: ya?tkalahsí-tatate? I extended my foot, yaitAkalahsí-tatate? I will extend my foot. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end, and y- translocative: fsi? yeholahsí-tate? it's at the end of his foot. With -at-N-u'nekmove something out of the way: wa?kalahsi?tú-neke? I moved my foot. With -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: wa?kalahsi7tóhale? I washed my feet. With -atya'tokew/-at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself: kalahsi?toke wás I'm wiping my feet, salahsPto-kéw Wipe your feet! With -N-iyo- be good, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahsPti-yó-se7 he has nice feet, teyuhsi ?ti-yó-se 7 she has nice feet. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: teyohsí-take two feet (of measure). With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: yá-ya7k niyohsí-take six feet. With -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through: lohsi?také-tote? his foot is sticking out. And tedualic: tehohsi?také-tote? (both) his feet are sticking out. With -kwan(A)/-owan(A)- be big, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahsi?towanA-se7 he has big feet, teyuhsi?towa-nA-se? she has big feet. And na'te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na?tehahsi?towa-nA-se7 he has such big feet. With -N-luhkwani-/ -N-luhkw A- / -ya ? taluhkwani- / -ya'taluhkwA- get itchy on one's

body: wakahsi?talúhkwanihe? I have an itchy foot. With -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa?kheyahsi?tóhale? I washed her feet, wahiyahsi?tóhale? I washed his feet. With -nuhlya ? k- get hurt, hurt someone: lohsi?tanuhlyá-ku he hurt his foot. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakahsi?tanú-waks my feet hurt. With -N-ohala 7 - get a sliver: lahsi?toha-lá-se? he keeps getting a sliver in his foot, lohsi?tohalá-u he has gotten a sliver in his foot, wa?kahsi?toha-láne? I got a sliver in my foot. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: tsyohsí-tat one foot (ofpleasure). With .N-tshu? plus s- repetitive, be one at a time: tsyohsi7tátshu? one foot at a time, each one foot. With -tsPyoha- be unwell, be sickly: lohsi?tatsi?yohá his foot is not right. With -u ? nek-/ -ya'tu'nek- move something out of the way: wahiyahsi?tú-neke?

I

moved his foot. With -wisto'kwanAst- get really cold, freeze:

wa?kahsi?tawistó-kwanAste?

my feet froze (e.g., my toes got frostbitten). •Tahtiú• waha-kú• thikA kwa ?yAha ohsí-ta ?. And so he gave me a rabbit's foot. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: .ahsi'tA?- plus ytranslocative, fall through with one's foot; -ahsi'toku soles of the feet; .ahsi'tut- plus te- dualic, have feet; .ahsi'tya'k- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, trip, stumble; .alahsi'ti'sle- plus te- dualic, drag one's feet; .alahsi'totalho- plus tcislocative, trip someone; teyulahsi'tahlákhwa' footstool; yulahsi'tokewátha? doormat; yulahsi'tokewa'tákhwa' doormat. NOTE: The alternant -ahsi- occurs

Oneida-English 73

before the - ' ke locative clitic. The alternant -ahsi't- occurs elsewhere, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. This base takes the semireflexive alternant -al-. Therefore, when -ahsi't- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -al-. .ahsi'tA 7 - plus y- translocative, v.a. fall through with one's foot. ya?kahsí-tAtie? my foot fell through (accidentally, because I stepped there), yahahsí-tAtie7 his foot fell through, ya?uhsí-tAne7 her foot fell through. COMPOSED OF: -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, .a?sA?-/.ya ? tA?-/.A?- plus y- translocative, fall in, fall down. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahsi'toku n. soles of the feet. kahsi 7tokú the soles of my feet. Prepausal: kahsi7to-kú. COMPOSED OF: -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot, -oku locative suffix. .ahsi'tut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have feet, teyohsí-tute7 it has feet. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahsi't-/ -ahsi- foot, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: t e y o h s í t u t e ?

a'nhuskwá lha' long johns. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahsi'tya'k- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. trip, stumble. tetwakahsí-tya7ks I trip. tetwakahsi7tyá-ku I have tripped.

tutukwahsí-tyahke7 tutahohsútyahke7 Aspect class: E2.

I tripped, he tripped.

COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, .ya'k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. NOTE: The 7 of the ? ty cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahsliye-/-ahsliye?t-/-hsliye 7 t- n. string, thread, yarn, ahsli-yé• string, thread, yarn. With -N-atatye- be extended along: wahsliye7tatáti7 the thread is going along. With .atya?k- plus te- dualic, become broken: wa7twatsliyé-tyahke7 the thread broke. With -es-/-us- be long: wahsliyé-tes it's a long thread. With -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be attached, hanging: yohsliye7tA-tuhe7 the string is hanging. With -hU'tunyu-/ -A?tunyu- for several to be attached, hanging: yohsliye7tA7túnyuhe7 the string is hanging here and there (e.g., as in a fringe). With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa7ksliye7tahni-nú• I bought thread. With .hwatase-/.tase- plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl: wa7teksliye7tata-sé• I wound string or thread around it (e.g., thread around a bobbin). With -tAs- be thick: wahsliyé-tatAs it's thick thread. With .ya ? k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: wa7teksliyé-tyahke7 I broke the thread (while I was sewing). DERIVED BASES: - h s l i y e ' t a n h a k - tie

with string or thread; -hsliye'tohalthread a needle; otsinuhyáhta? ahsli yé- sinew; o'no wáwahsliye'tatáti? string instrument.

74 Oneida-English

NOTE: The alternant -ahsliyeoccurs in the basic noun form. The alternants -ahsliye't- and -hsliye'tare both incorporating forms; the alternant -ahsliye't- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-, and -hsliye'toccurs after all other prefixes. The 7 of the ?t cluster of -ahsliye't- and -hsliye't- is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-ahso-/-ahsohw- v.a. colour, paint. káhsos I'm colouring or painting, yúhsos she's colouring, kuyáhsos I'm putting paint on you. ivakahsóhu I have coloured, waháhsowe 7 he coloured, wa 7kuyáhsowe 7 I put paint on you, Akáhsowe 7 I will colour, aetwáhsowe 7 we (incl.) should colour, sáhsow Colour! Aspect class: E2.

•Tsi 7 yohsuhtakálute7 yúhsos. She's painting the window. Owískla 7 waháhsowe7 tsi7 thonúhsote7 Tá-wet. David painted his house white. DERIVED BASES: -ahsohkw- colour; -ahsohwanyu- colour several, paint several; yuhsókhwa' colour, paint; yuttsye'elahsókhwa' nail polish. NOTE: The alternant -ahso- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the -hkw- instrumental suffix, -ahsohwoccurs in the stative and punctual aspects and before the -nyu- distributive suffix. A component -ahsooccurs also in -ahsoshwatet- be a bright colour; and -atahsokew- for the colour to fade. The w of the hw cluster of -ahsohw- is deleted before the -u stative suffix, and the h is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahsohkw- v. > n. colour, ohsóhkwa7 colour. With -shuha collective clitic: ohsohkwa7shúha colours. With

-N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, and secondary habitual: wahsohkwáksAhse7 they are ugly colours. With -N-iyo- be good: wahsohkwiyó it's a nice colour. And secondary habitual: wahsohkwi-yó-se7 they are nice colours. With .N-ke- plus ya 7 tetranslocative and dualic or nya'tepartitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya7tewahsóhkwake all colours, every colour. With -nuhwe 7 - like, admire, and n- partitive: nikahsohkwanú-wehse7 I really like that colour. With .N-o?tA- plus npctstitive, be a kind of: niwahsohkó-tA the kind of colour it is, kwáh tsi7 ok niwahsohkó-tA they're all different colours. And secondary habitual: niwahsohkó-tAhse7 the kinds of colours they are. And stative past: niwahsohko7tA-hné• it was that kind of colour. With .N-o?tA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of: tsha7tewahsohkó-tA it's the same colour. With -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have: yakohsóhkwaya 7 she has colours or paints. • Kwáh tsi7 ok niwahsohkó-tAhse7 7 yakohsóhkwayA aetwáhsowe7 She has all kinds of different colours for us to colour with. COMPOSED OF: -ahso-/-ahsohwcolour, paint, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: . a h s o h k w a ' k a l a -

plus tet- dualic and cislocative, be a dark colour. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. ahsohkwa'kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. be a dark colour.

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tetyohsohkwá-kalas it's a dark colour. • Kivah ikA tetyohsohkwá-kalas yakotya 7tawí tu. The dress she had on was a really dark colour. COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative, -ahsohkw- colour, -a 7 kala-/-a 7 kalaw- get dark, black out. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The 7 of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahsohw- colour, paint. See -ahso-/ -ahsohw-. -ahsohwanyu- v.a. colour several, paint several, kahsohwányuhe7 I'm colouring several things. wa7kahsohwáni7 I coloured several things. COMPOSED OF: -ahso-/-ahsohw-

colour, paint, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahsohwani- before a final 7 . áhsok Temporal particle: suddenly. -ahsoshwatet- v.s. be a bright colour. yohsóshwatet it's a bright colour. Aspect class: A. •Kwa?nyó yohsóshwatet thikA yakotya7tawí tu. That dress she's wearing is such a bright colour. NOTE: Probably includes a root -ahso-, which is related to the verb base -ahso-/-ahsohw- colour, paint; but the composition is unclear. áhsu Temporal particle: not yet. •Tahnú• tsi7 niyo?talíhA átste7, nékwí• lu-túhe7, áhsu thakya-kAne7 akatkA7sé-na7

tó• niyo7talíhA.

And

besides is it ever hot outside, that's what they say, I haven't gone out yet to go and see how hot it is. (M4)

DERIVED BASES: ahsuhkA before, not

yet (a while ago). ahsuhkX Temporal particle: before, not yet (a while ago). COMPOSED OF: áhsu not yet, -kX

decessive clitic. -ahsut- n. night. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: wahsutáksA it's a bad night. With .atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus tedualic, be still, be quiet: teyotahsutato-té• it's a still night. With -es-/-us- be long: wahsu-tés it's a long night. With .N-es- plus tsi7 particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time: tsi7 niwahsu-tés during the night. With -N-iyo- be good: ivahsutiyó it's a nice night. With .N-iyo-/.ya 7 tiyo- plus tsha 7 tecoincident and dualic, be half of: tsha7tewahsutiyó half the night. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA niwahsu-táke three nights. With .N-ke- plus ya 7 te- translocative and dualic or nya 7 te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: ya7tewahsu-táke every night. With ,N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: thó niwahsutó-tA it's such a night. With .N-t-/.ya7tat- plus srepetitive, be one: swahsu-tát one night. DERIVED BASES: - a h s u t a n a w A s t - b e

a cool evening; -ahsutate- be a particular night; ahsúthA midnight; kwa 7 ahsutáti 7 all night; kwa 7 ahsu té- last night; kwa 7 ahsuté ke nighttime; wahsutaténi one night after the other; Wahsu tés December. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root and in several temporal expressions.

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-ahsutanawAst- v.s. be a cool evening. yohsutanawAstu it's a cool evening. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Possibly composed of the noun root -ahsut- night, the alternant -nawA- of the verb base -na'nawA-/ -ya'tanawA-/-nawA- get wet, and the -st- causative suffix. -ahsutate- v.s. be a particular night. ka 7ikA wahsuta-té• this night, tonight. Aspect class: B. • Né-n ka 7ikA úska wahsuta-té-, thó ki7 ale7u>v na7a-wAne7. So then this one night, that's the way it happened again. (M5) COMPOSED OF: -ahsut- night, -N-teexist. .ahsutel-/.ahsutl- plus te- dualic, v.a. connect, join, plug in. tekahsutélha7 I'm connecting it, I'm plugging it in. tewakahsu-téle7 I have connected it. tewahsu-téle7 it's connected, it's plugged in. wa7tkahsútlA7 I connected it, tAkahsútlA7 I will connect it, t/úisahsútlA 7 you will connect it. tehsahsútelA Plug it in, connect it! With t- cislocative: tAtkahsútlA 7 over there I will connect it. With y- translocative: ya 7tAyuhsútlA 7 she or someone will connect it (when she gets there). Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .ahsutlakw- plus te- dualic, disconnect; .ahsutlAni-/ .ahsutla's- plus te- dualic, connect for someone; .ahsutlunyu- plus te- dualic, connect several; tewahsu téle' joint. NOTE: The alternant .ahsuteloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ahsutl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes. ahsúthA N midnight. NOTE: Includes the noun root

-ahsut- night; otherwise the composition is unclear. .ahsutlakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. disconnect, tekahsutlákwas I'm disconnecting it. tewakahsutlákwA I have disconnected it. wa7tkahsutla-kó• I disconnected it. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: . a h s u t e l - / . a h s u t l -

plus te- dualic, connect, join, plug in, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ahsutlAni-/.ahsutla ? s- plus te- dualic, v.a. connect for someone. tehakwahsutlA-níhe7 he connects it forme. wa7tkuyahsútlahse7 I connected it for you. COMPOSED OF: . a h s u t e l - / . a h s u t l -

plus te- dualic, connect, join, plug in, -Ani-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .ahsutlAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .ahsutla's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. .ahsutlunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. connect several, tekahsutlúnyuhe7 I'm connecting or attaching several things. wa7tkahsutlúni7 I connected several things. COMPOSED OF: .ahsutel-/.ahsutlplus te- dualic, connect, join, plug in, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ahsutluni- before a final 7 . -aht-/-ahtahkw- v./n. shoe, áhta7 shoe, akwáhta 7 my shoe, sáhta 7 your shoe, laóhta7 his shoe, akóhta7 her shoe, aóhta 7 her (z.) or its shoe. With -ku locative suffix: laohtáhkwaku in his shoe. With -shuha collective clitic:

Oneida-English 77

akwahta7shúha

my shoes. With

-N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it

should be, and secondary habitual: wakahtahkwáksAhse? I have bad shoes. With -ase- be new, be fresh: ohtáhkwase7 new shoes. With-es-/ -us- be long, na ? te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na?tehohtahkwe-sú-se7 he has on long shoes. With -hninu- buy, buy from, and s- repetitive: usahahtahkivahni-nú• he should buy shoes again. With ,N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of, and secondary habitual: niwahtahkó-tAhse? the kind of shoes, niwakahtahkó-tAhse7 I have that kind of shoes. With -yAta7- get, obtain: wakahtahkwayA-tá-se7

I keep

getting shoes, ukwahtahkwayA-táne7 I got shoes (e.g., I got them given to me, or bought them myself). And s- repetitive: sukwahtahkwayA-táne7 I got shoes again (I got new shoes). • O 7nehsalúhkwa7 kaná-nu laohtáhkwaku. His shoes are full of sand. Wa7sláti7 akóhta7. Her shoes are wide. Teyóhses laóhta7 His shoes (or boots) are high. DERIVED BASES: .ahtahkwaneta'plus te- dualic, put overshoes on someone; .ahtahsyu- plus te- dualic, take shoes off someone; .ahtalyuplus te- dualic, have on shoes; .ahta 7 - plus te- dualic, put shoes on someone; .alahtahkwaneta?- plus tedualic, put on overshoes; .alahtahsyu- plus te- dualic, take off shoes; .alahta 7 - plus te- dualic, put on shoes; tsyohtahkwakayú raspberry. NOTE: The alternant -aht- occurs in the basic noun form, in possessed forms, in forms with the collective clitic, and before derivational suf-

fixes that typically occur with verb bases. It may also be a component in the base .alahtat- plus te- dualic, run. The alternant -ahtahkw- occurs before the locative suffix, and it is the incorporating form. The final w of -ahtahkw- is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. This base takes the semireflexive alternant -al-. Therefore, when the base is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -al-. .ahtahkwaneta 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. put overshoes on someone. tehuwahtahkwanéta7as she's putting overshoes on him. wa7thuwahtahkwanétane7 she put overshoes on him, wa7tekheyahtahkwanétane7 I put overshoes on her, wa7thiyahtahkwanétane7 I put overshoes on him. COMPOSED OF: -aht-/-ahtahkw-

shoe, .hna'neta ? -/.neta?- plus tedualic, put something on top of something else, double. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .ahtahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. take shoes off someone, tekheyahtáhsyus I'm taking her shoes off her, tehuwahtáhsyus she's taking his shoes off him. wa7thuwahtáhsi7 she took the shoes off him, wa7tekheyahtáhsi7 I took the shoes off her. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -aht-/ -ahtahkw- shoe, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have .ahtahsi- before a final -ahtakw-/-ahtakwA ? - v.a. be unable to do, fail in an attempt.

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wakahtákwas I can't do it (physically or mentally), lohtákwas he can't do it, he's trying but he's unable to do it. lohtakwAu or lohtakú-u he wasn't able do it. wahohta-kó• he couldn't do it, Ahohta-kó• he won't be able to do it. Aspect class: E5. NOTE: The alternant -ahtakwoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -ahtakwA7- occurs in the stative aspect. The 7 of -ahtakwA7is replaced by length after accented vowels, and normally the resulting sequence wA is replaced by ú-, as in lohtakú-u. The final w of -ahtakw- is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ahtalyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have on shoes, tewakahtáli7 I have shoes on, tehohtáli7 he has shoes on, teyakohtáli7 she has shoes on. Habitual past: tewakahtályuhkwe7 I had shoes on. Future stative: tAwakahtályuke7 I will have shoes on, tAhohtályuke7 he will have shoes on. Aspect class: B. • Shekú né- ka7ikA tehohtáli7, 7 kwah ikA teyostaláthe . He even had these shoes on, they were really shiny. (M5) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -aht-/

-ahtahkw- shoe, -lyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ahtali- before a final 7 . ahta 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. put shoes on someone, tekheyáhta 7as I'm putting shoes on her, teyutatáhta 7as she's putting shoes on her, tehuwáhta 7as she's putting shoes on him. wa7thuwáhtane7 she put shoes on him, wa7tekheyáhtane7 I put shoes on her. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -aht-/

-ahtahkw- shoe, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is

deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahta'- v.a. get enough to eat, become full, wakáhtu7 I'm full, sáhtu 7 you're full, yakóhtu7 she's full, lóhtu7 he's full, ukwáhtane7 I got enough to eat, wesáhtane 7 you got enough to eat, wa7ukwáhtane7

we

got enough to eat, wa 7onáhtane 7 they (z.) got enough to eat, Awakáhtane7 I will have enough to eat, Ahonáhtane7 they (m.) will have enough to eat. • Kwáh tsyo7lé• akwekú Ahonáhtane7 nA elhú-wa7 tAthu7 táhsawA tAshatilí-wahkwe7 Only

when everyone had enough to eat, then they would start to sing again. (M15) NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a 7 -u is replaced by -u 7 . -ahta'nawA- v.s. be warm, be dressed warmly. yohtá-nawA7 it's warm (e.g., a heavy or thick blanket or shawl, warm clothes), wakahtá-nawA7 I'm dressed warmly, yakohtá-nawA7 she's dressed warmly, lohtá-nawA7 he's dressed warmly. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihohtá-nawA7

he's dressed so

warmly. Aspect class: B. • Yohtá-nawA7 s kwí• né• tsi7 yukwA-tá-s tsi7 yakau7wéskwanihe7 aksótha ayutkAhu-nv thikA yokAhákste7 tsi7 ok náhte7 atya?tawi7tho kú-. It was quite warm, though, where we were sleeping because my grandmother liked to make quilts out of heavy cloth from all kinds of coats. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: - a h t a ' n a w A s t -

dress someone warmly.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -ahta'nawA-/ -ahta'nawA'tsl- ball. -ahta?nawA-/-ahta?nawA?tsl- v. > n. ball. ahtá-nawA? ball. With .aplus n- partitive, be a certain size: kók nizvahta 7nawA-tsla 7 the ball is this size. And s- repetitive: kók niswahta7nawA-tsla7 the ball is only this size (only this big). With -tAsbe thick, and n- partitive: kók niwahta7nawA-tslatAs the ball is this thick. And nis- partitive and repetitive: kók niswahta7nawA-tslatAS the ball is only this thick. NOTE: The alternant -ahta'nawAoccurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -ahta ? nawA ? tsl-, with the - ? tslnominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form, and the 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. M.D. suspects that this word is related to the verb base -ahta'nawA- be warm, be dressed warmly. She points out that there used to be a type of ball that was made of cloth and wrapped with string, and to dress warmly also involves wrapping up. M.D. remembers her father having a ceremony outside, which involved hitting such a cloth ball with a special bat used only in this ceremony. -ahta'nawAst- v.a. dress someone warmly, kheyahta 7nawAsta7 I dress her up warmly. kheyahta7nawAstu I have dressed her up warmly. wa7kheyahtá-narvASte7 I dressed her up warmly. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: - a h t a ' n a w A - be

warm, be dressed warmly, -st-

79

causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h t a ' n a w A s t -

dress warmly, wrap up. NOTE: The 7 of the ' n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/-ahtAtyu- v.a. leave, set out, go away. kahtAtyehse7 I keep leaving, I keep going away, sahtAtyehse7 you leave, lahtAtyehse7 he goes away, yuhtAtyehse7 she goes away. wakahtAti I have gone away, sahtAti you have gone away, lohtAti he has gone away, yakohtAti she has gone away, yukwahtAti we were gone away. wa7kahtA-tí- I left, wahahtA-tí•

h e left, wa

7uhtA-tí-

she left, we two (excl.) left, wahyahtA-tí• the two (m.) left, wa7kyahtA-tí• the two (z.) left, wa7akwahtA-ti• we (excl.) left, wahuhtA-tí• they (m.) left, AkahtA-tí- I will go away, AhsahtA-tí- you will go away, AhahtA-tí• he will go away, ayuhtA-tí• she or someone should go wa7akyahtA-tí•

away, ayakyahtA-tí• the two of us

(excl.) should go away. sahtA-tíGo away! Stative past: lohtAtyú-ne7 he was gone away. With t- cislocative: tkahtAtyehse7 I leave from there, tyakohtAti she has left from there, thonahtAti they (m.) have left from there, takahtA-tí• I came away from there, I came ahead. With tutadualic and cislocative: tutayakwahtA-tí• we (excl.) left from there again. With y- translocative: yekahtAtyehse7 I keep going off that way, ya7kahtA-tí• I set off that way, yahahtA-tí• he went ahead. With yAS- translocative and repetitive: yAskahtA-tí• I will leave here again, yAtsitsyahtA-tí• you two

80 Oneida-English

will leave here again. With npartitive, and stative past: nihonahtAtyú-ne7 how or where they had left. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?kahtA-tí• when I left, tshahahtA-tí• when he left, tsha7akyahtA-tíwhen we two (excl.) left, tshahyahtA-ti• when the two (m.) left, tshahuhtA-tí• when they (m.) left. With tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutakahtA-tíwhen I left from there. Aspect class: E4. •SAha7

ok wahuhtA-tí•

áti

tsi7

niyota?klókwA. They left anyway, even though it was really snowing. "Na

kA tho

yAtsitsyahtA-tí-

Atsyatkwílyahke? thikA áhsA nikakwi-láke thikA onikwAhtala7 nikakwiló-tA." "When you two leave here again, you will break off three whips, those red-willow twigs." (M7) DERIVED BASES: . a h t A t y - / . a h t A t y u -

plus s- repetitive, leave again, go home; .ahtAty- plus tsi? particle and t- cislocative, be someone's home; -ahtAtye?t- start, operate; -ahtAtyuhatye- be going away; -ahtAtyukw- leave bit by bit, go back and forth, pace; -ahtAtyu?n- intend to leave; -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye- get underway; yothnekahtXti stream. NOTE: The alternant -ahtAtyeoccurs before the -?t- causative suffix. The alternant -ahtAtyu- occurs before the -kw- reversative and -?ndislocative suffixes. The alternant -ahtAty- occurs elsewhere. Wordfinally in the stative aspect the final y of -ahtAty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i. The final y of -ahtAty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

.ahtAty-/.ahtAtyu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. leave again, go home. skahtAtyehse7 I keep going home. shohtAti he has gone home, shonahtAti they (m.) have gone home, tsyonahtAti they (z.) have gone home. sakahtA-tí• I left again, I went home, I'm on my way home, suhtA-tú she (z.) or it went home, sayakyahtA-tv we two (excl.) went home, sahyahtA-tí• the two (m.) went home, sahuhtA-tí- they (m.) went home, AsehsahtA-tv you will go home, AtsyuhtA-tí- she will go home. With tsh- coincident: tshusakahtA-tí• when I went home. With tshjiusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusahuhtA-tí• when they (m.) went home again. Aspect class: E4. •Yáh thó te?skAtu-níhe7 tsi7 niyohtú-ne7 elhú-wa7 tshyusahuhtA tf. I'm not as lonely like right after they went home again. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/-ahtAtyuleave, set out, go away. DERIVED BASES: . a h t A t y u h a t y e -

plus tuta- dualic and cislocative, be on one's way home; .ahtAtyukw- plus s- repetitive, leave to go home; ,ahtAtyu?n- plus s- repetitive, intend to go home. NOTE: The alternant .ahtAtyuoccurs before the -kw- reversative and -?n- dislocative suffixes. The alternant .ahtAty- occurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .ahtAty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .ahtAty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .ahtAty- plus tsi? particle and tcislocative, v.s. be someone's home. tsi7 twakahtAti my place, where I

Oneida-English 81

left from, tsi7 tesahtAti your place, tsi7 thohtAti his place, tsi7 tyakohtAti her place, tsi7 tyukwahtAti our place. Stative past: tsi7 tyakohtAtyú-ne7 it used to be her home, she used to live there, tsi7 tyukwahtAtyú-ne7 it used to be our home. Future stative: tsi7 AtyakohtAtyúhake7 that's where she's going to live. Aspect class: E. • Thó nyahá-newe7 thikA tsi7 thohtAti shakotkA-sehe7 kA-, ka kwíthó kwí• yahyatáyahte7 They arrived there at the home of the seer, then they entered there. (M7) COMPOSED OF: tsi' particle and tcislocative, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. NOTE: A locative particle can occur in place of the t s i ' particle. For example: thó nú• thonahtAti their (m.) place, their homestead. Wordfinally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i. -ahtAtye- leave, set out, go away. See -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/-ahtAtyu-. -ahtAtye't- v.a. start, operate. kahtAtyé-tha7 I start it going. wakahtAtyé-tu I have started it. wa7kahtAtyehte7 I started it, AkahtAtyehte7 I will start it. With s- repetitive: sakahtAtyehte7 I made it run again. Aspect class: El. • SakahtAtyehte7 kahwista7ékta7 I made the clock start again. COMPOSED OF: -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ' t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. See -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/-ahtAtyu-. .ahtAtyu- plus s- repetitive, leave again, go home. See .ahtAty-/ .ahtAtyu- plus s- repetitive. -ahtAtyuhatye- v.m. be going away. yakohtAtyuháti7 she's going away, yonahtAtyuháti7 they (z.) are going away. ukwahtAtyuháti7 I'm going away, wa7ohtAtyuháti7 she (z.) or it is going away. COMPOSED OF: -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Can also be used to refer to a person who is very ill, as in yakohtAtyuháti7 she's really sick and so she's on her way out. Many speakers have -ahtAtyuhati- before a final 7 . .ahtAtyuhatye- plus tuta- dualic and cislocative, v.m. be on one's way home. tutayonahtAtyuháti7 they (z.) are coming home, they're on their way home. With tsh- coincident: tsha7tutahonahtAtyuháti7 when they (m.) are on their way home. •Né•

kati7

tsha7tutahonahtAtyu-

háti7 wahA-nélhe7 kwí• a7é- kwítAthati-táne7 thikA Thálbetville, thó s thute7wahlahni núhe7. So then when they were on their way home, they thought they would stop over there in Talbotville where they sell meat. (M3) COMPOSED OF: tuta- dualic and cislocative, .ahtAty-/.ahtAtyu- plus s- repetitive, leave again, go home, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: The dualic prefix in this base substitutes for the s- repetitive of the component base, since the repetitive and cislocative prefixes

82 Oneida-English

do not co-occur. Many speakers have .ahtAtyuhati- before a final -ahtAtyukw- v.a. leave bit by bit, go back and forth, pace. luhtAtyúkwas they (m.) are leaving bit by bit, they (m.) are walking back and forth, pacing. wa?kahtAtyu-kó• I walked back and forth, I kept going away, I left several times, AkahtAtyu-kó• I will walk back and forth. With tcislocative: tkahtAtyúkwas I'm there pacing. With tshis- coincident and repetitive: tshishonahtAtyúkwA when they (m.) were all gone. Aspect class: D3. •Thó tkahtAtyúkwas kuyatnuhtú tu. There I was walking back and forth waiting for you. COMPOSED OF: -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go-away, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ahtAtyukw- plus s- repetitive, v.a. leave to go home. shonahtAtyúkwA they (m.) have left to go home, they (m.) have taken their leave. sayakwahtAtyu-kó• we (excl.) left to go home. • Wa 7katkétsko7 astéhtsi7 nA ki7 ale7 wv akwekú shonahtAtyúkwA. I would get up in the morning, then they all had left to go home again. (PI) COMPOSED OF: .ahtAty-/.ahtAtyuplus s- repetitive, leave again, go home, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ahtAtyu'n- v.m. intend to leave. luhtAtyú-ne7 they (m.) are going to leave. • NikAtyohkowanA a7é- wahA-nétsi7 nú• nityukwenú, lu-té• né-n oyá-

nya7teskníhatu7t luhtAtyú-ne7. There's a big crowd of people going to where we came from, they say that next Tuesday they are going to leave (for there). COMPOSED OF: -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away, - 7 n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ' n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahtAtyu7n- plus s- repetitive, v.m. intend to go home. shuhtAtyú-ne7 they (m.) are all going to leave to go home. COMPOSED OF: .ahtAty-/.ahtAtyuplus s- repetitive, leave again, go home, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtlut- v.s. be scary, yóhtlut it's scary. With n- partitive: niyóhtlut it's so scary. Aspect class: A. •NÉ- kAs ki7 né• tá-t yóhtlut tsi7 náhte7wí- na7akoyá-tawA7 wíka7ikA 7n. So then maybe it was actually scary what happened to her. (02) DERIVED BASES: - u k w e ' t a h t l u t - b e a

scary person. -ahtlu'ni- v.s. be scared, be cowardly. wakahtlú-ni I'm a scaredy-cat, lohtlú-ni he's a scaredy-cat, yakohtlú-ni she's a scaredy-cat. Stative past: wakahtlu7ni-hné• I was cowardly. Future stative: Ahohtlu7níhake7 he will be cowardly. Aspect class: A. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtsi'kl- n. cloud, ohtsúkla7 cloud. Pre-pausal: ohtsí-kela7. With -osku-

Oneida-English

all, most, the majority: ohtsi?klósku7 it's all cloudy. DERIVED BASES: -ahtsi'kl(e)- be cloudy. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtsi'klat- v.a. become cloudy, cloud over, uhtsí-klate7 it got cloudy, Awahtsí-klate7 it will get cloudy. With s- repetitive: suhtsvklate7 it got cloudy again. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsi'kl(e)- be

cloudy, -t- causative-inchoative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtsi'klatye- v.m. for clouds to come or go. wa7ohtsi7kláti7 the clouds went by. With t- cislocative: tayohtsi7kláti7 it's getting cloudy. 7 • Wé-ne tsi yokAnoléhsle7 tiA tayohtsi7kláti7. Probably it's going to rain, clouds are coming. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsi'kl(e)- be

cloudy, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ahtsi'klati- before a final 7 . -ahtsi'kla'- v.a. become cloudy, for clouds to form. wa7ohtsvklane7 it got cloudy, suddenly there were clouds. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsi'kl(e)- be

cloudy,

inchoative. 7 of the ? kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. NOTE: The

-ahtsi'kl(e)- v.s. be cloudy. yohtsí-kle7 it's cloudy. Pre-pausal: yohtsí-kele7 Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsi'kl- cloud, -N-e- exist.

83

DERIVED BASES: -ahtsi'klat- become cloudy, cloud over; -ahtsi'klatye- for clouds to come or go; -ahtsi'kla'become cloudy, for clouds to form. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. The 7 of the ? kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-ahtsy- n. palm of the hand. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ahtsyakwe'nuni- bunch up one's hand; .ahtsyale?ek-/.ahtsyaleplus te- dualic, clap one's hands; .ahtsyat- plus y- translocative, point; -ahtsyohale- wash the hands; and -ahtsyokew- wipe the hands. Probably also a component in the noun base -ahtsya'n- handful. -ahtsyakwe'nuni- v.a. bunch up one's hand. kahtsyakwe7nu-níhe7 I'm closing or bunching up my hand (e.g., when I'm crumpling up a piece of paper). wa7kahtsyakwe7nu-ní• I closed or bunched up my hand. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsy- palm of the hand, -hwe?nuni-/-hwe'nuny-/ -kwe'nuni- wrap into a package or bundle. .ahtsyale?ek-/.ahtsyale- plus tedualic, v.a. clap one's hands. tekahtsyále7eks I'm clapping. tewakahtsyále7 I have clapped. wa7tkahtsyále7eke7 I clapped. Aspect class: B2. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and a noun root -ahtsy- palm of the hand; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant .ahtsyale'ekoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .ahtsyale- occurs in the stative aspect. •ahtsyat- plus y- translocative, v.a. point, yekahtsyátha7 I point.

84 Oneida-English

yeioakáhtsyate7 I'm pointing. ya?kahtsya-tA- I pointed, yAkahtsya-tX• I will point. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the y- translocative prefix and a noun root -ahtsy- palm of the hand; otherwise the composition is unclear. -ahtsya'n- n. handful, ohtsyá-na7 handful. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tewahtsyá-nake two handfuls. With .N-t-/.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: swahtsyá-nat one handful. • Swahtsyá-nat othé-tsli7 ya?sa-tí. Throw in a handful of flour! DERIVED BASES: . a h t s y a ' n a h k w -

plus te- dualic, get a handful. NOTE: Includes a noun root -ahtsypalm of the hand; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahtsya'nahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. get a handful. tekahtsya7nákhwa7 I'm getting a handful of something (e.g., I'm digging my hand into a bag of flour and taking out a handful). teu>akahtsya7náhkwA I have taken out a handful. wa7tkahtsyá-nahkwe7 I got a handful. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsya'n- handful, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus tedualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha7 is replaced by khwa7. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ahtsyohale- v.a. wash the hands. wa7kahtsyóhale7 I washed my hands, wa7kheyahtsyóhale7 I washed her hands, sahtsyóhale

Wash your hands! COMPOSED OF: -ahtsy- palm of the hand, -nohale-/-ya?tohale-/-ohalewash. DERIVED BASES.-

yuhtsyohale'tákhwa 7 wash basin. -ahtsyokew- v.a. wipe the hands. kahtsyoke-wás I'm wiping my hands. wa7kahtsyo-kéwe7 I wiped my hands, wahiyahtsyo-kéwe7 I wiped his hands. COMPOSED OF: -ahtsy- palm of the hand, -lakew-/-ya7tokew-/-okewwipe, wipe off. DERIVED BASES.- yuhtsyokewátha? hand tcotfel. -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/-at-N-ahtu- v.a. get lost, vanish, disappear. katya7táhtuhse7 I keep getting lost. wakatya7tahtú-u I'm lost, lotya7tahtú-u he's lost, yohtú-u it has vanished, lonatya7tahtú-u they (m.) are lost, yonatya7tahtú-u they (z.) are lost. wa7katya7táhtu7 I got lost, wahatya7táhtu7 he got lost, úhtu 7 it disappeared. Stative past: lotya7tahtu7ú-ne7 he was missing (but he's not anymore). With srepetitive: sakatya7táhtu7 I got lost again. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: uthwistáhtu7 the money disappeared. With -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter: uthyatuhsláhtu7 the paper disappeared. Aspect class: C3. • Astéhtsi7 SÁ- wa7klihwá-luke7 tsi7 Elijah Cutcut lotya7tahtú-u. Also this morning I heard that Elijah Cutcut was missing. DERIVED BASES: . a h t u n i - / . a h t u ? s -

plus y- translocative, faint, lose consciousness; -ahtu't- make disappear, erase; -atwAnahtu- lose one's voice; -nahalahtu- get drunk; -'nikuhlahtu- be unconscious;

Oneida-English

utAhni?táhtu? eclipse. NOTE: The alternant -atya'tahtuoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Both -at-N-ahtu-, with the semireflexive, and -ahtu- occur with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive of -at-N-ahtu- is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -ahtulow- v.a. sink, uhtu-lówe7 it sank. .ahtuni-/.ahtu?s- plus y- translocative, v.a. faint, lose consciousness. yehohtu-níhe7 he keeps fainting. yehohtuní he has fainted, he's unconscious, yahukwáhtuhse7

I

fainted, yahóhtuhse7 he fainted, ya7akóhtuhse7 she fainted. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-ahtu-/-atya?tahtu-/-at-N-ahtuget lost, vanish, disappear, -ni-/- ? sbenefactive. DERIVED BASES: .?nikuhlahtuni-/ . ? nikuhlahtu ? s- plus y- translocative, lose consciousness. NOTE: The alternant .ahtuni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant ,ahtu ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -ahtu?t- v.a. make disappear, erase. waháhtuhte7 he made it disappear, he erased it, Aháhtuhte7 he will erase it. With s- repetitive: skahtú-tha7 I'm erasing it (so that it's clean again), saháhtuhte7 he erased it again, Askáhtuhte7 I will erase it again. COMPOSED OF: -ahtu-/-atya?tahtu-

/-at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear, - ? t- causative.

85

DERIVED BASES: -atahtu't- disappear; -'nikuhlahtu't- make someone unconscious; tetyuhtu'tákhwa? eraser; teyutatahtútha? hide-andseek; yohtu'tákhwa? eraser. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-ahtyawAle- v.s. be self-disciplined. yakohtyawA-lé• she's self-disciplined, she's strict with herself, lonahtyaiVA-lé- they (m.) are selfdisciplined. Habitual past: lonahtyaxvA-léhkwe7 they (m.) were self-disciplined. Aspect class: B. -ahuhs- n. sense of hearing. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ahuhsaksA- have poor hearing; -ahuhsiyo- have good hearing; -ahuhsukoht- overhear; .atahuhsanela?ak-/.atahuhsanelplus te- dualic, mishear; -atahuhsatbe listening; -atahuhsiyost- listen carefully. -ahuhsaksA- v.s. have poor hearing. kahuhsáksA I have poor hearing, lahuhsáksA his hearing is bad, yuhuhsáksA her hearing is bad.

Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ahuhs- sense of hearing, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: - a h u h s a k s A ? - for

one's hearing to go bad. -ahuhsaksA?- v.a. for one's hearing to go bad.

wa7kahuhsáksAne7

my

hearing is going bad, sAha 7 wahahuhsáksAtie7 his hearing is getting worse, wa7uhuhsáksAne7 her hearing is going bad. COMPOSED OF: -ahuhsaksA- have poor hearing, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final ' of the base is

86 Oneida-English

deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ahuhsiyo- v.s. have good hearing. kahuhsiyó I have good hearing, yuhuhsiyó she hears well, lahuhsiyó he hears well. Prepausal: lahuhsi-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ahuhs- sense of hearing, -N-iyo- be good. -ahuhsukoht- v.a. overhear. ukwahuhsu-kóhte7 I overheard, wahohuhsu-kóhte7 he overheard, wa7akohuhsu-kóhte7 she overheard. NOTE: Composed of the noun root -ahuhs- sense of hearing, and the verb root -ukoht-, which occurs also in .ukoht- plus te- dualic, force through, penetrate. -ahuht- n. ear. ohúhta7 ear. With -ke locative clitic: kahuhtá-ke my ear, sahuhtá ke your ear, lahuhtá-ke his ear, yuhuhtá-ke her ear. With -ku locative suffix: kahúhtaku in my ear, yuhúhtaku in her ear. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahuhtowa-nA-se7 he has big ears. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya ? tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakahuhtanú-waks I have an earache. DERIVED BASES: .ahuhtakahlutplus te- dualic, put a hole in the ear, pierce the ears; .ahuhtakwek- plus te- dualic, go deaf; .ahuhtut- plus tedualic, have an ear; .ahuhtya'kplus te- dualic, get freezing cold ears; tewahúhtes donkey. .ahuhtakahlut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put a hole in the ear, pierce the ears. wa7tyukwahuhtakahlu-tA• she or someone put a hole in my ear, they pierced my ears. With th- contrastive: yáh kA tha7tehsahuhtaká-lute7

Don't you have holes in your ears! (M.D.'s mother used to say this to her if she wasn't paying attention). COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahuhtear, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .ahuhtakwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. go deaf, tehahúhtakweks he's going deaf, tehahuhtakwekú he's deaf, teyuhuhtakwekú she's deaf. Prepausal: teyuhuhtakwe-kú. wa7thahúhtakweke7 he became deaf. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahuhtear, -N-kwek- close. .ahuhtut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have an ear. tewahúhtute7 it has an ear. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahuhtear, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .ahuhtutu- plus tedualic, have ears. .ahuhtutu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have ears, tewahuhtu-tú• it has ears. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .ahuhtut- plus tedualic, have an ear, -u- distributive. .ahuhtya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. get freezing cold ears. tewakahúhtya7ks my ears are freezing, tehohúhtya7ks his ears are freezing, teyakohúhtya7ks her ears are freezing. wa7twakahúhtyahke7 my ears got cold. COMPOSED OF: -ahuht- ear, .ya ? kplus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. DERIVED BASES: Teyakohúhtya'ks January. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

-ahy-/-hi- n. fruit, berry, káhik fruit, berries, laóhik his fruit. With -oku/-o kú- collective clitic and -ha diminutive clitic: kahikhokúha all kinds of fruit. With -ase- be new, be fresh: ó-yase7 fresh fruit. With -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself: wa7katahyáhsehte7 I hid the berries (so someone else couldn't have them). With -ate?skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry: katahyútha7 I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), wakatá-yute7 I'm baking fruit, watá-yute7 (it's) baked fruit. With -ate ? skuta ? n-/-at-N-uta ? nintend to roast, bake, or fry: katahyutá-ne7 I'm going to fry fruit. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself: wa7katahyá-lA7 I put fruit down (close by me). With -ato'kta-/ -ato?ktA- run out of, end: wa7katahyó-ktA7 I ran out of fruit. With -atuni- grow: yotahyuní the berries are growing. With -a ? SA 7 -/ -A7- fall: i'i-yAne7 the fruit fell (e.g., apples from a tree). With -eka 9 -/ -ekaw-Aka'-Z-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: wakahya-ká-se7 I like the taste of fruit. With -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on: wa7kahyá-lA7 I set down the fruit. With -hlA?tu-/-A?tube attached, hanging: yohyA-tuhe7 the fruit is hanging (on the vine or tree). With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: wa7tkahyá-lihte7 I cut up fruit. With -hnekil-/-hnekihldrink: luhyahnekílha7 they (m.) are drinking fruit juice, wa7kahyahnekí-la7 I drank fruit juice. With .htohlalak-/ .ya ? tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash: wa7tkahyó-lalake7 I squeezed the fruit. With -N-it-/-ya ? tit- be in: wá-it there's fruit in it. With

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-N-ita ? -/-ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa 7kahítane 7 I put the container of fruit in it. With -N-iyo- be good: wahiyó it's nice fruit. With -k-/ -ek-/-ak- eat: ká-yaks I'm eating fruit, wakahyakú I have eaten fruit, wahá-yake7 he ate fruit, Aká-yake7 I will eat fruit. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tewá-yake two fruits. With ,kAsl-/.kAsel- plus tedualic, peel something: teyuhyakAslus she's peeling fruit, tehuhyakAslus they (m.) are peeling fruit, wa7tkahyakA-séle7 I peeled fruit, wa7tyuhyakA-séle7 she peeled fruit. With -N-kh- go to pick: kahyákhe 7 I'm here to pick fruit or berries, yuhyákhehse 7 she goes to pick berries, wa7kyahyákha7 the two (z.) went to pick berries, Akahyákha 7 I will go to pick berries, Ayuhyákha 7 she will go to pick berries, a-yuhyákha7 she or someone should go to pick berries, ahuhyákha7 they (m.) should go to pick berries. With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: kahyakó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the berries. With -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: kahyákwas I'm picking berries, wahyákwas she (z.) is picking berries, tsyahyákwas you two are picking berries, kyahyákwas the two (z.) are picking berries, luhyákwas they (m.) are picking berries, sá-yako Pick the berries! With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big, and secondary habitual: wahyowa-nA-se7 the berries are big. With -kwanha-/-kwanhA-/ -owanha-/-owanhA- become big: uhyowánhA 7 the berries got big.

With -kwAni-/-kwa?s- pick for someone: lakwahyakwA-níhe7 he's picking berries for me. With -libecome ripe, become cooked: yohyalí

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the berries are ripe. With -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa7uhyóhale7 she washed the fruit. With -nohale ? se-/-nohale ? s-/ -ohale ? se-/-ohale ? s- wash for someone: wa7kheyahyóhalehse7 I washed the fruit for her. With -nut/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth: Ashukwá-yanute7 he will give us fruit to eat. With -nuwak- have a craving for: wa7kahyanu-wáke7 I got a craving for fruit. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikahyanu-wáks I'm so hungry for berries or fruit. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: waká-yo7 I have cooked the fruit, wa7ká-yo7 I cooked the fruit. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: niwahyó-tA the kind of fruit or berry it is. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: wakahyáshwas I smell fruit. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: swá-yat one berry. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kahyatáhkwas I'm taking fruit out of it. With -ta ? -/-eta ? - put into a container: kahyáta7as I'm putting fruit into it, wa7kahyátane7 I put the fruit into it (e.g., filled it into a jar). With -?netsk(A)- be loose, be soft: yohya 7nétskA the fruit is soft. DERIVED BASES: -ahyakli- fruit drink; -ahyokAyu- remove the stem from elderberries; -atahyalihtpreserve fruit, can fruit; otsí nkwala? niwahyó tA orange; shá yese? thimbleberry, blackberry; swahyo wáne? apple; tewahyakháni? tomato; teyohyahyó tsis lemon; teyotahyá ktu banana; wá yat pie; yonuhwé lhote? káhik peach. NOTE: The basic noun form káhik is composed of the ka- neuter agent

prefix, the alternant -hi- of the base, and an ending -k, which occurs also in the form kaná-talok bread, cake (see -na'tal-). The alternant -ahy- is the incorporating form, and the h of -ahy- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final y is deleted before bases that begin in i. -ahyakli- v. > n. fruit drink, ohyákli7 fruit drink. Pre-pausal: ohyákelP. COMPOSED OF: -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -N-kli- liquid product. -ahyakwil-/-ahyakwi- n. toe. ohyakwi-M: toe. With - ' k e locative clitic: kahyakwí-ke on my toe, sahyakwí-ke (on) your toe, yuhyakwt-ke (on) her toe, lahyakwí-ke (on) his toe. With -ke'totu- for several to be sticking out or showing through, and te- dualic: tewakahyakwilake7to-túmy toes are all sticking out. With -N-nuhwak- / -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakahyakwilanú-waks my toe hurts. DERIVED BASES: .ahyakwilot- plus te- dualic, be on tiptoe; kítkit laohyakwila'shúha chicken feet. NOTE: The alternant -ahyakwioccurs before the -'-ke locative clitic, -ahyakwil- occurs elsewhere. .ahyakwilot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be on tiptoe, tehahyakwi-lóte7 he's on his tiptoes, teyuhyakwi-lóte7 she's on her tiptoes. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ahyakwil-/-ahyakwi- toe, -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: .ahyakwilotatyeplus te- dualic, go along on tiptoes. .ahyakwilotatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along on tiptoes. tekahyakwilotáti7 I'm going along on tiptoes, tehahyakwilotáti7 he's

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going along on tiptoes, teyuhyakwilotáti? she's going along on tiptoes. COMPOSED OF: .ahyakwilot- plus te- dualic, be on tiptoe, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ahyakwilotati- before a final ? . -ahyokAyu- v.a. remove the stem from elderberries. lahyokA-yús he's removing the stem from the elderberry plant, yuhyokA-yús she's removing the stem. AhsahyokA-yúyou will remove the stem. NOTE: Includes the noun base -ahy/-hi- fruit, berry; otherwise the composition is unknown. This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but most speakers are not familiar with it. ak-/ake-/akw- pref. my. First person singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant ake- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant akw- occurs with bases that begin in the vowels a, e, or A. Otherwise the alternant ak- occurs. -ak- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. -ak- eat. See -k-/-ek-/-ak-. aka- pref. hers, someone's. Third person feminine-indefinite singular possessive. See ako-/akaw-/aka-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

-aka- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. -a-ká7-ha-ká- clitic, people of. Populative clitic. DERIVED BASES: KayA'kehaká Mohawk; Onuta7keha-ká- Onondaga; Onyota'a ká- People of the Standing Stone, Oneida; Ostohlonu'keha káAmerican. NOTE: The alternant -a ká- occurs after the alternant -ha ká- occurs elsewhere. -akalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. See -ya ? takalAhl(e)-/ -akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)-. -akanh- season, spring, summer. See -akAnh-/-akanh-. -akanhate- be a particular season. See -akAnhate-/-akanhate-.

.akanhuty- plus te- dualic, become spring or summer. See .akAnhuty-/ .akanhuty- plus te- dualic. akaulhá- she, her. Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha'. akaw- pref. hers, someone's. Third person feminine-indefinite singular possessive. See ako-/akaw-/aka-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. -akaw- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix

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and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. -akayu- v./n. be old. akayú it's old. Pre-pausal: aka-yú. With n- partitive: tsi7 niwakayú it's so old. With -atya ? tawi ? t-/-atya ? tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: otya7tawi?tslakayú old dress. With -nuhs- house, building: onuhsakayú old house. And tsh- coincident: tshiyonuhsakayú when it was an old house. With -'sleht- vehicle: o7slehtakayú old car. DERIVED BASES: o h u t s y a k a y ú k e

the old country, Europe; olihwakayú old times; tsyohso'kwakayú red squirrel; tsyohtahkwakayú raspberry; yolihwakayuhnéha old ways. NOTE: Applies to inanimate objects. This base has both nominal and verbal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which is a verbal property. However the basic form akayú lacks a verbal pronominal prefix, and even forms with an incorporated noun regularly have the onoun prefix (unless there is also a prepronominal prefix). á ke- Exclamation. Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! NOTE: This expression is used when someone is kind of disgusted or disappointed, or when something has gone wrong. It has a characteristic intonational contour: both vowels are long and both have a relatively high pitch, but the first vowel has the higher pitch. aké- nyóh Exclamation. Ouch!

ake- pref. my. First person singular possessive. See ak-/ake-/akw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -akAla7- v.a. become scarce. ukA-láne7 it became scarce. COMPOSED OF: -akAl(e)- be scarce, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -akAl(e)- v.s. be scarce. wakA-lé• it's scarce. Habitual past: wakA-léhkwe7 it was scarce. Future stative: AivakAjJke 7 it will be scarce. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: kahwistakA-lé• money is scarce. With -khw- food: kakhwakA-lé• food is scarce. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -akAla'- become scarce. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the inchoative suffix. -akAnh-/-akanh- n. season, spring, summer. With ,N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: swakAnhat one season. DERIVED BASES: - a k A n h a t e - /

-akanhate- be a particular season; .akAnhuty-/.akanhuty- plus tedualic, become spring or summer; kwa'akAnhé ke / kwa'akanhé ke summer, summertime; tshikwa'akXnhe'/tshikwa'akánhe? last summer; wakAnhaténi7 / wakanhaténi' seasons. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root and in several temporal expressions. Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. -akAnhate-/-akanhate- v.s. be a particular season. ka7ikA wakAtiha-té• or ka7ikA wakanha-té-

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this season. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - a k A n h - / - a k a n h -

season, spring, summer, -N-te- exist. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .akAnhuty-/.akanhuty- plus te- dualic, v.a. become spring or summer. wa 7tyokanhu-tí• it became spring or summer, lAyokanhu-tí• it will become spring or summer. With s- repetitive: tusayokanhu-tí• it became spring or summer again. With tsh- coincident: tsha7tyokanhu-tí• when it became spring or summer. With tsha7tusacoincident, dualic and repetitive: tsha7tusayokanhu-tí• when it became spring or summer again. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. This base includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun root -akAnh-/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -akhi- pref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See y a k h i - / y a k h i y - / - a k h i - / -akhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. -akhiy- pref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See y a k h i - / y a k h i y - / - a k h i - / -akhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i after the wa 7 factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. akíh Exclamation. Ouch!

-akla'-/-kla 7 - v.a. smell, stink. wáklahse7 it (n.) is smelly, kéklahse7 I smell, I'm smelly, láklahse7 he smells, yéklahse7 she smells, káklahse7 she (z.) smells. With n- partitive: tsi7 niháklahse7 does he ever stink. With te 7 snegative and repetitive: yáh te7swáklahse7 it (n.) doesn't smell anymore. With -ahsi 7 t-/-ahsi- foot, and te- dualic: tehahsi7táklahse7 his feet stink, tewahsi7táklahse7 it's smelly feet, it's smelly footwear. With -nhuhl- underarm, armpit, and te- dualic: tehanhuhláklahse7 his armpits smell. DERIVED BASES: -i 7 takla 7 - have smelly farts, be maddening; -ya 7 takla 7 - have a smelly body odor; kasehtáklahse7 bedbug. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The alternant -akla 7 occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-, the alternant -kla 7 - occurs elsewhere. The final 7 of the base is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -akn- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-/ -akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -akni- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-/ -akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual.

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ako-/akaw-/aka- pref. hers, someone's. Third person feminine-indefinite singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant ako- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant akaw- occurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant aka- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -ako- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -akon- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yakoti-/yakon-/ -akoti-/-akon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -akoti- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yakoti-/yakon-/ -akoti-/-akon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -akoy- pref. she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa 7 - factual prefix

or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -N-aks(A)- v.s. be bad, be not the way it should be. With -ahsat- shadow, movie, show: wahsatáksA it's a bad movie or show. With -ahsohkwcolour, and secondary habitual: wahsohkwáksAhse7 they are ugly colours. With -ahsut- night: wahsutáksA it's a bad night. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, and secondary habitual: wakahtahkwáksAhse7

^ h a v e bad

shoes. With -asl-/-sl- smell, odor: kesláksA I smell bad, lasláksA he smells bad, wasláksA it (n.) smells bad. With -hnana 7 t- potato: kahnana?táksA the potatoes are rotten. With -hna 7 tal-/-hna 7 tatslpurse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, and npartitive: tsi7 nikahna?tatsláksA it's such an awful suitcase or purse. With -hsAn- name, reputation: lohsAnáksA he has a bad name.

With -khw- food: yekhwáksA she has bad food. With -L\n- song, and npartitive: tsi7 niholAtiáksA he has such a bad song. With -naskw-/ -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave: kanaskwáksA the pet is misbehaving. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: kana 7taláksA the bread is bad (e.g., mouldy). With -nuhs- house, building, and t- cislocative: tyukwanuhsáksA our house there is bad. And n- partitive: niyukwanuhsáksA we have such a bad house. With -yelu 7 t- corpse, body, figure: yeyelu 7táksA she has a bad figure. With - 7 sleht- vehicle: ka 7slehtáksA the car is bad (mechanically). Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -N-aksA7- become

bad; -ahuhsaksA- have poor hearing; -atla7swaks(A)- be bad luck, be

Oneida-English

unlucky; -Ahnislaks(A)- be a bad day; -kahlaksA- have poor eyesight; -ksa?taks(A)- be a bad child; .lihwaksA?- plus te- dualic, feud, argue; -li'waks(A)- be cross, be badtempered; -naktaksA- be uncomfortable; -ukwe'taks(A)- be cross; -wahaksA- be a bad road; -yanaksAwalk not right, have a bad walk; -'nikuhlaksa't- make someone feel bad, hurt someone's feelings; -'shAnaksA- have a bad aim; aksAske'shúha trash; kakhwaksXska junk food; kanhláksA sexually-transmitted disease; la'nikuhláksA devil; skAhnáksA? fox; wahsa'ka'tsláksA tuberculosis; wanekláksA weeds. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -7tcausative suffix. An active form of this base may occur in -slAhtaksAdream; and -'nikuhlaksA- grieve, mourn aksAske'shúha V > N trash. NOTE: Includes the verb base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, and ends in the collective clitic -shuha; otherwise the composition is unclear. -N-aksA?- v.a. become bad. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla ? tsl- chair: unitskwahla7tsláksAne7 the chair became bad. With -hsAn- name, reputation: wahohsAtiáksAne7 he got a bad reputation, wa 7akohsAnáksAtie

7

s h e g o t a bad

reputation. With -yelu ? t- corpse, body, figure: Akyelu 7táksAne 7 I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu 7táksAne7 I should have a bad figure. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa 7ka 7slehtáksAne 7 the car got

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worse (mechanically). • Nók Awa-tú• oyá• Aswakanitskwahla?tslayA-táne7, só-tsi7 unitskwahla 7tsláksAtie 7 kA7 ká-nyote7. I have to buy a new chair, the one that's standing here has gone bad. COMPOSED OF: -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. Aksot Grandmother! Vocative form of -hsotha/-hsot- grandparent. -akt-/-ahket- v.a. come by, drop in. yúktus she comes by here, wakáktu I was here, I came and now I have gone, lóktu he came by, lonáktu they (m.) came by. wa 7káhkete 7 I came by, I dropped in, waháhkete 7 he came by, wa 7úhkete 7 she or someone came by, Ahúhkete 7 they (m.) will come by. Aspect class: E6. •E-só- teyottenyá-u tsi7 niyohtú-ne7 yeskAhá kAh wakáktu. It has changed a lot since I last was here. DERIVED BASES: .akt-/.ahket- plus s- repetitive, come back, turn back; .akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative, come somewhere from somewhere; .akt-/.ahket- plus y- translocative, go somewhere and back; -akta'tbring by; -aktAni-/-akta ? s- drop in on someone. NOTE: The alternant -akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, -ahketoccurs in the punctual aspect. .akt-/.ahket- plus s- repetitive, v.a. come back, turn back, skáktus I come back again, I start to come around (visit) again, tsyúktus she comes

94 Oneida-English

back around here, swakáktu I have turned back, sakáhkete7 I turned back, sayúhkete7 she came back, sayakwáhkete7 we (excl.) went back. With te?- negative: yáh te7skáktus I don't come (or go) around anymore. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -akt-/ -ahket- come by, drop in. NOTE: The alternant .akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ahket- occurs in the punctual aspect. ,akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative, v.a. come somewhere from somewhere. thó takáhkete7 I came there, thó taháhkete7 he came there. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -akt-/ -ahket- come by, drop in. akt-/.ahket- plus y- translocative, v.a. go somewhere and back. yekáktus I keep going there, I keep dropping in there, yeháktus he goes there, yeyukwáktu we have gone there. ya7káhkete7 I went there (and now I'm back), yaháhkete7 he went there and back, ya7úhkete7 she went there and back, yAkáhkete7 I will go there and back, yAhsáhkete7 you will go there and back, yAháhkete 7 he will go there and back, ya-káhkete7 I should go there and back, ya 7sáhket Go there and back! With n- partitive: nyaetyáhkete7 you and I (incl.) should go there and back. And optative stative: nyaukwáktuke7 I should go there and back. Aspect class: E6. •NA ki7 wí- wa7í-lu thikA akokstAha "tá-t na7 thó nyaetyáhkete7 thikA tsi7 thonúhsote7 thikA shakotkA-sehe7." So the old lady said "maybe we should go back there to the house of the dreamer." (M7) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in. NOTE: The alternant .akt- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ahket- occurs in the punctual aspect. ákta? Locative particle: near, close. -akta? suf. near. Locative. DERIVED BASES: Atákta? Saturday. -akta's- drop in on someone. See -aktAni-/-akta ? s-. -akta't- v.a. bring by. laktá-tha7 he brings it by. loktá-tu he has brought it by. waháktahte7

he brought it by.

Aspect cl£8s: El. COMPOSED OF: -akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .akta't- plus srepetitive, bring back, back up. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .akta't- plus s- repetitive, v.a. bring back, back up. shaktá-tha7 he keeps bringing it back, he backs it up (e.g., the car), shoktá-tu he has backed it up. sakáktahte7 I backed it up, sahuwAnáktahte7 they brought them (m.) by, they pushed them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive,

-akta't- bring by. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. akté shu 7 Adverbial particle: several or many different things or places. COMPOSED OF: ákte? different, -shu ? collective clitic.

Oneida-English 95

ákte 7 Adverbial particle: different. DERIVED BASES: aktéshu 7 several or many different things or places. -aktAni-/-akta's- v.a. drop in on someone. shakoktA-níhe7 he keeps dropping in on them, wa 7shakóktahse 7 he dropped in on them, Ayukwáktahse 7 they will come to visit me. • NX se7 wa7shakóktahse7 kX n tehona7kalu-tú\ So he dropped in on (came to visit) them, the horned one (the devil). (M5) COMPOSED OF: -akt-/-ahket- come by, drop in, -Ani-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -aktAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -akta 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual.

akwáh Adverbial particle: especially, mostly. akwekú Quantity particle: all. Prepausal: akwe-kú. NOTE: From the verb base -kwekube all together. -akwA- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual.

aktúti 7 Locative particle: along the sides.

.akwAht- plus te- dualic, be flat. See .atakwAht(A)-/.takwAht(A)-/ .akwAht- plus te- dualic.

-aktúti7 suf. along, alongside. Locative.

-akwAhtalho- lay out flat. See -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho-.

akw- pref. my. First person singular possessive. See ak-/ake-/akw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowels a, e, or A.

.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten. See .takwAhtAht-/.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic.

-akw- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-/ yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-/ -aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -akwa- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-/-aky-.

A kwilut proper name. Abraham. -aky- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-/ -akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -aky- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-/ yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-/

96 Oneida-English

-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -al- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-/-atA-/-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in the vowel a. alá- Particle that links clauses: why, the reason. .alahsalA- plus te- dualic, v.a. hold back, not want to do something. tewakaláhsalA7 someone wants me to do something but I don't want to do it, I'm not committed to doing it, teyakoláhsalA7 she doesn't want to do something, teholáhsalA? he doesn't want to do something, he's holding back (e.g., making excuses so a s n o t to d o it), wa 7tkaláhsalA

7

I

didn't want to do it, wa 7thaláhsalA 7 he didn't want to do it. -alahsAtho- v.a. kick. lalahsAthos he's kicking her (z.) or it, luwalahsAthos she or they are kicking him. lolahsAthu she (z.) or it has kicked him, he has kicked him, luwalahsAthu she or they have kicked him, lalahsAthu he has kicked her (z.) or it. wahiyalahsAtho7 I kicked him, wa 7shakolahsAtho 7 he kicked her or them, waholahsAtho 7 she (z.) or it kicked him, he kicked him, wahalahsAtho7 he kicked her (z.) or it, wahuwalahsAtho 7 she or they kicked him, wa7utatalahsAtho7 she kicked her, wa7kuwalahsAtho7 she or they kicked her (z.), ulahsAtho7 she (z.) kicked it, wa 7olahsAtho7 she (z.) kicked her (z.), wa 7akolahsAtho 7 she (z.) kicked her, AyesalahsAtho7 she or they

will kick you. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - a l a h s A t h o h s l u -

kick repeatedly. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -alahsAthohslu- v.a. kick repeatedly. kalahsAthóhsluhe7 I keep kicking her (z.) o r it.

wa 7kalahsAthóhslu

7

I

kicked her (z.) or it several times. COMPOSED OF: -alahsAtho- kick, -hslu- distributive. .alahsi'ti'sle- plus te- dualic, v.a. drag one's feet. tekalahsi7tí-sle7 I'm dragging my feet. Pre-pausal: tekalahsi7tí-sele7 wa7thakrhsi7tí-sle7 he dragged his feet, wa7tyulahsi7tí-sle7 she dragged her feet. Pre-pausal: 7tísele7. wa 7tyulahsi COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -al-

semireflexive, -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, -?sle-/-i ? sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone. DERIVED BASES:

.alahsi'ti'slenutye- plus te- dualic, go along dragging one's feet. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .alahsi'ti'slenutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along dragging one's feet. tehalahsi7ti7slenúti7 he's going along dragging his feet, teyulahsi7ti7slenúti7 she's going along dragging her feet. • Kwa ?Atáti7 thikA onhéhta7 thó tehalahsi7ti7slenúti7 onlahtakúshu7 latekhwi-sáks. All day long this porcupine is going along dragging his feet through the leaves searching for food. (T3) COMPOSED OF: .alahsi'ti'sle- plus te- dualic, drag one's feet, -nu stative, -tye- progressive.

Oneida-English 97

NOTE: Many speakers have .alahsi'ti'slenuti- before a final 7 . alahsi'totalho- plus t- cislocative, v.a. trip someone. thakwalahsi7totálhos he keeps tripping me. thakwalahsi7totálhu he has tripped me. tashakolahsi7totálho7 he tripped her or them. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -alsemireflexive, -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot, -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. alahtahkwaneta'- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on overshoes. tekalahtahkwanéta?as I'm putting on overshoes. wa7thalahtahkwanétane7 he put on overshoes. COMPOSED OF: -al- semireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, .hna'neta 7 -/ .neta'- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. alahtahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off shoes, tekalahtáhsyus I'm taking my shoes off. tewakalahtáhsi I have my shoes off. wa7thalahtáhsi7 he took his shoes off, tAkalahtáhsi7 I will take my shoes off. tehsalahtáhsi Take your shoes off! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -alsemireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have .alahtahsi- word-finally and before a final .alahtat- plus te- dualic, v.a. run. tehaláhtats

h e runs,

teholahtatú

he was running. wa7tkaláhtate7 I ran, tAkaláhtate7 I will run. tehsaláhtat Run! With t- cislocative: tutahaláhtate7 he ran back this way. With y- translocative: ya7tkaláhtate7 I ran the other way, ya7thaláhtate7 he ran the other way. Aspect class: E2. •Ná sók ya7tkaláhtate7 tsi7 tyonhoká-lute7 nya7ktákhe7 tewakhAlehtá-ne7. Then I ran towards the door, as I'm running I'm going along hollering. (Dl) DERIVED BASES: .alahtatst- plus tedualic, start up, run, operate. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and possibly the -al- semireflexive and the alternant -aht- of the base -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe. alahtatst- plus te- dualic, v.a. start up, run, operate, tekalahtátsta7 I'm running it, teyulahtátsta7 she's running it. tewakalahtátstu I have run it. wa7tkaláhtatste7 I started it up, I ran it, tAkaláhtatste7 I will run it. Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: .alahtat- plus tedualic, run, -st- causative. alahta 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. put on shoes, tekaláhta7as I'm putting my shoes on. wa7tkaláhtane7 I put my shoes on, tAkaláhtane7 I will put my shoes on, takaláhtane7 I should put shoes on. tehsaláhtan Put your shoes on! With s- repetitive: teskaláhta 7as I'm putting my shoes on again, tusakaláhtane7 I put my shoes back on again. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -alsemireflexive, -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative.

98 Oneida-English

ala-sék N elderberry. -alat- v.a. lie down, wakalatú I have lain down. wa7ka-láte7 I lay down, waha-láte7 he lay down, wa7u-láte7 she lay down, wa7akwa-láte7

we

(excl.) lay down, Aka-láte7 I will lie down, Ayakya-láte7 we two (excl.) will lie down, ay aky a-late7 we two (excl.) should lie down, aku-láte7 they (z.) should lie down, sa-lát Lie down! With y- translocative: yAka-láte7 I will lie down over there. With n- partitive: nAka-láte7 how or where I will lie down. • Thó niyo-lé• na?akonuhwáktA7 7 thikA, kwáh se nók u-tú• wa7u-láte7 Until she got so sick, she just had to lie down. (M7) •alathenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. kick or thrash one's legs. tehalathenyúkwas he kicks his legs, he's thrashing around (usually said of babies), teyulathenyúkwas she kicks her legs. teholathenyúkwA he has kicked his legs. wa7thalathenyu-kó• he kicked his legs, wa7tyulathenyu-kó• she kicked her legs. With n- partitive: tta ?teholathenyúkwA is he ever kicking his legs. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ala'se-/-a?se- kin term, cousin. ukyalá-se7 my cousin, yukyalá-se7 my female cousin, tsyalá-se7 your cousin, lonalá-se7 they (m.) are cousins, his cousin. Kyáhse Cousin! NOTE: The alternant -a'se- occurs in the vocative form, Kyáhse, and the 7 is replaced by h. The alternant -ala?se- occurs elsewhere, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

a lé- Temporal particle which links clauses: again. .alelu- plus te- dualic, v.a. race. tehale-lúhe7 he races, tehule-lúhe7 they (m.) are racing, teholelú he has raced. wa7thale-lú- he raced. With t- cislocative: tethule-lúhe7 there they (m.) race. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: .alelutye- plus tedualic, for a race to be going on; tehulelúhe 7 race. .alelutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. for a race to be going on. tewalelúti7 the race is on. COMPOSED OF: .alelu- plus tedualic, race, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .aleluti- before a final 7 . .aleny- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.a. disperse, tetsyakwalényehse7 we (excl.) are dispersing, we're each going our separate ways, teshulényehse7 they (m.) are dispersing, teshonaléni they (m.) have dispersed, tusayakwale-ní• we (excl.) dispersed, tusahule-nf they (m.) dispersed. Aspect class: E4. • Thó s ki7 akwáh thikA •tsha7 ok nú• ahsúthA thikA nále7 tusayakwale-ní• kaná-tslaku tyakwAtskwahlúni7. So then somewhere around midnight we'd disperse (go home) from sitting in the ditch. (PI) NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. A component -aleny- occurs also in .alenya't-/ .kalenya't- plus te- dualic, distribute. .alenya?t-/.kalenya ? t- plus te- dualic, v.a. distribute, tekalenyá-tha7 I'm

Oneida-English

distributing things, tehalenyá-tha7 he's distributing things. tewakalenyá-tu I have distributed them, teholenyá-tu he has distributed them. wa7tkalényahte7 I distributed them, tAhalényahte7 he will distribute them. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: he

tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha7

distributes papers, he

wa7thahyatuhslakalényahte7

distributed the papers. With -i ? te x c r e m e n t : tehA7takalenyá-tha7

he's

distributing or spreading manure, 7 wa 7thA 7takalényahte he distributed manure. With -na'tal- bread, c a k e : tehana7talakalenyá-tha7

he

distributes or delivers bread, distributed bread. With

-nu?t-

b r e a s t : tehanu7takalenyá-tha7

milk, he

distributes the milk, he

wa7thanu7takalényahte7

distributed milk. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES:

tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha 7 mailman, postman; tehanu'takalenyá tha' milkman. NOTE: This base refers to distributing something as a regular or routine activity. The alternant .alenya?t- is composed of a root -aleny- and the - 7 t- causative suffix. The root -alenyoccurs also in .aleny- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, disperse. The alternant .kalenya ? t- occurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. ále' Temporal particle which links clauses: again. - a l e ' s A - v.a. get fat. wakálehsA7 I'm fat, lólehsA7

h e ' s fat,

she's fat. wa 7kálehsA

7

AhálehsA7 he will get fat. Stative past: lole7SA-hné• he used to be fat. With s- repetitive: sayúlehsA7 she got fat again. With t- cislocative: néthólehsA7 he's the fattest. With npartitive: tsi7 niyakólehsA7 is she ever fat. DERIVED BASES: - a l e ' s A h s l u n i -

fatten someone up; -ale?sA?uhatye- be getting fat. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ale'sAhsluni- v.a. fatten someone up. yesale7SAhslu-nthe7 they're fatteni n g y o u u p . wahole7SAhslu-ní•

fattened him up, wahuwale7SAhslu-ní-

he

wa7thana7talakalényahte7

yakólehsA7

I got fat,

99

him up.

he

she fattened

COMPOSED OF: -ale'sA- get fat,

-hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. -ale'sA'uhatye- v.m. be getting fat. lole7SA7uháti7 he's getting fat, yakole7SA7uháti7 she's getting fat. COMPOSED OF: -ale'sA- get fat, - 7 u

stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ale ? sA ? uhati- before a final 7 . .alho't- plus te- dualic, v.a. console someone, tekheyalhó-tha7 I'm consoling her (e.g., because she has been crying). wa7tekheyalhó-tA7 I consoled her, wa7tkuyalhó-tA7 I consoled you, tAkuyalhó-tA7 I will console you. tesheyalhó-tA Comfort her! NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -alhyohkw- n. sinker, ring, hoop. olhyóhkwa7 sinker, ring, hoop. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a7é• niwalhyóhkwa7 it's a great big hoop.

100 Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: - a t a l h y o h k u n i - b e

lying down curled up; olhyóhkwala? bobbin; tsyolhyóhkwa? chipmunk. NOTE: Refers to the sinker used in fishing or to the ring that you throw over a bottle at fairs. Alísakwe proper name. Elizabeth. Alískwe proper name. Elizabeth. -alu'tat- v.a. shoot, kalú-tats I'm shooting, lalú-tats he's shooting. wakalu7tatú I have shot, yutatalu7tatú she or someone has shot her. wahalú-tate7 he shot, wahiyalú-tate7 I shot him, Akalú-tate7 I will shoot, salú-tat Shoot! With n- partitive: nahalú-tate7 how or where he shot. Aspect class: E2. • Kátsha 7 ki7 ok kwv núnahalú-tate7 ki7 wáh, wa7tyohA-léhte7 ki7 wáh, "kwi7, kwi7, kwi7." Somewhere he actually shot (something), it hollered indeed, "kwi 7 , kwi?, kwi?." (V2) DERIVED BASES: -alu?tathu- shoot several; -atestalu 7 tat- splurt, spew, shoot out. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -alu'tathu- v.a. shoot several. lalu7táthuhe7 he shoots several. lolu 7táthu 7 he has shot several. wahalu 7táthu 7 he shot several. Aspect class: BL. COMPOSED OF: -alu?tat- shoot, -hudistributive. alyá- Particle that links clauses: why, the reason. -alyeha kin term, sister-in-law. ukyalyéha my sister-in-law, onalyéha her sister-in-law, lonalyéha his sister-in-law.

•an- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-/-atA-/-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in the vowel i. .anahalawAlye- plus te- dualic, v.a. go crazy. tekanahalawAlyehe7 I'm crazy, tehanahalawAlyehe7 he's crazy, teyunahalawAlyehe7 she's crazy, tewanahalawAlyehe7 she (z.) or it is crazy. wa7tkanahalawAlye7 I went crazy, tAkanahalawAlye7 I will go crazy. Future habitual: tAwanahalawAlyéheke7

s h e (z.) or

it will be crazy. • "Yá-ts tehanahalawAlyehe7 7 thikA la slu-ní-, í-lelhe7 néa-hatkátk&7 kA• tninikwA 7té-ne." "Geez he's crazy that white man, he wants to see our bellies." (M2) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive,

-nahal- mind, brain, .awAlye- plus te- dualic, stir. DERIVED BASES: . a n a h a l a w A l y e 7 -

plus te- dualic, have gone crazy; .anahalawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, make someone crazy. anahalawAlye 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. have gone crazy. tewakanahalawAlyé-u I have gone crazy, I have gone nuts (e.g., everything's happening at once and it's driving me nuts). COMPOSED OF: .anahalawAlye- plus te- dualic, go crazy, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. anahalawAlye?t- plus te- dualic, v.a. make someone crazy. tewakanahalawAlyé-tha7 it makes me crazy. tewakanahalawAlyé-tu it has made me crazy. wa7twakanahalawAlyehte7 it made me crazy,

Oneida-English

wa7thakwanahalawAlyehte7 he made me crazy, wa7tkunahalawAlyehte7 I drove you crazy. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .anahalawAlye- plus

te- dualic, go crazy, -?t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -anaklakw- v.a. move away, move one's things, lunaklákwas they (m.) are picking up their things and moving away. lonanaklákwA they (m.) have moved, wa 7akwanakla-kó• we (excl.) moved, wahunakla-kó• they (m.) moved away, they were sitting someplace and they got up and moved someplace else. With tsh- coincident: tshahanakla-kó• when he moved away, tsha7akwanakla-kówhen we (excl.) moved away. Aspect class: D3. •Nók tsi7 wa7akwanakla-kó• né- s wí- tsi7 niyotho-lé• kohsla7ké-ne. But we moved away because it was so cold in the wintertime. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive,

-nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -kw- reversative. move something or someone from one place to another; -anaklakwAhatyemove from place to place. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -anaklakwaht- v.a. move something or someone from one place to another. kanaklakwátha 7 I'm moving it to another place, kheyanaklakwátha7 I move her or them to someplace else. wa7kheyanaklákwahte7

COMPOSED OF: -anaklakw- move

away, move one's things, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anaklakwAhatye- v.m. move from place to place. yukwanaklakwAháti7 we're moving around. With elók all over and srepetitive: elók tsyukwanaklakwAháti7 we were moving around all over. With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusayukwanaklakwAháti7

we

moved around (away) again. •Kwáh kAS kok tiá-ye7 tsha7 ok nútiiyakwanákle7 ókhale7 wahatí7 hsane latiyAtákwas ókhale7 ákte7 7 na nú• yusayukwanaklakwAháti7.

We would just be living a little while someplace and they would finish cutting wood and we would be on the move to a different place. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -anaklakw- move

away, move one's things, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anaklakwAhati- before a final 7 . -anaklat- v.a. be born, relocate, move

DERIVED BASES: - a n a k l a k w a h t -

I moved

her or them from one place to another, wahiyanaklákwahte7 moved him.

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I

somewhere,

wakanaklatú I was

born, sanáklatú you were born, lonaklatú

he was born,

yakonaklatú

she was born, wa 7unáklate 7 she was

(just) born, she moved, wahanáklate7 he was (just) born, wahunáklate7 they (m.) relocated, Akanáklate7 I will move. With t- cislocative: twakanaklatú I was born there, Atwanáklate7 she (z.) or it will live there. With y- translocative: ya7akwanáklate7 we (excl.) moved over there, yAhyanáklate7 the two (m.) will move over there. With nypartitive and translocative: nyahunáklate7 over there where

102 Oneida-English

they (m.) relocated. With tshcoincident: tshahanáklate7 when he was born, tsha 7akwanáklate 7 when we (excl.) moved. Aspect class: E2. • Nók tsi7 elhú-wa7 ki7 thó 7 ya akwanáklate7 But just then actually we moved over there. (Nl) Tahnú• aknulhá• onulha7kA tshahanáklate7 Bill, ne7 thó-ne7 nétyakawAhe-yú. And my mother's late mother, when Bill was born, it was then that she died. (O2) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive,

-nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -t- causative-inchoative. -ana ? alol-/-ana ? alo?tsl- v. > n. hat. aná-lole7 hat. akwaná-lole7 my hat, saná lole7 your hat, laoná-lole7 his hat, akoná-lole7 her hat, aoná-lole7 her (z.) or its hat. With .á? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA7 niwana7alo7tslá• it's a small hat. With -halakw-/ -ihalakw- take down from hanging: wa7kana7alo7tslihala-kó• I took the hat down from hanging. And srepetitive: sakana7alo7tslihala-kóI took the hat back down. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big: wana7alo7tslowanA it's a big hat. NOTE: The alternant -ana ? aloloccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, and the sequence a ? a is replaced by á- when accented. The alternant -ana ? alo ? tsl- is the incorporating form. This base is related to the stative aspect of the verb base -ana 7 alolok-/-ana ? aIol- put on a hat. However, the verb takes the stative suffix -u, while the noun form has the suffix -e 7 . -ana?alolok-/-ana?alol- v.a. put on a hat. kana7alo-lóks I'm putting on a hat, kheyana 7alo-lóks I put a hat on her or someone, luwana7alo-lóks she

put a hat on him. wakana 7alolú I have a hat on, yakona 7alolú she has a hat on, lona 7alolú he has a hat on. Pre-pausal: lona7alo-lú. wa 7kana 7alo-lóke 7 I put on a hat, wa7kheyana7alo-lóke7 I put a hat on her, wahiyana7alo-lóke7 I put a hat on him, Akana7alo-lóke7 I will put on a hat. sana 7alo-lók Put your hat on! Habitual past: kana7alo-lókskwe7 I used to wear a hat. Stative past: wakana7alolu-hné• I had a hat on. Future stative: Ahona 7alolúhake 7 he will have a hat on. With te ? negative: yáh tehona7alolú he doesn't ha\£ a hat on. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -na'al- head, skull, -ate'lholok-/-ate 7 lhol-/-at-N-olok/-at-N-ol- cover up oneself. DERIVED BASES: -ana'alol-/ -ana'alo'tsl- hat; -ana'aloloksyutake off a hat. NOTE: The alternant -ana'alolokoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix, -ana'alol- occurs in the stative aspect and in -ana'alol-/ -ana ? alo ? tsl- hat.

-ana'aloloksyu- v.a. take off a hat. kana 7alolóksyus I'm taking my hat off, luwana7alolóksyus she's taking his hat off him. wa?kana?alolóksi7 I took my hat off, wahiyana7alolóksi? I took a hat off him, wahuwana7alolóksi7 she took his hat off. sana 7alolóksi Take off your hat! COMPOSED OF: -ana'alolok-/

-ana'alol- put on a hat, -hsyureversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant -ana'alolok- of the component base plus the -hsyu- reversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster

Oneida-English

is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -ana'aloloksi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -ana'alo'tsl- hat. See -ana'alol-/ -ana'alo'tsl-. -anekl-/-Anekl- n. grass, straw, hay, weeds, onékli7 grass, straw, hay, weeds. Pre-pausal: onékelP. With -atuni- grow: yotanekluní grass is growing. With -es-/-us- be long: yonékles it's long grass. With -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up: Ayakwaneklota-kó• we (excl.) will remove weeds. With -kw-/-ekwpick, harvest: kaneklákwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding. With -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out: kaneklótshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakaneklótshi I have weeded, wahaneklótshi7 he weeded, Ahsaneklótshi7 you will weed, saneklótshi Weed! • WakluhyakX katieklákwas á-ksane7 kaló• tsi7 niyo-léayokA-nóle7 I'm working really hard at weeding to finish before it rains. DERIVED BASES: -anekliya'k-/ -Anekliya'k- cut the grass, mow the lawn; .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, bale; -anekloskalu- hoe; wanekláksA weeds; waneklalathXsta' grain elevator; yuneklalohlókta' rake. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The derived bases are given with the alternant -anekl-. -anekliya ? k-/-Anekliya'k- v.a. cut the grass, mow the lawn. kanekli-yá-ks I'm cutting the grass, lunekli-yá-ks they (m.) are cutting the grass, wahanekli-yá-ke7 he cut the grass. COMPOSED OF: -anekl-/-Anekl-

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grass, straw, hay, weeds, -ya'kdetach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: - a t A n e k l i y a ' k - c u t

the grass; yunekliyá kta' lawnmower, scythe. NOTE: Note that this base has an unusual alternant -iya ? k- of the component base -ya 7 k-. Otherwise -iya'k- is attested only as an alternant of the base .yahya ? k-/.iya ? kplus te- dualic, cross, go across. The alternant -Anekliya'k- occurs in the derived base -atAnekliya ? k-; otherwise -anekliya'k- occurs. The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, v.a. bale, tekanekló-lalaks I'm baling (e.g., hay), tewakaneklohlalakú I have baled. wa7thanekló-lalake7 he baled. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: - a n e k l - / - A n e k l -

grass, straw, hay, weeds, .htohlalak-/.ya'tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. DERIVED BASES: t e w a n e k l ó - l a l a k s

baler. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anekloskalu- v.a. hoe. kaneklóskalus I'm hoeing, lonekloskalú he has hoed, wa 7kaneklóskalu 7 I hoed, Ayakwaneklóskalu7 we (excl.) will hoe, akaneklóskalu 7 I should hoe. saneklóskalu Hoe! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: - a t A n e k l o s k a l u -

hoe. NOTE: Includes the noun base -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds; otherwise the composition is unclear. A neluk proper name. Henry.

104

Oneida-English

.anihnuni- plus s- repetitive, v.a. heal over, swanihnu-nthe7 it (a wound) is healing over, tsyonihnuní it has healed, sunihnu-nv it healed, Aswanihnu-ní• it will heal. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -an-

semireflexive, -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -anihtyak- v.a. put on a scarf or tie. kaníhtyaks I'm putting on a scarf. wa 7kaníhtyake7 I put on a scarf, Akaníhtyake7 I will put on a scarf. saníhtyak Put on a scarf! COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ihty-/-ihtyak- have on a scarf or tie. DERIVED BASES: anihtyákta' or yunihtyákta 7 scarf, tie, necklace. anihtyákta 7 V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: -anihtyak- put on a scarf or tie, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Two other bases for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are yunihtyákta 7 and yunihtyásta 7 . anikók N pancake. -aninhe'klut- v.s. have a wart. wakaninhé-klute7 I have a wart, loninhé-klute7 he has a wart, yakoninhé-klute7 she has a wart. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anishnuhsohlok-/-anishnuhsohl- v.a put on a ring, kanishnuhsó-loks I'm putting on a ring, wakanishnuhsó-lu I have put on a ring, yakonishnuhsó-lu she has a ring on. wa7kanishnuhsó-loke7 I put on my

ring, satiishnuhsó-lok Put your ring on! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. DERIVED BASES:

-anishnuhsohloksyu- take off a ring; anishnuhsohlókta' ring. NOTE: The alternant -anishnuhsohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix, -anishnuhsohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after acce«ted vowels. -anishnuhsohloksyu- v.a. take off a ring. wa7kanishnuhsohlóksi7 I took my ring off. COMPOSED OF: -anishnuhsohlok-/

-anishnuhsohl- put on a ring, -hsyureversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant -anishnuhsohlok- of the component base plus the -hsyureversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -anishnuhsohloksibefore a final 7 . anishnuhsohlókta7 V > N ring. akwanishnuhsohlókta7 my ring. COMPOSED OF: -anishnuhsohlok-/

-anishnuhsohl- put on a ring, -htcausative, -ha ? habitual. DERIVED BASES: ye'nikhúkhwa' anishnuhsohlókta 7 thimble. -anishuhlolu 7 devil. kwa7nyó sanishuhlo-lú- you seem to be the devil, you devil. DERIVED BASES: -anishuhlonu 7 tslathave the devil in one; onishuhlo-lúdevil, evil snake. NOTE: Composed of a root -anishuand the alternant -hlolu 7 of the

Oneida-English

resident clitic -hlonu 7 / -hlolu7. A variant of -anishu- occurs in onéshu' hell. -anishuhlonu'tslat- v.s. have the devil in one. lonishuhlonú-tslat he has the devil in him, yakonishuhlonú-tslat she has the devil in her. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a variant of the base -anishuhlolu? devil, the -tslnominalizer suffix, and the alternant -at- of the verb base -at-/-t-/-et- be in. The base -anishuhlolu' has the alternant -hlolu? of the resident clitic, while this base has the alternant -hlonu 7 . The 7 of the 7tsi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anislo'khot- v.a. get into a position with one's behind up. lanislo 7khótha 7 he gets into a position so that his behind is up. yakonisló-khote7 she has gotten her behind up. wahanislo7khotA• he got his behind up. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-slo'khot-/-islo'khot- have one's behind up. NOTE: The

7

of the ?kh cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. Anísta' Exclamation. Gee! Darn! •Anísta7 tsi7 niyau7wéskwa7t thikA oyá• tusakaláhtane7, yáh 7 7 te waklA nhá-u ohtáhkwase7 7 ta-kaláhtane . Gee it was sure nice to put on different shoes, I didn't know what it was like to put on new shoes. (CI) -anistyake- v.a. urinate. lanistya-kéhe7 he keeps urinating. lonistyaké he's urinating. wa7kanistya-ké• I urinated, wahanistya-ké• he urinated,

105

u>a7unistya-ké- she urinated, wahonistya-ké• he urinated on him, i-kélhe7 akanistya-ké• I have to urinate (literally, it wants me to urinate). With elók all over, and yes- translocative and repetitive: elók yeshonistyaké he's urinating all over (e.g., a dog). Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: - a n i s t y a k e ' n - g o to

urinate. -anistyake'n- v.m. go to urinate. i kélhe7 akatiistyaké-na7 I want to go there to urinate. COMPOSED OF: -anistyake- urinate, -'n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. aní'tas N skunk. NOTE: Probably includes the -ansemireflexive and the noun base -i'texcrement; otherwise the composition is unclear. -anita'st- v.a. pretend to be asleep. wakanitá-stu I'm pretending to be asleep, lonitá-stu he's pretending to be asleep, yakonitá-stu she's pretending to be asleep. wa7kani-tá-ste7 I pretended to be asleep, Akani tá-ste7 I will pretend to be asleep, sani-táhst Pretend to be asleep! COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-ita'-/-ita'w- sleep, go to sleep, -stcausative. NOTE: The 7 of the 'st cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the pre-pausal imperative form. -anitAht- v.a. plead, beg. kanitAtha7 I plead. wakanitAhtu I'm pleading. wa7kani-tAhte7 I pleaded, Akani-tAhte7 I will plead,

106 Oneida-English

ayunvtAhte7 she or someone should plead. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-anitskalahsluni- v.a. make up a bed. kanitskalahslu-níhe7 I'm making up

-itAht- be poor. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

the bed.

-anitshehwA'kwA- v.s. be bloated, be constipated,

wakanitshehwA-kwA

7

I'm bloated (e.g., because I have gas in my stomach), I'm all bound up, I'm constipated, lonitshehwA-kwA7 he's constipated, yakonitshehwAkwA

-anitskalu- occurs in the punctual aspect.

7

she's constipated. Aspect class: B. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anitsho'khwal- v.s. have canker sores, wakanitshó-khwale7 I have canker sores, lonitshó-khwale7 he has canker sores, yakonitshó-khwale7 she has canker sores. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The ? of the ? khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anitskal-/-anitskalu- v.a. put down a sheet or cover for oneself. kanitskálha7 I put a sheet or cover down, I fix a place to lie down. wa7kanítskalu7 I fixed a place to lie down, sanítskalu Fix a place to lie down! • KA7 nukwá• sanítskalu thó sa-lát. Put your sheet or blanket down here and lie down there. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. DERIVED BASES: yunitskalákhwa? sheet. NOTE: The alternant -anitskaloccurs in the habitual aspect and before the -hkw- instrumental suffix,

Ahsanitskalahslu-ní-

you

will make up the bed. sanitskalahslu-ní Make up the bed! NOTE: Probably includes the base -at-N-hsluni-/-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up; and somehow related to -itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. However the composition is unclear. -anitskluty- v.a. spit. lanitsklútyehse7 he spits, he's spitting, wahanitsklu-tí• he spit. With n- partitive: nihonitsklúti how or where he spit. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive,

-itskl- spit, spittle, saliva, -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse. DERIVED BASES: .anitskluty- plus ytranslocative, spit out, spit into. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .anitskluty- plus y- translocative, v.a. spit out, spit into. yehanitsklútyehse7 he's spitting it out, he's spitting it in there. yahanitsklu-tí• he spit it out. With n- partitive: nyahanitsklu-tí- how or where he spit it out. With tshcoincident: tshyahanitsklu-tv when he spit it out. • Thó né- ni-yót tsi7 wahoslAhtáksA7 ka7ikA tsi7 sok núyahanitsklu-tí- ka7ikA n oyu 7kwákelP. This is the way that he dreamed it, that he spit the tobacco juice someplace. (M9)

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -anitskluty- spit. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -anitskwahel-/-anitskwahl- v.a. perch, lanitskwahélha7 he keeps getting into a perching position. lonitskwáhele7 he has gotten into a perching position. wahanitskwá-lA 7 he perched, Ahanitskwá-lA7 he will perch. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskwahel-/-itskwahl- be sitting, perched. DERIVED BASES: -anitskwahlakwremove oneself from a seat, get up from a seat. NOTE: The alternant -anitskwaheloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -anitskwahloccurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. jump, tehanitskwákhwa7 he jumps up and down, he jumps over something (e.g., hurdles). tehonitskwáhkwA he's jumping up and down, he has jumped up and down. wa7thanítskwahkwe7 he jumped once, he started to jump up and down, tAhanítskwahkwe7 he will jump. tehsanítskwak Jump! With tcislocative: tutahanítskwahkive7 he jumped this way. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya'tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES:

.anitskwahkwanyu- plus te- dualic, jump repeatedly, skip. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by

107

khwa'. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. .anitskwahkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. jump repeatedly, skip. tehanitskwahkwányuhe7 he's jumping up and down, he's skipping. wa7thanitskwahkwáni7 he jumped up and down, tAhanitskwahkwáni7 he will jump up and down. COMPOSED OF: .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, jump, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES:

.anitskwahkwanyu'ne- plus tedualic, go along jumping or skipping. NOTE: Many speakers have .anitskwahkwani- before a final 7 . .anitskwahkwanyu'ne- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along jumping or skipping. tehanitskwahkwanyú-ne7 he's going along skipping. • Tehanitskwahkwanyú-ne7 tsi7 í-le7 He's skipping as he walks. COMPOSED OF: .anitskwahkwanyuplus te- dualic, jump repeatedly, skip, - ? ne- ambulative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anitskwahlakhw-/-anitskwahla ? tslv. > n. chair, anitskwahlákhwa7 chair. With - ? ke locative suffix: anitskwahlakhwá-ke on the chair. With -N-aksA?- become bad: unitskwahla7tsláksAne7 the chair became bad. With -athnyot-/ -at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself: katanitskwahla?tslótha7 I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahlá-tslote7 he has a chair standing. With -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have: kanitskwahla 7tslótha 7 I'm setting up a chair, wakanitskwahlá-tslote7

108 Oneida-English

I have set up the chair, wa 7kanitskwahla 7tslo-tA- I set up a chair. With-hnyotunyu-/-otunyustand several upright, and s- repetitive: sayakwanitskwahla ?tslotúni 7 we (excl.) set up the chairs again. With -N-iyo- be good, and n- partitive: tsi7 niwanitskwahla?tsliyó it's a really nice chair. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsli-yó-se7 are the chairs ever nice. With .N-ke- plus npartitive, be three or more of: áhsA niwanitskwahlá-tslake three chairs. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: swanitskwahlá-tslat one chair. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct: lanitskwahla7tslu-níhe7 he's making a chair, lonitskwahla7tsluní he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla7tslu-ní• he made a chair. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: lonanitskwahlá-tslayA 7 they (m.) have chairs. With -yAta'get, obtain: wakanitskwahla?tslayAtá u I got a chair. And s- repetitive: Aswakanitskwahla7tslayA-táne7 I will get a chair again. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental or -?tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: The alternant -anitskwahlakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and before the locative suffix. The ending -khwa' in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha', instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -anitskwahla'tsl-, with the -'tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. The 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-anitskwahlakw- v.a. remove oneself from a seat, get up from a seat. lanitskwahlákwas he's moving himself off the seat (e.g., a chair). lonitskwahlákwa he has moved himself from the seat. wa7kanitskwahla-kó• I moved myself off the seat. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -anitskwahel-/ -anitskwahl- perch, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .anitskwAtyeht- pl«s-te- dualic, v.a. skip over, postpone. tehanitskwAtyétha7 he leaves it out and goes on to the next one, he postpones it (e.g., a meeting). tehonitskwAtyéhtu he has postponed it, he has skipped over it. wa7tkanitskwAtyehte7 I skipped over it, I postponed it, tAkanitskwXtyehte7 I will postpone it, tAyakwanitskwAtyehte7 we (excl.) will postpone it. Aspect class: EL.

NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -an- semireflexive, and the noun base -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anitsyatolat- v.a. fish. lanitsyato-láts he's fishing. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -itsy- fish, -atolat- hunt. DERIVED BASES: -anitsyatolats be a fisherman. -anitsyatolats v.a. be a fisherman. lanitsyato-láts (he's a) fisherman, lunitsyato-láts (they are) fishermen. COMPOSED OF: -anitsyatolat- fish, -s habitual.

Oneida-English

-anityohkuni-/-anityohkuny- v.a. form a group, kanityohku-níhe7 I'm forming or getting together a group. wakanityohkuní I have formed a group, wahanityohku-ní• he got together a group, Akanityohku-ní• I will form a group. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ityohkw- group, crowd, -uni-/-unymake, construct. DERIVED BASES: -anityohkunyAni-/

-anityohkunyA- form a group for someone. NOTE: The alternant -anityohkunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -anityohkunyAni-/-anityohkunyAv.a. form a group for someone. yukwanityohkunyA-níhe7 she's forming a group for me, kheyanityohkunyA-níhe7 I'm getting together a group for her. wa7shakonityohkúni7 he formed a group for her or them. COMPOSED OF: -anityohkuni-/ -anityohkuny- form a group, -Ani-/ -A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -anityohkunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -anityohkunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -anityohkuni- before a final f. .anityohkwakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. vote, elect. tehanityohkwakXnyehse7 he votes. wa7thanityohkwakA-ní• he voted. COMPOSED OF: -ityohkw- group, crowd, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus tedualic, compete, go to a fair. DERIVED BASES:

.anityohkwakAnya'n- plus tedualic, go to vote; tehunityohkwakXnyehse' election. NOTE: The component base .atkAny-

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is composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -k/vny-, and incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kAny-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -ityohkwis -an-. The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .anityohkwakAnya'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to vote. wa7tkanityohkwakAnyána7 I'm going to vote. COMPOSED OF: .anityohkwakAnyplus te- dualic, vote, elect, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anityohkwayAht- v.a. gang up on, attack, y akhiy anity ohkway Atha 7 we (excl.) gang up on her or them. iva7akhiyanityóhkwayAhte7 we (excl.) ganged up on her or them. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -ityohkw- group, crowd, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

-anityohkwayAthohtAni-/ -anityohkwayAthohtA- gang up on someone. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anityohkwayAthohtAni-/ -anityohkwayAthohtA- v.a. gang up on someone. yakhiyanityohkwayAthohtA-níhe7 we keep ganging up on her. wa7ukwanityohkwayAthóhtA7 they ganged up on me, wahuwanityohkwayAthóhtA7 they ganged up on him, wa7akhiyanityohkwayAthóhtA7 we ganged up on her. COMPOSED OF: -anityohkwayAht-

110 Oneida-English

gang u p on, attack, -ho- causative, -ht- causative, - A n i - / - A - benefactive. NOTE: T h e alternant

-anityohkwayAthohtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -anityohkwayAthohtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. .anityohkwAt- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a gang. tewakanityóhkwAte7 I have a gang, tehonityóhkwAte7 he has a gang, teyakonityóhkxvAte7 she has a gang. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: . a n i t y o h k w A t a t y e -

plus te- dualic, have a gang going along. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -an- semireflexive, and the noun base -ityohkw- group, crowd; otherwise the composition is unclear. .anityohkwAtatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. have a gang going along. tehonityohkwAtátyehse7 he has a gang going along. COMPOSED OF: .anityohkwAt- plus te- dualic, have a gang, -tye- progressive. -ani'nhuhso- v.a. lay eggs. wani7nhúhsohe? it lays eggs (e.g., a hen). uni7nhúhso7 it laid an egg. NOTE: Includes the -an- semireflexive and the alternant -i'nhuhs- of the noun base - ? nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhs- egg; otherwise the composition is unclear. ani'nhuhsya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. hatch an egg. wa7twani7nhúhsyahke7 the egg hatched. COMPOSED OF: -?nhuhs-/-i?nhuhsegg, .atya'k- plus te- dualic, become broken. NOTE: The component base .atya'kis composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -ya ? k-, and incorporated nouns occur between the semire-

flexive and -ya ? k-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -i ? nhuhs- is -an-. The 7 of the ' k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .ani ? nyuhsohlok-/.ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative, v.a. stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere. yehani7nyuhsó-loks he's putting his nose into it. yehoni7nyuhsó-lu he has stuck his nose into it. With npartitive: thó nyehani7nyuhsó-loks he's putting his nose into it, he can't mind his own bTTsiness, thó ki7 nya7kani7nyuhsó-loke7 I put my nose into it, I interfered. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -ansemireflexive, -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i ? nyu- nose, -ohlok-/-ohlinsert. NOTE: The alternant .ani'nyuhsohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .ani'nyuhsohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ani 7 nyuklik-/-ani 7 nyukli- v.a. wrinkle up one's nose. loni7nyúkli he has wrinkled up his nose. Pre-pausal: loni7nyúkeli_. wahani7nyúklike7 he wrinkled up his nose. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -?nyuhs-/-?nyu-/-i?nyuhs-/-i?nyunose, -N-oklik-/-N-okli-/-N-klik/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up. DERIVED BASES: -ani'nyuklikhuwrinkle up one's nose repeatedly. NOTE: The alternant -ani'nyuklikoccurs in the punctual aspect and before the -hu- distributive suffix, -anPnyukli- occurs in the stative aspect. See also ka'nyúkel moccasin.

Oneida-English

-ani'nyuklikhu- v.a. wrinkle up one's nose repeatedly. lani7nyuklíkhuhe7 he keeps wrinkling up his nose. COMPOSED OF: - a n i ' n y u k l i k - /

-ani'nyukli- wrinkle up one's nose, -hu- distributive. .ani?taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. flip over, get upside down. tekani7taketskwátha7 I'm flipping over. tewakani7taketskwáhtu I have flipped over, I'm hanging upside down. wa7thani7takétskwahte7 he flipped over, tAhsani7takétskwahte7 you will get upside down. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -i?texcrement, -atketskw- get up, -htcausative. NOTE: The component base -atketskw- is composed of the -atsemireflexive and a verb base -ketskw-, and incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ketskw-. The semireflexive alternant selected by -i ? t- is -an-. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ani'tayA- v.a. have a bowel movement. laní-tayAhe7 he's having a bowel movement. loní-tayA 7 he has had a bowel movement. wa 7kaní-tayA 7 I had a bowel movement, wahaní-tayA 7 he had a bowel movement, wa7uní-tayA7 she had a bowel movement. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -i?t- excrement, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ani?teny-/-ani ? tenyu- v.a. fart. wa7kani7te-ní• I farted, wahani7te-ní• he farted,

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wa7uni7te-nv she farted, Ahani7te-ní• he will fart. With tshcoincident: tshahani7te-tií• when he farted. • Yolakalé-ni tshahani7te-ní\ He farted loudly. DERIVED BASES: -ani'tenyukw- fart repeatedly. NOTE: Possibly composed of the -an- semireflexive, the noun base -i'texcrement, and a verb root -teny-/ -tenyu-, which occurs otherwise with the te- dualic prefix in .teny-/.tenyuplus te- dualic, change something. The alternant -ani'teny- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the final y is replaced by i. The alternant -ani?tenyu- occurs before the -kwreversative suffix. -ani'tenyukw- v.a. fart repeatedly. lani7tenyúkwas he keeps farting. wahani7tenyu-kó• he farted repeatedly. COMPOSED OF: - a n i ' t e n y - /

-ani'tenyu- fart, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. - a n i ' t s y u h k w a y A - v.a. lie d o w n , curl

up in a ball. lani7tsyúhkwayAhe7

he

lies d o w n s o that he's curled u p in a

ball. wahatii7tsyúhkwayA7

he lay

d o w n all curled u p .

COMPOSED OF: -an- semireflexive, -i'tsyuhkwayA- be lying curled up in a ball. .ani'tunya't- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix up, confuse, confound. tekani?tunyá-tha7 I confound the situation, I make the situation more difficult, tehani7tunyá-tha7 he keeps getting it all mixed up or confused. tehoni7tunyá-tu he has gotten it all mixed up, in a jumble. wa7tkani7túnyahte7 I made it

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Oneida-English

confused, wa 7twakani ?túnyahte 7 it confused me, wa7thani7túnyahte7 he got it all mixed up, he made it all confused, tAkani7túnyahte7 I will get it all confused. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -an-

semireflexive, -i't- excrement, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct, -'t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the final ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .ani?tunya ? t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a mixed-up situation. teyoni7túnya7t it's a mixed-up situation. Pre-pausal: teyoni7túnyaht. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -an-

semireflexive, -i't- excrement, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct, - 7 t- causative. .anlahtanekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. for leaves to burst open. wa7twanlahtane-kálu7 the leaves opened. COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, .atla ? nekal (u)-/.at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. .anle'kala'w- plus te- dualic, v.a. lightning flash. wa7twanlé-kalawe7 it flashed a (single) lightning flash. DERIVED BASES: .anle'kala'wanyuplus te- dualic, lightning repeatedly. NOTE: The 7 of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the ? w cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables. •anle'kala'wanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. lightning repeatedly. tewatile7kala7wányuhe7 it's lightning. COMPOSED OF: .anle'kala'w- plus te- dualic, lightning flash, -nyudistributive. anó ki' N muskrat.

-anowA- v.s. lie, be a liar. wakanowA I lie, I'm a liar, lonowA he lies, yakonowA she lies. Pre-pausal: yakono-wA. With te7- negative: yáh te7wakanowA I don't lie. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -anowAht- lie, tell lies. -anowAht- v.a. lie, tell lies. kanowAtha 7 I tell lies. wakanowAhtu I have lied. wa7kano-wAhte7 I lied. Aspect class: El. COMPOSEDIJF: -anowA- lie, be a

liar, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -anowAhtanyu- tell lies all over or repeatedly; -atanowAht- doubt, not really believe. N O T E : The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -anowAhtanyu- v.a. tell lies all over or repeatedly. kanowAhtányuhe7 I'm telling lies. wa7kanowAhtáni7 I told lies. COMPOSED OF: -anowAht- lie, tell lies, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anowAhtani- before a final 7 . .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be neighbours, live side by side. teyakyanuhsanekA the two of us (excl.) are neighbours, my neighbour, tetsyanuhsanekA you two are neighbours, your neighbour, tehyanuhsanekA the two (m.) are neighbours, his neighbour, tetwanuhsanekA we all (incl.) are neighbours. Pre-pausal: tetwanuhsane-kA. Stative past: tehyanuhsanekA-hné• the two (m.) were neighbours. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -a- semireflexive, the

Oneida-English

noun base -nuhs- house, building, and a verb root -nekA-, which occurs also in .utshanekA- plus te- dualic, have the knees together. -anuhsanun-/-anuhsanuhnawA- v.a. be left home by oneself, kanuhsanúnha 7 I'm home by myself (looking after the house), yakyanuhsanúnha7 we two (excl.) are home by ourselves, all alone. wa7kanuhsanú-nawA7 I was home by myself. •Yukwatyánluhse7 s thikA netú tahnú• tyótkut yakyanuhsanúnha7 akttulhá-. We used to get haunted there, and besides my mother and I were always by ourselves. (V3) COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nuhs- house, building, -nun-/ -nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake. NOTE: The alternant -anuhsanunoccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -anuhsanuhnawA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -anuht(e)- v.s. know, wakanúhte7 I know, sanúhte7 you know, lonúhte7 he knows, yakonúhte7 she knows, yukwanúhte7 we know, lonanúhte7 they (m.) know. Habitual past: wakanúhtehkwe7 I used to know it (but I can't think of it now). Future stative: Awakanúhteke7 I will know, Ahonúhteke7 he will know. With te ? - negative: yáh te7wakanúhte7 I don't know, yáh te7sanúhte7 you don't know, yáh te7yakonúhte7 she doesn't know, yáh tehonanúhte7 they (m.) don't know. With thcontrastive, and future stative: yáh thaukwanúhteke7 I won't know. Aspect class: B. • Wakanúhte7 tsi7 lonaskénhA Tá-wet khále7 Kwí-tel ohútsi7. I

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know that David and Peter were fighting over the land. DERIVED BASES: .anuhte- plus tshcoincident or tshit- coincident and cislocative, know already; -anuhte'tsihA- know unexpectedly; -anuhtA?- find out about; -anuhtunyuthink. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. .anuhte- plus tsh- coincident or tshitcoincident and cislocative, v.s. know already, tshiwakanúhte7 or tshitwakanúhte7 I already know it, I knew it, tshitesanúhte7 you already know it. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident or tshit- coincident and cislocative, -anuht(e)- know. -anuhte'tsihA- v.s. know unexpectedly. lonuhte7tsíhA he already knew about something I didn't think he knew, yakonuhte7tsíhA she already knew about it. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base -anuht(e)- know, and perhaps an ending -?tsihA-. See also -athute'tsihA- hear unexpectedly; and -kwenya'tsihA- be capable. -anuhtA?- v.a. find out about. wakanuhtA-u I have found out about it. ukwanúhtAne7 I found out, AivakanúhtAne7 I will find out, AhonanúhtAtie7 they (m.) will find out. With s- repetitive: sukwanúhtAne7 I found out about it again. With th- contrastive: yáh thayukwanúhtAne7 we won't find out about it. • Né- kwi- né- ka7ikA ya-wét kwikwáh tyotyelAhtu ukwanúhtAne7 tsi7 Christmas. It was like the very first time I found out about Christmas.

114 Oneida-English

(Mil) COMPOSED OF: -anuht(e)- know, -a 7 inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. •anuhtu- v.a. do what one wants. Akanúhtu 7 I can do what I want, Ahunúhtu 7 they (m.) will do what they want. With th- contrastive: thiwakanuhtú-u I just do things my own way. • Akanúhtu7 tsi7 nú- nyAhA-ké\ I can go where I want to go. DERIVED BASES: .anuhtu- plus tcislocative, determine, exert one's will, take the lead. anuhtu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. determine, exert one's will, take the lead. tkanúhtuhe7 I determine it, I control it, I take the lead, twakanuhtú-u I have determined it, I'm the leader. takanúhtu 7 I had my way, Atkanúhtu7 I will have my way, it'll be up to me, Atehsanúhtu 7 you will determine it, Atyunúhtu 7 she or someone will determine it, utakanúhtu 7 I should determine it, I want to have my way. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7tkanúhtuhe7 I don't get my way, yáh te7twakanuhtú-u I didn't get my way, I couldn't help it. With thcontrastive: yáh thutakanúhtu7 I won't get my way, yáh thutasanúhtu7 you won't get your way. Aspect class: CI. • úhka7 náhte7Atyunúhtu7. Who is it up to? COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -anuhtu- do what one wants. DERIVED BASES: .anuhtuni-/ .anuhtu7 s- plus t- cislocative, have control over, steer.

,anuhtuni-/.anuhtu 7 s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. have control over, steer. tkanuhtu-níhe7 I'm steering it in a certain direction, thiyanuhtu-níhe7 I control him. tahiyanúhtuhse7 I controlled him. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7tkanuhtu-níhe7 I have no control over her (z.) or it, yáh te7thiyanuhtu-níhe7 I have no control over him. COMPOSED OF: .anuhtu- plus tcislocative, determine, exert one's will, take the lead, -ni-/- 7 sbenefactive. —NOTE: The alternant .anuhtunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .anuhtu7s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -anuhtunyu- v.a. think. kanuhtúnyuhe7 I'm thinking, lanuhtúnyuhe7 he's thinking, yunuhtúnyuhe7 she's thinking, lunuhtúnyuhe7 they (m.) are thinking. lonuhtúni7 he's able to think, he's conscious. wa7kanuhtúni7 I thought, wahanuhtúni7 he thought, Akanuhtúni7 I will think, akanuhtúni7 I should think. Habitual past: lanuhtunyúhahkwe7 he thought about it. With s- repetitive: shonuhtúni7 he's thinking again, he's conscious (again), sahanuhtúni7 he thought (again), Askanuhtúni7 I will think of it (again). With te 7 - negative: yáh te7twanuhtúnyuhe7 we (incl.) don't think. Aspect class: Bl. •E-só- wa7kanuhtúni7 thó kA ya-aké• tá-thuni7 yáhtA7. I thought about it a lot, whether I should go or not. COMPOSED OF: -anuht(e)- know, -unyu- distributive.

Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: -anuhtunyukw-

think over, think intensely, concentrate. NOTE: Many speakers have -anuhtuni- before a final 7 . -anuhtunyukw- v.a. think over, think intensely, concentrate. kanuhtunyúkwas I'm thinking it over, lanuhtunyúkwas he's thinking it over. wakanuhtunyúkwA I have thought it over, wa7kanuhtunyu-kóI thought it over, Akanuhtunyu-kó• I will think it over, ayunuhtunyu-kóshe or someone should think it over. Aspect class: D3. •NA kwi• né- yahá-khawe7 thikA, HA kwi- né• kanuhtunyúkwas Lis náhte7 uhte akatlAnhahte7 Well then I took it away, now I'm thinking it over, what maybe I should wish for. (Nl) COMPOSED OF: -anuhtunyu- think, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES:

-anuhtunyukwahtAni-/ -anuhtunyukwahtA- make someone think over. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -anuhtunyukwahtAni-/ -anuhtunyukwahtA- v.a. make someone think over. wakanuhtunyukwahtA-níhe7 it's making me think it over. ukwanuhtunyukwáhtA7 it made me think it over, wahonuhtunyukwáhtA7 it made him think it over, wahakwanuhtunyukwáhtA7 he made me think it over, AwakanuhtunyukwáhtA7 it will make me think it over. COMPOSED OF: -anuhtunyukw- think over, think intensely, concentrate, -ht- causative, -Ani-/-A- benefactive.

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NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-anuhtunyukwahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -anuhtunyukwahtAoccurs in the punctual aspect. anuhwet- v.a. sleep over. wa7kanú-wete7 I slept over, wa7akwanú-wete7 we (excl.) slept over. With t- cislocative: takanú-wete7 I slept there, Atyakwanú-wete7 we (excl.) will sleep there. With y- translocative: ya7kanú-wete7 (I went there and) I slept, ya7akwanú-wete7 we (excl.) slept there, we stayed over. With npartitive: nAhanú-wete7 where or how he will sleep, nAtsyanú-wete7 where or how you two will sleep. • Tá-t kAs é-nik nukwáwa7akwa7 7 nú-wete kwáh tsi ni-yót rocking chair yukwathu-té• kAs tyé-slehse7 ehtá ke. If we slept upstairs over there, we heard something like someone was dragging around a rocking chair downstairs. (V3) DERIVED BASES: - a n u h w e t h - g o to

sleep over, go to bed; -anuhwetstsleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom. NOTE: T h e h of t h e h w c l u s t e r is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -anuhweth- v.m. go to sleep over, go to bed. kanuhwéthe7 I'm going to sleep over, sanuhwéthe7 you're going to sleep over, lanuhwéthe7 he's here to sleep over, kanuhwéthehse7 I go there to sleep over, wakanuhwéthu I have gone to bed. wa7kanuhwétha7 I'm going to bed, wa 7akyanuhwétha 7 we two (excl.) went to bed, Akanuhwétha 7 I'm going to sleep, I'm going to bed, akanuhwétha7 I should go to bed. With t- cislocative: tahanuhwétha7 he's going to come over here to sleep. Aspect class: H.

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: -anuhwet- sleep over, -h- dislocative. -anuhwetst- v.a. sleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom, kanuhwétsta 7 where I go to sleep. Habitual past: tsi7 kanuhwétstahkwe7 where I have been sleeping. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tkanuhzvétsta 7 my bedroom, there is where I sleep, tsi7 tehsanuhwétsta7 7 your bedroom, tsi thanuhwétsta7 his bedroom, tsi7 tyunuhwétsta7 her bedroom, tsi7 tityanuhwétsta7 the two of us (incl.), our bedroom, tsi7 tyakwanuhwétsta7 all of us (excl.), our bedroom, tsi7 thunuhwétsta 7 their (m.) bedroom. With n- partitive: kátsha7 nú' nihanuhwétsta7 where he sleeps, kAh núniyakwanuhwétsta 7 here is where we (excl.) sleep, thó núniyakwanuhwétsta7 that is where we (excl.) sleep. And future habitual: tsi7nú• nAyunuhwétstake7 where she will be sleeping. With tsh- coincident: tshikanuhwétsta7 when I go to sleep there. • "NA se7 iví- né- wahu-ntse7 ákte7 tshikanuhwétsta7 né• wí• tsi7 nihakyelá-se." "It's surely been a long time that we've been sleeping apart because of what he did to me." (M9)

COMPOSED OF: -anuhwet- sleep over, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a n u h w e t s t a h k w -

where one sleeps, bedroom. -anuhwetstahkw- v.a. where one sleeps, bedroom, lunuhwetstákhwa 7 where they (m.) sleep. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyunuhwetstákhwa7 where someone sleeps, a bedroom. With n- partitive: nihunuhwetstákhwa7 where they (m.) sleep.

COMPOSED OF: -anuhwetst- sleep somewhere, be someone's bedroom, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa ? . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be dirty, teyonú-yanit it's dirty. Stative past: teyonuhyanihtú-ne7 it was dirty. Future stative: tAyonuhyanihtúhake7 it will be dirty. With t- cislocative: nétetyonú-yanit it's th^xlirtiest. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyonú-yanit it's so dirty. With -nuhs- house, building: teyakonuhsanú-yanit her house is dirty. With -?slehtvehicle, and n- partitive: tsi7 na7teho7slehtanú-yanit is his car ever dirty. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: . a t a n u h y a n i h t -

plus te- dualic, be awful, be a mess; .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, make dirty, make a mess. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -anutahalolAht- v.a. go downhill. kanutahalolAtha7 I go downhill. wakanutahalolAhtu I have gone downhill, I'm at the bottom of the hill, yonutahalolAhtu there are hills, it's hilly. wa7kanutahalo-lAhte7 I went downhill. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES:

-anutahalolAhtuhatye- be on one's way downhill. NOTE: Includes the noun base -nutahal- hill; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

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-anutahalolAhtuhatye- v.m. be on one's way downhill. ukwanutahalolAhtuháti7 I'm going downhill. COMPOSED OF: -anutahaloUht- go downhill, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anutahalolAhtuhati- before a final

ao-/aw-/a- pref. hers, its. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter possessive. NOTE: The alternant ao- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant aw- occurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant a- occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

-anutahla?- v.a. go uphill. kanutá-lahse7 I go uphill, lanutá-lahsé7 he goes up the hill. wakanutahlá-u I have gone uphill, I'm at the top of the hill, yakonutahlá-u she has climbed uphill. wa7kanutá-lane7 I got to the top of the hill, wahanutá-lane7 he got to the top of the hill, Ahanutá-lane7 he will get to the top of the hill. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on, -7- inchoative.

aolí w a ' for some reason, why. COMPOSED OF: ao- neuter possessive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -a 7 noun suffix.

DERIVED BASES: - a n u t a h l a ' u h a t y e -

be on one's way uphill. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -anutahla'uhatye- v.m. be on one's way uphill. lonutahla7uháti7 he's on his way climbing up the hill. ukwanutahla7uháti7 I'm going uphill. COMPOSED OF: -anutahla'- go uphill, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -anutahla'uhati- before a final 7 .

aon- pref. theirs (females). Third person feminine-zoic non-singular possessive. See aoti-/aon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. aoti-/aon- pref. theirs (females). Third person feminine-zoic nonsingular possessive. NOTE: The alternant aoti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant aon- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. -as suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in kw, ly, or a7, and with a few bases that end in a vowel plus t, k, n, s, or w. -ase- v./n. be new, be fresh, a-sé- it's new. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe: ohtáhkwase7 new shoes. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: ó-yase7 fresh fruit. With -atya'tawi't-/ -atya ? tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: otya7tawí-tslase7 new dress. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: oná-talase7 fresh bread. And te 7 negative: yáh te7yoná-talase7 it's not fresh bread. With -nAst- corn: onAstase7 new corn. With-nu ? t-

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milk, breast: onú-tase? fresh milk. With -ohsl- year, winter: ohsla-séit's a new year. With -?slehtvehicle: o7sléhtase7 new car. DERIVED BASES: -lihwase- b e n e w

news; -ukwe'tase- be a new person; -ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking; OnXstase' August. NOTE.- This base has both verbal and nominal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which is a verbal property. However the basic form a-sé- lacks a verbal pronominal prefix, and even forms with an incorporated noun regularly have the onoun prefix (unless there is also a prepronominal prefix). -ashal- n. strap, leash. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ashales- be a long strap, leash, or rope; -ashaline- lead on a leash; and -ashalut- tie someone up. .ashalanye- plus te- dualic, v.a. rub something together, scrub. tekashalányehe7 I'm rubbing something with my hands, I'm scrubbing using my hands (e.g., washing clothes by hand, or using a scrub board). tewakashalánye7 or tewakashaláni7 I have scrubbed. wa7tyushalánye7 or wa7tyushaláni7 she scrubbed, tAkashalánye7 or tAkashalátii7 I will scrub. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES:

teyushalanye'tákhwa 7 scrub board, washboard. NOTE: Many speakers have .ashalani- before a final -ashales- v.s. be a long strap, leash, or rope, yosha-lés it has a long reach, it's a long strap, leash, or rope. With n- partitive: niyosha-lés it's such a long leash. Aspect class: A.

• Niyosha-lés thikA é-lhal. What a long leash that dog has. COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: .ashalesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a short strap, leash, or rope. .ashalesha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be a short strap, leash, or rope. kA7 nihoshalésha he has a short leash. Aspect class: A. • Só-tsi7 kA kA 7 nihoshalésha akitshe-nA• é-lhal. Is my pet dog's leash too short? COMPOSED OF: -ashales- be a long strap, leash, or rope, .ha plus kA? particle and n- partitiVf, be smaller in some dimension. -ashaline- v.m. lead on a leash. lashali-né• he's leading her (z.) or it, loshali-né• he's leading him, shakoshali-né• he's leading them (several animals). COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -N-ine- lead. NOTE: Usually restricted to animals. -ashalut- v.a. tie someone up. luwashalútha 7 she's tying him up. luwasha-lúte7 she has tied him up. washa-lúte7 it's tied up, it's attached to a leash, lasha-lúte7 he's tied up. wahuwashalu-tA• she tied him up. With s- repetitive: sahuwashalu-tA• she tied him up again. Aspect class: F. • LotashalutákwA thikA akotshe-nA• é-lhal nók tsi7 sahuwaya7to-lAne? sahuwashalu-tA-. That dog of hers got loose but she found him again (and) she tied him up again. COMPOSED OF: -ashal- strap, leash, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: - a s h a l u t a k w - let

someone loose, untie, unleash. -ashalutakw- v.a. let someone loose, untie, unleash, liyashalutákwas I'm letting him loose, luwashalutákwas she's letting him loose. liy ashalutakw A I have let him loose, wahiyashaluta-kó• I untied him, wahuwashaluta-kó• she let him loose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -ashalut- tie someone up, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: - a t a s h a l u t a k w - get

loose. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. áshekwe? N fork. -ashet- v.a. count, figure out an amount, kashe-tás I'm counting. wakashetú I have counted. wa 7kuyáshete 7 I counted you in, I included you, Akáshete7 I will count, Ayúshete7 she will count, Aháshete 7 he will count, sáshet Count! twáshet Let's all (incl.) count! With t- cislocative: Atyúshete7 there she will add it up. Aspect class: E5. • Thó kwí- nú• Atyúshete7 tsi7 niyoka-lá• náhte7 shninú-ne7. There's where someone will figure out the value (cost) of what you're going to buy. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -ashetanyu- count things, add up; .atashet- plus tedualic, be counted together, live together; -athwistashet- count money; yohslashe tás the count-year. -ashetanyu- v.a. count things, add up. kashetányuhe 7 I add things up, I count them all. wakashetáni7 I added them all up. sashetáni Add them up! With t- cislocative: twakashetáni7 I have counted them all up there, tasashetáni Add them

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all up here! COMPOSED OF: -ashet- count, figure out an amount, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ashetani- word-finally and before a final 7 . -ashew- v.a. winnow, kashe-wás I'm winnowing, I'm separating out weeds or chaff from beans or grain. wakashewA I have winnowed. NOTE: Refers to the practice of pouring beans or grain from one container to another while there's a heavy wind so that the weeds or chaff blow away. This base is not familiar to all speakers. -ashe'nut-/-ashe ? nutsl- v. > n. basket. ashé-nute7 basket, a basket with a handle (e.g., a picnic basket). With -ku locative suffix: ashe7nútslaku in the basket. With -at-N-kehlu- put things here and there for oneself: yakotashe7nutslaké-lu7 she has baskets spread around. With -atuni/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yutashe7nutslu-níhe7 she makes baskets. With -N-iyo- be good: washe7nutsliyó it's a nice basket. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: sashe7nútslayA7 you have a basket. NOTE: The alternant -ashe'nutoccurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -ahse'nutsl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), occurs before the locative suffix and it is the incorporating form. .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, v.s. be ten of. With te- dualic: tewáshA twenty. With a numeral three or higher and n- partitive:

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Orieida-English

áhsA niwáshA thirty, kayé niwáshA forty, wisk niwáshA fifty, etc. Aspect class: A. .ashAtho- plus te- dualic, v.a. cry, weep. tekashAthos I'm crying, teyushAthos she's crying, tehashAthos he's crying. tewakashAthu I have cried, tehoshAthu he has cried. wa7tkashAtho7 I started to cry, wa7thashAtho7 he started to cry, wa 7tyushAtho 7 she started to cry. Aspect class: E2. •"Teská-nlak ka7ikA, 7 7 wa thashAtho kAs Spot tá-t nále7 7 lothu-té• ka ikA wa7katlAno-tA-." "Watch this, Spot starts to cry if he hears me making music." (M8) DERIVED BASES: .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic, go around crying or weeping. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic, v.m. go around crying or weeping. tewashAthóhslehse7

s h e (z.) o r it

goes around weeping, teyushAthóhslehse7 she goes around crying, tehashAthóhslehse7 he goes around crying. COMPOSED OF: .ashAtho- plus tedualic, cry, weep, -hsl- dislocative. -askanek- v.a. desire, envy, wish for. kaska-néks I'm envious, I want it, laska-néks he's envious, he desires something.

wa7kaska-néke7

envied, wahaska-néke7 it.

I

he desired

-askawehsu- v.s. be barefoot. wakaskáwehsu 7 I'm barefoot, loskáwehsu 7 he's barefoot, yakoskáwehsu7 she's barefoot. Aspect class: B. NOTE: See also .askawe'titakhe-

plus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot; and .askawe'totplus te- dualic, be standing barefoot. askawe'titakhe- plus te- dualic, v.m. ride in something while barefoot. tekaskawe7titákhe7 I'm barefoot and I'm riding in something, tehaskawe7titákhe7 he's barefoot riding in something (e.g., a car, a buggy), tewaskawe7titákhe7 she (z.) is barefoot riding in something. DERIVED BASES:

.askawe'titakhenutye- plus tedualic, be going along riding barefoot. NOTE: Composed of the te^ dualic prefix, a component -askawe't-, and the alternant -itakhe- of the verb base -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running. The component -askawe ? toccurs also in .askawe'tot- plus tedualic, be standing barefoot, and it is related to -askawehsu- be barefoot. .askawe'titakhenutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going along riding barefoot. tewaskawe7titakhenúti7 they're all riding barefoot. COMPOSED OF: .askawe'titakheplus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .askawe ? titakhenuti- before a final .askawe'tot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be standing barefoot, tewaskawé-tote7 she (z.) or it is standing barefoot, tehaskawé-tote7 he's standing barefoot, teyuskawé-tote7 she's standing barefoot. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: . a s k a w e ' t o t a t y e -

plus te- dualic, walk along barefoot. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -askawe't-, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base

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-hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The component -askawe ? t- occurs also in .askawe'titakhe- plus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot, and it is related to -askawehsu- be barefoot. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

over repeatedly; -atataskenha- try hard to accomplish something, apply oneself; .lihwaskenha- plus tedualic, argue, debate, dispute. NOTE: The alternant -ya'taskenhaoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The final a of both alternants is deleted before the -A stative suffix.

.askawe'totatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. walk along barefoot. tekaskawe7totáti7 I'm walking along barefoot. tekaskawe7totátyehse7 I'm walking around barefoot, tewaskawe 7totátyehse 7 she (z.) or it is walking around barefoot, tehaskawe7totátyehse7 he's walking around barefoot, teyuskawe7totátyehse7 she or someone is walking around barefoot. COMPOSED OF: .askawe'tot- plus tedualic, be standing barefoot, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .askawe ? totati- before a final 7 .

-askenhanyu- v.a. fight over repeatedly. luskenhányuhe7 they (m.) are greedy and they're fighting over it. wahuskenháni7 they (m.) fought over it. • Nók tsi7 né- ki7 thikA tsi7 ka-yAonutsí wahuskenháni7 s thikA yawéku7 yákA7 thikA ona7alatslakú i-wát. But they would fight over the head, they say it's tasty what's inside the head. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -askenha-/ -ya'taskenha- fight over, compete for, be greedy, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -askenhani- before a final 7 .

-askenha-/-ya'taskenha- v.a. fight over, compete for, be greedy. kaskénhas I try to take something away from someone, I'm greedy, yakyaskénhas we two (excl.) fight over it. wakaskénhA I'm fighting over it, yukyaskénhA we two are fighting over it, lonaskérúiA they (m.) are fighting over it, lotiya7taskénhA they (m.) are competing for someone, yukniya7taskénhA we two are competing for someone, yukhiya7taskénhA they're fighting over us, shakniya 7taskénhA we two (excl.) are fighting over him. wa7akyaskénha7 we two (excl.) fought over it, Akaskénha7 I will fight over it. Aspect class: D2.

-askut- v.s. be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch, yóskute7 it's a built-on room, a porch or sim porch. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -askw- bridge, roof, shanty, hut, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

DERIVED BASES: -askenhanyu- fight

-askw- n. bridge, roof, shanty, hut. áskwa7 roof. With - ? ke locative suffix: askwá-ke on the bridge. DERIVED BASES: -askut- be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch; -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty; waskóhu bridge. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. .askwa'slahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. trample, step on someone.

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Orieida-English

tekaskwa 7slákhwa 7 I trample on it, teyukwaskwa7slákhwa7 she keeps stepping on me. teyukwaskwa?sláhkwA she has stepped on me. wa7tkaskwá-slahkwe7 I trampled on it, wa 7thaskwá-slahkwe7 he trampled on it, wa7tekheyaskwá-slahkwe7 I stepped on her, wa7thiyaskwá-slahkwe7 I stepped on him, wa7tyukwaskwá-slahkwe7 she stepped on me. Aspect class: DL. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa 7 . The 7 of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. asl-/-sl- n. smell, odor, ósla7 smell. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: kesláksA I smell bad, lasláksA he smells bad, wasláksA it (n.) smells bad. With -N-iyo- be good: kesliyó I smell good, kasliyó she (z.) smells good, wasliyó it (n.) smells good. With .N-o ? tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of: niwasló-tA the kind of smell it (n.) has. And te ? s- negative and repetitive (replacing n- partitive): yah thó te?swasló-tA it's not that smell anymore. With -'shatste-/ -'shatstA- be strong, be forceful: wasla7shátste7 it's a strong smell. •Yáh náhte? te?swasló-tA o-nA. It has no smell now. DERIVED BASES: - a s l a k u - / - s l a k u ? u -

smell good; -aslal- have a smell or odor; -aslat- have a smell or odor in something; .slatihAtho- plus tcislocative, gasp for air after crying; latislanú wehse? gnats, picnic bugs. NOTE: The alternant -asl- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-, the

alternant -si- occurs after all other prefixes. -aslaku-/-slaku ? u- v.s. smell good. wasláku 7 it (n.) smells good. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -eku-/-eku 7 u-/-ku-/-ku ? u- taste good. DERIVED BASES: - a t e s l a k u ' u s t - p u t

on perfume or cologne. NOTE: The alternant -aslaku- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-. The alternant -slaku'u- occurs in the derived base. -aslal- v.s. have a smell or odor. yóslale7 it has an odor. With te ? negative: yáh te7yóslale7 it has no smell. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -1- be in or on. -aslat- v.s. have a smell or odor in something, yóslat it has a smell. With te 7 - negative: yah te7yóslat it has no smell, it has lost its smell (e.g., the perfume in a bottle that has been left open). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, - a t - / - t - / - e t - be in. áslok N thorn. NOTE: ACH give the gloss 'thorn apple'. -astahkw- v.s. be useful, wástak it's useful. Future stative: AwastahkwAhake7 it will be useful. Aspect class: A. NOTE: The final hkw of the base is replaced by k word-finally. -astathA- v.s. be dry. yostáthA it's dry. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yokAhastáthA the blanket is dry. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: yona 7talastáthA the bread is dry. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: y o n a ' t a l a s t á t h A

Oneida-English

cracker. NOTE: Occurs also as an active base. -astathA- v.a. become dry. wastáthAhse7 it becomes dry. yostathA-u it has become dry. ustáthA7 it dried, AwastáthA7 it will become dry. Aspect class: C3. NOTE: Occurs also as a stative base. See also -statha?t-/-at-N-statha ? tdry something; and -nya'tathAbecome thirsty. astehtsiwéke morning time. •Tu-ivís latekhu-níhe7 astehtsiwé-ke. Tom is eating breakfast. astéhtsi? Temporal particle: in the morning. With oyá• another, and tshit- coincident and cislocative: oyátshitwastéhtsi7 the other morning. NOTE: See also astehtsiwé ke morning time. -astesk- v.a. go dry, evaporate. yostésku it has evaporated, it has gone dry (e.g., when water boils away), ústeske7 it boiled dry, Awásteske 7 it will become dry. -astoht- v.a. make small, shrink, take in, reduce, kastótha 7 I'm making it small, wakastóhtu I have made it small. wa7kástohte7 I made it small, I shrunk it, I took it in, wa7ústohte 7 she shrunk it, she took it in, Akástohte7 I will make it small. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -astohtanyu- make several small; -atwAnastohte' be a tenor. NOTE: Composed of a root -astoand the -ht- causative suffix. The root -asto- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -asto'become smaller. The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

123

-astohtanyu- v.a. make several small. kastohtányuhe7 I'm making several small, I'm taking them in. wakastohtáni7 I have made them small. wa7kastohtáni7 I made several small. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -astoht- make small, shrink, take in, reduce, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -astohtani- before a final 7 . -asto?- v.a. become smaller, yostó-u it has gotten smaller, ústone7 it got smaller, Awástone7 it will get smaller. DERIVED BASES: - a s t o ' u h a t y e - b e

getting smaller, be shrinking. NOTE: Composed of a root -astoand the inchoative suffix. The root -asto- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -astoht- make small, shrink, take in, reduce. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -asto'uhatye- v.m. be getting smaller, be shrinking. yosto7uháti7

it's

getting smaller, it's shrinking. COMPOSED OF: -asto 7 - become smaller, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -asto'uhati- before a final -at-/-t-/-et- v.s. be in. i-wát there's something in (it). With te ? - negative: yáh té-wat there's nothing in it. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: kahne-kát there's water in it (e.g., a bubble of water in something where you didn't intend there to be water). With -wel- air, wind: kawe-lát there's air in it (e.g., a tire). Aspect

124 Orieida-English

class: A. • Tók kA náhte7 i-zvát thikA kana 7tsyáhele7. Is there something in that pail? DERIVED BASES: - a t a l y u - for several

to be in; -at-N-at- have something in something; .ata'- plus y- translocative, fall in and land or hit bottom; -anishuhlonu'tslat- have the devil in one; -aslat- have a smell or odor in something; -attsi'nuwat- have a pimple; -eku'uhslat- have a taste to something; -na'alatslat- have something inside the head; -tahkw-/ -etahkw- take out of a container, unload; -talyu-/-etalyu- put several into containers; -ta ? -/-eta'- put into a container; -'nikuhlat- have brains, be brainy; kanú-tat milk cow; tkatsí tsyat someone who has had a few drinks; wá-yat pie. NOTE: Applies to substances that are in something without implying that someone put the substance there. However, the derived bases include an intentional component (put in, take out) and imply that there is a container to hold the substance. The alternant -at- occurs in the stative aspect after the neuter agent prefix w-, and after incorporated nouns. The alternants -t- and -et- occur in derived bases which can take nonneuter (i.e., animate) prefixes. - a t - / - a t e - / - a t A - / - a n - / - a l - / - a - pref. Semireflexive. NOTE: The alternant -ate- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant -atA- occurs mostly with bases that begin in n, hn, or ? n. The alternant -an- occurs with bases that begin in i. The alternant -al- occurs with certain bases that begin in a. The alternant

-a- occurs with a few bases that begin in n, h, 7 , or tsi. Otherwise -at- occurs. -atahal- n. sun. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atahalala'- get a tan; -atahalatalihA- be a hot sun; .atahalinyu't- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to come in; -atahalot- for the sun to shine; .atahaloya'ak-/ .atahaloyA- plus te- dualic, for the sun to shine on something; and probably atahalanAstákhwa 7 umbrella; otahálhu 7 right in the sun; and yotahalá nu it's shady. -atahalala 7 - v.a. get a tan. wakatahala-lá-se7 I get t a n n e d . wakatahalalá-u I h a v e a tan, yakotahalalá-u s h e h a s a tan, lotahalalá-u h e h a s a tan. ukwatahala-láne7 I got tanned.

Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -1- be in or on, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. atahalanAstákhwa 7 V > N umbrella. akwatahalanAstákhwa7

my

umbrella. COMPOSED OF: - a t a h a l - s u n ,

-nAst(e)- treasure, value, care for, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: This composition is tentative, since speakers do not attribute any complex meaning to this base. -atahalatalihA- v.s. be a hot sun. yotahalatalíhA the sun is hot. With n- partitive: niyotahalatalíhA the sun is so hot. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - a t a h a l - s u n ,

-a'talih(A)-/-N-talihA- be hot, be warm.

Oneida-English

,atahalinyu 7 t- plus t- cislocative, v.a. for the sun to come in. tyotahalinyú-tu the sun is coming in. tutahalínyuhte7 the sim came in. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahal- sun, -N-inyu't-/ -ya'tinyu't- bring in. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atahalot- v.a. for the svm to shine. yotáhalote7 the sun is shining. Awatahalo-tX• the sun will shine. Habitual past: yotahalotáhkwe7 it was sunny. With s- repetitive: sutahalo-tA• it got sunny again. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyotáhalote7 the sun isn't shining any longer. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have. .atahaloya?ak-/.atahaloyA- plus tedualic, v.a. for the sun to shine on something,

thó teyotahalóyA7

the

sun is shining on it. xva7twatahalóya7ake7

the sun s h o n e

on it. COMPOSED OF: -atahal- sun, .oya'ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. NOTE: The alternant .atahaloyAoccurs in the stative aspect, .atahaloya ? ak- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atahaluni- v.a. become severe, worsen. With sAha 7 more: sAha 7 xvahatahalu-ní•

h e g o t worse, sAha

7

utahalu-ní• it just got worse, Awatahalumí• it will get worse. DERIVED BASES: -atahaluni?- have become severe, be worse. sAha 7

-atahaluni 7 - v.s. have become severe, be worse, yotahalunvu it's worse,

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yakotahalunvu her condition is severe. With sAha 7 more: sAha 7 wakatahaluní-u I'm worse, my condition is more severe. Stative past: yotahaluni7ú-ne7 it was worse (but it's better now). Aspect class: E. • Tahnú• s a7nyó sayólhAtie7 UA sAha7 yakotahalunvu yakonuhiváktanihe7. And so it seemed as though the next day her sickness had become worse. (M7) Yakotahalunvu tsi7 niyakonuhlyá-ku. She got hurt really badly. COMPOSED OF: -atahaluni- become severe, worsen, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .atahaluni 7 sl- plus t- cislocative, be getting severe or worse. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atahaluni'sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be getting severe or worse. takatahaluní-sle7 my condition is becoming more severe, tayutahaluní-sle7 she's getting worse, tahatahaluní-sle7 he's getting worse, Atwatahaluní-sle7 it will get worse. Pre-pausal: Atwatahaluní-sele7

COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahaluni 7 - have become severe, be worse, -si- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

o f the 7 s l cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahkatstat- v.a. make oneself tough, toughen up. lotahkatstatú he has made himself tough, he has toughened up.

wahatahkátstate7

made himself into a tough person. satahkátstat Try to endure it, toughen up! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahkatst(e)- be tough, be able to

he

126 Orieida-English

endure hardship, -t- causativeinchoative. DERIVED BASES: - a t A ' n i k u h k a t s t a t -

make oneself strong mentally. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ahkatstat-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .atahkiwe- plus te- dualic, v.a. perform a Dead Feast. tehutahki-wéhe7 they (m.) are performing a Dead Feast. zoa7thutáhkiwe7 they (m.) performed a Dead Feast. DERIVED BASES: .atahkiwe'n- plus te- dualic, go to perform a Dead Feast. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -ahkiwe-, which occurs also in ohki-wé- Dead Feast. .atahkiwe'n- plus te- dualic, v.a. go to perform a Dead Feast. tehutahkiwé-ne7 they (m.) are going to perform a Dead Feast. tehonatahkiwé-nu they (m.) have gone to perform a Dead Feast. wa7thutahkiwé-na7 they (m.) are on their way to perform a Dead Feast. COMPOSED OF: .atahkiwe- plus tedualic, perform a Dead Feast, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. A form tehutahkiwéhse7 they are going to perform the Dead Feast, with the -hs- dislocative instead of the - ? n- dislocative, has also been recorded. -atahkwahsluni- v.a. get dressed, put on clothes, latahkwahslu-níhe7 he's getting dressed, he's putting on his clothes, lotahkwahsluní he has

gotten dressed, wahatahkwahslu-ní• he got dressed, Ahatahkwahslu-nv he will get dressed. Aspect class: Al. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, a root -ahkw-, and the verb base -hsluni-/-hslunydress someone. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. -atahkwashwA- v.a. dislike someone. shakotahkwáshzvAhse7 he dislikes her or them, liyatahkwáshwAhse7 I dislike him. liyatahkwashwÁ-U I have come to dislike him. AhiyatahkwáshwA7 I will dislike him. Aspect class: C3. NOTE: Probably includes the base -shwA- dislike someone, but the composition is unclear. -atahlist- v.a. forbid, put a stop to. katahlísta 7 I'm making it stop. wa7katá-liste7 I put a stop to it, I stopped it (e.g., a machine), wahatá-liste7 he forbade it, ahatá-liste7 he should put a stop to it. •Yáh thyaya-wA• tsi7 ahatá-liste7. He had to put a stop to it or forbid it. (PI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahlist- forbid someone, put a stop to, shut down. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahluty- v.a. avoid looking at. yutahlútyehse7 she doesn't look (someone, me) straight in the eye, she avoids looking, yakotahlúti she isn't looking (someone, me) straight in the eye. wa7utahlu-tv she can't look (someone, me) straight in the eye. Aspect class: E4. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative

Oneida-English

aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atahnutel-/.atahnutl- plus te- dualic, be siblings of the same sex. See .atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-/ .atahnutl- plus te- dualic. .atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic, be several siblings of the same sex. See .atAhnutlunyu-/.atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic. -atahsatal- v.s. be a shadow. yotahsa-tále7 (there's a) shadow. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahsat- shadow, movie, show, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -atahsatala'n- go

to a movie, a show; -atahsatalha 7 be an actor, a movie or theater. -atahsatala 7 n- v.m. go to a movie, a show. wa7katahsatalá-na7 I'm going to the movies or a show, wa7akwatahsatalá-na7 we (excl.) went to a show. COMPOSED OF: -atahsatal- be a shadow, - 7 n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atahsatalha 7 v.a. be an actor, a movie or theater, katahsatálha7 I'm an actor or actress, lutahsatálha7 they (m.) are actors, watahsatálha7 (it's) a movie, a theater. Habitual past: watahsatálhahkwe7 there was a show or movie, lutahsatálhahkwe7 they (m.) were acting. With tsi 7 particle and tc i s l o c a t i v e : tsi7 twatahsatálha7 theater, the place where there is a show.

127

• Nále7 tú-ske7 wahsatiyó watahsatálha7 kanatá-ke. There's a really good show on uptown. Tsi7 nuku?wéskwA7 thikA 7 watahsatálhahkwe nihotiste-líst lutahsatálhahkwe7. I really enjoyed that movie, the actors were so funny. COMPOSED OF: -atahsatal- be a shadow, -ha 7 habitual. atahsatu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a bruise, tewakatahsa-tú• I have a bruise, tehotahsa-tú• he has a bruise, teyakotahsa-tú• she has a bruise. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and possibly the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -ahsat- shadow, movie, show; but the composition is unclear. atahsaw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start, tkatahsáwha7 I start, I'm the leader. twakatáhsawA I have started, thotáhsawA he has started, tyotáhsawA it has started, thonatáhsazvA they (m.) have started. takatáhsawA7 I started, tayutáhsawA7 she started, tahatáhsaivA7 he started, tutáhsawA7 she (z.) or it started, tayakyatáhsawA7 we two (excl.) started, tahutáhsawA7 they (m.) started, AtkatáhsawA7 I will start, AtyakwatáhsawA7 we (excl.) will start, AthutáhsawA7 they (m.) will start, utahatáhsawA7 he should start. With te- dualic: tetyotáhsawA it has started again, tutakatáhsawA 7 I started again, tutayakyatáhsawA7 we two (excl.) started again, tAthutáhsawA7 they (m.) will start again. With n- partitive: tsi7 nityutahsáwha7 how or when someone starts. With tsh- coincident: tshutakatáhsawA7 when I started, tshututáhsawA7 when it started,

128

Orieida-English

tshutahutáhsawA? when they (m.) started. • Yá-ya7k niyohwistá-e tkatahsáwha7 wakyó-tAhse7. At six o'clock I start working. DERIVED BASES: .atahsawa'n- plus t- cislocative, go to start; .atahsawa't- plus t- cislocative, start with. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -atahsaw-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atahsawatye- plus s- repetitive, be almost there, be on one's way there. atahsawatye- plus s- repetitive, v.m. be almost there, be on one's way there, swakatahsawáti7 I'm almost there, I'm on my way, shotahsawáti7 he's almost there, tsyakotahsaxváti7 she's almost there. • Tsyakotahsawáti7

áhsA

tayakohsli-yá-ke7. She's almost three years old. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, a verb root -atahsaw-, and the -tye- progressive suffix. The root -atahsaw- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atahsaw- plus t- cislocative, start. Many speakers have .atahsawatibefore a final 7 . .atahsawa'n- plus t- cislocative, v.m. go to start, thutahsawá-ne7 they (m.) are going to start. takatahsawá-na 7 I'm going there to start. COMPOSED OF: .atahsaw- plus tcislocative, start, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels.

.atahsawa't- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start with, tahatáhsawahte7 he starts with it. COMPOSED OF: .atahsaw- plus tcislocative, start, -7t- causative. DERIVED BASES: . a t a h s a w a ' t a h k w -

plus t- cislocative, use something to start with. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atahsawa'tahkw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. use something to start with. tyutahsawa7tákhwa7 what she uses to start with. •KAS nikakwi-lá-se7 tyutahsawa7tákhwa7

astéhtsi7 ayute-ká-te7.

In the morning she usually uses these twigs to start the fire with. (VI) COMPOSED OF: .atahsawa 7 t- plus tcislocative, start with, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa'. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -atahsa'ka'tslolyAni-/ -atahsa'ka'tslolyA- v.a. get a coughing attack. wakatahsa7ka7tslolyA-níhe7

I'm

getting a coughing attack. ukwatahsa7ka7tslóli7 I started to get a coughing attack, wahotahsa7ka7tslóli7

he got a

coughing attack. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahsa'k- cough, - ? tsl- nominalizer, -N-oli-/-N-oly- drive, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant

-atahsa ? ka ? tslolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atahsa ? ka ? tslolyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that

Oneida-English

many speakers have -atahsa ? ka ? tsloli- before a final 7 . -atahseht- v.a. hide, hide for oneself. katahsétha 7 I keep hiding, yatahsétha 7 the two (m.) hide. wakatahséhtu I'm hiding, lotahséhtu he's hiding. wa7katáhsehte7 I hid, Akatáhsehte7 I will hide, satáhset Hide! With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wa7kalahsi7táhsehte7 I hid my feet, salahsi7táhset Hide your feet! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa 7katahyáhsehte7 I hid the berries (so someone else couldn't have them). With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wa7kathwistáhsehte7 I hid the money. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ahseht-/-ya ? tahseht- hide something or someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h s e h t a n y u -

hide all over; -atahsehtuhatye- go along hiding, prowl, sneak along. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ahseht-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -atahsehtanyu- v.a. hide all over. lutahsehtányuhe7 they (m.) are hiding all over, wahutahsehtáni7 they (m.) hid all over. COMPOSED OF: -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atahsehtani- before a final 7 . -atahsehtuhatye- v.m. go along hiding, prowl, sneak along. lotahsehtuháti7 he's hiding about. With ny- partitive and translocative: kA7 nyahotahsehtuháti7 here he's going along hiding, he's prowl-

129

ing. COMPOSED OF: -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atahsehtuhati- before a final 7 . -atahsl- n. stick, yard (measure). atáhsli7 stick, a flat stick (e.g., a yardstick). Pre-pausal: atáhselP. With - ? ke locative suffix: atahslá-ke on the stick. With .N-ke- plus npartitive, be three or more of: wísk niwatahslaké five yards. With ,N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: swatáhslat one yard (e.g., of cloth). DERIVED BASES: - a t a h s l o t - b e a

stick, standing. -atahslot- v.s. be a stick, standing. watáhslote7 a stick is standing. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atahsl- stick, yard (measure), -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h s l o t a k w - t a k e

out a stick; -atahslotu- be several sticks, standing. -atahslotakw- v.a. take out a stick. latahslotákwas he's taking sticks out (from where they're standing, out of the ground). With t- cislocative: tahatahslota-kó• there he took the stick out. COMPOSED OF: -atahslot- be a stick, standing, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: . a t a h s l o t a k w a h t -

plus t- cislocative, yank out a stick. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atahslotakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out a stick. tahatahslotákwahte7 he quickly pulled out the stick, he yanked out the stick.

130

Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atahslotakw- take out a stick, -htcausative. -atahslotu- v.s. be several sticks, standing, watahslo-tú- sticks are standing. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -atahslot- be a stick, standing, -u- distributive. -atahsokew- v.a. for the colour to fade, utahso-kéwe7 the colour faded out of it. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -ahso-, which is related to the verb base -ahso-/-ahsohw- colour, paint; and the alternant -at-N-okew- of the verb base -atlakew-/-at-N-okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. -atahta'nawAst- v.a. dress warmly, wrap up. katahta 7nawXsta 7 I dress warmly. wakatahta?nawAstu I have dressed up warmly. wa^katahtá-nawASte7 I dressed up warmly. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahta'nawAst- dress someone warmly. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear. See -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu/-at-N-ahtu-. -atahtu't- v.a. disappear. katahtú-tha7 I disappear (because I don't want to be seen), lotahtú-tu he has disappeared. wa7katáhtuhte7 I disappeared, I made myself scarce. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahtu't- make disappear, erase. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented

vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atahuhsanela 7 ak-/.atahuhsanel- plus te- dualic, v.a. mishear. tekatahuhsanéla7aks I mishear. tewakatahuhsanélu7 I have heard wrong. wa7tkatahuhsanéla7ake7 I heard wrong. Aspect class: C2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahuhs- sense of hearing, .nela'ak-/ .nel-/.ya?tanela ? ak-/.ya?tanel- plus te- dualic, mistake for another. NOTE: The alternant

.atahuhsanela'ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atahuhsanel- occurs in the stative aspect. -atahuhsat- v.s. be listening. wakatahúhsate7 I'm listening, satahúhsate7 you're listening, yakotahúhsate7 she's listening, lotahúhsate7 he's listening, swatahúhsate7 you all are listening, lonatahúhsate7 they (m.) are listening. Habitual past: wakatahúhsatehkwe7 I have listened. Future stative: Aivakatahúhsateke7 I will be listening. Aspect class: F. • Wakatahúhsate7 náhte7 sa-túhe7 I'm listening to what you're saying. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h u h s a t a t -

listen. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive, the noun root -ahuhs- sense of hearing, and possibly a component that is related to the base .at-N-tplus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out. -atahuhsatat- v.a. listen. katahúhsatats I listen. wakatahuhsatatú I have listened. wa7katahúhsatate7 I listened, wa7akwatahúhsatate7 we (excl.)

Oneida-English

listened, wahiyatahúhsatate7 I listened to him, Akatahúhsatate7 I will listen, ahatahúhsatate7 he should listen, satahúhsatat Listen! Optative stative: aukwatahuhsata-túke7 I should be listening. With th- contrastive: yáh thahutahúhsatate7 they (m.) won't listen. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atahuhsat- be listening, -t- causative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atahuhsatath- go

to listen; -atlihwatahuhsatat- listen to what's going on. -atahuhsatath- v.m. go to listen. katahuhsatáthe7 I'm here to listen. • Katahuhsatáthe7 tahalí-wahkwe7 tsi7 ka-yXklAnanú • wehse7 I have come to listen to him sing the song that I like. COMPOSED OF: -atahuhsatat- listen, -h- dislocative. -atahuhsiyost- v.a. listen carefully. latahuhsiyósta7 he listens carefully. lotahuhsiyóstu he's listening carefully. wa7katahuhsi-yóste7 I listened carefully. Future stative: Aivakatahuhsiyostúhake7 I will be listening carefully. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ahuhs- sense of hearing, -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself. -atahyaliht- v.a. preserve fruit, can fruit, yutahyalítha7 she's preserving or canning fruit, yakotahyalíhtu she has preserved fruit. wa7utá-yalihte7 she preserved fruit. Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -liht- boil something. DERIVED BASES: watahyalíhtu

preserves. NOTE: The final ht of the base

131

becomes t before h, and the h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ata kX- N clam. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: (ACH).

ataké

-atakhe- v.m. be in something going by. watákhe 7 something is in something and it's going by, it's being transported (e.g., something is in a little train going by). a7é• utákhe7 it's in something moving away. •Tsi7 ok náhte7 watákhe7 tsi7 náhte 7 wa 7u kú-. There are all kinds of things in it, which they gave me. DERIVED BASES: -atakhenutye- b e

several in something going by; -atwAnatakhe- for a call to come. NOTE: Related to -takhe-/-itakherun, move by running. -atakhenutye- v.m. be several in something going by. watakhenúti7 several items are being transported. COMPOSED OF: -atakhe- be in something going by, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atakhenuti- before a final .atakwAhtA-/.takwAhtA-/.akwAhtAplus te- dualic, v.s. be flat. tewatakwXhtA7 it's flat. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atakwAhtA?- plus te- dualic, become flat; .takwAhtAht/.akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten; tekanA'takwXhtA? cedar; tekaya'takwXhtA' bloodsucker. NOTE: The alternant .atakwAhtAoccurs after the neuter agent prefix w-. The alternant .takwAhtA- occurs after non-neuter (i.e., animate) prefixes in the derived base .takwAhtAht-/.akwAhtAht- plus tedualic. The alternant .akwAhtA-

132 Orieida-English

occurs with incorporated nouns. See also -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalholay out flat. .atakwAhtA7- plus te- dualic, v.a. become flat. teyotakwAhtA-u it has gone flat. wa7twatakwAhtAne7 it went flat. COMPOSED OF: .atakwAhtA-/ .takwAhtA-/.akwAhtA- plus tedualic, be flat, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atalhyohkuni- v.s. be lying down curled up. yakotalhyohkuní she's lying down curled up, lotalhyohkuní he's lying down curled up. Prepausal: lotalhyohku-tií. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -alhyohkw- sinker, ring, hoop, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. -atalyu- v.s. for several to be in. watáli7 several of something are inside of something. Aspect class: B. • Kwáh ki7 né- nók kahyatuhsli7shúha a7nyó thó watáli7. It just seemed like there were all these papers in there. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -at-/-t-/-et- be in, -lyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atalibefore a final 7 . -atanowAht- v.a. doubt, not really believe. katanowAtha 7 I doubt it, I don't really believe it. wakatanowAhtu I had already doubted it. wa7katano-wAhte7 I had doubts, I didn't believe it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anowAht- lie, tell lies.

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.a. make dirty, make a mess. tekatanuhyanítha7 I keep dirtying it, I keep making a mess. tewakatanuhyaníhtu I have made a big mess, teyotanuhyaníhtu it's awful (e.g., the weather). wa7tkatanú-yanihte7 I dirtied it, wa7twatanú-yanihte7 it got really bad, tAyutanú-yanihte7 she will make a big mess. Future stative: tAyotanuhyanihtúhake7 it will be awful. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty. DERIVED BASES: . a t a n u h y a n i h t a 7 n -

plus te- dualic, going to become awful or a mess. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be awful, be a mess, teyotanú-yanit it's a mess, it's awful (e.g., the weather). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. .atanuhyanihta 7 n- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to become awful or a mess. tewatanuhyanihtá-ne7 it's going to be really awful out (e.g., that's the weather forecast). COMPOSED OF: .atanuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, make dirty, make a mess, - 7 n- dislocative.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The 7 of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atashalutakw- v.a. get loose. latashalutákwas he gets loose. lotashalutákwA he has gotten loose. wahatashaluta-kó• he got loose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ashalutakw- let someone loose, untie, unleash. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atashet- plus te- dualic, v.a. be counted together, live together. xva7tyakyatáshete7 we two (excl.) ended up together, tAyakyatáshete7 we two (excl.) will be counted together, we will live together, tAtsyatáshete 7 you two will live together. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -ashet- count, figure out an amount. -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- v.a. put up a roof or shanty, kataskwahélha7 I'm putting the roof on. lotaskwáhele 7 he has a shack, he has a little shanty. wahataskwá-lA 7 he just finished putting the roof on. With t- cislocative: thotaskwáhele7 he has a shack there, tyakotaskwáhele7 she has a shack there, a7é• tyukwataskwáhele7 way over there we have a shack, thonataskwáhele7 they (m.) have a shack there. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -askw- bridge, roof, shanty, hut, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: - a t a s k w a h l u n y u -

put up several shanties; wataskwáhele 7 convertible car. NOTE: The alternant -ataskwahel-

133

occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -ataskwahloccurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ataskwahlunyu- v.a. put up several shanties, yukwataskwahlúni7 we have several little shanties put up. COMPOSED OF: -ataskwahel-/ -ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ataskwahluni- before a final 7 . -at-N-at- v.s. have something in something. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yothne-kát it has water in it, lothne-kát he has water in him (e.g., he's sick and he has water in his lungs). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -at-/-t-/-etbe in. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atat-/-atate- pref. Reflexive. NOTE: The alternant -atate- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. Otherwise -atatoccurs. .atat-/.atate- plus te- dualic, pref. Reciprocal. NOTE: The alternant .atate- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. Otherwise .atatoccurs. -atataskenha- v.a. try hard to accomplish something, apply oneself. katataskénhas I try my best. wakatataskénhA I'm trying my best, yakotataskénhA she or someone is

134 Orieida-English

trying really hard, tsyatataskénhA you two are trying really hard, lonatataskénhA they (m.) are trying really hard. wa7katataskénha7 I tried my best, wahutataskénha7 they (m.) tried hard, Akatataskénha7 I will try hard, ahutataskénha7 they (m.) should apply themselves. With thcontrastive: tá-t yah thahsatataskénha7 if you don't try hard. Aspect class: D2. • Akwekú s nú• wahuwatihlo-litsi7 nahotiliho7tXhake7 tsi7 ahutataskénha7, ahotiyo-tX-, tahuthzoatsiláshnye7. They told them all how they should behave, that they should apply themselves, they should work, they should look after their families. (HI) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -askenha-/-ya ? taskenha- fight over, compete for, be greedy. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself. See -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAl-. .atatawi-/.atatu- plus te- dualic, v.a. trade with someone, exchange. tekatata-wihe7 I'm trading. wa7tkata-tú• I traded, wa7tyuta-túshe traded with someone, they traded with each other, wa7tyakyata-tú• we two (excl.) traded, tetyata-tú Let's you and I (incl.) trade! With s- repetitive: tusakata-tú- I exchanged it for something else. With -nawil-/ -nawi- tooth: tAtyatatnawi-lú• you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi-lú Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! • Khále7 atAtiá-tsli7

tsi7 ok sX- náhte7 ale7 wa7tyuta-tú• khále7

ohwísta7sX. And she traded for all kinds of groceries, and money too. (VI) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -awi-/-u-/-A- give someone something. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the .atat- reciprocal and -awi-/-u-/-A-. The alternant .atatawi- occurs in the habitual aspect, .atatu- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atate- pref. Reflexive. See -atat-/ -atate-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and in most consonant clusters. .atate- plus te- dualic, pref. Reciprocal. See .atat-/.atate- plus tedualic. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and in most consonant clusters. .atatekhunyAni-/.atatekhunyA- plus te- dualic, v.a. cook for each other. tetyatatekhunyA-níhe7

you and I

(incl.) cook for each other. tAtyatatekhúni7 you and I (incl.) will cook for each other. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, -khunyAni-/ -khunyA- cook for someone. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

.atatekhunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .atatekhunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have .atatekhuni- before a final -atatekhwanut-/-atatekhwanutu- v.a. feed oneself, katatekhwanu-túhe7 I'm feeding myself, I'm eating. wakatatekhwanutú I have fed m y s e l f . wa7katatekhwánute7 m y s e l f , wa7utatekhwánute7

I fed she fed

herself, Ahatatekhwánute7

he will

Oneida-English

feed himself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -khwanut-/-khwanutu- feed someone, give someone food. NOTE: The alternant -atatekhwanutu- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatekhwanut- occurs in the punctual aspect. atatenhe- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. stick up for one another, cover for one another. tetityataténhes

y o u and I (incl.)

stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tetyakyataténhes we two (excl.) stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tethyataténhes

t h e t w o (m.) stick u p

for one another, tetyukyatatenhé-u we two have covered for one another. tutayakyataténhe7

w e two (excl.)

stuck up for one another, tAtityataténhe7 you and I (incl.) will stick up for one another, tAtyakyataténhe?

w e two (excl.)

will stick up for one another. Aspect class: C2. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, .nhe- plus tcislocative, stick up for someone, cover for someone. atateshnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after oneself, make a living. tehatatéshnyehe7 h e makes a living, tewakatateshnyé-u I'm

looking after myself. wa7tkatatéshnye7

or

wa7tkatatéshni7 I looked after myself, tAkatatéshni7 I will look after myself. Aspect class: CI. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, .shnye- plus te- dualic, look after, nurture. NOTE: Many speakers have .atateshni- before a final 7 .

135

-atateshwA- v.a. dislike oneself, hate oneself. katatéshwAhse7 I hate myself (when I do that). AkatatéshwA 7 I will hate myself. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -shwA- dislike someone. -atateslAhtoli- v.a. try to stay awake. latateslAhto-líhe7 he tries to keep himself awake. lotateslAhtolí he's trying to keep himself awake. AkatateslAhto-lí• I will try to stay awake. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -slAhtoli- keep someone awake, get woken up. -atatestelist- v.a. laugh at oneself. latatestelísta7 he's laughing at himself, lotatestelístu he has laughed at himself. wa7katateste-líste7

I l a u g h e d at

myself. With n- partitive: na7akwatateste-líste7

h o w w e (excl.)

laughed at ourselves. Aspect class: El. • Na7akwatateste-líste7 tsi7 7 7 7 yuteshu kalohale tákhzva khále7 7 7 7 lake ntha laotyá-tawi t iva ukwatetshahníhtA7 H o w w e laughed at

ourselves because the mop and my father's coat scared us. (Dl) COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -stelist- laugh, laugh at. .atatestelist- plus te- dualic, v.a. laugh at one another. tetyatatestelísta7

y o u a n d I (incl.)

are laughing at one another, tehyatatestelísta7

t h e t w o ( m . ) are

laughing at one another, tehutatestelísta7 they (m.) are laughing at one another. wa7tetyatateste-líste7

you and I

(incl.) laughed at one another. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus te-

136 Orieida-English

dualic, reciprocal, -stelist- laugh, laugh at. -atatetsin- v.s. act like one is better than others, act macho, latate-tsín he thinks he's tough, he acts macho, yutate-tsín she acts like she's better than others. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -tsin- be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. -atatewyAnAta7- v.a. get oneself ready. latatewyAnA-tá-se7 he's getting ready. wakatatewyAnAtá u I have gotten ready. wa7katatewyAUA-táne7 I got ready, AkatatewyAnA-táne7 I will get ready. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -wyAnAta7- get something ready. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atatewyA'tu- look after oneself, make oneself presentable. See -atateyA'tu/-atatewyA'tu-. -at-N-atewyA'tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA'tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA'tu-. -atateyA?tu-/-atatewyA?tu- v.a. look after oneself, make oneself presentable. katateyX-tuhe7 I look after myself, I make myself presentable. With th- contrastive: yáh thahutateyX-tu7 they (m.) don't make themselves presentable. • Khále7 yáh úni7 thahutateyX-tu7 o7slu-nv HA ostúha loti-tXt. And white people don't even make themselves presentable, even when they're just a little poor. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ateyA?tu-/-at-N-ateyA?tu-/

-atewyA ? tu-/-at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ateyA'tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA'tu-/ -at-N-ateyA ? tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA'tu-. -atate'nikuhlisa'- v.a. make oneself make up one's mind. katate7nikuhlísa7as I'm trying to make up my mind. wakatate7nikuhlísu7 I have made up my mind. wa7katate7nikuhlísane7 I made up my mind, Akatate7nikuhlísane7 I will make up my mind. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hsa?-/-isa'finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . -atate'nikuhloli- v.a. amuse oneself, entertain oneself. katate7nikuhlo-líhe7 I amuse myself, I do things to entertain myself. wakatate7nikuhlolí I'm amusing myself, I'm doing things to entertain myself. tyatate7nikuhlo-lí Let's you and I (incl.) amuse ourselves! COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -?nikuhloli-/-?nikuhloly- amuse, entertain. .atate'nikulhal- plus te- dualic, v.a. bother with, do something about. tekatate7nikulhálha7 I do something about something. wa7tkatate7nikulha-lX• I did something about it.

Oneida-English

tehsatate 7nikulha-lX Do something about it! COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, .'nikulhal- plus te- dualic, bother, pester. -atate'nutanhak-/-atate ? nutanh- v.a. blame oneself, admit one's guilt. katate7nutánhaks I blame myself, I admit my guilt. wakatate7nutánhA I'm taking the blame. wa7katate7nutánhake7 I blamed myself. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, - ? nutanhak-/-'nutanh- blame someone, be guilty. NOTE: T h e alternant -atate'nutanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -atate'nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. .atate'nutanhak-/.atate'nutanh- plus te- dualic, v.a. blame one another. teyakyatate7nutánhaks we two (excl.) keep blaming one another. teyukyatate?nutánhA we two blamed one another, tehonatate7nutánhA they (m.) blamed one another. tAyakyatate?nutánhake? we two (excl.) will blame one another. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: .atate- plus tedualic, reciprocal, -'nutanhak-/ -'nutanh- blame someone, be guilty. NOTE: T h e alternant .atate'nutanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atate'nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. -atate'skuthu- v.a. burn oneself. lotate7skúthu he has burned himself. wa 7katate7skúthu 7 I burned myself. COMPOSED OF: -atate- reflexive, -'skuthu- burn someone.

137

-atatAl-/-at-N-atatAl- v.a. have something left over, be left by oneself. yotatAlX it's left over, wakatatAlX I have something left over, I'm left by myself, lotatAlX he has something left over, yakotatAlX she has something left over, yukyatatAlX we two have something left over. Pre-pausal: yukyatatA-lX. ukwata-tXle7 I had some left over. With s- repetitive: v ok swakatatAlX I'm the only one left, laulhá• ok shotatAlX he's the only one left, tsyukwatatAlX so many of us are left, shonatatAlX so many of them (m.) are left, lonulhá- ok shonatatAlX they (m.) are the only ones left, sukwata-tXle7 I have got that much leftover, so much was left. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shonatatAlX there aren't any of them (m.) left anymore. With - h n a n a ' t - potato: yothnana7tatatAlX there are potatoes left over. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: yothwistatatAlX there's money left over. •Shekú kX yotatAlX thikX kana 7taláku7. Is there still any of that good-tasting bread left? DERIVED BASES: -atatAla'- have something left over; -atatAla'se-/ -atatAla's- have some left over. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atatAl-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atatAla'- v.a. have something left over. wakatatAlá-u I had some left over. COMPOSED OF: -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself, - 7 - incho-

138

Orieida-English

ative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatAla?se-/-atatAla ? s- v.a. have some left over. ivakatatAlá-sehe7 I have some left over. ukwatatA-lá-se7 I have some left over, wahotatA-lá-se7 he has some left over. With s- repetitive: sukwatatA-lá-se7 I had some left over, AswakatatA-lá-se7 I will have some left over. With -hnana ? tpotato: ukwathnana?tatA-lá-se? I had some potatoes left over. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: ukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I had some money left over. And s- repetitive: sukwathwistatA-lá se7 I still have some money left over. • Thó

nikú

ukwatatA-lá se7

That's

how much I have left. COMPOSED OF: -atatAl-/

-at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself, -?se-/-?sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atatAla'seoccurs in the habitual aspect, -atatAla?s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur after the initial -at- of the base. -atathiklot- v.a. get an erection. lotathíklote7 h e has a n erection. •wahatathiklo-tA• h e got an erection, yáh thau-tú• ahatathiklo-tA• he

couldn't get an erection. NOTE: Probably includes the -atatreflexive prefix and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have.

-atathlani-/-atathla's- v.a. cover oneself, latathla-níhe7 he's covering himself, lotathlaní he has covered himself,

he

wahatáthlahse7

covered himself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hlani-/-hla?s- set something down for someone, cover someone. NOTE: The alternant -atathlanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atathla ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atathlen- v.a. cut oneself. katathle-nás I keep cutting myself. wakatathlenA I have cut myself. wa7katáthlene7 I cut myself. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hlen- cut into, make an incision. •atathlewaht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. repent, skatathlewátha7 I'm repenting.

I have

swakatathlexváhtu

repented. Askatathle-wáhte7 I will repent. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atatreflexive, -hlewaht- punish, do something to someone in a substantial way. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atathna'tatslo'kwat- v.a. dig around in one's pocket. katathna7tatsló-kwats

I'm d i g g i n g

around in my pocket. wakatathna7tatslo7kwatú

I have

dug around in my pocket. ivahatathna7tatsló-kwate7

he dug

around in his pocket. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hna ? tal-/-hna ? tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, -o'kwat- dig,

Oneida-English

burrow. DERIVED BASES:

-atathna 7 tatslo ? kwathu- dig around in several pockets. NOTE: T h e

7

o f t h e ? k w cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atathna ? tatslo ? kwathu- v.a. dig around in several pockets. katathna7tatslo7kwáthuhe7

I'm

digging around in several pockets. COMPOSED OF:

-atathna'tatslo'kwat- dig around in one's pocket, -hu- distributive. -atathnekihla?se-/-atathnekihla?sv.a. drink alone, lotathnekihlá-se he's drinking while he's alone, yakotathnekihlá-se she's drinking alone. Ahatathnekí-lahse7 he will drink all alone. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hnekil-/-hnekihl- drink, -?se-/- ? sbenefactive. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-atathnekihla ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atathnekihla ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atathwa'est- v.a. bandage oneself. katathwa7ésta7 I'm bandaging myself. Akatathwa7éstA7 I will bandage myself. satathwa7éstA Put a bandage on! COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hwa'est- have on a bandage. - a t a t i - / - a t a t y - v.a. speak, kata-tíhe7 I speak (regularly), lata-tíhe7 he speaks, wakatatí I have spoken,

139

lotatí he has spoken. iva7kata-tv I spoke, wahata-tí• he spoke, Akata-tí• I will speak, Ahata-tí• he will speak, ahsata-tf you should speak, sata-tí Speak! Habitual past: lutatíhahkwe7 they (m.) used to speak. Stative past: lotati-hnéhe spoke (a while ago). With srepetitive: tsyuta-tíhe7 she speaks again, sakata-tí• I spoke again, sayakyata-tí• we two (excl.) spoke again, usahata-tí• he should speak again, usayuta-tv she should speak again. With te 7 - negative, and habitual past: yáh tehatatíhahkwe7 he didn't used to talk. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyuta-tíhe7 she doesn't speak any longer. Aspect class: Al. • NX wakatatí tsyo7lé•

nX

tshyaháhsewe7 I had already spoken before you got there. "Yáh kati7kX te7sanúhte7 tsi7 lu-té• s 7 tshizvahu-níse lutatíhahkwe7 é lhal." "Don't you know that they say that a long time ago dogs used to speak?" (M8) DERIVED BASES: .atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer; .atati- plus y- translocative, speak out, pick up the tab; -atatyanyukwspeak here and there or all over; -atatya'n- go to speak. NOTE: The alternant -ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, v.a. speak up, answer, thata-tíhe7 he speaks up. takata-ti• I spoke up, I answered, tahata-tf he answered, tayuta-tv she or someone spoke up, Atyuta-tí- she or someone will speak up. Habitual past: thutatíhahkwe7 they (m.) used to talk. • Nók tsi7 thó ki7 thikX lati7tlu-tú•

140 Orieida-English

kA- lonathu-té- úhka7 ok tayenhoháya7akeHA kwi- úhka7 ok tayuta-tí-, né-n úhka7 ok né- tahatáyahte7 kA-, kA 7 nithoyAha kA-. But the ones that were sitting around there, they did hear someone knock on the door, so then someone spoke up, then someone came in who was young. (M5) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atati-/-ataty- speak. DERIVED BASES: .atati-/.ataty- p l u s

tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back, speak up for oneself; .atatya'se-/ .atatya's- plus t- cislocative, answer someone back, speak back at someone. NOTE: The alternant .ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. talk back, speak up for oneself, tutakata-tí- I talked back, tutahsata-tí• you talked back. • WahA lu7 ye7 ka7ikA lokstAha, "tutakata-tí- nAki7nA7ú-wa7." Her husband said, "actually I talked back this time." (Ml) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, .atati-/ .ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer. DERIVED BASES: . a t a t y a ' s e - /

.atatya's- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back to someone. NOTE: The alternant .ataty- occurs before derivational suffixes. atati- plus y- translocative, v.a. speak out, pick up the tab. ya7kata-tí- I spoke out (e.g., into a microphone), I spoke for it, the tab's on me, yahata-tí- he called over, yAkata-tí- I will speak for it. With s- r e p e t i t i v e : yAskata-tí-

I'll get the

next round. • /• kwi- na7 yAskata-tf. It's my turn now (to buy a round). COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-atati-/-ataty- speak.

-atatitAl- v.a. feel sorry for oneself. katati-tAlhe7 I keep feeling sorry for myself, latati-tAlhe7 he feels sorry for himself. wa7katati-tAle7 I felt sorry for myself, wahatati-tAle7 he felt sorry for himself, wahutati-tAle7 they (m.) felt sorry for themselves, Ahutati-tAle7 they (m.) will feel sorry for themselves. •Né- s kati7 alá- XIA lonathu-tétekalihwáhkw A tá-thuni7 tok náhte7 utlAno-tA- khále7 wahutati-tAle7. So this is why whenever they (dogs) hear singing or some music playing, they feel sorry for themselves. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -itAl- pity someone. -atatiwast- v.a. make oneself thin. yutatiwásta7 she's making herself thin. Akatati-wáste7 I will make myself thin. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-atiw- become thin, -st- causative. .atatkahnle- plus te- dualic, v.s. look at one another, tetyatatká-nle7 you and I (incl.) are looking at one another, tehyatatká-nle7 the two (m.) are looking at one another, tehutatká-nle7 they (m.) are looking at one other. Pre-pausal: tehutatká-nele7. With s- repetitive: teshutatká-nle7 they (m.) are all looking at one another. Aspect class: B.

•Né-n kwáh kAs kwi- nók thó tshihatí-tlu7, yáh úhka7 te7yakóthale7 nók teshutatká-nle7 kA-. So just then while they were sitting around, nobody was talking, they were just looking at one another. (M5) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic, look at. NOTE: T h e h of the h n l cluster is

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatku'tslihal- v.a. weigh oneself. wakatatku7tslíhale7 I have weighed myself. Akatatku 7tsliha-lA• I will weigh myself. satatku7tsliha-lA Weigh yourself! COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -ku'tslihal- weigh something. -atatkwenyAst- v.a. think oneself better than others. yutatkwenyAsta7 she thinks she's better than other people, she's stuck up, latatkwenyAsta7 he thinks he's better. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -kweny-/-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at, -st- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. .atatlA?nha- plus te- dualic, v.a. become acquainted. teyakyatatlA7nhá-u we two (excl.) are acquainted, tehyatatlA7nhá-u the two (m.) have become acquainted, they got to know each other. wa7thyatatlA-nha7 the two (m.) became acquainted, tAhyatatlA-nha7 the two (m.) will become acquainted. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -lA'nha- know how. NOTE: The 7 of the ? nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatlihunyAni-/-atatlihunyA- v.a. teach oneself, study. katatlihunyA-níhe7 I'm teaching myself, I'm studying. wakatatlihunyAití I have taught myself. Akatatlihúni7 I will teach myself. With te ? - negative: yáh te7wakatatlihunyATIÍ I didn't teach myself. Aspect class: Al.

141

• /• wakatatlihunyATIÍ akatlAtio-tApiano. I taught myself to play the piano. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- teach someone. NOTE: The alternant

-atatlihunyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atatlihunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atatlihunibefore a final 7 . atatlihwakhwa'se-/ .atatlihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic, v.a. sing for each other. tetyatatlihwakhwá-sehe7 you and I (incl.) are singing for or to each other. tAtyatatlihwákhwahse7 you and I (incl.) will sing for or to each other. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, .lihwakhwa'se-/ .lihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic, sing for someone. NOTE: The alternant

.atatlihwakhwa'se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatlihwakhwa's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. atatlihwaskenha?se-/ .atatlihwaskenha's- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue for oneself, defend oneself. tekatatlihwaskenhá-sehe7 I'm arguing for myself, I'm defending myself. tehotatlihwaskenhá-se he has argued for himself. wa7tkatatlihwaskénhahse7 I argued for myself. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .lihwaskenha- plus te- dualic, argue, debate, dispute, -?se-/- ? s- benefac-

142

Orieida-English

tive. NOTE: The alternant ,atatlihwaskenha ? se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatlihwaskenha 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ' s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. .atatIihwastani-/.atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. regret, tetkatatlihwástanihe7 I regret it. tutakatatlihwástA7 I regretted it, tAtkatatlihwástA7 I will regret it. DERIVED BASES: . a t a t l i h w a s t a n i ' -

plus tet- dualic and cislocative, have regretted. NOTE: Includes the tet- dualic and cislocative prefixes, the -atatreflexive prefix, and the noun base -lihw- business, matter, etc.; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant .atatlihwastani- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the - 7 inchoative suffix, .atatlihwastAoccurs in the punctual aspect. .atatlihwastani 7 - plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.s. have regretted. tetwakatatlihwastanvu I had regretted doing it. Aspect class: E. • E-só• tetivakatatlihwastaní-u tsi7 thó yewake-nú. I had regretted going there. COMPOSED OF: .atatlihwastani-/ .atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, regret, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atatliyo- v.a. kill oneself, cause one's own death, katatli-yós I'm killing myself (e.g., I'm causing my own

death by going to those bingos). wahutatli-yó• killed themselves (e.g., of a cult). COMPOSED OF: -atat-lyo-/-Iiyo- beat, kill.

smoky they (m.) the members reflexive,

-atatnaktotani-/-atatnaktothahsv.a. leave time for. katatnaktota-níhe7 I leave time for it. wakatatnaktotaní I have left time for it. wa7katatnaktóthahse7 I left time for it, Akatatnaktóthahse7 I will leave time for it. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -naktot- have some time or place, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atatnaktotani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatnaktothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atatnAskw- plus te- dualic, v.a. steal from one another. teyakyatattiAskwas we two (excl.) steal from one another, tehyatatnXskwas the two (m.) are stealing from one another. tehonatatnAskwA they (m.) have stolen it from each other. wa7thyatatn/ísko7 the two (m.) stole it from one another. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -nAskw- steal, steal from. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atatniha't- plus te- dualic, v.a. take turns, teyakyatatnihá-tha7 we two (excl.) are taking turns, tehyatatnihá-'tha7 the two (m.) are taking turns, tehonatatnihá tu they (m.) have taken turns. wa7thyatatníhahte7 the two (m.) took turns, tAyakyatatníhahte7 we

Oneida-English

two (excl.) will take turns. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atatnikAhtle- v.s. consider oneself good-looking. latatnikAhtle7 he thinks he's good-looking. Pre-pausal: latatnikAhtele7. With n- partitive: nihatatnikAhtle7 he considers himself so nice-looking. Aspect class: B. • Shayátat ka7ikA kA7 nithoyAha yáh kwí• te7wéni nihatatnikAh t ele7 So there's this one young man, it's amazing the way he considers himself so good-looking. (G2) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nikAhtle- be handsome. .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, v.a. curl one's hair, tekatatnuhklísta7 I'm curling my hair, tewakatatnuhklístu I have curled my hair. wa7tkatatnúhkliste7 I curled my hair, tAkatatnúhkliste7 I will curl my hair. Stative past: tewakatatnuhklistú-ne7 I curled my hair. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl someone's hair. DERIVED BASES: . a t a t n u h k l i s t a ' n -

plus te- dualic, intend to curl one's hair. .atatnuhklista'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. intend to curl one's hair. tekatatnuhklistá-ne7 I'm going to curl my hair, I intend to curl my hair. COMPOSED OF: .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl one's hair, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

143

-atatnuhkw- v.s. be related. yakyatátnuhkwe7 we two (excl.) are related, yatátnuhkwe7 the two (m.) are related, kyatátnuhkwe7 the two (z.) are related, yakwatátnuhkwe7 we (excl.) are related. Aspect class: F.

-atatnuhlya'k- v.a. hurt oneself. latatnú-lya7ks he's hurting himself. lotatnuhlyá-ku he has hurt himself. wahatatnú-lyahke7 he hurt himself. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nuhlya'k- get hurt, hurt someone. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atatnut-/-atatnutu- v.a. feed oneself, put something into one's mouth. katatnu-túhe7 I'm putting it into my mouth, wakatatnutú I have fed myself. wa7katátnute7 I fed myself, Akatátnute7 I will feed myself. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth. NOTE: The alternant -atatnutuoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atatnut- occurs in the punctual aspect. .at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet. See .atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic. -at-N-atsha 7 - burn. See -atsha 7 -/ -at-N-atsha'-. -at-N-atsha'aht- burn something. See -atsha?aht-/-at-N-atsha?aht-. -at-N-atsha?Ani-/-at-N-atsha?a?sburn on one. See -atsha'Ani-/

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Orieida-English

-atsha'a 7 s-/-at-N-atsha ? Ani-/ -at-N-atsha'a's-. -atatshAnal-/-atatshAnalu- v.a. sign one's name. katatshAitálha7 I'm signing my name. wakatatshA-nálu7 I have signed my name. AkatatshA-nálu 7 I will sign my name. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hsAnal-/-hsAnalu- write someone's name. DERIVED BASES: -atatshAnal akw-

remove one's name. NOTE: The addition of the -atatreflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The alternant -atatshAnal- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the -kw- reversative suffix, -atatshAnalu- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. -atatshAnalakw- v.a. remove one's name. latatshAnalákwas he's removing his name. lotatstiAnalákwA he has taken his name off. wa?katatshAnala-kó• I took my name off. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atatshAnal-/ -atatshAnalu- sign one's name, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atatshAninyu't- v.a. put one's name in, register. katatshAninyú-tha7 I'm putting my name in, latatshAninyú-tha 7 he puts his name in. wakatatshAninyú-tu I have put my name in. wahatatshAnínyuhte 7 he put his name in, AkatatshAnínyuhte7 I will put my name in. Aspect class: El. • NA kwi• wa7katatshAnínyuhte7 7 7 ki wáh, wa knánhu7 information tsi7 ok nahó-tA7. So then I put my name in, I filled in all kinds of infor-

mation. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -hsAninyu?t- put someone's name in. NOTE: The addition of the -atatreflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The 7 of the 7 t cluster of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in postaccented syllables. -atattsin- v.s. think oneself smart. latáttsin he thinks he's so smart, he's a show-off, he thinks he's better than everyone else, yutáttsin she thinks she's so good. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -tsin- be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. .atatu- plus te- dualic, trade with someone, exchange. See .atatawi-/ .atatu- plus te- dualic. -atatuni- v.a. make oneself into something, disguise oneself. latatu-níhe7 he's making himself into something (e.g., at Hallowe'en). lotatuní he has made himself into something, yakotatuní she has disguised herself, wahatatu-ní• he disguised himself, satatu-ní Make yourself into something! Aspect class: Al. •Ne-né• yakotatuní né• kóskos. She had turned herself into a pig. (V2) COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -atatwAniyo- v.s. be free. katatwAni-yó- I'm free, latatwAni-yó• he's free, yutatWAni-yó• she's free. Habitual past: latatwAni-yóhkwe7 he used to be free. Future stative: AhatatwAniyóhake7 he will be free. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -atatwAniyo'- get

Oneida-English

free. NOTE: May be composed of the -atat- reflexive prefix, the noun base -wAn- voice, word, and a verbal component -iyo-, which may be related to the stative base -N-iyo- be good. -atatwAniyo7- v.a. get free. wa?katatwAni-yóne7

I g o t free (of a

situation or a physical restraint), aetsyatatwAni-yóne7

y o u two should

get away. With s- repetitive: swakatatwAniyó-u I have gotten free again, sahatatwAni-yóne7 he got free again. COMPOSED OF: -atatwAniyo- be free, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atatwAteht- v.a. volunteer, offer oneself. katatwAtétha7 I volunteer myself. lotatWAtéhtu he has volunteered himself. wa7katatWA-téhte7 I volunteered myself, I gave myself up to it (e.g., I finally made myself go to the doctor even though I didn't want to and put it off). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -atwAteht- spare some, give some up, let someone have some. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ataty- speak. See -atati-/-ataty-. -atatyanyukw- v.a. speak here and there or all over, katatyanyúkwas I go all around speaking. lotatyanyúkwA he has gone all around speaking, wahutatyanyu-kó• they (m.) all spoke, they spoke all over. Aspect class: D3. •Né• s thikA wahutatyanyu-kótsi7 ok náhte7 iva7shakotihlo-lí• tsi7 nahotiliho 7tAhake 7 wahotínhake7.

145

They spoke about all kinds of things, telling them how they should live when they got married. (HI) COMPOSED OF: -atati-/-atatyspeak, -nyu- distributive, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atatya'n- v.m. go to speak. katatyá-ne7 I intend to make a speech. wa7katatyá-na7 I'm going there to speak, wahsatatyá-na7 you're going there to speak, Akatatyá-na7 I'm going to go and

speak. • Kátsha7 nú• wahsatatyá-na7. Where are you going to give the speech? COMPOSED OF: -atati-/-atatyspeak, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .atatya'se-/.atatya ? s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. answer someone back, speak back at someone. thakwatatyá-sehe7 he's answering me back,

tahakwatátyahse7

he

answered me back, he spoke back at me. COMPOSED OF: .atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative, speak up, answer, - ? se/-7s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atatya ? seoccurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatya ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. .atatya'se-/.atatya ? s- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. talk back to someone, tethiyatatyá-sehe7 I talk

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Orieida-English

back to him (indicating some disrespect). tutahiyatátyahse7 I spoke back to him, tutahakwatátyahse7 he spoke back to me, tutahetshatátyahse7 you should talk back to him. tákA 7 tAteskwatátyahs Don't talk back to me! COMPOSED OF: .atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, talk back, speak up for oneself, - 7 se-/- 7 sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atatya 7 seoccurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atatya 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atatya'takenha- v.a. help oneself. katatya7takénhas I help myself. wa 7katatya 7takénha 7 I helped myself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -ya'takenha- help someone. .atatya 7 takenha- plus te- dualic, v.a. help one another. tetwatatya7takénhas we (incl.) are helping one another. teyukwatatya 7takénhA we have helped one another. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -ya 7 takenha- help someone. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. .atatya'takenha 7 - plus te- dualic, v.s. be helping one another out. teyukwatatya7takenhá-u we help one another a lot. Aspect class: E. • Kwáh kAS kati7 wí- kA- tsi7 akt-lu7 kwr lotilihowanáhtu kA- tsi7 7 niyukwaliho tA-hnéteyukwatat-

ya7takenhá-u sAha 7 kwí- thikA thó HA nikaha-wí- kA-. So then I would say that they make a big issue out of the custom we used to have of helping one another out more than nowadays. (M15) COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -ya 7 takenha 7 - be helping someone out. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atatya 7 tist- plus ya 7 te- translocative and dualic, v.a. try to do things on one's own. ya7tehatatya7tísta7 he tries to do things by himself by excluding others, he's independent, ya7teyutatya7tísta7 she tries to do things by herself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, .ya 7 tist- plus ya 7 te- translocative and dualic, do all by oneself. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -N-atatye- v.m. be extended along. With -ahsliye-/-ahsliye 7 t-/ -hsliye 7 t- string, thread, yarn: wahsliye7tatáti7 the thread is going along. With -atA7Ahl- fence: watA7Ahlatáti7 the fence is extended along. With -a 7 nhaluk-/ -a 7 nhaluksl- rope: wa7nhalukslatáti7 there's a rope extended along (e.g., to keep people off the street). DERIVED BASES: - h a t a t y e - b e a

road, path, or highway, extending; .hluwatatye- plus te- dualic, be a crevice, valley, or crack in the ground, extending; .hwatsilatatyeplus t- cislocative, be descended from; .lilatatye- plus te- dualic, be an extended line or row; -na 7 tslatatyebe a ditch, extending; -wyhuhatatyebe a river, extending; kalistatáti 7

Oneida-English

railroad tracks; o ' n o wáwahsliye'tatáti' string instrument. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -N-atati- before a final 7 . .atatyena- plus te- dualic, v.a. wrestle. tehatatye-nás he's wrestling. tehotatyenA he has wrestled. tAhatatye-ná• he will wrestle. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. DERIVED BASES: .atatyenas plus tedualic, be a wrestler. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. .atatyenas plus te- dualic, v.a. be a wrestler, tehatatye-nás (he's a) wrestler, tehutatye-nás they (m.) are wrestlers. COMPOSED OF: .atatyena- plus tedualic, wrestle, -s habitual. -atatyAha kin term, parent-child relation. onatatyAha mother and daughter, lonatatyAha father and son, ukyatatyAha we're mother and daughter. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -yAha child. .atatyAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. hit one another with an object. tekyatatyAtha7 the two (z.) are hitting one another with something, tehyatatyAtha7 the two (m.) are hitting one another with something. tehonatatyAhtu they (m.) have hit one another with something. waHhutátyAhte7 they (m.) hit one another with something. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .atat- plus te- dualic, reciprocal, -yAht- hit with an object, score.

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NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atatyo?tAhse-/-atatyo ? tAhs- v.a. work for oneself. katatyo7tAhsehe7 I'm working for myself. waAatatyó-tAhse7 I worked for myself, Akatatyó-tAhse7 I will work for myself. COMPOSED OF: -atat- reflexive, -yo?tAhse-/-yo'tAhs- work for someone. NOTE: The alternant -atatyo'tAhse- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atatyo'tAhsoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atawA- v.a. take a bath, swim. kata-wAhe? I'm taking a bath, I'm swimming. lotawA he has taken a bath, he has swum. wahata-wA• he took a bath, he took a swim. With th- contrastive: yáh thahata-wA- he won't take a bath. Aspect class: A l . DERIVED BASES: - a t a w A h a t y e -

swim along; -atawAst- give someone a bath; -atawA?n- go swimming or bathing. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a root -awA-, which occurs also in awA-ke in the water. -atawAhatye- v.m. swim along. yonatawAháti7 they (z.) are swimming along. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atawAhati- before a final 7 . -atawAhlat- v.a. spill over. watawA-lats it's spilling over. yotawAhlatú it has spilled over. utawA-late7 it spilled over, AwatawA-late7 it will spill over. Aspect class: E2.

148 Orieida-English

• /• aklí-wa7 tsi7 utawA-late7. It's my fault it spilled over. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -awAhlat-, which occurs also in .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atawAhlat- plus te- dualic, v.a. go over an obstacle. tekatawA-lats I'm going over it (e.g., a fence). tewakatawAhlatú I have gone over it. wa7tyutawA-late7 she went over it, wa?thatawA-late7 he went over it. Aspect class: E2. • Thó wa7tyutawA-late7 7 tsi kalu táyA7. She stepped over the tree lying there. (T2) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atawAlye- plus te- dualic, v.a. travel around, wander, roam. tekatawAlyehse7 I keep travelling around. tewakatawAli7 I'm travelling, I'm going on a trip here and there. wa7tkatawAli7 I travelled around, tAkatazuAli7 I will travel around. Future habitual: tAhsatawAlyéheke7 you will be travelling. With t- cislocative: tetyonatawAli7 they (z.) are wandering around there. With tshcoincident: tsha7teyakwatawAlyehe7 when we (excl.) travel around. With tha'tusa- contrastive, dualic and repetitive: yáh tha7tusahsatawAlye7 you won't be travelling again. Aspect class: B3. • Ohlu-wáku tetyonatawAli7

tyonhúskwalut. The cows are wandering around in the valley. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .awAlye- plus te- dualic, stir. DERIVED BASES: . a t a w A l y e h a t y e -

plus te- dualic, go wandering around, stroll along; .atawAlyehs- plus tedualic, go for a stroll, go on a trip; .atawAlye't- plus te- dualic, travel by a route, show someone around. NOTE: Attested with both the habitual suffixes - 7 se ? and -he ? . Many speakers have .atawAli- before a final 7 . atawAlyehatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go wandering around, stroll along. tewakatawAlyeháti7 I'm wandering around, tehotawAlyeháti7 he's strolling along, tehonatawAlyeháti7 they (m.) are strolling along. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atawAlyehati- before a final 7 . .atawAlyehs- plus te- dualic, v.m. go for a stroll, go on a trip. tewakatawAlyéhsu 7 I have gone for a stroll. wa7tyutawAlyéhsa7 she's going for a stroll, wa?thyatawAlyéhsa7

the two (m.)

went on a trip, wa7thutawAlyéhsa7 they (m.) are going on a trip. Stative past: teyakotawAlyehsu-hné• she had travelled (and now she's home again), tehotawAlyehsu-hné• he was gone away. • Tsi7 ka-yA- sahatayA-tu7 tsi7 waknúhsote7 khále7 teyakyanuhsa7 nekA wá-ne - wa7thyatawAlyéhsa7 The one who fixed my house and my neighbour went away together. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, -hs- dislocative.

Oneida-English

.atawAlye't- plus te- dualic, v.a. travel by a route, show someone around. tehutawAlyé-tha7 they (m.) travel by this path or route, tehuwatawAlyé-tha7 they're taking him around, giving him a tour. wa7thuwatawAlyehte7 they showed him around, they gave him a tour, wa7tyukwatawAlyehte7 she or someone showed me around. With th- contrastive: yáh úhka7 tha7teyutawAlyé-tha7 nobody should travel by there. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye- plus tedualic, travel around, wander, roam, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES: . a t a w A l y e ' t a ' n -

plus te- dualic, go show someone around. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. ,atawAlye ? ta ? n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go show someone around. wa7tyukwatawAlye7tá-na7

she or

someone is going to show me around. COMPOSED OF: .atawAlye't- plus tedualic, travel by a route, show someone around, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atawAst- v.a. give someone a bath. kheyataivAsta7 I'm giving her a bath, liyatawAsta7 I'm giving him a bath. liyatawAstu I have given him a bath. wahiyata-wAste7 I gave him a bath. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: y u t a w A s t á k h w a ?

basin, tub.

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-atawA'n- v.m. go swimming or bathing. katawA-ne 7 I'm going to swim, I'm going to bathe. katawA-nehse7 I go swimming. wakatawAnu I have gone to swim. wa7katawAna7 I'm going swimming. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atawA- take a bath, swim, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atawya't- go to school. See -ataya't/-atawya't-. .atawya't- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in. See .ataya't-/.atawya't- plus tcislocative or y- translocative. .atawya'tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter by. See .ataya'tahkw-/.atawya ? tahkwplus t- cislocative or y- translocative. .atawya'tanyu- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, several. See .ataya?tanyu-/.atawya'tanyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative. -atawya'ta'n- go to school, go into a building. See -ataya'ta'n-/ -atawya'ta'n-. .atawya'tuhatye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, be entering. See .ataya?tuhatye-/.atawya ? tuhatyeplus t- cislocative or y- translocative. -ataya ? t-/-atawya ? t- v.a. go to school, katayá-tha7 I go to school, satayá-tha7 you go to school, swatayá-tha7 you all go to school,

lutayá-tha7 they (m.) go to school. wa7katáyahte7 I went to school, wahatáyahte7 he went to school, Ahsatáyahte7 you will go to school, ahsatáyahte7 you should go to school, ayutáyahte7 she should go to

150

Orieida-English

school. With s- repetitive: sayakyatáyahte7 we two (excl.) went back to school again. With tcislocative: thutayá-tha7 there they (m.) go to school. With y- translocative: yewakatayá-tu I have gone to school there, ya7katáyahte7 I went to school there. With n- partitive: kátsha7 nú- nisatayá-tu Where did you go to school? tsi7núnihutayá-tha7 where they (m.) go to school. With te ? - negative: yáh te7satawyá-tu you haven't gone to school. With tsh- coincident: tshiyutayá-tha7 when she's going to school. With tshy- coincident and translocative: tshyeyutawyá-tha7 when she goes to school there. With th- contrastive: yáh thakaiáyahte7 I won't go to school. Aspect class: El. •Thó kati7 nú- ostúha yewakatayá-tu. So I went to school there a little bit. (CI) DERIVED BASES: - a t a y a ' t a ' n - /

-atawya?ta?n- go to school, go into a building. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. ataya 7 t-/.atawya 7 t- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter, come in, go in. tkatayá-tha7 I enter, thutayá-tha7 they (m.) enter. thotayá-tu he has entered. tahatáyahte 7 he came in, tahyatáyahte7 the two (m.) came in, ya7katáyahte7 I went in, yahatáyahte7 he went in, yahyatáyahte7 the two (m.) went in, Atyutáyahte7 she will come in, yAhsatáyahte7 you will go in, utahatáyahte7 he should come in, ututáyahle7 she (z.) or it should

come in, utahutáyahte7 they (m.) should come in, utakutáyahte7 they (z.) should come in. tasatáwyaht Come in! ya7satáyaht Go in! With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahatáyahte7 he came back in again, tututáyahte7 she (z.) or it came back in again. With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusahatáyahte7 he went back in again. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahatáyahte7 how or where he entered. With tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutahatáyahte7 when he came in. Aspect class: El. •NA thó nyahatáyahte7 kA- tsi7 tyeta-kéle7 kA-, HA kioí• taha\ táhsaiVA7 kwí• thikA wa7shakóli7 kA-. So then he went in to where she was lying, then he started to whip (beat) her. (M7) DERIVED BASES.- . a t a y a ' t a h k w - /

.atawya'tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter by; .ataya ? tanyu-/.atawya 7 tanyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, enter, several; .ataya'tuhatye-/ .atawya'tuhatye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, be entering. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. This base occurs without the locative prefixes in the meaning 'go to school' (see the previous entry). ataya ? tahkw-/.atawya 7 tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter by. tahatayá-tahkwe7 he came in that way, 7 he went in that yahatayá-tahkwe way. •Tyótkut kAS ohAtú tyonhoká-lute7

Oneida-English

tahatayá-tahkwe7 He always came in by the front door. COMPOSED OF: .ataya't-/ .atawya't- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ataya?tanyu-/.atawya?tanyu- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, v.a. enter, several. thutaya7tányuhe7 they (m.) are coming in, yehutaya7tányuhe7 they (m.) are going in there. tahutaya7táni? they (m.) came in. With te- dualic: tutahutawya7táni7 they (m.) all came back in again. COMPOSED OF: .ataya't-/ .atawya't- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .ataya'tani- or .atawya'tani- before a final 7 . -ataya ? ta 7 n-/-atawya ? ta ? n- v.m. go to school, go into a building. kataya7tá-ne7 I'm going to go into it (e.g., the school building, or the hospital for an appointment), sataya7tá-ne7 you're going to go in. kataya7tá-nehse7 I go to school. wakataya7tá-nu I have gone to school. wa7kataya7tá-na7 I'm going to school, I went to school, wahataya7tá-na7 he's going to school, wa7utaya7tá-na7 she's going to school, wa7akyataya7tá-na7 we two (excl.) are going to school, wahutaya7tá-na7 they (m.) are going to school, Ahutaya?tá-na7 they (m.) will go to school, akataya7tá'tia7 I should go to school, ahsataya7tá-na7

151

you should go to school, ayutaya7tá-na7 she should go to school, ahataya7tá-na7 he should go to school, ahutaya7tá-na7 they (m.) should go to school. Stative past: wakataya7tahnu-hné• I went to school, yukyataya7tahnu-hné• we two went to school. With s- repetitive: sakataya7tá-na7 I'm going back to school. With t- cislocative: takataya7tá-na7 I'm coming to school. With th- contrastive: yáh thahsatawya7tá-na7 you won't go to school, yáh thayutawya7tá-na7 she or someone won't go to school, yah thahutawya7tá-na7 they (m.) won't go to school. Aspect class: H. • Né- kati7 xví-a7é- Dorchester núniyakwanákle7 nA thó tsha7tewakohsliyá-ku wí- n akataya7tá-na7. That's when we lived around Dorchester, and then I was old enough to go to school. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -ataya't-/ -atawya't- go to school, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The - ? ndislocative is replaced by the -hndislocative in the stative past. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ataya ? tuhatye-/.atawya?tuhatyeplus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.m. be entering. tahotaya7tuháti7 he's coming in, tayonataya7tuháti7 they (z.) are coming in, yahotaya7tuháti7 he's going in there. With tsh- coincident: tshithotaya7tuháti7 as he is coming in. COMPOSED OF: .ataya't-/ .atawya't- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, enter, come in, go in, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

152 Orieida-English

NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .ataya'tuhati- or .atawya ? tuhati- before a final 7 . ata 7 - plus y- translocative, v.a. fall in and land or hit bottom, yewa-tá-se7 it falls in and hits the bottom. yeyotá-u it has fallen in, it has landed, yahu-táne7 it fell in, it landed. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-at-/-t-/-et- be in, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. ata'aluni- v.a. make lace, crochet. kata7alu-níhe7 I'm making lace, I'm crocheting, yuta7alu-níhe7 she's crocheting, kuta7alu-níhe7 they (z.) are crocheting. wa7kata7alu-ní• I crocheted. COMPOSED OF: - a t - s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-a'al- net, lace, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. ata'alut- plus te- dualic, v.a. trim with lace for oneself, be lacy, a web. tekata7alútha7 I'm trimming it with lace for myself. teyota7a-lúte7 it has lace on it (e.g., a pillowcase, a handkerchief). tAkata7alu-tA- I will trim it for myself. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

.a'alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace. DERIVED BASES: t s i n a ' t s y a k é h t u ?

teyota'a lúte' cobweb. .ata'kalitat- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get well. sakata7kali-táte7 I got well, Askata7kali-táte7 I will feel better again. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive,

-ata 7 kalit(e)- be well, feel well, -tcausative-inchoative.

-ata ? kalit(e)- v.s. be well, feel well. wakata?kali-téI feel well, yakota7kali-téshe's well, she's healthy, lota7kali-téhe's well. Habitual past: lota7kali-téhkwe7 he was well. Future stative: Ahota7kali-téke7 he will be well. With nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyakota7kali-té• she feels that well again. With te?- negative: yáh te7wakata7kali-té• I'm not feeling well, yáh te7yakota7kali-té• she's not feeling well. Aspect class: B. • Né-n sayólhAtie7 né- thikA ókhna7 elók AtsyA7kA• tsi7 nitsyakota7kali-té- kA. So then the next morning right away she's walking aroi^id all over the place because she feels so well again. (M7) DERIVED BASES: . a t a ' k a l i t a t - p l u s

s- repetitive, get well. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -tcausative-inchoative suffix. .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. See .atsha'kt-/ .atsha?ket-/.at-N-a?kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic. ata'kX l a ' N gray. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, -a 7 noun suffix. .ata'khetst- plus te- dualic, v.a. skate. tekata7khétsta7 I skate, tehuta7khétsta7 they (m.) skate. tehota7khétstu he has skated. wa7tyutá-khetste7 she or someone skated, tAyutá-khetste7 she or someone will skate, tahutá-khetste7 they (m.) should skate. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - a t a ' k h e t s t - /

- a t a ' k h e ' t s l - skates; .ata'khetsta'nplus te- dualic, go to skate; .ata'khetstuhatye- plus te- dualic,

Oneida-English

go along skating. NOTE: The ? of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ata?khetst-/-ata?khe?tsl- v. > n. skates, ata7khétsta7 skates. With -N-iyo- be good: wata7khe7tsliyó (they are) nice skates. DERIVED BASES: .ata'khe'tslut- plus te- dualic, put on skates. NOTE: The alternant -ata'khetstoccurs in the basic noun form. It also occurs with the te- dualic as the verb base .ata 7 khetst- plus te- dualic, skate. The alternant -ata 7 khe ? tsl- is the incorporating form. .ata'khetsta'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to skate. tehata7khetstá-ne7 he's going to skate, tehata7khetstá-nehse7 he goes skating. tehota7khetstá-nu he has gone skating. wa7tkata7khetstá-na7 I'm going skating. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .ata'khetst- plus tedualic, skate, - ? n - dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ata'khetstuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along skating. tewakata7khetstuháti7 I'm skating. COMPOSED OF: .ata'khetst- plus tedualic, skate, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have ,ata ? khetstuhati- before a final - a t a ' k h e ' t s l - skates. See-ata'khetst/-ata?khe?tsl-. .ata'khe'tslut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on skates. tekata7khe7tslútha7 I'm putting on skates. tewakata7khé-tslute7 I have skates on, tehonata7khé-tslute7 they (m.)

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have skates on. wa 7tkata 7khe 7tslu-tA- I put on skates, wa7tekheyata7khe7tslu-tA• I put skates on her or someone, wa 7thuwata 7khe7tslu-tA• she put skates on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ata?khetst-/-ata?khe?tsl- skates, -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ata'klatenyu- v.s. snow lightly. yota?klaténi it's snowing lightly, just a few flakes are falling here and there. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base - a ' k l snowflake; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have -ata'klateni- word-finally. -ata'klokw- v.a. snow. wata?klókwas it snows now and then, yota ?klókwA it's snowing. uta?klo-kó• it started to snow, wa7ukwata?klo-kóit snowed on us, Awata ?klo-kó• it will snow. Stative past: yota?klokwA-ne? it snowed. With t- cislocative, and -kóaugmentative clitic: tuta7klako?kóit really snowed hard there. With npartitive: tsi7 niyota7klókwA it's really snowing. Aspect class: D3. •SAha7 ok wahuhtA-tí• áti tsi7 niyota?klókwA. They went anyway, even though it was really snowing. DERIVED BASES: - a t a ' k l o k w A h a t y e -

for snow to come or go. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -a'kl- snowflake, and a verb root -okw-, which occurs also in .at-N-okw-/.atya ? tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse, and .ahkokw- plus te- dualic, search in

154 Orieida-English

something. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ata'klokwAhatye- v.m. for snow to come or go. yota 7klokwAhátí7 it's snowing going that way. With tcislocative: tayota7klokwAháti7 snow is coming. •Ni-yót wé-ne yota7klokwAháti7 7 a é\ It looks like it's snowing over there. COMPOSED OF: -ata'klokw- snow, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ata'klokwAhati- before a final 7 . -ata'kohsut- v.a. put on a skirt. yakota7kóhsute7 she has a skirt on. wa7kata7kohsu-tA• I put on a skirt. sata7kohsu-tA Put on your skirt! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a'kohs- skirt, -N-ut- attach, be attached. .at-N-a'kt- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. See .atsha'kt-/ .atsha?ket-/.at-N-a'kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic. -ata'kwat- v.a. dig for oneself. katá-kwats I'm digging, lutá-kwats they (m.) are digging. wakata 7kwatú I have dug. wa7katá-kwate7 I dug, wahatá-kwate7 he dug, Ahsatá-kwate7 you will dig. Aspect class: E2. •NA ki7 thonatáhsawA lutá-kwats 7 7tátane7. tsi nú• nAshakotiya Already they've started digging where they're going to bury that person. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a'kwat- dig. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ata'shalis- plus te- dualic, v.a. cut with scissors. teyuta7shali-sás she's cutting using scissors. teyakota7shalisA she has cut with scissors. tAyuta7sha-líse7 she will cut with scissors. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: a t a ' s h a l i s á s

scissors. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -a'shal- knife, sickle; otherwise the composition is unclear. ata ? shali-sás V > N scissors. COMPOSED OF: .ata'shalis- plus tedualic, cut with scissors, -as habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base. -ata?shalo?thiye-/-ata7shalo'thiyov.a. sharpen a knife or blade. kata7shalo7thi-yóhe7 I'm sharpening the knife. wa7kata7shalo7thi-yéI sharpened the knife, Ahata7shalo7thi-yó• he will sharpen his knife, ahata7shalo7thi-yé• he should sharpen his knife. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, - a ' s h a l - knife, sickle, -hyo 7 thiy(e)-/ -o ? thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy. NOTE: Both forms with final e and o are attested. -ata'swA'tal- v.s. have black on. wakata7swA-tale7 I have black on me. With t- cislocative: tyota7swA-tale7 there's a black shape there. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -a ? swA?t- black, -1- be in or on. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .ata'tihA- plus te- dualic, v.a. become stiff, teyota 7tíhA it has become

Oneida-English

stiff, it's stiff (e.g., a shirt with too much starch). wa7twata7tíhA7 it got stiff, tAwata7tíhA7 it will get stiff. Stative past: teyota7tihA-hné- it was stiff. With n- partitive: na7teyota7tíhA is it ever stiff. -ata'wAtho- v.a. go after, bully, kill off, punish, lata ?wXthos he's getting after (someone), he's being a bully, yuta7wAthos she's a bully. lota 'hvAthu he has gone after (someone). wahata7wAtho7 he killed (them) off, he punished (them). Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ate- v.s. say, be saying, ka-té- I'm saying, sa-té• you're saying, la-téhe's saying, yu-té• she's saying, lu-téthey (m.) say. With tsh- coincident: tshika-té• when I'm saying. With th- contrastive: thiyu-té- she goes right on saying. Aspect class: B. •Thó thiyu-té• aknulhá' "satwá-nik satwá-nik." My mother just kept saying "shut up shut up." (Ol) -ate- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-/-atA-/-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and in most consonant clusters. -atehA- v.a. feel ashamed, become embarrassed. latéhAhse7 he feels ashamed. lotehA-u he's feeling ashamed. wa7katéhA7 I felt ashamed, wahatéhA 7 he felt ashamed, wa7utéhA7 she became embarrassed. Aspect class: C3. DERIVED BASES: -atehAhsl- shame.

-atehAhsl- v. > n. shame. atehAhsla7 shame. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, and te ? - negative: yáh kA te?satehAhsla-yA• don't you have

155

any shame? COMPOSED OF: -atehA- feel ashamed, become embarrassed, -hslnominalizer. -atehlakhu- v.a. have a feast. yutehlákhuhe7 she's having a feast (ceremonial). wa7utehlákhu7 she had a feast, wahatehlákhu 7 he had a feast. -atehle'usk- v.a. become a widow or widower. yakotehle7úsku she's a widow, lotehle7úsku he's a widower. wa7utehlé-uske7 she became a widow, wahatehlé-uske7 he became a widower. With tsh- coincident: tsha7utehlé-uske7 when she became a widow. NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atehsak-/-at-N-isak- v.a. look for something for oneself, latéhsaks he's looking for something (for himself, that he wants to use). wahatéhsake7 he searched for it. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wa7kathwisti-sáke7 I looked for money. With -khw- food: latekhwi-sáks he's searching for food. With - ? sleht- vehicle: late7slehti-sáks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isak- look for, miss someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t e h s a k h - /

-at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-isakoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atehsakh-/-at-N-isakh- v.m. go to look for something for oneself.

156 Orieida-English

latehsákhe7 he's here to look for something, latehsákhehse7 he's always going out looking for something. lotehsákhu he has gone to look for it. wa 7katehsákha 7 I'm going there to look for it, wahatehsákha7 he went to look for it. With -nuto'tsl- box: wa7katnuto7tslisákha7 I'm going to look for a box. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7kate7slehtisákha7 I'm going to look for a car. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF.- -atehsak-/ -at-N-isak- look for something for oneself, -h- dislocative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-isakhoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. atehsa 7 - v.a. finish for oneself, get finished, watéhsa 7as it gets finished, wakatéhsu 7 this is what I finished (e.g., what I made), lotéhsu 7 this is what he finished, yotéhsu 7 it's finished. Awatéhsane7 it will get finished. With te ? - negative: yah te7yotéhsu7 it's not finished. With tshyahu- coincident and translocative: tshyahutéhsane7 when it got finished there. Aspect class: E5. •hlé-n áhsA ki7 uhte wí- niwA-táke thikA tsi7 náhe7 na7 tshyahutéhsane7 yukwayo-té- oyú-kwa7 nA. So then I guess it actually must have been three weeks before we got through working tobacco. (03) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -hsa?-/-isa'- finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? .

-atehyahlu- v.a. become aware, come into existence. wa7kutehyá-lu7 they (z.) became aware, they came into existence. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?katehyá-lu 7 when I started to remember things (as a child) so that it's when I started to exist, tsha7kutehyá-lu7 when they (z.) became aware. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ehyahl- remember, -u- distributive. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atek- v.a. burn, go up in flames. yotékha 7 it's in flames, it's burning. yotékA it has gone up in flames, it's burnt. wa7o-téke7 it burned, Ayo-téke7 it wilf&urn. With te ? negative: yáh te7yotékha7 there's no fire going. Aspect class: Dl. DERIVED BASES: -ateka't- make a fire. -ateka't- v.a. make a fire. kateká-tha7 I make fire, lateká-tha7 he makes fire, wateká-tha 7 it is used to make a fire, wakateká-tu I have made a fire, loteká-tu he has made a fire, he's making a fire. wa7kate-ká-te7 I made a fire, wahate-ká-te7 he made a fire, ute-ká-te7 she (z.) made a fire, it got used to make a fire, ahate-ká-te7 he should make a fire, ayute-ká-te7 she should make a fire. Stative past: wakateka7tú-ne7 I had made a fire. With t- cislocative: a7étyukwateká-tu we have made a fire way over there, takate-ká-te7 I made a fire there. Aspect class: El. • Á-HA elhú-wa7 nA wahate-ká-te7 stove, kwáh kA7 ná-ye7 nA wa7onuhsatalíhA7 nA kwiwa7akwatekhu-ní-. Just then he made fire in the stove, in a little

Oneida-English

while when the house warmed up, then we ate. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -atek- burn, go up in flames, -?t- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t e k a ' t a h k w - u s e

to make a fire with; -ateka'ta'n- go to make a fire; -ateka'tAni-/ -ateka'tA- make a fire for someone. NOTE: This base is also used when talking about cutting wood for a living. For example, a 7é- tyukwateká-tu we were cutting wood over there, or, with the derived base -ateka ? ta ? ngo to make fire, lonateka 7tá-nu they (m.) have gone to cut wood. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateka'tahkw- v.a. use to make a fire with. yuteka7tákhwa7 she or someone uses it to make a fire. Ahuteká-tahkwe7 they (m.) will use it to make a fire. •Tá-thuni7 tsi7 kA7 oyá- Asho-tíkwí- na 7 tiú- nók Awa-tú• tAhayAtá-lihte7 kA-, Ahuteká-tahkwe7 7 astéhtsi kA-. Or someone else who would lose (at cards) would have to cut wood, that's what they would use to make a fire in the morning. (M5) COMPOSED OF: -ateka't- make a fire, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: k a h s ú h t a k u

y u t e k a ' t á k h w a 7 fireplace. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa ? . The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. - a t e k a ' t a ' n - v.m. go to make a fire. lateka7tá-ne7 he's here to make a fire. loteka7tá-nu he has gone to make a fire, lonateka7tá-nu they (m.) have gone to make a fire. wahateka7tá-na7 he's on his way somewhere to make a fire,

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wa7uteka7tá-na7 she's going to make a fire. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -ateka't- make a fire, - ' n - dislocative. NOTE: See note under the component base. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateka?tAni-/-ateka?tA- v.a. make a fire for someone. lakwateka7tA-níhe7 he makes a fire for me. wahakwateká-tA7 he made a fire for me. COMPOSED OF: -ateka't- make a fire, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ateka ? tAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -ateka ? tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate, tewatekháhsyus it's coming apart, it's becoming unravelled, tetwatekháhsyus we (incl.) are dispersing, we're splitting up. tehonatekháhsi they (m.) are separated. wa7twatekháhsi7 it came apart or undone, wa7thyatekháhsi7 the two (m.) separated, wa7tetwatekháhsi7 we (incl.) separated, we took leave from one another (some of us went one way, the others went the other way). With s- repetitive: tusahyatekháhsi7 the two (m.) separated again, tAswatekháhsi7 it will come apart again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .khahsyu- plus te- dualic, separate, divide, share. DERIVED BASES: . a t e k h a h s y u k w -

plus te- dualic, come apart complete-

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Orieida-English

ly, come undone completely; .atekhahsyu's- plus te- dualic, come apart on one, come undone on one. NOTE: Many speakers have .atekhahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . atekhahsyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart completely, come undone completely, tewatekhahsyúkwas it's coming apart (into many parts). wa7twatekhahsyu-kóit came apart. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7teyotekhahsyúkwA it didn't come apart at all. With tha ? tusucontrastive, dualic and repetitive: yáh tha7tusutekhahsyu-kó• they won't come apart again. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. atekhahsyu's- plus te- dualic, v.a. come apart on one, come undone on one. wa7twakatekháhsyuhse7 it came undone on me, wa 7thotekháhsyuhse 7 it came apart on him, wa7tyakotekháhsyuhse7 it came apart on her. COMPOSED OF: .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate, - ? sbenefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atekhanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. get pieced together. wa7twatekháni7 it got pieced together. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive,

.khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together.

NOTE: Many speakers have .atekhani- before a final 7 . -atekhuni-/-atekhuny- v.a. eat a meal, latekhu-níhe7 he's eating, twatekhu-níhe7 we (incl.) are eating, yakwatekhu-níhe7 we (excl.) are eating, lotekhuní he has eaten, he's eating, yukwatekhuní we have eaten, we're eating, wahatekhu-níhe ate, wa 7akyatekhu-níwe two (excl.) ate, wa7akwatekhu-níwe (excl.) ate, wahutekhu-ní• they (m.) ate, Ahatekhu-níhe will eat, Ayutekhu-nv she will eat, Atwatekhu-ní• we (incl.) will eat, Ahutekhu-ni• they (m.) will eat, ahsatekhu-ní^eu should eat, ayutekhu-nv she should eat, ayakwatekhu-ní• we (excl.) should eat, ahutekhu-ní• they (m.) should eat. satekhu-ní Eat! twatekhu-ní Let's all (incl.) eat! Habitual past: katekhuníhahkwe7 I was eating. Stative past: wakatekhuni-hné• I had eaten. Future habitual: Ahatekhum'heke7 he will be eating. Future stative: Ahotekhuníhake7 he will have eaten. With s- repetitive: sayakwatekhu-níwe (excl.) ate again, Ashutekhu-ní• they (m.) will eat again. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yah te7shatekhu-níhe7 he's not eating anymore. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ate- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-khw- food, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: y u t e k h u n y á - t h a ?

restaurant. NOTE: The alternant -atekhunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -atekhwahel-/-atekhwahl- v.a. put up a dinner, yutekhwahélha7 she puts up dinners. wa7utekhxuá-lA7 she put on a dinner, Ayutekhwá-lA 7 she

Oneida-English

will put up a dinner. Habitual past: yakotekhwá-lahkwe7 she has put on a dinner. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khwahel-/-khwahl- put up a dinner. DERIVED BASES: - a t e k h w a h l a k o ' n -

go on a picnic; -atekhwahla'n- intend to put up a dinner. NOTE: The alternant -atekhwaheloccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atekhwahl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. It's difficult to pinpoint the difference in meaning between this base and the component base -khwahel-/-khwahl-. -atekhwahlakhw-/-atekhwahla ? tslv. > n. table, atekhivahlákhwa7 table, akwatekhwahlákhwa7 my table, satekhwahlákhwa7 your table. With - ? k e locative suffix: atekhwahlakhwá-ke on the table. With -oku locative suffix: atekhzvahlá-tsloku under the table. With .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh nutekhwahlá-tslati7 it's on this side of the table. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA7 niwatekhwahla7tslésha the table is short. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yotekhwahla?tslahnilú it's a solid or sturdy table. With .N-iyo-/ .ya ? tiyo- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, be half of: 7tsliyó tsha7tewatekhwahla in the middle of the table. With -lakew-/ -ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7katekhwahla7tslo-kéwe7 I wiped the table. With -u'nek-/ -ya ? tu ? nek- move something out of

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the way: wa7katekhwahla7tslú-neke7 I moved the table. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental or - ? tslnominalizer. DERIVED BASES:

yutekhwahla'tslolókta? tablecloth. NOTE: The alternant

-atekhwahlakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and before the - ? ke locative suffix. The ending -khwa 7 in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha ? , instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -atekhwahla ? tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, occurs before the -oku locative suffix, and it is the incorporating form. The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atekhwahlako'n- v.m. go on a picnic. yakwatekhwahlakó-ne7 we (excl.) are here to picnic. yakwatekhwahlakó-nehse7 we (excl.) go on picnics. lotekhwahlakó-nu he has gone on a picnic. wa7akwatekhwahlakó-na7 we (excl.) are going on a picnic. Aspect class: H. NOTE: Includes the alternant -atekhwahl- of the base -atekhwahel-/-atekhwahl- put up a dinner, and probably the - ? n- dislocative suffix; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atekhwahla'n- v.a. intend to put up a dinner, katekhwahlá-ne7 I'm going to put up a dinner. With s- repetitive: skutekhwahlá-ne7 they (z.) are going to put on another dinner. COMPOSED OF: -atekhwahel-/ -atekhwahl- put up a dinner, - ? n-

160 Orieida-English

dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atekhwahla'tsl- table. See -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla'tsl-. -atekhwakw- v.a. bite into, take a bite, katekhwákwas I'm taking bites. wakatekhwákwA I'm biting into it, lotekhwákwA he's biting into it, yonatekhzvákwA they (z.) are biting into it. wahatekhwa-kó• he bit into it, Ahsatekhwa-kó• you will bite into it. With t- cislocative: takutekhwa-kó• there they (z.) bit into it, utakutekhwa-kó• they (z.) should take a bite there. Aspect class: D3. • Kanó-talok lotekhwákwA. He's got his teeth sunk into the bread. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atekhwisa 7 - v.a. finish eating a meal, eat up. lotekhwísu 7 he has eaten it up. wa7katekhwísane7 I finished eating a meal, satekhwísan Eat up! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -khw- food, -hsa ? -/-isa ? - finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u?. - a t e k s a ' t a k s a ' t - v.a. misbehave, become a bad child. kateksa7taksá-tha7 I'm becoming a bad girl, I'm starting to misbehave. loteksa7taksá-tu he's being mischievous. wahateksa7táksahte7 he

became bad or mischievous. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -ksa'taks(A)- be a bad child, - ? tcausative. NOTE: The 7 of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ateksa'tiyost- v.a. behave, become a good child. lateksa7tiyósta7 he's trying to be a good child. loteksa 7tiyóstu he's a good child, he's on his best behaviour. wahateksa7ti-yóste7 he became a good child. ^teksa7ti-yóst Be a good child! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -ksa'tiyo- be a good child, -stcausative. -atelhalat- v.a. get oneself ready. katelha-láts I'm getting myself ready (physically). wa?katelha-láte7 I got ready. satelha-lát Get ready! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -lhal(e)- be ready, be expecting, be pregnant, -t- causative-inchoative. .atelyahtikhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. slam or jerk around, get rough with, push someone around. tekatelyahtíkhuhe7 I'm jerking things around, I'm taking out my frustration on things, tehuivatelyahtíkhuhe7 she's always getting rough with him. tewakatelyahtíkhu7 I have jerked things around, tehuwatelyahtíkhu7 she has pushed him around. wa7tkatelyahtíkhu7 I roughened it up (e.g., I balled up a piece of paper), I'm slamming things around, wa7thuwatelyahtíkhu7 she's getting rough with him, she's pushing him

around, wa7thuzvAnatelyahtíkhu7 she's getting rough with them (m.). With th- contrastive: yáh tha7teyutelyahtíkhu7

she didn't

jerk things around. Aspect class: Bl. -atelyateht- v.a. growl, snarl. lotelyatéhtu he's snarling or growling (e.g., a d o g ) ,

wahatelyatéhtu7

he snarled. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. .atelyA'takaly- plus te- dualic, v.a. become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted. tekatelyA7takályas I keep becoming frustrated or irritated (e.g., because I had to wait), I keep getting thwarted. frustrated.

tewakatelyA?takáli wa7tkatelyA7taka-lí•

I'm I

became disgusted. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

semireflexive, -ely/v't- intention, purpose, -kaly- bite. DERIVED BASES: . a t e l y A ? t a k a l y a h t -

plus te- dualic, be demanding, be hard on the nerves. NOTE: The composition is tentative. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atelyA'takalyaht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be demanding, be hard on the nerves. teivakatelyA

7takályat

I'm d e m a n d -

ing, I have a lot of needs, tehotelyA7takályat

he's m i s b e h a v -

ing, he's hard on the nerves (usually said of children), he's demanding (said of an older person who needs a lot of care), teyakotelyA7takályat she's demanding. Stative past: tehotelyA7takalyahtú-ne7

he was

misbehaving or demanding. Future

s t a t i v e : tAhotelyA

Oneida-English

161

7takalyahtúhake

7

he will be misbehaving or demanding. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .atelyA'takaly- plus te- dualic, become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base become t word-finally. •atelyA'thal- plus te- dualic, v.a. feel anxious, get upset. tewakatelyA-thale7 I'm anxious, I feel like I'm in a turmoil, she's in a

teyakotelyA-thale7

turmoil. tAyutelyX-thalA7 she will get upset. Habitual past: tewakatelyA-thalahkwe7

I was

anxious. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and probably the noun root -elyA'tintention, purpose; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? th cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atelyA'thalakt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be hazardous.

teyotelyA7tha-lákt

it's hazardous (so that one has to be aware of the consequences). Aspect class: A. NOTE: See note under .atelyA'thalplus te- dualic, feel anxious, get upset. -atelyA'tuni- v.a. do on purpose. katelyA7tu-níhe7

I'm d o i n g it o n p u r -

pose. lotelyA7tuní he has done it on p u r p o s e . wahatelyA7tu-ní• h e d i d it on p u r p o s e , wa7katelyA7tu-níI

meant to do it. With te ? - negative: yáh te7wakatelyA7tuní

I didn't d o it

on purpose, I didn't mean to do it. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-elyA?t- intention, purpose, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct.

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Orieida-English

-atenha ? tslunyAni-/-atenha'tslunyAv.a. make someone work as a hired person. yukwatenha7tslunyA-níhe7 she's making me work as a hired person. wa7ukwatenha7tslúni7 she made me work as a hired person. With n- partitive: niyukwatenha7tslunyA-níhe7 how she has me do the work of a hired person. • Né- ki7 ok wv né- thikA tahnú• HA u-tú• iva7khehlo-lítsi7 niyukwatenha?tslunyA-níhe7 ne7kA. So then she could tell them how she's making me do all the work. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nha'tsl- hired work, -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something. DERIVED BASES:

-atenha'tslunyAnyu- make or expect someone to do all kinds of things. NOTE: The alternant -atenha ? tslunyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atenha ? tslunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -nyudistributive suffix; however note that many speakers have -atenha'tsluni- before a final 7 . -atenha'tslunyAnyu- v.a. make or expect someone to do all kinds of things. wa7ukwatenha7tslunyAni7 she expected me to work at all sorts of things. •/• né• wa7ukwatenha7tslunyAni7, shekó waknu7tatáhkwA tahnú- yáh né• newAtú te7waknu7tatáhkwA. As for me, she had me do all kinds of work, I even milked (the cows) and I had never milked before. (VI) COMPOSED OF: - a t e n h a ' t s l u n y A n i - /

-atenha'tslunyA- make someone work as a hired person, -nyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have -atenha ? tslunyAni- before a final 7 . -atenhoskohale- v.a. rinse one's mouth. wa7katenhoskóhale7 I rinsed my mouth, wahatenhoskóhale7 he rinsed his mouth, wa7utenhoskóhale7 she rinsed her mouth. COMPOSED OF: -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth, -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself. -atenhoskwik- v.a. get a mouthful. wahatenhóskwike7 he got a mouthful. COMPOSED OF: -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth, -at-N-ik- fill up completely. -atenhotu- v.a. close a door for oneself, for a door to close, watenho-túhe7 the door closes, yotenho-tú• the door has closed, wahatenho-tú• he closed or locked the door for himself, utenho-tú• the door closed or locked. Aspect class: B l . COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhotu- close or lock (a door). DERIVED BASES: - a t e n h o t u n i - /

-atenhotu's- for a door to close on someone. -atenhotukw- v.a. open a door for oneself, for a door to open. yotenhotúkwA the door has opened. wa7katenhotu-kó• I opened the door for myself, utenhotu kó• the door opened. With t- cislocative: tutenhotu-kó- there the door opened. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhotukw- open a door. DERIVED BASES: a t e n h o t u k w á t h a ?

key. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

atenhotukwátha? V > N key. COMPOSED OF: -atenhotukw- open a door for oneself, for a door to open, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. -atenhotuni-/-atenhotu ? s- v.a. for a door to close on someone. wakatenhotu-níhe7 the door keeps closing on me. ukwatenho-tú-se7 the door closed on me (e.g., I went to the store and the door closed just before I got there). COMPOSED OF: -atenhotu- close a door for oneself, for a door to close, -ni-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atenhotunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atenhotu ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atenhutakw- v.a. take out of one's mouth, latenhutákwas he's taking it out of his mouth, zvahatenhuta-kó• he took it out of his mouth. With srepetitive: shotenhutákwA he has taken it out of his mouth again, sahatenhuta-kó• he took it out of his mouth again, satenhuta-kó Take it out of your mouth! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhut- have in one's mouth, -kwreversative. DERIVED BASES:

-atnawilanhutakw- take out one's dentures. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -nhutakw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atenhuta'- v.a. put into one's mouth. latenhúta?as he's putting it into his

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mouth, wahatenhútane7 he put it into his mouth. tákA7 Ahsatenhútan Don't put it in your mouth! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -nhut- have in one's mouth, - 7 inchoative. DERIVED BASES: - a t n a w i l a n h u t a ? -

put in one's dentures; -atyu'kwanhuta'- put tobacco in one's mouth, chew tobacco. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -nhuta ? -, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative. atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, v.a. channel, force one's way through snow. wa7thatenyAhtátkawe7 he channeled his way through the snow. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -ate- semireflexive, and the noun base -nyAht- snow. The remaining composition is unclear, but it may include a verb root -kawe-, which occurs also in -kawe't- fin of a fish, webbed feet; and yekawe 7 tákhwa ? oar. .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. clear away snow, shovel snow. tekatenyAhtohtálhos I'm clearing away snow. tehotenyAhtohtálhu he has cleared away the snow. wa?thatenyAhtohtálho7 he cleared away the snow. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, .atohtalho- plus te- dualic, tidy up. DERIVED BASES:

tewatenyAhtohtálhos snowplow. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

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Orieida-English

-ateshatho- v.a. lean back. lotesháthu he has leaned back. wa7kateshátho7 I leaned back, wahateshátho7 he leaned back. sateshátho Lean back! With tcislocative: tahateshátho7 over there he leaned back. With ytranslocative: ya7kateshátho 7 I leaned back (that way), yahateshátho7 he leaned back, ya 7sateshátho Lean back! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, -ho- causative. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ateshnolat- v.a. go fast, do quickly. wakateshnolatú I'm working as fast as I can. wa7kateshno-láte7 I went fast, Akateshno láte7 I will do it quickly, sateshnolát Hurry it up! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shnol(e)- be fast, -t- causativeinchoative. -ateshnolatye- v.m. be growing up fast, yakoteshnoláti7 she's growing up fast, loteshnoláti7 he's growing up fast. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihoteshnoláti7 he's growing so fast. • Tsi7 nihoteshnoláti7 thikA Gavin. Is Gavin ever growing fast. COMPOSED OF: -ateshnol(e)- be growing fast, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ateshnolati- before a final 7 . -ateshnol(e)- v.s. be growing fast. loteshno-lé• he's growing fast, yakoteshno-lé• she's growing fast. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shnol(e)- be fast. DERIVED BASES: -ateshnolatye- be growing up fast. NOTE: An alternant without the

final vowel occurs before the -tyeprogressive suffix. -ateshwaht- v.a. smell. lateshwátha7 he's smelling it (intentionally), yuteshwátha7 she's smelling it. wahatéshwahte7 he smelled it. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -shw- smell, get a whiff of, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: -ateshwahtanyusmell several. NOTE: The final ht^of the base becomes t before h. -ateshwahtanyu- v.a. smell several. wahateshwahtáni7

he smelled

several things. COMPOSED OF: -ateshwaht- smell, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ateshwahtani- before a final 7 . -ateshwaht- v.s. be playful, be fooling around, loteshzvá-tu he's fooling around, he's being playful, lonateshwá-tu they (m.) are being playful (e.g., they're play fighting, hitting each other in a playful way). Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: -ateshwa'tahkwact playfully, fool around; -ateshwa 7 tolyAni-/-ateshwa ? tolyAget into a playful mood. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateshwa'tahkw- v.a. act playfully, fool around. lateshwa7tákhwa7 he's being playful. loteshwa7táhkwA he has fooled around. wa7kateshwá-tahkwe7

I was fooling

around. Aspect class: DL. COMPOSED OF: -ateshwa't- be playful, be fooling around, -hkw- instrumental.

Oneida-English

NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination h k w - h a ? is replaced by khwa 7 . The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateshwa?tolyAni-/-ateshwa ? tolyAv.a. get into a playful mood. loteshwa7tolyA-níhe7 he's about to be playful, a playful or silly mood is coming over him. wahoteshwa 7tóli7 his mood changed so that a playful mood came over him. NOTE: Possibly composed of the base -ateshwa't- be playful, be fooling around, the verb base -N-oli-/ -N-oly- drive, and the -Ani-/-Abenefactive suffix. The alternant -ateshwa ? tolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -ateshwa ? tolyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -ateshwa ? toli- before a final 7 . -ateslaku'ust- v.a. put on perfume or cologne, kateslaku 7ústa 7 I'm putting on perfume or cologne. wakeslaku 7ústu I have put on perfume or cologne. Akatesláku7uste7 I will put on perfume or cologne. Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -aslaku-/-slaku ? u- smell good, -stcausative. -atest- v.a. get used, be useful. katésta7 I'm useful, yutésta7 she's useful, latésta7 he's useful. wa7ka-téste7 I was useful, Aka-téste7 I will be of some use. With n- partitive: niwatésta 7 how it will be used. With te ? - negative: yáh te7watésta7 it's not being used. • Kátsha7 nú- niwatésta7 ka7i-kA. Where is it used?

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-atestalatenyu- v.a. sprinkle rain. yotestalaténi it's sprinkling. utestalate-ní• the drops are beginning to fall, it's starting to rain. NOTE: Includes the -ate- semireflexive and the noun base -stal- drop; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have -atestalateniword-finally and in the punctual aspect. -atestalo'kwanyak- v.a. put on a necklace. wa7katestalo7kwányake7 I put on a necklace. DERIVED BASES:

yutestalo'kwanyákta? necklace. NOTE: Composed of the -ate- semireflexive, the noun base -stalo'kwnecklace, string of beads, and a verbal component -nyak-, which occurs also in atkAhányaks handkerchief. -atestalu'tat- v.a. splurt, spew, shoot out. watestalú-tats it keeps splurting out. utestalú-tate7 it came splurting out, it came shooting out, Awatestalú-tate7 it will splurt out. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -alu'tat- shoot; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ' t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateta'- v.a. get to be in, put into a container for oneself, watéta 7as it's getting to be in (something). Awatétane7 it will come to be it, autétane7 for it to get into it. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: lathnekáta7as he puts water into it for himself, yothnekátA7 it has gotten water in it, uthnekátane7 it got water in it. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: katyenáta 7as I'm putting gas or oil into it (e.g., my car), wa7katyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it. With -wel- air, wind: yotwelátA 7

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it has gotten air in it, utwelátane7 it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ta'-/-eta'- put into a container. DERIVED BASES: k a y á t a k u

w a t e t a ' á s t a ' stuffing for fowl. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and the alternant -ta ? - of the component base, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A?. -atetshahnihtAni-/-atetshahnihtAv.a. scare someone, frighten someone. lakwatetshahnihtA-níhe7 he keeps frightening me. wa7kheyatetshahníhtA7 I scared her, wa7skwatetshahníhtA7 you frightened me, ukwatetshahníhtA 7 it frightened me, wa7ukwatetshahníhtA7 it frightened us. •UkwatetshahníhtA7 kwi• thikA 7 tsi onúhkwis wa7ketshA-lí• kA-. It frightened me, finding that hair. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tshahni-/-tshahnihk- be scared of, be afraid of, -ht- causative, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atetshahnihtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -atetshahnihtAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atetsha't- v.s. be scary, yotétsha 7t it's scary (so that there might be negative consequences, and it could be dangerous). Pre-pausal: yotétshaht. Future stative: Ayotetsha7túhake7 it will be frightful. Aspect class: A.

COMPOSED OF: -atetshU)- become scared, become frightened, - ? t- causative. -atetsh(A)- v.a. become scared, become frightened. wakatétshAhse7 I get frightened or scared all the time. wakatetshA-u I'm scared or frightened, lotetshA-u he's scared. ukwatétshA7 I got scared, wa 7akotétshA 7 she got scared, wa7ukwatétshA7 we got scared, AwakatétshA7 I will get scared, AsatétshA7 you will get scared, ayakotétshA7 she should get scared. Stative past: wakatetshA7ú-ne7 I was scared. With n- partitive: nihotetshA-u he's so scared, niyukwatetshAu we are so scared, nukwatétshA7 did I ever get scared, nahotétshA 7 did he ever get scared, na7ukwatétshA7 did we ever get scared. Aspect class: C3. •UkwatétshA7 tshahi-kA-, yáh nv náhte7 té-kelhe7 thó kA7 niyo-lé• nihonuhwáktanihe7. I got scared when I saw him, I didn't think he was that sick. DERIVED BASES: - a t e t s h a ' t - be

scary. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. -atetshAly- v.a. find for oneself, get found, wa 7katetshA-lí• I found it for myself, utetshA-lí• it got found. •NA wahatistelísta7 kwi- tsi7 nA utetshA-lí• úhka7 ok wahuwatluhyá• tahkwe7. Now they're laughing because now someone turned up who resisted him. (G2) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tshAly- find. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

-atetsyA't- v.a. doctor, treat someone for an illness. wahatétsyAhte7 he doctored, wa7shakotétsyAhte7 he doctored her, he treated her for an illness, wahuwatétsyAhte7 she or they doctored him. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -tsyA?t- cure someone. DERIVED BASES: -atetsyA'ts be a

doctor. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atetsyA?ts v.a. be a doctor. latétsyA7ts (he's a) doctor, yutétsyA7ts (she's a) doctor. COMPOSED OF: -atetsyA't- doctor, treat someone for an illness, -s habitual. -ateweht- v.a. give birth to. wa 7utéwehte7 she bore a child. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. -atewelal- v.a. get air for oneself. wakatewelálha 7 I get some fresh air. yotewe-lále7 there's a breeze. ukwatewela-lA• I'm getting air, ayakotewela-lA• she should get air. Aspect class: F. •Yotká-te7 yeya-kA-se7 kwáh 7 a nyó ayakotewela-lA-. She often goes out to get (fresh) air. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -wel- air, wind, -1- be in or on. -atewyahutatye- v.m. soar. tehotewyahutátyehse7 he's soaring (e.g., a bird). NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. -atewyAnAta 7 - v.a. get ready. katewyAnA-tá-se7 I'm getting ready

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or making preparations to do something, lutewyAHA-tá-se7 they (m.) are getting ready. wakatewyAnAtá-u I have gotten ready. AkatewyAUA-táne7 I will get ready. Aspect class: E3. • NAki7 lutewyAHA-tá-se7 tahuttsihkwá-eke7 Now they're getting ready to play ball. ( T l ) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -wyAnAta'- get something ready. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -atewyAteht- practice. See -ateyAteht-/-atewyAteht-. -atewyA'tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. See -ateyA'tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu-. .atewyA ? tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing. See .ateyA?tu-/ .atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative. -atewyA ? tuni-/-atewyA ? tu?s- fix for someone, save for someone. See -ateyA?tuni-/-ateyA?tu?s-/ -atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu ? s-. .atewyA ? tuni-/.atewyA?tu ? s- plus tcislocative, treat someone right. See .ateyA ? tuni-/.ateyA?tu ? s-/ .atewyA?tuni-/ .atewyA ? tu?s- plus tcislocative. -atewyA'tunyu- fix several, put away several. See -ateyA?tunyu-/ -atewyA?tunyu-. -atewyA?tunyu ? s- fix or put away several for someone. See -ateyA ? tunyu?s-/-atewyAtunyu ? s-. -atewyA'tutye- go along fixing, find one's way. See -ateyA'tutye-/ -atewyA?tutye-.

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Orieida-English

-ateyAteht-/-atewyAteht- v.a. practice. luteyAtétha7 they (m.) are practicing, lonateyAtéhtu they (m.) have practiced. wahuteyA-téhte7 they (m.) practiced, sateyA-tét Practice! twateyA-tét Let's (incl.) practice! Aspect class: El. •"Isé- sA- sateyA-tét sata7ahslu-ní." "As for you also, practice making baskets." (VI) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -yAteht-/-wyAteht- learn fast, learn easily. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -a teyA? tu-/-at-N-a teyA ? tu -/ -atewyA?tu-/-at-N-atewyA?tu- v.a. fix, put away, save, take care of. kateyA-tuhe7 I'm fixing it, I'm putting it away, I'm saving it (for later use), lateyA-tuhe7 he's putting it away. wakateyA-tu I have fixed it, I have put it away, lonateyAtu they (m.) have fixed it. wa7kateyA-tu7 I fixed it, I put it away, wahateyA-tu7 he put it away, wa 7uteyA-tu 7 she put it away. sateyA-tu Put it away, save it! Habitual past: kateyA7túhahkwe7 I used to save (it), I was fixing it (and then I left it). wakateyA-tuhkwe7 I fixed it (but now it's broken), I had it put away. Stative past: wakateyA7tú-ne7 I had fixed it, I had put it away. With s- repetitive: skateyA-tuhe7 I'm putting it away again, I'm fixing it (again), swakatey A-tu I have fixed it, AskateyA-tu 7 I will fix it, AsehsateyA-tu7 you will fix it. With y- translocative: yekateyA-tuhe7 I'm over there putting it away. With -nu ? t- milk, breast:

yakotnu 7tatewyA-tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. Aspect class: Al. • Yoyánle7 tsi7 ni-yót tsi7 lonatey A-tu tsi7 tethutkAnyé-tha7, kanuhsáhele7 tsi7 nú• nihutyAtákhwahkwe 7 u-kwé. It's nice the way they're fixing the fairgrounds, there's a roof up where people used to sit (in the bleachers). DERIVED BASES: .ateyA?tu-/

.atewyA'tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing; -ateyA?tuni-/-ateyA?tu?s/-atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?íV ? s- fix for someone, save for someone; -ateyA?tunyu-/-atewyA'tunyu- fix several, put away several; -ateyA?tutye-/-atewyA?tutye- go along fixing, find one's way; -atateyA?tu-/-atatewyA?tu- look after oneself, make oneself presentable. NOTE: The alternants -ateyA?tuand -at-N-ateyA?tu-, or -atewyA?tuand -at-N-atewyA?tu-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants -at-N-ateyA ? tu- and -at-N-atewyA?tu- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? t cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. ateyA?tu-/.atewyA ? tu- plus tcislocative, v.a. take care doing. tyakoteyA-tu she took care doing it, she's nice about doing it. takateyA-tu 7 I took special care doing it, AtehsateyA-tu7 you will take care doing it. • NA kwáh kA7 ná-ye7 AtyolihAsheke7 o-nAste7 nále7 Asehsnu-wákAtste7, nA- kwahotokA AtehsateyA-tu7 AsehsnAstóhale7.

Oneida-English

When the corn has boiled again drain it, then really take care to wash it. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ateyA?tu-/-at-N-ateyA?tu-/ -atewyA?tu-/-at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of. DERIVED BASES: .ateyA'tuni-/

.ateyA?tu ? s-/.atewyA?tuni-/ .atewyA?tu ? s- plus t- cislocative, treat someone right. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ateyA?tuni-/-ateyA?tu?s-/ -atewyA?tuni-/-atewyA?tu?s- v.a. fix for someone, save for someone. lakwateyA?tu-níhe7 he fixes it.for me, he saves it for me. lakwateyA?tuní he has fixed it for me, he has saved it for me. wahakwatey A-tuhse7 he fixed it for me, he saved it for me. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA'tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -ni-/- ? sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternants -ateyA ? tuniand -ateyA?tu ? s-, or -atewyA?tuniand -atewyA?tu ? s-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants -ateyA?tuni- and -atewyA'tuni- occur in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternants -ateyA?tu?s- and -atewyA?tu ? s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .ateyA?tuni-/.ateyA?tu ? s-/ .atewyA?tuni-/.atewyA?tu ? s- plus t-

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cislocative, v.a. treat someone right. tyukwateyA7tu-níhe7 she treats me right, tyukwateyA7tuní she's treating me right. tayukwatey A-tuhse7 she treated me right, Athiyatey A-tuhse 7 I will treat him right. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7tyukwatewyA7tuní she's not treating me right, she's not doing right by me. With th- contrastive: yáh thutashakotey A-tuhse 7 he won't do right by her. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: .ateyA'tu-/ .atewyA'tu- plus t- cislocative, take care doing, -ni-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternants .ateyA?tuniand .ateyA'tu ? s-, or .atewyA'tuniand .atewyA?tu?s-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants .ateyA?tuni- and .atewyA'tuni- occur in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternants .ateyA ? tu ? s- and .atewyA?tu?s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ateyA ? tunyu-/-atewyA?tunyu- v.a. fix several, put away several. kateyA7túnyuhe7 I'm putting things away, I'm fixing things. wakateyA7túni7 I have fixed things. wa7kateyA7túni7 I put them away, wahateyA7túni7 he put them away. With s- repetitive: skateyA7túnyuhe7 I'm putting them away (again), sahateyA7túni7 he fixed them, he arranged them, sayuteyA7túni7 she put them away, she fixed them, sayakwateyA7túni7 we (excl.) put them away, AtsyuteyA7túni7 she will put them away. With tsh- coincident: tshihateyA7túnyuhe7 when he was

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Orieida-English

putting it away. Aspect class: BL. • WahateyA?túni? atsyA7shúha yeksayAtakhwa?tslakú ymall á t one7 He put away the dishes, he put them back inside the cupboard. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA'tu-/ -at-N-ateyA?tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA?tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: -ateyA'tunyu's-/ -atewyA ? tunyu?s- fix or put away several for someone. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -ateyA ? tuni- or -atewyA ? tuni- before a final 7 . -ateyA?tunyu?s-/-atewyA?tunyu ? s- v.a. fix or put away several for someone. wa ?kheyateyA 7túnyuhse 7 I put things away for her. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA'tunyu-/ -atewyA'tunyu- fix several, put away several, - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ateyA?tutye-/-atewyA ? tutye- v.m. go along fixing, find one's way. loteyA?túti7 he's sneaking up, dodging closer so as not to be seen. With ytranslocative: yahoteyA7túti7 he's sneaking up bit by bit. With npartitive: tsi7 niyakoteyA7túti7 how or where she's going around fixing things up. COMPOSED OF: -ateyA?tu-/ -at-N-ateyA'tu-/-atewyA?tu-/ -at-N-atewyA'tu- fix, put away, save, take care of, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -ateyA?tuti- or -atewyA?tuti- before a final 7 .

.ate'khahahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take steps, go for a walk. tehate7khahákhwa7 he goes for walks. wa7thate7kháhahkwe7 he took some steps, wa7tyute7kháhahkwe7 she took some steps. tehsate7kháhak Walk! NOTE: Related to the base .ate'khahakaw- plus te- dualic, spread the legs, but the composition is unknown. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa ? . In the imperative the final hkw of the base is replaced by

\

.ate'khahakaw- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread the legs. wa7thate7khaha-káwe7 he spread his legs, wa7tyute7khaha-káwe7 she spread her legs. tehsate7kha-káw Spread your legs! NOTE: Related to the base .ate 7 khahahkw- plus te- dualic, take steps, go for a walk, but the composition is unknown. -ate'khal- v.a. put on a slip or skirt. wakaté-khale 7 I have my slip on. wa7kate7kha-lA• I put on my slip, Akate7kha-IA• I will put on my slip. sate7kha-lA Put on your slip! COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, - 7 khal- slip, skirt. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate'kw- v.a. run away, flee. katé-kwas I keep running away, laté-kwas he runs away. loté-kwA he has run away. wa7katé-ko7 Iran away, wahsaté-ko7 you ran away, wahaté-ko7 he ran away, wa 7uté-ko 7 she ran away, Ahaté-ko7 he will run away. With s- repetitive: suté-ko7 she (z.) or it fled again. With thuta-

Oneida-English

contrastive and cislocative: thutakaté-ko7 I just ran away from there. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -ate'kwaht- chase or shoo someone away; -atlihwate'kw- avoid. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ate ? kwaht- v.a. chase or shoo someone away. kuyate7kwátha7 I'm shooing you away. yukwate7kwáhtu she has chased m e away. wa7shakoté-kwahte7 he shooed her away, wahiyaté-kwahte7 I sent him away, wahuivaté-kwahte7 they chased him away. With t- cislocative: tashakoté-kwahte7 he sent her away. With t e ? - negative: yáh te7yukwate7kwáhtu she didn't shoo me away. Aspect class: El. •Nók tsi7 yáh ki7 newAtú 7 te yukwate7kwáhtu ayaí-lu7 "wáhs, 7 kA nukwá• nyahá-se, tákA7 tAske7nikulha-lA." But she never chased me away, she wouldn't say "Go, get away from here, don't bother me." (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ate'kw- run away, flee, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate?lholok-/-ate7lhoI-/-at-N-olok-/ -at-N-ol- v.a. cover up oneself. late7lho-lóks he covers himself up (so that even his head is covered). wa7kate7lho-lóke7 I covered up. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wa7katkAho-lóke7 I covered myself with a blanket, wa7akyatkAho-lóke7 we two (excl.) covered ourselves with a blanket. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face,

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mask: katkuhso-lóks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolú I have my face covered, wa7katkuhso-lóke7 I covered my face. With -utsh- knee, and tedualic: tekatutsho-lóks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholú I have my knees covered, wa7tkatutsho-lóke7 I covered my knees. With -yal- bag, sack: wa7katyalo-lóke7 I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). Aspect class: E2. • Yáh kwí• né- náhte7 te?yúknA aknulhá• nók tsi7 thó kwíwa7akyatkAho-lóke7 tákA7 ayúttok tsi7 wa7akniste-líste7 My mother and I didn't say anything but we covered our heads up with a blanket so that she wouldn't notice that we were laughing. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?lholok-/- ? lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' l h o l o k t - /

-at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself; -ana?alolok-/-ana 7 alol- put on a hat. NOTE: The alternants -at-N-olokand -at-N-ol- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants -ate'lholok- and -at-N-olok- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -htcausative suffix. The alternants -ate ? lhol- and -at-N-ol- occur in the stative aspect. -ate?lholokt-/-at-N-olokt- v.a. use to cover up oneself. kate7lholókta7 I use it to cover myself up with, it's that item that I use to cover up with. lote7lholóktu h e h a s u s e d it to cover himself. wa7kate7lho-lókte7 I used it to cover myself. With -utsh- knee:

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wa ?katutsho-lókte 7 I covered up my knees with it. With -yal- bag, sack: wa7katyalo-lókte7 I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. Aspect class: E l . • OkXha? wa?katutsho-lókte?. I covered my knees with a blanket. COMPOSED OF: -ate'lholok-/ -ate?lhol-/-at-N-olok-/-at-N-olcover up oneself, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: w a t t s i s t o l ó k t a ?

lampshade. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -ate ? lhoIok-/-at-N-olok- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -at-N-olokt- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -ate'nheksot- v.a. put on a ribbon. kate 7nheksótha 7 I'm putting on a ribbon (e.g., in my hair). wakate7nhéksote7 I have a ribbon on, yakote 7nhéksote 7 she has a ribbon on. wa7kate7nhekso-tA• I put on a ribbon. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, - 7 nheks-/-?nhehs- ribbon, strap, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -ate'nowahl- v.a. stoop over, hunch over. wa7kate7nowá-U7 I stooped over it, I hunched or bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap). With s- repetitive: sakate7nowá'lA7 I stooped or bent over it again. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -?nowahel-/- ? nowahI- sit stooped, hunched, or bent over. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ate'nowa ? kt-/.ate ? nowa'ket- plus tedualic, v.a. stoop over. tekate7nowá-ktus I stoop over. tewakate7nowá-ktu I'm stooping over.

wa7thate?nowá-kete7

he

stooped over, wa7tyute7nowá-kete7 she stooped over. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .?nowa 7 kt-/.?nowa 7 ket- plus tedualic, be stooped over. NOTE: The alternant .ate ? nowa ? ktoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, ,ate ? nowa 7 ket- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate'nyAt-/-ate ? nyAtA- v.a. try out or on, measure, sample. kate7nyAtha7 I'm trying, I'm trying it on, I'm measuring it, wate7nyAtha7 she (z.) is trying, lute7nyAtha7 they (m.) are trying. wakaté-nyAte7 I have tried, I've measured it, loté-nyAte7 he has measured it. wa7kate7nyA-tA- I tried, I measured it, wa7kheyate7nyA-tA• I tried it on her (e.g., to see if it fits), I tried her out (e.g., I'm looking for a cheerleader), Ahsate7nyA-tA• you will try, Ahate7nyA-tA• he will measure it. sate7nyA-tA Measure it! With srepetitive: sakate7nyA-tA• I tried again, sayute7nyA-tA• she tried again, sasate 7nyA tA Try again! With th- contrastive: yáh thahute7nyA-tA• they (m.) won't try. Aspect class: F. • Wate7nyAtha7 ututáyahte7 takó-s 7 nók tsi yáh thakathu-táte7. The cat is trying to come in but I won't let it. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' n y A t u n y u - try

on several, measure several; yute'nyAtAstákhwa? measurement; yute'nyAtXsta' ruler, tape measure. NOTE: The alternant -ate?nyAtA-

Oneida-English

occurs before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant -ate ? nyAt- occurs elsewhere, and the 7 of the ? ny cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate'nyAtunyu- v.a. try on several, measure several. kate7nyAtúnyuhe7 I'm trying things on, I'm measuring. wa7kate7nyAtúni7 I tried them on. COMPOSED OF: -ate'nyAt-/ -ate'nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ate ? nyAtuni- before a final 7 . -ate'shAnaksa's- v.a. become uneasy. ukwate7shAnáksahse7 I became uneasy, wahote7shAnáksahse7 he became uneasy, wa7akote7shAnáksahse7 she became uneasy. COMPOSED OF: -ate'shAnaksU)feel uneasy, - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the final ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ate?shAnaks(A>- v.s. feel uneasy. lote?shAnáksA he's uneasy, yakote 7shAtiáksA she's uneasy. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAnaksA- have a bad aim. DERIVED BASES: -ate'shAnaksa's-

become uneasy. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? sbenefactive suffix. -ate?shAnawi-/-ate ? shAnA- v.a. give someone a chance. kuyate7shAna-wíhe7 I'm giving you chances, lakwate7shAna-wíhe7 he gives me chances. zva7kuyate?shA-nAI gave you a chance, wa7kheyate7shA-nA• I gave her a chance, wahote7shA-nA• he gave him

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a chance. takwate7shA-nA Give me a chance! With th- contrastive: yáh thayesate7shA-nA• they won't give you a chance. • Tá-t yáh thayesate7shA-nAaesayo-tA. If they won't give you a chance to work. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAn- aim, chance, -awi-/-u-/-Agive someone something. NOTE: The alternant -ate'shAnawioccurs in the habitual aspect, -ate'shAitA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -ate'shAnayA- v.s. have a chance. wakate7shA-náyA7 I have a chance, lote7shA-náyA7 he has a chance, yakote7shA-náyA7 she has a chance. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAn- aim, chance, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -ate'shAnayAta'- v.a. get a chance. lote7shAnayA-tá-se7 he gets chances. lote7shAnayAtá-u he has gotten a chance. wahote7shAnayA-táne7 he got a chance. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAn- aim, chance, -yAta'- get, obtain. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ate'shAniyo- v.s. be convenient, be opportune. wakate7shAtiiyó it's convenient for me, lote7shAtiiyó it's convenient for him, yakote?shAniyó it's convenient for her. Pre-pausal: yakote7shAtii-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAniyo- have a good aim. -ate'shAnuni- v.a. take aim. late7shAnu-níhe7 he takes aim. ivakate7shAtiuní I have taken aim.

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Orieida-English

wahate7shAnu-ní• he took aim. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'shAn- aim, chance, -uni-/-unymake, construct. -ate?skohw-/-at-N-ohw- v.a. go into water, katé-skos I get into the water. wa7katé-skowe7 I got into the water, I immersed myself, wahaté-skowe7 he went into the water. With ytranslocative: yahuté-skowe7 they (m.) went into the water. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot, and ya ? tetranslocative and dualic: ya7tkalahsí-towe7 I put part of my foot (my toes) in the water. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers, and y- translocative: ya^anishnúhsowe7 I put part of my hand (my fingers) in the water. And nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic: thó nya7tAhsanishnúhsoive7 you will put your hands in the water there. • Asateksá-lake7 yohnekawísto thó nya7tAhsanishnúshowe7 tsi7 ná-ye7 7 7 sna taluníhe . You should have set up for yourself a dish of cold water where you will put in your hands as you are forming the (corn)bread. (R2) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'skohw- put in water, drown something. NOTE: The alternant -ate ? skohwincludes the empty noun root -?sk-. See note under the component base. The alternant -at-N-ohw- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -atsemireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? sk cluster of -ate ? skohw- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted in the habitual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of both alter-

nants is deleted in post-accented syllables. -ate ? skokw-/-at-N-okw- v.a. get out of water. wakate7skókwA I have gotten out of the water. wa7kate7sko-kó• I got out of the water. With s- repetitive: skate 7skókwas I'm getting back out of the water again, swakate7skókwA I have gotten back out of the water again, sakate7sko-kó- I got back out of the water again, sahate7sko-kóhe got out of the water again. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail,/and t- cislocative: tahanitahso-kó- he pulled his tail out of the water. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: The alternant -ate ? skokw- is composed of the -ate- semireflexive, an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. A component - ? skokwoccurs also in .'skokw- plus s- repetitive, retrieve someone out of water. The alternant -at-N-okw- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -atsemireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? sk cluster of -ate ? skokw- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ate?skut-/-at-N-ut- v.a. put in the oven, roast, bake, fry. kate7skútha7 I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying, yute7skútha7 she's baking. wakaté-skute7 I have prepared it and it's roasting, waté-skute7 it's baked, roasted, or fried. wa7kate7sku-tAI baked it, I fried it. Future stative: Awate7sku-táke7 it will be fried. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: katahyútha7 I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), wakatá-yute7

Oneida-English

I'm baking fruit, watá-yute7 (it's) baked fruit. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: wakatAhétshute7 I have fried the sausage. With -hnana'tpotato: wathnaná-tute7 (it's) a baked potato, wa7kathnana7tu-tA• I baked potatoes. With -itsy- fish: kanitsyútha7 I'm frying fish. With -na?tal- bread, cake: katna7talútha7 I bake bread, yutna7talútha7 she's baking bread, yakotná-talute7 she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watná-talute7 the bread is baked or fried, wa7utna7talu-tX- she baked the bread, wahutna7talu-tAthey (m.) baked bread, wa7kutna7talu-tA• they (z.) baked bread, Akatna7talu-tA- I will bake bread, Ayutna7talu-tA- she will bake bread, akatna7talu-tA- I should bake bread, satna 7talu-tA Put the bread in the oven! A n d habitual past: katna7talu-táhkwe7 I have baked bread. And s- repetitive: Askatna7talu-tX- I will fry bread again, usakatna7talu-tA- I should bake bread again. And t- cislocative: tayutna

7talu-tA•

she baked b r e a d

there. With -?nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhs- egg: wa7ute7nhuhsu-tA• she fried eggs. With - ? w a h l - meat: kate7wahlútha7 7 I fry meat, wakate wá-lute7 I'm frying meat, wa7ute7wahlu-tA- she fried meat, Akate7wahlu-tA• I will fry meat, sate7wahlu-tA Fry the meat! And habitual past: wakate7ivahlu-táhkwe7 I have fried the meat. And t- cislocative: tayute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat there. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s k u t a k h w - /

- a t e ' s k u t a k h w a ' t s l - frying pan; -ate ? skutakw-/-at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying; -ate ? skuta 7 n-/-at-N-uta ? n- intend to roast, bake, or fry; -ate'skutha's-

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roast, bake, or fry for someone; -ate?skutunyu-/-at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several; á t s t e ' w a t e ' w á l u t e ' barbecue; kAyéke watná talute? fried bread; watná-talute' baked bread; yutna'talutákhwa' baking dish; yute'wahlutákhwa' roasting pan. NOTE: The alternant -ate'skut- is composed of the -ate- semireflexive, an empty noun root - ? sk-, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. The alternant -at-N-ut- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? sk cluster of -ate ? skutis replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate ? skutakhw-/-ate'skutakhwa 7 tslv. > n. frying pan. ate7skutákhwa7 frying pan. With -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on: wa7kate7skutakhwa7tslá-lA7 I set down the frying pan. • NA sók wv thikA wa 7kate 7skutakhwa 7tslá-lA 7 khále7 othé-tsli7 wa7kkó-na7. So then I put on the frying pan and I went to get flour. (CI) COMPOSED OF: - a t e ? s k u t - / - a t - N - u t -

put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-ate ? skutakhw- occurs in the basic noun form. The final khwa 7 of this form probably comes from -hkw-ha ? , instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -ate'skutakhwa'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -ate?skutakw-/-at-N-utakw- v.a. take out from roasting, baking, or frying. kate7skutákwas I'm taking

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Orieida-English

something out from roasting, baking or frying (e.g., a roast). wakate?skutákwA I have taken it out. wa7kate7skuta-kóI took it out. With - ? wahl- meat: kate7wahlutákwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -ate ? skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -kwreversative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-utakwoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ate 7 skuta ? n-/-at-N-uta?n- v.m. intend to roast, bake, or fry. kate7skutáne7 I'm going to roast, bake, or fry it. With -ahy-/-hifruit, berry: katahyutá-ne7 I'm going to fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes). With -na'tal- bread, cake: yutna7talutá-ne7 she's going to bake bread. • Nihottsistiyóstu tté- wv tsi7 7 7 yutna talutá-ne aknulhá-. He's making a good fire because my mother is going to bake bread. COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-uta?noccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated novm. The 7 of the ? n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ate'skutha's- v.a. roast, bake, or fry for someone. wa7kuyate7skúthahse7 I baked or fried it for you, wa7ukwate7skúthahse7 she fried it for me.

COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -ha's- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ate ? skutunyu-/-at-N-utunyu- v.a. roast, bake, or fry several. wa7kate7skutúni7 I roasted, baked, or fried several of something. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: Ahsatna7talutúni7 you will fry several breads. ^ COMPOSED OF: -ate?skut-/-at-N-utput in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-utunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -ate'skutuni- and -at-N-utunibefore a final 7 . -ate'sle- v.m. crawl, katé-sle7 I'm / crawling, laté-sle7 he's crawling, waté-sle7 she (z.) or it is crawling. Pre-pausal: waté-sele7 laté-slehse7 he's crawling around, waté-slehse7 she (z.) or it is crawling around. wa7katé-sle7 I went off crawling, wahaté-sle7 he went off crawling, Ahsaté-sle7 you will crawl, Ayakwaté-sle7 we (excl.) will crawl, akaté-sle7 I should crawl. Prepausal: akaté-sele7. With s- repetitive: sasaté-sele Crawl back again! With t- cislocative: tyakyaté-slehse7 we two (excl.) are crawling or rolling around there, tahaté-sle7 he came crawling. With th- contrastive: yáh thahsaté-sle7 you won't crawl. • Thó kwí• ni-yót ka 7ikA katé-sle7 onyAhtakúshu 7 nyAyákne 7 kA-. There I am crawling through the

Oneida-English

snow (as) we're going that way. (Mil) COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, - ? sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone. DERIVED BASES: w a t é s l e h s e ?

sleigh, toboggan. NOTE: T h e

7

o f t h e ? s l cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .ate 7 slehtahel-/.ate?slehtahl- plus tedualic, v.a. go downhill in a sled. teyute7slehtahélha7 she's going down the hill on a sled. wa7thate7slehtá-lA7 he came down on a sled. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atesemireflexive, - ' s l e h t - vehicle, -hel/-hi- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: . a t e ' s l e h t a h l a ' n -

plus te- dualic, go sledding; teyute'slehtahlákhwa? sled. NOTE: The alternant ,ate ? slehtahel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant ,ate 7 slehtahl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. plus te- dualic, v.m. go sledding. wa7tkate7slehtahlá-na7 I'm going sledding, I'm going to go downhill on a sled. COMPOSED OF: .ate'slehtahel-/ .ate'slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.ate ? slehtahla ? n-

-ate ? slehtayA-/-ate?slehtayAt- v.a. park. late7sléhtayAhe7 he parks vehicles (e.g., cars). wa?kate?sléhtayA? I parked,

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wahyate7sléhtayA7 the two (m.) parked, Ahate7sléhtayA7 he will park. sate7sléhtayA Park the car! With s- repetitive: sayute?sléhtayA7 she or someone parked again. With t- cislocative: Athate7sléhtayA7 he will park his vehicle there, Atwate7sléhtayA7 a vehicle will park there. With y- translocative: yAwate7sléhtayA7 a vehicle will park over there. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'slehtayA- be parked in a vehicle. DERIVED BASES:

thute'slehtayAtákhwa? parking lot; yute'slehtayAtákhwa' garage. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-ate'slehtayAt- occurs before derivational suffixes. .ate'slehtitakhe- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be coming along in a vehicle. tayakote7slehtitákhe7 she's in a vehicle that's coming along, she has a vehicle in something that's moving along. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atesemireflexive, -'sleht- vehicle, -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running. -ate'slehtunihe 7 v.a. be a mechanic. late7slehtuníhe7 (he's a) mechanic. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, -'sleht- vehicle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he 7 habitual. -ate 7 sluty-/-ate?slutye- v.a. lightning strike. wate7slútyehse7 lightning keeps striking. wakate7slúti lightning has struck me. ukwate7slu-tí• I got struck by lightning, ute7slu-tí• it got struck by lightning. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s l u t y e h s l u -

lightning and thunder. NOTE: Possibly includes the alter-

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nant -uty- of the verb base -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse; but the composition is unclear. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -ate'sluty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -ate'sluty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. The alternant -ate'slutye- occurs before the -hsludistributive suffix. -ate'slutyehslu- v.a. lightning and thunder, wate7slutyéhsluhe7 it's thundering and lightning. ute 7slutyéhslu 7 it was lightning and thundering. COMPOSED OF: -ate'sluty-/ -ate'slutye- lightning strike, -hsludistributive. ate'tukhwal- plus te- dualic, v.a. sweat. tewakate7tukhwálha7 I sweat. tewakate7túkhwale7 I'm sweating. tAwakate7tukhwalA• I will sweat. With n- partitive: na7teyakote7túkhwale7 she's really sweating. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ate- semireflexive, .i?tukhwal-/.'tukhwal- plus tedualic, be hot. .ate'waht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. miss a target, skate 7wátha 7 I keep missing it (e.g., a target, a turn in the road), skuyate huátha 7 I miss you (I was aiming for you), I skip over you (e.g., in a line), swákate'hváhtu I have missed it, skuyate7wáhtu I have missed you. sakaté^wahte7 I missed it, sahsaté^ahte7 you missed it, sahaté7wahte7 he missed it, sayuté 'hoahte 7 she missed it, sakuyaté^wahte7 I missed you, Askaté^wahte7 I will miss it. Aspect class: E l . DERIVED BASES: . a t e ' w a h t a n y u -

plus s- repetitive, miss several;

.atlihwate'waht- plus s- repetitive, commit a crime or wrongdoing, do something inappropriate. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. This base is an exception to the rule that replaces 7 with length after accented vowels. .ate'wahtanyu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. miss several. shate7wahtányuhe7 he's missing targets. sakate7wahtáni7 I missed several of them. COMPOSED OF: .aJte'waht- plus srepetitive, miss a target, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ate'wahtani- before a final 7 . -atA- pref. Semireflexive. See -at-/ -ate-/-atA-/-an-/-al-/-a-. NOTE: Occurs with certain bases that begin in n, hn, or ?n. -atAhninu- v.a. sell. latAhni-núhe7 he sells. lotAhni-nú• he has sold it, yukwatAhni-nú• we have sold it. wa7katAhni-nú• I sold it, wahatAhni-nú• he sold it. With tcislocative: tyutAhni-núhe7 she sells there, AtyakwatAhni-núwe (excl.) will sell there. With -a 7 ahslbasket: Ayuta7ahslahni-nú• she will sell baskets. With -hnana ? t- potato: ayakwathnana7tahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell potatoes. With -nattown, village, place: wa7katnatahni-nú• I sold my home or place. With -nehw- pelt: wahatnehwahni-núhe sold a pelt. With -nAst- corn: ayakwattiAStahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell corn. With -nuhs- house, building: wa7katnuhsahni-nú• Isold a house. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7kate7slehtahni-nú• I sold a car. With -'wahl- meat, and t- cisloca-

Oneida-English

tive: thute7wahlahni-núhe7 they (m.) sell meat there. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -hninu- buy, buy from. DERIVED BASES: -atAhninuhe? b e a

storekeeper; -atAhninuni-/ -atAhninu's- sell for or to someone; -atAhninunyu- sell several; -atAhninu'n- go to sell; -atyenahninuhe 7 be oil sellers; yutAhni-núhe? store. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -hninu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAhninuhe 7 v.a. be a storekeeper. latAhni núhe7 (he's a) storekeeper, yutAhni-núhe7 (she's a) storekeeper. Habitual past: latAhninúhahkwe7 he used to be a storekeeper. With tcislocative, and habitual past: thatAhninúhahkwe7 he used to be a storekeeper there. • Sé yale7 kA nisé• thikA Southwold kAs thatAhninúhahkwe7 Derbyshire. Do you remember in Southwold the man that used to run the store, Derbyshire? (02) COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -he ? habitual. -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu's- v.a. sell for or to someone. liyatAhninu níhe7 I sell it for him or to him. wahiyatAhni-nú-se7 I sold it for him or to him, wa7kheyatAhni-nú-se7 I sold it for her or to her. With -nuhshouse, building: wahiyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold him a house, wa7kheyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold her a house. With - ? slehtvehicle: wahiyate7slehtahni-nú-se7 I sold him a car. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -ni-/ - ? s- benefactive.

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NOTE: The alternant -atAhninunioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atAhninu's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninuni-/ -hninu's-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAhninunyu- v.a. sell several. lutAhninúnyuhe7 they (m.) are selling things. With -a'ahsl- basket: yuta7ahslahninúni7 she sold baskets all over. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninunyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -atAhninunibefore a final 7 . -atAhninu'n- v.m. go to sell. wa7katAhninú-na7 I went to sell it, wa7akyatAhninú-na7 we two (excl.) went to sell it. With -a ? ahsl- basket: wa7akyata7ahslahninú-na7 we two (excl.) went to sell baskets. COMPOSED OF: -atAhninu- sell, -?ndislocative. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hninu'n-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAhninu's- sell for or to someone. See -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu's-. -atAhni'to'ktA- v.a. for the month to end. utAhni7tó-ktA7 the month

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Orieida-English

ended. With s- repetitive: usutAhni?tó-ktA7 the month should end again, the month should run out. • Kwáh nú-wa7 yáh kwí- te7wé-ni na ?tehotishlíhAhse usutAhni?tó-ktA7

7

lonanúhte7

se7

AhotihwistayA-táne7 Nowadays it's amazing how they are in a hurry for the month to end, they know that they'll get money. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -Ahni't- moon, month, -ato ? kta-/-ato?ktA- run out of, end. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,atAhnuk-/.atAhnu- plus te- dualic, v.a. do wrong, get into trouble, make a mistake. tekatAnuks I'm doing something wrong. tewakatAnu I have done wrong. wa7tkatAnuke7 I made a mistake, wa7thatA-nuke7 he did wrong, wa7tyutA-nuke7 she did wrong, tákA7 tahsatAnuk you shouldn't make a mistake. Stative past: tewakatAhnú ne7 I did wrong. Aspect class: A2. • Né- kAS kwv né- ka7ikA

aknulhá-,

thó s niyakolihó tA náhte7 wa7tkatA-nuke7 nále7 keksa7táksA, 7 7 "Hányo ka ikA tehsato-tát" tá-thuni7

"sateksa7ti-yóst

atsyók né-

tehona7kalutú• yAhyaya7táhawef." So then my mother (used to say), that was her way when I did something wrong, when I was a bad girl, "Come on, be quiet" or "be a good girl or after awhile the horned one (the devil) will take you away." (M5) NOTE: The alternant .atAhnukoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .atAhnu- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hn cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-/ .atahnutl- plus te- dualic, v.s. be siblings of the same sex. teyakyatahnu-téle7

w e t w o (excl.)

are sisters, we two are brothers, my sister, my brother, tetsyatahnu-téle7 you two are brothers, you two are sisters, your brother, your sister, tekyatahnu-téle7 the two (z.) are sisters, her sister, tehyatahnu-téle7 the two (m.) are brothers, his brother, teyakwatAhnu-téle7 we (excl.) are brothers or sisters, my brothers, my sisters. Habitual past: teyakyatahnútlahkwe7

itte

two

(excl.) used to be sisters, tekyatahnútlahkzve7

t h e t w o (z.)

used to be sisters, teyutahnútlahkwe7 she used to be the sister. Optative stative: tá-t takyatahnútlake7 if the two (z.) were sisters. With npartitive: kayé- na7tekatAhnu téle7 I have four brothers and sisters. Aspect class: F. •Rose né- kwí• né- aknulhátekyatahnútlahkwe7, úska ok yako-yA• wíteyutahnútlahkwe7 kwahotokA. Rose was my mother's sister, she had only the one sister.

(02)

DERIVED BASES: .atAhnutlunyu-/

.atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic, be several siblings of the same sex. NOTE: The alternants .atAhnuteland .atAhnutl-, or .atahnutel- and .atahnutl-, occur depending on the speaker. The alternants .atAhnuteland .atahnutel- occur in the stative aspect, .atAhnutl- and .atahnutloccur in the expanded aspects and before derivational suffixes. The base is usually used for same sex siblings, but it can also be used for mixed-sex siblings. The base may be composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -atA- semireflexive, and a verb root -hnutl-. See

also -hnutlatye- follow someone; and -hnutla'- catch up to someone. M.D. suggests that the literal meaning is 'be next to one another'. .atAhnutlunyu-/.atahnutlunyu- plus tedualic, v.s. be several siblings of the same sex. teyakwatAhnutlúnyu7 we (excl.) are all brothers and sisters, teswatAhnutlúni7 you are all sisters or brothers, tehutAhnutlúni7 they (m.) are all brothers, tekutAhnutlúni7 they (z.) are all sisters. Aspect class: B. •Nikutiyá-tasehse7 thikA tekutAhnutlúniZ Those sisters are all so pretty. COMPOSED OF: .atAhnutel-/ .atAhnutl-/.atahnutel-/.atahnutlplus te- dualic, be siblings of the same sex, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have .atAhnutluni- or .atahnutluni- before a final 7 . .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, v.a. lower something for oneself. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail: yekanitahsAtha7 I keep putting my tail into it, ya7kanitáhsAhte7 I immersed my tail, yahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail. And s- repetitive: yusahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail again. And nyusapartitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakanitáhsAhte7 I put my tail back into it again. With -na'tsypail, pot, kettle, and nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakatná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back in there again. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers: ya7kanishnúhsAhte7 I put my hand into it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, .a?sAht-/.Aht-

plus ything. NOT]

rated replao determined by The final ht of the base1 before h. -atAlo-/-atAlo ? sl- human n. friend. tyatA-ló• you and I (incl.) are friends, yakyatA-ló• we two (excl.) are friends, tsyatA-ló• you two are friends, yatA-ló- the two (m.) are friends, twatA-ló• we (incl.) are friends, yakwatA-ló• we (excl.) are friends, kutA-ló• they (z.) are friends. ukyatA-ló• the two of us are friends, my friend, ukwatA-ló• all of us are friends, my friends, onatA-ló• they (z.) are friends, her friend, lonatA-lóthey (m.) are friends, his friend. akwatAló-sla7 my friend, laotAló-sla7 his friend, akotAló-sla7 7 her friend, ukyatAló-sla our (dual) friend, ukwatAló-sla7 our friend. KyatA Friend! With -shuha collective clitic: laotAlo7sla7shúha all his friends. Habitual past: yukyatA-lóhkwe7 we used to be friends. Future stative: AyukyatA-lóke7 we will be friends. With te ? - negative: yáh te7yukyatA-ló• we two are not friends, yáh né- tehonatA-ló• thikA they (m.) are not friends, yáh néte7yonatA-ló• thikA they (z.) are not friends. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakatAlo7slaká-te7 I have many friends, yakotAlo7slaká-te7 she has many friends, lotAlo7slaká-te7 he has many friends. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: wakatAló-slayA7 I have a friend. And optative stative: aesatAlo?slayA-táke7 you should

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Orieida-English

have a friend. With -yAta ? - get, obtain: ukwatAlo?slayA-táne7 I got or made a friend, wahotAlo7slay A-táne7 he got or made a friend, wa?akotAlo?slayA-táne? she got or made a friend. DERIVED BASES: - a t A l o ' s l a y A h u - b e

friendly; -atAlo'slunyAni-/ -atAlo'slunyA- make friends with someone. NOTE: The alternant -atAlo- occurs with dual and plural agent pronominal prefixes and dual and plural possessive noun prefixes. The alternant -atAlo'sl- occurs with possessive noun prefixes and in forms with the -shuha collective clitic; it is also the incorporating form. The 7 of the ? sl cluster of -atAlo ? sl- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAlo'slayAhu- v.s. be friendly. latAlo?slayXhu he's friendly, yutAlo?slayXhu she's friendly. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atAlo-/-atAlo?slfriend, -N-yAhu- be good at producing a product. -atAlo?slunyAni-/-atAlo'slunyA- v.a. make friends with someone. yukwatAlo?slunyA-níhe? she's making friends with me. lakwatAlo ?slunyAtií he has made friends with me. wahiyatAlo7slúni? I made friends with him, wa ?kheyatAlo 7slúni7 I made friends with her. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -atAlo-/-atAlo?slfriend, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAlo'slunyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atAlo'slunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that

many speakers have -atAlo'slunibefore a final .atAna'kelaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. follow a pattern, note how something is done. tehatAna?kelátha7 he's making note of it, he's watching how it's done. tehotAna7keláhtu he has made note of it, he has gone by a pattern (e.g., he did it the way you did it). wa?tkatAna?ke-láhte7 I made a note of it, I followed the pattern. tehsatAna 7ke-lát Make sure you do it, make note of it, watch the way it's done, be mindful of it! Aspect class: E l . ^ NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -atA- semireflexive, a verb root -na ? kel-, and the -htcausative suffix. The root -na'keloccurs also in .atna'kel- plus t- cislocative, be a copycat; and .na'kelani-/ .na'kelA- plus t- cislocative, imitate, copy someone. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and wordfinally. -atAna'tsl- n. groceries, lunch. atAná-tsli? groceries, lunch. Prepausal: atAná-tshelP. akwatAná-tsli7 my lunch, laotAná-tsli7 his lunch, ukyatAná-tsli? our lunch. With -awi-/-U-/-A- give someone something, and th- contrastive: thihuwatAna7tsla-wíhe7 they just give him groceries. With ,ha-/.haw/.ya ? taha-/.ya ? tahaw- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along: ya7katAna7tsláhawe7 I took lunch there. With -hawi-/-ya 7 tahawicarry in one's hands, take along: yutAtia7tslaha-wí• she's bringing (carrying) her lunch. With -hninu'ngo to buy: AhutAna7tslahninú-na7 they (m.) will go to buy groceries.

Oneida-English

With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: wahsatAna7tslakó-na7 you're going to get groceries. With -uni-/-unymake, construct: latAna?tslu-níhe7 he's making lunch, watAna7tsluní lunch is prepared or ready, wa7katAna7tslu-níI made lunch, AkatAna?tslu-ní• I will make lunch. With -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: yukhiyatAna?tslunyA-níhe7 she makes lunch for us, wa 7kheyatAna 7tslúni7 I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna7tslúni7 she (z.) made lunch for him, wa7ukhiyatAna7tslúni7 she made lunch for us. And s- repetitive: AshuwatAna?tslúni7 she will make lunch for him again. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAnekliya'k- v.a. cut the grass. lutAnekli-yá-ks they (m.) are cutting grass. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anekliya?k-/-Anekliya ? k- cut the grass, mow the lawn. DERIVED BASES: w a t A n e k l i y á k s or

yutAnekliyá kta 7 lawnmower, scythe. NOTE: T h e

7

o f t h e ? k cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAnekloskalu- v.a. hoe. 7 we (excl.) AyakwatAnekloskalu will hoe, ahutAnekloskalu7 they (m.) should hoe. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -anekloskalu- hoe. -atAnha'- v.a. hire. latAnhahse7 he's always hiring. wakatAnhá-u I have hired, wa 7katAnhane 7 I hired, I

183

asked for something to be done. With t- cislocative: thutAnhahse7 they (m.) are hiring there. Aspect class: E3.

• Tahnú• wa7klihwá-luke7 tsi7 thutAnhahse7. And so I heard that they were hiring there. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -nha'- hire someone, ask or tell someone to do something. DERIVED BASES: - a t A n h a ' s l - g o to

hire. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -atAnha'sl- v.m. go to hire. wa?katAnhá-sle7 I'm going there to hire. Pre-pausal: wa7katAnhá-sele7. COMPOSED OF: -atAnha'- hire, -sldislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atAniha- v.a. borrow. katAníhas I keep borrowing it. wakatAnfíiA I have borrowed it. wa 7katAníha 7 I borrowed it, wahsatAníha7 you borrowed it. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yakothyatuhslaníhA she has borrowed a book. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7kate7slehtaníha7 I borrowed a car. Aspect class: D2. •úhka7 akó-slet wahsatAníha7. Whose car did you borrow? Wa7kate7slehtaníha7 John laó-slet. I borrowed John's car. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -niha- lend to someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t A n i h a ' s e - /

-atAniha's- borrow from. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -niha-, and the semireflexive alter-

184 Orieida-English

nant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative aspect. -atAniha ? se-/-atAniha?s- v.a. borrow from, lakwatAtiihá-se he keeps borrowing it from me. AkuyatAtiíhahse7 I will borrow it from you. With -'sleht- vehicle: wahiyate?slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from him, 7 I wa 7kheyate 7slehtaníhahse borrowed a car from her. • Wahiyate7slehtaníhahse7 John Mary akó-slet. I borrowed Mary's car from John. COMPOSED OF: -atAniha- borrow, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAnihaReoccurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atAniha's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ' s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -niha'se-/ -niha ? s-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atAnitAl- v.s. be compassionate. wakatAnitAlú I'm compassionate, yakotAnitAlú she's compassionate, lotAnitAlú he's compassionate. Prepausal: lotAnitA-lú. With te ? negative: yáh te7yakotAnitAlú she has no compassion, she has no feelings. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Possibly composed of an unusual reflexive prefix alternant -atAn- and the verb base -itAl- pity someone. -atAnitskal-/-atAnitskalu- v.a. make a place to lie down. wakatAnítskalu7

I have made a place to lie down, I'm lying down on it (a sheet or blanket), lotAnítskalu 7 he has made a place to lie down. satAnítskalu Put something down for you to lie down on! With th- contrastive: thiyukwatAnítskalu 7 we just made a place to lie down for ourselves. •Tahnú• oshu?kalá-ke kwithiyukwatAnítskalu7. Andsowejust put something down on the floor for us to sleep on. (V3) DERIVED BASES-. - a t A n i t s k a l a h k w -

fall on someone accidentally. NOTE: Possibly i m p o s e d of an unusual reflexive prefix alternant -atAn- and the verb base -itskal-/ -itskalu- put down a sheet or cover. The alternant -atAnitskalu- occurs in the stative aspect and in the imperative, -atAnitskal- occurs before derivational suffixes. -atAnitskalahkw- v.a. fall on someone accidentally. wa7kheyatAnítskalahkwe7 I fell on her, wa?sheyatAnítskalahkwe7 you fell on her. COMPOSED OF: -atAnitskal-/ -atAnitskalu- make a place to lie down, -hkw- instrumental. -atAnolustAni-/-atAnolustA- v.a. be in a bind. wakatAnolustAní I'm in this predicament where there's no one to care for me or help me, I'm in a bind, I'm at my wit's end, yakotAnolustAní she's in a bind. ukwatAnolústA7 I can't get anyone to help me, wahotAnolústA 7 there's no one to care for him. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -stcausative, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atAnolustAnioccurs in the stative aspect,

Oneida-English

-atAnolustA- occurs in the punctual aspect. , -atAno?sAha/-atAno ? sA-/ -atAno'sAtshAt- kin term, be in a sibling relation, where siblings are of a different sex. yakyatAtio 7sAha we two (excl.) are brother and sister, my brother, my sister, tsyatAno7s/íha you two are brother and sister, your brother, your sister, lutAno7sXha his sisters. ukyatAno 7sAha my sister, my brother, ukwatAtio ?s/íha my sisters, my brothers. With te- dualic, and -shX- collective clitic: tékni tewakatAno^sA-shA• I have two brothers. With -oku/-okú- collective clitic: yakwatAno?SA?okúha we're all sisters and brothers, ukwatAno7SA7okúha all my sisters and brothers. Habitual past: yonatAno?sAtshA-táhkwe? they (z.) had a brother, lonatAno^sAtshA-táhkwe7 they (m.) had a sister. Future stative: tá-t nA7ú-wa7 AyonatAno?SAtshA-táke7 maybe they (z.) will have a brother. NOTE: The alternant -atAno'sAha probably ends in the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -atAno ? sA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the -shX- collective clitic. This alternant occurs also before the -oku/-o kúcollective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. The alternant -atAno'sAtshAtoccurs in the expanded aspects. .atAnyeht- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, v.a. send. yekatAnyétha 7 I keep sending things. yewakatAnyéhtu I have sent it, yehetshatAnyéhtu you have sent him. ya7katAnyehte7 I sent it, ya7kuyatAnyehte7 I sent you, yahiyatXnyehte7 I sent him, ya 7ukwatAnyehte 7 she sent me,

185

ya7ukhiyatAnyehte7 she sent us, ya7shakotAnyehte7 he sent her or them, ya7shakwatAnyehte7 we (excl.) sent him, yAkuyatAnyehte7 I will send you, yAhetshatAnyehte7 you will send him, yAyesatXnyehte7 they will send you, takuyatXnyehte7 I sent you this way, tashakotAnyehte7 he sent her or them here. tasatAnyet Send it this way! Aspect class: E l . •TasatAnyet tyohyó-tsis. Pass the salt! Rose ya7shakotAnyehte7 yákA 7 né• wa7utaya7tá-na7 He sent Rose away, they say, so that she could go to school. ( 0 2 ) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, .nyeht- plus y- translocative, send with someone. DERIVED BASES: .atAnyehtanyu-

plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, send several; .atAnyehtAni-/ .atAnyehtA- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, send something to someone; yewatlihwatAnyétha? fax machine. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. .atAnyehtanyu- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.a. send several. yekatAnyehtányuhe7 I send several things. ya7katAnyehtáni7 I sent several things. COMPOSED OF: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atAnyehtani- before a final 7 . ,atAnyehtAni-/.atAnyehtA- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, v.a. send something to someone. yekuyatAnyehtA-níhe7 I keep sending you things. yahiyatAnyéhtA7

I

sent it to him, ya7kheyatAnyéhtA7 I sent it to her, takuyatAnyéhtA 7 I sent

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Orieida-English

it to you, y/ikuyatAnyéhtA7 I will send it to you. With s- repetitive: yeskuyatAnyehtA-níhe7 I'm sending it to you again, yusakuyatAtiyéhtA 7 I sent it to you again. COMPOSED OF: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atAnyehtAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, .atAnyehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atAti-/.atAtsh- plus te- dualic, v.a. gang up on. tehuwatA-tíhe7 they keep ganging up on him. teyukwatAtí they have ganged up on me (either in a fight, or if they were trying to change my mind), tehuwatAtí they have ganged up on him, they're ganging up on him. wa 7tyukwa-tAtshe7 they ganged up on me, wa 7th u wa • t Atshe 7 they ganged up on him, wa7teshakwa tAtshe? we (excl.) ganged up on him. Aspect class: A l . NOTE: The alternant .atAti- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .atAtsh- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atAtsh- plus te- dualic, gang up on. See .atAti-/.atAtsh- plus te- dualic. -atA?Ahl- n. fence, at A7Ala7 fence. With - ? ke locative suffix: atA7Ahlá-ke on the fence. With -N-atatye- be extended along: watA7Ahlatáti7 the fence is extended along. With-uni-/-uny-make, construct: watA 7Ahluní the fence is made, wahatA7Ahlu-ní• he made a fence. DERIVED BASES: -atA ? Ahlanhotu-

close a gate; .atA ? Ahlat- plus tedualic, be a fence, cage, or pen; .atA?AhlawAhlat- plus te- dualic, go over a fence; watA?Ahlahláti ?

railing; yotA ? Ahlakálute? gate. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA'Ahlanhotu- v.a. close a gate. wa7katA7Ahlanho-tú• I closed the gate. satA7Ahlanho-tú Close the gate! COMPOSED OF: -atA?Ahl- fence, -nhotu- close or lock (a door). .atA'Ahlat- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a fence, cage, or pen. tewatA 7A-late 7 (there's) a fence, cage, or pen (e.g., a pigpen). Aspect class: F. NOTE: Inclu/es the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -atA?Ahl- fence; otherwise the composition is unclear. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atA?AhlawAhlat- plus te- dualic, v.a. go over a fence. tehatA 7AhlawA-lats he's going over the fence. wa ?thatA 7AhlawA-late 7 he went over the fence (using his feet and one leg), wa 7tyutA7AhlawA-late? she went over the fence. COMPOSED OF: -atA'Ahl- fence, .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, put something over something. NOTE: The h of the last hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA'kewha- v.a. get jealous. katA7kéwhas I get jealous. wakatA7kéwhA I'm jealous, lotA7kéwhA he's jealous, yakotA7kéwhA she's jealous. wa7katA7kéwha7 I became jealous, AkatA7kéwha7 I will become jealous. Stative past: wakatA7kewhA-ne7 I was jealous. Aspect class: D2. DERIVED BASES: - a t A ' k e w h a h s l -

jealousy; -atA'kewha'se-/ -atA'kewha's- get jealous of someone.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -atA'kewhahsl- v. > n. jealousy. atA?kewháhsla7 jealousy. COMPOSED OF: -atA'kewha- get jealous, -hsl- nominalizer. -atA?kewha ? se-/-atA?kewha ? s- v.a. get jealous of someone. kuyatA.?keivhá-se I'm jealous of you. wa7kuyatA7kéwhahse7 I became jealous of you, AkuyatA?kéwhahse7 I will become jealous of you. COMPOSED OF: -atA'kewha- get jealous, - ? se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atA ? kewha ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atA?kewha ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atA?nahkaIa ? w- plus te- dualic, v.a. stick out one's tongue. wa ?thatA 7náhkalawe 7 he stuck out his tongue, wa?tyutA7náhkalawe7 she stuck out her tongue. DERIVED BASES:

.atA?nahkala?wanyu- plus te- dualic, stick out one's tongue repeatedly. NOTE: The 7 of the ? w cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables. .atA?nahkala ? wanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stick out one's tongue repeatedly. tehatA^ahkala^wányuhe7 he's sticking out his tongue all the time. COMPOSED OF: .atA?nahkala?wplus te- dualic, stick out one's tongue, -nyu- distributive. -atA'nikuhkatstat- v.a. make oneself strong mentally. wa7katA7nikuhkátstate7 I made myself as strong as I could so that I

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could endure something. tsyatA7nikuhkátstat Don't you two give up, remain strong! NOTE: Very likely from the verb base -atahkatstat- make oneself tough, toughen up, with the incorporated noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit. -atA'nikuhlakwenyest- v.s. be picky, be choosy, be very particular. wakatA?nikuhlakwényest I'm picky, lotA7nikuhlakwényest he's picky, yakotA7nikuhlakwényest she's picky. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -atkwenyest- be a perfectionist. -atA?nikuhlal- v.a. look after someone. wa7kheyatA7nikú-lalA7 I looked after her or them, AkuyatAfyikú-lalA? I will look after you, akheyatA7nikú'lalA7 I should look after her or them, ayukwatA7nikú-lalA7 she or someone should look after me. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -'nikuhlal- look after, mind, take care. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA?nikuhlattok- v.a. be smart, talk like an older person, be precocious. latA7nikuhlattókha7 he's smart, he talks like he's older (talking about a child who seems to know a lot), he's precocious, watA7nikuhlattókha7 she (z.) knows a lot. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive,

-'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -attok- be well-informed, be wise, be stingy. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect.

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.atA'nikuhlawe'est- plus te- dualic, v.a. set one's mind to it. wa7tkatA7nikuhláwe7este7 I set my mind to it (to do this task), tAkatA7nikuhláwe7este7 I will set my mind to it. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .awe'est- plus te- dualic, pierce, prick. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. -atA'nikuhlisa'- v.a. decide. latA 7nikuhlísa 7as he's deciding to do it, he's on the verge of doing it. lotA?nikuhlísu? he has decided. wahatA7nikuhlísane7 he decided, wa7utA?nikuhlísane7 she decided. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, - h s a ' - / - i s a ' finish. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a'-u is replaced by -u ? . -atA'nikuhlolA?- v.a. discover a way. wa7katA7nikuhlo-lAne7 I discovered a way, I came up with the idea, wa7utA7nikuhlo'lAne7 she thought of a way. •NA kwt• wa7katA7nikuhlo-lAne7 thikA Askatna 7talwtA- s kwt• ka7ikX lake7nihkA s wa7katkátho7 tsi7 s nihayélha7 wahatna7talu-níkatsihko-tú• latina7túkhwa7. So then I came up with the idea that I could fry bread, I saw how my late father would make what they call ovenbread. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/ -ya'tolA?- find, discover. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels.

-atA?nis-/-atA ? nitsl- n. cane. atA-nis cane. COMPOSED OF: -atA'nitslot- use a cane or crutches. NOTE: The alternant -atA'nisoccurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atA'nitsl- is the incorporating form. -atA'niskwaht- v.a. do late, do slowly, be behind schedule. latA7niskwátha7 he's always late or behind schedule, he does things slowly, he lags behind, yutA7niskxíjátha7 she's always late. wahatA7nískwahte7 he (purposely) did it late. COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, -?niskw-/-?niskwA ? - be late, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atA'nitsl- cane. See -atA'nis-/ -atA'nitsl-. -atA'nitslot- v.s. use a cane or crutches. katA7nítslote7 I'm using a cane or crutches, latA7nítslote7 he's on crutches, yutA7nítslote7 she's on crutches. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atA?nis-/-atA?nitslcane, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -atA?nyot-/-atA?nyotaksl- v.a. have a ceremony. katA 7nyátha 7 I'm having a ceremony (e.g., a wedding). wa7katA7nyo-tA• I had a ceremony. Habitual past: yukyatA7nyo-táhkwe7 we two had a ceremony. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: watA7nyotakslowanA it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. •WatA7nyotakslowanA kwíwatA-nyote7 oyá• yAswAtákta7

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There's a big wedding next Saturday. DERIVED BASES: -atA?nyotako?n- go

to a ceremony; -atA'nyota'n- go to a ceremony; -atA'nyotAni-/ -atA'nyothahs- put on a ceremony for someone; watXnyote? ceremony, wedding. NOTE: The alternant -atA'nyotaksl- is the incorporating form. -atA'nyotako'n- v.a. go to a ceremony. katA?nyotakó-nehse? I keep going to ceremonies, wa 7katA ?nyotakó-na 7 I'm going to a wedding. NOTE: Includes the alternant -at'Anyot- of the base -atA'nyot-/ -atA'nyotaksl- have a ceremony, and the - ? n- dislocative suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. The ? of the final ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA'nyota'n- v.m. go to a ceremony. katA?nyotá-ne7 I'm going to have a ceremony (for me). katA 7nyotá-nehse 7 I keep going there to have a ceremony. wa ?katA 7nyotá-na 7 I'm on my way to a wedding, AtwatA7nyotá-na7 we (incl.) are going to a wedding. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atA?nyot-/ -atA'nyotaksl- have a ceremony, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atA?nyotAni-/-atA?nyothahs- v.a. put on a ceremony for someone. yukhiyatA7nyotA-níhe7 she's putting on a ceremony for us. wa ?ukhiyatA ?nyóthahse 7 she made a big do for us. COMPOSED OF: -atA'nyot-/ -atA'nyotaksl- have a ceremony,

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-Ani-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atA'nyotAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atA'nyothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. .atA?tsha ? - plus te- dualic, v.a. earn, win. tekatX-tsha 7as I earn, I'm a winner. tewakatX-tshu7 I have earned, I have won, tetsyatX-tshu7 you two have earned. wa7tkatX-tshane7 I earned, I won, wa7tetsyatXtshane7 you two won at something or earned it, tAkatX-tshane7 I will earn, tAhsatX-tshane7 you will earn, tayutX-tshane7 she or someone should earn. Stative past: tewakatA?tshu7ú-ne7 I had won. Aspect class: E5. • Né- ka7ikX tewakatX-tshu7 tewakyAhnu-hné-. This is what I won after having gone to gamble (to play bingo). NX takatáhsawA 7 wa7tkatX-tshane7 nX ni?í-. Then I started to earn (money) myself. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -atA- semireflexive, .'tsha 7 - plus te- dualic, get beaten, get stumped. DERIVED BASES: . a t A ' t s h u ' u h a t y e -

plus te- dualic, go along earning or winning; .atlihwatA?tsha ? - plus tedualic, be due payment, reward, or thanks. NOTE: The ? of the 7 tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . .atA?tshu ? uhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along earning or winning. tewakatA 7tshu 7uháti7

I'm e a r n i n g

something (e.g., at work). COMPOSED OF: .atA'tsha?- plus te-

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ualic, earn, win, -u stative, -hatyeirogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have atA?tshu ? uhati- before a final hahahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. valk down a road, tehathahákhwa7 \e walks down the road. ehothaháhkwA he has gone down :he road. tAhatháhahkwe7 he will walk down the road, tehsatháhak Walk down the road! Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, - h a h - / - h - / - w a h - road, path, . h k w - / .ehkw-/.ya ? tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES.-

.athahahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, be walking down a road. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by k h w a ' . In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. ithahahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be walking down a road. tehothahahkwAháti7 he's walking down the road. COMPOSED OF: .athahahkw- plus te- dualic, walk down a road, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .athahahkwAhati- before a final athahalakw- v.a. turn off the main road, lathahalákwas he's turning off the main road (e.g., he's parking on the side of the road, or he's turning off into a laneway). wakathahalákwA I have gotten off the road. wa7kathahala-kó• I turned off the road. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, - h a h - / - h - / - w a h - road, path, -1- be in or on, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: . a t h a h a l a k w a h t -

plus t- cislocative, quickly turn off the main road. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. athahalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. quickly turn off the main road. takathahalákwahte7 I just all of a sudden turned fast into a laneway or off the main road. With te- dualic: tututhahalákwahte7 she (z.) quickly turned off the road, into the lane again. • Né- né-n tutayákwaive7 tsi7 7. tyukwahtAti tututhahalákwahte When we got back to our home, she turned in quickly. (Ol) COMPOSED OF: t-^islocative, -athahalakw- turn off the main road, -ht- causative. .athaha'kt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a bend or curve in the road. teyothahá-ktu (there's) a bend or curve in the road. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tetyothahá-ktu at the bend in the road. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, ,atsha 7 kt-/.atsha 7 ket-/ .at-N-a'kt-/.at-N-a'ket- plus tedualic, bend over, become crooked. DERIVED BASES: . a t h a h a ' k t a n y u -

plus te- dualic, be a crooked or winding road. NOTE: The ? of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. athaha'ktanyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a crooked or winding road. teyothaha?ktáni7 the road is crooked or winding. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyothaha7ktáni7 is the road ever crooked. Aspect class: B. • Tsi 7 na7teyothaha7ktáni7 tsi7 nú• tayukwá-sele7 Is the road ever

Oneida-English

crooked where we came down. COMPOSED OF: . a t h a h a ' k t - plus tedualic, be a bend or curve in the road, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have ,athaha ? ktani- before a final 7 . -athahine- v.m. be walking. lathahi-né• he walks, wathahi-néshe (z.) or it walks, wa 7kathahi-néI was walking, wahathahi-né• he was walking. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hah-/-h-/-wah- road, path, -N-ine- lead. -athahinu- v.s. for a road to go somewhere, yothahinú the road goes. Pre-pausal: yothahi-nú. With n- partitive: niyothahinú where the road goes. Aspect class: A. • ThikA Sheddenhne tiú-, kwáh niyothahinú e-só• Ahsatkátho7 yonutahalolAhtu. On the road to Sedden you will see lots of hills. (VI)

NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive, the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-/-h-/-wah- road, path, and perhaps a verb root related to the particle inú it's far. .athahitakhe- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be coming along in a road. wakathahitákhe7 I'm going along in the road, tukwathahitákhe7 I'm in the road coming along, tayakothahitákhe7 she's in the road coming along, tahothahitákhe7 he's in the road coming along. With te- dualic: tutahothahitákhe7 he's walking back along the road. • Tsi7 kati7 ná-ye7 thó latikAnyate7 tehotíthale7 thikA nA wa7shakoti-kA• n tayakothahitákhe7 ka7ikX kA7 nityakoyAha. So then while they're standing around talking, they

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see this young girl coming down the road towards them. (G2) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -takhe-/-itakhe- run, move by running. -athahita'- v.a. go down a road, travel down a road. wahathahítane7 he started out walking down the road, uthahítane7 it went down the road. With srepetitive: sahyathahítane7 the two (m.) took the path again, they went right down the road again. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -atita'- get in, put into for oneself. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -athahukoht- v.a. take a particular road, lathahukótha7 he takes that particular road, lothahukóhtu he has taken that road. wahathahu-kóhte7 he took that road, Ahathahu-kóhte7 he will take that road. Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -athalatat- v.a. achieve something, get a promotion, lathala-táts he gets promotions, lothalatatú he has gotten a promotion, he achieved something. wa7kathala-táte7 I got a promotion, Ahathala-táte7 he will achieve something. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -halatat-/-kalatat- raise up, lift up. -athalotsinet- v.a. slide down. wahathalotsi-néte7 he slid down (e.g., a pole or banister).

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NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. -atha'kwawelu- v.a. put one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. wahatha7kwáwelu7 he put his head back and looked up so that the front of his neck faced upwards, Ahatha ?kwáwelu 7 he will put his head back. satha7kwáwelu Put you head back and look up! With s- repetitive: sahatha7kwáwelu7 he put his head back again. • Satha7kwáwelu, i-kélhe7 akhwánhake7 tsi7 saná-lole7 Look up, I want to tie your hat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ha'kwawelu- have one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. .atha'uwe'ek- plus te- dualic, v.a. wrap oneself up. tehatha 7úwe ?eks he's wrapping himself in it (e.g., a towel). wa?tkatha7úwe7eke'7 I wrapped myself in it, I put it around myself, wa 7tyakwatha 7úwe 7eke 7 we (excl.) wrapped ourselves in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .ha'uwe'ek-/.ha'uwe- plus tedualic, wrap up. athéhsa? N brown. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hehs- rotting wood, -a? noun suffix. -athel-/-athl- v.a. set down for oneself, wakáthele 7 I have put it down, I have something sitting. wa?káthlA7 I put it down (in front of me). With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot, and te- dualic: tekalahsi7tahélha7 I keep putting my feet up, tewakalahsi7táhele7 I have my feet up, wa7tkalahsi7tá-lA7 I put my foot up on it. And habitual past: tewakalahsi?tá-lahkwe? my feet were up (but now they're down). With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry:

wa7katahyá-lA7 I put fruit down (close by me). With -hsin- leg, and te- dualic: wa7tkatshíná-lA7 I put my legs up on something (e.g., a chair). With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: 7 we have a yukyateksáhele container set up, wa 7kateksá-lA 7 I put down the dish, Ahsateksá-lA7 you will put down a dish. And future stative: Asateksá-lake7 you will have a dish set down for yourself. And n- partitive: niyukyateksáhele7 where we had containers set up. With -na ? tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa 7utna 7tsyá-lA 7 she put the pot on (the stove), Ahsatna?tsyá-lA7 you will put a ^ o t on. And s- repetitive: Asehsatna7tsyá-lA7 you will put the pot back on (the stove). With -nAtsharm, sleeve, and te- dualic: wa 7tkattiAtshá-lA 7 I put my arm up on it. With -shw-/-shwA-/-shuback: loteshwáhele7 he has his back on it, wahateshwá-lA7 he put his back up on it (e.g., on a board). With -yal- bag, sack: wahatyalá-lA7 he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). With -'nahkw- tub, barrel, drum: wa7kate7nahkwa-U7 I put the tub on. And t- cislocative: tayute7nahkwá-lA7 she put the tub on there. With -'sleht- vehicle: lote7slehtáhele7 he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). Aspect class: F. • Khále 7 on A tóhka 7 niyukyateksáhele7 akwekú tayonahnuháti7. And soon we had several containers set up, filling up (with porridge). (CI) NA s nA 7 wa7o'kálawe7 nA wa7akwatolíshA nAkA7 s nú' nahahnyo tA• khilntslákta7 oshú-kale7 thó wahateshwÚ-IA7. Then usually when it got dark, we would rest (and) he would stand a board up against the

Oneida-English

(tobacco) kiln, that's where he'd put his back up against. ( 0 3 ) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -athlunyu- set down several for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -athel- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -athl- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -hel-/-hl-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. In examples with incorporated nouns the h of -hi- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athAtisa 7 - v.a. finish working in the garden. wakathAtísu7 I finished (clearing, planting) the garden. AhathAtísane7 he will finish working in the garden. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hAt- field, garden, - h s a ' - / - i s a 7 finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u 7 . .athi- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get away from somewhere, takáthi7 I got away from there, Atkáthi7 I will get away from there, tehsáthi Get away! NOTE: The root -athi-, occurs without the cislocative prefix in the slang expression S a t n u t l i 7 t á t h i Get the heck out of the way! -athl- set down for oneself. See -athel/-athl-. -athlahsyu- v.a. take the covers off oneself, yuthláhsyus she's throwing or kicking the covers off.

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yakothláhsi she has taken the covers off. wa7uthláhsi7 she took the covers off. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hlahsyu- take the covers off someone. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlahsi- word-finally and before a final 7. -athlakwAni-/-athlakwa ? s- v.a. for something to leave one. wakathlakwAtií it has left me (e.g., a feeling), ukwathlákwahse7 it left me, wahothlákwahse7 it left him. • Ukwathlákwahse7 yáh náhte7 tha7teszvaktíhA o-nA. It has left me (that feeling), now I don't care anymore. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, -Ani-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -athlakwAnioccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -athlakwa's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -athle'naka'tshyu- v.a. unpack. kathle7naká-tshyus I'm unpacking my belongings. wa7kathle7naká-tshi7 I unpacked. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hle'n- bundle, -ka'tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have -athle ? naka ? tshi- before a final 7 . -athle'nuni- v.a. pack. kathle7nu-níhe7 I'm packing up, yuthle7nu-níhe7 she's packing, she's making a bundle. wa7kathle7nu-nv I packed. With s- repetitive: tsyuthle7nu-níhe7 she's packing up

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again. • NA kwi- né- ukwatkálya7kse7 nA ki7 ok wi• né• wa7kathle7nu-níwa7katítane7 Leamington yaha-ké-. So then I got paid, then I started packing, I got on (the bus) and went to Leamington. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hle'n- bundle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -athlohost- v.s. be shielded by, be protected by. wakathlohóstu I'm (standing there) being protected by it, yakothlohóstu she's being shielded by it, lothlohóstu he's being shielded by it. With t- cislocative: tyakothlohóstu she's there being shielded, thothlohóstu he's there being shielded. Aspect class: E. • Tsi7 tyotnuhsakalAhlákwA tyakothlohóstu tákA7 ayeya7tana-wA. She's (standing) at the corner of the house being shielded so that she won't get wet. -athloli-/-athloly- v.a. tell about. kathlo-líhe? I keep telling about it, lakwathlo-líhe7 he keeps telling about me, wathlo-lthe7 it tells about it. wakathlolt I'm telling about it, sheyathlolí you're telling about her or them, lakwathlolí he's telling about me, shakothlolí he's telling about her or them, shakonathlolí they (m.) are telling about her, kuwathlolí they're telling about her (z.) or it. wa 7kathlo-lí• I told, wahathlo-lí• he told, wa7uthlo-lí7 she told, wa kheyathlo-lí• I told about her, wahakwathlo-líhe told about me, wa7shakothlo-lí• he told about her or them, Akathlo-lí• I will tell, Ahathlo-lú he will tell, Aswathlo-lí- you all will tell, Akuyathlo lí• I will tell about you, akathlo-lí• I should tell about,

ahathlo-lí• he should tell about. Optative stative: aukwathlo-líke7 I would have told about it. With srepetitive: Askathlo-lí• I will tell about it again. With y- translocative: yahathlo-lí• he went there and he told about it. With nis- partitive and repetitive: niswakathlolí how or when I'm telling about. With nyes- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyeswakathlolí it's such a time or place that I'm telling about. With tsh- coincident: tshahsathlo-lf when you started telling about it, tsha7uthlo-lí• when she starte^ telling about it. Aspect class: Al. • Tahnú• kAs thó nú• tshikaha-wíawélu7uske7 kAs kuwathlo-lí. And besides at that time there was a witch they used to tell about. (Dl) úhka7 kati7 né• náhte7 ka7ikA Rose sheyathlolí kA-. Who is this Rose you're talking about? (02) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hloli-/-hloly- tell to someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t h l o l i h a t y e - g o

along telling about; -athlolyanyutell all about; -athlolya'n- go to tell; -athlolya't- deem worth telling about. NOTE: The alternant -athlolyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -athlolihatye- v.m. go along telling about, wakaihloliháti7 I'm going on telling about it (if I'm getting ahead of myself). With y- translocative: yewakathloliháti7 I'm going along telling about it. • Tahnú• wé-ne kwi• tsha7 ok núyá-ya7k tsha?tewakohsliyá-ku thikA, ohAtú kwi- ka7ikA yewakathloliháti7, lake7niha wí7 shekó tshihlúnhe kwi- né• nú-wa7 Askathlo'lr. So then I guess I was

Oneida-English

about six years old then, well I'm getting ahead of myself; when my father was still alive, that's what I'll tell about now. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlolihati- before a final -athlolyanyu- v.a. tell all about. yuthlolyányuhe7 she tells all about it. wahathlolyáni7 he told all about it, wahuthlolyáni7 they (m.) told all about it, Akathlolyáni7 I will tell all about it, a-kathlolyáni7 I should tell all about it. •Né- s kati7 wí- NA sá-lawe7 UA ále7 wahathlolyáni7 kA- tsi7 niyo-lé7 7 nihona ku-níhe ka7ikA 7n lónha hse^. Moreover when he got home, he would start telling all about how mad he's making him, the one who hired him. ( M l ) COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -athlolyani- before a final 7 . -athlolya'n- v.m. go to tell. kathlolyá-ne7 I'm going to tell about it. wahathlolyá-na7 he's on his way to tell about it. With s- repetitive: sahathlolyá-na7 he went there to tell about it again. With t- cislocative: tahathlolyá-na7 he's coming here to tell about it. COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athlolya't- v.a. deem worth telling about, kathlolyá-tha7 I always talk about that, lathlolyá-tha7 he likes to talk about it every now and then. wa7kathlólyahte7 I told about it, I

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complained about it. COMPOSED OF: -athloli-/-athlolytell about, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t h l o l y a ' t A n i - /

-athlolya'tA- mention one's concern or disapproval. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -athlolya'tAni-/-athlolya ? tA- v.a. mention one's concern or disapproval. kheyathlolya7tA-níhe7 I mention my concern or disapproval (about her) to her. kheyathlolya7tAní I have mentioned my concern or disapproval to her. wa7kheyathlolyá-tA7 I mentioned my concern or disapproval to her, wa7kuyathlolyá-tA7 I mentioned my concern to you. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -athlolya't- deem worth telling about, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -athlolya ? tAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -athlolya ? tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athlunyu- v.a. set down several for oneself, kathlúnyuhe7 I'm setting down a whole lot of things. wakathlúni7 I have put things down. wahathlúni7 he put things down. With -nakt- bed, place, space, and tcislocative: tyukwatnaktahlúni7 we have beds put there. With -na ? tsypail, pot, kettle: yukwatna7tsyahlúni7 we have pails set down. And t- cislocative: tayutna 7tsyahlúni7 she put the pails on there. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: - a t h e l - / - a t h l - set

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down for oneself, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -hlunyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -athluni- before a final 7 . athnekokew- plus s- repetitive, v.a. sober up. shathnekoke-wás he's sobering up, tsyuthnekoke-wás she's sobering up. shothnekokewA he has sobered up. sahathneko-kéwe7 he sobered up, Ashathneko-kéwe7 he will sober up. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -lakew-/-ya 7 tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. -athnekuni- v.a. make a well. lathneku-nihe7 he's making (digging) a well, wahathneku-ní• he dug a well. •Khále7 kwi• otiA thikA kanuhsákta7 wahathneku-nílake 7níha. And then my father dug a well near the house. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -uni-/-unymake, construct. athnAhsoklikhu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. shrug one's shoulders. tkathnAhsoklíkhuhe7 I shrug my shoulders, thathnAhsoklíkhuhe7 he shrugs his shoulders, tyuthnAhsoklíkhuhe7 she shrugs her shoulders. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -hnAhs-/-hnAksshoulder, -N-oklik-/-N-okli-/ -N-klik-/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, -hu- distributive. athnilat- v.a. become tight. uthni-láte7 it got tighter (e.g., the

lid on a jar). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnilat- tighten. -athnuhwashA- v.a. marry into a family. wa7kathnuhwáshA7 I married into the (his or her) family, wahathnuhwáshA7 he married into the (our) family. -athnyot-/-at-N-ot- v.a. stand something up for oneself, have on oneself. wakáthynote7 I have it on me (e.g., a brooch), yakóthnyote7 she has it on her, she has it set up for herself. sathnyo-tA Put it on! (e.g., the S brooch) Habitual past: wakathnyo-táhkwe7 I used to have it on me. With t- cislocative: tyakóthnyote7 she has it standing there. With -anitskwahlakhw/-anitskwahla'tsl- chair: katanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahlá-tslote7 he has a chair standing. With -yal- bag, sack: lotya-lóte7 he has a bag standing, wahatyalo-tA• he set the bag down. Aspect class: F. • OnikwAhtala7 otsí-tsya7 wakathnyo• táhkwe7 I used to have on a poppy. Tahnú-s ne7 thó-ne7 kwáh nók khok stove yakóthnyote7 aksótha, a7é- niwa7kó-. And at that time my grandmother had this cook stove standing, it was great big. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: y u t h n y o t á k h w a 7

brooch. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-otoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

Oneida-English

-atholat- v.a. get cold, watho-láts it gets cold, utho-láte7 it got cold, ukwatho-láte 7 it got cold on me, wa7ukwatho-láte7 it got cold on us. With s- repetitive: sutho-láte7 it got cold again. COMPOSED OF: -athol(e)- be cold, -tcausative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atholath- going to get cold. -atholath- v.m. going to get cold. watholáthe7 it's going to get cold. COMPOSED OF: -atholat- get cold, -h- dislocative. .atholatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. for cold to come, tayotholáti7 cold is coming. •Olihwiyó kwí• tsi7 ókhna7 tayotholáti7. It's definitely getting cold already. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -athol(e)- be cold, -tye- progressive. NOTE: M a n y speakers have .atholatí- before a final 7 . -athol(e)- v.s. be cold, yotho-lé• it's cold. Habitual past: yotho-léhkwe7 it was cold. Future stative: Ayotho-léke7 it will be cold. With srepetitive: tsyotho-lé• it's cold again. W i t h t- cislocative: tyotho-lé• it's cold there. With npartitive: niyotho-lé• it's so cold. And habitual past: thó niyotho-léhkwe7 it was cold enough. With -nuhs- house, building, and tcislocative: tyonuhsatho-lé• the building there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho-léour house there is cold. Aspect class: B. • Tahnú- tyukwanuhsatho-lé• sAyáh te7yotékha7 stove tsi7 niyotho-lé-. And our house was cold too, there was no fire burning in the stove, it was so cold. (CI)

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DERIVED BASES: -atholat- get cold; .atholatye- plus t- cislocative, for cold to come; otholé ke north. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -atholyahslu 7 se-/-atholyahsIu 7 s- v.a. catch a cold, wakatholyahslú-se I have a cold, satholyahslú-se you have a cold, lotholyahslú-se he has a cold, yakotholyahslú-se she has a cold, wahotholyáhsluhse7 he caught a cold, Ahotholyáhsluhse7 he will have a cold, aukwatholyáhsluhse7 I should get a cold. NOTE: Related to the base otholyáhsla 7 a cold, and probably includes the - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive suffix; but the composition is unclear. The alternant -atholyahslu'seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atholyahslu ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .athoya ? n-/.athoya ? nht- plus tedualic, v.m. get oyá-n. wa7thuthoyá-n they (m.) got oyá-n. DERIVED BASES: . a t h o y a ' n h t a ' n -

plus te- dualic, go to get one's oyá-n; .athoya'nhtuhatye- plus te- dualic, go along getting oyá-n. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and a component -oya ? n-. See oyá-n, which is a donut in the shape of a doll given to children by their aunt on New Year's Day. The alternant .athoya ? nht- occurs in the derived bases. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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.athoya'nhta'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to get one's oyá-n. wa7tkathoya7nhtá-na7 I'm on my way to get my oyá-n doll, wa7tehsathoya7nhtá-na7 you are going to go get oyá-n, wa?tyakyathoya?nhtá-na? we two (excl.) are going to go get oyá n, tAhsathoya 7nhtá-na 7 you will go get oyá-n, tahsathoya7nhtá-na7 you should go get oyá n. COMPOSED OF: .athoya'n-/ .athoya'nht- plus te- dualic, get oyá-n, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the final ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .athoya'nhtuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along getting oyá n. teyukwathoya?nhtuháti7 we're going along getting oyá-n. COMPOSED OF: .athoya'n-/ .athoya'nht- plus te- dualic, get oyá-n, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .athoya'nhtuhati- before a final 7 . -at-N-hsluni-/-at-N-hsluny- v.a. dress, prepare, trim, fix up. With -hAt- field, garden: lathAtahslu-níhe7 he's preparing the land (for planting). With -luttree, log: wahutlutahslu-ní• they (m.) trimmed the trees, prepared the logs. With -nakt- bed, place, space: katnaktahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up the bed. And tsh- coincident: tsha7katnaktahslu-ní• when I finished fixing up the bed. With -nat- town, village, place: katnatahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up my place. With-uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: latuhwAtsyahslu-níhe7 he's caring for the field, garden or lawn

(making it look real nice). With - ' w a h l - meat: kate7wahlahslu-níhe7 I'm preparing the meat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -hsluni-/ -hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t - N - h s l u n y a n y u -

dress several, prepare several; -athu'kwahsluni- clear one's throat; -anitskalahsluni- make up a bed. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternant -at-N-hsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -at-N-hslunyanyu- v.a. dress several, prepare several. With -hAt- field, garden: wahathAtahslunyáni7 he prepared several fields for planting. •Tsi7 s nikaha-wí• tehati?nhúhsya7ks thikA tahatáhsawA 7 wahathAtahslunyáni7. About Easter he would start preparing the fields. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -at-N-hslunyani- before a final 7 . á-thu Exclamation. Oh boy! •A-thu náhte7 nahoná-khwA7 thikA. Oh boy did he ever get angry. (CI)

-athutat- v.a. agree to, allow, give one's consent or permission. kathu-táts I agree to it. wakathutatú I have allowed it. wa7kathu-táte7 I allow it, wahuthu-táte7 they (m.) agreed to

Oneida-English

it, Akathu-táte7 I will give my permission. With te ? - negative: yáh tehothutatú he didn't allow it. With th- contrastive: yáh thakathu-táte7 I won't allow it, yáh thahathu-táte7 he wouldn't consent to it, yáh thayuthu-táte7 she or someone wouldn't allow it, yáh thahuthu-táte7 they (m.) won't allow it. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yáh thusahuthu-táte7 they (m.) won't ever agree ever to it again. Aspect class: E2. •Tahnú• aknulhá• yáh nétehothutatú ayutawya7tá-na7. And so he didn't let my mother go to school. (02) COMPOSED OF: -athut(e)- hear, -tcausative-inchoative. -athuta 7 - v.a. hear, ukwathu-táne7 I heard it, wahothu-táne7 he heard it, Awakathu-táne7 I will hear it, Asathu-táne7 you will hear it, Ahothu-táne7 he will hear it, Ayakothu-táne7 she or someone will hear it. •úska yotlátstu tayolhA7uháti7 ohutsyakú twakyo-té• ukwathu-táne7 tayola-kálele7. One time during the night I was working in the basement (and) I heard something make a noise. (D2) COMPOSED OF: -athut(e)- hear, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -athut(e)- v.s. hear, wakathu-té• I hear it, sathu-té• you hear it, lothu-té• he hears it, yakothu-té' she hears it, yukwathu-té• we hear it, lonathu-té• they (m.) hear it. Habitual past: wakathu-téhkwe7 I used to hear it, lothu-téhkwe7 he has heard it. Future stative: Aivakathu-téke7 I will be hearing.

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Optative stative: aukwathu-téke7 I should be hearing. With s- repetitive, and future stative: Aswakathu-téke7 again I'll be hearing it. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7wakathu-té• I don't hear, yáh te7yakothu-té• she doesn't hear, yáh tehonathu-té• they (m.) don't hear. Aspect class: B. • úhka7 ok ye7 wa7vlu7, "Sathu-tékA nisé- thikA tsi7 ka 7ikA sahaya-kAne7kA." Someone said, "As for you, did you hear him go out?" (M5) Yáh náhte7 te7yakothu-té• thikA aknulhá• só-tsi7 teyuhuhtakwe-kú. My mother doesn't hear too much, she's so deaf. DERIVED BASES: -athutat- agree to, allow, give one's consent or permission; -athuta 7 - hear; -athute'tsihAhear unexpectedly. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -athute'tsihA- v.s. hear unexpectedly. lothute7tsíhA he heard something you didn't think he was going to hear but he could hear you anyway, yakothute?tsíhA she heard it anyway. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the verb base -athut(e)- hear, and perhaps an ending -'tsihA-. See also -anuhte'tsihA- know unexpectedly; and -kwenya'tsihA- be capable. -athuweya't- v.a. go boating. lathuweyá-tha7 he's out there on the water in a boat moving around (either paddling or rowing, or just drifting). lothuweyá-tu he's boating. wa7kathuwe-yá-te7 I was boating. Aspect class: EL. DERIVED BASES: - a t h u w e y a ' t a ' n - g o

somewhere in a boat or canoe. NOTE: May be composed of the -at-

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semireflexive, the alternant -huweyof the noun base -huwey-/-huwblack ash, boat, and the - 7 t- causative suffix. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athuweya'ta'n- v.m. go somewhere in a boat or canoe. yuthuweya7tá-ne7 she's going to go boating or canoeing. yuthuweya7tá-nehse7 she goes boating. yakothuweya7tá-nu she has gone boating, wa 7uthuweya 7tá-na 7 she's going boating. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -athuweya't- go boating, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athu'kwahsluni- v.a. clear one's throat. lathu7kwahsluníhe7 he's clearing his throat. lothu7kwahsluní he has cleared his throat. wa 7kathu 7kwahslu-níI cleared my throat. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -hu'kw- throat, -at-N-hsluni-/-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up. -athwanhak-/-athwanh- v.a. get tied up. wathwánhaks it gets tied up. yothwánhA it has gotten tied up. uthwánhake? it got tied up. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie. NOTE: The alternant -athwanhakoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -athwanh- occurs in the stative aspect. -athwatase-/-at-N-tase- v.a. get twisted, yothwatasé it's twisted. uthwata-sé• it got twisted. With -nakal- stick: yotnakalatasé it's a twisted stick.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatase-/-tase- turn, twist. DERIVED BASES: y o t h n e k a t a s é

whirlpool; yotnakalatasé blue birch. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-taseoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. athwatsilashnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after one's family. tAkathwatsiláshnye7 I will look i after my family, tahyathwatsiláshnye7 the two (m.) should look after their family, tahuthwatsiláshnye7 they (m.) should look after their families. With n- partitive: na7tehyathwatsiláshnyehe7 how the two (m.) are looking after their family. •Wahuwatiwilákhwa7 né• tsi7 yáh thahnikwe-ní• tahyathwatsiláshnyeThey took their children away because they weren't able to look after their family. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, .shnye- plus tedualic, look after, nurture. .athwatsilayest- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix families, get married. tAhyathwatsi-láyeste7 the two (m.) will get married. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, .yest- plus tedualic, mix, add in an item. athwatsilinu- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, v.s. for one's family to be from somewhere. nitwakathwatsilinú my family is from there, nityakothwatsilinú her family is from there, nithothwatsilinú his family is from there. Pre-pausal:

Oneida-English

nithothwatsili-nú. Aspect class: A. •NA kati7 wí• ka7ikA tsi7 s ni-yót tsi7 yukhlolí aksótha tsi7 Oshwe-kAné• nukwá• nityakothwatsilinú akaulhá-. A n d the way that my grandmother told it, her family is from Ohsweken. (HI) NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -hwatsil- family, and a verb root -inu-, which is probably related to the particle inú it's far. -athwatsiluni- v.a. have a family. Ahuthwatsilu ní• they (m.) will have a family. With n- partitive: nAhuthwatsilu-ní• how they (m.) will have a family. •Tá-t kánhke tiAhuthwatsilu-nítashakotíshni7 ki7 wí- ahotiyo 7tA-sheke 7 sA-, ahatiyAthóhseke 7. When they have a family they should look after it actually, they should work too, they should be planting. ( H I ) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwatsil- family, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -athwehnot- v.s. have work going on. wakathwé-note 7 I have a job to do, lothwé note 7 there's a job waiting for him, yukwathwé-note7 we have some work or a job going on. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -athwehnotako'n-

go somewhere to work; -athwehnotakw- finish up working. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive, a noun root -hwehn-, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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-athwehnotako'n- v.m. go somewhere to work, kathwehnotakó-nehse7 I go there to work. wa7kathwehnotakó-na7 I'm going there to work. NOTE: Includes the verb base -athwehnot- have work going on, and the - ? n- dislocative suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -athwehnotakw- v.a. finish up working, kathwehnotákwas I finish all these jobs, luthwehnotákwas they (m.) are finishing up working. wakathwehnotákwA I have finished the job, lonathivehnotákwA they (m.) have finished up working. wa7kathwehnota-kó• I finished up the job, wa7akwathwehnota-kó• we (excl.) finished up working. Aspect class: D3. • Tahnú• nók u-tú• wa7akwanaklakówahuthwehnota-kó• tsi7 7 7 nú• nihatiyAtákwas, ákte na núnyusayákowe7 And so then we had to move (when) we finished up working where we were cutting wood, then we would go to another place. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -athwehnot- have work going on, -kw- reversative. NOTE: Used in the context of working communally, as in bees, where people used to finish up working at one place and move to another to work there. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .athwe'nuni-/.at-N-kwe ? nuni- plus tedualic, v.s. be round, be a circle. teyothwe7nuní (it's a) circle, it's round. Pre-pausal: teyothwe7nu-ní. Stative past: teyothwe7nuni-hné• it was round. Future stative: tAyothwe 7nuníhake 7 it will be round. Aspect class: A.

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Orieida-English

• Teyothwe 7nuní thikA ahtá-nawA7 The ball is round. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -hwe ? nuni-/-hwe?nuny-/ -kwe'nuni- wrap into a package or bundle. DERIVED BASES:

teyotshahe'takwe'nuní pea; teyotsho'kwakwe'nuní walnut. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-kwe?nuni- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -athwAhs- n. liver. othwXhsa7 liver. akwathwAhsa7 my liver, sathwAhsa7 your liver. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this base may be related to the noun root -huhs- slice of meat. The initial -atof the base is probably the semireflexive. -athwistashet- v.a. count money. lathwistashe-tás he counts money. lothwistashetú he has counted money, wahathwistáshete7 he counted money, Akathwistáshete7 I will count money. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -ashetcount, figure out an amount. -athwistuni- v.a. raise money, make money, luthwistu-níhe7 they (m.) are raising money, wakathwistuní I have raised money. wa7kathwistu-nf I made money, Akathwistu-ní- I will raise money, akuthwistu-ní• they (z.) should raise money. Aspect class: Al. • Wa7thutnuto?tslakA-nv oyátshityó-kalas, luthwistu-níhe7 wa 7thutawAlyéhsa7 nA tAyokanhu-tf. They had a Box Social the other night, they're raising money in

order to go on a trip in the spring. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. .athwistya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. go broke, tewakathwistyá-ku I'm broke. wa7tkathwístyahke7 I went broke. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, .ya ? kplus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. NOTE: The

7

of the ? k cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -athyatu- v.a. get written. wathya-túhe7 it's being written, it's being printed out (e.g., by a computer). uthya-tú- it got written. • Thó ki7 ni-yót tsi7 uthya-tú- tsi7 nA yotéhsu 7. That's the way it got written, now that it was finished. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatu- write. -athyatuhslanAtakt- v.a. put up wallpaper. wa7kathyatuhslanA-tákte7 I wallpapered, wahathyatuhslanA-tákte7 he wallpapered, wa7uthyatuhslanA-tákte7 she wallpapered. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with. -athyatuhslot- v.a. put up a sign or note, wa 7akwathyatuhslo-tAwe (excl.) put up a paper or sign. With tcislocative: tayakwathyatuhslo-tAwe (excl.) put up a sign there. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hyatuhslot- for a sign or note to be put up.

Oneida-English

.athyeskwAhtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. get on one's stomach. tehathyeskwAhtálhos he gets on his stomach. tehothyeskwAhtálhu he has gotten on his stomach. wa?tkalhyeskwAhtálho7 I got on my stomach, tAhathyeskwAhtálho7 he will get on his stomach. tehsathyeskwAhtálho Lie down on your stomach! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hyeskwAhtal- plus t e dualic, be on one's stomach, -ho- causative. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .athyo?kt-/.athyo 7 ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. become dull, teyothyó-ktu it has become dull, it's dull. wa7twathyó-kete7 it became dull, tAwathyó-kete7 it will become dull. Stative past: teyothyo7ktú-ne7 it was dull. Future stative: tAyothyo?ktúhake7 it will be dull. With t- cislocative: nétetyothyó-ktu it's the dullest one. •Yáh thau-tú• akaneklóskalu7, só-tsi7 teyothyó-ktu akwatshó-kta7. I can't hoe, my hoe is too dull. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hyo ? kt-/.hyo ? ket- plus te- dualic, make dull. NOTE: The alternant ,athyo ? ktoccurs in the stative aspect, .athyo-'ket- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7 k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. áti Particle that links clauses: no matter. • Ati né- úhka7 á-ne7 ki7. No matter who it was he would go (out) with her. (G2) .ati- plus n- partitive, v.s. be that many, nitwatí there are that many

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of us (incl.), niyakwatí there are that many of us (excl.), nihatí there are that many of them (m.), nikutí there are that many of them (z.). Prepausal: niku-tí. Stative past: nitwati-hné• there were that many of us (incl.), niyakwati-hné• there were that many of us (excl.), nihati-hné• there were that many of them (m.), nikuti-hné• there were so many of them (z.). Future stative: nAyakwatíhake7 there will be this many of us (excl.). Aspect class: A. • AhsA nihatí wa7khe-kAskAhnáksA7. I saw three foxes. Kzváh thó tsi7 nihati-hnékwa7ahsu-té• wa7khelihúni7, kAtyohkwiyo-hné• ki7 wáh. There were quite a few there last night at the class, it was a good bunch. NOTE: The form nihatí is given as part of this paradigm; however its composition is unclear. The expected form is *nihutí. ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, v.a. be on one side of. kAh ná-wati7 this side, thó ná-wati7 the other side of it, ísi7 ná-ivati7 that side (we're together on this side), a7é- ná-wati7 way over there on that side, é-nik ná-wati7 on top. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ - a t e k h w a h l a ' t s l - table: kAh nutekhwahlá-tslati7 it's on this side of the table. With -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path: kA 7 na 7oháhati7 it's right here on this side of the road, kaló• na7oháhati7 it's on this side of the road, ísi7 na7oháhati7 it's on the other side of the road, thó na7oháhati7 over there on the side of the road (that you're on), a7éna7oháhati7 it's over there on the other side of the road, elA na7oháhati7 it's across the road.

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Orieida-English

With -na'tsl- ditch: kAh na7kaná-tslati7 it's on this side of the ditch, a7é- na7kaná-tslati7 it's way over on the other side of the ditch. With -nhoh- door: a7éna7kanhóhati7 it's on the other side of the door. With -nuhs- house, building: kAh na7kanúhsati7 it's on this side of the house, a 7éna7kanúhsati7 it's on the other side of the house. With -nuto'tsl- box: kAh na7kanutó-tslati7 it's on this side of the box. With -nyatal- lake: kAh na7kanya-tálati7 it's on this side of the lake, el A na7kanya-tálati7 it's across on the other side of the lake, a 7éna7kanyatálati7 it's way on the other side of the lake, é-nik tsi7 na7kanya-tálati7 it's over the lake. With -wyhuh- river: na7kawyhúhati7 it's a side of the river, kAh na7kawyhúhati7 it's on this side of the river, a 7éna 7kawyhúhati7 it's on the other side of the river. NOTE: This base may be related to a stative verb root -ati-, which may be a component also in .nekwati- plus srepetitive, be the left hand; .ya'takalati- plus s- repetitive, be one side of one's body; and Askatí one side. atihAtho- plus t- cislocative, v.a. jerk. thatihAthos he's jerking it, tekheyatihAthos I keep jerking her or someone. thotihAthu he has jerked it. takatihAtho7 I jerked it, tahatihAtho7 he jerked it, takheyatihAtho 7 I jerked her or someone, tahotihAtho7 she (z.) or it jerked him, he jerked him. With tedualic: tutahatihAtho 7 he jerked it again. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .atihAthohslu- plus

t- cislocative, jerk repeatedly, jerk several things; .slatihAtho- plus tcislocative, gasp for air after crying. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atihAthohslu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. jerk repeatedly, jerk several things. tkatihAthóhsluhe7 I'm jerking several things, I'm jerking it several times. takatihAthóhslu 7 I jerked a bunch of things, I jerked it several times. COMPOSED OF: .atihAtho- plus tcislocative, jerk, -hslu- distributive. -at-N-ik- v.a. fill up completely. W i 4 -a ? ahsl- basket: wahata7áhslike7 he filled up the basket. With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wahatná-tsike7 he filled up the pail. With -nuto ? tsl- box: wahatnutó-tslike7 he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries). With -yal- bag, sack: wahatya-líke7 he filled up the bag. With -'slehtvehicle: wahate7sléhtike7 he has a earful (e.g., of people). DERIVED BASES: -atenhoskwik- get

a mouthful; -atnuhsik- fill a tobacco kiln. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- of the base is the semireflexive, and the -at- is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .atilut- plus te- dualic, v.a. stretch something, tekatilútha7 I'm stretching it, tewatilútha7 it stretches (e.g., an elastic band), tewakati-lúte 7 I have stretched it. wa7tkatilu-tAI stretched it, wa7twatilu-tA it got stretched, it stretched, wa7thutilu-tA• they (m.) stretched it out, tAkatilu-tA• I will stretch it.

Oneida-English

tesatilu-tA Stretch it! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .atilutunyu- plus tedualic, stretch something every direction; tehu'nhalukslatilútha' tug-of-war; teyehna'tatslatilútha? accordion. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix and a verb root -atilut-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atilut-/ .ya'tatilut- plus t- cislocative, pull. atilut-/.ya'tatilut- plus t- cislocative, v.a. pull, tkatilútha7 I'm pulling it, tekheya7tatilútha7 I pull her or someone, twakati-lúte7 I have pulled it, tkuya7tati-lúte7 I have pulled you. takatilu-tA• I pulled it, tahatilu-tA• he pulled it, takuya7tatilu-tA• I pulled you, takheya?tatilu-tA• I pulled her or someone. With -nuto ? tsl- box: taknuto7tslatilu-tAI pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. With -'sleht- vehicle: taha7slehtatilu-tAhe pulled the car. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .atilutatye- plus tcislocative, go along pulling; .atilutunyu- plus t- cislocative, pull several things or several times. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -atilut-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .atilutplus te- dualic, stretch something. The alternant .ya ? tatilut- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .atilutatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. go along pulling, thotilutáti7 he's pulling it along, tahotilutáti7 he's pulling it along, he pulled it along. • Tahotilutáti7 thikA ká-slet. He's pulling that car along COMPOSED OF: .atilut-/.ya ? tatilut-

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plus t- cislocative, pull, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutati- before a final 7 . atilutunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stretch something every direction. tekatilutúnyuhe7 I'm stretching it in all directions (e.g., when I'm blocking a wool sweater). iva7twatilutúni7 it stretched in all directions. COMPOSED OF: .atilut- plus tedualic, stretch something, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutuni- before a final .atilutunyu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. pull several things or several times. tkatilutúnyuhe7 I'm pulling several things, I'm pulling it several times. takatilutúni7 I pulled it several times. COMPOSED OF: .atilut-/.ya?tatilutplus t- cislocative, pull, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atilutuni- before a final .at-N-inyu't- plus t- cislocative, v.a. bring in with oneself. With -hwatsil- family: thathwatsilinyú-tha7 he's bringing in his family, tahathwatsilínyuhte7 he brought in his family. With -nyAht- snow: tahatenyAhtínyuhte7 he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. With -'sleht- vehicle: tahate7slehtinyuhte7 he brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage). COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -N-inyu't-/ -ya'tinyu't- bring in. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is

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Orieida-English

determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-isak- look for something for oneself. See -atehsak-/-at-N-isak-. -at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself. See -atehsakh-/ -at-N-isakh-. -atitahkohatu- v.a. get out repeatedly or several, lutitahkoha-túhe7 they (m.) are getting out (one at a time), wahutitahkoha-tú• they (m.) all got out, Ayakwatitahkoha-túwe (excl.) will get out, Ahutitahkoha-túthey (m.) will all get out. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -hatu- distributive. -atitahko'n- v.m. intend to get out. katitahkó ne7 I'm going to get out. With tsh- coincident: tshihatitahkó-ne? when he's going to get out. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ' n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. - a t i t a h k w - v.a. get out. katitáhkwas I'm getting out (e.g., of a vehicle), latitáhkwas he's getting out, lutitáhkwas they (m.) are getting out. wakatitáhkwA I have gotten out, lotitáhkwA he has gotten out. wahatitáhko 7 he got out, Akatitáhko7 I will get out, Ayakwatitáhko7 we (excl.) will get out, Ahutitáhko7 they (m.) will get out. With s- repetitive: shatitáhkwas he's getting back out, sakatitáhko 7 I got out again, sahatitáhko7 he got out again. With ny- partitive and transloc-

ative: nya7akyatitáhko7 that's where we two (excl.) got out. Aspect class: D3. • Sakatitáhko7 kahu-wáku. I got out of the boat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, - N - i t a h k w - / - y a ? t i t a h k w - take someone or something out. DERIVED BASES: - a t i t a h k o h a t u - get

out repeatedly or several; -atitahko'n- intend to get out; -atitahkwAhatye- be getting out. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive and ^ n - dislocative suffixes. -atitahkwAhatye- v.m. be getting out. lotitahkwAháti7 he's on his way getting out. ivahotitahkwAháti7 he's getting out. With s- repetitive: shotitahkwAháti7 he's getting back out again. •Ni-yót, khále7 wahotitahkwA7 hát i . Look at him, he's getting out again. COMPOSED OF: -atitahkw- get out, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atitahkwAhati- before a final 7 . -atitalyu- v.a. get in repeatedly or several, katitályuhe7 I'm getting into them (e.g., all these rides at the fair). wa7katitáli7 I got into them, Ahutitáli7 they (m.) will all get in (one at a time). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N-italyu-/-ya?titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into. NOTE: Many speakers have -atitali- before a final -atita 7 - v.a. get in, put into for oneself. katíta 7as I'm getting in (e.g., a car, a ride at the fair), I keep getting in, satíta 7 as you're getting in, lutíta?as

Oneida-English

they (m.) are getting in. wakatítA 7 I was in it. wa7katítane7 I got in, wa7utítane7 she or someone got in, wa7akyatítane7 we two (excl.) got in, wa7akwatítane7 we (excl.) got in, wahutítane7 they (m.) got in, Akatítane7 I will get in, Ayutítane7 she or someone will get in. satítan Get in! Habitual past: latíta7askwe7 he used to get in. Stative past: wakatitA 7Ane 7 I got in a while ago (but now I'm out). With s- repetitive: sutítane7 she (z.) or it got in again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayakyatítane7 we two (excl.) got back in again there. With y- translocative: yahatítane7 there he got into it, yAhatítane7 he will get into it there. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusahyatítane7 the two (m.) got back in there again. With -ahsi't-/ -ahsi- foot, and ya ? te- translocative and dualic: ya7thalahsi7títane7 he got his feet into there. With -hle ? nbundle: wa7kathle7nítane7 I put the package in something (e.g., the trunk of a car), wa7akyathle7nítane7 we two (excl.) put our bundle in it. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wa7katyenítane7 I put (a container of) gas in the car (e.g., in the trunk). With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, and ytranslocative: ya7katnAtshítane7 I put my arm in it (e.g., when I checked my blood pressure at the drugstore). Aspect class: D3. • SwatyelA s zva7uké-sle7 buggy thó wa 7katítane7 a7éna7teksine-sú-se7. Sometimes they used to ride me in that buggy, there I'd get into it with my great long legs. (Ol) NA sók thó ya7thalahsi7títane7 a7nyanawA-tslaku. So then he (the rabbit) got his feet into the mitten. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

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-N-ita?-/-ya?tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into. DERIVED BASES: - a t i t a ' a ' n h - g o to

get in; -athahita 7 - go down a road, travel down a road. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ita 7 -, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -A is replaced by -A ? . -atita ? a?nh- v.m. go to get in. katita7á-nhe7 I'm going to get in, latita7á-nhe7 he's going to get in. wa7katita7á-nha7 I'm going there to get in. • Tsi7 ka-yA• latita7á-nhe7 tyo7slehtá-kat yo7nisku7uháti7 The train he's going to ride in is late. COMPOSED OF: -atita'- get in, put into for oneself, - ? nh- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atiw- v.a. become thin. wa7ka-tíwe7 7 7 I became thin, wa u-tíwe she became thin, Aka-tíwe7 I'm going to get thin. With s- repetitive: sayu-tíwe7 she got thin again. • Wa7u-tíwe7 tsi7 ná-ye7 wa7ako7 nuhwáktA She became thin while she was sick. DERIVED BASES: -atatiwast- make oneself thin. NOTE: Related to the stative base -atiwA- be thin. -atiwA- v.s. be thin. wakatiwA I'm thin, yakotiwA she's thin, lotiwA he's thin. Pre-pausal: loti-wA. Stative past: wakatiwA-hné• I was thin (at one time), yakotiwA-hné•

208 Orieida-English

she was thin, lotiwA-hné• he was thin. Future stative: AyakotiwXhake7 she will be thin, AhotiwXhake 7 he will be thin. With t- cislocative: né• tyakotiwX she's the skinniest. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES-. - a t i w A ' u h a t y e - b e

getting thin. NOTE: Related to the active base -atiw- become thin. -atiwA'uhatye- v.m. be getting thin. wakatiiVA7uháti7 I'm getting thin, lotiwA7uháti? he's getting thin, yakotiwA7uháti7 she's getting thin. With s- repetitive: shotiwA7uháti7 he's getting thin again. • NX shotiwA7uháti7 né- tsi7 yah akwáh te7shatekhu níhe7. He's getting thin because he's not eating much. COMPOSED OF: -atiwA- be thin, - ? u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atiwA'uhati- before a final 7 . -at-N-iyost- v.a. make something good for oneself. With -nu'uhl- lawn, sod, scalp: lonatnu7uhliyóstu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. With -tsist- fire, light: yakottsistiyóstu she has made a good fire, wahattsisti-yóste7 he made a good fire. And t- cislocative: takattsisti-yóste7 I made a good fire there, tayuttsisti-yóste7 she made a good fire there. And n- partitive: nihottsistiyóstu he's making such a good fire. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa 7kate 7slehti-yóste 7 I made my car nice. And t- cislocative: takate7slehti-yóste7 I made the nicest car. • Astéhtsi7 s wahatkétsko7 wahattsisti-yóste7. He'd get up early in the morning, he'd make a real good fire. (Gl)

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N-iyo- be good, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h u h s i y o s t -

listen carefully; -atkahliyost- focus one's sight, stare. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .atkahkwalihsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. open one's eyes. tekatkahkwalíhsyus I open my eyes, tehatkahkwalíhsyus he opens his eyes, tewakatkahkwalíhsi I have opened my eyes, my eyes are open, tehotkahkwalíhsi his eyes are open, teyakojikahkwalthsi her eyes are open. wa7tkatkahkwalíhsi7 I opened my eyes, wa7thatkahkwalíhsi7 he opened his eyes, wa7tyutkahkwalíhsi7 she opened her eyes, tehsatkahkwalíhsi Open your eyes! tákA 7 tAhsatkahkwalíhsi Don't open your eyes! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -kah- eye, -takwalihsyu-/ -kwalihsyu- straighten something. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahkwalihsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . atkahkwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. close one's eyes, tekatkáhkweks I keep closing my eyes, tewakatkahkwekú I have closed my eyes. wa7tkatkáhkweke7 I closed my eyes. tehsatkáhkwek Close your eyes! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

.kahkwek- plus te- dualic, go blind. DERIVED BASES: . a t k a h k w e k h u -

plus te- dualic, have closed eyes. atkahkwekhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. have closed eyes.

Oneida-English

7 tewakatkahkwékhu my eyes are closed, tehotkahkwékhu7 his eyes are closed, teyakotkahkwékhu7 her eyes are closed. COMPOSED OF: .atkahkwek- plus tedualic, close one's eyes, -hu- distributive.

.atkahkwilo'ok- plus te- dualic, v.a. blink. tekatkahkwílo7oks I blink. wa 7tkatkahkwílo 7oke 7 I blinked, tAkatkahkwílo 7oke 7 I will blink. DERIVED BASES: . a t k a h k w i l o ' o k h u -

plus te- dualic, blink off and on. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -kahkwilo ? ok-, which may include the root -kah- eye, but the composition is unclear. A component -kahkwilo ? ok- occurs also in o k a h k w i l o ' ó k t a ' eyelid. .atkahkwilo'okhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. blink off and on. tekatkahkwilo7ókhuhe7 I'm blinking, tewatkahkwilo7ókhuhe7 it's blinking. • YohetkX-u thikA o-tsíste7 né- alá7ókh uhe7. tewatkahkwilo That light is broken, that's why it's blinking now. COMPOSED OF: . a t k a h k w i l o ' o k -

plus te- dualic, blink, -hu- distributive. -atkahliyost- v.a. focus one's sight, stare, lotkahliyóstu he's trying to see the best way he can, he's trying to focus on something, he's staring, yakotkahliyóstu she's trying to focus, wahatkahli-yóste7 he focused, Ahatkahli-yóste7 he will focus. COMPOSED OF: -kahl- eye, hole, -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself.

209

-atkahloklik- v.a. wink. wa7katkahlóklike7

I winked,

wa7utkahlóklike7

she winked, he winked.

wahatkahlóklike7

COMPOSED OF: - a t - s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-kahl- eye, hole, -N-oklik/-N-okli-/-N-klik-/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up. DERIVED BASES: - a t k a h l o k l i k s -

wink at someone. -atkahlokliks- v.a. wink at someone. wahakwatkahlóklikse7 he winked at me, wahiyatkahlóklikse7 I winked at him. NOTE: Includes the base -atkahloklik- wink; otherwise the composition is unclear. -atkahlo'takwalut- v.s. have a boil. yakotkahlo7takwa-lúte7 she has a boil, lotkahlo7takwa-lúte7 he has a boil. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atkahlut- plus te- dualic, v.s. be wearing glasses, tewakatká-lute7 I'm wearing glasses, teyakotká-lute7 she's wearing glasses, tehotká-lute7 he's wearing glasses. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: t e - d u a l i c , - a t -

semireflexive, -kahl- eye, hole, -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: T h e h o f t h e h i c l u s t e r i s

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkaht- see, fix one's sight on, look. See -atkatho-/-atkaht-. .atkahtunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. look around, look here and there. tehatkahtúnyuhe7 he's looking around here and there. tewakatkahtúni7 I'm looking around, tehotkahtúni7 he's looking around,

210

Orieida-English

teyakotkahtúni7 she's looking around, wa7tkatkahtúni7 I looked around, wa7thatkahtúni7 he looked around, tAhatkahtúni7 he will look around. Aspect class: Bl. • Né-n wa7tkatkahtúni7 thikA kanúsku. So then I looked around inside the house. (M10) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atkatho/-atkaht- see, fix one's sight on, look, -unyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: . a t k a h t u n y u t y e -

plus te- dualic, go along looking around. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahtuni- before a final 7 . .atkahtunyutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along looking around. tewakatkahtunyúti7 I'm looking around as I'm going along, tehotkahtunyúti7 he's looking all around while he's going along. COMPOSED OF: .atkahtunyu- plus tedualic, look around, look here and there, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkahtunyuti- before a final 7 . .atkalahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. get credit, tekatkalákhwa7 I get credit. tewakatkaláhkwA I have gotten credit. wa7tkatka-láhkwe7 I got credit, tAkatka-láhkwe7 I will get credit. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, .hkw-/.ehkw-/ .ya'tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa 7 . -at-N-kalatat- v.a. raise up, lift up for oneself. With -wis- ice, glass, window: yukwatwisákalatatú we have the window raised up, wa7katwisakala-táte7 I raised my

window up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -halatat-/ -kalatat- raise up, lift up. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atkalayAtahkw- v.a. pawn. latkalayAtákhwa7 he pawns it. lotkalayAtáhkwA he has pawned it. wa7katkalayA-táhkwe7 I pawned it, AkatkalayA-táhkwe7 I will pawn it. Aspect class: D l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -yA-/-yAt- lay do\y\, place, have, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa'. -atkalAhlakw- v.s. be at the corner of. tsi7 yotkalAhlákwA at the corner. Aspect class: D. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalAhlakw- turn in, turn a corner. DERIVED BASES: t s i ?

tyotnuhsakalAhlákwA at the comer of the house. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kalAhlakw-. .atkalAhlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. swing, rock. tekatkalA-luhe7 I swing or rock, teyutkalA-luhe7 she's swinging or rocking, tewatkalA-luhe7 she (z.) or it is rocking. tewakatkalA-lu7 I'm swinging, tehotkalA-lu 7 he's swinging, teyotkalA-lu 7 she (z.) or it is swinging, wa 7tkatkalA-lu 7 I swung, I started to swing, wa7thatkalA-lu7 he swung, tAwatkalA-lu 7 it will rock. Habitual past: tewakatkalA-luhkwe7 I was swing-

Oneida-English

ing. Stative past: tehotkaUhlú-ne7 he has been swinging. Future stative: tAhotkaUhlúhake7 he will be swinging. Aspect class: B l . COMPOSED OF: - a t - semireflexive,

.kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter. DERIVED BASES: . a t k a l A h l u ' n - plus

te- dualic, go to swing; teyutkalAhlúkhwa 7 rocking chair, swing, hammock. NOTE: T h e h o f t h e h i cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. ,atkalAhlu?n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to swing. tekatkalAhlú-ne7 I'm going to s w i n g .

tehotkalAhlú-nu

he has

gone to swing. wa7tkatkalAhlú-na7 I'm on my way to swing, tAkatkalAhlú-na7 I will go to swing. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .atkalAhlu- plus tedualic, swing, rock, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of t h e ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. turn around, tekatkalhatényehse7 I keep turning around, tewakatkalhaténi I have turned around. wa7tkatkalhate-ní• I turned around. With s- repetitive: tusakatkalhate-ní• I turned around again, tusahatkalhate-ní• he turned around again. With t- cislocative: tutahatkalhate-ní• he turned back around this way. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: - a t - semireflexive,

.kalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn something or someone around. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

211

-atkalhatenya't-/ -atya'takalhatenya't- v.a. roll. katya7takalhatenyá-tha7 I roll. yotkalhatenyá-tu it's rolling (e.g., someone pushed it, so that it comes out rolling). wa7katya7takalhatényahte7 I'm rolling, I rolled, wa7utya7takalhatényahte7 she's 7 rolling, wahatya 7takalhatényahte he's rolling, utkalhatényahte7 it rolled, Akatya7takalhatényahte7 I will roll. Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-kalhatenya't- make something roll. DERIVED BASES:

-atkalhatenya'ta'n- go rolling; -atkalhatenya'tuhatye-/ -atya'takalhatenya'tuhatye- roll along. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-atya ? takalhatenya ? t- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atkalhatenya'ta'n- v.m. go rolling. utkalhatenya7tá-na7 it's on its way rolling. COMPOSED OF: - a t k a l h a t e n y a ' t - /

-atya'takalhatenya't- roll, - ? n dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of t h e ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkalhatenya'tuhatye-/ -atya'takalhatenya'tuhatye- v.m. roll along. yotkalhatenya7tuháti7 it's going along rolling away, lotya7takalhatenya7tuháti7 he's rolling along, 7tuháti7 wakatya 7takalhatenya I'm rolling away. With t- cislocative: 7tuháti7 tayotkalhatenya it's rolling

212 Orieida-English

this way. With y- translocative: thó nukwá• yahutkalhatenya7tuháti7 it's rolling that direction. COMPOSED OF: -atkalhatenya't-/ -atya'takalhatenya't- roll, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -atya'takalhatenya'tuhatye- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Many speakers have -atkalhatenya'tuhati- and -atya'takalhatenya'tuhati- before a final f. -atkalhatho- v.a. turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over, latkalháthos he's turning over (intentionally), wakatkalháthos I keep tipping or flipping over (accidentally). wa 7katkalhátho 7 I turned over or rolled over, utkalhátho7 it rolled over, wahotkalhátho7 he flipped over, wa7ukyatkalhátho 7 we tipped over. With -huwey-/-huw- black ash, boat: wahothuwakalhátho7 he tipped over in the boat, wa7ukwathuwakalhátho7 we tipped over in the boat. With -'sleht- vehicle: ukwate 7slehtakalhátho 7 I got turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa7ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 we turned over in our vehicle. And tcislocative: tayukwate7slehtakalhátho7 there our vehicle turned over. • Ukwate 7slehtakalhátho7 khále7 thikA ono lá• kwáh tsi7 ok ya7kutityenúti7. It (the sleigh) turned over with me in it, and the rugs just went flying all over. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow.

DERIVED BASES:

-atshiniko 7 takalhatho- turn one's ankle. NOTE: The meaning 'turn over, roll over' occurs with agent prefixes, the meaning 'tip over, flip over' occurs with patient prefixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kalhatho-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .atkali'se- plus te- dualic, v.s. be in debt, tekatkalí-se I'm always in debt (e.g., I owe on an Eaton's card), tehatkalí-se he's in debt, teyutkalí-se she's in debt. Aspect class: A. NJOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and the noun base -kal- value, worth; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkalot- v.a. owe. katkalótha7 I'm owing it (e.g., money, a favour). wakatka-lóte7 I owe, lotka-lóte7 he owes. wa7katkalo-tA• lowed, Akatkalo-tA• I will owe. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. -atkalowanA- v.s. owe lots. wakatkalowanA I owe lots (e.g., a large amount of money, a big favour), lotkalowanA he owes lots, yakotkalowanA she owes lots. Prepausal: yakotkalowa-nA. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- value, worth, -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big. -atkaluni-/-atkaluny- v.a. make up a story, wakatkaluní I have made up

Oneida-English

a story. wa?katkalu-ní• I made up a story. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kal- story, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: - a t k a l u n y a n y u -

make up stories. NOTE: The alternant -atkalunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -atkalunyanyu- v.a. make up stories. katkalunyányuhe7 I'm making up stories. wa7katkalunyáni7 I made up stories. With thy- contrastive and translocative: thyeyutkalunyányuhe7 she's just making up stories there. COMPOSED OF: -atkaluni-/ -atkaluny- make up a story, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkalunyani- before a final -atkalya ? kAni-/-atkalya'ks- v.a. get paid. lotkalya7kA-níhe7 he's getting paid, lonatkalya?kA-níhe7 they (m.) get paid. wakatkalya7kAni I have gotten paid. ukwatkálya7kse7 I got paid, Awakatkálya?kse7 I will get paid. With s- repetitive: sayakotkálya 7kse 7 it paid her back, she had it coming to her. Aspect class: A l . •Tahnú- tsi7 nuknehla-kó- e-sóukwatkálya^se7. And I was so surprised I got paid so much. (03) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, - k a l y a ? k A n i - / - k a l y a ? k s - pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. NOTE: The alternant -atkalya ? kAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atkalya'ksoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atkanuni- v.a. become wealthy, prosperous, well-off. wakatkanuní

213

I'm wealthy, lotkanuní he's wealthy, yakotkanuní she's wealthy. Pre-pausal: yakotkanu-ní. Ahatkanu-ní• he will be wealthy. Stative past: lonatkanuni-hné• they (m.) were wealthy at one time. With n- partitive, and stative past: nihonatkanuni-hné• they (m.) were that wealthy at one time. -atkatho-/-atkaht- v.a. see, fix one's sight on, look, katkáthos I keep seeing it, yutkáthos she or someone sees, lotkáthos he sees him (from time to time), kheyatkáthos I see her or them, wakatkáthu I have seen it, etshatkáthu you have seen him. wa 7katkátho 7 I see it, I saw it, wahsatkátho7 you see it, you saw it, wahatkátho7 he sees it, he saw it, wa7akwatkátho7 we (excl.) saw it, wa7kutkátho7 they (z.) saw it, Akatkátho7 I will see it, Ahsatkátho7 you will see it, Ayutkátho7 she or someone will see it, Aswatkátho7 you all will see it, ahsatkátho7 you should see it, ahatkátho7 he should see it, ayakwatkátho7 we (excl.) should see it, ayesatkátho 7 she should see you. satkátho Look! Future stative: aukwatkáthuke7 I should have seen it, aesatkáthuke7 you should have seen it. With s- repetitive: sayukwatkátho 7 she saw me again. With t- cislocative: thakwatkáthos he's looking my way, tisatkáthu you have seen it there, utayutkátho7 she should look there. With y- translocative: ya7katkátho7 I looked there, yahatkátho7 he looked there, ya7utkátho7 she looked there, ya7shakotkátho7 he took a look at her. With n- partitive: nikatkáthos how I see it. With te?- negative: yáh te7yakwatkáthos we (excl.) don't

214

Orieida-English

see, yáh te7yukwatkáthu we haven't seen it. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shiyatkáthos I don't see him anymore. With te ? tnegative and cislocative: yáh te?tyakotkáthu she didn't look in that direction. With tsh- coincident: tshihutkáthos when they (m.) see, tshahatkátho7 when he saw, tshahutkátho7 when they (m.) saw, tsha7ukwatkátho7 when she or someone saw me. With thutacontrastive and cislocative: yáh thutayutkátho7 she wouldn't look that way, yáh thutahuwatkátho7 she won't look at him. Aspect class: E2.

• Né-n tshahatkátho7 tsi7 7 7 7 na tehahsi towa-nA-se thikA kwa7yAha óksa7 kAh nukwáwahátkwihte7. So then when he saw how big the rabbit's feet were, he immediately moved over. (T3) DERIVED BASES: . a t k a h t u n y u - p l u s

te- dualic, look around, look here and there; -atkathohsliyo- be nicelooking. NOTE: The alternant -atkatho- is composed of a verb root -atkaht- plus the -ho- causative suffix, and the resulting hth cluster is replaced by th. The alternant -atkaht- occurs before the -unyu- distributive suffix. The final o of -atkatho- is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -atkathohsliyo- v.s. be nice-looking. watkathohsliyó it's nice-looking. P r e - p a u s a l : watkathohsli-yá With n- partitive: tsi7 niwatkathohsliyó it looks so good. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - a t k a t h o - / - a t k a h t -

see, fix one's sight on, look, -hslnominalizer, -N-iyo- be good. -atka'tshyu- v.a. come undone. watká-tshyus it comes undone.

yotká-tshi it has come undone. utká-tshi7 it came undone. With srepetitive: sutká-tshi7 it came undone again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-ka'tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The 7 of the 'tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have -atka'tshi- word-finally and before a final -atkehlu- v.a. prepare for sale, peddle, katké-luhe7 I'm doing something about selling it. wakatké-lu 7 I have something for sale, watké-lu 7 it's for sale. wa7katké-lu7 I had something for sale, I peddled it, Akatké-lu 7 I will have something for sale. With t- cislocative: thonatké-lu 7 there they (m.) have something for sale. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-kehlu- put things here and there. DERIVED BASES: - a t k e h l u h n - g o to

sell. NOTE: T h e h o f the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. This base can also be used to refer to the act of selling oneself (talking about a prostitute). -at-N-kehlu- v.a. put things here and there for oneself. With -ashe'nut-/ -ashe ? nutsl- basket: yakotashe7nutslaké-lu7 she has baskets spread around. With -tshe-/ -tshe ? t- bottle, jar, quart: yakotetshe7také-lu7 she has jars or bottles spread around. • Thó kwi- né- thikA ké-yale7 aksótha yakotetshe7také-lu7 s wítá-t i-yélhe7 átste7 wí• usayu-tú• tsi7 niwahsu-tés. I remember also that my grandmother had all these containers spread around in case she wanted to go outside (i.e., to the

Oneida-English

bathroom) during the night. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -kehlu- put things here and there. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkehluhn- v.m. go to sell. yutkehlu-hné• she has come here to sell it. wa7utkehlu-hná• she's going there to sell it, Akatkehlu-hná• I will go somewhere to sell it. COMPOSED OF: -atkehlu- prepare for sale, peddle, -hn- dislocative. -atkehtat- v.a. put a burden on one's back, latkéhtats he puts a burden on his back, lotkehtatú he has a burden on his back, wahatkéhtate7 he put a burden on his back. With -hle 7 nbundle: wahathle7nakéhtate7 he put a bundle (his belongings) on his back. With -nuto'tsl- box: wahatnuto7tslakéhtate7 he put a box on his back. With -yal- bag, sack: latyalakéhtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatú he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakéhtate7 he put a bag on his back. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -keht(e)-/-keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, -t- causative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: - a t l i h w a k e h t a t -

take over a burden. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kehtat-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. .atket- plus te- dualic, v.a. scratch oneself, tekatke-iás I'm scratching

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myself, tehatke-tás he's scratching himself, teyutke-tás she's scratching herself, tewakatketú I have scratched myself. wa?tkátkete7 I scratched myself, tAkátkete7 I will scratch myself. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch. -atketskw- v.a. get up. katkétskwas I keep getting up, latkétskwas he gets up. wakatkétskwA I have gotten up, I'm up, lotkétskwA he has gotten up. wa 7katkétsko 7 I got up, wahatkétsko 7 he got up, wa7utkétsko7 she got up, wa7akyatkétsko7 we two (excl.) got up, wahyatkétsko7 the two (m.) got up, wa 7kyatkétsko 7 the two (z.) got up, wa7akwatkétsko7 we (excl.) got up, Akatkétsko7 I will get up, akatkétsko7 I should get up. satkétsko Get up! With s-repetitive: sayutkétsko7 she got back up again. With tsh- coincident: tsha7katkétsko7 when I got up. With th- contrastive: yáh thahatkétsko7 he didn't get up. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wa7kalahsi7takétsko7 I raised my foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: katnAtshakétskwas I'm putting my arm up, wakatnAtshakétskwA I have my arm up, wa7kattiAtshakétsko7 I raised my arm. And n- partitive: tsi7 nú- na7utnAtshakétsko7 whenever she raised her arm. Aspect class: D3. •Astéhtsi7 kati7 wí- kwáh tsi7 nikú 7 7 wa katkétsko khále7 "átskwe 7 náhte wesaslAhtáksA7 skabé-bis" kwí• yukna 7túkhwa7. In the morning when I got up and (she said) "well what did you dream about 'skabebis'," that's what she called me. (VI)

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COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. DERIVED BASES: .atketskwaht- plus t- cislocative, get up quickly; .ani'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, flip over, get upside down; •atlu'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, somersault. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ketskw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atketskwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get up quickly, tyutketskwátha7 she jumps up. tayutkétskwahte7 she got up quickly. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atketskw- get up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: t y u t k e t s k w á t h a ?

atyá tawi't housecoat, robe. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atke'tot- v.a. bring oneself into sight, look in or out. latke7tótha7 he's bringing himself into sight, he's looking or peering in. lotké tote? he's looking in. wahatke7to-tA- he looked in, he made himself visible, wa7ukwatke?to-tA• she looked in on me, she stopped by to see me, wahiyatke7to-tA• I looked in on him. Habitual past: lotke7to-táhkwe7 he was looking in. With t- cislocative: tkatke 7tótha 7 I keep looking in or out of it, thatke7tótha7 he keeps looking in or out of it (towards me or my direction where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on different sides of whatever is being looked through), twakatké-tote7 I'm looking in or out of it, thotké-tote7

he's looking in or out of it, tahatke7to-tA• he looked in or out of it, tayutke?to-tA- she looked in or out of it, tahakwatke7to-tA• he looked in on me, he came by to see me. With ytranslocative: yekatke7tótha7 I keep looking in or out of it, yehatke7tótha7 he keeps looking in or out of it (away from me where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on the same side of whatever is being looked through), yewakatké-tote7 I'm looking in or out of it, yehotké-tote7 he's looking in or out of it, ya7katke7to-tAI looked in or out of it, yahatke7to-tAhe looked in or out of it, ya7utke7to-tA• she looked in or out of it, ya7kheyatke7to-tA• I looked in on hevjtyahetshatke7to-tAyou looked in on him, yAkatke7totAI will look in or out of it, yAhatke7to-tA- he will look in or out of it, ya-hatke7to-tAhe should look in or out of it. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusakatke7to-tA• I looked in again. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wa7kalahsi7take7to-tA• I stuck my foot out. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: katnAtshake7tótha7 I keep sticking my arm out. And te- dualic: wa7tkatnAtshake7to-tA• I stuck my arm out. Aspect class: F. •KA7 nukwá- lotké-tote7. Here he is, he showed up. Kwáh nA tayutke7to-tA• lohsótha tsi7 tsyohsuhtaká-lute7. Right then his grandmother looked out of the window. (T3) Tahothahitákhe7 7 thikA skAhnáksA wahatye-lA• kAh wa7nyanawA-tslayA7, nA kwi• thó yahatke7to-tA-. A fox came along the road (and) he happened upon the mitten lying there, so he peered into it. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or

Oneida-English

peeking through. DERIVED BASES: .atke'totunyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, several look in or out of; yutke'totákhwa? mirror. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ke'tot-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atke'totunyu- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. several look in or out of. thutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking in or out of it, yehutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking in or out of it. tahutke7totúni7 they (m.) looked in or out of it, yahutke7totúni7 they (m.) looked in or out of it. With tetdualic and cislocative: tethutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking back out. • Né- s kwí• né- thikA nA tyolíhAhse7 thó tethutke7totúnyuhe7 7 thikA tsikwilA-tu yakona7tsíhale7. After the water starts boiling, the squirrels are looking back at you as she's cooking (them). (VI) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -atke'tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atke ? totuni- before a final 7 . -atkA- v.s. be rotten, be spoiled. yótkA it's rotten, it's spoiled. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Occurs also as an active base. -atkA- v.a. rot, spoil. yótkAhse7 it's rotting, it's spoiling. yotkA-u it has spoiled, it has gone bad. wa 7ótkA 7 it rotted, AyótkA 7 it will rot. With

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-nu't- milk, breast: yonu7tátkAhse7 the milk is going bad (sour). With - ' w a h l - meat: yo7wahlátkAhse7 the meat is spoiling, yo7wahlatkA-u the meat has spoiled. Aspect class: C3. DERIVED BASES: y o n e k w a l á t k A h s e ?

cheese. NOTE: Occurs also as a stative base. atkAhányaks V > N handkerchief. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, a verbal component -nyak-, and -s habitual. The component -nyak- occurs also in -atestalo'kwanyak- put on a necklace. atkAhanyutákhwa 7 V > N apron. COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -at-N-nyut-/-at-N-niyutsuspend for oneself, hang for oneself, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. -atkAhatu- v.a. quilt. yutkAhatuhe7 she's quilting. yakotkAhatu7 she has quilted, wa 7katkAhatu 7 I quilted. Aspect class: B l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -N-atuconstruct out of something. -atkAhla't- v.a. let go of, stop doing, quit, leave someone. wakatkAhlá-tu I have let it go, I stopped doing it, I quit, yukwatkAhlá-tu we have stopped, wa 7katkA-lahte 7 I stopped doing it, wahatkA-lahte7 he stopped, utkA-lahte7 it quit, wa7akwatkA-lahte7 we (excl.) quit, wahutkA-lahte7 they (m.) quit, wahiyatkA-lahte7 I let him go, I left him there, AkatkA-lahte7 I will quit, AyakwatkA-lahte7 we (excl.) will quit, AhutkA-lahte7 they (m.) will quit, akatkA-lahte7 I should quit, aetwatkA-lahte7 we (incl.) should quit. satkA-laht Quit that! tákA7

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Orieida-English

AswatkA-laht You all, don't quit! Stative past: wakatkAhla?tá-ne7 I had stopped (but I began again). With y- translocative: yAyukwatkA-lahte7 they will leave me there. With ny- partitive and translocative: thó núnya7ukwatkA-lahte7 that's where they left me, nyAshakonatkA-lahte7 where they (m.) will leave her or them. With th- contrastive: yáh thahutkA-lahte7 they (m.) won't quit. • UtkA-lahte7 tsi7 yota7klókwA. It stopped snowing. Né-kati7 wíka7ikA wahA-nélhe7 kwí• UA nók AWA-lú• wahutkA-lahte7 ka7ikA tsi7 tyótkut tehoti-yA• kA-. So then they thought they have to quit gambling all the time. (M5) DERIVED BASES: .atkAhla't- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkAhla 7 t- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. let go of, release, give out, donate. thatkAhlá-tha7 he gives it out, he donates it, tyutkAhlá-tha7 she gives it out. twakatkAhlá-tu I have given it out. tahatkA-lahte7 he gave it up, he let it go (out of his hands), tahiyatkA-lahte7 over there I let him go, I let him off, yahatkA-lahte7 he left it there, he let her (z.) off there, yahiyatkA-lahte7 I left him there, AtkatkA-lahte7 I will give it up or out. With tha'tet- contrastive, dualic and cislocative: yáh tha7tetwakatkAhlá-tu I didn't give

it up (back) again, yáh tha7tethotkAhlá-tu he didn't give it back again. Aspect class: E l . • NA kwí- né- ka7ikA úhka7 ki7 uhte wí- tahatkA-lahte7 matches, nA kwíwahattistu-tAkwí- wahahlo-tA-. So then someone must have given over matches, and then he lit up (and) he smoked. (M5) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -atkAhla't- let go of, stop doing, quit, leave someone. DERIVED BASES: . a t k A h l a ' t a h k w -

plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, let go of quickly; .atkAhla'ta'n- plus t- cislocative, intend to donate. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. atkAhla'tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. let go of quickly. ya7katkAhlá-tahkwe7 I let go of it in a hurry, takatkAhlá-tahkwe7 I quickly let it go over there. COMPOSED OF: .atkAhla't- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atkAhla?ta ? n- plus t- cislocative, v.m. intend to donate. tkatkAhla7tá-ne7 I'm going to donate it. • Othé-tsli7 nítkatkAhla7tá-ne7. I'm going to donate flour. COMPOSED OF: .atkAhla't- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, let go of, release, give out, donate, - 7 ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkAnisa 7 - v.a. hold a meeting. lutkAnísa7as they (m.) keep having meetings. lonatkAnísu 7 they (m.) have a meeting. wahutkAnísane7 they (m.) had a meeting. Stative past: lonatkAnisu7ú-ne7 they (m.) had a meeting. With tsh- coincident: tshiyukwatkAtiísu7 when we had a meeting. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yáh náhte7 thusahutkAnísane 7 they (m.) won't have another meeting. Aspect class: E5. • Tóhka7 ok niyukwé-take nyahotiké-tohte7 kwa7ahsu-té7 tshiyukwatkAnísu , nók tsi7 7 kAtyohkowanX-ne ki7 né-n tsi7 tethutbíngo. Just a few people showed up last night when we had a meeting, but there was a big crowd at the bingo. NOTE: Probably includes the alternant -isa ? - of the verb base -hsa 7 -/ -isa'- finish; but the composition is unclear. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. compete, go to a fair. tehatkAnyehse7 he competes, tetwatkAnyehse 7 w e (incl.) are going to the fair, tehutkAnyehse7 they (m.) compete. tehotkAni he has competed, wa 7thatkA-ni• he competed, tAtwatkA-ní• we (incl.) will compete, we will go to the fair. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: .anityohkwakAny-

plus te- dualic, vote, elect; .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, argue; .atnuto'tslakAny- plus te- dualic,

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have a Box Social; tethutkXnyehse' fair; tethutkAnyé tha? fairgrounds. NOTE: The alternant .atkAnyeoccurs before the - ? t- causative suffix, the alternant .atkAny- occurs elsewhere. This base includes the tedualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a verb root -kAny-/-kAnye-. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and the root, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The root -kAny- occurs without the semireflexive in .'nikuhlakAny- plus tedualic, persuade, make up someone's mind. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .atkAny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .atkAny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atkAsl-/.atkAsel- plus te- dualic, v.a. peel. tewatkAslus it's peeling (e.g., dry or chapped skin, paint). wa7twatkA-séle7 it peeled, tAwatkA-séle7 it will peel. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something. NOTE: The alternant .atkAsl- occurs in the habitual aspect, .atkAseloccurs in the punctual aspect. -atkA?se-/-atkA?s- v.a. examine, look to find out, tell the future. katkA-sehe7 I'm examining it, shakotkA-sehe7 he examines her or them, he tells their fortune. wa7kátkAhse7 I examined it, wahátkAhse7 he's looking to find what's wrong, wa7shakótkAhse7 he's examining her, AkátkAhse7 I will look, akátkAhse7 I should look, ashakótkAhse7 he should examine her or them, ahuwAtiátkAhse7

she or

someone should examine them (m.). kátkAhs Let me see, let me examine

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it! • WahátkAhse7 tkaye-lí• kA tsi7 teskakhániZ He went to see if it was all right the way it was put together. Kzváh s ké-yale7 thikA swatyelA úhka7 ok wí- náhte7 thó wahA-néwe7 iví- lA-nélhe7 wí• ashakótkAhse7. I just remember that sometimes someone would come there, they wanted him to tell them their fortune. ( 0 2 ) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kA- see, have eyesight, catch sight of, -7se-/-7sbenefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t k A ' s e ' n - g o to

examine, go to see or look into; -atkA'senyu- examine, look through here and there; shakotkA-sehe 7 seer, dreamer, fortuneteller. NOTE: The alternant -atkA?seoccurs in the habitual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atkA's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atkA?senyu- v.a. examine, look through here and there. katkA7sényuhe7 I'm looking at these things (e.g., in a catalogue), yutkA7sényuhe7 she's looking through it. wakatkA7séni7 I have looked through it, I have examined it. wa7utkA7séni7 she looked through it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atkA?se-/-atkA?sexamine, look to find out, tell the future, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkA ? seni- before a final -atkA'se'n- v.m. go to examine, go to see or look into. katkA7sé-ne7 I'm going to look into it, I came to see, latkA7sé-ne7 he's here to see,

sheyatkA?sé-ne7 you're here to see her or them. katkA?sé-nehse7 I look into it, liyatkA7sé-nehse7 I keep going to see him. wakatkA 7sé-nu I have gone to look into it. wahiyatkA7sé-na7 I'm going to see him, wa7akotkA7sé-na7 she (z.) is going to see her, wa7shakotkA7sé-na7 he's going to see her, AkatkA7sé-na7 I will go and look into it, AhatkA?sé-na7 he's going to go and see her (z.) or it, akatkA?sé-na7 I should go and see it, akheyatkA7sé-na7 I should go and see her or them. katkA 7sé-na Let me go see! Stative past: wakatkA7sehnu-hné• I have gone to look into it, sheyatkA7sehnu-hnéyou went to see her. With t- cislocative: tesatkA7sé-nu you have come to see it, tahatkA7sé-na7 he's coming to look it over, utayesatkA7sé-na7 they should come to see you, tasatkA ?sé-na Come and see it! Aspect class: H. • WahA-lu 7 wí- thikA la7slu-ní"katkA7sé-ne7" wahA-lu7 "náhte7 ni-yót tsi7 tsyahyákwas." He said, that white man, "I've come to see," he said, "how the two of you are doing at picking berries." (M2) COMPOSED OF: -atkA?se-/-atkA?sexamine, look to find out, tell the future, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: T h e - ? n - d i s l o c a t i v e is

replaced by the -hn- dislocative in the stative past. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkA'slahkw- v.a. put something under oneself. lotkA7sláhkwA he has something under him (e.g., a pillow). wahatkA-slahkwe7 he put it under himself (his head), AkatkA-slahkwe7 I will put it under (my head).

Oneida-English

• "Nók Awa-tú• néAkatkX-slahkwe? kA-, thó nAtwe7 kAakeslAhtaku, n At we 7 thikA tsi7 náhte? AwakesUhtáksA? náhte7 7 7 Ayakoya takénha " "I must put this under me (my pillow), there it'll come in my dream, it'll come to me in my dream what will help her." (M7) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kA'slahkw- use to wedge underneath. DERIVED BASES:

yunitskwakA'slákhwa? cushion, saddle. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -kA?slahkw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. A variant of this base probably occurs in atku'slákhwa' and yutku'slákhwa' pillow. atkólya't N cornbread paddle, ladle. Pre-pausal: atkólyaht. •Atkólyan Ahsatste7 tákA 7 aku-lát kaná-talok, akune-táke7 You should use a cornbread paddle so that the breads (cornbreads) don't lie down, they should be standing upright. (R2) -atku-/-atku?sl- n. snake, ótku7 snake. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: niwatkú-sla7 the snake is such a size. • A7é- niwatkú-sla7 thikA wa7katkátho7 waté-sele7 The snake that I saw crawling was this big. NOTE: The alternant -atku- occurs in the basic noun form The alternant -atku'sl- is the incorporating form, and the 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -atukwe'tatku- have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a

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mind reader; and the exclamation ótkuhte Oh gosh! Darn! .atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a face, tehatkuhsayelúnyuhe7 he's making faces. tehotkuhsayelúni7 he's making a face, teyakotkuhsayelúni7 she's making a face. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask, .yelunyuplus te- dualic, do something to, fool, trick, decorate. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkuhsayeluni- before a final 7 . .atkustu'lhalatst- plus te- dualic, v.a. grow a beard or mustache. tehotkustu 7lhalátstu he has grown a beard or mustache. wa7thatkustú-lhalatste7 he grew a beard or mustache. • Wahsnú-wene7 kA tehotkustu7lhalátstu. Do you like that mustache he grew? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kustu'lhal- plus te- dualic, have a beard or mustache, -tst- causative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? l h c l u s t e r is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkustu'lhya'k- v.a. shave. latkustú-lhya7ks he's shaving. lotkustu7lhyá-ku he has shaved. wahatkustú-lhyahke7 he shaved. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -kustu'lh- beard, mustache, -at-N-ya?k- detach, sever, break, cut for oneself. NOTE: The 7 of the ?lhy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

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-atkut- v.s. pick on someone. shakótkute7 he's picking on her, lakwátkute 7 he's picking on me, shakonátkute7 they (m.) are picking on her. Aspect class: F. .atkut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, v.a. go or leave for good, pass on. ya7thatku-tA• he has gone for good (and he's not coming back), he died. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .kut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, be taken by, be overcome by something. .atkutahkw- plus y- translocative, v.a. keep going on. yehatkutákhwa 7 he just keeps going on. yehotkutáhkwA he has just kept going on. yahatku-táhkwe7 he just kept going on. Aspect class: D l . •YehotkutáhkivA yáh newAtú tha7tethawenú. He just kept going when he left. NOTE: Composed of the y- translocative prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -kutahkw-, which occurs also in .kutahkw- plus t- cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa ? . -atkuwat- v.a. have sex, copulate. wahyatku-zváte7 the two (m.) had sex, aetyatku-wáte7 you and I (incl.) should have sex. .atku'klAhtu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be frowning, tewakatku 7klXhtu I'm frowning, tehotku7klXhtu he's frowning, teyakotku7klXhtu she's frowning. Aspect class: A. -atku'sl- snake. See -atku-/-atku?sl-. atku'slákhwa 7 N pillow. NOTE: Possibly composed of the

verb base -atkA?slahkw- put something under oneself, and -ha ? habitual. However, in all of our sources the word for 'pillow' has the vowel u, rather than the vowel A which occurs in -atkA?slahkw-. See also yutku'slákhwa 7 , another word for 'pillow'. .atkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. dance. tekátkwa7 I dance, tehátkwa7 he dances, teyútkwa 7 she dances. tewakátkwA I'm dancing, tehótkwA he's dancing, teyakótkwA she's dancing. Habitual past: tekátkwahkwe7 I used to dance, tehútkwahkwe7 they (m.) were dancing. Stative past: tewakatkwX-ne7 I have danced. DERIVED BASES: .atkwa? plus tedualic, be a dancer; .atkwa'n- plus tedualic, go to dance; .atkwAhatyeplus te- dualic, go along dancing. NOTE: Occurs only in the habitual and stative aspects. Compare .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, which occurs only in the punctual aspect. -at-N-kwalihsyu- be straight, be level, have good posture. See -attakwalihsyu-/-at-N-kwalihsyu-. -atkwanahtAni-/-atkwanahtA- v.a. rape someone. shakotkivanahtA-níhe7 he rapes her. wa7shakotkivanáhtA7 he raped her. NOTE: Possibly composed of the -atsemireflexive, the alternant -kwanof the verb base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, the -ht- causative suffix, and the - A n i - / - A - benefactive suffix. The alternant -atkwanahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -atkwanahtAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atkwatakw- v.a. become well-off, prosper, latkwatákwas he's working at becoming well-off.

Oneida-English

wakatkwatákwA I have become well-off. wa7katkwata-kó• I became well-off, I prospered, Akatkwata-kóI will become well-off, Ahatkwata-kó• he will become welloff. Stative past: wakatkwatakwA-ne7 I had become wealthy. With n- partitive: nahyatkwata-kó• how well-off the two (m.) became. Aspect class: D3.

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COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

na7katkwe-ní• I really won. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7yonatkwéni they (z.) didn't win. Aspect class: E4. • Yáh kwí• na7 te7yonatkwéni 7 7 kwa ahsu-té• tekuttsihkwá-ekskwe 7 7 nók tsi yukwalha-létsi Ayó-kalawe7 nA ya7ta-ú-te7 tsi7 Akutkwe-nf. Well, they (z.) didn't win the game last night but we're ready tonight, so now they're bound to win.

-kwat- be well-off, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-kweny-/-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at.

.atkwa? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a dancer, teyútkwa7 (she's a) dancer, tehátkwa7 (he's a) dancer. COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, -ha7 habitual. .atkwa'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to dance, teyutkwá-ne7 she's going to dance, tehutkwá-ne7 they (m.) are going to dance. wa7tyutkwá-na7 she's on her way to dance, tAyutkwá-na7 she will go to dance. •Tehutkwá-ne7 kA kanuhséshne Ay ó-kal awe7. Are they going to dance at the Longhouse tonight? COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

o f the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atkweny- v.a. win. latkwényehse7 he wins, lotkwéni he has won. wahatkwe-ní' he won, wahsatkwe-ní• you won, wahutkwe-níthey (m.) won, Ahatkwe-níhe will win, Akutkwe-ní- they (z.) will win. With s- repetitive: sahutkwe-níthey (m.) won again. With ytranslocative: yehotkwéni over there he has won. With n- partitive:

COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

DERIVED BASES: - a t k w e n y u h a t y e -

be winning; -atlihwatkweny- win an argument or debate. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atkwenyest- v.s. be a perfectionist. wakatkwényest I'm a perfectionist, I want the best, lotkwényest he's a perfectionist, yakotkwényest she's a perfectionist. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-kweny-/-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES:

-atA'nikuhlakwenyest- be picky, be choosy, be very particular. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -atkwenyest-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atkwenyuhatye- v.m. be winning. lonatkwenyuháti7 they (m.) are winning. • NA ka 7ikA tsi 7kla 7wístal, nA a 7énukwá• nahahkwata-sé• thó nukwálonatkwenyuháti7. So there was this bat, he would go around to the side

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Orieida-English

where they were winning. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -atkweny- win, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkwenyuhati- before a final 7 .

the resulting thk cluster is replaced by tk. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

.at-N-kwe'nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. See .athwe'nuni-/ .at-N-kwe'nuni- plus te- dualic.

-atkwi'tuhatye- v.m. move along, edge up. lotkwi 7tuháti7 he's edging closer, moving along bit by bit. wahotkwi7tuháti7 he moved along bit by bit. COMPOSED OF: -atkwi't- move over, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atkwi'tuhati- before a final 7 .

-atkwe'talu- v.a. for a chunk or piece to get removed, yotkwé-talu a chunk, piece or chip has gotten removed. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -kwe'talu-/-kwe 7 tal- cut out a piece or chunk. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along dancing. tewakatkwAháti7 I go along dancing. •NX ki7 ok ale7 wí- tutaktAstá-tsyahte7 tewakatkwAháti7. So then I would jump up (and) go dancing. (PI) COMPOSED OF: .atkw- plus tedualic, dance, -A stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atkwAhati- before a final 7 . -atkwi't- v.a. move over. katkwí-tha7 I move over. wahátkwihte7 he moved over, wahyátkwihte7 the two (m.) moved over, wahútkwihte7 they (m.) moved over, sátkwiht Move over! With t- cislocative: tahátkwihte7 he moved over this way. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hkwi't- move something or someone over. DERIVED BASES: - a t k w i ' t u h a t y e -

move along, edge up. NOTE: This base is composed of the -at- semireflexive and -hkwi't-, and

-atlahti-/-atlahti ? tsl- v. > n. sock, stocking, atláhti7 sock, stocking. akwatláhti7 my sock or stocking, satláhti7 your sock, laotláhti7 his sock, akotláhti7 her sock, aotláhti7 her (z.) or its sock. With -shuha collective clitic: akwatlahti7shúha my socks. With -es-/-us- be long: watlahtí-tsles the stockings are long. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA 7 niwatlahti7tslésha the socks are short. With -halani-/-halhahs-/ -ihalani-/-ihalhahs- hang up for someone: ;wa7kuyatlahti7tslihálhahse7 I hung up a stocking for you (e.g., at Christmas). With .hna'neta 7 -/ .neta7- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double: wa7tkatlahti7tslanétane7 I put on two pairs of socks. With -nohalenyu/-ohalenyu- wash several: yutlahti7tslohalényuhe7 she's washing socks. With -yAta7- get, obtain, and s- repetitive: Ashotlahti7tslayA-táne7 he will get (new) socks again. DERIVED BASES: .atlahti'tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks. NOTE: The alternant -atlahti-

Oneida-English

occurs in the basic noun form, the possessed forms, and in the form with the collective clitic. The alternant -atlahti'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. The 7 of -atlahtPtsl- is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlahti'tslut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on socks. tekatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting on socks, tekheyatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting 7 I socks on her. tewakatlahtí-tslute have socks on, tehotlahtí-tslute7 he has socks on, teyakotlahtí-tslute7 she has socks on. wa7tkatlahti7tslu-tA• I put my socks on, wa7tekheyatlahti7tslu-tA• I put socks on her, tAkatlahti7tslu-tA• I will put my socks on. tehsatlahti7tslu-tA Put your socks on! Habitual past: tekatlahti7tslúthahkwe7 I used to wear socks, tewakatlahti7tslu-táhkwe7 I had socks on. Future stative: tAwakatlahti7tslu-táke7 I will have socks on. With s- repetitive: teskatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting my socks on again, tusakatlahti7tslu-tAI put my socks back on again. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atlahti-/ -atlahti 7 tsl- sock, stocking, -N-utattach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: . a t l a h t i ' t s l u t a k w -

plus te- dualic, take off socks. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atlahti'tslutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off socks. tekatlahti7tslutákxvas I'm taking my socks off, tekheyatlahti7tslutákwas I'm

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taking her socks off her. wa 7tkatlahti 7tsluta-kóI took my socks off, wa7tekheyatlahti7tsluta-kó• I took her socks off her. tehsatlahtsi7tsluta-kó Take your socks off! With s- repetitive: tusakatlahti7tsluta-kó• I took my socks back off again. COMPOSED OF: .atlahti'tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atlahwAht- n. snowsnake. atlahwAhta7 snowsnake. DERIVED BASES: . a t l a h w A h t a y A -

plus te- dualic, play the snowsnake. .atlahwAhtayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. play the snowsnake. tehutlahwAhtayAhe7 they're playing at the snowsnake game. COMPOSED OF: -atlahwAht- snowsnake, .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. .atlakalehlast- plus te- dualic, v.a. make noise, tekatlakalehlásta7 I make noise, tewakatlakalehlástu I'm making noise, tehonatlakalehlástu they (m.) are making noise. wa7tkatlakalé-laste7 I made noise, tAhsatlakalé-laste7 you will make noise, tAhutlakalé-laste7 they (m.) will make noise, ta-katlakalé-laste7 I should make noise, tákA 7 tahutlakalé-last they (m.) shouldn't make noise. With n- partitive: tsi7 na 7tehotIakalehlástu he's so noisy. Aspect class: El. • TákA7 thikA thó nAhsyel, só-tsi7 7 tAhsatlakalé-laste . Don't do that, you'll make too much noise. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

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Orieida-English

semireflexive, -lakal-/-lakalel-/ -lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/-kalehlfor a noise to sound, -st- causative. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlakew-/-at-N-okew- v.a. get wiped off, fade, disappear. zvatlake-wás it fades. yotlakewA it has faded, utla-kéwe7 it got wiped off, it disappeared or faded. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lakew-/-ya?tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h s o k e w - for

the colour to fade. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-okewoccurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -atlakw- v.a. claim, keep for oneself. katlákxoas I keep taking it and keeping it. wakatlákwA I have claimed it. wa7katla-kóI claimed it, I kept it for myself. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lakw-/-ya'talakw- choose. DERIVED BASES: - a t u k w e ' t a l a k w -

invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time; -atwilalakwadopt a child. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -lakw-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atlakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. get taken away, get subtracted, tutla-kóthere are some taken away, there's less. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.lakw- plus t- cislocative, take away, subtract. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atlanyu- v.a. rub against. watlányuhe 7 it's rubbing against something, yotláni7 it has rubbed against it. utláni7 it rubbed against it. Aspect class: BL. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lanyu- rub something. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlani- before a final 7 . .atlat- plus t- cislocative, v.a. start with, takátlate7 I started with it, Atehsátlate7 you will start with it. tehsátlat Start with it! •Uskátshu7 tsi7 takátlate7. I started off with one at a time. DERIVED BASES: .atlatst- plus tetdualic and cislocative, rinse, start over again. NOTE: A component -atlat- occurs without the cislocative prefix in -atlatst- happen a time. .atlatakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take a step, tkatlatákwas I'm taking a step. twakatlatákwA I have taken a step, takatlata-kó- I took a step, Atkatlata-kó- I will take a step, Atehsatlata-kó• you will take a step, Atyutlata-kó• she will take a step. With te- dualic: tetkatlatákivas I'm taking a step again. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atsemireflexive, -lat- have one's foot on something, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atlatst- v.a. happen a time. yotlátstu it happened, úska útlatste7 it happened once (once upon a time), tékni útlatste7 it happened

Oneida-English

twice, áhsA útlatste7 it happened three times. Stative past: yotlatstú-ne7 it used to happen. With n- partitive: tóhka7 niyotlátstu or tóhka7 nútlatste7 several times. •ílska útlatste7 thikA aknulháwahuwattéhtA7 kA- akitshe-nA• tsi7 ka-yA• o7swA-ta7 nihaya?tó-tA, Blackie kAs kwi• shakwana7t ukhwa7 One time my mother gave heck to the one that was black, Blackie was what we called him. (M6) Tóhka7 nútlatste7 wa 7thawAli7. He stirred it a few times. NOTE: Possibly composed of a component -atlat- and the -st- causative suffix. A component -atlat- occurs also in .atlat- plus t- cislocative, start with. atlatst- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. rinse, start over again. tetkatlátsta7 I'm rinsing it. tetwakatlátstu I have rinsed it. tutakátlatste7 I rinsed it, I started it over again, tutayútlatste7 she rinsed it. tutasátlatst Rinse it! Start over again! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, .atlatplus t- cislocative, start with, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: .atlatstanyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, rinse several. .atlatstanyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. rinse several. tetkatlatstányuhe7 I'm rinsing them, tetyutlatstányuhe7 she's rinsing them, teyakotlatstáni7 she has rinsed them, tutayutlatstáni7 she started rinsing them, she rinsed them. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .atlatst- plus tetdualic and cislocative, rinse, start

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over again, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlatstani- before a final -atlatsyu- v.a. tear, watlátsyus it keeps tearing, yotlátsi it has torn. utlátsi7 it tore. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -latsyu- tear something. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlatsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . .atla 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. meet, run into, teyakyátlahse7 we two (excl.) always meet, we bump into one another. wa7tyakyátlane7 we two (excl.) met, wa 7thyátlane 7 the two (m.) met, wa7tyakwátlane7 we (excl.) met, wa7thútlane7 they (m.) ran into one another. With y- translocative: ya7tekútlahse7 they (z.) meet there, ya7thyátlane7 the two (m.) met over there, ya7tAhútlane7 they (m.) will meet over there. With n- partitive: na7teyukyatlá-u how, where, or when we two met. With tsh- coincident: tsha7thyátlane7 when the two (m.) met. Aspect class: E3.

• Thó kwi- nú- thikA ya7tAhútlane7 7 Ahatikalatúni . So there they would meet to tell stories. (PI) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -1- be in or on, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .atla'nekalaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. make burst, make explode. tekatla7nekalátha7 I'm bursting it. wa 7tkatla 7ne-kálahte 7 I burst it, I exploded it (e.g., a firecracker). COMPOSED OF: .atla ? nekal(u)-/

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.at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. atla?nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekalu- plus tedualic, v.a. burst, explode. tewatla 7ne-kálus it explodes. teyotla 7nekalú it has exploded. wa 7twatla 7ne-kálu 7 it burst open, it exploded (e.g., a firecracker), tAwatla7ne-kálu7 it will explode. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .la'nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst something, explode something. DERIVED BASES: . a t l a ' n e k a l a h t -

plus te- dualic, make burst, make explode; .anlahtanekalu- plus tedualic, for leaves to burst open; .attsi'tsyanekalu- plus te- dualic, for flowers to burst into bloom. NOTE: The alternant .atla ? nekal(u)- is composed of the -at- semireflexive, an empty noun root -la 7 -, and a verb root -nekal(u)-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternant .at-N-nekalu- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. An alternant .atla ? nekal-, without a final vowel, occurs before the -htcausative suffix. •atla'nAtahsyu- v.a. peel off. yotla7nAtáhsi it has peeled off. utla?riAtáhsi7 it came or peeled off, Awatla?nAtáhsi7 it will peel off. With t- cislocative: Atwatla7nAtáhsi7 it will peel off (it'll come this way when it peels off). • Tó• ki7 ok kwí- niwa7sláti7 thikA Atwatla7nAtáhsi7 tsi7 yakohwa7eháti7 They (strips of black ash)

would be just a certain width, then the peel would come off as she goes along pounding it (the log). (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la'nAtahsyu- peel off something. NOTE: Many speakers have -atla'nAtahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -atla?nAtaktAni-/-atla?nAtaktA- v.a. stick close to someone. kheyatla7nAtaktA-níhe7 I'm sticking with her (e.g., I'm on the shy side, so I'm going to stay close to her). liyatla7nAtaktAní I have stuck right by him. wahiyatla7nAtáktA7 I stuck close to him. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atla'nAtaktAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atla'nAtaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atla'sw- n. luck, fortune, atlá-swa7 luck, good fortune. With -awi-/-u-/ -A- give someone something: yakotla7swa-wíhe7 she gives luck to someone or them, Akheyatlá-swA 7 I will give her luck, Askyatlá-swA 7 you will give us two luck. With -yAta 7 - get, obtain: Atsyatla7swayA-táne7 you two will get luck. DERIVED BASES: - a t l a ' s w a k s ( A ) - b e

bad luck, be unlucky; -atla'swayAguarantee fortune or good luck; -atla'swiyo- be good luck, be lucky. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atla'swaksa't- v.a. undergo misfortune. satla7swaksá-tu you have had

Oneida-English

or undergone bad luck or misfortune (e.g., someone in your family has died), yakotla7swaksá-tu she or someone has had bad luck, lonatla7swaksá-tu they (m.) have had misfortune, wesatla7swáksahte7 you had bad luck. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7satla7swaksá-tu you didn't undergo the misfortune. COMPOSED OF: -atla'swaks(A)- be bad luck, be unlucky, - 7 t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atla 7 swaks(A)- v.s. be bad luck, be unlucky, wakatla 7swáksA I have bad luck, I'm unlucky, lotla 7swáksA he has bad luck, yakotla?swáksA she has bad luck. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -atla'sw- luck, fortune, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: - a t l a ? s w a k s a 7 t -

undergo misfortune; -atla'swaksA?become unlucky. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - 7 tcausative suffix. -atla 7 swaksA 7 - v.a. become unlucky. ukivatla 7swáksAne

7

I got bad luck, I

became unlucky, Ahotla7swáksAtie7 he will become unlucky. COMPOSED OF: -atla 7 swaks(A)- be bad luck, be unlucky, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atla'swayA- v.a. guarantee fortune or good luck. wakatla-sway A7 I have to do something which will guarantee my being well, it's a lucky charm for me, yakotlá-swayA7 she does something so that she is well.

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COMPOSED OF: -atla'sw- luck, fortune, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 s w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atla'swiyo- v.s. be good luck, be lucky, watla 7swiyó it's good luck, wakatla 7swiyó I have good luck, lotla 7swiyó he has good luck, yakotla 7swiyó she has good luck, lonatla7swiyó they (m.) are lucky. Pre-pausal: lonatla7swi-yá With npartitive: niyakotla7swiyó she has such good luck. Aspect class: A. •Niyakotla7swiyó thikA, otkutáhkwA teyakotA-tshu7 bingo. She's so lucky, she's always winning at bingo. COMPOSED OF: -atla'sw- luck, fortune, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: - a t l a ' s w i y o s t -

become lucky. -atla 7 swiyost- v.a. become lucky. wakatla 7swiyósta 7 I get lucky. ukwatla7swi-yóste7 I got lucky, Ahotla?swi-yóste7 he will become lucky. • Khále 7 kAs uhte wíukwatla7swi-yóste7 yah thó te7kanye-yA• owaha7késhu7. And so I got lucky that there was no snow on the roads. (M12) COMPOSED OF: -atla'swiyo- be good luck, be lucky, -st- causative. -atla'wistotshyu- v.a. for the peel or skin to come off. yotla 7wistótshi the peel or skins have come off (e.g., the skins on corn kernels). utla7wistótshi7 the peel or skins came off, Awatla7wistótshi7 the peel or skins will come off. •AtyolihA7 tsi7 niyo-léAwatla 7wistótshP. Boil until the

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peels or skins come off (the corn). (R2) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -la'wistotshyu- remove the peel. NOTE: Many speakers have -atla'wistotshi- word-finally and before a final 7 .atl(e)- plus na'te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be between, be so far apart, tsi7 na7tetyátle7 it's between you and me (incl.), you and I (incl.) are so far apart, na7teyakyátle7 we two (excl.) are that far apart, na7tehyátle7 it's between the two (m.), na?tekyátle7 it's between the two (z.), na7tetwátle7 it's between all of us (incl.), na7teyakwátle7 we (excl.) are that far apart. Pre-pausal: na 7teyakivátele7. Aspect class: B. • Wísk náhte7 niyohslaké na7tehyátle7 sAha7 kA7 nityakoyA 7Askwa 7. There was five years between them (and) she was the youngest. (HI) COMPOSED OF: na 7 te- partitive and dualic, -at- semireflexive, -le- be a distance. DERIVED BASES: .atlunyu- plus na 7 te- partitive and dualic, be between several. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -unyudistributive suffix. - a t l e h a / - a t l e 7 - / - a t l e 7 s l - kin term, grandchild, kheyatléha my granddaughter, I have her as a grandchild, liyatléha my grandson, sheyatléha your granddaughter, etshatléha your grandson, utatatléha her granddaughter, luwatléha her grandson, shakotléha his granddaughter, yethiyatléha our granddaughter, yetshiyatléha your (plural) granddaughter. Kwáte Grandchild! With -oku/-o kú- collective clitic:

kheyatlo?okúha m y grandchildren, sheyatle7okúha your grandchildren, shakotlo7okúha his grandchildren, yethiyatle7okúha our grandchildren. With -shX- collective clitic: wakatle-shAI have grandchildren. With -ka 7 t(e)- be or have a lot of: lonatle7slaká te7 they (m.) have many grandchildren. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: lonatlé-slayA7 they (m.) have a grandchild. • Kwa7nyó kivt• wé-ne lonatle7slaká-te7 sanulhá• khále7 ya7níha. They must have a lot of grandchildren, your mother and father. (PI) DERIVED BASES: y o t l e ' s l X t u h e '

great-grandchild. NOTE: The alternant -atleha is composed of a component -atle- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The component -atle- occurs also before the -shX- collective clitic. The alternant -atle7- occurs before the -oku/-o kúcollective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. The last vowel of -atle 7 sometimes assimilates to the initial vowel of the -oku/-o-kú- collective clitic. The alternant -atle 7 si- is the incorporating form, and the 7 of the 7 sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- v.a. pray. katlA-náyAhe7 I pray, lutlA-náyAhe7 they (m.) pray. wakatlA-náyA7 I'm praying, lotlA-náyA7 he's praying, yakotlA-náyA7 she's praying. wa7utlA-náyA7 she prayed. satlA-náyA Pray! Aspect class: BL. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lAn- song, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -atlAnayAhn- g o to

Oneida-English

pray, go to church; -atlAnayAni-/ -atlAnayAha's- pray for someone, marry someone; watlA-náyAhe' praying mantis; watlA-náyA? church service; yutlAnayAtákhwa' church. NOTE: The alternant -atUnayAtoccurs before the -hkw- instrumental suffix and in atlA-náyAt prayer. -atlAnayAhn- v.m. go to pray, go to church. latlAnayA-hné• he's going to go to church, he comes here to pray. latlAnayA-hné-se7 he goes to church. wa7katlAnayA-hná• I'm on my way to church, wahatlAtiayA-hná• he left to go to church, wa7akwatlAnayA-hnáwe (excl.) are on our way to church. Stative past: yukwatlAnayAhnu-hné• we have gone to church. With srepetitive, and stative past: shotlAnayAhnu-hné• he went to church again. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -hn- dislocative. -atlAnayAni-/-atlAnayAha ? s- v.a. pray for someone, marry someone. luwatlAnayA-níhe7 they're praying for him, yukwatlAnayA-níhe7 she, someone, or they are praying for me. wahuwAnatlAtiayA-há-se7 she or they prayed for them (m.), AhuwAnatlAnayA-há-se7 they're going to pray for them (m.), they're going to be married, AyukwatlAnayA-há-se7 they will pray for me, they will marry me. Stative past: luwatlAnay Atii-hnéthey have prayed for him. COMPOSED OF.- -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -ni-/-ha ? sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnayAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atUnayAha's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the

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?s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atlA-náyAt V > N prayer. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lAn- song, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: See also -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray. -atlAnha't- v.a. wish for. katUnhá-tha7 I wish for it. wakatlAtihá-tu I'm wishing for it. AhsatlAnhahte7 you will wish for it, akatlAnhahte7 I should wish for it. Aspect class: E l . • Watla7swiyó yákA7 thikA, kwáh 7 7 tsi náhte AhsatlAnhahte7 thó ki7 tiAya-wA-. They say it's good luck, just whatever you wish for, it will actually happen. ( N l ) DERIVED BASES: - a t l A n h a ' t A n i - /

-atlAnha'tA- wish someone well or luck. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atlAnha ? tAni-/-atlAnha'tA- v.a. wish someone well or luck. kuyatlAnha7tA-níhe7 I wish or hope well for you, shakotlAnha7tA-níhe7 he keeps wishing her luck. kuyatlAnha7tAní I have wished well for you. wahiyatlAnhá-tA7 I wished him luck, AkuyatlAnhá-tA7 I will wish well for you, akuyatlAnhá-tA7 I should wish well for you. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -atlAnha't- wish for, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atUnha'tAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -atUnha'tA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. •atlAnot- v.a. make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr. latUnótha 7 he plays an instrument, he turns on the radio, •watUnótha? it plays music (e.g., a radio). lotlA-nóte7 he's playing music, yotlA-nóte7 it plays music, she (z.) or it is purring. wa7katlAno-tX- I played music, I turned on the radio, utlAno-tA- she (z.) or it played music, AhatlAno-tA• he will play music, akatlAno-tA• I should play music. Habitual past: latlAnóthahkwe7 he used to play an instrument, lotlAno-táhkwe7 he was playing music (a little while ago). Future stative: AhatlAno-táke7 he will be playing music. With s- repetitive: sakatlAno-tX• I played music again. Aspect class: F. •Kwáh kiví• tyotkutáhkwA ka 7ikA twakatlakalehlástu ki7 uhte wí-, 7 yáh se thakkwe-ní• akatlAno-tX^. I was actually just making noise, I wasn't really able to make a melody. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lAn- song, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -atlAnotani-/

-atlAnothahs- play music for someone; oholó t a ' watlAnótha' wind instrument. atlAnotani-/-atlAnothahs- v.a. play music for someone. kuyatlAnota-níhe 7 I'm playing a tune for you. wa7kuyatlAnóthahse7 I played a tune, melody, or song for you, AkuyatlAnóthahse7 I will play a tune for you, akuyatlAnóthahse7 I should play a song for you. • íhselhe7 kA akuyatlAnóthahse7 Do you want me to play a song for

you? COMPOSED OF: -atlAnot- make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr, -ni-/-hahsbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnotanioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atlAnothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atlAnunyAni-/-atlAnunyA- v.a. use bad medicine on someone, bewitch someone. luzvAnatlAtiunyA-níhe7 she's using bad medicine on them (m.), shakonatlAnunyA-níhe7 they (m.) are using bad medicine on her or them. wahuwAnatlAnúni7 she used bad medicine on them (m.), wa7shakonatlAnúni7 they (m.) used bad medicine on her or them. NOTE: The alternant -atlAnunyAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atlAnunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atlAnunibefore a final 7 . -at-N-lho- v.a. spread oneself with. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wahatyenálho 7 he spread oil on himself, he greased himself up. With -nawa ? tst- mud: wa7katnawa7tstálho7 I got mud all over me, wahsatnawa7tstálho7 you got mud all over you. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -lho-/-elhospread with, cover with. DERIVED BASES: - a t n i k w A h t a l a l h o -

put on lipstick; -atwisklalho- put on face powder. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

Oneida-English 233

.at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread for oneself. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wa7thatyenálho7 he greased it up (for himself). With -wistohsl- butter: wa7thatwistohslálho7 he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), t Ahatwistohslálho7 he will butter it. •/• akwá-shale7 wá-latste7 wa 7thatwistohslálho7. He used my knife to butter it (the bread). COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -N- incorporated noun, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. atlihohlalaks- plus te- dualic, v.a. come across a problem. wa7twakatlihó-lalakse7 I got this problem, I came across a problem, wa7thotlihó-lalakse7 he came across a problem, wa7tyakotlihó-lalakse7 she came across a problem. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .htohlalak-/ .ya 7 tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -hsbenefactive. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. spread news, gossip. tehatlihokwátha7 he's spreading the news, he gossips, teyutlihokwátha7 she gossips. tehotlihokwáhtu he has spread the news. wa7thatlihókwahte7 he went out and about giving news, he gossiped. Aspect class: El.

COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atliholA 7 - v.a. find a way or idea. latliho-l Ase7 he finds or comes up with a way or with ideas. wakatliholA-u I have come up with a w a y . wahatliho-lAne7 he found or came up with it, ayutliho-lAne7 she or someone should get the idea. With s- repetitive: sakatliholAne7 I came up with ideas again. Aspect class: E3. • Kwáh kati7 wf tsi7 ok náhte7 ayutliho-lAne7 tsi7 ok ni-yót tsi7 7 tayutA-tshane áti uhte akt-lu7 yah 7 te satawyá-tu. So just whatever ideas someone can come up with, that's the way to earn (money) even if, I'd say, you haven't gone to school. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?find, discover. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. quarrel, have a falling out. tehatlihotálhos he likes to quarrel. teyukyatlihotálhu we two are quarrelling, we had a falling out, we don't talk anymore because we had this argument. wa7thatlihotálho7 7 he quarrelled. tákA kátsha 7 tAhsatlihotálho Don't quarrel! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose. DERIVED BASES: . a t l i h o t a l h o ' s e - /

.atlihotalho's- plus te- dualic,

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become undecided. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. atlihotalho?se-/.atlihotalho's- plus te- dualic, v.a. become undecided. tewakatlihotalhó-sehe7 I'm undecided, tehotlihotalhó-sehe7 he's undecided, teyakotlihotalhó-sehe7 she's undecided, tá-t tesatlihotalhó-se if you're undecided. wa7twakatlihotálhohse7 I became undecided, I argued or debated with myself. Aspect class: Al. • Tá-t

tesatlihotalhó-se,

tákA7

kwí-

thó yAhAhse. If you can't decide, then don't go. COMPOSED OF: .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, quarrel, have a falling out, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

.atlihotalho'se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atlihotalho ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -atlihut- v.a. do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in. wakatlíhute7 this is the kind of job I do, I'm an official, satlíhute7 this is the job you do, lotlíhute7 this is the job he does, yakotlíhute7 she has a position. Akatlihu-tA- I will become involved in it (e.g., an organization). With t- cislocative, and habitual past: thotlihu-táhkwe7 that's what he used to do as a job. With tshcoincident: tsha7katlihu-tA• when I got the position. • Náhte7 satlíhute7. What do you do? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: - a t l i h u t u n y u -

become involved in things; lonatlihu-tú- officials. -atlihutunyu- v.a. become involved in things, katlihutúnyuhe7 I become involved in things. Ahsatlihutúni7 you will become involved in things. COMPOSED OF: - a t l i h u t - d o a j o b ,

carry out official duties, get involved in, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: M a n y speakers have -atlihutuni- before a final 7 . .atlihwahkwishlu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. really mean something, be serious about, tkatlihwahkwíshluhe7 I really mean it, I'm really serious about it. takatlihwahkwíshlu7 I really meant, I really made a point of it. COMPOSED OF: t- c i s l o c a t i v e , -at-

semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahkwishlu- try hard, struggle, do intensely. -atlihwahnot- v.a. give a sermon. latlihwahnótha7 he gives sermons. lotlihwá-note7 he's giving a sermon. wahatlihwahno-tA• he gave a sermon, Ahatlihwahno-tA• he will give a sermon. Aspect class: F. • Né- s thikA tsi7 ka-yA• né- kwítsi7 tyoyanáhA náhte7 niholiho7tA-hné• ka7ikX n wahatu-kóhte7, tá-t lolihwiyostú-ne7 nA kwí- né-, néúhka7 ki7 ok kwí• thó wá-lewe7 thikA Ahatlihwahno-tAkA-. Usually it's done according to whatever the custom was of the one who passed (i.e., died), if he was Christian, then someone came to give a sermon. (M15)

Oneida-English

NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, and a verb root -ahnot-, which occurs also in -wAnahnot- read. The root -ahnot- is probably related to -ahnotu- flood. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atlihwahsluni- plus s- repetitive, v.a. make up with one another, come to an agreement, tsityatlihwahslu-níhe7 you and I (incl.) are making up (e.g., after a fight), tsyukyatlihwahsluní we two have made up. setyatlihwahslu-níyou and I (incl.) made up, sahyatlihwahslu-ní• the two (m.) made up, sahutlihwahslu-ní• they (m.) made up, Atsityatlihivahslu-ní• you and I will make up. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -lihwahsluni- negotiate, make a deal. -atlihwahtAty-/-atlihwahtAtye- v.a. get underway, yotlihwaht Ati it's going on, it's underway. utlihwahtA-tí• it got underway. •Nók tsi7 thó s ki7 né• wá-kehte7 nále7 wí• yotlihwahtAti. But I go there whenever there's something going on. (PI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. DERIVED BASES: - a t l i h w a h t A t y e ' t -

conduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs. NOTE: The alternant -atlihwahtAtye- occurs before the - ' t - causative suffix, -atlihwahtAtyoccurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -atlihwahtAty- plus the -u stative

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suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -atlihwahtAty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atlihwahtAtye't- v.a. conduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs. katlihwahtAtyé tha7 I conduct meetings. wakatlihwahUtyé-tu I'm conducting the meeting, yukwatlihwahtAtyé-tu we're conducting ourselves or our affairs, lonatlihwahtAtyé-tu they (m.) are conducting their affairs. AkatlihwahtAtyehte7 I will conduct or start the meeting, ayutlihwahtAtyehte7 they (people; should conduct their affairs. With s repetitive: shonatlihwahtAtyé-tu they (m.) are conducting their affair; again. Aspect class: EL. •Kwáh kAs kwi• nók tsi7 yana 7tu-níhe7kA• tsi7 myukwaliho7 7 7 tAhake Atetwaye-líte t s i 7 náhte7 yukwatlihwahtAtyé-tu. It was just that he's showing you that we shoul behave, we should conduct our affair in the right way. (M5) COMPOSED OF: -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye- get underway, -?tcausative. DERIVED BASES:

-atlihwahtAtye'tuhatye- go along conducting business or one's affairs. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atlihwahtAtye'tuhatye- v.m. go along conducting business or one's affairs. yukwatlihwahtAtye7túáti7 we'n going along conducting our affairs. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwahtAtye'tconduct business, a meeting, or one's affairs, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

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NOTE: Many speakers have -atlihwahtAtye'tuhati- before a final 7. -atlihwakehtat- v.a. take over a burden. latlihwakéhtats he takes over the burden, wahatlihwakéhtate7 he took over the burden. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back. .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue. tehyatlihwakAnyehse7 the two (m.) argue, teky atlihwakAny ehse 7 the two (z.) argue. tehonatlihwakAni they (m.) are arguing. wa7tkatlihwakA-ní• I argued, wa7thyatlihwakA-ní• the two (m.) argued. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atlihwakwalihsyu- v.s. be honest. wakatlihwakwalíhsi I'm honest, yakotlihwakwalíhsi she's honest, lotlihwakwalíhsi he's honest. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -attakwalihsyu-/-at-N-kwalihsyube straight, be level, have good posture. NOTE: Many speakers have -atlihwakwalihsi- word-finally. -atlihwatahuhsatat- v.a. listen to what's going on. katlihwatahúhsatats I listen to what's going on. wakatlihwatahuhsatatú I have

listened to what's going on. wa7katlihwatahúhsatate7 I listened to what's going on, ayakwatlihwatahúhsatate7

we

(excl.) should listen to what's going on. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atahuhsatat- listen. .atlihwatenyAni-/.atlihwatenyA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.a. change one's mind. teswakatlihwatenyA-níhe7 I'm of two minds about something. teswakatlihwatenyAni I have changed my mind. tusukwatlihwaténi7 I changed my mind, tusahotlihwaténi7 he changed his mind. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -atsemireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something, - A n i - / - A - benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atlihwatenyAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant .atlihwatenyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have .atlihwatenibefore a final -atlihwate'kw- v.a. avoid. katlihwaté-kwas I'm avoiding it, I don't want to talk about it. wahatlihwaté-ko7 he avoided it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ate'kw- run away, flee. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atlihwate'waht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. commit a crime or wrongdoing, do

Oneida-English

something inappropriate. skatlihwate7wátha7 I commit crimes. swakatlihwate7wáhtu I have committed a crime. sakatlihwaté7wahte7 I did something inappropriate. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .ate'waht- plus s- repetitive, miss a target. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .atlihwatA'tsha 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. be due payment, reward, or thanks. tekatlihwatA-tsha7as that's the thanks I get. tewakatlihwatA-tshu7 that's what was owed to me in the way of reward. wa7tkatlihwatA-tshane7 that's how much thanks I got. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atA'tsha 7 - plus tedualic, earn, win. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a 7 -u is replaced by -u 7 . -atlihwatkweny- v.a. win an argument or debate. katlihwatkwényehse7 I'm always winning (arguments, debates). lotlihwatkwéni he has won. wa 7katlihwatkwe-ní• I won, wahatlihwatkwe-ní• he won. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atkweny- win. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the

237

-u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atlihwatshAlya 7 se-/ -atlihwatshAlya 7 s- v.a. find information for someone. kheyatlihwatshAlyá-sehe7 I'm digging up information for her or them, liyatlihwatshAlyá-sehe7 I'm digging up information for him. wa7kheyatlihwatshAlyahse7 I found out information for her or them. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain, - 7 se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atlihwatshAlya7se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -atlihwatshAlya 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -atlihwatstahl- v.a. be unable to find a word, katlihwatstá-lus I can't find the word or reason, lotlihwatstá-lu he hasn't been able to find the word or reason. wa7katlihwátstale7 I can't find a word or reason. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atstahl- be unable to find something. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. -atlihwatstelist- v.a. take charge of someone's affairs. liyatlihwatstelísta7 I'm taking charge of his business or affairs (e.g.,

238

Orieida-English

I assume power-of-attorney), I'm his advocate, shakotlihwatstelísta7 he takes charge of her business. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -atstelist- take charge, look after. DERIVED BASES:

-atlihwatstelistAni-/ -atlihwatstelistA- take charge of someone's affairs. -atlihwatstelistAni-/ -atlihwatstelistA- v.a. take charge of someone's affairs. UyatlihwatstelistA-níhe7 I'm in complete charge of his business, his matters. liyatlihwatstelistAní I have taken charge of his matters. wahiyatlihwatstelíslA7 I took charge of his matters. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwatstelisttake charge of someone's affairs, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: T h e alternant

-atlihwatstelistAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atlihwatstelistA- occurs in the punctual aspect. This base differs only slightly in meaning from the component base without the benefactive. Apparently this base signals a greater degree of control over the other person's matters. -atlihwattok- v.a. katlihwattókha7 latlihwattókha7 yutlihwattókha7 Habitual past:

be smart. I'm smart, he's smart, she's smart.

I was smart. Future stative: Akatlihwattókhake7 I will be smart. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -attok- be well-informed, katlihwattókhahkwe7

be wise, be stingy. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -atlihwatye'ni- v.s. be talkative. wakatlihwatyé-ni I'm talkative, yakotlihwatyé-ni she's talkative, lotlihwatyé-ni he's talkative, lonatlihwatyé-ni they (m.) are talkative. Stative past: yakotlihwatye7ni-hné•

she was

talkative. Future stative:

she will be talkative. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihotlihwatyé-ni he talks so much, he's a busybody. With te ? - negative: yáh te7yakotlihwatyé-ni she's not talkative. Aspect class: A. • Tsi7 nihotlihwatyé-ni thikA lukwé, tyótkut lóthale7 Is he ever a talker that man, he's always talking. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwatye'nihtbecome talkative. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, word, etc., and a verbal component -atye ? ni-, which occurs also in -atye'niht- accumulate, get enough of. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ayakotlihwatye7níhake7

-atlihwatye'niht- v.a. become talkative, wahatlihwatyé-nihte7 he started talking a whole lot, wa7utlihwatyé-nihte7 she started talking a lot. COMPOSED OF: -atlihwatye'ni- be talkative, -ht- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, v.a. compromise, tehutlihwayésta7 they compromise. wa7thutlí-wayeste7

Oneida-English

they (m.) compromised. tetyatlí-wayest Let's you and I (incl.) compromise! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlihwisa'- v.a. agree, talk over, consider, commit oneself, date. yatlihwísa7as the two (m.) are talking it over, they're dating one another, lonatlihwísu7 they (m.) agreed, they have a date. wa7katlihwísane7 I committed myself to it, wahyatlihwísane7 the two (m.) agreed, Akatlihwísane7 I will agree. With t- cislocative: thyatlihwísa7as there the two (m.) are talking over the matter. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsa'-/-isa ? - finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . -atliletst- v.a. extend, make longer. wa7katli-létste7 I extended it, I made it longer (e.g., a clothesline). NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun root -lil- row, line, extended sequence; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atlislakwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up one's pant legs. wa7tkatlislakwátho7 I rolled up my pant legs, tehsatlislakwátho Roll up your pant legs! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

239

-list- pant leg, .kwatho- plus tedualic, roll up, hem. .atlislAht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. roll down one's pant legs. tkatíislAtha 7 I'm rolling down my pant legs, thatlislAtha 7 he's rolling down his pant legs. iwakatlislAhtu I have rolled down my pant legs. takatli-slAhte7 I rolled down my pant legs. With te- dualic: tutakatli-slAhte7 I rolled my pant legs back down again, tutasatli-slAt Roll your pant legs back down! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lisl- pant leg, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/ .Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -atlistakalehlast- v.a. ring a bell. katlistakalehlásta7 I'm ringing the bell, wakatlistakalehlástu I have rung the bell. wa7katlistakalé-laste7 I rang the bell, satlistakalé-last Ring the bell! Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-listakal-Mistakalel-/ -listakalehl- for a bell to ring, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES:

yutlistakalehlásta? bell. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlistayA- v.a. set a trap. wakatlístayA7 I have a trap set up, lotlístayA 7 he has a trap set up. wahatlístayA7

he set a trap.

COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store.

240

Orieida-English

-atliyo- v.a. fight, katli-yós I fight, I'm a fighter, latli-yós he fights. wakatliyó

I'm f i g h t i n g , lotliyó

he's

fighting, swatliyó you all are fighting. wa7katli-yó• I fought, wahutli-yó• they (m.) fought, Akatli-yó• I will fight. With t- cislocative: tahyatli yó• the two (m.) fought there. With -kó- augmentative clitic: latliyoskó• he's a big fighter. Aspect class: A2. • Né- wí• ka7ikA tsi7 nikakaló-tA yotlátstu yákA? wahutli-yó• ka-yA• lotistó-slote7 khále7

nahatiya?tó-tA7.

tsi7 kályo7

The way the story

goes, it happened, so they say, that the feathered ones and the animals fought. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill. DERIVED BASES: - a t l i y o h s - g o to

fight; watliyó war. -atliyohs- v.a. go to fight. katliyóhse7 I'm going to fight. wa^katliyóhsa7 I'm going to go there and fight. COMPOSED OF: -atliyo- fight, -hsdislocative. -atli'waksa't- v.a. get cross, get upset. latli7xvaksá-tha7 he keeps getting angry or mad, he gets upset, he throws tantrums, lotli^aksá-tu he's upset (e.g., when a baby is crying). wahatli7wáksahte7

he got angry or

upset, he threw a tantrum. With srepetitive: sahatli7wáksahte7 he got upset again. Aspect class: El. • Tá-thuni7

Awaká-SAhse7, nA ki7

wí- thó sahatli7wáksahte7 Or I'd drop them (tobacco leaves), so then he'd get angry again. (03) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -li'waks(A)- be cross, be badtempered, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is

ale7

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atlohlok-/-atlohl- v.a. watch, look. katló-loks I watch, I look (with attention), liyatló-loks I watch him (e.g., on TV), wakatló-lu I have watched, I'm watching, yakotló-lu she or someone is watching, yukzvatló-lu we have watched, lonatló-lu they (m.) are watching, shakotló-lu he's watching her or them. wa7katló-loke7 I watched, wahiyatló-loke7

I watched him,

Akatló-loke7 I will watch, Aswatló-loke7 you all will watch. satló-lok L o o k ! swatló-lok Y o u all watch! etshatló-lok Watch him!

Stative past: wakatlohlú-ne7 I had looked. With s- repetitive: sahutló-loke7 they (m.) watched again. Aspect class: E2. • NAki7ale7 wíwahiyatló-loke7 7 7 thikA wa shakoyA-séle kwa7yAha. So then I watched him skin the rabbits. (NL) DERIVED BASES: - a t l o h l o k h - g o to

watch, go to look. NOTE: The alternant -atlohlokoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -h- dislocative suffix, -atlohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atlohlokh- v.m. go to watch, go to look, katlohlókhe 7 I arrived to look at it (e.g., to watch a show on TV). katlohlókhehse7 I go there to watch. wakatlohlókhu I have gone there to watch. wa7katlohlókha7 I'm on my way to look at it. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: - a t l o h l o k - / - a t l o h l -

watch, look, -h- dislocative.

Oneida-English

.atluhkwe 7 na ? kt-/.atluhkwe?na ? ketplus te- dualic, v.a. slump over. tehotluhkwe7ná-ktu he's slumped over, teyakotluhkwe7ná-ktu she's slumped over. wa7thatluhkwe7ná-kete7 he slumped over. COMPOSED OF: -luhkwe'n- spine, .atsha ? kt-/.atsha ? ket-/.at-N-a ? kt/.at-N-a7ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. NOTE: The alternant .atluhkwe?na7kt- occurs in the stative aspect, .atluhkwe 7 na ? ketoccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atluhya'tahkw- v.a. not cooperate, resist. yutluhya7tákhwa7 she's uncooperative, she doesn't cooperate, latluhya7tákhwa7 he doesn't cooperate. wahakwatluhyá-tahkwe7 he didn't cooperate with me, he resisted me, wahuwatluhyá-tahkwe7 she resisted him, Ahakwatluhyá-tahkwe7 he will resist me. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -luhya'tahkw- be uncooperative. DERIVED BASES:

-atluhya'tahkwAni-/ -atluhya'tahkwA- not cooperate with someone, resist someone. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa?. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atluhya'tahkwAni-/ -atluhya'tahkwA- v.a. not cooperate with someone, resist someone. }akwatluhya7tahkwA-riíhe7 he's resisting me, kuyatluhya?tahkwA-níhe7 I'm resisting you. lakwatluhya7tahkwAní

241

he has resisted me. wahakwatluhya t á h k w A he resisted me. Aspect class: Al. 7

7

COMPOSED OF: -atluhya'tahkw- not

cooperate, resist, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: T h e alternant

-atluhya'tahkwAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects,

-atluhya?tahkwA- occurs in the punctual aspect. atlunyu- plus na'te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be between several. na7tekutlúni7 it's between several things, they (z.) are that far apart. Aspect class: B. • Né-n tahnú• se7kAS wí- né-n 7 na tekutlúni7kA- tsi7 yukwanuhso-túné-n, yáh kAs ki7 a 7nyó te7wé-ni kAtsi7 niswakka7táti7 kA- thikA tie7n oyá-n HA sa-kéwe7 And so then our houses were far apart, and so it seemed amazing how much oyá-n I had with me when I got home. (M12) COMPOSED OF: .atl(e)- plus na?tepartitive and dualic, be between, be so far apart, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlunibefore a final 7 . -atlutot- v.a. put up a tree, have a Christmas concert, latlutótha7 he's putting up a (Christmas) tree. yukyatlu-tóte7 we two have put up a tree. Ahatluto-tA- he will put up a tree, aetyatluto-tA- you and I (incl.) should put up a tree, aetwatluto-tAwe (incl.) should put up a tree. With t- cislocative: thonatlu-tóte7 they (m.) are having a Christmas concert. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert. DERIVED BASES: -atlutota'n- intend

242

Orieida-English

to put up a tree, have a Christmas concert.

went along doing somersaults. COMPOSED OF: .atlu 7 taketskwaht-

plus te- dualic, somersault, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atlu'taketskwahtani- before a final

-atlutota'n- v.m. intend to put up a tree, have a Christmas concert. katlutotá-ne7 I'm going to put up a

tree. With t- cislocative: thó thutlutotá-ne7 there they (m.) are going to have a Christmas concert.

-atlu'tot- v.a. s t a n d on one's head. wahatlu 7to tX- he stood on his head, wa 7utlu 7to tA• she stood on her head. satlu 7to tA Stand on your head!

COMPOSED OF: -atlutot- put up a

tree, have a Christmas concert, - 7 ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 'n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lu'tot- be standing on one's head.

-atluwalahlunyu- v.a. attach wires here and there, yukwatluwalahlúni7 we have wires attached (e.g., for clotheslines, or for hydroelectric power), wa7katluwalahlúni7

I put up

wires (e.g., my clothesline).

contrastive: yáh thaútnane7

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

•Tó• nikú lotná-nu. (We're picking strawberries, and I ask) How many does he have filled up?

.atlu'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. tehatlu

7taketskwátha

7

he turns somersaults. tehotlu7taketsku>áhtu

he has turned

a somersault. wa7thatlu?takétskwahte7 he turned a somersault. tehsatlu7takétskwat

Turn a somersault! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lu'thead, -atketskw- get up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

,atlu 7 taketskwahtanyu- plus tedualic, somersault repeatedly. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. .atlu'taketskwahtanyu- plus tedualic, v.a. somersault repeatedly. wa7tyutlu7taketskwahtáni7

she

it

wouldn't get filled up.

-luwalahlunyu- for wires to be attached here and there. NOTE: Many speakers have -atluwalahluni- before a final 7 . somersault,

-atnahn- v.a. fill up for oneself. lotná-nu he has filled it up, yotná-nu it's filled up, it has become fulfilled (e.g., predictions about the future). wa7kátnane7 I filled it up, wahátnane7 he filled it up, útnane7 she (z.) or it filled it up. With th-

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nahn- fill. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. .atnahsut- plus te- dualic, v.a. button up oneself, tekatnahsútha7 I'm buttoning it up (e.g., my shirt). tewakatnáhsute7 I have buttoned it up. wa7tekatnahsu-tA• I buttoned it up. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.nahsut-/.ya 7 tanahsut- plus tedualic, fasten, button. -atnaktahslisa 7 - v.a. finish making up a b e d .

wa7katnaktahslísane7

I

finished fixing up or preparing a bed, Akatnaktahslísane7 I will finish

Oneida-English 243

making up th^ bed. With tsh- coincident: tsha ?ka tnaktahslísane 7 when I finished fixing U p t he bed. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the j^oun base -nakt- bed, place, space, a n d a component -hslisa 7 -, whi c h is related to the base -hsa ? -/-i s a ?_ finish. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atnaktayA- v. s . be a bed or place set up. yukwatnáktayA7 our bed is set up. Aspect cl a s s ; B. • Né- wa?ó-kaiaioe7 thikA ké-yale7 wa7ukwAtá-x

Vfia?/

yohsuhtaká-lute7

thikA thó yukwatnáktayA7. And this one night I remember we went to bed, our bed \vas set by the window. (CI)

COMPOSED O F : _at- semireflexive, -nakt- bed, p l a c e , space, -yA-/-yAtlay down, pl^ ce , have. -atnaktiyost- v. a . make oneself comfortable, latnaktiyósta7 he's making himself comfortable. lotnaktiyóstu he has made himself comfortable. wa7katnakti-yóste7 I made myself comfortable. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED O F : -at- semireflexive, -naktiyo- be comfortable, -st- causative. -atnaskwayA- v a keep livestock. lutnáskivayAhe7 they (m.) keep animals or livestock. COMPOSED Q>f. - n askw-/-nAskw-

domestic anitnal, pet, slave, -atyA-/ -atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, s tore. .atnathalho- pl U s t e . dualic, v.a. comb one's hair. tehatnathálhos he's combing his hair, tehotnathálhu he has combed His hair.

he combed his hair. With s- repetitive: wa7thatnathálho7

teshatnathálhos

he's combing his

hair again, tusahatnathálho7 he combed his hair again. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.nathalho- plus te- dualic, comb someone's hair. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -atnawilanhutakw- v.a. take out one's dentures,

wahatnawilanhuta-kó•

he

took out his dentures. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, -atenhutakw- take out of one's mouth. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atnawilanhuta'- v.a. put in one's dentures, wahatnawilanhútane7 he put in his dentures. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, -atenhuta7- put into one's mouth. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth, tehatnawilatényehse7 he's losing his baby teeth and getting new teeth, tehotnawilaténi he has lost his baby teeth. wa7thatnawilate-tithe lost his baby teeth. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, .atteny-/.attenyu- plus tedualic, change. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

244

Orieida-English

I put on a headband. Aspect class: D2. wa

7tkatna?alánhake7

-atnawilohale- v.a. brush one's teeth. yutnawilóhalehe7 she's brushing her teeth, latnawilóhalehe7 he's brushing his teeth, yakotnawilóhale she has brushed her teeth. wa7katnawilóhale7

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-na'al- head, skull, .hwanhak-/ .hwanh-/.nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle. DERIVED BASES: atna'alanhásta? or teyutna7 alanhásta7 headband, bandanna, kerchief.

I brushed my

teeth, Akatnawilóhale? I will brush my teeth, satnawilóhale Brush your teeth'. Aspect class: Al.

NOTE: The alternant

COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

.atna7alanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, . a t n a ? a l a n h occurs in the stative aspect and before the -st- causative suffix.

tooth, -atya'tohale-/-at-N-ohalewash oneself, wash for oneself. -atnawilot- v.a. get teeth. latnawilótha7 he's getting teeth, he's teething, yutnawilóiha7 she's

atna'alanhásta7 V > N bandanna, kerchief.

teething. wahatnawilo-tA• he got a

tooth, Ahatnawilo-tA• he will get a tooth. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nawilot- have teeth. -atnawilotakw- v.a. lose one's tooth, pull one's tooth, wahatnawílota-kóhe lost a tooth, akatnawilota-kó• 1 should lose my tooth. •Tshikeksá-

ké-yale7

wa7o7nétskane7

s thikA nále

7

knawí-ke UA thó

akatnawilota-kó•

khále7

aknulhá-

When I was a little girl I remember that my tooth got loose, it was close to the time for me to lose it and my mother notified my aunt. (M14)

ya7utáthAle7

akwatauntie.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .atna'alanhak-/.atna'alanh- plus tedualic, v.a. put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief. tekatna ?alánhaks I'm putting on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief. tewakatna7alánhA I have a headband on, tehonatna7alánhA they (m.) have headbands on.

headband,

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.atna 7 alanhak-/.atna 7 alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief, -st- causative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base. Another word for 'headband, bandanna, kerchief is teyutna'alanhásta 7 . -atna?aluty-/-atna?alutye- v.a. bump on the head, butt. shakotna7alútyehse7 he keeps bumping her on the head. wa7shakotna7alu-tíhe bumped her on the head, ivahotna7alu-tí• he bumped him, she (z.) or it bumped him on the head. COMPOSED OF-, -at- semireflexive,

-na'al- head, skull, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. DERIVED BASES-. - a t n a 7 a l u t y e h s l u -

bump on the head repeatedlyNOTE: The alternant - a t n a 7 a l u t y e occurs before the -hslu- distributive suffix. The alternant -atna 7 alutyoccurs elsewhere, and the final y is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

-atna'alutyehslu- v.a. bump on the head repeatedly. shakotna 7alutyéhsluhe 7 he's repeatedly bumping her on the head. wa7shakotna7alutyéhslu7 he bumped her on the head a few times. COMPOSED OF: -atna'aluty-/

-atna'alutye- bump on the head, butt, -hslu- distributive. .atna'kel- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be a copycat, twakatna 7kelA I'm a copycat, tyakotna7kelA she's a copycat, thotna 7kelA he's a copycat. Prepausal: thotna7ke-lA. Aspect class: D. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a verb root -na?kel-, which occurs also in .na ? kelani-/.na'kelA- plus tcislocative, imitate, copy someone; and .atAna'kelaht- plus te- dualic, follow a pattern, note how something is done. -atna'kolyAni-/-atna'kolyA- v.a. get angry, become cross, become unruly. lotna7kolyA-níhe7 he's becoming angry or cross, he's becoming unruly (e.g., a child). wahotna7kóli7 he got angry. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-na'kw- anger, -N-oli-/-N-olydrive, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atna?kolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atna'kolyAoccurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atna'koli- before a final 7 . -atna'skwahsluni- v.a. get ready for bed. katna7skwahslu-níhe7 I'm getting ready for bed. lotna7skwahsluní he's bedded down. wa7katna7skwahslu-ní• I got ready for bed. Aspect class: Al.

245

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-na'skwahsluni- get someone ready for bed. -atna'skwayA- v.a. lie down, curl up, snuggle under the covers. lotná-skwayA7 he has lain down (so that he's curled up). wa 7katná-skwayA 7 I lay down,

snuggling under the covers, I went to bed, wa 7utná-skwayA 7 she lay down, Akatná-skwayA 7 I will lie down. With tsh- coincident: tshahsatná-skwayA7 when you went to bed. With th- contrastive: yáh thahsatná-skwayA7

you won't lie

down. • Tó• niyohwistá-e tshahsattiá-skwayA7 kwa7ahsu-té\ What time did you go to bed last night? Yoshno-lé• wa7katná-skwayA7 só-tsi7 7 7 yáh te wakata kali-t&. Iwentto bed early (because) I wasn't feeling too well. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-na'skwayA- be lying curled up. NOTE: The 7 of the ? skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atna'skwisa 7 - v.a. settle down to sleep. wa7katna7skwísane7 I settled down to sleep. With tsh- coincident: tsha7katna7skwísane7 when I settled down to sleep. • Kwáh nA tsha7katna7skwísane7 nA tahanhotúkwahte7. I had just settled down to sleep when he suddenly threw open the door. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-na'skw- curled-up body, -hsa'-/ -isa'- finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

246

Orieida-English

-atna'talisa 7 - v.a. finish making bread. wa7katna7talísane7 I finished making bread. With srepetitive: swakatna7talísu7 I have finished making bread again. •Né- kati7 wí- lake7nihkA sá-lawe7 thikA, wa7kí-lu7 "nA ki7 néswakatna 7talísu 7." So then my late father came home, I said "so I finished making bread." (CI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -na'tal- bread, cake, -hsa?-/-isa ? finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. See .atla ? nekal(u)-/ .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic. -atnAstat- v.s. have a corn. wakatnAstate7 I have a corn (on my foot), yakotnAstate 7 she has a corn, lotnAstate 7 he has a corn. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -nAst- corn; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atnAtshakwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up one's sleeves. tekatnAtshakwáthos I'm rolling up my sleeves. wa?tkatnAtshakwátho7 I rolled up my sleeves. tehsatnAtshakwátho Roll up your sleeves! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .kwatho- plus te- dualic, roll up, hem. .atnAtshalunyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. wave. tethatnAtshalúnyuhe7 he's waving, tetyutnAtshalúnyuhe7 she's waving.

tutahatnAtshalúni7 he waved. ya7tehsatnAtshalúni Wave! • Ya ?tehsatnAtshalúni ni-yót tetyutnAtshalúnyuhe7 thikA yakukwé. Wave since that lady is waving! COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative or ya'te- translocative and dualic, -at- semireflexive, -nAtsharm, sleeve, -1- be in or on, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atnAtshaluni- before a final 7 .

.atnAtsha'sel-/.atnAtsha'slu- plus tedualic, v.a. cross one's arms. tekatnAtsha 7sélha 7 I'm crossing my arms. wa7tyutnAtshá-slu7 she crossed her arms. Pre-pausal: wa 7tyutnAtshá-selu7. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nAtsha'slu-/.nAtsha'sel- plus tedualic, have one's arms crossed. NOTE: The alternant .atnAtsha'seloccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .atrvAtsha'slu- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnAtshot- v.a. raise one's arm, surrender, wa 7katnAtsho-tA- I put up my arm, I surrendered, I gave up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nAtshot- have one's arm raised. .atnAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. hook one's arm through someone else's. tehiyatnAtshotálhos I keep putting my arm through his. tehiyatnAtshotálhu I have my arm through his. wa7thiyatnAtshotálho7 I took his arm by putting my arm through his. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, for something to be hooked over one's

Oneida-English

arm. DERIVED BASES:

.atnAtshotalhuhatye- plus tedualic, go along with one's arm hooked through something. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atnAtshotalhuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along with one's arm hooked through something. tewakatriAtshotalhuháti7

I'm going

along with my arm hooked through something or through someone else's arm, tehottiAtshotalhuháti7 he's going along with his arm hooked through, tehiyatnAtshotalhuháti7 I'm going along with my arm through his. COMPOSED OF: .atnAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, hook one's arm through someone else's, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atnAtshotalhuhati- before a final 7 . atnAyálho7 N immense giant, monster. AttiAyálho7 úhte. Darn it! NOTE: Also used as an exclamation. May be composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -nAy- stone, the alternant -lho- of the verb base -lho/-elho- spread with, cover with, and noun suffix. -atnAyustAni-/-atnAyustA- v.a. brag, show off, attempt to arouse jealousy in someone. yukwatriAyustA-níhe7 she brags to me and tries to make me jealous, shakotnAyustA-níhe7 he brags to her or them. wa7shakotnAyústA7 he bragged to her or them. NOTE: The alternant -atnAyustAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atnAyustA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

247

- a t n i k w A h t a l a l h o - v.a. p u t o n lipstick. yutnikwAhtalálhos she puts

on lipstick. yakotnikwAhtalálhu she has lipstick on. she p u t o n

wa7utnikwAhtalálho7

lipstick. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhtal- red,

-at-N-lho- spread oneself with. DERIVED BASES:

yutnikwAhtalalhó t h a ' lipstick. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atniskuwaluni- plus te- dualic, v.a. dirty one's face. tekatniskuwalu-níhe7 I'm making my face dirty, tehatniskuwalu-níhe7 he's making his face dirty, teyutniskuwalu-níhe7 she's making her face dirty, tewakatniskuwaluní I have dirtied my face. he dirtied his

wa 7thatniskuwalu-ní•

face. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.niskuwal- plus te- dualic, have a dirty face, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -atnitstakwalalho- v.a. get dirty. katnitstakwalálhos

I'm getting

dirty, wakatnitstakwalálhu I have gotten dirty, lotnitstakwalálhu he has gotten dirty. wa7katnitstakwalálho7 I got dirty, wahatnitstakwalálho7 he got dirty, wa7utnitstakwalálho7 she got dirty, Akatnitstakwalálho7 I will get dirty. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nitstakwalalho- get someone dirty. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself. See -at-N-nyut-/ -at-N-niyut-.

248 Orieida-English

-atnuhkwislAht- v.a. for one's hair to fall out. latnuhkwislAtha7 his hair is falling out. lotnuhkwislAhtu his hair has fallen out. wahatnuhkwísUhte7 his hair fell out, AhatnuhkwísUhte7 his hair will fall out. Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- hair, -N-Ahtdrop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atnuhsik- v.a. fill a tobacco kiln. wa7akwatnúhsike7 we (excl.) filled the kiln, Ayakwatnúhsike7

we

(excl.) will fill the kiln, ayakwatnúhsike7 we (excl.) should fill the kiln. With n- partitive: na7akwatnúhsike7 how we (excl.) filled the kiln. • NÉ- kati7 alá• la-té- s yokAtiolú yáh thyaya-wA• tsi7 wa7ukzvayo-tAtsyo?lé• wa7akwatnúhsike7 nA wa 7akwatkA-lahte7 So that's whyhe said (even if) it's raining, we had to work until we filled the kiln, then we quit. (03) COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -at-N-ik- fill up completely. -atnuhsot- v.a. katnuhsótha7 the top to my or umbrella), the top up.

put the top up. I put the top up (e.g., convertible car, a tent, wakatnúhsote7 I have

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nuhsot- be a house or building, standing. -atnuhtu't- v.a. wait, katnuhtú-tha7 I keep waiting, I wait now and again. wakatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting, yakotnuhtú-tu she's waiting, lotnuhtú-tu he's waiting, yukwatnuhtú-tu we're waiting, lonatnuhtú-tu they (m.) are waiting,

kuyatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting for you, liyatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting for him. wa7akwatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) waited, wa7kuyatnúhtuhte7 I waited for you, wa7kheyatnúhtuhte7 I waited for her or someone, wa7akhiyatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) waited for her or them, Akatnúhtuhte7 I will wait, Ahutnúhtuhte7 they (m.) will wait, ahatnúhtuhte? he should wait. satnúhtuht Wait! Stative past: wakatnuhtu7tú-ne7 I was waiting. Future stative: Awakatnuhtu?túhake I will be waiting. With t- cislocative: Atyakwatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) will wait there. With n- partitive: kAh nú- nikatnuhtú-tha7 here is where I wait. With tsh- coincident: tshikuyatnuhtú-tu when I'm waiting for you. Aspect class: El. • Tékni tsha7teyohwistá-e tshikuyatnuhtú-tu. I've been waiting for you since 2 o'clock. DERIVED BASES: - a t n u h t u ? t a ? n - go to

wait. NOTE: The

of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. 7

-atnuhtu'ta'n- v.m. go to wait. katnuhtu7tá-ne7 I came here to wait. wa7katnuhtu 7tá-na7 I'm going someplace to wait. COMPOSED OF: -atnuhtu't- wait, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnuhwe'lhAht- v.a. shed fur. latnuhwe7lhAtha7 he's shedding. lotnuhwe7lhAhtu he has shed. Ahatnuhwé-lhAhte7 he will shed. Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

Oneida-English

-nuhwe'lh- fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyA- v.a. feel like dancing, wakatnunyolyA-nthe7 I'm getting this feeling of wanting to dance, ukwatnunyóli7 this feeling of wanting to dance came over me. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nuny- dance, -N-oli-/-N-oly- drive, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atnunyolyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atnunyolyAoccurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -atnunyoli- before a final 7 . .atnusayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. squat close to the ground. tekatnu-sáyAhe7 I squat. tAkatnu-sáyA7 I will squat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nusayA- plus te- dualic, be squatting close to the ground. .atnusot- plus te- dualic, v.a. squat, crouch, tekatnusótha7 I squat. tewakatnu-sóte7 I have gotten into a squatting position. tAkatnuso-tX• I will squat, tehsatnu-sót Squat! Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .nusot- plus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching. NOTE: Also used euphemistically for 'go to the bathroom'. -atnutek- v.s. be covered, yotnutekú it's covered, it has a cover on it. Prepausal: yotnute-kú. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -nutek- cover with a lid. DERIVED BASES: - a t n u t e k t - /

-atnutekta'tsl- lid, cover.

249

-atnutekt-/-atnutekta?tsl- v. > n. lid, cover, atnutékta7 lid, cover. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: Votnutektá-tslayA7 it has a cover or lid that goes with it. • Yotnutektá-tslayA7 kA ka7i-kA. Does this have a cover? COMPOSED OF: -atnutek- be covered, "ht- causative. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -atnutekt- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -atnutekta'tsl-, with the - 7 tsl- nomirtalizer suffix, is the incorporating form, and the 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented Vowels. Another word for 'lid, cover' is yutnutékta'. -atnutli't- n. the crack in one's behind, anus, otnutlí-ta7 the crack in one's behind, anus. DERIVED BASES-. -atnutli'tayASlang: sit on it, shut up; Satnutli'táthi Slang: Get the heck out of the way! NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutli'tayA- v.a. Slang: sit on it, shut up. wahatnutlí-tayA7 he sat on it, he stuffed it. satnutlí-tayA Sit on it, Shut up! COMPOSED OF: -atnutli't- the crack in one's behind, anus, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE-. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutolya't- v.a. play. latnutolyá-tha7 he plays. wakatnutolyá-tu I'm playing, lotnutolyá-tu he's playing,

250

Orieida-English

yakotnutolyá-tu she's playing. wahatnutólyahte7 he played, wa7akyatnutólyahte7 we two (excl.) played, Akatnutólyahte7 I will play, autnutólyahte7 she (z.) should play, satnutólyaht Play! Stative past: wakatnutolya7tú-ne7 I was playing (but I'm not any longer), lotnutolya7tú-ne7 he was playing. With s- repetitive: usayakyatnutólyahte7 we two (excl.) should play again. With tshcoincident: tshihotnutolyá-tu when he's playing. Aspect class: EL. •N/í kwa7Atáti7 tshihotnutolyá-tu. He has been playing all day. DERIVED BASES: - a t n u t o l y a ' t a h k w -

play with something; -atnutolya 7 ta 7 n- go to play; -atnutolya'tuhatye- go along playing. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atnutolya't- v.a. tease someone. kheyatnutolyá-tha7 I'm teasing her, kuyatnutolyá-tha7 I'm teasing you, lakwatnutolyá-tha7 he's teasing me. wa7kheyatnutólyahte7 I teased her. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atnutolya'tahkw- v.a. play with something, latnutolya 7tákhwa 7 he plays with it. wakatnutolya7táhkwA I'm playing with it. Akatnutolyá-tahkive7 I will play with it. Aspect class: Dl. • Kwáh kwi• nók tsi7 yáh kwithakkwe-ní• akatlAtio-tA-, kwáh kwi• nók tsi7 wakatnutolya7táhkwA. I wasn't able to really make a melody, so I was just playing with it (an

accordion). (M8) COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya't- play, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: a t n u t o l y a ' t á k h w a 7

toy. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa 7 . The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atnutolya'tákhwa' V > N toy. COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya'tahkwplay with something, -ha 7 habitual.

-atnutolya'ta'n- v.m. go to play. katnutolya7tá-ne7 I'm here to play. latnutolya7tá-nehse7 he goes to play. wa7katnutolya7tá-na7 I'm going to play, wahatnutolya7tá-na7 he went to play, wa7kyatnutolya7tá-na7 the two (z.) went to play, Ahsatnutolya7tá-na7 you will go and play. satnutolya7tá-na Go play! twatnutolya 7tá-na Let's all (incl.) go play! COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya't- play, - 7 n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atnutolya'tuhatye- v.m. go along playing. yukyatnutolya7tuháti7 we go along playing. COMPOSED OF: -atnutolya't- play, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atnutolya 7 tuhati- before a final 7 . .atnuto 7 tslakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. have a Box Social. wa7thutnuto7tslakA-ní• they (m.) had a Box Social. COMPOSED OF: -nuto'tsl- box, .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-atnuwayA- v.a. settle to the bottom, become murky. yotnu-wáyA7 it has settled to the bottom, it's murky. utnu wáyA7 it settled to the bottom. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-nuw- murky water, murkiness, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. .atnuwa'- plus te- dualic, v.a. become murky, teyotnuzvá-u it has become murky. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and the base -nuw- murky water, murkiness; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atnu'uslahyo'tsist- plus te- dualic, v.a. make salt or brine pickles. tehatnu7uslahyo7tsísta7 he's making brine pickles. wa7thatnu7uslahyó-tsiste7 he made brine pickles. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -hyo ? tsis-/-hyo'tsist- salt, -ht- causative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? ts cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-nyut-/-at-N-niyut- v.a. suspend for oneself, hang for oneself. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wakatkAhani-yúte7 I have an apron on, I have curtains up, yakotkAhani yúte7 she has an apron on, satkAhanyu tX Put on an apron! With -tsist- fire, light: kattsistanyútha 7 I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -nyut-/-niyut-

251

suspend, hang. DERIVED BASES:

atkAhanyutákhwa? apron. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternant -at-N-nyut- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -at-N-niyut- occurs in the stative aspect. -at-N-o- v.a. swell. With -ahsi't-/ -ahsi- foot: wakalahsí-to7 my foot is swollen, Akalahsí-to7 my foot will swell. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers: wakanishnúhso 7 my hand is swollen. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: wakatnAtsho7 my arm is swollen. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself. See -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale-. -at-N-ohalenyu- v.a. wash several for oneself. With -shu'kal- board, floor: wa7uteshu7kalohaléni7 she washed the floor. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa7utwisohaléni7 she washed the windows. And habitual past: yutwisohalenyúhahkive7 she was washing windows. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

252 Orieida-English

Many speakers have -at-N-ohalenibefore a final 7 . -at-N-ohale'n- v.m. go to wash something for oneself. With -'slehtvehicle: wa7kate7slehtohalé-na7 I'm going there to wash my car. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -nohale'n-/ -ohale'n- go to wash. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ohale's- v.a. wash for someone. With -shu'kal- board, floor: wa 7kheyateshu 7kalóhalehse 7 I washed the floor for her. With -'sleht- vehicle: wahiyate7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -nohale'se-/ -nohale's-/-ohale 7 se-/-ohale'swash for someone. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atohlok-/.atohl- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.a. insert oneself. yeható-loks he keeps cutting in (e.g., in a line of people), he crawls in underneath it, tkató-loks over there I keep cutting or crawling in. yehotohlokú he has cut in or crawled in underneath it. yaható-loke7 he crawled in underneath it, ya7utó-loke7 she crawled in underneath it, yAkató-loke7 I will crawl or cut in over there, a7é• taható-loke7

way over there he cut in. thó ya7sató-lok Cut in there! Crawl in there! With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusahsató-loke7 when you should put yourself in over there again. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: ya 7kalahsi 7tóloke 7 I inserted my foot into it (e.g., shoes, slippers). With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: ya?katnAtshó loke7 I inserted my arm into it. Aspect class: E2. • Thó ya7utó-loke7

tsi7

Over there she crawled into the bushes. (T2) kaska-wáyA7.

COMPOSED OF: y- translocative or t-

cislocative, -at- semireflexive, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. DERIVED BASES: .atohluhatye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, be inserting oneself. NOTE: The alternant .atohl- occurs in the derived base. The alternant .atohlok- occurs elsewhere, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ohlok-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. atohluhatye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.m. be inserting oneself. yahotohluháti7 he's cutting in, he's crawling in underneath it. 7tslokú • Atekhwahla yahotohluháti7. He's crawling in underneath the table. COMPOSED OF.- ,atohlok-/.atohl-

plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atohluhati- before a final 7 . .atohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. tidy up. tekatohtálhos I'm tidying up,

Oneida-English

teyutohtálhos she tidies up. tewakatohtálhu I have tidied up, teyakotohtálhu she has tidied up, teyukyatohtálhu we two have it all tidy. wa7tkatohtálho7 I tidied up. tehsatohtálho Tidy up! Withsrepetitive: tusayutohtálho7 she tidied up again. With n- partitive: na 7teyakotohtálhu she really cleaned it up. Aspect class: E2. •Tehsatohtálho tsi7 tehsanuhwétsta7 Clean up your bedroom! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.ohtalho- plus te- dualic, be tidy, be neat. DERIVED BASES: .atohtalhohs- plus te- dualic, go to tidy up; .atohtalho?se-/.atohtalho's- plus te- dualic, tidy up for someone; .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ohtalho-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. atohtalhohs- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to tidy up. tekatohtalhóhse7 I'm here to tidy up. wa 7tkatohtalhóhsa I'm going there to tidy up. COMPOSED OF: .atohtalho- plus te-

dualic, tidy up, -hs- dislocative. ,atohtalho ? se-/.atohtalho?s- plus tedualic, v.a. tidy up for someone. tekheyatohtalhó-sehe7 I tidy or clean for her. wa7tekheyatohtálhohse7 I cleaned for her. •Wá-ksane7 wa7tekheyatohtálh o hse7. I finished cleaning for her. COMPOSED OF: .atohtalho- plus te-

dualic, tidy up, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant

7

253

.atohtalho'se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .atohtalho ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ' s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-ohw- go into water. See -ate?skohw-/-at-N-ohw-. -at-N-okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. See -atlakew-/ -at-N-okew-. -at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself. See -atya'tokew-/ -at-N-okew-. ato kX- N axe. laoto-kA• his axe. -atokli'tslal- v.s. be wrinkled. yotoklí-tslale7 it's wrinkled. With n- partitive: niyotoklí-tslale7 it's so wrinkled. Aspect class: F. •Niyotoklí-tslale7 thikA laotyá-tawi7t nók u-túwa 7klistá\ho7. His shirt was so wrinkled that I had to iron it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N-oklik-/-N-okli-/-N-klik-/ -N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, - ? tsl- nominalizer, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The 7 of the 'tsi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .atokli'tslo'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. look wrinkled. niwatokli7tsló-tA it looks really wrinkled (look how wrinkled it is). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N-oklik-/-N-okli-/-N-klik-/ -N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up, —'tsi- nominalizer, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The

7

of the 7 t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels.

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Orieida-English

at-N-okw-/.atya?tokw- plus tedualic, v.a. scatter, disperse. With n- partitive: na7twatya7to-kó• the bodies just flew apart. With -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: teyota 7kAhlókwA there's dust scattered around, it's dusty, wa 7twata 7kAhlo-kó• the dust just went flying. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: wa7twanityohko-kó• the crowd dispersed. And s- repetitive: tusunityohko-kó- the crowd dispersed again. With -nAy- stone: wa?twatriAyo-kó• the stones scattered. With -nyAht- snow: wa7twatenyAhto-kó• the snow just went flying. And s- repetitive: tusutenyAhto-kó- the snow flew all over again. With -stal- drop: teyotestalókwA it's spraying (e.g., out of a spray bottle), droplets are dispersing. •Na7twatya7to-kó• né- tsi7 7 7 ? niyo shátste wa thó-tsyuhkwe?. The bodies just flew apart because he sneezed really strongly. (T3) DERIVED BASES: .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around; .a'nikuhlokw- plus te- dualic, for one's mind to become scattered, become undecided. NOTE: The alternant .at-N-okwoccurs with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- is the semireflexive, and it is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. A root -okw- occurs also in .ahkokwplus te- dualic, search in something; and -ata'klokw- snow. The alternant .atya'tokw- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-at-N-okw- get out of water. See -ate'skokw-/-at-N-okw-. .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. scatter something around. With -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: tekata7kAhlokwátha? I'm scattering dirt or dust, wa7tkata7kAhlókwahte7 I scattered dirt or dust. With -hnekliquid, liquor: tehathnekokwátha7 he sprinkles water, tehothnekokwáhtu he has sprinkled water, wa7tkathnekókwahte7 I sprinkled water. With -nuhkwa 7 t-/ -nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper: tekatnuhkwa7tslokwátha7 I'm always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkwa7tslokwáhtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa7tslókwahte7 I will put medicine around. With -nyAhtsnow: tekatenyAhtokwátha7 I'm scattering snow around, tewakatenyAhtokwáhtu I have scattered snow around, wa7tkatenyAhtókwahte7 I scattered snow around. Aspect class: El. •NA kA tesatnuhkwa7tslokwáhtu kanúsku. Did you put medicine around in the house? COMPOSED OF: .at-N-okw-/ .atya'tokw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: .atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, spread news, gossip; tewatenyAhtokwátha' snowblower. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. A component -okwaht- occurs without the semireflexive or dualic in -tstenyokwaht- spread around a pile. The base .attukwaht- plus te- dualic has a similar meaning and occurs

Oneida-English

without incorporated nouns. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. atokwa 7 t-/-atokwa'tsl- v. > n. spoon. atókwa7t spoon. Pre-pausal: atókwaht. With ,á? plus h ' particle and n- partitive, be small: kA 7 niwatokwa7tslá• it's a small spoon, a teaspoon. And secondary habitual: kA7 niwatokwa7tslá-sa7 they are small spoons. With -a?sA?se-/ -a ? SA ? S- /-A ? SE- / -A ? S- drop something: ukwatokwá-tsUhse7 I dropped the spoon. With .N-iyo-/.ya'tiyo- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be half of: tsha7tewatokwaWiyó half a spoon. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tewatokwá-tslake two spoons, two spoonfuls. With .N-keplus n- partitive, be three or more of: kayé niwatokwá-tslake four spoons, four spoonfuls. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: watokwa7tsloivanA it's a large spoon, a tablespoon. With -nohale- / -ya'tohale- / -ohale- wash: wa 7u tokwa 7tslóhale 7 she washed the spoon. With .N-t-/.ya7tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: swalokwá-tslat one spoon, one spoonful. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -okw- take out of water, -,tcausative. NOTE: The alternant -atokwa?toccurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -atokwa'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix in place of the - ? t- causative suffix, is the incorporating form. The 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-ol- cover up oneself. See -ate?lholok-/-ate?lhol-/at-N-olok/-at-N-ol-. -atolat- v.a. hunt, lato-láts he's hunting, lotolatú he has hunted.

255

wahato-láte7 he hunted, sato-lát Hunt! With t- cislocative: tahato-láte7 he hunted there. With y- translocative: yahato-láte7 he hunted over there. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -atolath- go hunting; -atolatuhatye- go along hunting; -anitsyatolat- fish. -atolath- v.m. go himting. latoláthe7 he has come here to hunt. latoláthehse7 he goes hunting. lotoláthu he has gone hunting. wa 7katolátha 7 I'm going hunting, wahatolátha7 he's going hunting, wahyatolátha7 the two (m.) went hunting, Akatolátha 7 I will go hunting, Ahyatolátha7 the two (m.) will go and hunt, ahatolátha7 he should go hunting, ahutolátha7 they (m.) should go hunting. Intentive past: wahatoláthene7 he was going to go hunting. Stative past: wakatolathu-hné• I went hunting, lotolathu-hné• he went hunting. With t- cislocative: thatoláthehse 7 he comes here to hunt, tahatolátha7 he's coming here to hunt. And intentive past: tahatoláthene7 he was going to come here to hunt. With y- translocative: yehatoláthe7 he's going to go hunting (when he gets there), yehatoláthehse7 he goes around hunting when he's there. And intentive past: thó yehatoláthene7 he was going to go there to hunt. Aspect class: H. • Né- s kwí• nA Atákta7 khále7 yawAtatokXhtu yáh kwv tehoyo-téHAS ki7 ale7 wí- wahatolátha7 Well then Saturday and Sunday he's not working, then he goes hunting. (Nl) COMPOSED OF: -atolat- hunt, -hdislocative. -atolatuhatye- v.m. go along hunting. lotolatuháti7 he's going along

256

Orieida-English

hunting. With t- cislocative: thotolatuhátyehse7 he's there and he's hunting as he goes along. With y- translocative: yehotolatuhátyehse7 he's over there and he's hunting as he goes along, yahotolatuháti7 he went along somewhere himting. COMPOSED OF: -atolat- hunt, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atolatuhati- before a final 7 . .atolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. get split. teyotolA it's split. Pre-pausal: teyoto-lA. wa7twato-lA• it split. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .olA-/.ya ? tolA- plus te- dualic, split. -at-N-olA?- find, discover. See -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?-. -atoli-/-atoly- v.a. drive, drive away, katólyehse7 I drive, latólyehse7 he drives, kheyato-lthe7 I'm driving them away (e.g., cows, flies), kheyatolí I have driven them away. wa7kato-líI'm driving, I drove, wahato-lí- he drove, wa 7kheyato-lí• I drove them away, wa 7shakoto-lí• he drove them away, ahato-lv he should drive. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: - a t o l y e h s e ' b e a

driver. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -oli-/-oly-, which otherwise is attested only with incorporated nouns; see -N-oli/-N-oly- drive. Forms with both the habitual suffixes -e ? se ? and -he 7 are attested, with slightly different meanings. The alternant -atolyoccurs before the -e ? se ? habitual suffix, the alternant -atoli- occurs elsewhere.

-atolishA-/-atolishAt- v.a. rest. katolíshAhe7 I rest, I'm always resting. wakatolíshA7 I'm resting. wa 7katolíshA 7 I rested, wa7akwatolíshA7 we (excl.) rested, AkatolíshA 7 I will rest, AhsatolíshA you will rest. Future stative: AwakatolisfiA-táke7 I will be resting. With s- repetitive, and optative stative: useswatolishA-táke7 you all should be resting. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -olishA- be out of breath, pant. DERIVED BASES: -atolishAtakwtake a rest, take a break; yutoIishAtákhwa7 couch. NOTE: The alternant -atolishAtoccurs in the expanded aspects and before derivational suffixes.

7

-atolishAtakw- v.a. take a rest, take a break. katolishAtákwas I'm taking rests. wa7katolishAta-kó• I took a rest, I took a break. With tshcoincident: tsha7katolishAta-kówhen I took a rest or a break. COMPOSED OF: -atolishA-/ -atolishAt- rest, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -at-N-olok- cover up oneself. See -ate 7 lholok-/-ate 7 lhol-/-at-N-olok/-at-N-ol-. -at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself. See -ate 7 lholokt-/-at-N-olokt-. -atoly- drive, drive away. See -atoli/-atoly-. -atolyahlukw- v.a. move around. latolyahlúkwas he's moving around, more than one part of his body is moving or his whole body is moving around, kutolyahlúkwas they (z.) are moving around.

Oneida-English

they (z.) have moved around, wahatolyahlu-kó• he moved around. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

yonatolyahlúkwA

-atolya'nlu- v.a. move, be in motion. katolyá-nluhe7 I'm moving some part of my body, I'm in motion, latolyá-nluhe7 he's in motion. wahatolyá-nlu 7 he was in motion. With s- repetitive: sahatolyá-nlu7 he got moving again, usahatolyá-r\lu 7 he should get moving again. •Yáh thahakwe-níusahatolyá-nlu7 yáh óni7 thahakwe-ní• ahata-tí-. He wasn't able to get moving again, he wasn't even able to speak. (G2) NOTE: The 7 of the ?nl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atolyehse' v.a. be a driver. latólyehse7 (he's a) driver. COMPOSED OF: -atoli-/-atoly-

drive, drive away, -e ? se ? habitual. -at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself. See -athnyot-/-at-N-ot-. -atotahsyu- v.a. emerge, appear suddenly. wa7katotáhsi7 I emerged from hiding, utotáhsi7 she (z.) or it suddenly appeared. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -atotahsi- before a final 7 . -atotalihsyu- v.a. get loose, get out of a situation, lototalíhsyus he gets loose (out of a restraint, such as a belt), he gets out of a situation. wa 7katotalíhsi7 I got out of that situation. With s- repetitive:

257

swakatotalíhsi I have gotten out of it again, sahatotalíhsi7 he got out of it again (e.g., after he was arrested he was let go). Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-otalihsyu- unhook. NOTE: Many speakers have -atotalihsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . atotat- plus te- dualic, v.a. become still, keep still. wa7tkato-táte7 I kept still, tAkato táte7 I will keep still, tehsatotát Keep still! (Stop fidgeting!) With y- translocative: ya7tAhsato táte7 you will keep still there. With th- contrastive: tha7tehsato-tát Just keep still! COMPOSED OF: .atot(e)-/

.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet, -t- causative-inchoative. atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, v.s. be still, be quiet, teyoto-té- it's still, tewakato-té• I'm still, tehoto-té• he's still, teyakoto-téshe's still, teyukwato-té• we are quiet, tesato-ték or to-ték (short form) Be still! (Quit crying!) Future stative: tAwakato-téke7 I will be still. With t- cislocative: nétetyoto-té• it's the quietest. With npartitive: na7teyoto-té• is it ever quiet. With -ahsut- night: teyotahsutato-té• it's a still night. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: teyotAhnislato-té• it's a still day. And th- contrastive: tha7teyotAhnislato-té• it's just a still day, it's an unexpectedly still day. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: teyothnekato-té• the water is still. With -wel- air, wind: teyotwelato-té• the wind or air is still. Aspect class: B. • Tsi7 nítsyau 7wéskwa 7t átste7 kwáh yáh náhte7

na7teyoto-té•

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Orieida-English

te7tsyowelu-tú. It's so pleasant, it's so still out since the wind quit blowing. DERIVED BASES: .atotat- plus tedualic, become still, keep still. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -tcausative-inchoative suffix. The alternant .at-N-atote-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -at-N-otshyu-/-at-N-otshy- v.a. pull out a part of one's body. With -itahs/-itaks- tail, and s- repetitive: Ashanitahsótshi7 he will pull his tail back out again. And tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakanitahsótshi7 I took my tail back out again, tutahanitahsótshi7 he should pull his tail back out again. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -otshyu-/ -otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: .at-N-otshya?tplus t- cislocative, yank out a part of one's body. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternant -at-N-otshy- occurs before the - ? t- causative suffix. The alternant -at-N-otshyu- occurs elsewhere, but note that many speakers have -at-N-otshi- before a final 7 . .at-N-otshya't- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out a part of one's body. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail, and te- dualic: tutahanitahsótshyahte7 he yanked his tail back out again. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-at-N-otshyu-/-at-N-otshy- pull out a part of one's body, - ? t- causative.

NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

-atotyak-/-atoty- v.a. grow up. wakatotyáku7 or wakatóti I have grown up, I'm grown up, lonatóti they (m.) are grown up. wa?katótyake7 I grew up, wahatótyake7 he grew up, wa7utótyake7 she grew up, Akatótyake7 I will grow up, Ahatótyake7 he will grow up, Ayutótyake7 she will grow up. With t- cislocative: twakatotyáku7 there I grew up. With n- partitive: nisatotyáku 7 how or where you grew up. With tsh- coincident: tsha 7katótyake 7 when I grew up, when I was growing up. With thcontrastive: yáh né- new At ú thahatótyake7 he will never grow up, he will never mature (even if he's an old man). •E-só• nA wa7kanuhtunyu-kótsi7 náhe7 nA tyukli7wanutú-se akka-látu7 tsi7 ni-yót tsi7 twakatotyáku7. I've been thinking it over a lot since they asked me to tell stories about the way it was when I was growing up. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-otyak- raise a child, bring up a child. DERIVED BASES: -atotyakhu- be grown-ups; -atotyAhatye- be growing up. NOTE: Both the stative aspect forms wakatotyáku 7 and wakatóti are attested. The alternant -atotyakoccurs in the first stative aspect form, in the punctual aspect, and before the -hu- distributive suffix. The alternant -atoty- occurs in the second

Oneida-English

stative aspect form, and the final y of -atoty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i word-finally. -atotyakhu- v.s. be grown-ups. yukwatotyákhu 7 we are grown-ups, lonatotyákhu 7 they (m.) are grownups. Aspect class: B. •NA kwi• na7 kwáh kwi- níyukwatotyákhu twatWAnalákhwa

7

yáh kwi- te7tsi7 kXnáhte7

yukhihlo-lí. Now indeed even us grown-ups, we don't pay attention anymore to what they are telling us. (M 7) COMPOSED OF: -atotyak-/-atotygrow up, -hu- distributive. -atotyAhatye- v.m. be growing up. wakatotyAháti7 I'm growing up, lototyAháti7 he's growing up, yakototyAháti7 she's growing up, lonatotyAháti7 they (m.) are growing up. COMPOSED OF: -atotyak-/-atotygrow up, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atotyAhati- before a final 7 . -ato'kta-/-ato'ktA- v.a. run out of, end. yoto^ktá-u it has ended, lonato7ktá-u they (m.) have run out of it. wa 7kató-ktA 7 I ran out of it, utó-ktA7 it ended, it's over, it's finished. With y- translocative: thó nú• yahutó-ktA7 there's where it ended. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa 7katahyó-ktA 7 I ran out of fruit. With -hnana't- potato: wa7kathnana7tó-ktA7 I ran out of potatoes, wa 7akwathnana 7tó-ktA 7 we (excl.) ran out of potatoes. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wahuthnekó-ktA 7 they (m.) ran out of something to drink. With -iye-/ -yen- oil, grease, fat: katyenó-ktAS I

259

keep running out of oil or gas, lotyeno7ktá-u he has run out of oil or gas, wa^atyenó-ktA7 I ran out of oil or gas. With -khw- food: katekhó-ktAS I rim out of food, wakatekho7ktá-u I have run out of food, wahatekhó-ktA7 he ran out of food, Akatekhó-ktA 7 I will run out of food. With -nu't- milk, breast: wa?katnu7tó-ktA7 I ran out of milk. Aspect class: C2. • SwatyelX s wa7akwathnana77 tó-ktA yah kwi- tshyaya-wX• tsi7 sakhnana7takó-na7 kok ná-ye7 oyá7 7 thó sa\fute sléhtaYA . Sometimes we would run out of potatoes and I would have to go and get more potatoes since in a little while others would be stopping. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -o ? kta-/-o ? ktA- come to the end of, finish. DERIVED BASES: .ato'ktahkw- plus t- cislocative, shorten the amount, do halfheartedly; -ato'ktani-/ -ato'kta's- end for someone; -atAhni'to'ktA- for the month to end. NOTE: The alternant -ato ? ktaoccurs in the stative aspect and before derivational suffixes. The alternant -ato?ktA- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, and the 7 of the ? kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -o ? kta-/-o ? ktA-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. ato'ktahkw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. shorten the amount, do halfheartedly. tkato7ktákhwa7 I shorten the amount (e.g., the amount of work I did, the amount of money), I'm doing it without putting in my full effort, tyuto7ktákhwa7 she's shortening the

260

Orieida-English

amount. twakato7ktáhkwA I have shortened the amount, I'm doing it without putting all of me into it. takató-ktahkwe7 I shortened the amount, I did it halfheartedly, taható-ktahkwe? he shortened the amount. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-ato 7 kta-/-ato 7 ktA- run out of, end, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa 7 . The 7 of the 7 kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ato 7 ktani-/-ato 7 kta 7 s- v.a. end for someone. wakato7ktaní it has ended forme, ukwató-ktahse7 it ended for me, Aivakató-ktahse 7 it will end for me. COMPOSED OF: -ato 7 kta-/-ato 7 ktA-

run out of, end, -ni-/-7s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ato 7 ktanioccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -ato 7 kta 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -ato7kwat- v.a. dig up, burrow. kató-kwats I dig. wakato ?kwatú I have dug it up. wa7kató-kwate7 I dug it up. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-o 7 kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: The

7

of the 7 kw cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atshanuni-/-atshanuny- v.a. get happy, wakatshanuní I'm happy, yakotshanuní she's happy, lotshanuní he's happy. Pre-pausal: lotshanu-ní. wa7katshanu-ní• I got

happy, wahsatshanu-ní• you got happy, wa7utshanu-ní- she got happy, wahatshanu-nv he got happy, wahutshanu-ní- they (m.) got happy, Akatshanu-ní• I will get happy. Habitual past: yakotshanuníhahkwe 7 she used to be happy. Stative past: wakatshanuni-hné• I was happy, yakotshanuni-hné• she was happy. With s- repetitive: sahatshanu-níhe got happy again. With npartitive: na7katshanu-nv I got so happy, nahatshanu-nv he got so happy, na7utshanu-ní- she got so happy. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7wakatshanuní I'm not happy, yáh te7satshanuní you're not happy, yáh te7yakotshanuní she's not happy, yáh tehotshanuní he's not happy, yáh te7yukzvatshanuní we're not happy. • Kwáh kwt• né- óksa7 tutahatákhe7kA-, nahatshanu-nv kA- tsi7 yusahuwáhAle7 kA-. Right away he came running back again, he got so happy that someone called him back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: -atshanunihatyego along being happy; -atshanunyahsl- happiness; -atshanunyahtA- make someone happy; -atshanunya 7 t- be cause for happiness. NOTE: The alternant -atshanunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -atshanunihatye- v.m. go along being happy, wakatshanuniháti7 I go along being happy, yakotshanuniháti7 she goes along being happy, yukyatshanuniháti7 we two are going along being happy. With nis- partitive and repetitive: niswakatshanuniháti7 I'm going along so happy again,

Oneida-English

nishotshanuniháti7 he's going a l o n g so happy again. • Kwáh kwi• né• tóhka7 ok minut ókhna7 thó sá-lawe7 tsi7 nishotshanuniháti7 kA- tsi7 úhka 7 ok yusahuwáhAle^. It was just a few minutes when right away he came back, he was going along so happy again, now that someone called h i m back again. (M6) COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atshanunihati- before a final 7 . -atshanunyahsl- v. > n. happiness. atshanunyáhsla 7 happiness. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -hslnominalizer. -atshanunyahtA- v.a. make someone happy. ukwatshanunyáhtA7 it made me happy, it made me feel good. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -htcausative, -A- benefactive. -atshanunya't- v.s. be cause for happiness. yotshanúnya7t it's cause for happiness. Pre-pausal: yotshanúnyaht. Aspect class: A. • Yotshanúnya7t tsi7 shekú tAkatawAli7. It's cause for happiness that I can still get around. COMPOSED OF: -atshanuni-/ -atshanuny- get happy, -?tcausative. -atshat- n. fog, steam. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atshatala 7 - become steamy; .atshatayA-/.atshatayAt- plus tedualic, become foggy; -atshates- be steamy; -atshatot- be steaming, for steam to rise; and probably

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-atshatAht- dampen something; and -atshatA7- be damp. -atshatala7- v.a. become steamy. yotsha-tálahse7 it gets steamy. wa7otsha-tálane7 it got all steamy, it steamed up (e.g., the windows inside a car). COMPOSED OF-, -atshat- fog, steam, -1- be in or on, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. .atshatayA-/.atshatayAt- plus tedualic, v.a. become foggy. teyotsha-táyA7 it's foggy. wa?twatsha-táyA7 it got foggy. Habitual past: teyotshatayA-táhkwe7 it was foggy. Future stative: tAyotshatayA-take7 it will be foggy. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atshatfog, steam, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .atshatayAhn- plus te- dualic, going to become foggy. NOTE: The alternant .atshatayAtoccurs in the expanded aspects. .atshatayAhn- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to become foggy. tewatshatayA-hné• it's going to become foggy. COMPOSED OF: .atshatayA-/ .atshatayAt- plus te- dualic, become foggy, -hn- dislocative. -atshates- v.s. be steamy, yotsha-tés it's steamy. With n- partitive: niyotsha-tés it's so steamy. Aspect class: A. • NA wé-ne wa?ohnekatalíhA7 niyotsha-tés. The water must be boiling now, it's so steamy. COMPOSED OF: -atshat- fog, steam, -es-/-us- be long.

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Orieida-English

-atshatAht- v.a. dampen something. yakotshatAhtu she has dampened it. wa7katsha-tAhte7 I dampened it. DERIVED BASES: -atshatAhtanyudampen several. NOTE: Includes a component -atshatA- and the -ht- causative suffix. The component -atshatA- is attested only with derivational suffixes and is probably related to -atshat- fog, steam. See also -atshatA'- be damp. -atshatAhtanyu- v.a. dampen several. yutshatAhtányuhe7 she's dampening things (e.g., clothes). yakotshatAhtáni7 she has dampened them. wa7katshatAhtáni7 I dampened them. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atshatAht- dampen something, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atshatAhtani- before a final 7 . -atshatA'- v.s. be damp. yotshatA-u it's damp. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes a component -atshatA- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The component -atshatA- is attested only with derivational suffixes and is probably related to -atshat- fog, steam. See also -atshatAht- dampen something. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atshatot- v.s. be steaming, for steam to rise, yotsha-tóte7 it's steaming. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -atshat- fog, steam, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -atshatu- v.a. bury in the ground. katsha-túhe7 I'm burying it in the ground (to store or preserve it). wakatshatú I have buried it in the ground, wa 7katsha-tú• I buried it in

the ground, wahutsha-tú• they (m.) buried it in the ground, Ahsatsha-túyou will bury it in the ground, Ahatsha-tú- he will bury it in the ground, satsha-tú Bury it! Habitual past: lutshatúhahkwe7 they (m.) used to bury it. Future stative: Awatsha-túke7 it will be buried. Aspect class: A l . • Lutshatúhahkwe7 ohnaná-ta7 tshiwahu-níse7 kA-. They used to bury potatoes in the ground a long time ago. NOTE: Refers to the practice of storing food by digging a hole in the ground and burying the food. -atsha?-/-at-N-atsha 7 - v.a. burn. wátsha 7as it's burning, yótshu 7 it has burned, útshane7 it burned, Awátshane7 it will burn. With -ku'kwal- forehead: wa 7katku 7kwalátshane 7 I got a burn on my forehead. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: wa7katnAtshátshane7 I burned my arm. Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: -atsha'aht-/ -at-N-atsha ? aht- burn something; -atsha 7 Ani-/-atsha'a's-/ -at-N-atsha'Ani-/-at-N-atsha'a ? sburn on one; -atya'tatsha'- burn up, burn to death. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atsha?-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . -atsha'aht-/-at-N-atsha'aht- v.a. burn something, katsha 7átha 7 I'm burning it. wakatsha7áhtu I have

Oneida-English

burned it. wa?kátsha?ahte7 I burned it, Akátsha7ahte7 I will burn it. Future stative: Azvakatsha7ahtúhake7 I will have burned it. With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle: iva7katna7tsyátsha7ahte7 I burned the pot. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atsha?-/

-at-N-atsha'- burn, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t s h a ' a h t a n y u -

burn several; -atsha'ahtAni-/ -atsha'ahtA- burn something for or on someone. NOTE: The alternant -at-N-atsha'aht-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h. -atsha'ahtanyu- v.a. burn several. katsha7ahtányuhe7 I'm burning things. wakatsha7ahtáni7 I have burned things. wa7katsha7ahtáni7 I burned things, Akatsha?ahtáni7 I will burn things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atsha'aht-/

-at-N-atsha'aht- burn something, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atsha'ahtani- before a final 7 . -atsha ? ahtAni-/-atsha'ahtA- v.a. burn something for or on someone. kuyatsha7ahtA-níhe7 I keep burning it on you. wa7kuyatsha7áhtA7 I burned it for you, wa7ukzvatsha7áhtA7 she or someone burned it on me. COMPOSED OF: -atsha'aht-/

-at-N-atsha'aht- burn something, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atsha'ahtAni- occurs in the habitual

263

aspect, -atsha'ahtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atsha ? Ani-/-atsha?a?s-/ -at-N-atsha ? Ani-/-at-N-atsha'a'sv.a. burn on one. wakatsha7A-níhe7 it burns on me. ukwátsha 7ahse 7 it burned on me. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: ukwatna7talátsha7ahse7 the bread burned on me. With -'wahlmeat: ukwate7wahlátsha7ahse7 the meat burned on me. COMPOSED OF: -atsha'/-at-N-atsha'- burn, -Ani-/- ? sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternants

-at-N-atsha 7 Ani- and -at-N-atsha ? a ? s-, with the semireflexive, occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants -atsha?Ani- and -at-N-atsha ? Ani- occur in the habitual aspect. The alternants -atsha ? a ? s- and -at-N-atsha ? a ? soccur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .atsha?kt-/.atsha?ket-/.at-N-a?kt-/ .at-N-a?ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. bend over, become crooked. tekatshá-ktus I keep bending over. tewakatshá-ktu I'm bending over, I'm bent over, tehotshá-ktu he's bent over, teyotshá-ktu it's bent or crooked. wa7tkatshá-kete7 I bent over, tehsatshá-ket Bend over! With -hsin- leg: tehotshiná-ktu he has a crooked leg. With -nakalstick: teyotnakalá-ktu it's a bent stick. With -'nyuhs- /-'nyu- / -i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose: tehote7nyuhsá ktu he has a crooked nose. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

264

Orieida-English

.hsa'kt-/.hsa?ket-/.a?kt-/.a ? ketplus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. DERIVED BASES: .atsha'ktanyu- plus te- dualic, be winding, be zigzagged; .athaha ? kt- plus te- dualic, be a bend or curve in the road; .atluhkwe'na'kt-/ .atluhkwe'na'ket- plus te- dualic, §lump over; .atya'ta'kt-/ .atya'ta'ket- plus te- dualic, bend to one side; teyotahyá-ktu banana; teyothutá-ktu blackcap, black raspberry; teyotnakalá ktu hockey stick. NOTE: The alternants .atsha'ktand .atsha'ket- are composed of the -at- semireflexive, an empty noun root -hs-, and a verb root -a ? kt-/ -a ? ket-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The combinations -at-hs-a ? kt- and -at-hs-a ? ket- result in a cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The alternants .at-N-a?kt- and .at-N-a'ket- occur with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternants .atsha'kt- and .at-N-a ? kt- occur in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, .atsha'ket- and .at-N-a ? ket- occur in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. atsha 7 ktanyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be winding, be zigzagged. teyotsha7ktáni7 it's zigzagged, it's really winding. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .atsha'kt-/ .atsha ? ket-/.at-N-a?kt-/ .at-N-a'ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -nyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have .atsha'ktani- before a final 7 .

-atsha'nhu- v.a. drip, watshá-nhuhe7 it's dripping, yotshá-nhu7 it has dripped, utshá-nhu7 it dripped, Aivatshá-nhu 7 it will drip. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: The 7 of the ? nh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atsheyalA-/-atsheyalu- v.s. be shy. wakatshe-yálA? I'm shy, lotshe-yálA7 he's shy, yakotshe-yálA7 she's shy, yotshe-yálA7 she (z.) is shy. With npartitive: tsi7 niyakotshe-yálA7 she's so shy. Aspect class: B. • Yáh te7yakotlihwatyé-ni né- ivítsi7 niyakotshe-yálA7, nók se7nikú-lalak nA Ayutsheyalu-kó-. She's not very talkative because she's so shy, but watch out for her when she gets over her shyness. DERIVED BASES: - a t s h e y a l A h s l -

shyness; -atsheyalukw- get over one's shyness. NOTE: The alternant -atsheyaluoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix. -atsheyalAhsl- v. > n. shyness. atsheyalAhsla7 shyness. COMPOSED OF: -atsheyalA-/ -atsheyalu- be shy, -hsl- nominalizer. -atsheyalukw- v.a. get over one's shyness. wa7katsheyalu-kó• I got over my shyness, Ayutsheyalu-kóshe will get over her shyness. COMPOSED OF: -atsheyalA-/ -atsheyalu- be shy, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

.atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. for the sun to set. tetwatshXthos the sun sets (every day), ya 7twatshAtho 7 the sun set. DERIVED BASES: tsi? tetwatshXthos

west; ya'twatshXtho? sunset. .atshina 7 sel-/.atshina 7 slu- plus tedualic, v.a. cross one's legs. tekatshina 7sélha 7 I'm crossing my legs, I'm putting one leg over the other. wa7tkatshiná-slu7 I crossed my legs, wa 7thatshiná-slu 7 he crossed his legs, wa7tyutshiná-slu7 she crossed her legs, tAkatshiná-slu 7 I will cross my legs, tAhatshina-slu 7 he will cross his legs. Pre-pausal: tAhatshiná-selu7 teswatshiná-selu All of you, cross your legs! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .hsina 7 slu-/.hsina 7 sel- plus tedualic, have one's legs crossed. NOTE: The addition of the -at-

semireflexive to the component base results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The alternant .atshina 7 sel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .atshina'sluoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atshínha 7 N garter. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -hsin- leg, and the ths cluster is replaced by tsh. Otherwise the composition is unclear. -atshiniko 7 takalhatho- v.a. turn one's ankle. wakatshiniko7takalháthu I have turned my ankle. wahatshiniko7takalhátho7 he turned his ankle, wa7utshiniko7takalhátho7 she turned her ankle. COMPOSED OF: -hsiniko 7 t- ankle,

265

-atkalhatho- turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over. NOTE: The component noun base -hsiniko't- is incorporated into the component verb base -atkalhathoafter the initial -at- of -atkalhatho-. The resulting ths cluster is replaced by tsh. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -atshinoklik- v.a. draw up one's legs. wahatshinóklike7 he drew up his legs. With t- cislocative: tahatshinóklike7 he drew up his legs (e.g., in order to avoid something, such as the vacuum cleaner), tayutshinóklike7 she drew up her legs. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-hsin- leg, -N-oklik-/-N-okli-/ -N-klik-/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to -hsin- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. -atshino'kaht- v.a. limp. latshino7kátha7 he's limping. wahatshinó-kahte7 he limped, Ahatshinó-kahte7 he will limp. Habitual past: latshino7káthahkwe7 he was limping. • Wé-ne tsi7 lohsi7tanuhlyá-ku 7 7 só-tsi latshino kátha7 It must be that he hurt his foot (because) he's limping. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -hsin- leg; otherwise the composition is unclear. The combination -at-hsin- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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Orieida-English

-atshi'tAht- v.a. whimper. yutshi7tAtha7 she's whimpering, latshi 7tAtha 7 he's whimpering. yakotshi7tAhtu she has whimpered. wa7utshí-tXhte7 she whimpered. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atshó-kta 7 N hoe. akwatshó-kta7 hoe.

my

-atsholi-/-atsholy- v.a. eat something soupy, slurp. katsho-líhe7 I eat something soupy, I'm slurping. wakatsholí I'm eating something soupy, wahatsho-lí• he ate something soupy, satsho-lí Eat it! (e.g., your soup or cereal). Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: yutsholyátha? soup bowl. NOTE: The English gloss doesn't quite convey the meaning of this base; it's the shape of the mouth that's important, not the noise. The alternant -atsholy- occurs before derivational suffixes. .atskahu- plus te- dualic, v.a. chew. tekatská-huhe7 I keep chewing. tewakatská-hu 7 I'm chewing. wa 7tkatská-hu 7 I chewed, tAhsatská-hu 7 you will chew. Habitual past: tekatskahúhahkwe7 I was chewing. Aspect class: Bl. .atskala ? t- plus te- dualic, v.s. be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour. teyotska-lá-t it's bitter or sharp (e.g., radishes), it's sour (e.g., a lemon). Pre-pausal: teyotska-láht. Stative past: teyotskala7tú-ne7 it was bitter. Aspect class: A. • Yah te7wakeká-u thikA onúhkwa7t só-tsi7 teyotska-láht. I didn't like that medicine, it's too

bitter. DERIVED BASES: t e y o t s k a l a ' t k ó

smartweed. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also teyoskálya't green spots on fresh potatoes. atskala'w- plus te- dualic, v.a. open one's mouth. tewakatskalá-WA I have my mouth open, tehotskalá-WA he has his mouth open, teyakotskalá-WA she has her mouth open, wa 7tkátskalawe 7 I opened my mouth, tehsátskalaw Open your mouth! DERIVED BASES: . a t s k a l a ? w a h t -

plus te- dualic, yawn. NOTE: The 7 of the ? w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. .atskala ? waht- plus te- dualic, v.a. yawn, tewakatskala 7wátha 7 I keep yawning. wa7twakatskalá-wahte7 I yawned. COMPOSED OF: .atskala'w- plus tedualic, open one's mouth, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7 w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atskanuthu- plus te- dualic, v.a. smack one's lips, drool. tekatskanúthuhe7 I'm drooling, I'm smacking my lips, my mouth keeps watering, tehatskanúthuhe7 he's smacking his lips. wa7tkatskanúthu7 I smacked my lips, wa7thatskanúthu7 his mouth watered, tAkatskanúthu 7 I will smack my lips. With ytranslocative: ya7tkatskanúthu7 I was over there and I was smacking my lips.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

semireflexive, -hs- lips, mouth, -kanut- lick, -hu- distributive. NOTE: The addition of the -at-

semireflexive to -hs- results in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. átskwe Greeting: How about it. -atskwek- v.a. close one's mouth. wa Aátskweke 7 I closed my mouth, wahátskweke 7 he closed his mouth, wa7útskweke7 she closed her mouth. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-hs- lips, mouth, -N-kwek- close. NOTE: The addition of the -at-

semireflexive to the noun base -hsresults in the cluster ths, which is replaced by tsh. -atsluni-/-atsluny- v.a. get dressed. katslu-níhe7 I'm getting dressed. wakatsluní I'm dressed, lotsluní he's dressed, yakotsluní she's dressed. Pre-pausal: yakotslu-ní. wa7katslu-ní• I got dressed, satslu-ní Get dressed! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t s l u n y a h s y u -

undress; -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkw- clothes; -atslunya'tput on an outfit. NOTE: The addition of the -atsemireflexive to the component base results in the cluster thsl, which is replaced by tsi. The alternant -atsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -atslunyahkw- clothes. See -atslunyakhw-/-atslunyahkw-. .atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. change one's clothes. wa7tkatslunyahkwate-ní• I changed my clothes. With s- repetitive: tusakatslunyahkwatení• I changed

267

my clothes again. COMPOSED OF: - a t s l u n y a k h w - /

-atslunyahkw- clothes, .teny-/ .tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. atslunyahkwayAtákhwa7 V > N dresser. COMPOSED OF: - a t s l u n y a k h w - /

-atslunyahkw- clothes, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. -atslunyahsyu- v.a. undress. katslunyáhsyus I'm undressing. wakatslunyáhsi I have undressed. wa7katslunyáhsi7 I undressed. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: - a t s l u n i - / - a t s l u n y -

get dressed, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -atslunyahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -atslunyakhw-/-atslunyahkw- v. > n. clothes, atslunyákhwa7 clothes. akwatslunyákhwa7 my clothes, satslunyákhwa 7 your clothes, akotslunyákhwa7 her clothes, laotslunyákhwa7 his clothes, swatslunyákhwa7 your (plural) clothes, laonatslunyákhwa7 their (m.) clothes. With -hninu 7 se-/ -hninu7s- buy for someone: wahiyatslunyahkwahni-nú-se7 I bought clothes for him. With -unyAni-/-unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: luwAtiatslunyahkunyA-níhe7 she made clothes for them. •E-só• onA wahiyatslunyahkwahni-nú-se7 thikA kA7 nihlá-_. I bought lots of clothes for that little one. COMPOSED OF: - a t s l u n i - / - a t s l u n y -

get dressed, -hkw- instrumental.

268 Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES:

.atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, change one's clothes; atslunyahkwayAtákhwa7 dresser. NOTE: The alternant -atslunyakhw- occurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms. The ending -khwa? in these forms probably comes from -hkw-ha?, instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant -atslunyahkw- is the incorporating form. The final w of -atslunyahkw- is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -atslunya't- v.a. put on an outfit. yutslunyá-tha 7 she regularly puts on this outfit, yakotslunyá-tu the way she's dressed, she has this outfit on, lotslunyá-tu the way he's dressed, yotslunyá-tu the way she (z.) is dressed, oyá• wahatslúnyahte7 he put on something different. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -atsluni-/-atsluny-

get dressed, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atst-/-utst- v.a. use, wear, kátsta7 I'm using it, I'm wearing it, sátsta 7 you're using it, látsta 7 he's using it, yútsta7 she's using it, wátsta7 she (z.) is using it, tyátsta 7 you and I (incl.) are using it, lútsta7 they (m.) are using it. wakátstu I have used it, I'm wearing it, lótstu he has used it, lonátstu they (m.) have used it, yonátstu they (z.) have used it. wá-katste7 I used it, wá-yutste7 she used it, wá-latste7 he used it, wa 7ákyatste 7 we two (excl.) used it, wa7ákwatste7 we (excl.) used it, wahA-nútste7 they (m.) used it, A-kátste7 I will use it, Ahsatste7 you

will use it, A-latste7 he will use it, A-yútste7 she will use it, Atyatste7 you and I (incl.) will use it, Ayákyatste7 we two (excl.) will use it, Atsyatste7 you two will use it, Atwatste7 we (incl.) will use it, Ayákwatste7 we (excl.) will use it, Aku nútste7 they (z.) will use it, AhA-nútste7 they (m.) will use it, a-kátste7 I should use it, ahsatste7 you should use it, a yútste7 she should use it, aétyatste 7 you and I (incl.) should use it, ayákwatste7 we (excl.) should use it, a-hA-nútste7 they (m.) should use it. íhsatst Use it! Future habitual: Akátstake7 I will be using it. Optative stative: ahotstúhake7 he should be wearing it, ahonatstúhake7 they (m.) should have been using it. Aspect class: El. •/• akwá-shale7 wá-latste7 wa 7thatwistohslálho7. He used my knife to butter it. Kwáh o7swA-ta7 niwahsohkó-tA ka7ikA súit lótstu. It was black, the colour of the suit he was wearing. (M5) DERIVED BASES: - a t s t a h k w - u s e

something for; -atstahsyu- get through using, take off clothing; -atstanyu- use several; -atsta'nintend to use; -atstAni-/-atstA- put something on someone; atsta'shúha or yutsta?shúha tools. NOTE: The alternant -utst- occurs in the third person of the punctual aspect, -atst- occurs elsewhere. atstahkw- v.a. use something for. satstákhwa 7 you use it for doing something. wa7kátstahkwe7 that is the thing I used. • Náhte7 né- satstákhwa7 ka7i kA. What do you use this for? COMPOSED OF: - a t s t - / - u t s t - use,

wear, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect, the

Oneida-English

combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa ? . -atstahl- v.a. be unable to find something, katstá-lus I can't find it. wakatstá-lu I haven't found it. wa 7kátstale 7 I didn't find it, Akátstale? I won't find it. Aspect class: E6. DERIVED BASES: -atlihwatstahl- be unable to find a word. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. -atstahsyu- v.a. get through using, take off clothing, katstáhsyus I'm finishing using it, I'm taking it off. wakatstáhsi I'm through with it, lotstáhsi he's through with it, lonatstáhsi they (m.) are through with it. wahutstáhsi7 they (m.) got through with it, Akatstáhsi7 I will be finished using it. Aspect class: A2. • Katstáhsyus a-sé• akwatyá-tawiht. I'm taking off my new dress. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use,

wear, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Some speakers report only the meaning 'take off clothing'. Many speakers have -atstahsi- wordfinally and before a final 7 . -atstanyu- v.a. use several. latstányuhe7 he uses different things, wahatstáni7 he used different things. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use,

wear, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atstani- before a final 7 . -at-N-statha't- dry something. See -statha?t-/-at-N-statha?t-. -atsta'n- v.m. intend to use. katstá-ne7 I'm going to use it, satstá-ne7 you

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intend to use it. •Náhte7 satstá-ne7 yutnutékto7. What are you going to do with the lid? COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use,

wear, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. atsta'shúha V > N tools. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use,

wear, -ha 7 habitual, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'tools' is yutsta'shúha. -atstelist- v.a. take charge, look after. katstelísta7 I look after things. lotstelístu he's looking after it, he's in charge, wa 7katste-líste7 I took charge of it, Akatste-líste7 I will look after it, it will be my matter, tákA7 ahutste-líst they (m.) shouldn't take it over, they shouldn't touch it. With s- repetitive: shonatstelístu they (m.) are in charge again. Aspect class: El. •Ok wv tiá- ka7ikX tsi7 akwekú ukwe7taséshu7 thó shonatstelístu. But now there are all these new people in charge there. (PI) DERIVED BASES: -atstelistahkw- be someone's business; -atlihwatstelisttake charge of someone's affairs. -atstelistahkw- v.a. be someone's business, katstelistákhwa7 it's my business, satstelistákhwa7 it's your business. With te ? - negative: yáh tehsatstelistákhwa7 it's not your business. • Yáh ki7 né- náhte 7 tehsatstelistákhwa7 It's none of your business. COMPOSED OF: -atstelist- take charge, look after, -hkw- instru-

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mental.

In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. NOTE:

átste? Locative particle: outside. átste' wate'wálute? V > N barbecue. COMPOSED OF: átste7 outside; and wneuter agent, -'wahl- meat, -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e7 stative. átste' yAhtákhwa' V > N bathroom. COMPOSED OF: atste? outside; and yA- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ehtahkw- where one goes, -ha 7 habitual. -atstAni-/-atstA- v.a. put something on someone. shakotstA-níhe 7 he puts it on her (e.g., a bib on a baby). wa 7shakótstA 7 he put it on her, wahiyátstA7 I put it on him. COMPOSED OF: -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atstAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -atstAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atstik- v.a. vomit, latsti-kús he's vomiting, lotstikú he has vomited. wahátstike7 he vomited, Ahátstike7 he will vomit. Aspect class: E6. DERIVED BASES: -atstikanyu- vomit all over; -atstika'tA- make vomit. -atstikanyu- v.a. vomit all over. wahatstikáni7 he threw up all over. COMPOSED OF: -atstik- vomit, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atstikani- before a final 7 . -atstika'tA- v.a. make vomit. ukwatstiká-tA7 it made me vomit, wahotstiká-tA7 it made him vomit, wa7akotstiká-tA7 it made her vomit.

COMPOSED OF: -atstik- vomit, - ? tcausative, -A- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. atsyákta? N riverbank. NOTE: See also atsya ? ktúti ? along the river. á tsya' N a root which is hot and is chewed. NOTE: This word is not familiar to all speakers. atsya'ktúti' N along the river. NOTE: Probably includes a component -atsya ? kt- and the progressive suffix -utye- or -uti-. A component -atsya ? kt- is present also in atsyá k t a ' riverbank. -atsyA-/-tsyA- n. dish, plate, bowl. átsi7 or kátsi7 dish, laótsi7 his dish. With -shuha collective clitic: atsyA7shúha or katsyA7shúha dishes. DERIVED BASES:

teyeyestanyu 7 tákhwa? átsi' mixing bowl. NOTE: Both of the basic noun forms kátsi7 and átsi7 are attested. The form kátsi7 is a consonant-stem (-tsyA-) while átsyi7 is an a-stem (-atsyA-). The alternant -tsyA- may be present also in -tsyAht- draw water, and -tsyA?n- go to get water. This base is never incorporated; compare -ks-, which is always incorporated. Most speakers have -atsi- or -tsi- before a final atsyók Temporal particle: in a little while, after a while, soon. • Atsyók ukyo 7tAhsa7. After a little while I'll be going to work NOTE: See also wa'tsyók in a little while, after a while, soon.

Oneida-English

atsyók nyaléhkwe? after a while. .at-N-t- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.s. be extended, be stuck out. With -ahsi?t-/-ahsi- foot: thó ya7tewakalahsí-tate7 there my foot is extended or stuck out. With -hsinleg: thó ya7tewakatshi-náte7 there my leg is extended or stuck out. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: thó ya7tewakatnAtshate7 my arm is extended, there I had my arm out. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .at-N-tat- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, extend. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. See also -atahuhsat- be listening. -at-N-tahkw- v.a. for something to get out of something. With -hnekliquid, liquor: uthnekatáhko7 the water came out of it (e.g., it leaked out somehow). With -wel- air, wind: yotwelatáhkwA the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -tahkw-/ -etahkw- take out of a container, unload. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. -attakwalashA- v.s. be dented. yottakwaláshA7 it's dented. Aspect class: B. -attakwalihsyu-/-at-N-kwalihsyuv.s. be straight, be level, have good posture, wakattakwalíhsi I'm straight, I have good posture, lottakzvalíhsi he's straight, yakottakwalíhsi she's straight,

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yottakwalíhsi she (z.) or it is straight, it's level. Future stative: Ayottakwalihsyúhake? it will continue to be straight. With -hah-/ -h-/-wah- road, path: yothahakwalíhsi the road is straight. With -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: yotuhwAtsyakwalíhsi the ground is even or level. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyustraighten something. DERIVED BASES:

-atlihwakwalihsyu- be honest. NOTE: The alternant

-at-N-kwalihsyu- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -attakwalihsi- and -at-N-kwalihsiword-finally. -at-N-taliha't- v.a. heat up, warm up. With -hnana't- potato: wakathnana7tatalihá-tu I'm heating up potatoes, wahathnana7tatalíhahte7 he heated up the potatoes. And tcislocative: tayuthnana7tatalíhahte7 she heated up the potatoes there. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yuthnekatalihá-tha7 she's heating up water, wa7uthnekatalíhahte7 she heated up the water, ivahathnekatalíhahte7 he heated up the water, sathnekatalíhaht Heat up the water! With -khwfood, and s- repetitive: sakatekhwatalíhahte7 I heated up the food again. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -liha't-/

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Orieida-English

-taliha't- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. DERIVED BASES:

watnuhsataliha'tákhwa' furnace; yuthnekataliha'tákhwa' teakettle. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ' t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-tase- get twisted. See -athwatase-/-at-N-tase-. .at-N-tase- plus te- dualic, go completely around. See .ahkwatase/.at-N-tase- plus te- dualic. •at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic, be going completely around. See .ahkwatasehatye-/ .at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic. .at-N-tat- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. extend. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: ya7tkalahsi-tatate7 I extended my foot, ya?tAkalahsi-tatate7 I will extend my foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: ya7tkatnAtshatate7 I extended my arm, ya7tyutnAtshatate7 she extended her arm, ya7tAkatnXtshatate7 I will extend my arm. COMPOSED OF: .at-N-t- plus ya'tetranslocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out, -t- causativeinchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The initial -at- is the semireflexive, and it is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The composition is tentative; alternatively this base is composed of the ya ? te- translocative and dualic prefixes, -at-

semireflexive, and the base -tathand something by extending one's hand. -attatakw- v.a. pop, bounce, ricochet. wattatákwas it's popping, it's hitting against something and bouncing back off again. yottatákwA it has bounced, uttata-kó• it bounced off, it ricocheted. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: - a t t a t a k w a h t -

make ricochet, make bounce; watnAstatákwas popcorn. NOTE: Also attested with the tedualic, with no difference in meaning. For example, tewattatákwas it's popping or bouncing back. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -attatakwaht- v.a. make ricochet, make bounce, kattatakwátha7 I'm bouncing it, I'm making it ricochet. lottatakwáhtu he's bouncing it. Ahattatákwahte7 he will make it ricochet. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -attatakw- pop,

bounce, ricochet, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atte- v.s. be at the edge, be at the end. yótte7 it's at the edge or at the end. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot, and ytranslocative: tsi7 yeholahsí-tate7 it's at the end of his foot. With -hAtfield, garden: tsi7 yothA-táte7 it's at the end of the field or garden. With -nat- town, village, place: tsi7 yotna-táte7 it's at the end of town. With -nuhs- house, building: tsi7 yotnúhsate 7 it's at the end of the house. With -nutsi-/-nutsist- head, cabbage, and y- translocative: tsi7 yehotnutsistate7 it's at the end of his head. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers, and y- transloc-

Oneida-English

ative: tsi7 yehonishnúhsate7 it's at the end of his hand. With -uhwAtsy/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: tsi7 yotuhútsyate7 it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff. With -'sleht- vehicle: tsi7 yote7sléhtate7 it's at the end of the car. Aspect class: B. •Kwáh tsi7 ya-wét tsi7 yótte7 kA- n laneway thó thikA yaháti7 kA-. It's just at the end of the laneway that he would sit down. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .atte- plus tcislocative, be high up, be important. NOTE: Probably composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -te-, since incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -te-. The semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. This root may be present also in .teplus t- cislocative, be at a certain level, be at a certain rank. .atte- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be high up, be important. With é-nik up: é-nik thótte7 he's up there, he's very important, é-nik tyótte7 it's high up. With n- partitive: a7é- nityótte7 it's so high, to- nityótte7 how high is it? to- nithótte7 how high up there is he, how important is he? tónityakótte7 how important is she? kók nithótte7 his rank is only so high. Aspect class: B. •TahayAto-tXyá-ya7k niyohsí-take ni-yús khále7 áhsA niyohsí-take nityótte7 thikA. He would pile the wood up six feet long and three feet high. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -attebe at the edge, be at the end. -attehtani-/-attehtA- v.a. scold someone, give someone heck. luwattéhtanihe7 she's scolding him. wahuwattéhtA7 she scolded him,

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I gave you heck, he gave her heck, AkheyattéhtA7 I will give her heck. tákA 7 AskwattéhtA Don't give me heck! With n- partitive: nihakwattéhtanihe7 he's really scolding me, na?ukhiyattéhtA7 she really got after us. • Né-n yáh kwv tehau7weskwaní-u 7 7 kA-tsi wahuwattéhtA kA-. So he wasn't very happy that she was giving him heck. (M6) NOTE: The alternant -attehtanioccurs in the habitual aspect, -attehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. See also -attehtanyuni'ne- go along scolding. wa7kuyattéhtA7 wa7shakottéhtA7

-attehtanyuni'ne- v.m. go along scolding, yukwattehtanyuní-ne7 they're going along giving me heck. NOTE: Related to the base -attehtani-/-attehtA- scold someone, give someone heck. The final -'ne- of the base is the ambulative suffix, but the composition is unclear. .attenihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. flap. teyotteníhA it's flapping (e.g., a loose shingle). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .tenihA- plus te- dualic, shake. .atteny-/.attenyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. change, tehattényehse7 he changes (e.g., his mood, his clothes), tewattényehse7 it's changing. tehotténi he has changed, teyotténi she (z.) or it has changed. wa7thatte-níhe changed, wa7twatte-ní- she (z.) or it changed, tAwatte-ní- she (z.) or it will change. With s- repetitive: tAswatte-ní- it will change again. With n- partitive: na7tewakatténi how I have changed. Aspect class: E4. •Yáh te7wakanúhte7 tsi7 thó kA

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na7tewakatténi. I didn't realize that I've changed so much. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something. DERIVED BASES: .attenya 7 - plus tedualic, have changed one's ways; .attenyuhatye- plus te- dualic, go along changing; .attenyukw- plus tedualic, for severed to change; .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth; .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, go through stages of a lifetime; .atwAnateny- plus te- dualic, for one's voice to change. NOTE: The alternant .attenyuoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix, .atteny- occurs elsewhere. Incorporated nouns occurs between the semireflexive and .teny-/.tenyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .atteny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .atteny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. attenya 7 - plus te- dualic, v.s. have changed one's ways, tewakattenyá-u I have changed, tehottenyá-u he has changed, teyottenyá-u she (z.) or it has changed. Aspect class: E. •E-sd- se7 wí- na7 teyottenyá-u, e-sóo7sluni7kéha tsi7 nityukwalihó-tA. A lot of things have changed now, many of our ways are like the white people's. (Gl) E-só- tewakattenyá-u tsi7 nA wakatóti7. I've changed a lot now that I've grown up. COMPOSED OF: .atteny-/.attenyu-

plus te- dualic, change, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is

replaced by length after accented vowels. attenyuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go a l o n g changing, teyottenyuháti7 it's going along changing. With n- partitive: na7teyottenyuháti7 how it's going along changing. • Né• kAS kwí• na? WAhnislaténi waknehlákwas tsi7 na7teyottenyu7 7 háti kwáh tsi ok nahó-tA7 Day after day I'm amazed at how just all kinds of things are changing. (HI) COMPOSED OF: . a t t e n y - / . a t t e n y u -

plus te- dualic, change, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .attenyuhati- before a final 7 . .attenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for several to change, tewattenyúkwas it keeps changing. teyottenyúkwA it has changed. wa7twattenyu-kó• it changed several times, quite a few things changed. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: . a t t e n y - / . a t t e n y u -

plus te- dualic, change, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .attihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be different from one another. tekyattíhA it's different, the two (z.) are different, tetyattíhA you and I (incl.) are different, tehuttíhA they (m.) are all different. With n- partitive: na7tekyattíhA it's so different, the two (z.) are different in such a way. Aspect class: A. • Tsi7 na7tekyattihA thikA tekyatAhnu-téle 7 tsi7 ka-yA• kA 7 nitya-ká- sAha 7 yekwanA tsi7 ni-yót tsi7 ka-yA- yekwa-nA. There's a difference between the sisters, the one who is the youngest is bigger than the one who is older.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.tih(A)- plus te- dualic, care. -attok- v.a. notice, perceive, realize. katto-kás I notice things, I'm perceptive, I feel things (physically), I have a feeling about something, yutto-kás she or someone notices, yakwatto-kás we (excl.) notice things, lutto-kás they (m.) are perceptive, wa 7káttoke 7 I noticed it, I felt it, wahsáttoke7 you noticed it, waháttoke7 he noticed it, wa 7úttoke 7 she noticed it, wahyáttoke7 the two (m.) noticed it, Akáttoke7 I will notice it, Ayúttoke7 she will notice it, aháttoke7 he should notice it, tákA7 ayúttok she shouldn't notice. With te 7 - negative: yáh tehatto-kás he doesn't notice, yáh te7yutto-kás she doesn't notice, yáh te7wakattokA I didn't notice, yáh te7yakottokA she didn't notice. Aspect class: D3. •NA kwi• ka7ikA lutto-kás tsi7 wé-ne se7 né- ka7ikA nA, wé-ne tsi7 tehona7kalu-tú• ka7ikA thó wá •I awe7 So then they perceived that it must be the following, it must be that the horned one (the devil) had arrived there. (M5) DERIVED BASES: -attokanyu- notice,

perceive, become aware of things; -attoka'tahkw- use to notice or feel with; -attokAni-/-attoka's- notice something about someone; -attokAhslayA- have sensations. -attok- v.a. be well-informed, be wise, be stingy, kattókha7 I'm wellinformed, I'm right on top of things, I'm stingy, lattókha 7 he's wellinformed, he's wise, he's stingy, yuttókha7 she's well-informed, she's wise, she's stingy. Habitual past: lattókhahkwe7 he used to be knowledgeable. Future stative:

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Akattókhake7 I will be wellinformed. With te 7 - negative: yah te Tkattókha 7 I don't know about it, yáh te7yuttókha7 she doesn't know about it, she's not all there (she has some loose marbles), yáh tehsattókha 7 you're crazy. And habitual past: yah te7kattókhahkwe7 I didn't know about it, I was foolish. DERIVED BASES: - a t A ' n i k u h l a t t o k -

be smart, talk like an older person, be precocious; -atlihwattok- be smart. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Incorporated nouns occur after the initial -at- of the base, which is probably the semireflexive, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -attokanyu- v.a. notice, perceive, become aware of things. kattokányuhe7 I'm aware of what's going on around me, lattokányuhe7 he's noticing or aware of things (e.g., if he was in a coma or under an anesthetic, and begins to come around). wahattokáni7 he noticed all sorts of things. With s- repetitive: nA ki7 shattokányuhe7 he's aware of things again, he notices things around him. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7skattokányuhe7 I don't have any feeling (e.g., in my hands). COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice,

perceive, realize, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -attokani- before a final 7 . -attoka'tahkw- v.a. use to notice or feel with. yuttoka7tákhwa7 what she uses to feel with, she has feelings or wisdom, lattoka7tákhwa7 he has feelings or wisdom. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice,

perceive, realize, - 7 t- causative, -hkw- instrumental.

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NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha' is replaced by khwa'. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect.

-attokAhslayA- v.s. have sensations. wakattokAhsla-yX• I have sensation or feeling (e.g., in my hands). With te?- negative: yáh te?wakattokAhsla-yX• I have no sensations. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice,

perceive, realize, -A stative, -hslnominalizer, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -attokAni-/-attoka?s- v.a. notice something about someone. liyattokA-níhe7 I notice something about him. wahiyatto-ká-se7 I noticed something about him, I found him out, I realized something about him. COMPOSED OF: -attok- notice, perceive, realize, -Ani-/- ? sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -attokAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -attoka's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -attoklikhu- v.s. be wrinkled, be crushed, yottoklíkhu7 it's wrinkled or crushed (as a result of someone making it so). Aspect class: B. NOTE: May include the alternant -N-oklik- of the base -N-oklik-/ -N-okli-/-N-klik-/-N-kli- get wrinkled, get scrunched up; and the -hu- distributive suffix. -attsihalatenya't- v.a. spin. kattsihalatenyá-tha7 I make myself go around or spin in a circle. lottsihalatenyá-tu he's spinning around. wa7kattsihalatényahte7 I

spun around in a circle. sattsihalatényaht Spin around! Aspect class: E l . COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-tsihalatenya't- spin someone. NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -attsihkahkwalut- v.s. have a sty on the eye. wakattsihkáhkwalute7 I have a sty on my eye, lottsihkáhkwalute7 he has a sty, yakottsihkáhkwalute7 she has a sty. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; but the composition is unclear. .attsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, v.a. become knotted, teyottsíhkwalute7 there's a knot in it. wa7twattsihkwalu-tA• it got a knot in it. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot. ,attsihkwa'ek-/.attsihkwa ? e- plus tedualic, v.a. play ball. tehattsihkwá-eks he's playing ball, he's up at bat, tekuttsihkwá-eks they (z.) play ball, tehuttsihkwá-eks they (m.) play ball, tehottsihkwá-e he's playing ball. Habitual past: tekuttsihkwá-ekskwe7 they (z.) were playing ball. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

semireflexive, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hwa'ek-/ -hwa 7 e-/-a'ek-/-a ? e- strike, bat, thrash. DERIVED BASES: .attsihkwa'ekhplus te- dualic, go to play ball; .attsihkwa'eks plus te- dualic, be a

Oneida-English

ballplayer; tehuttsihkwa ? ékta ? ballpark. NOTE: The alternant .attsihkwa?ek- occurs in the habitual aspect and before derivational suffixes, .attsihkwa?e- occurs in the stative aspect. The 7 of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .attsihkwa'ekh- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to play ball. tehuttsihkwa7ékhe7 they (m.) are going to play ball. wa 7thuttsihkwa 7ékha 7 they (m.) are going there to play ball. COMPOSED OF: .attsihkwa'ek-/

.attsihkwa'e- plus te- dualic, play ball, -h- dislocative. .attsihkwa'eks a ballplayer, a ballplayer, a ballplayer, a ballplayer.

plus te- dualic, v.a. be tekattsíhkwá-eks I'm tehattsihkwá-eks he's teyuttsihkwá-eks she's

COMPOSED OF: .attsihkwa'ek-/

.attsihkwa'e- plus te- dualic, play ball, -s habitual. NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -attsistohkwal- v.s. have spots, freckles, or moles, lottsistóhkwale7 he has spots, freckles, or moles, yakottsistóhkwale7 she has spots, freckles, or moles. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot. DERIVED BASES: -attsistohkwala'-

get freckles; -attsistohkwalu- have many spots or freckles. -attsistohkwala 7 - v.a. get freckles. wahottsistóhkwalane7 he got freckles. COMPOSED OF: -attsistohkwal-

have spots, freckles, or moles, inchoative.

277

The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. NOTE:

-attsistohkwalu- v.s. have many spots or freckles, wakattsistohkwa-lú• I have spots or freckles, lottsistohkwa-lú• he has spots, he's spotted, yakottsistohkwa-lú• she has freckles, yottsistohkwa-lú• she (z.) or it has spots. Aspect class: B. • Nók tsi7 lottsistohkwa-lú• s athéhsa7 niwahsohkó-tA. But he (a dog) has brown spots. (M6) COMPOSED OF: -attsistohkwal-

have spots, freckles, or moles, -udistributive. -attsistot- v.a. light for oneself, turn on a light for oneself, kattistótha 7 I turn on the light or lamp for myself, yuttsistótha7 she or someone lights it for herself, she uses it for light. wakattsístote7 I have lit it for myself, I have a light on, yukwattsístote7 we have it lit. Akattsisto-tX• I will turn on the light. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-tsistot- light, turn on a light. DERIVED BASES: -attsistotu- have lamps, have lights; -attsistotunyulight for oneself several or here and there. -attsistotu- v.s. have lamps, have lights, yukwattsisto-tú- we have lamps or lights. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -attsistot- light for

oneself, turn on a light for oneself, -udistributive. -attsistotunyu- v.a. light for oneself several or here and there. wa7kattsistotúni7 I turned on the lights (e.g., I went through the house turning on the lights), wahuttsistotúni7 they (m.) lit or

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Orieida-English

turned on the light for themselves. COMPOSED OF: -attsistot- light for oneself, turn on a light for oneself, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -attsistotuni- before a final 7 . -attsistut- v.a. furnish oneself with a light or fire, kattsistútha7 I keep giving myself a light, I keep lighting it (e.g., a cigarette), lattsistútha7 he gives himself a light. wahattsistu-tA• he furnished himself with a light. With tsh- coincident: tshahattsistu-tA• when he lit it up. •Né-n nA- ka7ikA tshahattsistu-tAn laocigarette, nA kwí- nésahaya-kAne7 So then he lit his cigarette, then he went out again. (M5) NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -tsist- fire, light, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. -attsi'nyuhklokew- v.a. wipe one's nose. kattsi7nyuhkloke-wás I'm wiping my nose. wakattsi7nyuhklokewA I have wiped my nose. wa7kattsi7nyuhklo-kéwe7 I wiped my nose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'nyuhkl- snot, -atya'tokew-/-at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself. -attsi'nyuhkluty- v.a. blow one's nose. kattsi7nyuhklútyehse7 I'm blowing my nose. wa7kattsi7nyuhklu-tíI blew my nose, wahattsi7nyuhklu-tíhe blew his nose. sattsi7nyuhklu-tí Blow your nose! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-tsi'nyuhkl- snot, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse.

NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

.attsi'tsyanekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. for flowers to burst into bloom. teyottsi7tsyanekalú the flower is blooming, wa 7twattsi 7tsyane-kálu 7 the flowers burst into bloom. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'tsy- flower, .atla?nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. -attsye'elenyu'tuni- v.s. have an ingrown toenail. wakattsye7elenyu7tuní I have an ingrown toenail, lottsye7elenyu7tuní he has an ingrown toenail, yakottsye7elenyu7tuní she has an ingrown toenail. Pre-pausal: yakottsye 7elenyu 7tu-ní. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the noun base -tsye'el- fingernail, toenail, claw; otherwise the composition is unclear. .attsye'elot- plus te- dualic, v.a. pinch. teshakottsye7elótha7 he's pinching her. wa7tekheyattsye7elo-tAI pinched her, wa 7thakwattsye7elo-tAhe pinched me, wa7teshakottsye7elo-tAhe pinched her. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at-

semireflexive, -tsye 7 el- fingernail, toenail, claw, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -attsi'nuwat- v.s. have a pimple. lottsi7nu-wát he has a pimple, yakottsi7nu-wát she has a pimple. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-tsi'nuw- bug, worm, -at-/-t-/-et- be in. -attukw- v.a. swell, rise, wattúkwas it's rising. yottúkwA it has risen.

Oneida-English

uttu-kó• it rose. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the base -attu'kwaht-. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .attukwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. scatter something around. tekattukwátha7 I'm scattering things around (e.g., toys). tehonattukwáhtu they (m.) have scattered them around. tewattukwáhtu it was scattered around. tAkattúkwahte7 I will scatter things around. Aspect class: EL.

• Kwáh tsi7 ok náhte7 tehonattukwáhtu thikA latiksa7shúha. The children scattered all kinds of things. NOTE: The base .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic has a similar meaning and occurs with incorporated nouns. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -attu'kwaht- v.a. swell, rise. Awattú-kwahte7 it will swell up or rise, uttú-kwahte7 it swelled or rose. NOTE: Used to talk about how beans or rice swell from soaking in liquid or when yeast bread rises. It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the base -attukw-. See also watnA'ú kwas rice. The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atu- v.a. be possible, come about. wa-tú-se7 it could happen, u-tá• it came about, Awa-tú• it's possible. With te ? - negative: yáh te7yotú-u it didn't become possible. With thcontrastive: yáh thau-tú- it's not possible. Aspect class: C3. • Né-n yáh né• kaná-talok

279

te7yotú-u, kwáh né- nók tsi7 wa7ka-likwi• tsi7 wa7ona7talahnílhA7 nA7 né\ It didn't even become bread, but it got quite cooked, it got really hard. (CI) DERIVED BASES: .atu- plus s- repetitive, be able to go to the bathroom; -atu ? se-/-atu's- have an effect, have enough of. .atu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. be able to go to the bathroom, usaka-tú• I should be able to go to the bathroom, usayu-tú• she should be able to go to the bathroom. •Yáh thau-tú- átste7 usaka-tú-. I can't go to the bathroom (because I'm constipated). COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -atu- be

possible, come about.

-atu- v.a. swell, yo-tú• it's swollen. U'tú' it swelled, Awa-tú- it will swell. -atu-/-A-/-ihlu- v.a. say. ka-túhe7 I say, sa-túhe7 you say, la-túhe7 he says, yu-túhe7 she or someone says, lu-túhe7 they (m.) say. wakA I have said. wa7kí-lu7 I said, wahsí-lu7 you said, wahA-lu 7 he said, wa 7kA-lu 7 she (z.) said, wa 7yaí-lu 7 (short form: wa 7í-lu 7) she said, wahAnt-lu 7 they (m.) said, Akí-lu 7 I will say, Ahsí-lu 7 you will say, akí-lu 7 I would say, ahA-lu7 he should say, ahnvlu 7 the two (m.) should say. tákA 7 náhte 7 Ahsí-lu Don't say anything! Habitual past: katúhahkwe7 I used to say. Future habitual: Akatúheke7 I will keep saying. Optative stative: au-kAke7 I should have said. With s- repetitive: sayaílu7 she said again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayaí-lu7 there she said again. With te ? - negative: yáh te 7wakA I didn't say, yáh tehawA he didn't say, yáh te7yakawA she or

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Orieida-English

someone didn't say, yáh te?yúkriA we two didn't say. With tsh- coincident: né- kwi• tshika-túhe7 that's what I said, tshahoní-lu 7 when they (m.) said it. Aspect class: Al. •Ka-túhe7 se7, "tákA7 náhte7 riAhsátyel". I said, "don't do anything." Wa 7í-lu 7, "tákA 7 náhte7 Ahsí-lu thikA a-shehlo-lí• náhte7 alá• yáh téhselhe7 ahsatekhu-nf." She said, "don't you say and tell the reason why you don't want to eat." (Ol) DERIVED BASES: - i h l u n y u - say

things. NOTE: The alternant -atu- occurs in the habitual aspect, -A- occurs in the stative aspect, and -ihlu- occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -nyu- distributive suffix. The h of -ihlu- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -Aoccurs also in the particle yákA? so they say, reportedly. -N-atu- v.a. construct out of something. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -atkAhatu- quilt; -kalatu- tell a story; .nAyatu- plus tedualic, place stones around, brick over; tehutya látuhe' circus people; tekalu tátu 7 log cabin. -atuhew- v.a. sweep, latuhe-wás he's sweeping. wakatuhewA I have swept, wahatúhewe7 he swept. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -uhew- sweep. DERIVED BASES: - a t u h e w a n y u -

sweep all over. NOTE: It's not clear how this base and the component base differ in meaning. -atuhewanyu- v.a. sweep all over. lutuhewányuhe7 they (m.) are

sweeping all over, wakatuhewáni7 have swept. Ahutuhewáni7 they (m.) will sweep. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -atuhew- sweep, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atuhewani- before a final 7 .

I

-atuhkalya'k- v.a. get hungry. katuhkálya7ks I'm hungry, latuhkálya 7ks he's hungry, yutuhkálya 7ks she's hungry. wa 7katuhkályahke 7 I got hungry, Akatuhkályahke 7 I will get hungry, akatuhkályahke7 I should get hungry. With te?- negative: yáh te7katuhkálya7ks I'm not hungry. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus tedualic, v.s. be necessary, should be. teyotuhutsyóhu or teyotuhwAtsyóhu it's necessary, it should be. Aspect class: E. • TeyotuhwAtsyóhu ayekhuníheke7 nA nyAhA-kéwe7 She should be cooking when I arrive. NOTE: The alternant .atuhwAtsyoho- occurs in careful speech, but normally most speakers have .atuhutsyoho-. The base is composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -atuhutsyo-/ -atuhwAtsyo-, and the -ho- causative suffix. See also .atuhutsyoni-/ .atuhutsyo ? s-/.atuhwAtsyoni-/ .atuhwAtsyo's- plus te- dualic, want, need, desire. The final o is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atuhutsyoni-/.atuhutsyo ? s-/ .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. want, need, desire. tewakatuhutsyoní tewakatuhwAtsyoní

or

I want or need,

Oneida-English

tesatuhutsyoní you want, teyakotuhutsyoní she wants, tehotuhutsyoní he wants, teyukwatuhutsyoní we want, tehonatuhutsyoní they (m.) want, teyonatuhutsyoní they (z.) want, tekheyatuhutsyoní I need or desire her, tekatuhutsyoní I want her (z.). wa7twakatuhútsyohse7 I wanted, I was in need, wa7thotuhútsyohse7 he wanted, tAsatuhútsyohse7 you will want. Stative past: tewakatuhutsyoni-hné• I used to want. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tewakatuhutsyoní I don't want, yáh tha7tesatuhutsyoní you don't want, yáh tha7tehotuhutsyoní he doesn't want, yáh tha7teyakotuhutsyoní she doesn't want. •SwatyelA s yákA7 thikA tá-t nya7tewAhnislaké tá-thuni7 áhsA niwahsu-táke nA elhú-wa7 Ahakwe-ní• Ahathlo-lí• náhte7 wí• tehonatuhutsyoní wí- Ahonanúht ane7. Sometimes, they say, it was maybe a couple of days or three nights, then he was able to tell what they needed to know. (02) NOTE: The alternants .atuhwAtsyoni- and .atuhwAtsyo'soccur in careful speech, but normally most speakers have .atuhutsyoniand ,atuhutsyo?s-. The base is composed of the te- dualic prefix, a component -atuhutsyo-/ -atuhwAtsyo-, and the -ni-/- ? sbenefactive suffix. See also .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic, be necessary, should be. The alternants .atuhutsyoni- and .atuhwAtsyoni- occur in the stative aspect. The alternants .atuhutsyo'sand .atuhwAtsyo?s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster

281

is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic, be necessary, should be. See .atuhutsyoho-/.atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic. atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic, want, need, desire. See •atuhutsyoni-/.atuhutsyo?s-/ .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic. atukoht- v.a. pass by or on, go or continue on. katukótha 7 I pass by, watukótha7 it passes by. lotukóhtu he has gone by, he has passed on (i.e., he has died), wahatu-kóhte7 he passed by, he passed on, wa7utu-kóhte7 she kept on going, utu-kóhte7 it went by, it was over, wa7akyatu-kóhte7 we two (excl.) went on, wahyatwkóhte7 the two (m.) went on, wahakwatu-kóhte7 he went ahead of me, wa7shakotu-kóhte7 he went ahead of her, he passed her (e.g., in a grade at school), Akatu-kóhte7 I will go on, Awatu-kóhte7 it will pass by, it will be over, akatu-kóhte7 I should go on, ahatu-kóhte7 he should go on. Stative past: yukyatukohtú-ne7 we two had passed by. With s- repetitive: shotukóhtu he has passed by again, tsyakotukóhtu she or someone has passed by again, shonatukóhtu they (m.) have passed by again, sashakotu-kóhte7 he passed on ahead of her (also, if they're both sick, and he died before her), sashukwatukóhtu he passed on ahead of us. With t- cislocative: ta-yakwatu-kóhte7 we (excl.) should go through there. With tAt- dualic and cislocative: tAthutu-kóhte7 they (m.) will come on this way. With y-

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Orieida-English

translocative: yahatu-kóhte7 he passed by there. With n- partitive: nAwatu-kóhte7 it will go by in such a way. With ny- partitive and translocative, and future stative: nyAwatukóhtake7 it will go through there. With tsh- coincident: tshutu-kóhte7 when it had passed, after it was over, tshahutu-kóhte7 when they (m.) passed by. With tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutahatu-kóhte7 when he came by here. With th- contrastive: thutu-kóhte7 it just went passing by (unexpectedly). Aspect class: El. •Yáh thau-tú• thó ta-yakwatu-kóhte7 só-tsi7 kA 7 7 niyohaha slatyéha. We can't go through there, the road is too narrow. Kwáh kí7 né- tutahatriAtshalúni7 kAtshutahatu-kóhte7 He actually waved when he passed by. Khále 7 é-nik nAwatu-kóhte7 tok náhte7 tyaw Ahale-lé\ And high up something will be going by that's noisy. (Al) DERIVED BASES: .atukoht- plus tedualic, pass, succeed; -atukohtahkwget on a side; .atukohtahkw- plus ytranslocative, go right on by; -atukohtuhatye- move along; -athahukoht- take a particular road; yotukóhtu it's past. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -ukoht-, which occurs also in .ukoht- plus tedualic, force through, penetrate. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ukoht-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. atukoht- plus te- dualic, v.a. pass, succeed, tehatukótha7 he always

passes (e.g., a grade at school). tehotukóhtu he has passed. wa7thatu-kóhte7 he passed, wa7tyutu-kóhte7 she passed. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tehotukóhtu he didn't pass. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atukohtpass by or on, go or continue on. DERIVED BASES: .atukohtanyu- plus te- dualic, go through a lot. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atukohtahkw- v.a. get on a side. lotukohtáhkwA he has gotten on one side, the side he's on. With t- cislocative: tyuky atukohtahkw A the side w e two are o n , kAh nukwátwakatukohtáhkwA I'm on this side, thó nukwá• twakatukohtáhkwA I'm

on that side, I'm on their side, he will get on that side. And future stative: kAh

Athatukóhtahkwe7

nukwá• AthotukohtahkwAhake7

he

will be on this side. With tet- or tuta- dualic and cislocative: tethotukohtáhkwA he has gone over to that side again, tutahatukóhtahkwe7 he got on that side again. •Khále7 wí- kA7 nishátye7 kA-, el A nukwá• tutahatukóhtahkwe7 tsi7 nukwá' lotistó-slote7 tehati-tAhe7. And so here he flew again (the bat), he got across on the side again where the feathered ones fly. (RC) COMPOSED OF: -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: This base is used both in the sense of location and in the more abstract sense of sides in a game. Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred.

Oneida-English

.atukohtahkw- plus y- translocative, v.a. go right on by. yehatukohtákhwa7 he goes right by. yehotukohtáhkwA he has gone by. yAhatukóhtahkwe? he will go right by. Aspect class: Dl. •SwatyelA

yAhatukóhtahkwe7

sok

nú' AhayAtayA-hná- kátsha7 ok nú-. Sometimes he would keep right on going and deliver wood someplace. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha7 is replaced by khwa ? . .atukohtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. go through a lot. tekatukohtányuhe7 I'm going through a lot. tewakatukohtáni7 I have gone through a lot. wa7tkatukohtáni7 I went through a lot, wa7tyakyatukohtáni7 we two (excl.) went through so much. Aspect class: Bl. •Né- kati7 ní• alá• só-tsi7 WAto-lé' tsi7 wa7tkatukohtáni7 tsi7 ok náhte7 tsi7 yáh te7khyatuhslayAtelí.

And

that's why I went through such hard times, because I didn't have any education. (CI) COMPOSED OF: .atukoht- plus tedualic, pass, succeed, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atukohtani- before a final 7 . atukohtuhatye- v.m. move along. lotukohtuháti7 he's going along, yakotukohtuháti7 she's moving along, wakatukohtuhátyehse7 I keep moving on, lotukohtuhátyehse7 he keeps going along. wahotukohtuháti7 he's moving along. Habitual past: lotukohtuhátye7skwe7 he used to

283

keep going along. COMPOSED OF: -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. DERIVED BASES: .atukohtuhatyeplus te- dualic, be going through an experience. NOTE: Many speakers have -atukohtuhati- before a final 7 . .atukohtuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going through an experience. tewakatukohtuháti7 I'm going through (some experience), tesatukohtuháti7 you're going through it. wa7thotukohtuháti7 he's going through something. •Wakanúhte7 tsi7 ni-yót tsi7 tesatukohtuháti7 né- tsi7 thó sA- ni7íni-yót. I know what it's like to be going through what you're going through because that's the way it is with me. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic,

-atukohtuhatye- move along. NOTE: Many speakers have .atukohtuhati- before a final -atukwe'taksa't- v.a. misbehave, act like a brat. latukwe7taksá-tha7 he misbehaves, he gets angry, he acts like a brat. lotukwe7taksá-tu he's angry, he's misbehaving. wahatukwe7táksahte7 he became angry. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-ukwe?taks(A)- be cross, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the final ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -atukwe'talakw- v.a. invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time. latukwe7talákwas he invites or chooses someone to join him (or

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come home with him) and be a part of his household for a time. wakatukwe talákwA I have chosen someone to stay with me for a time. Akatukwe?tala-kóI will invite someone to be a part of my household for a time. Aspect class: D3. 7

COMPOSED OF: - u k w e - / - u k w e ? t -

person, -atlakw- claim, keep for oneself. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atukwe'tatku- v.s. have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a mind reader. lotukive7tátku7 he has unusual powers. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the alternant -ukwe ? t- of the noun base -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person, and a verb root -atku-, which is probably related to the noun base -atku-/ -atku'sl- snake (cf. Mohawk -atkondevil, demon, spirit). -atukwe'tatwekt- v.s. be friendly. lotukwe7tátwekt he's friendly, he'll just talk to anybody, yakotukwe7tátwekt she's friendly. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the alternant -ukwe?t- of the noun base -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- person; otherwise the composition is unclear. -atukwe'tisa'- v.s. be ready to give birth. yakotukwe7tísu7 she's ready to give birth (her child is finished growing). Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-ukwe-/-ukwe't- person, -hsa7-/ -isa 7 - finish. NOTE: In the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u ? . .atulost- plus te- dualic, v.a. match. tekheyatulósta7 I'm matching them (so that one item matches another).

tekheyatulóstu I have matched them. wa7tekheyatu-lóste7 I matched them, wa7tyukhiyatu-lóste7 she or someone matched us, wa7teshukyatu-lóste7 he matched the two of us. tesheyatu-lóst Match them! Aspect class: El. -atuly- v.a. breathe, katúlyehse7 I'm breathing, latúlyehse7 he's breathing, yutúlyehse7 she's breathing. wahatu-lú he started to breathe (e.g., a newborn baby), he's taking a breath. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atunhahel-/-atunhahl- v.a. get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited. wakatunháhele7 I'm o v e r j o y e d , satunháhele7 you're overjoyed, lotunháhele7 he's overjoyed,

yakotunháhele7 she's overjoyed, yonatunháhele7 they (z.) are overjoyed. xva7katunhá-lA7 I became happy or high-spirited, Akatunhá-lA7 I will become happy. Habitual past: wakatunhá-lahkwe7 I was happy. Future stative: Awakatunhá-lake 7 I will feel good. COMPOSED OF: -at- s e m i r e f l e x i v e ,

-unh- life, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: - a t u n h a h l a t y e - g o

along being happy. NOTE: The alternant -atunhaheloccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -atunhahl- occurs in the punctual aspect, in the expanded aspects, and before derivational suffixes, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atunhahlatye- v.m. go along being happy, lonatunhahláti7 they (m.) are going along in high spirits.

Oneida-English

they (m.) will go along in high spirits. Ahonatunhahláti?

COMPOSED OF: -atunhahel-/

-atunhahl- get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atunhahlati- before a final 7 . -atunhahnilat- v.a. persevere, stay strong, latunhahni-láts he's not giving up, he's sticking it out, he's persevering. wa7katunhahni-láte7 I persevered, I stayed strong. tsyatunhahni-lát You two don't give up! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-unhahnil- live forever, outlive, survive, -t- causative-inchoative. .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. go through stages of a lifetime. tekatunhatényehse7 I'm going or changing from one stage of my life to another (e.g., from a child to an adolescent), tewakatunhaténi I have changed. wa7tkatunhate-ni• I went through this stage. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -unh- life, .atteny-/ .attenyu- plus te- dualic, change. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .atunhet- plus s- repetitive, v.a. come back to life, shonatunhetú they (m.) have come back to life, sahutúnhete7 they (m.) came back to life. •Tahnú• né• sA- luwatikwáhtu thikA latihwa7éstu shonatunhe-tú. And they also invited those who have bandages on (mummies), who have come alive again. (D2) COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -at-

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semireflexive, -unhe- live, be alive, -t- causative-inchoative. -atunhetsl- v. > n. soul, atunhétsla7 soul. NOTE: Includes the -at- semireflexive and the verb base -unhe- live, be alive; otherwise the composition is unclear. .atunhukaly- plus te- dualic, v.a. suffer, tewakatunhukáli I'm suffering (as a result of something, perhaps because I'm sick), tehotunhukáli he's suffering, teyakotunhukáli she's suffering. wa7tkatunhuka-lv I suffered, tAkatunhuka-lí• I will suffer, tahsatunhuka-lí• you should suffer. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atuni-/-atuny- v.a. make, fix, or prepare for oneself, katu-níhe7 I make it (for myself), latu-níhe7 he makes it. wakatuní I have made it, lotuní he has made it, yakotuní she has made it. wa7katu-ní• I made it, wahatu-ní• he made it, wa7utu-níshe made it, wa7akyatu-ní- we two (excl.) made it, a-katu-ní• I should make it, a-yutu-ní• she should make it. satu-ní Make it! Habitual past: katuníhahkwe7 I was making it. With -ashe ? nut-/-ashe ? nutslbasket: yutashe7nutslu-níhe7 she makes baskets. With -a ? ahslbasket: yuta7ahslu-níhe7 she makes baskets, yakota7ahsluní she has made a basket, wa7uta7ahslu-ní- she made a basket, ayuta7ahslu-ní- she should make baskets. And future habitual: Ahsata7ahsluníheke7 you will be making baskets. With

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-a'shal- knife, sickle, and s- repetitive: shata7shalu-níhe7 he fixes his sickle. With -hah-/-h-/-wah- road, path: lothahu-níhe7 he's building or fixing a road. With -hnekakli-/ -hnekaklPtsl- broth, watery soup: wakathnekakli?tsluní I have made soup. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yutkAhu-nihe7 she's making a quilt or blanket, wa?katkAhu-nv I made quilts, ayutkAhu-ní• she should make quilts. With -lan- corn soup: katlanu-níhe7 I'm making corn soup, twatlanu-ní Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! With -nakt- bed, place, space, and s- repetitive: usetwatnaktu-ní• we (incl.) should fix the bed again. With -nat- town, village, place, and tsh- coincident: tshahutnatu-ní• when they (m.) built the village. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: wa7katna7talu-ní• I made bread, wahatna7talu-níhe made bread. With -nuhs- house, building: latnuhsu-níhe 7 he's building a house, lonatnuhsuní they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu-ní• he built a house. And t- cislocative: thutnuhsu-níhe7 they (m.) are building houses there. And tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutahutnuhsu-ní- when they (m.) were building the building there. And te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shotnuhsuní he was no longer building the house. With -she ? lhdough, paste, cream: Akateshe7lhu-níI will make the dough. With -shuw- hole: kateshuyu-níhe7 I'm making a hole, wakateshuyuní I have made or dug a hole, Ahsateshuyu-ní• you will dig a hole, sateshuyu-ní Dig a hole! With -the ? tsl- flour: satethe7tslu-níhe7 you're making flour, Ahsatethe7tslu-nv you will make

flour. With -ti-/-ti ? tsl- tea: yakotti7tsluní she has made tea. With -tsi ? nahkw- nest: luttsi7nahku-níhe 7 they (m.) are making a nest. With -wis- ice, glass, window: lutwisu-níhe7 they (m.) are making ice. With -'nuhkw- bottom of a container: wa7kate7nuhku-ní• I made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate7nuhku-ní Make the bottom! With -'sleht- vehicle: kate?slehtu-níhe7 I'm fixing the car. Aspect class: Al. •Nók tsi7 wahuwahlo-lf tsi7 yah 7 7 té-yAlhe owískla niwahsohkó-tA a-yutu-nf. But she told him that she didn't want to make white ones (mittens). (T3) Khále7 wahatnuhsu-ní• lake7ntha. And my father built a house. (Ol) Só-tsi7 yotho-léakatkétsko7 usetwatnaktu-ní-, thó niyohtúhak. It's too cold for me to get up so that we could fix the bed (which had broken and fallen down), let it stay that way! (CI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -atunyanyu- make several for oneself; -atunya't- make something out of something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -atuny- occurs before derivational suffixes. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -uni-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. -atuni- v.s. grow, yotuní it's growing. Pre-pausal: yotu-ní. With t- cislocative: tyotuní it's growing there. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yotahyuní berries are growing. With - a n e k l - / - A n e k l - grass, straw, hay, weeds: yotanekluní grass is growing. With -lut- tree, log: yotlutuní there

Oneida-English

are trees growing. And t- cislocative: tyotlutuní there are trees growing there. With -tsi 7 tsy- flower: yottsi7tsyuní there are flowers growing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-uni-/-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: -atunihatye- grow along. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -uni-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. See also -atunisa 7 - finish growing. -atunihatye- v.m. grow along. yotuniháti7 they are growing along (you're walking along and all these things are growing along where you walk). COMPOSED OF: -atuni- grow, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -atunihati- before a final 7 . -atunisa?- v.a. finish growing. watunísa7as it's finishing growing. yotunísu 7 it has finished growing. utunísane7 it finished growing, Awatunísane7 it will be finished growing. Aspect class: E5. NOTE: Probably includes the base -atuni- grow, and the alternant -isa ? of the verb base -hsa?-/-isa ? - finish; however the exact composition is unclear. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself. See -atuni-/-atuny-. -atunyanyu- v.a. make several for oneself, katunyányuhe7 I'm making all kinds of things, yutunyányuhe7 she's making things. wa7katunyáni7

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I made all kinds of things, wa7akwatunyáni7 we (excl.) made several things. With -nakt- bed, place, space: lotnaktunyáni7 he has made or constructed beds. With -nuto'tsl- box, and th- contrastive: thihotnuto7tslunyáni7 he just made boxes. With -yal- bag, sack: yakotyalunyáni7 she has made bags. Aspect class: BL. •Lotnaktunyáni7 thikA lake7níha 7 7 7 o-yAte náhte kwa nyó ok thihotnuto7tslunyáni7 thikA. My father made the beds out of wood, he made them just like boxes. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -atuni-/-atuny-

make, fix, or prepare for oneself, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive of the component base and -unyanyu-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. Many speakers have -atunyanibefore a final 7 . -atunya't- v.a. make something out of something for oneself, yakotunyá-tu she has made it using it. akatúnyahte7 I should make it out of it. With -hsuht- wall: wahutshuhtúnyahte7 they (m.) made walls out of it. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: wa7utkAhúnyahte7 she made quilts from (them). •Tahnú• nya7káhewe7 ní• yáh thusaketshA-lí• o7nu-náakatúnyahte7 And then there came a time when I could no longer find splints to make them (baskets) with. (VI)

COMPOSED OF: -atuni-/-atuny-

make, fix, or prepare for oneself, - ? tcausative. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur

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between the semireflexive of the component base and -unya't-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. atú nyote? N eagle. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: atú-nyute7 (ACH). .atut- plus te- dualic, v.a. eat together. tehya-túts the two (m.) are eating together. wa7thya-túte7 the two (m.) ate together, wa7thu-túte7 they (m.) ate together, tAtya-túte7 you and I (incl.) will eat together. tetya-tút Let's you and I (incl.) eat together! tetwa-tút Let's all eat together! With s- repetitive: tusahu-túte7 they (m.) ate together again. • KAh nukwá• sáti, tetwa-tút. Sit over here, eat with us! -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry. See -ate?skut-/-at-N-ut-. .atutahkwAni-/.atutahkwA- plus tcislocative, v.a. urge, have an urge. twakatutahkwA-níhe7 this feeling keeps coming over me that I want to do something or need to feel a particular way. tkuyatutahkwAní I have urged you, I have given you the urge. tukwatutáhkwA7 I felt I wanted to do it, tahonatutáhkwA7 they (m.) had the urge, takuyatutáhkwA7 I urge you, AtwakatutáhkwA7 I will feel that I should do it, AtkuyatutáhkwA7 I will urge you. Aspect class: Al. • Tá-t na7AtwakatutáhkwA7 thó y a • aké-. I might be persuaded to go there. NOTE: The alternant .atutahkwAni- occurs in the habitual

and stative aspects, .atutahkwAoccurs in the punctual aspect. .atutakt- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be interested, twakatu-tákt I'm interested, I want to do it, tisatu-tákt you're interested, thotu-tákt he's interested, tyakotu-tákt she's interested. Aspect class: A. -at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying. See -ate'skutakw-/ -at-N-utakw-. -at-N-uta?n- intend to roast, bake, or fry. See -ate ? skuta ? n-/-at-N-uta ? n-. .atutshot- plus te- dualic, v.a. kneel down, tekatutshótha7 I keep kneeling down, tehatutshótha7 he kneels down, tewakatútshote7 I have knelt down (and now I'm kneeling), tehotútshote7 he has knelt down. wa7tkatutsho-tA• I knelt down, wa 7thatutsho-tX- he got on his knees, tAkatutsho-tX• I will kneel down, tAhatutsho-tX- he will kneel down, tAyututsho-tX• she will kneel down. tehsatutsho-tX Kneel down! Habitual past: tekatutshóthahkwe7 I used to kneel all the time, tewakatutsho-táhkwe7 I was kneeling (but I'm not now). Future stative: tAhotutsho-táke7 he will be kneeling. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .utshot- plus te- dualic, be kneeling. DERIVED BASES: .atutshotunyu- plus te- dualic, kneel down all over. .atutshotunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. kneel down all over. tekatutshotúnyuhe7 I'm kneeling down all over the place. wa7tkatutshotúni7 I knelt down all over the place. •NA kwí• né- thó kwí- to-kXske7 wa7tkatutshotúni7 Asok kwt-

Oneida-English

kwahotokA wa7katé-sle7 kA-. So then for sure I got down and knelt all over, so then I went off crawling. (Mil) COMPOSED OF: .atutshot- plus tedualic, kneel down, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .atutshotuni- before a final 7 . -at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several. See -ate'skutunyu-/ -at-N-utunyu-. -atu ? kwanhak-/-atu ? kwanh- v.a. put on a belt, wakatu 7kwánhA I have a belt on, lotu 7kwánhA he has a belt on, yakotu 7kwánhA she has a belt on. wa 7katu 7kwánhake7 I put my belt on, wa 7kheyatu 7kwánhake7 I put a belt on her. satu 7kwánhak Put a belt on! NOTE: Includes the alternants -nhak-/-nh- of the verb base -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -atu ? kwanhoccurs in the stative aspect and in atu'kwánha' belt. The alternant -atu ? kwanhak- occurs in the punctual aspect. atu'kwánha' V > N belt. akwatu 7kwánha 7 my belt, satu 7kwánha 7 your belt, laotu 7kwánha 7 his belt, akotu7kwánha7 her belt, aotu7kwánha7 her (z.) or its belt. COMPOSED OF: -atu'kwanhak-/

-atu'kwanh- put on a belt, -a7 noun suffix. .atu'nek- plus t- cislocative, v.a. move away from, become startled, become shocked, twakatu 7nekú I got away from there, takatú-neke7 I took myself out of the way, I moved away from there, it startled or frightened

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me, tayutú-neke7 it startled her. Facilitative: twakatu 7nékskwA I'm easy to scare. With te- dualic: tutakatú-neke7 I got away from it again, it startled me again. With npartitive: tsi7 nutakatú-neke7 I was so startled. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -at-

semireflexive, -u?nek-/-ya?tu ? nekmove something out of the way. DERIVED BASES: .atu'nekhu- plus tcislocative, become repeatedly startled, be anxious, be nervous; .atu?nektAni-/.atu?nektA- plus tcislocative, startle someone. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -at-N-u ? nek- v.a. move something out of the way. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsifoot: wa7kalahsi7tú-neke7 I moved my foot. With -hsin- leg: wa7katshinú-neke7 I moved my leg. With -na ? tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa7katna7tsyú-neke7 I moved the pail. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7kate7slehtú-neke7 I moved my car. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -u'nek-/ -ya'tu'nek- move something out of the way. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atu'nekhu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become repeatedly startled, be anxious, be nervous. tkatu7nékhuhe7 I keep being startled, I'm afraid, anxious or nervous, takatu 7nékhu 7 I became startled, afraid, or anxious. COMPOSED OF: .atu'nek- plus t-

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cislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked, -hudistributive. .atu?nektAni-/.atu?nektA- plus tcislocative, v.a. startle someone. thakwatu?nektA-níhe7 he keeps startling me, teskwatu7nektA-níhe7 you're always startling me. taskwatu?néktA7 you startled me, takuyatu 7néktA 7 kA. Did I startle you? COMPOSED OF: .atu'nek- plus tcislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked, -ht- causative, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atu'nektAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, .atu?nektA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atu ? se-/-atu?s- v.a. have an effect, have enough of. yakotú-se it has an effect on her. ukwa-tú-se7 it had an effect on me, I had enough of it (so that I don't want anymore, I'm tired or bored with it), Ayako-tú-se7 it will have an effect on her. •Né• onúhkwa7t Ayako-tú-se7 thikA yeksá• tá-t Ahayu7kútho7 7 nya •léhkwe . For the medicine to have an effect on the little girl (for it to work), he will have to burn tobacco for now. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -atu- be possible,

come about, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atu ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, -atu ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atu'weskwa't- v.s. have fun, have a good time. wakatu7weskwá-tu I'm having fun, I'm having a good time, lotu7weskwá-tu he's having a good time, yakotu 7weskwá-tu she's hav-

ing a good time. With n- partitive: nihonatu7weskwá-tu they (m.) are having so much fun, na7akwatu7wéskwahte7

we (excl.)

had so much fun. Aspect class: E. • Nihonatu?iveskwá-tu thikA otsi7tAha7shúha elók shatíti7. Those birds are having so much fun flying around. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-u'weskwa't- be pleasant, be enjoyable. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .atwa'kAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. deny. tehatwa7kAnyehse7 he denies it. tewakatwa7kAni I have denied it. wa7tkatwa7kA-ní• I denied it. Aspect class: E4. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atwa'nik- v.a. shut up. lotwa7nikú he has shut up. wahatwá-nike7 he shut up, wa7utwá-nike7 she shut up, wa7akyatwá-tiike7 we two (excl.) shut up. satwá-nik Shut up! tsyatwá-nik You two, shut up! NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atwAnahtu- v.a. lose one's voice. wakatWAnahtú-u I have lost my voice, yakotwAnahtú-u she has lost her voice, lotwAnahtú-u he has lost his voice. wa7utWAnáhtu7 she lost her voice, AkatWAnáhtu7 I will lose my voice, i-wélhe7 ahatwAnáhtu7 he's losing his voice, he's hoarse (literally, it wants him to lose his

Oneida-English

voice). With y- translocative: I lose my voice. Aspect class: C3. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -ahtu-/-atya 7 tahtu-/-at-N-ahtuget lost, vanish, disappear. yekatwAnáhtuhse7

-atwAnakalatat- v.a. interpret. latwAnakala-táts he interprets. kuyatwAnakalatatú I have interpreted for you. wa7kuyatwAnakala-táte7 I interpreted for you, wahiyatwAnakala-táte7 I interpreted for him. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -WAn- voice, word, -halatat-/ -kalatat- raise up, lift up. -atwAnalahkw- v.a. obey, pay attention, listen. katwAnalákhwa7 I pay attention, I listen. wakatwAnaláhkwA I'm obedient, yakotwAnaláhkwA she's obedient, lotWAtialáhkzvA he's obedient. ivahatwA-nálahkwe7 he listened, AkatwA-nálahkwe7 I will obey, AyutWA-nálahkwe7 she or someone will pay attention. With te ? - negative: yáh te7katwAnalákhwa7 I don't attend to it, I don't listen, yáh tehotwAnaláhkwA he didn't listen. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyutwAnalákhwa7 she or someone doesn't listen anymore, yáh te7tsitwatwAnalákhwa7 we (incl.) don't listen anymore. With thcontrastive: yáh thakatiVA-nálahkwe7 I won't listen. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: yáh thusayutwA-nálahkwe7 she won't listen anymore. Aspect class: Dl. •"Tahnú• isé- snilí-wa7 tsi7 thó niyawA-u, só-tsi7 wa7etshiksa7táksahte7 kA- nA na7 yáh náhte7 thusayutwA-nálahkwe7 náhte7

291

If." "And so it's your fault what has happened, you two spoiled her too much, now she won't attend anymore to what you tell her." (M7) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -WAn- voice, word, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . ayetshihIo

-atwAnastohte7 v.a. be a tenor. wahatwAnástohte7 (he's a) tenor. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wAn- voice, word, -astoht- make small, shrink, take in, reduce, -e7 punctual. -atWAnatakhe- v.m. for a call to come. watwAnatákhe7 a call came from far away. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -WAn- voice, word, -atakhe- be in something going by. .atwAnata'- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. telephone. takatwAnátane7 I telephoned (in), tahsatwAnátane7 you telephoned, ya7katwAnátane7 I telephoned (out), yahsatWAnátane7 you telephoned, AtkatwAnátane7 I will telephone, AtehsatwAnátane7 you will telephone, AthutwAnátane7 they (m.) will telephone, yAhsatwAnátane7 you will telephone over there. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusahsatWAnátane7 you should call back again. With tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutahsatwAnátane7 when you called, tshutayutWAnátane7 when she called. •Kwáh ki7 nA tshutahsatWAnátane7

wa7katekhu-ní-

to eat when you called.

I just started

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -at- semireflexive, -wAn- voice, word, -ta?-/-eta ? - put into a container. DERIVED BASES: . a t w A n a t a ' A n i - /

.atwAnata'a's- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, telephone someone; yutwAnata'ásta' telephone. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. atwAnata?Ani-/.atwAnata'a's- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, v.a. telephone someone. yehiyatwAnata?Aní I have telephoned him, yekuyatwAnata ? AHÍ I have telephoned you. AtkuyatwAnáta?ahse7 I will telephone you. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusakuyatwAnáta7ahse7 I telephoned you again. COMPOSED OF: .atwAnata?- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, telephone, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .atwAnata?Ani- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant .atwAnata ? a ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. atwAnateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. for one's voice to change. tehatwAnatényehse7 his voice is changing (because he's going through puberty). tehotWAnaténi his voice has changed. wa7thatWAnate-ní• his voice changed. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -WAn- voice, word, .atteny-/.attenyu- plus te- dualic, change. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and

the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atwAnotak- v.s. be reliable, be dependable. yotwAno-ták it's dependable, it's reliable, lotwAtio-ták he's reliable, yakotWAno-ták she's reliable. Aspect class: A. -atWAnutahkw- v.a. speak a language. katwAnutákhwa7 I speak in a language, tzoatWAnutákhwa7 we (incl.) speak, lutWAnutákhzva7 they (m.) speak. wakatwAnutáhkwA I'm speaking, I have spoken this way. wa7katwAnu-táhkwe7 that's the way I spoke, AkatwAnu-táhkwe7 I will speak, akatWAnu-táhkwe7 I should speak. Aspect class: Dl. • Tsi7 kati7 wí• niyawA-u tsi7 ostúha ivakyAtélu7 akhya-tú- khále7 7 o slu-ní• akatwAnu-táhkwe7 London zva7ktsyapslisákha7 thikA. So then the way it happened that I learned how to write a little and how to speak English was that I went to look for a job in London. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -WAn- voice, word, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa ? . -atwAteht- v.a. spare some, give some up, let someone have some. katwAtétha 7 I keep sparing some, I keep letting (someone) have some. wakatWAtéhtu I have spared some, luwatwAtéhtu she has given him up (e.g., she could no longer look after her child so she gave him up). wa7katiVA-téhte7 I let (someone) have it, AsheyatWA-téhte7 you will give her up. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - a t w A t e h t A n i - /

Oneida-English

-atwAtehtA- spare some for someone; -atatwAteht- volunteer, offer oneself. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atwAtehtAni-/-atwAtehtA- v.a. spare some for someone. kuyatw Ateht A-níhe7 I spare you some, kuyatw Ateht Aní I have spared you some, wa 7kuyatWAtéhtA 7 I spared you some. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atwAteht- spare some, give some up, let someone have some, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atwAtehtAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atwAtehtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atwilalakw- v.a. adopt a child. latwilalákwas he adopts children. yakotwilalákwA she has adopted a child, wahatwilala-kó• he adopted a child. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -wil- baby, offspring, -atlakw- claim, keep for oneself. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atwilanun-/-atwilanuhnawA- v.a. baby-sit. katwilanúnha7 I'm babysitting her (z.), latwilanúnha7 he baby-sits, yutwilanúnha7 she babysits. wahatwilanú-nawA7 he babysat, Akatwilanú-nawA7 I will babysit. Habitual past: katwilanúnhahkwe7 I baby-sat, yutwilanúnhahkwe7 she baby-sat. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wil- baby, offspring, -nun-/ -nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake. NOTE: The alternant -atwilanunoccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -atwilanuhnawA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the

293

hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atwilashnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after one's child. tehsatwiláshnyehe7 you're looking after your child, tayutwiláshni7 she should look after her children. •Né- se7 katkA7sé ne7 náhte7 ni-yót tsi7 tehsatwiláshnyehe7 né-n ne7 kA7 yeksá-. I came to see how you are looking after your little girl right here. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wil- baby, offspring, .shnye- plus tedualic, look after, nurture. NOTE: Many speakers have .atwilashni- before a final 7 . -atwilayA- v.a. give birth (an animal). utwi-láyA7 she (z.) or it gave birth (e.g., a dog had puppies), Awatwi-láyA7 she (z.) or it will give birth. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wil- baby, offspring, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -atwisklalho- v.a. put on face powder. yakotwisklálhu she has face powder on. wa7utwisklálho7 she put on powder. Stative past: yakotwisklalhú-ne7 she had on powder. Future stative: Ayakotwisklalhúhake7 she will have powder on. COMPOSED OF: -wiskl- white, -at-N-lho- spread oneself with. DERIVED BASES: yutwisklalhó t h a ' face powder. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .atwiskwaht- plus te- dualic, v.a. slide, tekatwiskwátha7 I'm sliding (intentionally), tewakatwiskwáhtu I have slid. wa7tkatwískwahte7 I slid. With t- cislocative:

294

Orieida-English

tutasatwískwat Slide down! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .wiskw- plus te- dualic, slip, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: .atwiskwahta'nplus te- dualic, go sliding. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. .atwiskwahta'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go sliding. 7 we wa 7tyakwatwiskwahtá-na (excl.) are going to go sliding, we went sliding. COMPOSED OF: .atwiskwaht- plus te- dualic, slide, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atwistoht- v.a. cool off. katwistótha7 I cool myself, latwistótha 7 he cools off. wakatwistóhtu I have cooled myself. Akatwístohte7 I will cool off. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -wistoht- cool something. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .atwisut- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on glasses, tekatwisútha7 I'm putting my glasses on. tewakatwi-súte7 I have my glasses on, teyakotwi-súte7 she has glasses on, tehotwi-súte7 he has glasses on. tAkatwisu-tX• I will put my glasses on. tehsatwisu-tA Put your glasses on! Habitual past: tewakatwisu-táhkwe7 I had glasses on. Future stative: tAwakatwisu-táke7 I will have glasses on. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -atsemireflexive, -wis- ice, glass, window, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

DERIVED BASES: .atwisutakw- plus

te- dualic, take off glasses; teyutwisutákhwa? eyeglasses. .atwisutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off glasses, tekatwisutákwas I'm taking my glasses off. tewakatwisutákwA I have taken off my glasses. wa7tkatwisuta-kóI took off my glasses. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .atwisut- plus tedualic, put on glasses, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -aty-/-uty- v.a. lose, leave, disperse. wakátyehse7 I keep losing it, lótyehse7 he keeps losing it. wakáti I have lost it. ukwa-tí- I lost it, waho-tí• he lost it, wahona-tí• they (m.) lost it, Aho-tí• he will lose it, Ayako-tí• she or someone will lose it, aukwa-tí• I might lose it. Stative past: wakatyú-ne7 I had lost it (but it's found again). With s- repetitive: Asho-tí• he will lose it again. With -a ? nyanawA-/-a ? nyanawA ? tsl- glove, mitten: lo7nyanawA7tslúti he has lost his mitten, waho7nyanawA7tslu-tí• he lost his mitten. With -hlohkw- cigarette: wahohlohku-tí• he lost his cigarettes. With -hnana 7 t- potato: wa7ukwahnana7tu-tí• we dropped in or dispersed potatoes (e.g., into the ground when planting). And s- repetitive: Atsyukwahnana7tu-tí• we will disperse potatoes again. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: AwakkAhu-tíI will lose my blanket. With -nAhseed, grain, oats: AyukwariAhu-tí• we will drop in seeds. And n- partitive: thó nú- na?ukwanAhu-tv there's where we dispersed the seeds. With -nAst- corn: yukwanAstu-tí• we dispersed corn, AyukwanAStu-tí- we

Oneida-English

will drop in corn. With -sahe?tb e a n : losahe7tútyehse7

h e d r o p s in

beans (e.g., when planting), waksahe7túti I have dropped in beans, uksahe7tu-tí• I dropped in beans, Awaksahe7tu-tí• I will drop in beans, Ayukwasahe7tu-tíwe will drop in beans. And n- partitive: tsi7 nú- nyukwasahe7tu-tí•

w h e r e w e dis-

persed beans. With -shes-/-shestsyrup, gum, sap: ukeshestu-tí- I lost my gum. With - ? sleht- vehicle: waho7slehtu-tí• he lost his car. Aspect class: E4. •Né- kwí• on A ka7ikA tsi7 ka-yAAho-tí- kA-, né- kati7 tok náhte7 Awa-tú- nAhátyele7, tá-t na7 nók Awa-tú AhatsyA-na7 kA-. So then

whoever lost (at cards), he would have to do something, maybe he would have to go get water. (M5) NA tok kAs yákA7 náhte7 atslunyákhwa7 thó wahona-tí- né- kwí- thikA khále7 kwí- oyu7kwa7u-wé. They say they

would leave a piece of clothing there and some sacred tobacco. (02) DERIVED BASES: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/ .utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add; -anitskluty- spit; -atna'aluty-/ -atna'alutye- bump on the head, butt; -attsi'nyuhkluty- blow one's nose; -atya'tuty- grab at someone, reach out for someone; -a'kluty- for snow to fall; -ku'tsluty- lose weight; -nA?utysnow in pellets; -nuhkwisluty- lose one's hair; -wisuty- freezing rain, hail; -ya 7 tuty-/-ya?tutye- leave someone, beat someone at a contest; -'shatstAhsluty- lose one's strength. NOTE: The alternant -uty- occurs with incorporated nouns. Wordfinally in the stative aspect the final y of both alternants plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of both alternants is replaced

295

by i in the punctual aspect. This base may also be a component in -ate 7 sluty-/-ate?slutye- lightning strike. aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, v.a. throw, drop off, pour, add. yewakátyehse7 I'm throwing it, yehótyehse7 he leaves it there, thótyehse7 he's throwing it this way. yezvakáti I have thrown it, yehóti

h e h a s t a k e n it in, h e

dropped it off. yaho-tí- he threw it, yahukwa-tíI t h r e w it, ya 7ukya• tíw e t w o t h r e w it, taho-tí- h e t h r e w it this way, Atyako-tí- she will throw

it this way, yAwaka-tí- I will throw it, yAsa-tí- you will throw it. ya 7sa-tí Throw it in! Future stative: yAwatyúhake7 it will be thrown in or added. Optative stative: yaesátyuke7 you should have thrown it in. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutaho-tí- he threw it there or back this way again, tutayako-tíshe threw it this way again. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusaho-tíhe threw it that way again. With ny- partitive and translocative: thó nyehótyehse7 he's throwing it over there, kátsha 7 nyehóti w h e r e h e t h r e w it, nyahukwa-tíI threw it in there,

nyAsa-tí- you will throw it in there, nyaesa-tí- you should leave it there. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusaho-tí- he threw them back in again, nyusasa-tí Throw it back in! With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: Atisa7kAhlu-tí- you will throw dirt. And tuta- dualic and c i s l o c a t i v e : tutayukwa7kAhlu-tí-

we

threw soil on it again. With -hnekl i q u i d , l i q u o r : tayakohneku-tí-

she

poured water, yAsahneku-tí- you will

296

Orieida-English

add water, tasahneku-tí Pour water on it! And n- partitive: nya 7uknihnekwtí- we two poured water in there. With -hyo'tsis-/ -hyo'tsist- salt: yeyakohyo7tsistúti she has put salt on it, yahukhyo7tsistu-tíI salted it. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: yahukyenu-tí• I poured oil on it, I added oil. With -nAh- seed, grain, oats: thó yAsanAhu-tí• you will throw seeds in there. With -nAystone: yahuknAyu-tí• I threw the stone. With -nutakli-/-nutaklPtslsugar: yahuknutakli7tslu-tí- I put sugar on it, I sweetened it. With -nu 7 t- milk, breast: yahuknu7tu-tí• I put milk on it. With -sahe ? t- bean: yahuksahe7tu-tí• I put beans in, I added beans. With -shes-/-shestsyrup, gum, sap: yewakeshestúti I have poured or added the syrup, yahukeshestu-tí• I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup. With -styA-/-styA?t- bone: yahukestyA?tu-tv I threw a bone. With -the ? tsl- flour: yAsathe7tslu-tíyou will add flour. With -wis- ice, glass, window: yewakwisúti I have added ice to it (e.g., to a drink). Aspect class: E4. •A7é• yehóti laó-slet. He took in his car (e.g., to the garage to be fixed). Thó s yákA7 nA nyehótyehse7 laohwísta7, la-té- latewyA-tuhe7. There, they say, is where he left his money, he says he's putting it away (saving it). ( 0 2 ) Thó Ayukwa-

nAhu-tí• tutayakwa?kAhlu-tf. We dispersed the seeds there (and) we threw the soil back on top. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative or tcislocative, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. DERIVED BASES: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/

.utye- plus ísi ? over there, and y-

translocative, throw away, throw out; .atyehse 7 plus t- cislocative, be a pitcher; .atyehtahkw- plus y- translocative, where one dumps something; yekA'tehslútyehse' someone who is going around flirting. NOTE: The alternants .uty- and

.utye- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants .atye- and .utye- occur before the -hs- dislocative and -htcausative suffixes. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .atyand .uty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of these alternants is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus ísi ? over there, and y- translocative, v.a. throw away, throw out. ísi7 yehótyehse? he's throwing it away. tsi7 yehóti he has thrown it away. ísi7 yaho-tí• he threw it away. With n- partitive: ísi7 nyehóti where he has thrown it away. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: ísi? over there, .aty-/ .atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add. DERIVED BASES: . a t y e h s - / . u t y e h s -

plus ísi ? over there, and y- translocative, go to throw away. NOTE: For the distribution of alternants, see the component base. -atyalot- v.a. put up a tent. katyalótha 7 I'm putting up a tent. wakatya-lóte7 I have put up a tent. wahutyalo-tA• they (m.) put up a tent. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-yal- bag, sack, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -atyanle- v.s. have one's things be nice, wakatyánle7 I have something

Oneida-English

nice, yukwatyánle7 we have our things nice. Pre-pausal: yukwatyánele7 Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-yanle-/-yanl-/-yanlA- be good. -atyanluhsl- v. > n. ghost. atyanlúhsla7 ghost. Pre-pausal: atyanlúhsla7 NOTE: Composed of a verb root -atyanlu- and the -hsl- nominalizer suffix. See also -atyanlu 7 - get haunted. -atyanlu 7 - v.a. get haunted. wakatyánluhse7 I get haunted, yukwatyánluhse? we get haunted. zvakatyanlú-u I have gotten haunted. ukwatyánlune7 I got haunted. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -atyanlu- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The root -atyanlu- occurs also in -atyanluhsl- ghost. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -atya'k- n. others, the rest of them, different ones, ukwátyahke7 some of us, swátyahke 7 the rest of you, lonátyahke7 the others, the rest of them (m.), onátyahke7 the others (z.). With -shu' collective clitic: lonatya 7ké-shu 7 the different ones. NOTE: The

7

of the 7 k cluster is

replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -at-N-ya ? k- v.a. detach, sever, break, cut for oneself. With -kwil- twig, whip: wahyatkwílyahke7 the two (m.) broke off a whip, Atsyatkwílyahke7 you two will break off a whip. •NA kwí- né- to-kAske7 kzvt'- nA sahyahtA-tí- khále7 to-kAske kwíwahyatkwílyahke7 thikA áhsA

297

nikakwi-láke onikwAhtala7 nikakwiló-tA. So then certainly the two returned (home) and certainly they broke off three red-willow whips. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-N- incorporated noun, -ya'k- detach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: - a t k u s t u ' l h y a ' k -

shave. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. atya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. become broken, tewátya 7ks it breaks. teyotyá-ku it's broken. wa7tivátyahke7 it broke. With -ahsliye-/-ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? tstring, thread, yarn: wa7twatsliyé-tyahke7 the thread broke. With -hsin- leg: tehotshinyá-ku he has broken his leg, he has gotten a broken leg. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: tewakatnAtshyá-ku I have a broken arm. With -nhuskal- hip: ioa7tkatenhuskályahke7 I broke my hip. With -utsh- knee: wa7thatútshyahke7 he broke or skinned his knee. With - ? nyuhs-/ -'nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/-i ? nyu- nose: teyakote7nyuhsyá-ku she broke her nose (e.g., in a car accident), wa7thate7nyúhsyahke7 he broke his nose. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.ya'k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. DERIVED BASES: . a n i ' n h u h s y a ' k -

plus te- dualic, hatch an egg; tewatnikwAhtálya'ks bloodroot.

298 Orieida-English

NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -ya 7 k-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .atya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. get tired. tekátya7ks I get tired. tewakatyá-ku I'm tired, tesatyá-ku you're tired, teyotyá-ku she (z.) is tired, teyakotyá-ku she's tired, tehonatyá-ku they (m.) are tired. wa 7tkátyahke 7 I got tired, wa7thútyahke7 they (m.) got tired, they went under (e.g., a company such as Eaton's). Habitual past: tekátya7kskwe7 I used to get tired. Stative past: tewakatya?kú-ne? I was tired. Future stative: tAwakatya7kúhake7 I will be tired. Facilitative: teyakotyá-kskwA she gets tired easily. With n- partitive: na 7tekátya 7ks I get so tired. Aspect class: E2. • Tsi7 na7tekátya7ks kanatá-ke a-kéhte7. I get so tired when I go uptown. NA ki7 ní- wa 7tkátyahke 7 wé-ne kwi• akatkATahte7 o-nA. I'm tired now, so I think I'll quit. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.ya'k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. atya'kaletst- plus te- dualic, v.a. lean over, stretch over. tehatya7kalétsta7 he's leaning over with his body to reach something, he's stretching over to reach it. tehotya 7kalétstu he has leaned over. wa7tkatyá-kaletste7 I leaned over, tehsatyá-kaletst

Stretch over to reach it! With ytranslocative: ya 7tekatya 7kalétsta 7 I'm reaching over there, ya7tehsatyá-kaletste7 you stretched way over to reach it. And stative past: ya7tewakatya7kaletstú-ne7 I reached over there. Aspect class: EL. NOTE: The

7

of the ? k cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'kehtat- v.a. wrestle someone down. wahotya7kéhtate7 he put him down (as in a fight), wa7kuyatya7kéhtate7 I wrestled you down. -atya 7 tahsluni-/-atya 7 tahsluny- v.a. get all dressed up. katya7tahslu-níhe7 I'm getting all dressed up. lotya7tahsluní he's all dressed up. ahsatya7tahslu-nf you should dress up. With n- partitive: niyakotya7tahsluni how nicely she's dressed. Aspect class: Al. • Yáh thau-tú• ahsatya7tahslu-nf. You don't have to dress up. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya 7 tahsluni-/-ya'tahsluny- decorate, dress up, trim. DERIVED BASES: -atya'tahslunya'tdress up, adorn oneself with. NOTE: The alternant

-atya'tahsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -atya'tahslunya't- v.a. dress up, adorn oneself with. wakatya7tahslunyá-tu I'm all dressed up, I'm adorned with something. COMPOSED OF: -atya'tahsluni-/

-atya'tahsluny- get all dressed up, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the final 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Oneida-English

-atya'tahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear. See -ahtu-/-atya?tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu-. -atya'takalhatenya't- roll. See -atkalhatenya't-/ -atya?takalhatenya ? t-. -atya'takalhatenya'tuhatye- roll along. See -atkalhatenya'tuhatye-/ -atya'takalhatenya'tuhatye-. -atya'takwalihsyu- v.a. straighten oneself, stretch. lotya7takwalíhsi he has straightened himself out, he's straight. wahatya7takwalíhsi7 he stretched. With n- partitive: tsi? nihotya7takwalíhsi is he ever straight, he can really stand up straight. • Nihotya 7takwalíhsi thikA loktstA-ha. That old man sure is straight. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya?t- body, -takwalihsyu-/ -kwalihsyu- straighten something. DERIVED BASES:

-atya'takwalihsyukw- stretch fully. NOTE: Many speakers have -atya ? takwalihsi- word-finally and before a final -atya'takwalihsyukw- v.a. stretch fully. latya7takivalihsyúkwas he's stretching in all directions (e.g., after he gets up in the morning). lotya?takwalihsyúkwA he has stretched. wahatya7takwalihsyu-kó• he stretched. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atya'takwalihsyustraighten oneself, stretch, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -atya'takwalutat- v.a. get onto one's side. wa7katya7takwalutáte7 I got

299

onto my side, wahatya7takwalu-táte7 he got onto his side, wa7utya7takwalu-táte7 she got onto her side. satya7takwalu-tát Lie on your side! COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya'takwalut(e)- be lying on one's side, -t- causative-inchoative. -atya'takwAhlalu- v.s. be spotted. yotya7takwAhlalú she (z.) or it has spots on the body. Pre-pausal: yotya7takwAhla-lú. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya 7 t- body, -kwAhlalu- be evident in intervals. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. -atya'tal- v.a. join in, participate. latya 7tálha 7 he joins in, he participates, he becomes a member. lotyá-tale7 he has joined in. wahatyá-talA7 he joined in, Ahatyá-talA 7 he will join in, ASzvatyá-talA7 you all will join in. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya ? t- body, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: - a t y a ' t a l a k w - d r o p

out; -atya?talani-/-atya?talhahsjoin someone; -atya'tala'n- go to join. NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'talakw- v.a. drop out. latya 7talákwas he keeps dropping out of it (e.g., a membership). lotya 7talákwA he has dropped out. wa7katya7tala-kó• I dropped out. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -atya'tal- join in, participate, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

300

Orieida-English

-atya ? talani-/-atya'talhahs- v.a. join someone. lakwatya7tala-níhe7 he joins me (every once in a while). yukwatya7talaní she (z.) has joined us. wa 7ukwatya 7tálhahse 7 she (z.) joined us, wahakwatya7tálhahse7 he joined me, ashakotya 'tálhahse 7 he should join them. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -atya'tal- join in, participate, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atya'talanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -atya'talhahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -atya'tala'n- v.m. go to join. lotya7talá-nu he has gone to join (usually said of the military or service). wa7katya7talá-na7 I'm going there to join (the service). COMPOSED OF: -atya'tal- join in, participate, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya 7 talohlok-/-atya?talohl- v.a. gather together, congregate. yakwatya7taló-loks we (excl.) gather together. yukwatya7taló-lu we have congregated. wa7akwatya7taló-loke7 we (excl.) congregated, we gathered together. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya't- body, -lohlok-/-lohl- gather. NOTE: T h e alternant

-atya7talohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -atya'talohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'tasetst- v.a. make oneself pretty. katya7tasétsta7 I'm making

m y s e l f pretty. wakatya7tasétstu I have made myself pretty. Akatyá-tasetste7 I will make myself pretty. Aspect class: El.

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking, -tst- causative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'tase'tslateny- v.a. change girlfriends. With n- partitive: tóhka7 nahatya7tase7tslate-ní• he changed several girlfriends, he changed girlfriends several times. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -ya'tase'tslgirlfriend, and a verb root -teny-, which probably is the same root that occurs with the te- dualic prefix in .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something. The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atya'tashnolat- v.a. hurry up, do quickly. katya7tashno-láts I hurry up, I do it quickly. wakatya7tashnolatú I'm hurrying. wa?katya7tashno-láte7 I hurried up, I did it quickly, Ahsatya?tashno-láte7 you will do it quickly. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya ? tashnol(e)- be fast with a part of one's body, -t- causative-inchoative. -atya'tatsha'- v.a. burn up, burn to death. wahatya7tátshane7 he burned up, he burned to death, wa7utya7tátshane7 she burned to death. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya't- body, -atsha ? -/-at-N-atsha 7 buiTL NOTE: The final 7 of the base is

Oneida-English

deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -atya'tawakhu- v.a. shake. latya7tawákhuhe7 he shakes himself, watya7tawákhuhe7 she (z.) or it shakes itself. wahatya7tawákhu7 he shook himself. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ya't- body, -awak- sift, -hu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect and usually used when talking about an animal (e.g., a dog after he has gotten wet). -atya'tawi't- v.a. put on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse. katya7tawí-tha7 I'm putting on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse. wakatya7tawí-tu I'm wearing a dress, I have a dress on, yakotya7tawí-tu she has a dress on, lotya7tawí-tu he has a coat on, lonatya7tawí-tu they (m.) have shirts on. wa7katyá-tawihte7 I put on a dress, Akatyá-tawihte7 I will put on a dress, Ahatyá-tawihte7 he will put on a coat, satyá-tawiht Put your dress on! Habitual past: katya7tawí-thahkwe7 I used to wear a dress. Stative past: wakatya7tawi7tú-ne7 I was wearing a dress. Future stative: Awakatya?tawi7túhake7 I will be wearing a dress. With s- repetitive: skatya7tawí-tha7 I'm putting on my dress again, sakatyá-tawihte7 I put on my dress again. With tshusacoincident and repetitive: tshusakatyá-tawihte7 when I put my dress back on again. Aspect class: El. • Tehniyáshe o7swÁ-ta 7 lonatya7tawí-tu khále7 áhsA nihatí 7 owískla nihuhkwAtiyó-tA. Two of them have on black shirts and three

301

of them have on white outfits. (Tl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ya'tawi't- put a covering on something, put a dress on someone. DERIVED BASES:

-atya'tawi'tahsyu- take off a dress; -atya'tawi'ta'n- go to put on a dress. NOTE: See also - a t y a ' t a w i ' t - / -atya'tawi'tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. The 7 of the first ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the final ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in postaccented syllables. -atya 7 tawi?t-/-atya ? tawi?tsl- v. > n. dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. atyá-tawi7t dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. Pre-pausal: atyá-tawiht. akwatyá-tawi7t my dress, satyá-tawi7t your dress, laotyá-tawi7t his coat or jacket, akotyá-tawi7t her dress, aotyá-tawi7t her (z.) or its dress, aonatyá-tawi7t their (z.) dresses. With - o k u / - o kú- collective clitic: atya7tawi7tho-kú• dresses, etc. With -oku/-o-kú- collective clitic plus -ha diminutive clitic: atya7tawi7thokúha dresses, etc. With -akayu- be old: otya7tawi7tslakayú old dress. With -ase- be new, be fresh: otya7tawí-tslase7 new dress. With -halu-/-ihalu- for several to be hanging up: watya7tawi7tsliha-lúthe dresses are hanging. With .hna ? neta ? -/.neta ? - plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double: wa 7tkatya 7tawi 7tslanétane 7 I put on two shirts, one on top of the other. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa 7katya 7tawi 7tslahni-nú• I bought a dress, wa7utya7tawi7tslahni-nú•

302

Orieida-English

she bought a dress. With -N-iyo7become good, and t- cislocative: tayakotya 7tawi 7tsli-yóne 7 she got the best dress. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tewatya 7tawí-t slake two dresses. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct: satya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 you're making a dress, yutya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 she makes dresses. With -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: kheyatya ?taivi 7tslunyA-níhe 7 I'm making a dress for her. With -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have: wakatya7tawí-tslayA7 I have a dress. DERIVED BASES:

-atya'tawi'tslunihe' be a dressmaker; tyutketskwátha 7 atyá tawi't housecoat, robe; yutya'tawi'tslihalákhwa' coat rack, coat hanger, coat hook. NOTE: The alternant -atya ? tawi ? toccurs in the basic noun form, in possessed forms, and in forms with the collective clitic. It occurs also as the verb base -atya'tawi't- put on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse. The alternant -atya ? tawi ? tsl-, with the -'tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. The 7 of the first 7t cluster of -atya ? tawi ? t- and the 7 of the ? tsl cluster of -atya ? tawi ? tsl- are replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'tawi'tahsyu- v.a. take off a dress. katya7tawi7táhsyus I'm taking my dress off. yakotya7tawi7táhsi she has taken her dress off. wa7katya7tawi7táhsi7 I took off the dress. Aspect class: A2. • Yakotya7tawi7táhsi né- tsi7 oyá7 7 7 tyutya tawi tá ne . She has her dress off because she's going to put on

another dress. COMPOSED OF: - a t y a ' t a w i ' t - put on

a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -atya?tawi ? tahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -atya'tawi'ta'n- v.a. go to put on a dress. yutya7tawi7tá-ne7 s h e ' s going to put this dress on. wa7utya7tawi7tá-na7 she's going over there to put that dress on. With t- cislocative: tyutya7tawi7tá-ne7 she's going to put on a dress there. COMPOSED OF: - a t y a ? t a w i ? t - put on

a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya'tawi'tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. See -atya'tawi't-/ -atya'tawi'tsl-. -atya'tawi'tslunihe 7 v.a. be a dressmaker, katya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 I'm a dressmaker. COMPOSED OF: - a t y a ' t a w i ' t - /

-atya'tawi'tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he 7 habitual. .atya?ta 7 kt-/.atya?ta ? ket- plus tedualic, v.a. bend to one side. tehatya 7tá-ktus he can bend over (to the right or to the left). tehotya 7tá-ktu he has bent to one side. wa7thatya7tá kete7 he bent over to one side. Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -ya ? t- body, .atsha'kt-/.atsha?ket-/.at-N-a?kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked. NOTE: The alternant .atya ? taktoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .atya ? ta?ket- occurs in the

Oneida-English

punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya ? tohale-/-at-N-ohale- v.a. wash oneself, wash for oneself. latya7tóhalehe7 he's washing himself. lotya7tóhale he has washed (and he's clean). wahatya7tóhale7 he washed himself. Facilitative: lotya7tohalé-tskwA he's always cleaning himself. With -ahsi ? t-/ -ahsi- foot: wa7kalahsi7tóhale7 I washed my feet. With -hsuht- wall: wa7utshuhtóhale7 she washed the wall. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask: katkuhsóhalehe7 I'm washing my face, wakatkuhsóhale I have washed my face, satkuhsóhale Wash your face! With -nhuhlunderarm, armpit: wa7katenhuhlóhale7 I washed my underarm or my armpit. With -shu?kal- board, floor: wa 7uteshu 7kalóhale 7 she washed the floor. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa7utwisóhale7 she washed the window. With -7slehtvehicle: kate7slehtóhalehe7 I'm washing the car, wa7ute7slehtóhale7 she washed the car. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-nohale-/-ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash. DERIVED BASES: -atenhoskohalerinse one's mouth; -atnawilohalebrush one's teeth; yuteshu'kalohale'tákhwa 7 mop. NOTE: The alternant -atya ? tohaleoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternant -at-N-ohale- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun.

303

.atya'tohlalak- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on a girdle. tekatya7tó-lalaks I'm putting a girdle on. wa7tkatya7tó-lalake7 I put a girdle on, wa7tyutya7tó-lalake7 she put a girdle on. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.htohlalak-/.ya?tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya?tohlok-/-atya?tohl- v.a. carry someone under one's arm. katya 7tó-loks I'm carrying someone under my arm (e.g., a small child). wakatya7tó-lu I have carried someone under my arm. wa7katya7tó-loke7 I carried someone under my arm. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-ya 7 t- body, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. NOTE: The alternant -atya'tohlokoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -atya'tohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atya?tokew-/-at-N-okew- v.a. wipe oneself, wipe for oneself. wa 7katya 7to-kéwe 7 I wiped myself. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: kalahsi7toke-wás I'm wiping my feet, salahsi7to-kéw Wipe your feet! With -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask: wa7katkuhso-kéwe7 I wiped my face. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa7katwiso-kéwe7 I wiped my glasses, I wiped the window. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. DERIVED BASES: -attsi'nyuhklokew-

304

Orieida-English

wipe one's nose; yulahsi'tokewátha? or yulahsi'tokewa'tákhwa? doormat. NOTE: The alternant -atya'tokewoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternant -at-N-okew- occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. .atya'tokw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse. See .at-N-okw-/ .atya'tokw- plus te- dualic. atya'totalhósta? V > N harness. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness, -st- causative, -ha ? habitual. .atya'tukoht- plus te- dualic, v.a. get diarrhea, tewakatya 7tukótha 7 I have diarrhea, tehotya7tukótha7 he has diarrhea, teyakotya7tukótha7 she has diarrhea. wa7twakatya7tu-kóhte7 I got diarrhea. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ya't- body, .ukoht- plus te- dualic, force through, penetrate. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -atya'tut- v.a. put on a blouse. katya7tútha7 I'm putting on a blouse. wakatyá-tute7 I have a blouse on, yakotyá-tute7 she has a blouse on. wa7katya7tu-tA• I put on a blouse. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ya't- body, -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-atya'tuty- v.a. grab at someone, reach out for someone. shakotya7tútyehse7 he's grabbing at her. Akuyatya 7tu-tí• I will grab you. With t- cislocative: thakwatya7tútyehse7 he keeps grabbing at me, tahakwatya7tu-tíh e grabbed at m e ,

tayukwatya?tu-tí-

she grabbed at me, tashakotya7twtíhe grabbed her. With y- translocative: yahatya7tutí-. he reached out for her (z.) or it, ya7shakotya7tu-tíhe grabbed at her. • Kwáh tayukwatya7tu-tf tsi7 7 7 na utshanu-ní• tsi sayukwatkátho7 She grabbed me because she got so happy to see me again. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -ya't- body, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -atya'tyenAht- v.a. make oneself fall over. wahatya7tye-nAhte7 he made himself fall over, he knocked himself over. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -ya't- body, a verb root -yenA-, and the -htcausative suffix. See note under -ya'tyenA?- fall over, pass out. .atyehs-/.utyehs- plus ísi? over there, and y- translocative, v.m. go to throw away,

isi7

yAivakatyéhsa7

I'm going to throw it out. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: isi7 yAhohnekutyéhsa7

h e will g o t o

throw the water out. And n- partit i v e : isi7 nyAhohnekutyéhsa

7

he

will go there to empty the water. •Tá-thuni7 úhka7ok SA- nók Awa-tú• isi7

nyAhohnekutyéhsa7.

Or

then too someone has to go to empty out the water. (M5) COMPOSED OF: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/

Oneida-English

.utye- plus ísi? over there, and ytranslocative, throw away, throw out, -hs- dislocative. NOTE: The alternant .utyehs- occurs with incorporated nouns. atyehse? plus t- cislocative, v.a. be a pitcher, wakátyehse7 I'm the pitcher, tesátyehse7 you're pitcher, thótyehse7 he's pitcher, tyakótyehse7 she's pitcher. COMPOSED OF: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/ .utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add, -e ? se ? habitual. atyehtahkw- plus y- translocative, v.a. where one dumps something. kA7 yewakatyehtákhwa7 here is where I dump it, thó yeyakotyehtákhwa7 there is where she or someone dumps it. COMPOSED OF: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/ .utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add, -ht- causative, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: tsi? yeyakotyehtákhwa' dump. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa ? . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. atyel- plus n- partitive, v.a. engage in doing something, tsi7 nikatyélha7 what I do, what I'm doing, tsi7 nihatyélha7 what he's doing, tsi7 7 niyutyélha what she's doing, tsi7 7 nihutyélha what they (m.) are doing. niwakatyelA what I'm doing, niyotyelA it's going on. nahsátyele7 you did it, nahátyele7 he did it, nahútyele7 they (m.) did it, tiAkátyele7 I will do it, tiAhsátyele7 you will do it, nAhátyele7 he will do it, nahsátyele7 you should do it,

305

nahútyele7 they (m.) should do it. Stative past: niwakatyelA-hné• I did do it (at one time), niyotyelA-hné• it was going on. Future stative: nAyotyelXhake7

it will b e g o i n g o n .

With t- cislocative: tsi7 náhte7 nityotyelX whatever is going on there. With th- contrastive: yáh náhte7 thahsátyele7 you won't do anything, yáh thayútyele7 she won't do it, yáh náhte7 thahútyele7 they (m.) won't do anything. Aspect class: Dl. • Náhte7 nihsatyélha7. What are you doing? Náhte7 íhselhe7 nahsátyele7 What do you want to do? COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

.yel- plus n- partitive, do. DERIVED BASES: .atyela'n- plus npartitive, intend to do something; .atyela ? se-/.atyela ? s- plus n- partitive, do for someone. ,atyela ? n- plus n- partitive, v.m. intend to do something. nihyatyelá-ne7 the two (m.) are going to do it. •NA kwv wahathlo-lí• ka7ikA n lokstAha tsi7 náhte7 nihyatyelá-ne7 So then the old man told about what the two are going to do. (M7) COMPOSED OF: .atyel- plus n- partitive, engage in doing something, -7ndislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. ,atyela ? se-/.atyela's- plus npartitive, v.a. do for someone. nihakwatyelá-se he does it for me. nahakwatye-lá-se7 he did it for me, nakuyatye-lá-se7 I should do it for you. COMPOSED OF: .atyel- plus n- partitive, engage in doing something, - ? se-

306

Orieida-English

/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant ,atyela ? seoccurs in the stative aspect, .atyela's- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .atyela't- plus n- partitive, v.a. turn a direction, face a direction. kAh nukwá• niwakatyelá-tu

I'm turned or

facing this way, a 7é- niwakatyelá-tu I'm turned or facing the other way. a?é- na7katye-lá-te7 I turned that way. Stative past: thó núkwániwakatyela7tú-ne7 that's the way I was facing. Future stative: thó nukwá• nAwakatyela7túhake7

I will

be facing that way. With t- cislocative: nitwakatyelá-tu I'm facing this w a y , kAh

nukwá•

nutasatye-láht

Turn this way! With y- translocative: nyXhsatye-lá-te7 you will face that way. • Wa 7vlu 7 "Ahsya-kXne7" wa7ílu 7 "HA átste7 ya7tAstane7 Ati nukwányAhsatye-lá-te7 She said "you will go out" she said "then you will stand outside (and) you will face south." (M14) NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix, the -at- semireflexive, and a component -yela't-, which occurs also in .yela't- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, turn something in a direction, find a way. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the imperative. -atyelA- v.a. take notice, happen upon, get taken by surprise, get stunned. wahatye-lA• he happened upon it, he was surprised by it, wahutye-lA• they (m.) took notice, they were surprised. With thcontrastive: tha7katye-lA• all of a

sudden to my surprise, thahatyelAall of a sudden to his surprise, thahutye-lA• all of a sudden to their (m.) surprise, thAtwatye-lA• all of a sudden we (incl.) will be stunned. With thusa- contrastive and repetitive: thusakatye-lA• to my surprise again, thusahutye-lA• to their (m.) surprise again. • Né-ti kwáh nók né- thahutye-lAúhka7 ok tayenhoháya7ake7. And then suddenly to their surprise someone knocked on the door. (M5) DERIVED BASES: .atyelAht- plus tcislocative, go first, start. NOTE: May be a component in the

particle swatyelX sometimes. atyelA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.s. resemble, look alike. tetsitsyatyelA you two look alike, teshyatyelA those two (m.) look alike, teskyatyelA those two (z.) look alike. Pre-pausal: teskyatye-lA Aspect class: A. •TetsitsyatyelA sanulhá\ You look like your mother. DERIVED BASES:

teskyanutakli'tslatyelX sugar substitute. atyelAht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. go first, start. tkatyelAtha 7 I go first, I start. tyotyelAhtu the first, twakatyelAhtu I have started. takatye-lAhte7 I went first, I started, tutye-lAhte7 it was the first (time), Atkatye-lAhte7 I will start, Atwatye-lAhte7 it will be the first, taswatye-lAhte7 you all should be the first ones. tasatye-lAt Start! With tsh- coincident: tshututye-lAhte7 when it was the first time. Aspect class: El. •Satkátho tyotyelAhtu kayá-tale7 Look at the first picture. Tahnúkwáh né- tutye-lAhte7 oyú-kwa7

Oneida-English

ukyo-tA-, yáh te7wakU7nhá-u nékwahotokA. And it was the first time really that I worked tobacco, I didn't know how to at all. (CI) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -atyelA- take notice, happen upon, get taken by surprise, get stunned, -ht- causative. NOTE: The composition is tentative. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -atyelu- v.s. be disfigured, lotye-lúhe's disfigured, yakotye-lú• she's disfigured. Aspect class: B. .atyelunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. put on a show, entertain, tehatyelúnyuhe7 he's putting on a show, he's entertaining (e.g., he's doing somersaults). COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, .yelunyu- plus te- dualic, do something to, fool, trick, decorate. DERIVED BASES:

tewatluhyayelúnyuhe' Northern Lights. NOTE: Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -yelunyu-. -atyelu's- v.a. get fooled, have an accident. ukwatye-lú-se7 I got into an accident, I got fooled, wahotye-lú-se7 he got into an accident, he got fooled, wa7akotye-lú-se7 she got into an accident, she got fooled. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -yelu- deceive someone, - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atyenahninuhe' v.a. be oil sellers. lutyenahni-núhe7 they (m.) are oil sellers. COMPOSED OF: -iye-/-yen- oil,

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grease, fat, -atAhninu- sell, -he ? habitual. -atyenawast- v.a. hold onto, keep, use up. latyenawásta7 he's holding onto it, he's keeping or preserving it, he's using it up. wakatyenawástu I'm holding onto it (e.g., for support, or to keep it). wa7katye-náwaste7 I held onto it. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Possibly composed of the -atsemireflexive, a verb root -yenaw-, and the -st- causative suffix. See also -yenawa'se-/-yenawa ? s- support someone. -atyenawast- v.a. use time or space to do something, wakatyenawásta7 it takes me so long to do something, I'm using so much space. ukwatye-náwaste7 it took me this long or this much time, wa7ukwatye-náwaste7 it took us this much time to do it, Awakatye-náwaste7 I will use this much time or space. •Tóhka7 thikA

s kwí• niwAhnislaké wa7ukwatye-náwaste7

ayakwayAtho7 It would take us several days to plant. (GL) NOTE: This base differs from the previous entry in that it requires patient prefixes, but the composition of the base is the same. -atyena'klahkwAni-/ -atyena'klahkwA- v.a. burp a greasy burp. wakatyena7klahkwA-níhe7 I keep getting greasy burps. ukwatyena7kláhkwA7 I burped a greasy burp, wahotyena?kláhkwA7 he burped a greasy burp, wa 7akotyena 7kláhkwA

a greasy burp, Awakatyena7kláhkwA7 greasy burp.

7

she burped

I will burp a

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive,

-iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat, - ? k e l - / - ? k l - / - y a ? t a ? k e l - / - y a ? t a ? k l - float, drift, -hkw- instrumental, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -atyena'klahkwAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -atyena ? klahkwAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -atyesaht- v.a. waste, katyesátha7 I'm wasting it, latyesátha7 he wastes it. wakatyesáhtu I have wasted it. wa7katye-sáhte7 I wasted it, Akatye-sáhte7 I will waste it. tákA 7 Atyatye-sát Let's you and I (incl.) not waste it! With s- repetitive: swakatyesáhtu I wasted it again, I was wasteful. Aspect class: El. • Nók tsi7 akwekú kwiswakatyesáhtu, yáh te7kattókha7 ne7 thó-ne7 ohwísta7. But then I wasted it all, I didn't know anything at that time about money. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -atyes(A)- be cheap, be available, be willing, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -atyes(A)- v.s. be cheap, be available, be willing. watyesA it's cheap, lotyesA he's available, he's willing, yakotyesA she's willing. Pre-pausal: yakotye-sA. Aspect class: A. •Kwáh kAs ikA tsi7 WAtoláti7 tsi7 teyakyúnhe7, nók tsi7 shekó n lotiyo-té• kwah ikA tsi7 watyesA, tóhka7 ok kwénis tehutA-tsha7as. It was really hard times how we lived, even working it was so cheap, we earned just a few pennies. (CI) LotyesA náhte7 ahuzvanyáhese7 He's always willing that someone depends on him (he never says no). DERIVED BASES: -atyesaht- waste.

NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive and a verb root -yes(A)-, which may be the same root that occurs in -yesaht- put someone down. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -ht- causative suffix. -atye'niht- v.a. accumulate, get enough of. katye7nítha7 I keep accumulating enough, wakatye 7níhtu I have accumulated enough. zva7katyé-nihte7 I accumulated enough, wa7utyé-nihte7 she accumulated enough, Akatyé-nihte7 I will save enough. Aspect class: El. • NA ki7 wa7katyé-nihte7 nA ki7 Akithohkxvánhake7 Now I have enough of them, so now I can tie them into a bundle. NOTE: Composed of the -at- semireflexive, a component -atye 7 ni-, and the -ht- causative suffix. The component -atye 7 ni- occurs also in -atlihwatye'ni- be talkative. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -atyA-/-atyAt- v.a. sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store. látyAhe 7 he sits down, he's getting into a sitting position. lótyA 7 he has sat down. wa7káti7 I sat down, waháti7 he sat down, wa7akwáti7 we (excl.) sat down, we lived together, Akáti7 I will sit down, Ahsáti7 you will sit down, Aháti7 he will sit down, Ahúti7 they (m.) will sit down, a-yúti7 she should sit down, sáti Sit down! Habitual past: latyA-táhkwe7 he was sitting (but he isn't any longer). With s- repetitive: sayútyA7 or sayúti7 she sat back down again, Ashúti7 they (m.) will sit down again. With y- translocative:

Oneida-English

yaháti7 over there he sat down. W i t h n - p a r t i t i v e : tsi7 nú-

nAkáti7

where I will stay, where I will live, tsi7 nú- tiAháti7 where he will live, tsi7 nú• riAyúti7 where she will live, tsi7nú- nAhúti7 where they (m.) will live. With -a'ahsl- basket: wa 7akyata

7áhslayA

7

w e t w o (excl.)

put our baskets down. With -hnekliquid, liquor: lothne-káyA7 he has saved up water, wa7kathne-káyA7 I saved up water. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: kathwístayAhe7 I'm saving money. With -khw- food: latékhwayAhe7 he's storing food, lutékhwayAhe7 they (m.) are storing food, wa?katékhwayA7 I stored food, wahatékhwayA7 he stored food. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: katyA-táyAhe7 I'm storing wood. With - ? nahkw- tub, barrel, drum: wa7kate7náhkwayA7

I p u t m y tub

down. Aspect class: Bl. • Tsi7 nikanuhsi-yó-se7 wahatinuhsunyáni7 tsi7 nú- nAhúti7 Ukwehu-wé. The houses are really nice that they built where the Native people are going to live. SwatyelA s thó onyAhtá-ke thó wa 7akyata 7áhslayA 7 ukyatAná-tsli7 7 7 7 tsi ná-ye wa akyatnutólyahte7 kA7 7 7 7 ná-ye , wa akyatu-kóhte . Sometimes we would put our baskets with our lunch down on the snow while we played, and then we went on. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .atyAtahkw- plus n- partitive, where one stays; -atyAtu- sit down here and there; -atlistayA- set a trap; -atnaskwayAkeep livestock; YutékhwayAhe 7 October; yutyAtákhwa' bench, seat. NOTE: This base means 'sit down' or, with a locative expression and the n- partitive, 'stay, live'. With incor-

309

porated nouns that are count nouns the meaning is 'set or put down', with mass nouns the meaning is 'save up, store'. Incorporated nouns occur between the semireflexive and -yA-, and the semireflexive alternant is determined by the incorporated noun. The alternant -atyAt- occurs in the expanded aspects and before derivational suffixes. Many speakers have -ati- in place of -atyA- word-finally and before a final .atyAtahkw- plus n- partitive, v.a. where one stays. kAh núnihutyAtákhwa7 over here where they (m.) stay. COMPOSED OF: n- partitive, -atyA-/ -atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa ? . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -atyAtu- v.a. sit down here and there. wa7akwatyA-tú• we (excl.) sat around, wahutyA-tú• they (m.) sat down all around. swatyA-tú All of you sit down! With y- translocative: yahutyA-tú• they (m.) sat around over there. COMPOSED OF: -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -u- distributive. -atyoha- kin term, brother-in-law. ukyatyóha my brother-in-law, lonatyóha his or her brother-in-law. Pre-pausal: lonatyo-ha. -atyu'kwaluni- v.a. become smoky. yotyu7kwaluní it's smoky. utyu7kwalu-ní• it got smoky, Awatyu7kwalu-ní• it will be smoky. Stative past: yotyu7kwaluni-hné• it was smoky.

310

Orieida-English

• Wé-ne tsi7 tok náhte7 wátsha7as, só-tsi7 yotyu7kwalu-ní. Itmustbe that something is burning, it's so smoky. COMPOSED OF: -at- semireflexive, -yu'kwal- smoke, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -atyu'kwanhuta 7 - v.a. put tobacco in one's mouth, chew tobacco. latyu7kwanhúta7as he chews tobacco, wahatyu7kwanhútane7 he put tobacco in his mouth, Ahatyu7kwanhútane7 he will put tobacco in his mouth. •Ne-né• ka?ikA thó nihonitsklúti7 7 7 oyu kwákli , né- s wí- tsi7 7 7 latyu kwanhúta as. So there he spit the tobacco juice, because he chewed tobacco. (M9) COMPOSED OF: -yu'kw- tobacco, -atenhuta'- put into one's mouth. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. au- pref. should, would. Optative mode. See a--/a-/ae-/au-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence aawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. aulhá- she, her, it. Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha'. aw- pref. hers, its. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter possessive. See a o - / a w - / a - . NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. -aw- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal

prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix. See y o - / y a w - / y a - / y o y - / - o - / -aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -aw- arrive. See - w - / - e w - / - a w - / - u - . .aw- plus s- repetitive, arrive home. See .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive. -awak- v.a. sift, ka-wáks I'm sifting. wakawakú I have sifted it. wa7ka-wáke7 I sifted it. With ytranslocative: yAhsa-wáke7 you will sift it there. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - a t y a ' t a w a k h u -

shake. -awelu- v.a. spill, pour out. kawéluhe7 I spill it. wakáwelu7 I have spilled it. wa ?káwelu 7 I spilled it, wa7úwelu7 she spilled it. With y- translocative: thó ya ^áwelu 7 I poured it (into something). Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: - h a ' k w a w e l u -

have one's head back with one's throat facing upwards; tewA'nyáwelu 7 hundred. awélu'uske' N witch. .awe'est- plus te- dualic, v.a. pierce, prick. tekawe7ésta7 I'm piercing it, I'm pricking it. tewakawe7éstu I have pierced it, teyowe7éstu she (z.) or it has pierced it. wa7tkáwe7este7 7 I pierced it, wa tyukwáwe7este7 someone pierced me (e.g., I got a needle from the doctor), wa7thakwáwe7este7 he pricked me (e.g., the doctor gave me a needle, the bee stung me). Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .awe'estanyu- plus te- dualic, pierce or prick here and

Oneida-English

there; .atA'nikuhlawe'est- plus tedualic, set one's mind to it; tehalutawe'ésta 7 wasp. .awe'estanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. pierce or prick here and there. tekawe7estányuhe7

I'm piercing o r

pricking it all over. tAhsawe7estáni7 you will prick it. COMPOSED OF: .awe'est- plus tedualic, pierce, prick, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .awe ? estani- before a final -awA- n. belonging. akwawA mine, saw A yours, laowA his, akowA hers or someone's, aowA hers (z.) or its, ukyawA ours (dual), tsyawA yours (dual), ukwawA ours (plural), swawA yours (plural), laonawA theirs (m.), aonawA theirs (z.). Pre-pausal: akwa-wA mine. With-shuha collective clitic: laowAshúha his belongings, laonawAshúha their (m.) belongings. With -kX decessive clitic: laowAhkA his former belongings. • /• akwawA thi-kA. It's mine. NA kwi• wahA-lu7 thikA shakotkA-sehe7 7 "sniha-wi• kati kA tok náhte7 akowA n yeksá-_." So then the seer said, "did you bring something that belongs to the little girl?" (M7) awAhaníkwal N soft maple, sugar maple. awXhihte? N strawberry, June. .awAhlat- plus te- dualic, v.a. put something over something. tehawA-lats he's putting it over. tehowAhlatú

he h a s put it over.

wa7thawA-late7 he put it over. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: . a t a w A h l a t - plus

te- dualic, go over an obstacle;

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.atA?AhlawAhlat- plus te- dualic, go over a fence; yonuhsawX-lats anteante-over. NOTE: A component -awAhlatoccurs without the dualic prefix in -atawAhlat- spill over. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. •awAhtat- plus te- dualic, v.a. add to. tekawAhtats I add to it. wa7tkawAhtate7 I added to it, takawAhtate7 I should add to it. With t- cislocative: tetkawAhtats I add to it (e.g., I pay an extra or additional amount, that much more than I was originally charged), tetwakawAhtatú I have added to it, tutakawAhtate7 I added to it, tAtkawAhtate7 I will add to it. Aspect class: E2. • Kwáh s kwi- né• wa7kate7nuhku-ni• kok ná-ye7 kwáh UA wakelú-ne7 uhte wi• takawAhtate7 aktúti7. So then I made the bottom (of the basket) and in a little while I thought I should maybe add to the sides. (VI) awX ke N in the water. NOTE: Composed of a root -awAand the - ? ke locative suffix, and the of the locative suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. A root -awA- occurs also in -atawA- take a bath, swim. awA-lá- N green. .awAlye- plus te- dualic, v.a. stir. tekawAlyehse7 I'm stirring it, tehawAlyehse7 he's stirring it. tewakawAli7 I have stirred it, tehowAli7 he has stirred it. wa7tkawAli7 I stirred it, wa7thawAli7 he stirred it, tAhsawAli7 you will stir it. tehsawAli Stir it! Aspect class: B3.

?

312

Orieida-English

•TAhsawAli? tsi? niyo-lé• akwekú Akaná-n aw A?. You'll stir it until everything is moistened. (R2) DERIVED BASES: .anahalawAlye-

plus te- dualic, go crazy; .atawAlyeplus te- dualic, travel around, wander, roam; tehati'nehtawXlyehe' school of fish; teyuwAlye'tákhwa' ladle. NOTE: Many speakers have .awAlibefore a final -awi-/-u-/-A- v.a. give someone something. kuya-wíhe7 I give it to you. luwawí she or they have given it to him, shakowí he has given it to her or someone. wa?ku-yú• I gave it to you, wa 7khe-yú• I gave it to her or someone, waha-kú- he gave it to me, wa 7uta-tú• she or someone gave it to her, wa?ako-yú• she gave it to her or someone, wa?o-yú• she (z.) gave it to her (z.), Aku-yú• I will give it to you. tá ku Give it to me! With y- translocative: yekuyawí we were over there and I was giving it to you, ya?ku-yú• over there I gave it to you. With th- contrastive: yáh thahya-yú• he won't give it to you. With -atAna'tsl- groceries, lunch, and th- contrastive: thihuwatAna?tsla-wíhe? they just give him groceries. With -atla'swluck, fortune: yakotla7swa-wíhe7 she gives luck to someone or them, Akheyatlá-swA? I will give her luck, Askyatlá-swA 7 you will give us two luck. With -hsAn- name, reputation: luwahsAtia-wíhe? they're giving him a name, luwahsAtiawí they have given him a name, wahuwahsA-nX• they gave him a name. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: kuhwista-wíhe7 I give you money, yesahwista-wíhe7 they give you money, wa Auhwístu 7 I gave you

money, wa 7ukhwístu 7 she or someone gave me money, Akuhwístu 7 I will give you money, Askwístu 7 you will give me money, takhwístu Give me money! And th- contrastive: thiyesahwista-wíhe7 they just give you money. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: etshyatuhslawí you have given him a book. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: lakkAhawí he has given me a blanket, wa 7ukkXhu 7 they gave me a blanket. With -ksdish, plate, bowl: yukeksawí she has given me a dish. With -naskw-/ -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave: shakonaskwa-wíhe7 he gives her or them a pet, wahaknásku 7 he gave me a pet. Aspect class: Al. • Tsi7 nikakXhatAs wa 7ukkAhu 7 tsha7tusakohsli-yá-ke7 kheyo7okúha. It's a really thick blanket that my children gave me on my birthday. DERIVED BASES: .awi-/.u-/.A- plus tcislocative, give or hand something to someone; .atatawi-/.atatu- plus tedualic, trade with someone, exchange; -ate'shAnawi-/ -ate'shAnA- give someone a chance; -lihwawi-/-lihwA- give someone an idea or information. NOTE: The alternant -awi- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -uoccurs in the punctual aspect. However, both -u- and -A- occur after incorporated nouns in the punctual aspect, and the distribution of these two alternants is not quite clear. In addition, the alternant -u- is lowered to -0-, at least by some speakers, after pronominal prefixes that end in k. For example, waha-kú- is pronounced waha-kó-. awi-/.u-/.A- plus t- cislocative, v.a. give or hand something to someone.

Oneida-English

tkuya-wíhe7 I'm handing it to you, thuwAna-wíhe? she or someone gives it to them (m.). tkuyawt I have given it or handed it to you, thakwawí he has handed it to me, teshukwawí he has given it to us. taku-yú• I handed it to you, takhe-yú• I handed it to her, taha-kú- he handed me something, tayu-kú- she handed it to me, tayesa-yú- she handed it to you, tayuta-tú• she or someone gave it to her, taho-yú• he handed it to him, tahuwa-yú• she or they gave it to him, tayethi-yú- you and I (incl.) handed it to her or them, tayakhi-yú• we two (excl.) handed it to her or them, Atku-yú• I will give it to you, Atésku 7 you will hand it to me, utaho-yú• he should hand it to him. With th- contrastive, and -kóaugmentative clitic: thithuwAtiawihkósomeone just gives it to them (m.) without question. With -wis- ice, glass, window: tahowi-sú- he handed him a glass. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -awi-/ -U-/-A- give someone something. DERIVED BASES: . n l a h t a w i - /

.nlahtu- plus t- cislocative, hand someone (tobacco) leaves; . ? nikuhlawi-/. ? nikuhlawA- plus tcislocative, get an idea. NOTE: For the distribution of alternants, see the component base. aya wA-s Particle: you're hoping that something will happen. NOTE: May be composed of the aoptative prefix, yaw- neuter patient prefix, a verb root -A-, the - 7 punctual aspect suffix, and the reduced form of the particle kAs normally, usually. The verb root -A- otherwise occurs

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with a prepronominal prefix; see .Aplus n- partitive, happen, take place. á? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, v.s. be small. kA 7 niká• I'm small, I'm little, kA 7 nihlá• he's small, kA 7 niyaká• she's small, kA7 niwá- it (n.) is small, kA 7 nitwá• we (incl.) are small. Pre-pausal: kA7 niká-_ I'm little. With sAha7 more: sAha7kA7 niyaká• she's smaller. Secondary habitual: kA7 niwá-sa7 it's small, kA 7 tiitwá-sa 7 we (incl.) are small, kA7 nihAná-sa7 they (m.) are small, kA 7 nikuná-sa 7 they (z.) are small. With t- cislocative: kA7 nithlá• he's the smallest, kA7 nityaká• she's the smallest. And habitual past: kA 7 nityakáskwa7 she was the smallest or youngest. With tsh- coincident: kA 7 tshiká• when I was small, kA 7 tshiyaká• when she was little, kA 7 tshihlá• when he was small. And secondary habitual: kA 7 tshiyakwá-sa 7 when we (excl.) were small. With tsha ? te- coincident and dualic: kA7 tsha7tehná• when the two (m.) were small. With -ana ? alol-/-ana ? alo ? tsl- hat: kA7 niwana7alo7tslá• it's a small hat. With -atokwa't-Aatokwa'tslspoon: kA7 niwatokwa7tsláit's a small spoon, a teaspoon. And secondary habitual: kA 7 niwatokwa7tslá-sa7 they are small spoons. With -itsy- fish: kA 7 nikAtsyá• it's a small fish. With -lut- tree, log: kA 7 nikalutá• it's a small tree. With -nakt- bed, place, space: kA7 nikanaktá• it's a small bed. With -nAh- seed, grain, oats, and secondary habitual: kA7 nikanAhá'sa7 the seeds are small. With -nuto ? tsl- box: kA7 nikanuto7tslá• it's a small box. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand,

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Orieida-English

fingers, and te- dualic: kA? na?tekeshnuhsá• I have small hands. With -tsi'tsy- flower: kA 7 nikatsi?tsyá• it's a little flower. Aspect class: A. • Tsi ? niyakóhhsA ? thikA kA 7 niyaká\ Is she ever fat, that little one. Tsyeyá-tat kwt• kwáh kA 7 nityakáskwa7 Kénniha shako ?k Aha. The one who was youngest was Kenny's younger sister. (HI) DERIVED BASES: .wilá? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a baby; .hsuhtakahla? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a small window. NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. The feminine-indefinite singular form, kA? niyaká-, is used for persons and animals. The neuter form, kA? niwá-, is used for inanimates. Note that the masculine and feminine-indefinite singular forms, the dual forms, and the third person plural forms, take pronominal prefix alternants which otherwise occur with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. The root -á ? , without the kA? particle and n- partitive, may be present in onikwAhtalácardinal; otsistohkwá- clown; and otsi'nkwalá- goldfinch. -a? suf. Noun suffix. -a? suf. Habitual aspect. See -ha?/-a?. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in kt or st. -a? suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that have the dislocative suffix. -a'ahsl- n. basket. a?áhsli? basket. Pre-pausal: a?áhseH?. With -ku locative suffix: a?áhslaku in the basket. With -atAhninu- sell: Ayuta?ahslahni nú• she will sell baskets. With -atAhninunyu- sell

several: yuta?ahslahninúni7 she sold baskets all over. With -atAhninu ? ngo to sell: :wa?akyata?ahslahninú-na7

w e two

(excl.) went to sell baskets. With -at-N-ik- fill up completely: wahata7áhslike7 he filled up the basket. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yuta?ahslu-níhe7 she makes baskets, wa?uta?ahslu-ní• she made a basket, ayuta?ahslu-ní• she should make baskets. And future habitual: Ahsata?ahsluníheke?

you will be

making baskets. With -atyA-/ -atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: wa?akyata?áhslayA? we two (excl.) put our baskets down. •a'al- n. net, lace, ó-wale7 net, lace, screen. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: wa?tka?alá-lihte7 I broke the net, lace, or screen. With -N-it-/ -ya ? tit- be in: wa?a-lít there's a net in it (e.g., the net in an Aladdin lamp). DERIVED BASES: .a'alut- plus tedualic, trim with lace; -ata'alunimake lace, crochet; tsina'tsyakéhtu? teyota'a lúte 7 cobweb; yáh tha?tewa?alyáku virgin. NOTE: In ó-wale ?, the o- noun prefix

replaces the initial vowel of the base, the 7 of the base is replaced by length, and the w is epenthetic. a'alut- plus te- dualic, v.a. trim with lace. teka?alútha? I trim it with lace, I'm putting lace edging on something (e.g., pillowcases or handkerchiefs). tewaka?a-lúte7 I have trimmed it with lace. tewa?a-lúte? it has lace on it (e.g., a pillowcase, a handkerchief). tAka?alu-tA• I will trim it with lace. Aspect class: F.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -a?al- net, lace, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .ata'alut- plus tedualic, trim with lace for oneself, be lacy, a web. a ? é- Locative particle: way over there. a ? é- niyo lé- it's very far. a ? é- nukwá- that direction, way over there. -a?ek-/-a?e- pound the surface, knock. See - a ? t a ? e k - / - a ? t a ? e - / - a ? e k - / - a ? e - . -a?ek-/-a?e- strike, bat, thrash. See -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/-a?ek-/-a?e-. a?A-ná- N bow. - a ? k a l a - / - a 7 k a l a w - v.a. get dark, blackout. yo7kalá-u it's dark, it's evening or night. wa7ó-kalawe7 it got dark, ukwá-kalawe 7 it got dark on me, wahó-kalawe7 it got dark on him, Ayó-kalawe7 it will get dark. With s- repetitive: sayó-kalawe7 it got dark again, tsi7 tsyo7kalá-u it had gotten dark again, it was late at night. With tet-, tuta- or tAt- dualic and cislocative: tetyó-kalas it's dark, tutayó-kalawe7 it got dark again, tutukwá-kalawe7 it got dark on me, my mind went blank, I blacked out, tutahó-kalawe7 it got dark on him, his mind went blank, tAtyó-kalawe7 it will get dark again. With nit- partitive and cislocative: nityo7kalá-u late at night. With oyá- another, and tshitcoincident and cislocative: oyátshityó-kalas the other night. Aspect class: C2. • Shekú s né• tetyó-kalas thikA ókhna7 né- wahathahítane7. It would still be dark and he'd be on the road. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: . a ? k a l a ? u h a t y e -

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plus t- cislocative, be getting dark; .ahsohkwa'kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, be a dark colour; .ihna'kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, have a dark complexion; -a'kalashu- be early evening, late afternoon. NOTE: The alternant -a'kalaoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -a'kalaw- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a ? kalashu- v.s. be early evening, late afternoon. yo7kaláshu it's evening (it could still be light out, 4 or 5 p.m.). With tsh- coincident: tshiyo7kaláshu when it was evening. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the base -a'kala-/ -a'kalaw- get dark, black out; otherwise the composition is unclear. -a'kalaw- get dark, black out. See -a?kala-/-a?kalaw-. .a ? kala ? uhatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be getting dark. tayo7kala7uháti7 it's becoming dark. With te- dualic: tutayo7kala7uháti7 it's getting dark again. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, - a ? k a l a - / - a ' k a l a w - get dark, black out, - ? u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .a ? kala ? uhati- before a final 7 . .a'ket- plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. See .hsa ? kt-/.hsa ? ket-/ .a 7 kt-/.a ? ket- plus te- dualic. -a'kAhl- n. dirt, dust, ashes, soil. o 7kA-la 7 dirt, dust, ashes, soil. With .at-N-okw-/.atya'tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: teyota7kAhlókwA there's dust scattered around, it's dusty,

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Orieida-English

wa 7twata 7kAhlo-kó• the dust just went flying. With .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic, scatter something around: tekata7kAhlokwátha7 I'm scattering dirt or dust, wa?tkata?kAhlókwahte? I scattered dirt or dust. With ,aty-/.atye-/.uty/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: Atisa?kAhlu-tv you will throw dirt. And tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayukwa?kAhlu-tí• we threw soil on it again. With .hkw-/.ehkw/ .ya'tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up: teka?kAhlákhwa? I'm picking up dirt (either in my hand or with something, such as a shovel), tewaka?kAhláhkwA I have picked up the dirt, wa?tha?kA-lahkwe7 he picked up the dirt. With -N-it-/ -ya'tit- be in: wa7kA-lit there's dirt in it. With -N-iyo- be good: wa ?kAhliyó it's good soil. With -lakew-/-ya?tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: la?kAhloke-wás he's wiping off the dirt, he's dusting, yu^kAhloke-wás she's dusting, waka7kXhlokewA I have dusted, yako?kAhlokewA she has dusted, wa?ka?kAhlo-kéwe? I wiped the dirt off, I dusted, Aka?kAhlo-kéwe7 I will wipe off the dust. With -osku- all, most, the majority: o^kAhlósku7 it has dirt, sand, or ashes all in it. With -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up: yo?kAhlatstényes there's a real heaping pile of dirt. With -tstenyot- pile up, heap up: yo ?kAhlatstényote7 it's a pile of dirt. DERIVED BASES: . a ' k A h l a h l i h t -

plus te- dualic, break up the ground, disk; -a'kAhlal- have dirt in or on; -a'kAhlAht- shake out dirt; ata'kX la 7 gray; teyu'kAhlahkwá tha? dustpan.

NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .a'kAhlahliht- plus te- dualic, v.a. break up the ground, disk. teka?kAhlahlítha? I'm breaking up the ground, I'm disking. tewaka?kAhlahlíhtu I have disked. wa?tha?kAhlá-lihte? he disked, taha?kAhlá-lihte? he should break up the ground. With s- repetitive: tAsha?kAhlá-lihte? he will break up the ground again. With t- cislocative: tAtyakwa?kAhlá-lihte? we (excl.) will break up the ground there. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind. DERIVED BASES:

tewa'kAhlahlihtákhwa' disk. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the last hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'kAhlal- v.s. have dirt in or on. wa 7kA-lale 7 there's some dirt in something, yo ?kA-lale 7 it has dust or dirt on it, it's dirty or dusty. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length before accented vowels. -a'kAhlAht- v.a. shake out dirt. ka 7kAhlAtha 7 I'm shaking out the dirt (e.g., shaking out a rug). waka 7kAhlAhtu I have shaken out the dirt. waha7kA-lAhte7 he shook out the dirt. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, -N-Aht- drop, let fall.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The final ht becomes t before h, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .a'kAshlolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. harrow. tehu7kAshlo-Us they (m.) are harrowing.

tahu7kAshlo'lA-

they (m.) should harrow. NOTE: May include the alternant .OIA- of the base .olA-/.ya'tolA- plus te- dualic, split; but the composition is unclear. -a'kl- n. snowflake. ó-kla7 snowflake. DERIVED BASES: -a'klal- have snow on; -a'klol- be covered with snow; -a'kluty- for snow to fall; -ata'klatenyu- snow lightly; -ata'klokw- snow. NOTE: The 7 of the 'kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'klal- v.s. have snow on. yó-klale7 there's snow on it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -a'kl- snowflake, -1be in or on. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'klol- v.s. be covered with snow. yo7klolú snow is covering it. Prepausal: yo7klo-lú. Future stative: Ayo7klolúhake7 it will be covered with snow. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -a'kl- snowflake, -'lholok-/-'lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up. -a'kluty- v.s. for snow to fall. yo7klúti snow is falling. Optative stative: ayo7klutyúhake7 the snow would be falling. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -a'kl- snowflake, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative

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aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i. -a'kohs- n. skirt, o 7kóhsa7 skirt. akwa 7kóhsa 7 m y skirt. DERIVED BASES: - a t a ' k o h s u t - put on

a skirt; wa'kohseskó- peacock. .a'kt- plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. See .hsa'kt-/.hsa'ket-/ .a'kt-/.a'ket- plus te- dualic. •a'ktanyu- plus te- dualic, fold several things or into several folds. See .hsa'ktanyu-/.a'ktanyu- plus tedualic. - a ' k w a t - v.a. dig. ká-kwats I'm

digging, lá-kwats he's digging, lú-kwats they (m.) are digging. waka7kwatú I h a v e d u g , lo7kwatú he has d u g , lona 7kwatú they (m.)

have dug. wa7ká-kwate7 I dug, wahú-kwate7 they (m.) dug, Aká-kwate7

I will dig,

Ahá-kwate7

he will dig, they (m.) will dig. Aspect class: E2. Ahú-kwate7

•NÁ ki7 lú-kwats tsi7 nú-

AhatiyAthóhslu7. They're digging where they're going to plant. DERIVED BASES: - a t a ' k w a t - dig for

oneself; yu'kwátsta' shovel. NOTE: The 7 of the 'kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. a'nekahtsyé n a ' N shoelace. akwa7nekahtsyé-na7 my shoelace. -a'nhaluk-/-a'nhaluksl- v. > n. rope. a7nha-lúk rope. With-N-atatye-be extended along: wa7nhalukslatáti7 there's a rope extended along (e.g., to keep people off the street). With -hlA'tu-/-A?tu- be attached, hanging: yo7nhalukslA-tuhe7 the rope is hanging. DERIVED BASES:

tehu'nhalukslatilútha' tug-of-war.

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Orieida-English

NOTE: The alternant -a'nhalukoccurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -a'nhaluksl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), is the incorporating form. -a'nhuskwa'lh- n. pants, trousers. a7nhuskwá-lha7 pants, trousers. akwa 7nhuskwá-lha 7 my pants, sa7nhuskwá-lha7 your pants, lao7rthuskwá-lha7 his pants, ako7tihuskwá-lha7 her pants, ao7nhuskwá-lha7 her (z.) or its pants. DERIVED BASES:

.a'nhuskwa'lholok-/ .a'nhuskwa'lhol- plus te- dualic, put on pants; a?nhuskwa ? lha ? shúha Dutchman's breeches; teyohsí tute? a'nhuskwálha? long johns. NOTE: The 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. a'nhuskwa'lha'shúha N Dutchman's breeches. COMPOSED OF: -a'nhuskwa'lhpants, trousers, -a ? noim suffix, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: yonhuskwalutúnyu (ACH). .a?nhuskwa ? lholok-/.a ? nhuskwa ? lholplus te- dualic, v.a. put on pants. teka7nhuskwa7lho-lóks I'm putting my pants on. tewaka 7nhuskwa 7lholú I have pants on, teho7nhuskwa7lholú he has pants on. wa 7tka 7nhuskwa 7lho-lóke 7 I put on pants, wa7tekheya7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 I put pants on her, wa7thuwa7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 she put pants on him, tAka7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 I will put on pants. tehsa7nhuskwa7lho-lók

Put your pants on! Habitual past: teka7nhuskwa7lho-lókskwe7 I used to wear pants. Stative past: tewaka7nhuskwa7lholu-hné• I had pants on. Future stative: tAwaka7nhuskwa7lholúhake7 I will have pants on. With s- repetitive: teska7nhuskwa7lho-lóks I'm putting my pants back on again, tusaka7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7

I put my

pants back on again. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -a'nhuskwa'lh- pants, trousers, -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up. DERIVED BASES:

.a'nhuskwa'lholoksyu- plus tedualic, take off pants. NOTE: The alternant .a'nhuskwa'lholok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. The alternant ,a ? nhuskwa ? lholoccurs in the stative aspect. a'nhuskwa'lholoksyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off pants. teka7nhuskwa?lholóksyus I'm taking my pants off, tehuwa7nhuskwa7lholóksyus she's taking his pants off him. wa7tka7nhuskwa7lholóksi7 I took my pants off, wa7thuwa7nhuskwa7lholóksi7 she took his pants off him. With srepetitive: tusaka7nhuskwa7lholóksi7 I took my pants back off again. COMPOSED OF: .a'nhuskwa'lholok-/ .a'nhuskwa'lhol- plus te- dualic, put on pants, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant ,a ? nhuskwa 7 lholok- of the component base plus the -hsyureversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Man1

Oneida-English

speakers have ,a?nhuskwa?lholoksibefore a final 7 . a'nikuhlésta 7 N hammer. NOTE: May include the verb base -hlest- bump into with force, run into; otherwise the composition is unclear. .a'nikuhlokw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for one's mind to become scattered, become undecided. teka7nikuhlókwas I'm of two minds. tewaka?nikuhlókwA my mind is scattered, I can't decide. tAka 7nikuhlo-kó- I will become undecided. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .at-N-okw-/.atya?tokw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .a ? nikuhlya ? k- plus te- dualic, v.a. feel sad, feel troubled, give up. teka7nikú-lya7ks I keep giving up, I feel sad or troubled (not as strong as being depressed), teha7nikú-lya7ks he feels sad or down, teyu 7nikú-lya 7ks she feels down. tewaka7nikuhlyá-ku I'm feeling down, teho7nikuhlyá-ku he's feeling sad. wa7tha7nikú-lyahke7 he started to feel bad, tAka7nikú-lyahke7 I will feel bad. Stative past: tewaka7nikuhlya7kú-ne7 I was feeling down. Future stative: tAwaka 7nikuhlya 7kúhake 7 I will be sad. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -a- semireflexive, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .ya'k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. DERIVED BASES: .a'nikuhlya'ktplus te- dualic, be troubling, be worrisome. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .a'nikuhlya'kt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be troubling, be worrisome. teyo7nikú-lya7kt it's troubling, it's worrisome. With n- partitive: na 7teyo 7n ikú-lya7kt it's so worrisome. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .a'nikuhlya'k- plus te- dualic, feel sad, feel troubled, give up, -ht- causative. NOTE: The h of the hly cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. a'no wál N turtle. NOTE: Probably includes the noun root -'now- hump shape, dome shape; otherwise the composition is unclear. -a ? nuk-/-'nuksl- n. onion, á-nuk onion. With -hnyotunyu-/-otunyu- stand several upright: wa7akwa7nukslotúni7 we (excl.) stood up the onions (planting them). With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: teka7núkslake two onions. With .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something: wa7tke7nukslakA-$éle7 I peeled the onion. DERIVED BASES: a'nukkó leek; yo'nukslanAtakú bunion. NOTE: The alternant -a7nuk- occurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -'nuksl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), is the incorporating form. a'nukkó N leek. COMPOSED OF: -a ? nuk-/- ? nukslonion, -kó- augmentative clitic.

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Orieida-English

-a ? nyanawA-/-a?nyanawA ? tsl- v. > n. glove, mitten. a7nya-náwA7 glove, mitten, akwa 7nya-náwA 7 my glove, sa?nya-náwA7 your glove, lao?nya-náwA? his glove, ako?nya-náwA? her glove, ao?nya-náwA7 her (z.) or its glove. With -ku locative suffix: a7nyanawAtslaku in the mitten. With -shuha collective clitic: a ?nyanawA 7shúha mittens. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: lo 7nyanawA 7tslúti he has lost his mitten, waho7nyanawA7tslu-tíhe lost his mitten. With -uni-/-unymake, construct: yako ?nyanawA 7tsluní she has made the mitten. With -unyAni-/-unyAmake something for someone, make someone do something: ahuwa "htyanawA 7tslúni7 she should make a mitten for him. With -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have: sa7nyanawA-tslayA7 you have a mitten, lo7nyanawA-tslayA7 he has a mitten. DERIVED BASES: . a ' n y a n a w A k - /

.a'nyanawA- plus te- dualic, put on gloves or mittens. NOTE: The alternant -a'nyanawAoccurs in the basic noun form, in possessed forms, and in forms with the collective clitic. The alternant -a ? nyanawA?tsl-, with the -'tslnominalizer suffix, occurs before the locative suffix and it is the incorporating form. The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. This base may include a noun root -a ? ny- hand, which may also be a component in tewA'nyáwelu' hundred. Cf. Mohawk: o:nya7 palm of the hand (GM). .a ? nyanawAk-/.a ? nyanawA- plus tedualic, v.a. put on gloves or mittens.

teka?nya-náiOAks I'm putting on my gloves. teivaka7nya-náwA7 I have my gloves on, teho7nya-náwA7 he has gloves on, teyako7nya-náwA7 she has gloves on, tehona 7nya-náwA 7 they (m.) have gloves on. wa7tka7nya-náwAke7 I put on my gloves, tAka7nya-náwAke7 I will put on my gloves. tehsa7nya-náwAk Put your gloves on! Stative past: tewaka7nyanawA-hné• I had gloves on. Future stative: tAwaka7nyanawXhake7 I will have gloves on. Aspect class: B2. • Latikwekú tehona?nya-náwA7 nók tsi7 tehatenhohótha7 a7é- nika-tAs teho7nya-náwA7 khále7 tehotutsholókhu 7 SA- nA 7 né\ They all have gloves on but the goalie has really thick gloves on and his knees are covered too. (Tl) DERIVED BASES: .a'nyanawAksyu-

plus te- dualic, take off gloves or mittens. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -a'nyanawA-/ -a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant .a ? nyanawAk- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. The alternant .a'nyanawAoccurs in the stative aspect. a'nyanawAksyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. take off gloves or mittens. wa 7tka 7nyanawAksi7 I took off my gloves or mitts, tehsa 7nyanawAksi Take off your mitts! COMPOSED OF: .a'nyanawAk-/ .a'nyanawA- plus te- dualic, put on gloves or mittens, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant .a'nyanawAk- of the component base plus the -hsyureversative suffix and the resulting

Oneida-English 321

khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have .a'nyanawAksi- wordfinally and before a final ? . -a ? nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten. See -a ? nyanawA-/-a'nyanawA?tsl-. a ' n y ó Evidential particle: it seems like. • Náhte 7 kati7 a 7nyó. What do you believe it is? What does it seem like? -a 7 se- cousin. See -ala ? se-/-a 7 se-. .a ? SAht-/.ya ? tAht-/.Aht- plus tcislocative, v.a. drop something, bring something down from a height, punch, tka 7sAtha 7 I keep bringing or knocking it down, I drop it, tyu 7sAtha 7 she keeps bringing it down, tha 7sAtha 7 he brings it down. twaka 7sAhtu I have brought it down. taká-SAhte7 I brought it down, I punched someone (I dropped my hand), tahá-sAhte7 he brought it down, he punched (someone), tayú-SAhte7 she brought it down, tahiyá-tAhte7 I dropped him. tasásAt Bring it down! With tedualic: tutaká-SAhte7 I knocked it off again. With -na ? tsy- pail, pot, kettle: tahaná-tsyAhte7 he brought down the pot. With -nuto'tsl- box: tahanutó-tslAhte7 he brought down the box. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .atlislAht- plus tcislocative, roll down one's pant legs; .nAtshAht- plus t- cislocative, and atyá tawi ? t, roll down one's sleeve; .wisAht- plus t- cislocative, lower or close a window; tetwa'sXtha 7 waterfalls, Niagara Falls. NOTE: The alternant .a?sAht- is composed of an empty noun root -a ? s-, a verb root -A-, and the -ht- causative suffix. The alternant .ya'tAht- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The

alternant .Aht- occurs with incorporated nouns, and it may be a component in -ahkwe'nAht- descend, go down. See note under -a?sA?-/-A?fall. The 7 of the 7s cluster of .a'sAhtand of the ? t cluster of .ya'tAht- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of all three alternants becomes t before h and word-finally. .a?sAht-/.Aht- plus y- translocative, v.a. lower something, yeha 7sAtha7 he's lowering it. yahá-sAhte7 he lowered it. ya 7sásAt Lower it, drop it in! With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakásAhte7 I lowered it again. With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle: yahaná-tsyAhte7 he lowered the pot. And nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back into it again. With -nuto'tsl- box: yehanuto7tslAtha7 he's lowering the box. Aspect class: EL.

DERIVED BASES: .at-N-Aht- plus ytranslocative, lower something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant .a?SAht- is composed of an empty noun root -a?s-, a verb root -A-, and the -ht- causative suffix. The alternant .Aht- occurs with incorporated nouns. See note under -a'sA?-/-A ? - fall. The 7 of the ? s cluster of ,a?SAht- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of both alternants becomes t before h and word-finally. -a?sA?-/-A?- v.a. fall. wá-SAhse7 it falls. yo7sA-u it has fallen. ú-sAne7 it fell. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: ú-yAtie7 the fruit fell (e.g., apples from a tree). With -nakt- bed, place, space: uknáktAtie7 my bed fell

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Orieida-English

through, wa?ukwanáktAne7

our bed

fell through (i.e., the bed broke and we fell through to the floor). With -nlaht- leaf: yonlahtA-u the leaves are falling, wa7kanláhtAne7 the leaves fell, akanláhtAne7 the leaves should fall. With -stal- drop: wa7kasta-lAne7 there was a drop, a drop fell. With -'nhaht- branch, limb: wa7ka7nháhtAne7 the limb fell. Aspect class: E3. • NA thó akwekú akanláhtAne7 wé-ne HA thó auta7klo-kó-. The

leaves are almost all fallen, probably it will snow. NOTE: The alternant -a?SA?- is composed of an empty noun root -a's-, a verb root -A-, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The alternant -A7- occurs with incorporated nouns. The verb root -Ais attested only with incorporated nouns plus a derivational suffix. See also .a'sAht-/.ya'tAht-/.Aht- plus tcislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch; .a?sAht-/.Aht- plus ytranslocative, lower something; .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something for oneself; .a'sA?-/ .ya'tA?-/.A?- plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height; .a'sA?-/ .ya?tA?-/.A?- plus y- translocative, fall in, fall down; -a'sA?se-/-a'sA?s-/ -A?se-/-A?s- drop something; -N-Ahtdrop, let fall; - ? lhenyAht- knock over something tall; -'lhenyA?- fall over, something tall; tetwa'sAtha? waterfalls, Niagara Falls. The root -Amay be the same root that is present in .A-/.ya?tawA- plus n- partitive, happen, take place. The 7 of the ? s cluster of -a'sA 7 - is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of both alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented

vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .a?sA?-/.ya ? tA ? -/.A?- plus t- cislocative, v.a. fall off, fall from a height. twá-sAhse7 it keeps falling down, thayá-tAhse7 he keeps falling off (from something high). tyo7sAu it has fallen. tú-sAne7 it fell, takyá-tAne7

I fell off,

tahayá-tAne7

he fell off, Atwá-SAne7 it will fall. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: takahyatúhsUne7 the paper fell. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: takáksAne7 the dish fell. With -wis- ice, glass, window: takawi-sAne 7 the glass fell, the window fell. Aspect class: E3. •Kanuhsá-ke tahayá-tane7 fell off the roof. Kayá-tale7 The picture fell.

He tú-SAne7

DERIVED BASES: . ' n i k u h l A ? - plus t-

cislocative, have low spirits, feel down, feel sad. NOTE: The alternant .a ? SA ? - is composed of an empty noun root -a ? s-, a verb root -A-, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The alternant .ya ? tA 7 - occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternant .A?- occurs with incorporated nouns. See note under -H7SA7-/-A7fall. The 7 of the ? s cluster of .a ? SA?and of the ? t cluster of .ya ? tA ? - is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of all three alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. a ? sA?-/.ya ? tA?-/.A 7 - plus y- translocative, v.a. fall in, fall down. yewásAhse7 it keeps falling, yekyá-tAhse7 I keep falling into something, yehayá-tAhse7 he keeps falling in. yeyo7sAu it has fallen,

Oneida-English

323

yewakya7tA-u I have fallen in, yehoya7tA-u he has fallen in. yahú-sAne 7 it fell, ya 7kyá-tAne7 I fell in, yahayá-tAtie7 he fell in, ya?eyá-tAne7 she fell in, yAkyá-tAne7 I will fall in, yAwá-sAne7 it will fall. With-ksdish, plate, bowl: ya7káksAtie7 the dish fell down or in. Aspect class: E3. •Tayutú-neke7 tsi7 awA-ke ya7eyá-tAne7 Katlí-n. Something startled her (and) Katlin fell into the water. (T2) Tsi7 niwahsu-tés nA wa 7ukwanáktAne7 tahnú• tsi7 nukwá• yakwakA-hA• thó nukwáyahú-SAne^. During the night the bed fell through, and besides it was the end we had our heads that fell. (CI) DERIVED BASES: .ahsi'tA?- plus ytranslocative, fall through with one's foot. NOTE: The alternant .a?SA?- is composed of an empty noun root -a ? s-, a verb root -A-, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The alternant .ya?tA?- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternant .A?- occurs with incorporated nouns. See note under -a?sA?-/-A?fall. The 7 of the 7s cluster of .a?sA?and of the ? t cluster of .ya?tA?- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of all three alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables.

• Kwáh nók ná-ye7 ókhna7 wahó-sAhse7 ne7n lao7nya-náwA7 thó onyAhtá-ke. After a while he already dropped the mitten there in the snow. (T3) NOTE: The alternants -a?sA?se- and -a?sA?s- are composed of an empty noun root -a ? s-, a verb root -A-, and the - ? s e - / - 7 s - benefactive suffix. The alternants -A?se- and -A?S- occur with incorporated nouns. See note under -a ? sA?-/-A?- fall. The alternants -a ? sA ? se- and -A?se- occur in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the (last) ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternants -a?sA?s- and -A?S- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the first ? s cluster of -a ? sA ? s- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the (final) 7s cluster of both alternants is replaced by h in postaccented syllables.

-a ? sA?se-/-a ? sA?s-/-A?se-/-A?s- v.a. drop something. waka7sA-sehe7 I keep dropping it. waka 7sAse I have dropped it. ukwásAhse7 I dropped it, wesásAhse7 you dropped it, wahósAhse7 he dropped it, AwakásAhse7 I will drop it, AhósAhse7 he will drop it. With s-

a'shal- n. knife, sickle, á-shale7 knife, akwá-shale7 my knife. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself, and s- repetitive: shata7shalu-níhe7 he fixes his sickle. With -a ? SA 7 se-/-a ? SA 7 s-/ -A?se-/-A ? s- drop something: ukwa7sha-lA-se7 I dropped the knife.

repetitive: sukwá-sAhse7 I dropped it again. With -atokwa't-/ -atokwa'tsl- spoon: ukwatokwá-tsUhse7 I dropped the spoon. With -a'shal- knife, sickle: ukwa7sha-lA-se7 I dropped the knife. With -hnana't- potato: ukhnaná-tAhse7 I dropped the potato. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: ukéksAhse7 I dropped the dish. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wahowi-sA-se7 he dropped the glass. Aspect class: Al.

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Orieida-English

With -hyo ? thiy(e)-/-o ? thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy: yo7shalo7thi-yéthe knife (or saw) is sharp. With -nohale-/-ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa7u7shalóhale7 she washed the knife. DERIVED BASES: . a t a ' s h a l i s - plus

te- dualic, cut with scissors; -ata'shalo'thiye-/ -ata'shalo'thiyo- sharpen a knife or blade. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'slahlest- v.a. overdo. waka ?slahléstu I'm overdoing it, yako7slahléstu she overdoes it, lona7slahléstu they (m.) are overdoing it. wa 7ka 7slá-leste 7 I overdid it. NOTE: Possibly includes the verb base -hlest- bump into with force, rim into. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'slatye- v.s. be wide. wa7sláti7 it's wide. Habitual past: kAh niwa7slátye7skwe7 it used to be this wide. Future stative: kAh nAwa7slátye7ske7 it will be this wide. Secondary habitual: kAh niwa7slátyehse7 they're all this wide. With t- cislocative: né• twa 7sláti7 it's the widest. With npartitive: kAh niwa7sláti7 it's this wide, it's a certain width, kók niwa7sláti7 it's just this width. With - h a h - / - h - / - w a h - road, path: yohaha7sláti7 the road is wide. Aspect class: B. • Wa 7sláti7 tsi7 lona 7kwa tú. It's wide where they dug. Wa 7sláti7 akóhta7. Her shoes are wide. DERIVED BASES: . a ' s l a t y e h a plus

kA? particle and n- partitive, be

narrow. NOTE: Many speakers have -a'slati- before a final .a'slatyeha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be narrow. kA 7 niwa7slatyéha it's narrow. With tcislocative: né• kA7 nitwa7slatyéha it's the narrowest. With - h a h - / - h - / -wah- road, path: kA 7 niyohaha7slatyéha the road is narrow. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -a'slatye- be wide, .ha plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. DERIVED BASES: . y a ? t a ? s l a t y e h a

plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be slender. -a'sluni-Aa'sluni't- human n. white person. o7slu-nv white person. la7slu-ní• he's a white person, yu7slu-ní• she's a white person. With -ku locative suffix: o7sluní-taku among white people. With -kA decessive clitic: o7sluni7kA it was a white person (either someone who has passed away or someone who was white, but married an Indian and so assumed native status), la7sluni7kA he was a white person. DERIVED BASES: o ' s l u n i ' k é h a white

people's ways; o'sluni'ké ne English language. NOTE: The alternant -a'sluni'toccurs before the -ku locative suffix, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -a'sluni- occurs elsewhere. In Mohawk, the cognate base -a?seronni- means 'make an axe', and the term o7serón:ni refers to the French (GM). -a'swaht- v.a. put out or extinguish a fire, turn off lights, ka 7swátha 7 I put out fires, I turn off the lights.

Oneida-English

waka7swáhtu I have put out the fire. Aká-swahte7 I will put out the fire. sá-swat Turn off the light! Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - a ' s w a t h a ? be a

fireman. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally, and the 7 of the ? sw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'swatha? v.a. be a fireman. la7swátha7 (he's a) fireman, lu?swátha7 (they are) firemen. COMPOSED OF: -a'swaht- put out or extinguish a fire, turn off lights, -ha 7 habitual. -a'swA- n. coal, Ó-SWA7 coal. Prepausal: Ó-SWA7 DERIVED BASES: -a'swA't- black. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 sw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'swA't- n. black. o7swAta7 black. With -osku- all, most, the majority: o 7 SWA 7tósku 7 it's all black. • O 7swA-ta 7 niho 7slehtó-tA. He has a black car. COMPOSED OF: -a'swA- coal, -?tcausative. DERIVED BASES: -ata?swA?tal- have black on. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. - a ? t a l i h a ? s e - / - a 7 t a l i h a ? s - v.a. become warm, be affected by something so that one becomes warm. lo7talihá-se he's getting warm. ukwa7talíhahse7 I got warm, it warmed me, Aho7talíhahse7 he will get warm. COMPOSED OF: -a'talih(A)-/ -N-talihA- be hot, be warm, - ? s e - /

325

-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -a ? taliha ? seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -a 7 taliha ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. - a ' t a l i h a ' t - v.a. heat up, get hot. u7talíhahte7 she (z.) heated it up, it got hot (the weather). With srepetitive: saka7talíhahte7 I heated it up again, su7talíhahte7 it got hot again. COMPOSED OF: - a ' t a l i h U ) - / -N-talihA- be hot, be warm, - 7 tcausative. DERIVED BASES: - a ' t a l i h a ' t a n y u -

get hot now and again; -a ? taliha ? ta ? n- be going to get hot. NOTE: The 7 of the final 7 t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -a'taliha'tanyu- v.a. get hot now and again, u7taliha7táni7 it got hot now and again, off and on. COMPOSED OF: -a'taliha't- heat up, get hot, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -a ? taliha ? tani- before a final 7 . -a'taliha'ta'n- v.m. be going to get hot. wa7taliha7tá-ne7 it's going to get hot. •Lu-té• Ayo7talihAhake7 AyolhA7 ne khále7 ú-wa7 •wa7taliha7tá-ne7 They say it will be hot tomorrow and it's going to get hot now (today) too. COMPOSED OF: -a'taliha't- heat up, get hot, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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Orieida-English

-a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA- v.s. be hot, be warm. yo7talfíiA it's hot, waka nalíhA I'm hot, I feel hot, lo7talíhA

he's hot,

yako?talíhA

she's hot. Stative past: yo ?talifiA-hné• it was hot. Future stative: Ayo7talihAhake7 it will be warm. With n- partitive: niyo 7talfliA it's so hot. And optative stative: nayo7talihAhake7 it should be that warm. With nit- partitive and cislocative: nityo7talíhA it's so hot there. With te'- negative: yáh te 7yo 7talíhA it's not hot. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: yawAhetshatalíhA the sausages or wieners are hot or spicy. With - h n a n a ' t - potato: yohnana7tatalíhA the potatoes are warm. With -hnekliquid, liquor: yohnekatalíhA the water is hot. With -wel- air, wind: yowelatalíhA it's a warm wind. Aspect class: A. •Kwa7nyó wí• yo7talifiA-hné7 nA^-wa . Boy was it ever hot (today). DERIVED BASES: - a ' t a l i h a ' s e - /

-a'taliha's- become warm, be affected by something so that one becomes warm; -a'taliha't- heat up, get hot; -atahalatalihA- be a hot sun NOTE: The alternant -a ? talih-, without the final vowel, occurs before derivational suffixes, and the alternant -N-talihA- occurs with incorporated novms. Otherwise -a'talihAoccurs; note that this alternant occurs also as an active base (see next entry). See also -lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)-/ -talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm. -a'talihA- v.a. become hot, become warm, yo 7talihA-u it has gotten hot, waka 7talihA-u I have gotten warm.

ukwa 7talíhA 7 I got warm. With tcislocative: tayo7talíhA7 it got warm, Atyo7talíhA7 it will be hot. NOTE: Related to the stative base -a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA- be hot, be warm. - a ? t a ? e k - / - a ? t a ? e - / - a ' e k - / - a ? e - v.a. pound the surface, knock. ka7tá-eks I'm pounding it (e.g., with a hammer), yu7tá-eks she's pounding it. wa7ka7tá-eke7 I pounded it, I knocked on it, wahsa ?tá-eke 7 you pounded it, wa7u7tá-eke7 she pounded it, Aka7tá-eke7 I will pound it. NOTE: The alternants -a ? ek- and -a ? e- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -a ? ta ? ek- and -a ? ta ? eare composed of an empty noun root -a ? t- and a verb root - a ? e k - / - a ? e - , which occurs only with incorporated nouns. See also - h w a ' e k - / - h w a ? e - / -a?ek-/-a 7 e- strike, bat, thrash. The alternants -a ? ta ? ek- and -a ? ek- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects, -a ? ta ? e- and -a ? e- occur in the stative aspect. The last 7 of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -a'wAta'- v.a. die off. lu7WA-tá-se7 they (m.) all die (as a result of an epidemic or a natural disaster such as a flood or tornado). lona7WAtá-u they have died. wahu7WA-táne7 they died. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Possibly includes the verb base -N-Ata 7 - finish doing. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. bazoon N perfume. bóks Exclamation. Bang! NOTE: Describes the sound of two things colliding.

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327

E -e- v.m. walk, go, be somewhere, i-kéI'm walking, íhse7 you're walking, fie7 he's walking, i-yA- she's walking, i-wé- she (z.) or it is walking, ítne 7 you and I (incl.) are walking, yákne 7 we two (excl.) are walking, tsne7 y o u t w o are walking, í-ne7 the t w o (m.) are walking, íkne7 the t w o

(z.) are walking, ítwe7 we (incl.) are walking, yákwe7 we (excl.) are walking, íswe7 you all are walking, lA-né- they (m.) are walking, ku-néthey (z.) are walking, i-ké-se7 I'm walking around, I'm here, i-yAse7 she's walking around (e.g., a child who has learned how to walk), yáknehse7 we two (excl.) are walking around (i.e., we are dating one another), U-né-se7 they (m.) are walking around, they are there. lawenú

he has gone, zvá-ke7 I'm

going, I'm walking away, wáhse7 you're going, wá-le 7 he's going, wa 7ákne 7 we two (excl.) are going, wá-kne7 the two (z.) are going, wa 7ákwe 7 we (excl.) are going, wahA-né• they (m.) are going, Ayákne7 we two (excl.) will go, á-ne7 the two (m.) should go. Examples of pre-pausal forms: ítene7 you and I (incl.) are walking, yákene7 we two (excl.) are walking, ítowe7 we (incl.) are walking, yákowe 7 we (excl.) are walking, wa 7ákene7 we two (excl.) are going, wa 7ákowe7 we (excl.) are going, wáhs Go! wá-s átste7 Go outside! Future habitual: AhAtié-sheke7 they (m.) will be there. Optative h a b i t u a l : aesné-sheke7

you two

should walk around or be together. With s- repetitive: séhse7 you're walking back again, íshne7 the two

(m.) are walking back again, íshlehse7 he's walking around again. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók íske7 I'm w a l k i n g all o v e r , elók is hie7 he's walking all o v e r , elók

ítsyA 7 she's walking all over, elók tsyákne7 you and I (incl.) are going all over, elók XtsyA 7 she will walk all over. With t- cislocative: thA-né se7 they (m.) are walking around there, they're present, tá-ke7 I'm coming this way, táhse 7 you're coming this way, tá le7 he's coming this way, ta-yA• she or someone is coming this way, ta-wé- she (z.) or it is coming this way, tahA-né• they (m.) are coming this way, thawenú he has left and he's on his way, Athle7 he will come here, uta-yAshe should come this way. With tuta- or tAt- dualic and cislocative: tuta-ké• I came back again, tAtke7 I will come back again, tAtéhse7 you will come back again, tAtwe 7 she (z.) or it will come back again, tAtísne7 you two will come back again, tu-táhse7 you should comeback again. With y- translocative: yehe-ké-se7 I'm over there, yeyákwehse7 we (excl.) are there, yehA-né-se7 they (m.) are there, yewakenú I have gone there, yahá-ke7

I w e n t there, yahá-le7

he

went there, ya 7ákne 7 we two (excl.) went there, yahá-ne7 the two (m.) went there, ya 7ákwe 7 we (excl.) went there, yAhA-ké• I will go there, yAhA-le7

he will g o there, ya-aké-

I

should go there, ya-ayA• she should go there, ya-yákwe7 we (excl.) should go there, yahá-sene You two go there! yahá-sowe You all go

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Orieida-English

there! And habitual past: yehA-né-skwe7 they (m.) were over there. And future habitual: yAhné-sheke7 the two (m.) will be over there. With yAhAstranslocative and repetitive: yAhXske7 I will go there again. With n- partitive: nihawenú how, when, or where he went, niyawenú how or where she (z.) or it went, tsi7nú- nihA-né se7 where they (m.) are, kátsha7 niyawenú where did it go? With nit-, nuta- or rut- partitive and cislocative: nitwakenú where I came from, nityakawenú where she or someone came from, nityukwenú where we came from, a7é- nithonenú they (m.) are from way over there, a 7é- nityonenú they (z.) are from way over there, kátsha7 nú• nitisenú where did you come from? kátsha 7 nú- nithawenú where is he from? kátsha7 nú• nityakawenú where is she from? And future stative: kátsha7 núnAtyakawetiúhake7 where will she be coming from? nutá-le7 he came over here, nAtwe7 it will come from there, kaló• nuta sé Come over here! With ny-, nyehe- or nyaha- partitive and translocative: nyehéhsehse7 you go there, nyeyáknehse7 we two (excl.) go there, nyahá-ke7 I went there, nyaháhse 7 you went there, nyahá-le7 he went there, nyahá-yA 7 she or someone went there, nyahá-we7 she (z.) or it went there, nyahá-ne7 the two (m.) went there, nya 7ákwe 7 we (excl.) went there, nyahA-né• they (m.) went there, nyAyákne 7 we two (excl.) will go there, nyAhA-né• they (m.) will go there. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: thó nyusa-ké• I went back there, I returned, thó nyusá-le7 he went back

there again, tsi7 nú- nyusayákwe7 where we (excl.) went again. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shA-né-se7 they (m.) are not around anymore. With tsh- coincident: tshiyákwehse7 when we (excl.) go. With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: thó tshyusa-ké• when I would go back there, kA 7 tshyusá-le 7 when he went out again. With th- contrastive: thi-ké-se7 I'm just walking around, thi-yA-se7 she gets around, thi-wé-se7 she (z.) or it wanders around (used also as an expression for wild animals), kwáh ok thiku-né-se7 they (z.) are wandering around (e.g., wild animals, or plants such as strawberries). With tha'tet- or tha ? tutacontrastive, dualic and cislocative: yáh tha7tethawenú he never came back again, yáh tha7tutáhse7 you won't come back here again. With thy- contrastive and translocative: yah thya-aké- I won't go over there. Aspect class: Gl. •Kanatá-ke wá-kne7 onatatyAha. The mother and daughter are going to town. "TewAhnislaké tAtísne7 kA-, nA uhte Awakanúhteke7" "In two days you two will come back, then maybe I will know." (M7) DERIVED BASES: -ehslu- go here and there together, date; -eht- go with a purpose; .enu plus nit- partitive and cislocative, be a certain age; .enu plus tsha'tet- coincident, dualic and cislocative, be the same age. NOTE: In the intentive aspect this base can mean only to move by walking, but in the other aspects the meaning is not restricted to the motion of walking. The habitual aspect is also used to mean 'be present or be somewhere', and 'go around together, dating'. This base takes the

Oneida-English

feminine-indefinite singular prefix yA- (with deletion of the -e- of the base). The base is probably also a component in ehta'késhu' on foot, walking. -N-e- v.s. exist. NOTE: The root -e- is attested with a few incorporated noun roots to form stative verbs. See -ahtsi'kl(e)- be cloudy; -Ate- be light, be daylight; -nute- be a little hill or mound; -shuwe- be a hole; -unhe- live, be alive; and possibly .yashe- plus tedualic, be together. -e- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. -ehkw- n. pond, island. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ehkwakehlu- be several small ponds or islands here and there; and -ehkwayA-/-ehkwayAtbe a small pond or island. Some speakers gloss the bases that include this root as having to do with a body of water (pond, puddle) and others gloss the bases as having to do with an island. .ehkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. See .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya'tahkw- plus tedualic. -ehkwakehlu- v.s. be several small ponds or islands here and there. ioehkivaké-lu 7 (there are) several small ponds or islands. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ehkw- pond, island, -kehlu- put things here and there.

329

NOTE: The h of the hi c l u s t e r is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ehkwayA-/-ehkwayAt- v.s. be a small pond or island. wéhkwayA 7 (there's) a small pond or island. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ehkw- pond, island, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: - e h k w a y A t u - b e

several small ponds or islands. NOTE: The alternant -ehkwayAtoccurs before the -u- distributive suffix. -ehkwayAtu- v.s. be several small ponds or islands. wehkwayA-tú(there are) several small ponds or islands. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ehkwayA-/ -ehkwayAt- be a small pond or island, -u- distributive. ehnók Temporal particle: a while ago. • NX se7 kuwAnahnotaní ehnók. I read to you a while ago. -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isak- v.a. look for, miss someone, kéhsaks I'm looking for it, yakéhsaks she's looking for it, léhsaks he's looking for it, kheya 7ti-sáks I'm looking for her or them, I miss her or them, I'm lonesome for her or them, lawehsakú he has looked for it. wa7kéhsake7 I looked for it, zva7kheya7ti-sáke7 I missed her or them, wahiya7ti-sáke7 I looked for him, wa?utatya7ti-sáke7 she looked for her, Akéhsake 7 I will look for it. Optative stative: ahawehsa-kúke7 he should have searched for it. With n- partitive: nikheya7ti-sáks I miss her so. With -nahkw- marriage, mate: lanahkwi-sáks he's looking for a wife, yenahkwi-sáks she's looking for a man, Ahanahkwi-sáke7 he will

330

Orieida-English

look for a woman. With -nha?tslhired work: kenha7tsli-sáks I'm looking for work, wakenha 7tslisakú I have looked for work, wa 7kenha 7tsli-sáke7 I looked for work. Aspect class: E2. •ó ke• tsi7 né- na7katshanu-ní• tsi7 tayenatá-la7 né• tsi7 nikheya7ti-sáks. Gee I was so happy that she came to visit because I was missing her so. (NL) DERIVED BASES: -ehsakh-/-isakhgo to look for; -atehsak-/-at-N-isaklook for something for oneself; -li'wisak- look for facts or news. NOTE: The alternant -ya'tisakoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -isak- occurs with incorporated nouns.

-ehsakh-/-isakh- v.m. go to look for. wa 7kehsákha 7 I'm going there to look for it. With -nahkw- marriage, mate: yakninahkwisákhe7 we two (excl.) are here to look for a man, a woman, wahanahkwisákha7 he went looking for a wife, wa7akninahkwisákha7 we two (excl.) went looking for a mate. With the English noun job: wa 7ktsyapslisákha 7 I went to look for a job. COMPOSED OF: -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/ -isak- look for, miss someone, -hdislocative. NOTE: The alternant -isakh- occurs with incorporated nouns. -ehslu- v.a. go here and there together, date. wa7aknéhslu7 we two (excl.) went together, we're boyfriend and girlfriend, wahnéhslu7 the two (m.) went together as a couple. COMPOSED OF: -e- walk, go, be somewhere, -hslu- distributive.

-eht- v.a. go with a purpose, kétha7 I go there, létha 7 he goes there. lawéhtu he has gone there. wá-kehte7 I'm going there, thó wáhsehte 7 there is where you went, thó wá-lehte7 that's where he went, wa7áknehte7 we two (excl.) went there, wá-nehte7 the two (m.) went there, wahA-néhte7 they (m.) went there, a-kéhte7 I should go there. Stative past: wakehtú-ne7 I went (and I'm back), sehtú ne7 you went, lawehtú-ne7 he went, lonehtú-ne7 they (m.) went. With t- cislocative: ta-kéhte7 I'm coming back here. With y- translocative: ya7káhkete7 I went there, yAhA-lehte7 he's going to go there. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyAhA-lehte7 how he's going to go there. With tshcoincident: tshá-kehte7 when I went there. Aspect class: El. • Kanatáke lawéhtu lo7slehtohalé-nu laó-slet. He has gone to town to wash his car. NA kati7 wíwahyahtA-tí• thó wá-nehte7 kA-, ehta7késhu7 kwi- nyahá-ne7 kA-. So then the two left, they went there, they went on foot. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -e- walk, go, be somewhere, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: -ehtahkw- where one goes; -ehta 7 n- intend to go; -ehtuhatye- be going somewhere. NOTE: This base must occur with the name of a location or with a locative particle such as thó there, that's where. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -eht- v.s. taste strong, ya-wét it's strong, it tastes strong. Stative past: yawehtú-ne7 it was strong. Future stative: Ayawehtúhake7 it will be strong. With n- partitive: tsi7 niya-wét it's pretty strong. Aspect

Oneida-English

class: A. •Tyótkut ya-wét yakotti7tsluní. She always makes strong tea. NOTE: The ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -ehtahkw- v.a. where one goes. kehtákhwa7 that's where I go, sehtákhwa 7 where you go, yAhtákhwa 7 where she or someone goes. COMPOSED OF: -eht- go with a purpose, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: átste? yAhtákhwa? bathroom. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa 7 . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. .ehtahkw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. believe, tkehtákhiva7 I'm believing (in) it, thlehtákhwa7 he believes it. twakehtáhkwA I believe it, tisehtáhkwA you believe it, tyakawehtáhkwA she believes it, thonehtáhkwA they (m.) believe it. takéhtahkwe7 I believe it, tahléhtahkzve7 he believes it, tayakéhtahkwe7 she believes it. taséhtak Believe it! Optative stative: utayukwehtahkw Ahake7 we should be believing it. With th- contrastive: yáh thutayakéhtahkwe7 she wouldn't believe it, yáh thutahAnéhtahkive7 they (m.) wouldn't believe it. Aspect class: Dl. • Wa 7í-lu 7 yáh thutayakéhtahkzoe7 tsi7 yukwayo-té• nA tetyó-kalas. She said she would not believe that we were working when it was dark. ( 0 3 ) NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k.

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ehtá ke Locative particle: down, below, downstairs. ehta'késhu' Adverbial particle: on foot, walking. NOTE: May be composed of the verb base -e- walk, go, be somewhere, the -ht- causative suffix, the - ? ke locative suffix, and the collective clitic -shu ? . -ehta'n- v.m. intend to go. wa7kehtá-ne7 I'm going to go (do it), wahlehtá-ne7 he's going to go (do it). • Kanatá-ke wahlehtá-ne7 7 7 waha slehtohalé-na laó-slet. He's going to go to town to wash his car. COMPOSED OF: -eht- go with a purpose, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ehtuhatye- v.m. be going somewhere. ukwehtuháti7 I'm on my way somewhere, wahawehtuháti7 he's on his way somewhere, wahonehtuháti7 they (m.) are on their way somewhere. • Kátsha7 wahonehtuháti7. Where are they going? COMPOSED OF: -eht- go with a purpose, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ehtuhati- before a final 7 . -ehyahl- v.s. remember, ké-yale7 I remember, sé-yale 7 you remember, lé-yale7 he remembers. takzvehyá-lak Remember me! taknehyá-lak Remember us two! takwehyá-lak Remember us all! Habitual past: kehyá-lahkwe7 I used to remember. Future stative: Akehyá-lake 7 I will be remembering. Optative stative: akehyá-lake7 I should remember. With s- repetitive: ské-yale7 I remember again.

332

Orieida-English

With n- partitive: niké-yale? the way I remember. With te'- negative: yáh te?sé-yale? you don't remember. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te?ské-yale? I don't remember anymore. Aspect class: F. •Yáh ki? te?ské-yale? to- tsha?tewakohsliyá-ku nók tsi? kwáh tsi? wakanúhte? kayé uhte tát kAwísk. I don't remember how old I was but I know I was four possibly, or five. (Nl) Sé-yale? kA thikA Sowátis tsi? nú• tyotyelAhtu thohni-núhkwe?. You remember there at Hiram's, the first place he bought? ( 0 2 ) DERIVED BASES: - e h y a h l a h k w -

remember with; .ehyahlahkwAni-/ .ehyahlahkwA- plus s- repetitive, remind someone; -ehyahla 7 - remember; -atehyahlu- become aware, come into existence. NOTE: Also related to the base -ehyalu- remember, reminisce. The h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in postaccented syllables. -ehyahlahkw- v.a. remember with. kehyahlákhwa ? I remember it with this, it makes me remember. Future habitual: Akehyahlákhwake? I will remember it with this. Optative habitual: akunehyahlákhwake? it should make them (z.) remember, ahuwAnehyahlákhwake? someone should remember them (m.) with it. COMPOSED OF: -ehyahl- remember, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa?. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. .ehyahlahkwAni-/.ehyahlahkwAplus s- repetitive, v.a. remind some-

one. shiyehyahlahkwA-níhe?

I keep

reminding him. shakwehyahlahkwAtií

he

has

reminded me. sakuy ehyahlahkw A ? I reminded you, sahyayehyahláhkwA? he reminded y o u , sayesehyahláhkwA

?

she or

they reminded you, AseskwehyahláhkwA? you will remind me. saskwehyahláhkwA Remind me! sahetshehyahláhkwA Remind him! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -ehyahl- remember, -hkw- instrumental, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .ehyahlahkwAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .ehyahlahkwA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -ehyahla 7 - v.a. remember. kehyá-lahse? I keep remembering, lehyá-lahse? he keeps remembering. wakehyahlá-u I have remembered, lawehyahlá-u he has remembered. wa?kehyá-lane? I remembered, wahlehyá-lane? he remembered, wahiyehyá-lane? I remembered him, Akehyá-lane? I will remember, Ayakehyá-lane? she will remember. With s- repetitive: skehyá-lahse? I keep remembering, swakehyahlá-u I have remembered again, tsisehyahlá-u you have remembered again, sakehyá-lane? I remember again, sahlehyá-lane? he remembered again, sahAnehyá-lane? they (m.) remembered again, Askehyá-lane? I will remember again, Asehsehyá-lane? you will remember again, Ashlehyá-lane? he will remember again, Atsyakehyá-lane? she will remember again. Aspect class: E3. •Né• wí wa?í-lu?

aknulhá• tsi? né•

Oneida-English

s thikA nále7 wa7thotihA-léhte7 7 7 wa thushAtho ka7ikA é-lhal, né• s 7 ye né- thikA sahAtiehyá-lane7 kAtsi7 nihonatkanuni-hnétshiwahu-níse 7. My mother said that whenever dogs howl (or) cry, it's really because they remember how well-off they were a long time ago. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -ehyahl- remember, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: T h e h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -ehyalu- v.s. remember, reminisce. kehya-lú- I remember, sehya-lú- you remember. With s- repetitive: skehya-lú- I remember. With nispartitive and repetitive: niskehya-lú- how I remember. With te ? - negative: yáh te7kehya-lú- I don't remember, yáh te7yakehya-lúshe doesn't remember. Aspect class: B. • Kwáh se7 nók tsi7 i-kélhe7 a-kwahlo-lí- kók tshi-ká- tsi7 niyo-lé- niskehya-lú- aksothné-ke kAs oskánhe yakwanákle7 aknulhákhále7 lake7níha khále7 teyakyatahnu- tele7 I just want to tell you all that when I was small, as far as I can remember, we used to lived together at my grandmother's, my mother and my father and my brother. (Ol) NOTE: Possibly composed of -ehyahl- remember and the -udistributive suffix. -ek- eat. See -k-/-ek-/-ak-. - e k a ' - / - e k a w - / - k a ' - / - k a w - v.a. like or enjoy the taste of. wake-ká-se7 I like the taste of it, se-ká-se7 you like it, lawe-ká-se7 he likes it,

333

yakawe-ká-se7 she likes it, yawe-ká-se7 she (z.) or it likes it, yukne-ká-se7 we two like it, sne-ká-se7 you two like it, lone-ká-se7 they (m.) like it. wakeká-u I'm enjoying it. ukwe-káwe7 I liked the taste of it. Habitual past: wake-ká-skive7 I used to enjoy it. Stative past: wakeku-hné- I enjoyed it (at one time). With t- cislocative, and habitual past: thawe-ká-skwe7 he used to enjoy it the most, tyakawe-ká-skwe7 she used to enjoy it the most. With te ? - negative: yah te7wake-ká-se7 I don't like it, yáh te7wakeká-u I didn't like it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wakahya-ká-se7 I like the taste of fruit. With -itsy- fish: wakitsya-ká-se7 I like to eat fish. And te ? - negative: yáh te?wakitsya-ká-se7 I don't like fish. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: wakna7tala-ká-se7 I like the taste of bread. With -nikwAhs- blood: lonikwAhsa-ká-se7 he likes the taste of blood, he's a vampire. With -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon: waknu7usla-ká-se7 I like squash, etc. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Related to the stative base -eku-/-eku'u-/-ku-/-ku?u- taste good. The alternants -ka ? - and -kaw- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -eka ? - and -ka 7 - occur in the habitual and stative aspects, and the final 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternants -ekaw- and -kaw- occur in the punctual aspect. The alternant -kaw- also occurs with the suffix -e7 in tsyohwX tstakawe' seagull, and tsyotsya káwe' mink. ékel N acre.

334

Orieida-English

-eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?u- v.s. taste good, yawéku 7 it tastes good. Stative past: yaweku7ú-ne7 it tasted good. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyawéku 7 it tastes so good. With te ? - negative: yah te7yawéku7 it doesn't taste good. With -lan- corn soup: kalanáku 7 it's good-tasting corn soup. With -nAst- corn: katiAstáku7 the corn tastes good. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikanAStáku7 the corn is really tasty. With -shes-/-shest- syrup, gum, sap: kashestáku 7 it's goodtasting syrup. With -'wahl- meat, and n- partitive: tsi7 nika7wahláku7 it's really good meat. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -eku'uhslal- have a taste; -eku'uhslat- have a taste to something; .eku'uhslo'tA- plus npartitive, be the kind of taste; -aslaku-/-slaku ? u- smell good; kahnana ? taku?ústu potato salad; kahnekáku? pop, soda, Kool-Aid; kawa'yatsláku' tasty pie. NOTE: Related to the active base -eka?-/-ekaw-/-ka ? -/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of. The alternants -kuand -ku'u- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -eku- and -kuoccur in the stative aspect, -eku'uand -ku'u- occur before derivational suffixes. -eku'uhslal- v.s. have a taste. yaweku7úhslale7

it h a s a taste.

With te 7 - negative: yah te7yaiveku7úhslale7

it h a s n o taste.

Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/ -ku'u- taste good, -hsl- nominalizer, -1- be in or on. -eku'uhslat- v.s. have a taste to something. yaweku7úhslat there's taste to it, it has a taste. With te ? n e g a t i v e : yáh

te7yaweku7úhslat

there's no taste to it, it has lost its

taste (e.g., I have a cold, and so I can't taste anything). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/ -ku'u- taste good, -hsl- nominalizer, -at-/-t-/-et- be in. .eku ? uhslo ? tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be the kind of taste, tsi7 niyaweku7uhsló-tA the kinds of taste. Aspect class: A. • Náhte7 niyaweku7uhsló-tA. What does it taste like? COMPOSED OF: -eku-/-eku ? u-/-ku-/ -ku'u- taste good, -hsl- nominalizer, .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: T h e

7

of t h e ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ekw- pick, harvest. See -kw-/-ekw-. -el-/-ely-/-elyahs- n. heart, awe-láheart. With - ' n e locative clitic: akwelyá-ne my heart, selyá-ne your heart, lawelyá-ne his heart, akazvelyá-ne her heart. With -tsi?yoha- be unwell, be sickly: yakawelyahsatsi7yohá her heart is not well. DERIVED BASES: .elyahkw- plus tedualic, for the heart to beat; .elyahsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, for the heart to thump, have a heart attack; -elyahsiyo- have good in one's heart. NOTE: The alternant -el- occurs in the basic noun form, -ely- occurs before the -'-ne locative clitic, and both -ely- and -elyahs- are incorporating forms. -el- want, think. See -elh-/-lh-/-el-. elA Locative particle: other side, across.

Oneida-English

elX nukwá- over that direction, over to that side. - e l h - / - l h - / - e l - v.a. want, think. i-kélhe 7 I want, íhsle 7 you want, ílelhe7 he wants, i-yélhe 7 or i-yAlhe7 she wants, i-wélhe7 she (z.) or it wants, ítnelhe7 you and I (incl.) want, yáknelhe7 we two (excl.) want, ísnelhe7 you two want, í-nelhe7 the two (m.) want, íknelhe 7 the two (z.) want, ítwelhe7 we (incl.) want, yákwelhe7 we (excl.) want, tswelhe7 you all want, U-nélhe7 they (m.) want, ku-nélhe7 they (z.) want. yawelú she thought, wá-kelhe7 I thought, wáhselhe7 you thought, wá-yelhe7 she thought, wá-lelhe7 he thought, wá-welhe7 she (z.) or it thought, wétnelhe7 you and I (incl.) thought, wa 7ákwelhe 7 we two (excl.) thought, wésnelhe7 you two thought, wá-nelhe7 the two (m.) thought, wá-knelhe7 the two (z.) thought, wétwelhe7 we (incl.) thought, wa7ákwelhe7 we (excl.) thought, wéswelhe7 you all thought, wahA-nélhe7 they (m.) thought, wa7ku-nélhe7 they (z.) thought. Habitual past: kélhahkwe7 I wanted to, lélhahkwe7 he wanted to. Stative past: wakelú-ne7 I intended to, I meant to (but I didn't do it), lawelú-ne7 he intended to, he meant to. Future habitual: Akélheke 7 I will want to. Optative habitual: a-kélheke7 I should want to. Optative stative: aukwe-lúke7 I should have wanted to. With s- repetitive: ískelhe 7 I want again. With te ? negative: yáh téhselhe7 you don't want, yáh té-yAlhe7 she doesn't want, yáh té-lelhe7 he doesn't want, yah té-nelhe7 the two (m.) don't want, yáh tehA-nélhe7 they (m.) don't want. With te ? s- negative and

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repetitive: yáh té-skelhe7 I don't want anymore, I'm not wanting (for something) anymore. With tshcoincident: né• tshi-kélhe7 that's what I thought. With th- contrastive: thi-kélhe7 I think so, thí-lelhe7 7 he thinks so, thi-yAlhe she thinks so, thítwelhe7 we (incl.) think so, thiyákwelhe7 we (excl.) think so. •Wakelúne7 thó nú- nyAhA-ké-. I meant to go there. Kwáh ok néthi-ké Ihe7 I just think it's that way, I assume. Kwáh i-yélhe7. Oh she thinks she's so good, she thinks she's it, she's conceited, l-wélhe7 7 uki-táwe . It wants me to sleep (i.e., I'm getting sleepy, in spite of myself). NOTE: Both the feminine-indefinite singular forms i-yélhe7 and i-yAlhe7 are attested. In the first form, the alternant -lh- occurs with the prefix ye-. In the second, the alternant -elh- occurs with the prefix yA- (with deletion of the e of -elh-). The alternant -lh- (with loss of the h) occurs also in the second person singular habitual form íhsle7, and it may be a component in the base -elu'uhatye- never mind someone. The alternant -el- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -elhoccurs elsewhere. é lhal N dog. -elho- spread with, cover with. See -lho-/-elho-. -elhohslu- spread or cover with all over. See -lhohslu-/-elhohslu-. elhú w a ' Temporal particle: just now, recently. • Loluti-yó-se7 thikA elhú-wa7 sholutayAthóhslu7. Those are nice trees that he recently planted.

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Orieida-English

e lí- N cherry. NOTE: See also elikkó- wild cherry. elikkó- N wild cherry. NOTE: Includes an alternant of e l í cherry and the -kó- augmentative clitic; otherwise the composition is unclear. elók Locative particle: all over. -elu'uhatye- v.m. never mind someone. wakelu7uháti7 never mind me, lazvelu 7uháti7 never mind him, yakawelu 7uháti7 never mind her, yawelu7uháti7 Oh, never mind it. •NA S kwi• wá-kelhe7 yawelu?uhát i7. So then I thought, oh never mind. (PI) NOTE: Possibly includes the alternant -el- of the verb base -elh-/-lh-/ -el- want, think, and the -hatyeprogressive suffix. Many speakers have -elu ? uhati- before a final 7 . -ely- heart. See -el-/-ely-/-elyahs-. .elyahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for the heart to beat, tewakelyákhwa7 my heart is beating, tehawelyákhwa7 his heart is beating, teyakawelyákhwa7 her heart is beating. COMPOSED OF: - e l - / - e l y - / - e l y a h s -

heart, ,hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya'tahkwplus te- dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES: t e y a w e l y á k h w a ?

pulse. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa ? . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -elyahs- heart. See -el-/-ely-/ -elyahs-. .elyahsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for the heart to thump, have a heart attack, tewakelyahsishúkhwa7 my

heart is thumping, I'm having a heart attack, tehawelyahsishúkhwa7 he's having a heart attack. wa?twakelyahsíshuhkwe7 I had a heart attack, wa?thawelyahsíshuhkwe7 he had a heart attack, wa7tyakawelyahsíshuhkwe7 she had a heart attack. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the alternant -elyahs- of the noun base -el-/-ely-/-elyahs- heart, and a verbal component -ishuhkw-, which occurs also in .uhwAtsishuhkw-/.hutsishuhkwplus te- dualic, earthquake. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . -elyahsiyo- v.s. have good in one's heart, yakawelyahsiyó she has good in her heart, lawelyahsiyó he has good in his heart. Pre-pausal: lawelyahsi-yá Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - e l - / - e l y - / - e l y a h s -

heart, -N-iyo- be good. -elyA?t- n. intention, purpose. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in ,atelyA?takaly- plus tedualic, become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted; .atelyA'thal- plus tedualic, feel anxious, get upset; .atelyA ? thalakt- plus te- dualic, be hazardous; -atelyA?tuni- do on purpose; .elyA ? tiyo- plus t- cislocative, be satisfied with. elyA'tiyo- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be satisfied with. twakelyA7tiyó I'm satisfied with the way it is, thawelyA 7tiyó he's satisfied, tyakawelyA 7tiyó she or someone is satisfied. Pre-pausal: tyakawelyA 7ti-yó. With te ? - negative: yáh te7twakelyA7tiyó I'm not

Oneida-English

satisfied with it, it bothers me, yáh te 7tyakawelyA ?tiyó she or someone is not satisfied, it bothers her or someone. Aspect class: A. •Tá-t ányo7 úhka7 ok náhte7 yáh te?tyakawelyA?tiyó tsi7 thó 7 7 íhsehse , yawelu uháti7. If someone isn't satisfied that you're around, nevermind. (PI) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -elyA't- intention, purpose, -N-iyobegood. DERIVED BASES: .elyA'tiyo?- plus tcislocative, become satisfied with. .elyA'tiyo'- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become satisfied with. tukwelyA7ti-yóne7 I became satisfied (with someone), tayakawelyA7ti-yóne7 she became satisfied, tahawelyA7ti-yóne7 he became satisfied. COMPOSED OF: .elyA'tiyo- plus tcislocative, be satisfied with, - 7 inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. - é n e clitic, at, on. Locative clitic. é-nik Locative particle: up, above, upstairs, over. •Thó nú- AyukwAtá-wha7 é-nik né• nukwá-. Then we would go to bed upstairs. (VI) é-nik ná wati' on top. NOTE: See .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of something. é nike Locative particle: up, above, upstairs, over. .enu plus nit- partitive and cislocative, v.s. be a certain age. nitwakenú my age, tó• nitisenú how old are you? tónithawenú how old is he? tó• nithonenú how old are they (m.)?

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Pre-pausal: tó• nithone-nú. Secondary habitual: nityone-nú-se7 how old they (z.) are. With tshitcoincident and cislocative (replacing nit- partitive and cislocative), and secondary habitual: tshityukwe-nú-se7 when we were at that age. Aspect class: A. • NikutihtiAye-sú-se7 thikA kutiksa7shúha, ya-wét tsi7 nityone tiú-se7 Those girls are so tall, considering their ages. COMPOSED OF: nit- partitive and cislocative, -e- walk, go, be somewhere, -nu stative. enu plus tsha'tet- coincident, dualic and cislocative, v.s. be the same age. tsha7tetyuknenú we two are the same age, tsha7tetisnenú you two are the same age, tsha7tethonenú the two (m.) are the same age, tsha7tetyonenú the two (z.) are the same age. Prepausal: tsha7tetyone-nú. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: tsha'tet- coincident, dualic and cislocative, -e- walk, go, be somewhere, -nu stative. es-/-us- v.s. be long, i-yús it (n.) is long. With n- partitive: kAh ni-yús it's this long, thó ki7ok ni-yús it's just that long, kók ni-yús it's just that length, it's short (indicating length with the hands). With -ahsatshadow, movie, show: wahsa-tés it's a long movie or show. With -ahsliye-/-ahsliye?t-/-hsliye?tstring, thread, yarn: wahsliyé-tes it's a long thread. With -ahsutnight: wahsu-tés it's a long night. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, na'tepartitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehohtahkwe-sú-se7 he has on long shoes. With -anekl-/ -Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: yonékles it's long grass. With

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Orieida-English

-atlahti-/-atlahti?tsl- sock, stocking: watlahtí-tsles the stockings are long. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: yawAhétshes it's a long sausage. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: WAhnísles it's a long day. And secondary habitual: WAhnisle-sú-se? the days are long. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi? niwAhnisle-sú-se7 the days are really long. With -hah-/ -h-/-wah- road, path: yoháhes it's a long road. With -holo't- cylinder, pipe: kaholó-tes it's á long pipe. With -hsin- leg, na'te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7teksine-sú-se7 I have such long legs. With -hul- gun: kahu lés it's a long gun. With -itahs-/-itaks- tail: lAtáhses his tail is long. And npartitive: nihAtáhses he has such a long tail. And stative past: lAtahsesú-ne7 he had a long tail. With -i ? tuhkw- / -'tuhkw- flame: yo7túhkwes it's a long flame (e.g., the flame of a kerosene lamp). With -kal- story, and n- partitive: nikaka-lés the length of the story, niwakka-lés the length of my story. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: kakXhes it's a long cloth or blanket. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask: lakúhses he has a long face. And npartitive: nihakúhses he has such a long face. With -kustu'lh- beard, mustache, and te- dualic: tehokustú-lhes he has a long beard. And na ? te- partitive and dualic: a 7éna7tehokustú-lhes he has such a long beard. With -lisl- pant leg, and na'te- partitive and dualic: a7éna 7tewaklísles my pant leg is so long, a 7é- na 7teholísles his pant leg is so long. With -lut- tree, log: kalu-tés it's a long log. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: nikalute-sú-se7

the logs are so long. With -nakalstick: kana-káles it's a long stick. With -nawil-/-nawi- tooth, and na'te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehanawile-sú-se7 he has such long teeth. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, and te- dualic: tekanXtshes it has long sleeves. With -nhoh- door: kanhóhes the door is long. With -nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- hair: yakonuhkwísles she has long hair, lonuhkwísles he has long hair. And n- partitive: niyakonuhkwísles she has such long hair, nikanuhkwísles it's such long hair. With -nuhshouse, building: kanúhses it's a long house. With -nuwal-/-luwal- nail, wire, needle, pin: kanu-wáles it's a long needle. With -shu?kal- board, floor: kashú-kales it's a long board. And n- partitive: a7é• nikashú-kales the board is really long. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers, and te- dualic: teyeshnúhses she has long hands. With -tsi ? nuwbug, worm: katsi7nu-wés it's a long worm. With -tsi'nyuhkl- snot: lotsi7nyúhkles he has a long stream of snot (coming out of his nose). With -tsye'el- fingernail, toenail, claw, na ? te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehatsye7ele-sú-se7 he has such long nails, na7teyetsye7ele-sú-se7 she has such long nails. With -wAnvoice, word: kazvA-nés it's a long word. With - ? nekAhtal- eyelash, strawberry top, and te- dualic: tewake7nekAhtales I have long eyelashes, teho7nekXhtales he has long eyelashes, teyako7nekXhtales she has long eyelashes. With -'nunblack ash strips, n- partitive, and secondary habitual: kók nika7nune-sú-se7 they're strips of just

Oneida-English

such a length, they're short strips. With - 7 nyuhs-/- 7 nyu-/-i 7 nyuhs-/ -i7nyu- nose: la ?nyúhses he has a long nose. With -7sleht- vehicle: ka ?sléhtes it's a long car, a limousine. And n- partitive: a ?é• naka?sléhtes it's a really long car. Aspect class: A. • Nók tsi? tshahutkátho? tsi? na?tehatsye?ele-sú-se? thikA kwalolú, thó niyoshno-lé• kAh nukwá• wahútkwihte?. But when they saw that the owl had such long nails, they moved over fast enough. (T3) DERIVED BASES: . N - e s - p l u s tsi 7

particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time; .esha/.usha plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be short; -ahnotes- be deep liquid; -ashales- be a long strap, leash, or rope; -atshates- be steamy; .hluwes- plus te- dualic, be deep; -hnawes- be a stream of water; -hnAyes-/-hnayesbe tall; .hses- plus te- dualic, be high; .itskwes- plus te- dualic, be able to jump far; .kahles- plus tedualic, be able to see far; .kahtsyo'tes- plus te- dualic, have large crusty dried mucus in the eyes; .khahesu'se' plus na ? te- partitive and dualic, take big steps, stride; -kwales- be a big lump; .lates- plus te- dualic, be high heels; -lhes- be long; .liles- plus te- dualic, be one after another in a line or column; -listakhwa'tsles- be a long staircase; -na'kwes- be mad for a long while; .na'tsles- plus te- dualic, be a deep ditch; -nhles- be a disease that's lasting a long time; -nuhkwale'teshave long hair; -nuhses- be of the Longhouse tradition; -shuwes- be a deep hole; -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up; .ya'kales- plus te- dualic, be long-waisted; ka'sléhtes limou-

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sine; sháyese 7 thimbleberry, blackberry; tekahsineskó- crane; tewahúhtes donkey; teyoná-tsyes top hat; tsyohsó kwes butternut; Wahsutés December; wa?kohseskópeacock; yohna'tátsles kangaroo. NOTE: The alternant -us- occurs after the neuter agent prefix y-, the alternant -es- occurs elsewhere. .N-es- plus tsi7 particle and n- partitive, v.s. be a duration in time. With -ahsut- night: tsi? niwahsu-tés during the night. With -Ahnisl-/ -ahnisl- day, weather: tsi? niwAhnísles during the day. With -Ahni't- moon, month: tsi? niwAhní-tes during the month. With -At- week, daylight: tsi? niwA-tés during the week. And t- cislocative, and stative past: tsi? nitwAtesú-ne? here it was such a long week. With -ohsl- year, winter: tsi? niyóhsles during the year. Aspect class: A. • SwAhní-tat tsi? niyóhsles. One month out of the year. Kwáh tsi ? niwAhní-tes yakwahtAtyehse?. For the whole month we were going away. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle and npartitive, -N- incorporated noun, -es/-us- be long. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. -es- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/ -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -esa- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/

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Orieida-English

-es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -esay- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/ -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. -esA- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/ -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i after the wa?- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?- factual. .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be short, kA? niyúsha it (n.) is short. With the particle kok (replacing the particle kA7): kók niyúsha it's this short (I'm indicating the length with my hands). With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla?tsl- table: kA 7 niwatekhwahla7tslésha the table is short. With -atlahti-/-atlahti?tslsock, stocking: kA 7 niwatlahti?tslésha the socks are short. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: kA7 niwahnislésha the day is short. With -lisl- pant leg, and tedualic: kA7 na7tewaklislésha my pant leg is so short. With -nakalstick: kA7 nikanakalésha it's a short stick. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, and te- dualic: kA7 na7teyonAtshésha it has short sleeves. With -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair: kA 7 nihonuhkwislésha he has short

hair. Aspect class: A. • Só-tsi7 hla?tslésha

kA kA 7 thikA,

niwatekhwaya-wét

tsi7 niyukwAtyohkowa-nA. Is that table too short? It seems we're such a big crowd. COMPOSED OF: -es-/-us- be long, .ha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. DERIVED BASES: kA? niyohAtésha

Term for strawberries used in the Opening of the Thanksgiving Address. NOTE: The alternant .usha occurs after the neuter agent prefix y-, the alternant .esha occurs elsewhere. esó- Quantity particle: lots, many. NOTE: From -eso- be lots. -eso- v.s. be lots, we-so- it's lots. With sAha 7 more, and yes- translocative and repetitive: sAha 7 yeswe-sóeven more so. Aspect class: B. •NA né• sAha7 yeswe-só• wa7kathwistu-nv. I made even more money. (CI) NOTE: Occurs more frequently as the particle e só-. -et- be in. See -at-/-t-/-et-. -et- be standing. See -t-/-et-. -etahkohatu- take several out of a container. See -tahkohatu-/ -etahkohatu-. -etahkw- take out of a container, unload. See -tahkw-/-etahkw-. .etahkwa?t- plus t- cislocative, yank out. See .tahkwa?t-/.etahkwa?tplus t- cislocative. -etalyu- put several into containers. See -talyu-/-etalyu-. -eta 7 - put into a container. See -ta?-/ -eta?-.

Oneida-English

-etA'uhatye- put into a container one at a time or bit by bit. See -tA'uhatye-/ -etA ? uhatye-. -ethi- pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See y e t h i - / y e t h i y - / - e t h i - / -ethiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -ethiy- pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See y e t h i - / y e t h i y - / -ethi-/-ethiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. ethn- pref. you and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethni-/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/ -hethn-/-hethy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. ethni-/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/-hethn/-hethy- pref. you and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person inclusive dual acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants ethni- and -hethni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants ethnand -hethn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternants ethy- and -hethy- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants ethni-, ethn-, and ethy- occur word-initially; the alternants -hethni-, -hethn-, and -hethyoccur after another prefix.

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ethw- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a, e, or A. ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person inclusive plural acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants ethwa- and -hethwa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants ethwand -hethw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants ethwA- and -hethwA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants ethy- and -hethy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. The alternants ethwa-, ethw-, ethwA-, and ethy- occur word-initially; the alternants -hethwa-, -hethw-, -hethwA-, and -hethy- occur after another prefix. ethwA- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. ethy- pref. you and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethni/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/-hethn-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a. ethy- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/

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Orieida-English

-hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in o or u. etsh-/etshe-/-hetsh-/-hetshe- pref. you act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person singular acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants etsh- and -hetsh- occur with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. The alternants etshe- and -hetshe- occur with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternants etsh- and etshe- occur word-initially; the alternants -hetsh- and -hetsheoccur after another prefix. etshe- pref. you act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsh-/etshe-/ -hetsh-/-hetshe-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -etshi- pref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yetshi-/yetshiy-/-etshi-/-etshiyNOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -etshiy- pref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yetshi-/yetshiy-/-etshi-/-etshiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i after the wa 7 factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a'- factual.

etsn- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsni-/etsn-/etsy-/ -hetsni-/-hetsn-/-hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. etsni-/etsn-/etsy-/-hetsni-/-hetsn-/ -hetsy- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person dual acting on third person masculine singular, and third person masculine singular acting on second person dual. NOTE: The alternants etsni- and -hetsni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants etsnand -hetsn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternants etsy- and -hetsy- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants etsni-, etsn-, and etsyoccur word-initially; the alternants -hetsni-, -hetsn-, and -hetsy- occur after another prefix. etsw- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA-/ etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a, e, or A. etswa-/etsw-/etswA-/etsy-/-hetswa-/ -hetsw-/-hetswA-/-hetsy- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person plural acting on third person masculine singular, and third person masculine singular acting on second person plural. NOTE: The alternants etswa- and -hetswa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants etswand -hetsw- occur with bases that

Oneida-English

begin in a, e, or A. The alternants ethsA- and -hetswA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants etsy- and -hetsy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. The alternants etswa-, etsw-, etsw A-, and etsyoccur word-initially; the alternants -hetswa-, -hetsw-, -hetswA-, and -hetsy- occur after another prefix. etswA- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA-/ etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. etsy- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsni-/etsn-/etsy-/ -hetsni-/-hetsn-/-hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a. etsy- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA-/ etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in o or u. -ew- arrive. See - w - / - e w - / - a w - / - u - . .ew- plus s- repetitive, arrive home. See .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive. - e ' suf. Noun suffix. -e ? suf. Intentive aspect. NOTE: Occurs with motion verbs. - e ' suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in a vowel plus t and with some bases that end in 1.

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-e? suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in a consonant except -e?ni?-/-e?ne ? - v.a. become evident, show, wa 7wé-nene7 it showed. • úhka?ok tiA kwiwa?wé-tiene? 7 7 kwi- tsi shakwanolúkhwa se7 n akitshe-nX• é-lhal. Now it showed that we loved my pet dog. (M6) NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. This base is composed of a root -e7rú-/-e7ne- and the inchoative suffix. The root occurs also in the particle wé ni / wé ne probably, it seems. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -e7se7 suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in ny, ly, or ty and with bases that end in the dislocative suffix. The 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -e'sheke' suf. Future habitual/ Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -e 7 se ? . The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -e ? she-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . The 7 of the ? sh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. - e ' s k w e ' suf. Habitual past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -e 7 se ? . The habitual past ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -e ? s- and a

344

Orieida-English

component -kwe', called the former past in Lounsbury (1953).

without the final vowel occurs before the -ha- inchoative suffix.

-e?towan(A)- v.s. be a large quantity. yawe7towanA it's a lot, it's a large quantity. Pre-pausal: yawe7towa-nA. With n- partitive: niyawe7towanA it's a really large quantity. Aspect class: A.

e'towanhahslu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become a larger and larger quantity, tayawe 7towanháhslu 7 it became more plentiful. • Tahnú• tsi7 nA tayolíhA7 thikA porridge tayawe 7towanháhslu 7 nét h i •kA. And so then the porridge started to boil, there just became more and more of it. (CI) COMPOSED OF-, t- cislocative, -e'towan(A)- be a large quantity, -ha- inchoative, -hslu- distributive.

DERIVED BASES: . e ' t o w a n h a h s l u -

plus t- cislocative, become a larger and larger quantity. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -e't-, which does not occur elsewhere, and the verb base -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big. An alternant

A A-/.ya'tawA- plus n- partitive, v.a. happen, take place. na7a-wA• it happened, nukyá-tawA7 what happened to me, nahoyá-tawA7 what happened to him, na7akoyá-tawA7 what happened to her, tiAya-wA• how it will happen. Optative stative: naya-wAke7 it would have happened. With srepetitive: nusaya-wA• it should happen again. • óh tiAya-wA-. What will happen? Náhte7 na7a•wA•. What happened? DERIVED BASES: .Ahsl-/

.ya'tawAhsl- plus n- partitive, be going to happen; .A?-/.ya ? tawA?- plus n- partitive, happen, befall. NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix and a verb root -A-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .A- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, have to be; and

.A?- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, happen the same way. The root -A- may be the same root that occurs in -a'sA?-/-A?- fall, and the bases related to it. See also the expression ayawA-s. The alternant .ya?tawA- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .A- plus yáh negative particle and thycontrastive and translocative, v.s. have to be. yáh thyaya-wA• tsi7 it has to be. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .A?- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, have to be. NOTE: This base is composed of the yáh negative particle, thy- contrastive and translocative prefixes, and a verb root -A-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See

Oneida-English

also .A-/.ya?tawA- plus n- partitive, happen, take place. A- pref. will. Future mode. -A- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in the vowel e after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. -A- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -Ani-/ -A-.

NOTE: Occurs in the punctual aspect. -A- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -ni-/ -A-.

NOTE: Occurs in the punctual aspect. -A suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in hkw, kw, ly, a7, and with bases that end in a vowel plus k, w, n or s. -A- say. See -atu-/-A-/-ihlu-. -A- give someone something. See -awi/-U-/-A-.

.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. See .awi-/ .U-/.A- plus t- cislocative. -Ahake 7 suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -A. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -A, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-,

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called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . •Ahal-/.Ahalel- plus te- dualic, v.a. for a loud noise to sound. teyawAhalhe7 it's a loud noise. wa7tyaw Ahalele 7 it (suddenly) made a noise. DERIVED BASES: .Ahalele- plus tedualic, be a loud noise travelling; .Ahale'ni- plus te- dualic, be a really loud noise. NOTE: The alternant .Ahal- occurs in the habitual aspect, .Ahaleloccurs in the punctual aspect. .Ahalele- plus te- dualic, v.m. be a loud noise travelling. teyawAhale-lé• it's going by noisy, wa 7tyawAhale-lé- it just went by making a noise, tAyawAhale-lé• it will be going by making a noise. With t- cislocative: tutayawAhale-lé• it's coming this way making a noise. NOTE: Related to the base .Ahal-/ .Ahalel- plus te- dualic, for a loud noise to sound; but the composition is unclear. .Ahale'ni- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a really loud noise. teyawAhalé-ni it's really noisy. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the alternant .Ahal- of the base .Ahal-/.Ahalel- plus te- dualic, for a loud noise to sound, and a component -e ? ni-, which occurs in a few bases having to do with loud noises. See also -lakale'ni- be a loud noise; and -uhkale'ni- snore loudly. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -Ahawinu- v.s. drizzle, mist. yawAhawinú it's a light drizzle, it's misting. Pre-pausal: yawAhawi-nú. Aspect class: A.

346

Orieida-English

-Aha?s- call someone down, get down on someone. See -Ahni-/-Aha's-. -Ahetsh- n. sausage, wiener. awAhétsha7 sausage, wiener. With -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wakatAhétshute7 I have fried the sausage. With -a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA- be hot, be w a r m : yawAhetshatalíhA

the

sausages or wieners are hot or spicy. With -es-/-us- be long: yawAhétshes it's a long sausage. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa7kAhetshahni-nú- I bought some sausage. With -k-/-ek-/ -ak- eat: kAhétshaks I'm eating sausage. -Aheyu-/-Ahey- die. See -iheyu-/ -ihey-/-Aheyu-/-Ahey-. -Ahne' suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -A and when the stative suffix -A is accented in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -A and a component -hne ? , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -Ahne' is always realized as -A-hné-. -Ahni-/-Aha?s- v.a. call someone down, get down on someone. yAnihe7 he's calling you down, he's saying things to you that indicate he doesn't think too much of you, lakwAnihe7 he's calling me down, liyAnihe7 I call him down. wahiyAhahse7 I called him down, xvahakwAhahse7 he called me down, wahyayAhahse7 he called you down, wahetshAhahse7 you called him down, AkuyAhahse7 I will call you down. Stative past: lakwAhni-hné•

he has called me down. NOTE: The alternant -Ahni- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -Aha?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- n. day, weather. awAhntsla7 day. With .atot(e)-/ .at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet: teyotAhnislato-té• it's a still day. And th- contrastive: tha7teyotAhnislato-té• it's just a still day, it's an unexpectedly still day. With -es-/-us- be long: WAhnísles it's a long day. And secondary habitual: wAhnisle-sú-se7 the days are long. And n- partitive, and secondary h a b i t u a l : tsi7 niwAhnisle-sú-se7

the

days are really long. With .N-esplus tsi7 particle and n- partitive, be a duration in t i m e : tsi7

niwAhnísles

during the day. With .esha/.usha plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be short: kA7 niwahnislésha the day is short. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tewAhnislaké two days. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA niwAhnislaké three days, tóhka7 niwAhnislaké several days. With .N-ke- plus ya7te- translocative and dualic or nya 7 te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: ya7tewAhnislaké every day. With -o ? kta-/-o ? ktA- come to the end of, finish: wa7kAhnisló-ktA7 I ended the day. And s- repetitive: sakAhnisló-ktA7 I ended another day. With .N-o7tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: niwAhnisló-tA the kind of day it is. With .N-t-/ .ya7tat- plus s- repetitive: be one: swAhníslat

one day.

Oneida-English

• NA kati7 zví• tóhka7 niwAhnislaké thikA né- kwáh ok onA niyakonuhwáktanihe7 tahnú• yáh tehonanúhte7 ka7ikA náhte7 kwáh niyakoyá-tawAhse^. So then it was a few days and she was still sick and they didn't know what was the matter with her. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -Ahnislaks(A)- be a

bad day; -Ahnislate- be a particular day; -Ahnisliyo- be a good day; TewAhníslya'ks March; tsi 7 niwAhnisIó tAhse 7 weather; wAhnislaténi one day after the other. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The derived bases are given with the alternant -Ahnisl-. -Ahnislaksa't- v.a. become a bad day. uhnisláksahte7 it became a bad day (either the kind of day or the weather), AWAhnisláksahte7 it will become a bad day. COMPOSED OF: -Ahnislaks(A)- be a bad day, -7t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -Ahnislaks(A)- v.s. be a bad day. WAhnisláksA it's a bad day (either the day is not going right or it's bad weather). Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, weather, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -Ahnislaksa?t-

become a bad day. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. -Ahnislate- v.s. be a particular day. ka7ikA wAhnisla-téor ka7ikA wahnisla-té• today, this day. With

347

t- cislocative, and future stative: it will come a day. And habitual past: tWAhnisla-téhkwe7 it used to be in those days. Aspect class: B. • Khále7 wahA-lu 7 AtwAhnisla-téke7

AtwAhnisla-téke7

sA•

tAyuhutsis-

huhkwáni7. A n d h e s a i d i t w i l l come a day too when there will be earthquakes. (Al) COMPOSED OF: -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, weather, -N-te- exist. -Ahnisliyo- v.s. be a good day. WAhnisliyó it's a nice day. Prepausal: WAhnisli-yá With npartitive: tsi7 niwAhnisliyó it's such a nice day. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, weather, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: -Ahnisliyost-

become a good day. -Ahnisliyost- v.a. become a good day. AWAhnisli-yóste7 it will become a nice day (either the kind of day or the weather). With s- repetitive: suhnisli-yóste 7 it became a nice day again. COMPOSED OF: -Ahnisliyo- be a good day, -st- causative. -Ahni't- n. moon, month, ohní-ta7 moon. With .N-es- plus tsi ? particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time: tsi7 niwAhní-tes during the month. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tewXhní-take two months. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: niwAhní-take so many months. With .N-t-/.ya ? tatplus s- repetitive, be one: swAhní-tat one month. With .N-tkA plus srepetitive, be one (period of time) ago: swAhni7tatkA a month ago. With .N-tshu ? plus s- repetitive, be one at a time: swAhni7tátshu7 every

348

Orieida-English

month, monthly. • Wá-tlu 7 né• nizvAhní-take nityakawenú ókhna7 sayatheye7. She was nine months old and so soon she died. (HI) DERIVED BASES: -AhnPtal- for the

moon to shine; -atAhni'to'ktA- for the month to end; uUhni'táhtu' eclipse; wAhni'taténi one month after the other; swAhni'tátshu' .nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive, menstruate. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -Ahni'tal- v.s. for the moon to shine. WAhní-tale7 or yohní-tale7 the moon is shining. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -Ahni't- moon, month, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .Ahsl-/.ya'tawAhsl- plus n- partitive, v.m. be going to happen. tiiyaw/íhsle7 what's going to happen, nihoya7tawAhsle7 what's going to happen to him. •NÉ- s né- washukwahlo-lí• ka 7ikA 7 tsi niyawAhsle7 n ohAtú nukwá-. So then he told us what was going to happen ahead (in the future). (Al) COMPOSED OF: .A-/.ya?tawA- plus npartitive, happen, take place, -hsldislocative. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tawAhsloccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. -N-Aht- v.a. drop, let fall. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -atnuhkwislAht- for one's hair to fall out; -atnuhwe'lhAht- shed fur; -a'kAhlAht- shake out dirt;

-hakAhtAht- clean away soot; -lihwAht- make up one's mind, decide; -nyAhtAht- get snow off someone; -tsihkwAht- bang one's fist. The component -Aht- is composed of a verb root -A- and the -ht- causative suffix. See note under -a?sA?-/-A?- fall. .Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch. See .a'sAht-/ .ya?tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative. .Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something. See .a ? sAht-/.Aht- plus y- translocative. -Ake? suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -A. The future stative/optative stative replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -A, a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e7. .AIA- plus te- dualic, v.a. outgrow, not fit something any longer. tehotiA-lA-se7 they (m.) don't fit it any longer, they keep outgrowing it. tewakAlX-u it's too small for me, it got small on me, teyakawAlA-u it's too small for her. wa 7twakA-lA• I don't fit it any longer, wa7thawA-lAhe doesn't fit it any longer, wa7tyakawA-lA• she doesn't fit it any longer, wa 7thotiA-lA• they (m.) don't fit it any longer, tAhawA-lA• he will outgrow it. Aspect class: C3. •Akwekú wa7tyakawA-lA• thikA akotslunyákhwa7 só'tsi7 yakoteshnoláti7 thikA kA 7 niyaká-_. All her clothes don't fit any longer, that little one is growing so fast. Wa7twakA-lA• atyá-tawi7t só-tsi7

Oneida-English

wa ?kálehsA? I don't fit the dress anymore, I got too fat. -Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds. See -anekl-/-Anekl-. -Ani-/-A- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -ANI- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -Aoccurs in the punctual aspect. -Ani-/-hahs- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -Ani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -hahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -Ani-/- ? s- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: A l . NOTE: The alternant -Ani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, - 7 soccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of - 7 s- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in postaccented syllables. As-/Ats-/Atsi-/Ase- pref. Future mode and repetitive (future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant Ats- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant Atsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant Ase- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise AS- occurs. Ase- pref. Future mode and repetitive. See As-/Ats-/Atsi-/Ase-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -Ashenhu- v.s. moan. lawAshénhu he's moaning, yakawAshénhu she's moaning. Aspect class: A.

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Askatí Locative particle: one side. Prepausal: Aska-tí. NOTE: Composed of the AS- future and repetitive prefixes, ka- neuter agent, and a verb root -ati-, which occurs also in .ati- plus na 7 - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of. Asók Temporal particle: so then, and then. -At- n. week, daylight. With .N-esplus tsi 7 particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time: tsi7 niwA-tés during the week. And t- cislocative, and stative past: tsi7 nitwAtesú-ne7 here it was such a long week. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA niwA-táke three weeks, tóhka7 niwA-táke several weeks. With .N-ke- plus ya 7 tetranslocative and dualic or nya 7 tepartitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: ya7tewA-táke every week. With -o 7 kta-/-o 7 ktA- come to the end of, finish: wa7kAtó-ktA7 I ended the week. And s- repetitive: sakAtó-ktA 7 I ended another week. With ,N-t-/.ya 7 tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: swA-tát one week. With .N-tkX plus s- repetitive, be one (period of time) ago: swAtatkX a week ago. DERIVED BASES: .AtanawA- plus srepetitive, be unexpectedly mild; -Ate- be light, be daylight; Atákta 7 Saturday; k w a ' A t á t i ' all day; kwa'Até ke daytime; yawAtatokXhti / yawAtatokXhtu Sunday; yawAtAtá-u Monday. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root and in several temporal expressions. At-/Ati-/Ate- pref. Future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant Ati- occurs

350

Orieida-English

before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant Ate- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise Atoccurs. Atákta' Saturday. With oyáanother, and yAS- translocative, future and repetitive: oyáyASWAtákta7 next Saturday. With tsh- coincident: tshiwAtákta7 last Saturday. •Atákta 7 kA HA 7ú-wa7 Is it Saturday? COMPOSED OF: -At- week, daylight, -akta ? locative suffix. .AtanawA- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be unexpectedly mild. tsyawAtanawA it's a mild spell (e.g., it has been quite cold, and the weather becomes milder). Pre-pausal: tsyaiVAtana-wX. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .AtanawAht- plus srepetitive, become mild. NOTE: Possibly composed of the srepetitive prefix, the noun root -Atweek, daylight, and the alternant -nawA- of the base -na'nawA-/ -ya ? tanawA-/-nawA- get wet. .AtanawAht- plus s- repetitive, v.a. become mild. sawAtana-wXhte7 it became mild, AswAtana-wAhte7 it will become mild. COMPOSED OF: .AtanawA- plus srepetitive, be unexpectedly mild, -ht- causative. -N-Ata'- v.a. finish doing. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -a'wAta'- die off; -khwAta 7 - finish eating; -lihwAta'get wrecked, stop working; .na'kwAta 7 - plus s- repetitive, get over one's anger; -wyAnAta'- get

something ready; .ye'wAta 7 - plus srepetitive, get better, recover from an illness; yawAtAtá u Monday; and possibly .yashAta 7 - plus te- dualic, come together, end up together. -Ate- v.s. be light, be daylight. wA-téit's daylight, it's light out. With tcislocative: twA-té• it's light there. With y- translocative: yewA-té• it shone there. With n- partitive: niwA-té• it's so bright. With te ? negative: yáh te7WA-té• there's no light or illumination. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -At- week, daylight, -N-e- exist. DERIVED BASES: -Atehslanahn- be

lit up, be filled with light; -Atehsliyo- be a good light; -Ate ? become light, become daylight. Ate- pref. Future mode and cislocative. See At-/Ati-/Ate-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -Atehslanahn- v.s. be lit up, be filled with light. With t- cislocative: twAtehslaná-nu it's all lit up there. Aspect class: E. • Kwáh tWAtehslaná-nu thotinúhsote7 It was all lit up their house. COMPOSED OF: -Ate- be light, be daylight, -hsl- nominalizer, -nahnfill. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -Atehsliyo- v.s. be a good light. WAtehsliyó it's a good light. Prepausal: WAtehsli-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -Ate- be light, be daylight, -hsl- nominalizer, -N-iyobegood.

Oneida-English

-Ate ? - v.a. become light, become daylight. wa7WA-téne7 it became daylight, it became bright, AWA-téne7 it will get bright. With t- cislocative: tawA-téne7 it became daylight there. With tsh- coincident: tsha7WA-téne7 when it became daylight. With thcontrastive: yáh thawA-téne7 it didn't get light. •Wísk tshiyohzvistá-e tsha7WA-t éne7. It was 5 o'clock when it got light out. COMPOSED OF: -Ate- be light, be daylight, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. Xti south, noon. See Xtye / Xti. Xti nukwá- south. See Xtye / Xti. Ati- pref. Future mode and cislocative. See At-/Ati-/Ate-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Atilú N raccoon. Pre-pausal: Ati-lú. -Atolatye- v.m. go along being difficult or hard. WAtoláti7 it's going along pretty hard, it's hard times. With npartitive: niwAtoláti7 it's going along really hard. •Kwah ikA tsi7 WAtoláti7. Those were really hard times. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -Atol(e)- be difficult, be hard to please, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -Atolati- before a final 7 . -Atola'- v.a. become difficult. wa7wAto-láne7 it became difficult, AWAto-láne7 it will become difficult. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7WAto-láne7 it became really difficult. COMPOSED OF: -Atol(e)- be difficult,

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be hard to please, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -Atola ? se-/-Atola?s- v.a. be difficult for someone. wakAtolá-sehe7 it's difficult for me. ukwAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for me, wahawAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for him, wa7akawAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for her. COMPOSED OF: -Atol(e)- be difficult, be hard to please, - ? s e - / - ? s - benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -Atola'seoccurs in the habitual aspect, -Atola's- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -Atol(e)- v.s. be difficult, be hard to please. WAto-lé• it's difficult or hard, kAto-lé• I'm hard to please, yakAto-lé• she's hard to please, lAto-lé- he's hard to please. With te ? - negative: yáh te7WAto-lé• it's not difficult (it's easy). Aspect class: B. • Tahnú- yáh kwí• te7tkahlúkha7 7 7 o slu-ní-, olihwiyó tsi WAto-lé-. And besides I didn't even know how to speak English, for sure it was very hard. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -Atolatye- go along being difficult or hard; -Atola 7 become difficult; -Atola ? se-/-Atola ? sbe difficult for someone. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. Ats- pref. Future mode and repetitive. See As-/Ats-/Atsi-/Ase-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. Atsi- pref. Future mode and repetitive. See A s - / A t s - / A t s i - / A s e - .

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Orieida-English

NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -Atuni-/-Atuny- v.a. feel lonely, feel lonesome. kAtu-níhe7 I'm lonesome, SAtu-níhe7 you're lonesome, lAtu-nihe7 he's lonesome, yakAtu-níhe7 she's lonesome, WAtu-níhe7 she (z.) is lonesome, tnAtu-níhe7 you and I (incl.) are lonesome, tWAtu-nihe7 we (incl.) are lonesome, swAtu-níhe7 you all are lonesome. wa^Atu-ní- I became lonesome, wahlAtu-ni• he became lonesome, AkAtu-ni• I will become lonesome. Habitual past: kAtuníhahkwe7 I was lonesome, lAtuníhahkwe7 he used to be lonesome. Future habitual: AkAtuníheke7 I will be lonesome. With n- partitive: nikAtu-nthe7 I'm so lonesome. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yah te7skAtu-níhe7 I'm not lonely anymore. •Tahnú- s tsi7 nikAtu-níhe7 né-n tsi7 yáh thau-tú• oskánhe usayakyatnutólyahte7 Mercy. And besides I was so lonesome because it wasn't possible for me to play with Mercy anymore. (NL) DERIVED BASES: -Atunya't- be lonesome. NOTE: The alternant -Atuny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -Atunya't- v.s. be lonesome. yawAtúnya 7t it's lonesome. Usually pronounced yaAtúnya 7t or yautúnya7t. Pre-pausal: yaAtúnyaht or yautúnyaht. Stative past: yawAtunya7tú-ne7 it was lonely. Future stative: AyawAtunya7túhake7 it will be lonely. Aspect class: A. •Yautúnya7t tsi7 yakohtAti

aknulhá\ It's lonely because my mother is gone away. COMPOSED OF: -Atuni-/-Atuny- feel lonely, feel lonesome, - ? t- causative. Atye / Ati N south, noon. Ati nukwásouth, Xtye ni-kále 7 noon. NOTE: The alternant Atye occurs in the temporal expression, the alternant Ati occurs in the name for the direction. Atyeni kále' noon. COMPOSED OF: Atye / Ati noon, south; and ni kále? it's that time. AyólhAne? tomorrow. COMPOSED OF: A- future, yo- neuter patient, -lhA?- become daylight, become morning, -ne? punctual. .A?-/.ya ? tawA?- plus n- partitive, v.a. happen, befall, thó niya-zvA-se7 it's the way it happens, niyakoyá-tawAhse7 what's befalling her. niyawA-u how it happened, niwakya7tawA-u what happened to me, nisaya 7tawAu what happened to you, nihoya?tawAu what happened to him, niyakoya7tawAu what happened to her, niyukwaya 7tawA-u what happened to us, nihotiya7tawA-u what happened to them (m.). na7a-wAne7 it happened, nAya-wAne7 it will happen. With na ? tet- partitive, dualic and cislocative: na7tetyukwaya7tawAu how things happened to us there. With te ? - negative: yáh thó te7yawA-u that didn't happen, yah náhte7 te7saya7tawA-u nothing has happened to you. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh newAtú thó te7tsyawA-u it never happened. Aspect class: E3. • Né- kwi- né• tsi7 na7a-wAne7 la-téloslAhtáksAhsluhe7. So the way it happened is he said he was dream-

Oneida-English

ing. (M9) Aknulhá• ka7ikA yukkalatuní tsi7 uhte wí- nihotiya7tawA-u núwahu-níse7. My mother told me this story, probably what happened to them a long time ago. (M5) COMPOSED OF: .A-/.ya'tawA- plus npartitive, happen, take place, - 7 inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .A?uhatye- plus npartitive, go along happening. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tawA?occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of both alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .A?- plus tsha 7 te- coincident and dualic, v.a. happen the same way. tsha7teyawA-u it happened the same way. DERIVED BASES: .A'uhatye- plus tsha 7 te- coincident and dualic, go along happening the same way. NOTE: Composed of the tsha 7 tecoincident and dualic prefixes, a verb root -A-, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The verb root -A- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .A-/.ya ? tawA- plus n- partitive, happen, take place. The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. .A'- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, v.a. have to be. yáh thyaya-wAne7 7 tsi it has to be. •Yáh thyaya-wAne7 tsi7 tAtéhse7 kA-, It has to be that you will come back again. COMPOSED OF: .A- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, have to be, - 7 - inchoative.

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NOTE: The 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. •A?- suf. become. Inchoative. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: The

7

of the suffix is

replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels, and it is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -A' suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in a vowel plus t and with some bases that end in 1. -A?- fall. See-a?sA?-/-A?-. .A?- plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height. See .a?sA?-/.ya?tA?-/ .A?- plus t- cislocative. •A?- plus y- translocative, fall in, fall down. See .a?sA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A?- plus y- translocative. -A 7 nahs- n. tongue, aw A 7náhsa7 tongue, akw A 7náhsa 7 my tongue, SA 7náhsa 7 your tongue, law A 7náhsa 7 his tongue, akawA 7náhsa 7 her tongue. DERIVED BASES: .A'nahsahel- plus y- translocative, for the tongue to be hanging out. .A 7 nahsahel- plus y- translocative, v.s. for the tongue to be hanging out. a 7éyew A 7nahsáhele 7 its (z.) tongue is hanging way out (talking about a dog). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -A 7 nahs- tongue, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -A?ne 7 suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -A and when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stat-

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Orieida-English

ive aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -A and a component -?ne?, which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -A?ne ? is always realized as -X ne ? . -A?se-/-A?s- drop something. See -a?sA?se-/-a?sA?s-/-A?se-/-A?s-. -A?tu- be attached, hanging. See -hlA?tu-/-A?tu-. -A?tunyu- for several to be attached, hanging. See -hlA ? tunyu-/-A ? tunyu-. -A?tunyu ? ne- be attached and hanging, moving along. See -hlA ? tunyu ? ne-/ -A?tunyu?ne-. -A?tu ? ne- tag along, follow around. See -hlA?tu?ne-/-A?tu?ne-. .A'uhatye- plus n- partitive, v.m. go along happening. niyawA7uháti7 that's what's going along happening. With t- cislocative (replacing the n-

partitive): tayawA7uháti7 that's what's going to be happening. COMPOSED OF: .A?-/.ya?tawA?- plus n- partitive, happen, befall, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have ,A?uhati- before a final 7 . .A?uhatye- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, v.m. go along happening the same way. tsha7teyawA7uháti7 it's going along the same way. • Kwáh akí-lu7 tsha7teyawA7u7 7 7 háti tsi niyót o slwní• tsi7 niyót tsi7 yukwatlihwahtAtye?tuháti7. I would say that it's going along such that we're conducting our lives just the same way as the white people. (VI)

COMPOSED OF: .A?- plus tsha?tecoincident and dualic, happen the same way, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have ,A?uhati- before a final ? .

H -h- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a. -h- pref. she, it. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/ y-/u-/-h-. NOTE: Occurs (for some speakers) with bases that begin in e or A after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual.

-h- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. -h-

road, path. See - h a h - / - h - / - w a h - .

.ha-/.haw-/.ya?taha-/.ya?tahawplus y- translocative or t- cislocative, v.a. take along, bring along. yehékhas I take it along, yeháhas he takes it along, yeyéhas she takes it along, yeyakwáhas we (excl.) take it along. yewákhA I have taken it along, yeshakoya7táhA he has taken her along, taháhawe 7 he brought it along, yahá-khawe7 I took it along, ya 7éhawe 7 she took it along,

Oneida-English

ya 7akwáhawe 7 we (excl.) took it along, ya 7ukya 7táhawe 7 she took me along, y ahoy a 7táhawe 7 he took him along, yAhXkhawe7 I will take it along, yAkuya7táhawe7 I will take you along, yAkheya 7táhawe 7 I will take her along, yAshakoya?táhawe7 he will take her along, yAhyaya 7táhawe 7 he will take you along, táshaw Bring that to me, get it for me! Stative past: yehohA-hnéhe had taken it along. With tutadualic and cislocative: tutayakníhawe7 we two (excl.) brought it back again, tutahuwaya7táhaive7 they brought him back again. With nuta- or nAtpartitive and cislocative: nutákhawe7 where I got it from, nutáshawe7 where you got it from, nAtyakníhawe7 where we two (excl.) will get it from. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyeyukya7táhA how or where she has taken me along, nyAhXkhawe7 how or where I will take it along, nyAhAshawe7 how or where you will take it along. With thy- contrastive and translocative: yáh thyewakya7táhA it didn't take me along. With -atAna ? tsl- groceries, lunch: ya7katAna7tsláhawe7 I took lunch there. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: tayakwahnekáhawe7 we (excl.) got our water from there. With -luttree, log, and nAt- partitive and translocative: nAtitnilutáhawe7 where you and I (incl.) will get a tree from. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: yAkna7taláhawe7 I will take the bread. With -nutsi-/-nutsist- head, cabbage: yAknutsistáhawe7 I will take the (pig) head. Aspect class: D2. • Khále 7 ya 7éhawe 7 sAakotyá-tawi7t ka7ikA yeksá• né- wí-

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tsi7, né• wí- né• thó ni-yót tá-t yah thau-tú• thó ya-ayA• tsi7 ka-yAyakonuhwáktanihe7, tó- ki7 ok wínáhte7 akowA ny Ah Ash awe7. And she took along a dress of the little girl's because, that's the way it is if someone can't be there who's sick, you will take along something that belongs to them. (M7) NAsók wa7í-lu 7 "yAkuya 7táhawe7 ki7 nA Awakyo 7tAhsa7 " So then she said "I will take you along when I go to work." (VI) DERIVED BASES: .hawhu- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, take along several, bring along several. NOTE: The alternants .ya'tahaand .ya ? tahaw- occur with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternants .ha- and ,ya ? taha- occur in the habitual and stative aspects, .hawand .ya'tahaw- occur in the punctual aspect and before the -hu- distributive suffix. The final a of .ha- and .ya'taha- is deleted before the -A stative suffix. A component -ha-/ -haw- occurs without the translocative or cislocative in -yanaha-/ -yanahaw- follow, do as someone else does. •ha- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. •ha- pref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See l o - / l a w - / l a - / - h o - / -haw-/-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in o or u.

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Orieida-English

.ha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, suf. be smaller in some dimension. NOTE: Attested with verbs describing spatial dimensions and probably related to the diminutive clitic -ha. See .ahnotesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be shallow liquid; .ashalesha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be a short strap, leash, or rope; .a?slatyeha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be narrow; .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be short; .hnAyesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short; .hsesha plus kA? particle and na?te- partitive and dualic, be not high; .tAsha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be not thick; .ya?kalesha plus kA? particle and na?te- partitive and dualic, be short-waisted. -ha clitic. Diminutive clitic. DERIVED BASES: -atAno'sAha/

-atAno?sA-/-atAno?sAtshAt- be in a sibling relation, where siblings are of a different sex; -atleha/-atle?-/ -atle'sl- grandchild; -hsotha/-hsotgrandparent; -kstAha/-kstA- older person or animal, spouse; -nikAhtlAha/-nikAhtlA- be a male adolescent; -ya?taseha be a female adolescent; -yAha child; .yAha/.yAplus kA? particle and nit- partitive and cislocative, young person; ?kAha/ -?kA- sibling; -?niha/-?ni- father; kalhakúha hawk; lalutasto?oksháflicker, woodpecker. NOTE: Attested as a component in several kin terms and animal names. See also -i?teha- be a flirt; and -tsi?tA-/-tsi?tAhsl- bird. It is questionable how productive this clitic is, although it has been attested in texts with English words (e.g., ponyha pet pony).

- h a h - / - h - / - w a h - n. road, path. oháha7 road. With -?ke locative suffix: owahá-ke on the road. And -shu? collective clitic: owaha7késhu7 along the roads. With .ati- plus na?partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kA7 na7oháhati7 it's right here on this side of the road, kalóna7oháhati7 it's on this side of the road, isi7 na7oháhati7 it's on the other side of the road, thó na7oháhati7 over there on the side of the road (that you're on), a 7éna7oháhati7 it's over there on the other side of the road, elA na7oháhati7 it's across the road. With -attakwalihsyu-/ -at-N-kwalihsyu- be straight, be level, have good posture: yothahakwalíhsi the road is straight. With -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: lothahu-níhe7 he's building or fixing a road. With -a?slatye- be wide: yohaha7sláti7 the road is wide. With ,a?slatyeha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be narrow: kA 7 niyohaha7slatyéha the road is narrow. With -es-/-us- be long: yoháhes it's a long road. With -na?nawA-/-ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get wet: yohahanawA the road is wet. With ,wiskwa?t- plus te- dualic, be slippery: teyohahawískwa7t the road is slippery. And n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyohahawiskwa7t the road is very slippery. •Bicycle nú-wa7 Ahotí-sle7 7 7 owaha késhu yáh kwi• thyahatilatáti7. They'll be riding a bicycle on the roads without their feet touching the ground. (Al) Nók Awa-túAhse7nikú-lalake7 tsi7 na7teyohahawiskwaht. You have to be careful, it's very slippery on the roads. DERIVED BASES: -hahut- be a side

Oneida-English

road or lane; -hatatye- be a road, path, or highway, extending; -hatebe a road; .ahahiya'k- plus tedualic, cross a road; .athahahkwplus te- dualic, walk down a road; -athahalakw- turn off the main road; .athaha'kt- plus te- dualic, be a bend or curve in the road; -athahine- be walking; -athahinufor a road to go somewhere; .athahitakhe- plus t- cislocative, be coming along in a road; -athahita'go down a road, travel down a road; -athahukoht- take a particular road; -wahaksA- be a bad road; -wahiyobe a good road; teyohahá sle' crossroads; teyothahokX fork in the road; wathahake-tás road grader. NOTE: The alternant -h- occurs in the derived bases -hatatye- and -hate-. The alternant -wah- occurs before the locative suffix, and in the derived bases -wahaksA- and -wahiyo-. The alternant -hah- occurs elsewhere. -hahkwe 7 suf. Habitual past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffixes -he ? and -ha ? . The habitual past ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -hah- and a component -kwe ? , called the former past in Lounsbury (1953). -hahs- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -Ani-/-hahs-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. -hahs- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -ni-/-hahs-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. -hahut- v.s. be a side road or lane. yoháhute7 it's a side road or a lane,

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it's a limited stretch of road. With tcislocative: tyoháhute7 there's a side road there. Aspect class: F. • Na kwí• nA Atsyakwahnaná-tako? thikA tsi7 s tyoháhute7 thikA thó tayakwathyatuhslo-tA• nále7 ya7káhewe7 ayakzvathnana7tahni-nú• khále7 ayakwatriAstahni núj So then we would pick potatoes again, and then at the roadside we would put up a sign when the time came that we'd have potatoes to sell and corn to sell. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: - h a h - / - h - / - w a h -

road, path, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -hak- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See lak-/lake-/ lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/-hakw-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin i, o, or u, and most consonants. -ha ká- people of. Populative clitic. See - a k á / - h a k á \ -hake- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See lak-/lake-/ lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/-hakw-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -hake' suf. Future habitual/Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -ha ? . The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e7. -hake? suf. Future stative/Optative stative.

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Orieida-English

NOTE: Occurs with bases that have a zero stative aspect suffix (i.e., no overt marking). According to Lounsbury (1953), the future stative/optative stative ending is composed of a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e?. -hakAht- n. soot, candle wick. oha-kAhte7 soot, candle wick. DERIVED BASES: -hakAhtAht- clean away soot. -hakAhtAht- v.a. clean away soot. khakAhtXtha 7 I'm removing the soot (e.g., by trimming the wick of a candle, or by cleaning the inside of stovepipes). wa?khakAhtAhte7 I cleaned away the soot. shakAhtAt Remove the soot! COMPOSED OF: -hakAht- soot, candle wick, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -hakw- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See lak-/lake-/ lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/-hakw-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -hal-/-ihal- v.a. hangup, khálha7 7 I'm hanging it up. wákhale I have hung it up. káhale7 it's hanging up. wa 7kha-lA• I hung it up, wa 7eha-lAshe hung it up, Akha-IA• I will hang it up, Asha-IA• you will hang it up. sha-lA Hang it up! With t-cislocative: tkáhale7 it's hanging up there. With -hna ? tal-/-hna 7 tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna7tatslíhale7 the purse is hanging up. With -itsy- fish: lAtsihálha 7 he hangs up a fish (e.g., on a stick), lotsíhale7 he has hung up a fish, wahAtsiha-lA• he hung up the

fish. With -yu ? kw- tobacco: wahatiyu7kwiha-lA• they (m.) hung tobacco. Aspect class: F. • A7é- tkáhale7 saná-lole7 Your hat is hanging over there. DERIVED BASES: - h a l a k w - /

-ihalakw- take down from hanging; -halani-/-halhahs-/-ihalani-/ -ihalhahs- hang up for someone; -halu-/-ihalu- for several to be hanging up; -halunyu-/-ihalunyuhang up several; -hnya'sihal- hang someone by the neck; -ithohkwihalhang up grain; -ku'tslihal- weigh something; -na'tsihal- steam, boil; -ya'tihal- be hanging; tsi 7 tkanAstíhale 7 ceiling; yutya'tawi'tslihalákhwa 7 coat rack, coat hanger, coat hook. NOTE: The alternant -ihal- occurs with incorporated nouns. The form wahAtsiha-lA• (he hung up the fish) is attested in a text, and the other forms with the incorporated noun base -itsy- were elicited in this connection. All of these forms are reported as sounding somewhat strange out of the special context of the text. -halakw-/-ihalakw- v.a. take down from hanging, yehalákwas she's taking down something hanging. yakohalákwA she has taken it down. wa7khala-kó• I took it down. shala-kó Take it down! With tcislocative: tayehala-kó• there she took it down. With y- translocative: ya7ehala-kó• she went there and she took it down, ya7shala-kó Go there or reach up and take it down! With -ana'alolV-ana'alo'tsl- hat: wa7kana7alo7tslihala-kó• I took the hat down from hanging. And s- repetitive: sakana7alo?tslihala-kóI took the hat back down. Aspect class: D3.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .halakwaht- plus t- cislocative, grab off from hanging. NOTE: The alternant -ihalakwoccurs with incorporated nouns. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .halakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. grab off from hanging. thahalakwátha 7 he grabs it off of something (e.g., a hook or nail), unhanging it. thohalakwáhtu he has grabbed it off. tahahalákwahte7 he grabbed it off. Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-halakw-/-ihalakw- take down from hanging, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -halani-/-halhahs-/-ihalani-/ -ihalhahs- v.a. hang up for someone. kuhala-níhe7 I'm hanging it up for you. kuhalaní I have hung it up for you. wa 7kuhálhahse 7 I hung it up for you, Akuhálhahse 7 I will hang it up for you. With -atlahti-/ -atlahti ? tsl- sock, stocking: wa7kuyatlahti7tslihálhahse7 I hung up a stocking for you (e.g., at Christmas). Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternants -ihalani- and -ihalhahs- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -halani- and -ihalani- occur in the habitual and stative aspects, -halhahs- and -ihalhahs- occur in the punctual aspect. -halatat-/-kalatat- v.a. raise up, lift up. khala-táts I'm raising it bit by bit (e.g., with a jack), wakhalatatú

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I have raised it (and now I'm holding it up), kahalatatú it's raised up. Pre-pausal: kahalata-tú. wa7khala-táte7 I raised it up, wa7ehala'táte7 she raised it up. shala-tát Raise it! With -nuto'tslbox: wa7knuto7tslakala-táte7 I raised up the box. With -nuhshouse, building: wa7knuhsakala-táte7 I raised up the house. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wakwisakalatatú I have raised up the window, the sheet of glass, wa7kwisakala-táte7 I raised up the window or glass, swisakala-tát Put the window up! With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7ke7slehtakala-táte7 I raised up the car. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - a t h a l a t a t -

achieve something, get a promotion; -at-N-kalatat- raise up, lift up for oneself; -atwAnakalatat- interpret. NOTE: The alternant -kalatatoccurs with incorporated nouns. This base applies to objects that are heavy. -halhahs- hang up for someone. See -halani-/-halhahs-/-ihalani-/ -ihalhahs-. -halu-/-ihalu- v.s. for several to be hanging up. kaha-lú• several things are hanging up. With t- cislocative: tkahalú• several things are hanging there. With -atya ? tawi ? t-/ -atya ? tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: watya7tawi7tsliha-lúthe dresses are hanging. Aspect class: B. • A7é• tkaha-lú• swatslunyákhwa7. All of you, your clothes are hanging over there. Olihwiyó tsi7 wahsohkwi-yó-se7 thikA watya 7tawi7tsliha-lúj For sure they're nice colours, those dresses

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that are hanging up. COMPOSED OF: -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -u- distributive. DERIVED BASES: -halukw- take down from hanging several. NOTE: The alternant -ihalu- occurs with incorporated nouns. halukohatu- v.a. take down from hanging several here and there. ioa7khalukoha-túI took down several things (e.g., laundry, or several pictures from the walls). With s- repetitive: sakhalukoha túI took a whole bunch of things back down from where they were hanging. COMPOSED OF: -halukw- take down from hanging several, -hatu- distributive. •haluko'n- v.m. go and take down things from hanging. wahahalukó-na 7 he's on his way to take them down. With s- repetitive: sashalukó-na Go take the things down! COMPOSED OF: -halukw- take down from hanging several, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. •halukw- v.a. take down from hanging several, khalúkwas I'm taking things down (e.g., laundry from a clothesline). wakhalúkwA I have taken them down, wa^halu-kó- I took things down. With s- repetitive: sekhalúkwas I'm taking them down again, sakhalu-kó• I took them down again. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusayehalu-kóover there she got them down again. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -halu-/-!halu- for several to be hanging up, -kw- revers-

ative.

DERIVED BASES: -halukohatu- take down from hanging several here and there; -haluko'n- go and take down things from hanging. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive and -?n- dislocative suffixes.

-halunyu-/-ihalunyu- v.a. hang up several, khalúnyuhe7 I'm hanging things up (e.g., laundry). yakohalúni7 she has hung them up. wa?khalúni7 I hung them up, Ashalúni7 you will hang them up. With -itsy- fish: wahAtsihalúni7 he hung up several fish. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -unyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: - h a l u n y u ' n - g o to

hang up several. NOTE: The alternant -ihalunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns, but note that the only attested example with an incorporated noun occurred in a text, and this form seems strange to speakers outside of the context in the text. Many speakers have -haluniand -ihaluni- before a final 7 . -halunyu'n- v.m. go to hang up several. wa7khalunyú-na7 I'm on my way to hang things up, wa7ehalunyú-na7 she went to hang them up. shalunyú-na Go hang them up! •Kóh! Shalunyú-na satslunyákhwa7. Here! Go hang up your clothes! COMPOSED OF: -halunyu-/ -ihalunyu- hang up several, - 7 ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Oneida-English

hányo' Come on! háo? Let's go, come on! •Háo7 onA tsi7 twatnutolya7tá-na átste7. Let's go play outside. -hashA-/-hashAt- v.a. hold council. latiháshAhe7 they (m.) hold council. lotiháshA7 they (m.) are discussing at a council. DERIVED BASES: - h a s h A h e ? b e a

council member; latihashAtákhwa? council building. NOTE: The alternant -hashAtoccurs before the -hkw- instrumental suffix. -hashAhe? v.a. be a council member. laháshAhe7 (he's a) council member, latiháshAhe7 they (m.) are council members. COMPOSED OF: - h a s h A - / - h a s h A t -

hold council, -he ? habitual. -hatatye- v.m. be a road, path, or highway, extending, yohatáti7 (it's) a road, path, highway, or anything travelled on. With tcislocative: tyohatáti7 there's a road there. •Ya-wét tsi7 niyo-lé• tyohatáti7 kwáh kA7 niyo-lé• tkanúhsote7 It was like it was quite a ways from the road that this house stood. (02) COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wah-

road, path, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have -hatati- before a final 7 . -hate- v.s. be a road, yoha-té• (it's) a road. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hah-/-h-/-wah-

road, path, -N-te- exist. DERIVED BASES: - h a t e n y u - b e

several roads. -hatenyu- v.s. be several roads. yohaténi7 there are roads. Aspect

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class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hate- be a road, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hateni- before a final 7 . -hati- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hatu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. -hatú thne ordinal number. teknihatú-thne second, ahsAhatú-thne third, kayelihatú-thne fourth, wiskhatú-thne fifth. NOTE: May be composed of -hatu't, which occurs in names for days of the week, and the -ne locative clitic. The 7 of -hatu ? t is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hatu't day of the week. DERIVED BASES: tekníhatu't Tuesday; ahsXhatu't Wednesday; kayelíhatu't Thursday; wískhatu't Friday. NOTE: Occurs after numerals in the names for Tuesday through Friday. See also -hatú thne ordinal number. -hatye- suf. going along. Progressive. NOTE: This suffix derives motion verbs (v.m.). In our sources bases with this suffix are attested only in the intentive, habitual, and punctual aspects; there are no examples in the stative aspect. However, Lounsbury (1953:89) reports that the stative suffix is -nu. Thus the aspect conjugation class is Gl. The progressive suffix is realized by many speakers as -hati-

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before the final 7 of the intentive and punctual aspects. -haw-/-ya 7 tahaw- v.s. hold in one's hands, have in one's possession. tkhawe7 I'm holding it, I have it (in my possession), Iáhawe7 he's holding it, yéhawe 7 she's holding it, káhatve 7 she (z.) is holding it, liya ?táhawe 7 I'm holding him (e.g., a baby), kheya Háhawe 7 I'm holding her or someone, sha-wák Hold it! Habitual past: kha-wáhkwe7 I was holding it. Future stative: Akha-wáke7 I will hold it, ASha-wáke? you will hold it. With t- cislocative: thó tyéhawe7 she's holding it there. Aspect class: F. •ókhna7 né- wa7ehnyota-kó-, yáh 7 7 náhte só-tsi te7wakattokA ókhna7 7 né• thó tyéhawe kA n aknawi-lá• HA kwi- tayu-kó• kA-. Already she pulled it out, I didn't notice it too much and already she was holding my tooth, so then she handed it to me. (M14) DERIVED BASES: -ya 7 tahawa 7 - take someone into one's arms. NOTE: The alternant -ya 7 tahawoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. -haw- pref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See lo-/law-/la-/-ho-/ -haw-/-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in e or A. .haw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along. See .ha-/.haw-/.ya?taha-/.ya?tahawplus y- translocative or t- cislocative. .hawhu- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, v.a. take along several,

bring along several. ya7akwaháwhu7 we (excl.) took along all kinds of things. COMPOSED OF: . h a - / . h a w - /

.ya ? taha-/.ya?tahaw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along, -hu- distributive. -hawi-/-ya 7 tahawi- v.m. carry in one's hands, take along, kha-wí• I'm carrying it, I'm taking it along, sha-wí• you're taking it along, laha-wí• he's carrying it, yeha-wishes carrying it, sniha-wí• you two are carrying it, twaha-wí• we (incl.) are carrying it, latiha-wí• they (m.) are carrying it, kheya 7taha-wí• I'm carrying her, I'm bringing her along, liya7taha-wf I'm carrying him, I'm bringing him along, shakoya7taha-wí• he's carrying her or them, he's bringing her or them along, kha-wí-se7 I'm carrying it around, kheya7taha-wí-se7 I'm moving around as I'm holding her. Intentive past: kha-wíne7 I carried it, I brought it along, laha-wíne7 he carried it, he brought it along. Habitual past: kha-wí-skwe7 I was carrying it around. Future habitual: Akhawí-sheke 7 I will be carrying it around. With s- repetitive: sekha-wf I'm carrying or bringing it back again, shaha-wt• he's carrying it again. With te 7 - negative: yáh tehuwaya 7taha-wíthey aren't taking him. With -atAna 7 tslgroceries, lunch: yutAna7tslaha-wí• she's bringing (carrying) her lunch. With -hna 7 tal-/-hna 7 tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: khna?tatslaha-wíI'm carrying a purse or suitcase. With -na 7 talbread, cake: kna7talaha-wí• I'm carrying bread. With -na 7 tsy- pail, pot, kettle: yena7tsyaha-wí• she's

Oneida-English

carrying a pail. • Né-n sá-lawe? thikA kwa7yAha kwí• shakoya7taha-wíáhsA uhte i-kélhe7 nikutí kwa7yAha. So then he arrived back home carrying rabbits, I think maybe three rabbits. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: . h a w i h t - /

.ya'tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along; -hawinutye- carry several, take along several. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tahawioccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. -hawi- v.m. have someone with one. kuha-wí• I have you with me, liha-wí• I have him with me, kheha-wt• I have her with me, loha-wí- he has him with him. • KA7 nukwá• liha-wf. I brought him here. DERIVED BASES: .hawiht- plus ytranslocative, take someone with one, influence someone; -yanahawifollow, do as someone else does. -hawi- v.m. be the date, time or era, for the time to come. With n- partitive: nikaha-wí- it's (taking place) at this time or era, nAkaha-wí- it will be that time. With tsh- coincident: tshikaha-wí• it's at this time. With tshis- coincident and repetitive: tshiskaha-wí• it's at this time again. •ú-wa7 yá-ya7k tshiskaha-wí• kAa w Ah i hte7 Today is the sixth of June, (the time of) strawberries. (Ml) DERIVED BASES: - w e l a h a w i - for

winds to come. NOTE: Usually occurs with either the n- partitive or tsh- coincident prefixes. See also the expression tshiwathawinúti' in those times.

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.hawiht- plus y- translocative, v.a. take someone with one, influence someone. ya7kheha-wíhte7 I took her along with me (e.g., I slipped and fell on the ice, and brought her down with me), I influenced her or them, yahakha-wíhte7 he influenced me, yahiha-wíhte7 I persuaded him to see things my way, he followed what I was doing, ya7ukha-wíhte7 she or they made me see things her or their way so now I feel the same way. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-hawi- have someone with one, -htcausative. ,hawiht-/.ya ? tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. bring along, take along, takha-wíhte7 I brought it along, Atekha-wíhte7 I will bring it along, ya7kha-wíhte7 I took it along, yAkha-wíhte7 I will take it along, takheya?taha-wíhte7 I brought her along (with me), tahiya7taha-wíhte7 I brought him along, ya7kheya7taha-wíhte7 I took her along, yahiya7taha-wíhte7 I took him along, wa 7ukya 7taha-wíhte 7 they took me along. With -nutsi-/-nutsist- head, cabbage: yAknutsistaha-wíhte7 I will take the (pig) head along. • NA kwí• né• kanatá-ke wa 7ukya 7taha-wíhte7. So then they took me in to town. (VI) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or y-

translocative, -hawi-/-ya 7 tahawicarry in one's hands, take along, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: . h a w i h t A n i - /

.hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, bring along, take along for someone. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tahawiht- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate

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patient participants. The alternant .hawiht- always occurs with one of the locative prefixes, while .ya'tahawiht- can occur without these prefixes. hawihtAni-/.hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. bring along, take along for someone. yekhehawihtA-níhe7 I keep taking it for her. yekhehawihtAní I have taken it for her. takhehawíhtA? I brought it for her, tahakhawíhtA 7 he brought it for me, yahakhawíhtA 7 he took it for me, AthyahawíhtA7 he will bring it for you, yAkhehawíhtA 7 I will take it for her. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: he

utahakhyatuhslahawíhtA7

should bring me a newspaper. With -lut- tree, log: tashakolutahawíhtA

7

he brought her a log. With -nutsi-/ -nutsist- head, cabbage: tahaknutsistahawíhtA7

he brought

me a (pig) head, takunutsistahawíhtA7 I brought you a head, tasknutsistahawíhtA7 you

brought me a head, AtkunutsistahawíhtA7 I will bring you a head, AtesknutsistahawihtA 7 you will bring me a head, utasknutsistahawíhtA7 you should bring me a head. Aspect class: Al. • Ahetshlolyá-na7 kati7 kA- Santa Claus náhte7 AthyahawíhtA7. You will go and tell Santa Claus what he will bring you. (VI) COMPOSED OF: .hawiht-/

.ya'tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along, -Ani-/-A- benefactive.

NOTE: The alternant .hawihtAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .hawihtA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-hawinutye- v.m. carry several, take along several, khawinúti7 I have all kinds of things I'm carrying. a7éwa7khawinúti7 way over there I'm taking that stuff. With s- repetitive: sekhawinúti7 I brought back several things, tsyehawinúti7 she brought back several things. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók sekhawinútyehse7 all over the place I'm going around carrying things. With t- cislocative: takhawinúti7 I'm coming over there taking all this stuff along. • Wa 7í-lu 7 yáh kwi- náhte 7 kA 7 thyá kyele7, yáh ní• thau-túakátkAhse7 náhte7 tsyehawinúti7 kA-. She said that I couldn't touch anything, I couldn't even look at anything that she brought back with her. (Mil) COMPOSED OF: -hawi-/-ya?tahawi-

carry in one's hands, take along, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hawinuti- before a final 7 . -ha 7 - suf. become. Inchoative. NOTE: Attested only in the stative and punctual aspects. -ha'/-a ? suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in ? t, ht, st, kt, hkw, with some bases that end in a vowel plus t or k, and with a few bases that end in 1. The alternant -a7 occurs after bases that end in kt or st. Elsewhere -ha? occurs. When the habitual suffix occurs after bases that end in hkw, the sequence hkw-ha ? becomes khwa ? . -ha'kwawelu- v.s. have one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. kha 7kwáwelu 7 I'm looking up with my head back and my throat facing upwards, laha7kwáwelu7 he

Oneida-English

has his head back and he's looking up, yeha 7kwáwelu 7 she has her head back and she's looking up. Aspect class: B. •Kwáh kAS laha7kwáwelu7 thikA é-lhal, na7tehotuhutsyoní úhka7 ok ahuwa-núte7 The dog has his head up, he wants someone to feed him. DERIVED BASES: - a t h a ' k w a w e l u -

put one's head back with one's throat facing upwards. NOTE: Probably composed of a noun root -ha ? kw-, otherwise unattested, and the verb base -awelu- spill, pour out. -ha ? t-

n. core of a fruit, (e.g., apple core, pear core).

ohá-ta7

core

NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -ha'tiyo- have a good singing voice. -ha'tiyo- v.s. have a good singing voice, laha 7tiyó he has a really good singing voice, yeha 7tiyó she has a really good voice. Pre-pausal: yeha 7ti-yó. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Possibly composed of the noun base -ha't- core of a fruit, and the verb base -N-iyo- be good. .ha?uwe'ek-/.ha?uwe- plus te- dualic, v.a. wrap up. tekha 7úwe 7eks I'm wrapping it up, (e.g., I'm wrapping a glass in something so that it won't break), tesha7úwe7eks you wrap it up. tewakha7úwe I have wrapped it up. wa7tekha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped it up, zva 7tyeha 7úwe 7eke 7 she wrapped it up, wa7thiha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped him up, I put it around him, wa 7tekheha 7úwe 7eke 7 I put it around her or them, tesha 7úwe 7ek Wrap it! With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: wa7tekhyatuhslaha7úwe7eke7 I

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wrapped it up in paper. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: wa7thikAhaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped him in a blanket, I wrapped the blanket around him, wa7tekhekAhaha7úwe7eke7

I

wrapped her in a blanket. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: .atha ? uwe ? ek- plus te- dualic, wrap oneself up. NOTE: The alternant .ha ? uwe ? ekoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, .ha'uwe- occurs in the stative aspect. -hehs- n. rotting wood, ohéhsa7 rotting, disintegrating wood. DERIVED BASES: athéhsa 7 brown. -heke' suf. Future habitual/Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -he 7 . The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -he-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e7. -hel-/-hl- v.a. set on top of, place on. lahélha 7 he sets it on something, yehélha 7 she sets it on it. wákhele 7 I have it on me, it's covering me (e.g., a blanket), káhele7 it's sitting there. wá-khlA7 I set it on it, wahá-lA7

h e set it o n it, wa7é-lA

7

she set it down, Akhi A 7 I will set it down, Ahá-lA 7 he will set it down. With s- repetitive: swákhele7 I have put it back on top of it. With tcislocative: tkáhele7 it's sitting there on top of it. With yAs- translocative and repetitive: yAséshlA 7 you will set it down again over there. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry:

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Orieida-English

wa ?kahyá-lA ? I set down the fruit. With -ate 7 skutakhw-/ -ate ? skutakhwa?tsl- frying pan: wa?kate?skutakhwa?tslá-lA? I set down the frying pan. With -itsyfish: wa7kitsyá-lA? I set down the fish. With -khw- food: kekhwahélha? I'm putting food on it (the table). With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: kaksáhele7 the dish is set down. With -na 7 tsy- pail, pot, kettle: kana?tsyáhele7 the pail is sitting (e.g., on the table or stove), wa?kna?tsyá-lA7 I put the kettle on. With -nuto 7 tsl- box, and nya ? tepartitive, translocative and dualic: nya7tekanuto7tsláhele7 where there are boxes sitting all over. With -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon: knu7uslahélha7 I'm putting the squash, etc. down. Aspect class: F. • KA 7 káhele7 sa7nya-náwA7 Your gloves are sitting right here. DERIVED BASES: -hlahsyu- take the covers off someone; -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up; -hlani-/-hla 7 sset something down for someone, cover someone; -hlatye- have something on oneself while going along; -hla ? - for something to land; .hlukw- plus srepetitive, pick up pieces; -hlunyuset here and there; -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla'tsl- chair; -anutahla 7 go uphill; -ataskwahel-/ -ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty; -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla'tsl- table; .ate 7 slehtahel-/.ate 7 slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled; -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself; -atunhahel-/-atunhahl- get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited; .A'nahsahel- plus y- translocative, for the tongue to be hanging out; -hnekahel- have water on the

surface; .hnya 7 sahel- plus te- dualic, have a collar; -itskwahel-/ -itskwahl- be sitting, perched; -khwahel-/-khwahl- put up a dinner; -kuhletshahel- be a post, sitting; ,na 7 kalahel-/.na 7 kalahlplus te- dualic, be a chief; -na'skwahel- be lying curled up on something; -nuhsahel- have a roof; -nutahel- be a hill; -nyAhtahelhave snow lying on; -ya'tase'tslahel- be sitting pretty; - 7 nowahel-/- 7 nowahl- sit stooped, hunched, or bent over; Kanatáhele7 St. Thomas; kaya 7 kwáhele 7 dinosaur; teyulahsi 7 tahlákhwa 7 footstool; watA 7 Ahlahláti 7 railing; yuteksahlákhwa 7 dish. NOTE: The alternant -hel- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -hi- occurs in the punctual aspect and before derivational suffixes, and the h of -hi- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hel- n. cornstalk, óheli7 cornstalk. With -ku locative suffix: ohe-láku among the cornstalks, in the corn fields. With -kehlu- put things here and there: kahelaké-lu? cornstalks are lying around. DERIVED BASES: - h e l o t u - b e

cornstalks standing upright; latihelayAtákhwa 7 silo. -helotu- v.s. be cornstalks standing upright, kahelo-tú• the cornstalks are standing. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hel- cornstalk, -hnyotu-/-otu- for several to be standing upright. -hethn- pref. you and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethni-/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/ -hethn-/-hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix

Oneida-English

with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -hethni- pref. you and 1 act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethni-/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/ -hethn-/-hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hethw- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -hethwa- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant.

367

-hetkA- v.s. be ugly. kahétkA7 she (z.) or it is ugly, lahétkA7 he's ugly, latihétkA? they (m.) are ugly. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -hetkAht- damage, ruin, spoil; -hetkA't- ugliness. NOTE: Related to -ahetkA- be broken down, be in poor condition, be bad. -hetkAht- v.a. damage, ruin, spoil. khetkAtha7 I damage it. wakhetkAhtu I have damaged it, I have ruined it. wa7khétkAhte7 I damaged it, I ruined it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -hetkA- be ugly, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -hetkA't- v. > n. ugliness. othetkAta7 ú hte Oh shucks! COMPOSED OF: -hetkA- be ugly, - 7 tcausative.

-hethwA- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel i.

plus y- translocative, Slang: use it all up; -hetkA'tayA- Slang: never mind. NOTE: Occurs only in slang expressions. The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-hethy- pref. you and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethni-/ethn-/ethy-/-hethni-/ -hethn-/-hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a.

.hetkA'tahsa'aht- plus y- translocative, v.a. Slang: use it all up. ya?khetkA7táhsa7ahte7 I used it all the heck up. COMPOSED OF: -hetkA't- ugliness, .hsa'aht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, bring all, take all.

-hethy- pref. you all and I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ethwa-/ethw-/ethwA-/ethy-/ -hethwa-/-hethw-/-hethwA-/ -hethy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in o or u.

DERIVED BASES: . h e t k A ' t a h s a ' a h t -

-hetkA71 ay A- v.a. Slang: never mind. shetkA-tayA Just never mind! With y- translocative: yehatihetkA-tayA Never mind them! COMPOSED OF: -hetkA't- ugliness, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .i?tahetkA?tayA-

368

Orieida-English

plus y- translocative, Slang: really never mind something. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hetkwal- v.s. be naked. zvakhétkwale7 I'm naked, lohétkwale7 he's naked, yakohétkwale7 she's naked, yukwahétkwale7 we're all naked. Aspect class: F. -hetsh- pref. you act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsh-/ etshe-/-hetsh-/-hetshe-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. -hetshe- pref. you act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsh-/ etshe-/-hetsh-/-hetshe-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -hetsn- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsni-/etsn-/ etsy-/-hetsni-/-hetsn-/-hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -hetsni- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsni-/etsn-/ etsy-/-hetsni-/-hetsn-/-hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hetsw- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA/etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

-hetswa- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA/etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hetswA- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA/etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel i. -hetsy- pref. you two act on him, he acts on the two of you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etsni-/etsn-/ etsy-/-hetsni-/-hetsn-/-hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a. -hetsy- pref. you all act on him, he acts on you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See etswa-/etsw-/etswA/etsy-/-hetswa-/-hetsw-/-hetswA-/ -hetsy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in o or u. -hew- v.a. for the time to arrive, become the time, wa 7káhewe 7 it was at that time, Akáhewe7 the time will arrive. With y- translocative: ya 7káhewe 7 the time has arrived, yAkáhewe7 it will be time. With yes- or yusa- translocative and repetitive: yesékhes the time for me arrives again, yusakáhewe7 it came time again. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7káhewe7 how or when it came that time again. •Khále7 nA oye-lí• niwAhnislaké thikA Ahutnúhtuhte7 nA ya7káhewe7 Skana7tsíhale?. And now they will wait ten days when it's time for the Ten Day Feast. (M15). July 15 né•

Oneida-English

yesékhes. July 15 is arriving for me again (if I was telling you that July 15 was my birthday). DERIVED BASES: -ya'thew- bring someone. -he 7 suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in i, u, or A, and with a few bases that end in e or o. hX- yes. -hA- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel i. .hAl- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. project one's voice, call out to someone. thakhAlha 7 he's calling me, yekuhAlha 7 I'm calling out to you, thuwahAlha7 she's calling him (towards her), yehuwahAlha7 she's calling out to him. tayúkhAle7 she called me to her, tashukwáhAle7 he called us to him, ya?utáthAle7 she called over to her, she notified her. With tet- or tuta- dualic and cislocative: tethakhAlha7 he's calling me back, tutahákhAle7 he called me back. With yusa- or yAs- translocative and repetitive: yusahuwáhAle7 she called him back again, yAshuwáhAle7 she will call him back again, yusakúhAle7 I should call you again. With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusakúhAle7 when I called you again. With thyes- contrastive, translocative and repetitive: yáh thyeshuwahAlú she or someone didn't call him back again. Aspect class: El. •Né- s kwí• ka7ikA lolha-lé• kAtsi7 atsyók kwt• on A úhka7 ok

369

tahnú• kwí• yáh úhka7 thyeshuwahAlú nA ki7 ale7 wí wahatu-kóhte7. So then he's expecting that soon someone will call him back again and when no one called him back he went on again. (M6) NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative or y- translocative prefix and a verb root -hAl-. See also .hAlehtplus te- dualic, holler, yell. yAshuwáftAle7

hAleht- plus te- dualic, v.a. holler, yell. tewakhAlétha7 I'm yelling, tehohAlétha7 he hollers, teyohAlétha 7 she (z.) or it is yelling, tesnihAlétha7 you two are hollering. wa7twakhA-léhte7 I hollered, wa7thohA-léhte7 he hollered, wa7tyakohA-léhte7 she hollered, wa7tyohA-léhte7

she (z.) o r it

hollered, wa7thotihA-léhte7 they (m.) yelled, wa7tyotihA-léhte7 they (z.) yelled, tAwakhA-léhte7 I will yell. tesahA-lét Yell! With ytranslocative: ya7twakhA-léhte7 I hollered over (to you), ya7tyakohA-léhte7 she hollered over there. With th- contrastive: yáh tha?tehotihA-léhte7 they (m.) won't yell. •NA sók kwí• né- sakatlAno-tA• ki7 ale7 wí- nA sók khále7 wí- sahatha7kwáwelu7 wa7thohA-léhte7. So

then I played music and he (the dog) put his head back again and howled. (M8) DERIVED BASES: .hAlehta'n- plus tedualic, go to holler, go to yell. NOTE: This base also refers to the sound that various animals make, including chickens clucking, owls hooting, and dogs or wolves howling. It is composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -hAle-, and the -htcausative suffix. The root -hAle- is related to the root -hAl-, which

370

Orieida-English

occurs in .hAl- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, project one's voice, call out to someone. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and wordfinally. .hAlehta'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to holler, go to yell. tewakhAlehtá-ne7 I'm going to holler. teyotihAlehtá-nehse7 they (z.) are yelling around. • Né-n thó tshyahá-kewe7 thikA, kwáh kwi• tewakhAlehtá-ne7 "oyá-n oyá-n." So then when I get there, I'm going to holler "oyá-n oyá-n." (Ml 2) COMPOSED OF: .hAleht- plus tedualic, holler, yell, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hAn- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -hAt- n. field, garden. With - 7 ke locative suffix: kahAtá-ke in the fields or garden. With -ku locative suffix, and -shu ? collective clitic: ohAtakúshu 7 meadow, through the fields. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a7é• niyukwahA-tá• we have a big field. With -at-N-hsluni-/-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: lathAtahslu-nihe7 he's preparing the land (for planting). With -at-N-hslunyanyu- dress several, prepare several: wahathAtahslunyáni7 he prepared several fields for planting. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: tsi7 yothA-táte7

it's a t t h e e n d o f t h e

field or garden. With .yahya'k-/ .iya'k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across: wa7thahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field, wa7tyehAti-yá-ke7 she crossed the field. And s- repetitive: tusahahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field again. DERIVED BASES: -hAtayA- be a field, be a garden; -athAtisa'- finish working in the garden; kA' niyohAtésha Term for strawberries used in the Opening of the Thanksgiving Address; lahAta'kehlo lú- farmer; wathAto líhe' scarecrow. -hAtala'- v.a. get poison ivy. wakhA-tálahse7 I get poison ivy, lohA-tálahse7 he keeps getting poison ivy. ukhA-tálane7 I got poison ivy, AhohA-tálane7 he will get poison ivy. DERIVED BASES: y a k o h A t á l a h s e ? /

yakohAtalahse'kó- poison ivy. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -hAtayA- v.s. be a field, be a garden. kahA-táyA7 (there's) a field or garden. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hAt" field, garden, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -hAte- v.a. go first, lead, go ahead. khA-té- I'm the head one, I'm the leader, lahA-té• he's a leader, he's at the head (e.g., of a line). waháhAte7

h e l e d , AháhAte7

he

will be at the head. Habitual past: lahA-téhkwe7 he was first, he used to be at the head. • Tsi7 sA• tyunuhwetstákhwa 7 tahotiyakA7uháti7

khále7

né-

lahA té• lonikwAhsa-ká-se7 Also they're coming out of the bedroom and in the lead is the vampire (the one who likes blood). (D2)

Oneida-English

NOTE: See also ohAtú in front, ahead. -hi- pref. I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See li-/liy-/-hi-/ -hiy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant or i. -hi- fruit, berry. See -ahy-/-hi-. -hiy- pref. I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See li-/liy-/-hi-/ -hiy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -hi'kal- n. section, piece, gear, second. ohí-kala7 gear. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tekahi7kalaké two pieces (e.g., of pie). With .N-t-/ .ya'tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: tsyohí'kalat one gear, one section (e.g., a piece of pie). DERIVED BASES: - h i ' k a l o t a l h o - put

in gear. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hi'kalotalho- v.a. put in gear. wakhi7kalotálhu I have put it in gear. Akhi7kalotálho7 I will put it in gear. shi7kalotá1ho Put it in gear! COMPOSED OF: -hi'kal- section, piece, gear, second, -otalho-/ -ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya ? tahkw- plus tedualic, v.a. pick up. tekékhiva7 I pick it up, tehsékhwa 7 you pick it up, tehákhwa 7 he picks it up, teyékhwa 7 she picks it up, tekákhwa 7 she (z.) or it picks it up,

371

tetnékhwa 7 you and I (incl.) pick it up, teyaknékhwa 7 we two (excl.) pick it up, tesnékhwa 7 you two pick it up, tehnékhwa 7 the two (m.) pick it up, teknékhwa 7 the two (z.) pick it up, tetwákhwa 7 we (incl.) pick it up, teyakwákhwa 7 we (excl.) pick it up, teswákhwa 7 you all pick it up, tehAnékhwa7 they (m.) pick it up, tekunékhwa 7 they (z.) pick it up, teshakoya7tákhwa7 he keeps picking her up. tewakéhkwA I have picked it up, teyuknéhkwA we two have picked it up, teyukwáhkwA we have picked it up, tehonéhkwA they (m.) have picked it up, teshakoya7táhkwA he has picked her up. wá-tkehkwe7 I picked it up, wá-thlahkwe7 he picked it up, wa7teshakoyá-tahkwe7 he picked her up, tA-kéhkwe7 I will pick it up. téhsek Pick it up! With s- repetitive: tetsyukwáhkwA we have picked it up again, tusáhsehkwe7 you picked it up again, tusashakoyá-tahkwe7 he picked her up again, tu-sétwahkwe7 we (incl.) should pick it up again. With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: teka7kAhlákhwa7 I'm picking up dirt (either in my hand or with something, such as a shovel), tewaka7kAhláhkwA I have picked up the dirt, wa7tha7kA-lahkwe7 he picked up the dirt. With -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter: tehsyatúhslak Pick up the book! With -nakalstick: wa7tekna-kálahkwe7 I picked up a stick. With -nyAht- snow: tekenyAhtákhwa7 I'm picking up snow (either in my hand or with a shovel), tehony Ahtahkw A he has picked up the snow, wa7thanyAhtahkwe7 he picked up the snow. Aspect class: Dl. DERIVED BASES: . a h t s y a ' n a h k w -

372 Orieida-English

plus te- dualic, get a handful; .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, jump; .athahahkw- plus te- dualic, walk down a road; .atkalahkw- plus tedualic, get credit; .elyahkw- plus tedualic, for the heart to beat; •i'tsyuhkwahkw- plus te- dualic, jerk up, pick up; .i'tuhkwahkw- plus tedualic, for a fire to spark; .lihwahkw-/.lihwakhw- plus tedualic, sing; .nunyahkw- plus tedualic, dance; .nyeyahkw- plus tedualic, for snow to go away; .welahkw- plus te- dualic, for wind to pick up; kítkit teyakoya'tákhwa' chicken hawk; teyu'kAhlahkwá tha 7 dustpan. NOTE: The alternant .hkw- occurs in the third person singular, the first and second persons plural, and with incorporated nouns. The alternant .ehkw- occurs in the first and second persons singular, the dual, and the third person plural. The alternant .ya'tahkw- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The 7 of .ya?tahkw- is replaced by length after accented vowels. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by khwa 7 . In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. This base is possibly a component also in -listakhwa'tsles- be a long staircase; and kalistakhwá tslote' steps, stairs. -hkw- suf. do with it, use it for. Instrumental (Instrumental II). Aspect class: Dl. NOTE: This suffix takes the habitual aspect suffix -ha ? , and the sequence -hkw-ha' regularly becomes -khwa 7 . -hkw- suf. undo, do something thoroughly. Reversative. Aspect class:

D3.

NOTE: The final w of the suffix is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-hkwe' suf. Habitual past. -hkwi't- v.a. move something or someone over. kkwí-tha7 I keep moving it over, lahkwí-tha? he moves it over. wá-kkwihte7 I moved it over, wahíhkwihte7 I moved him over, Akkwihte7 I will move it over, Aháhkwihte 7 he will move it over. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - h k w P t u h a t y e - b e

moving something over; -atkwi'tmove over. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -hkwi'tuhatye- v.m. be moving something over. lohkwi7tuháti7 he's moving it over. lohkwi7tuhátyehse7 he keeps moving it over, pushing it to the side. wahohkwi7tuháti7 he moved it over, he's going along pushing it to the side. COMPOSED OF: -hkwi't- move something or someone over, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hkwi?tuhati- before a final 7 . -hi- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in e, A, O, or u. -hi- set on top of, place on. See -hel-/ -hi-. -hla- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-.

Oneida-English

NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant when the accent is on the syllable preceding the prefix. -hlahsyu- v.a. take the covers off someone, wa 7shakohláhsi7 he took the covers off her, wa7khehláhsi7 I took the covers off her. COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set on top

of, place on, -hsyu- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -athlahsyu- take the covers off oneself. NOTE: Many speakers have -hlahsi- before a final 7 . -hlaht- n. corncob, ohláhta7

corncob.

DERIVED BASES:

tekahlahtanáhsute 7 dingball. -hlako'tayA- v.a. Slang: never mind, shut up. shlakó-tayA Never mind, shut up, go on! With ytranslocative: yehahlakó-tayA thikA Tá-wet. Just never mind that Dave! yehatihlakó-tayA Justnever mind them (m.)! NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have; otherwise the composition is unknown. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlakw- v.a. take off, take down, pick up. lahlákwas he keeps taking it off (e.g., something sitting on the table). lohlákwA he has taken it off (of it). wa7khla-kó• I took it off (of it), wahahla-kó- he took it off, he picked it up, akhla-kó- I should pick it up. shla-kó Take it off of it! With y- translocative: yahahla-kó• he picked it off from there. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket, and y- translocative: ya7skAhahla-kó Take the blanket down! With -list- piece of iron: wa7elistahla-kó• she took off or

373

lifted up the piece of iron (e.g., a stove lid). With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa7kna7tsyahla-kóI took the kettle off. With -nuto'tsl- box, and y- translocative: ya 7snuto 7tslahla-kó Take down that box! Aspect class: D3. • Tahnú• s né- wa7katya7tashno-láte7 nA Lis né• sAha 7 yah thakkwe-ní• áhsA nikú akhla-kóónlahte7. And so I tried to do it faster, I still couldn't pick up three (tobacco) leaves. (03) COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set o n top

of, place on, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .hlakwaht- plus tcislocative, take off, take down in a hurry; -athlakwAni-/-athlakwa ? sfor something to leave one. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .hlakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take off, take down in a hurry. tahahlákwahte7 he picked it up, he took it off in a hurry. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, -ht- causative. -hlani-/-hla ? s- v.a. set something down for someone, cover someone. khehla'níhe7 I'm setting something down for someone (e.g., on the table). wa7kú-lahse7 I covered you (e.g., with a blanket), wahákhlahse7 he covered me. COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set on top

of, place on, -ni-/- ? s- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t h l a n i - /

-atathla's- cover oneself. NOTE: The alternant -hlani- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -hla?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and

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the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -hlanuhsaya'ak- v.a. slap someone in the face. lakhlanuhsáya7aks he slaps me in the face. lohlanuhsayáku7 he has slapped him in the face. wahohlanuhsáya7ake7 he slapped him in the face. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -ya'ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at; otherwise the composition is unclear. -hlatye- v.m. have something on oneself while going along. yuknihláti7 we're going along and it's on us, it's covering us. •Kwáh s a7nyó ónhwale7 náhte7 yuknihláti7 thó tákA7 ayakniwistó-kwariAst yuknt-sele7 It seemed just like it was this furry thing that was covering us, so that we wouldn't get cold as we were driving. (VI) COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set on top

of, place on, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hlatibefore a final 7 . -hla'- v.a. for something to land. wa7ká-lane7 it landed. • AtnAyálho7 thó né• niyohnilhá'U thikA akná-talok, kwáh ní kA- né• cemént waktáhkwA thikA, niyolakalé-ni atekhwahlakhwá-ke wa 7ká •lane7 Gosh but my bread had gotten so hard, it was just like cement when I took it out of there, it made a huge noise landing on the table. (CI) COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set o n top

of, place on, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a h l a ' - get

unexpected news, get wind of news; -stalahla'- for drops to land; -tsistahla 7 - for light to land; ká lahse 7 lacrosse.

NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -hla's- set something down for someone, cover someone. See -hlani-/ -hla's-. -hlehatye- v.m. push along. lohleháti7 he's pushing it along. With ny- partitive and translocative: kA7 nyusahohleháti7 here he's pushing it along. With thcontrastive: thaukhleháti7 I would just push it along. NOTE: Composed of a root -hie- and the -hatye- progressive suffix. The root -hie- is related to .hlek- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, push, shove. Many speakers have -hlehati- before a final 7 . .hlek- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. push, shove, thá-leks he's pushing it this way, tyé-leks she's pushing it this way, yehá-leks he's pushing it that way, yeyé-leks she's pushing it that way, yehákhleks he keeps pushing or shoving me. thohlekú he has pushed it this way, yewakhlekú I have pushed it away, yehohlekú he has pushed it that way. tahá-leke7 he pushed it this way, takhé-leke7 I pushed her, yahá-khleke7 I pushed it away, yahá-leke7 he pushed it away, yahá-skhleke7 you pushed me, ya7khé-leke7 I shoved her away, yAkú-leke7 I will push you, ya-kú-leke7 I should push you, yá-skhleke7 you should push me. With - ? sleht- vehicle: yeha7slehtá-leks he's pushing the car. Aspect class: E2. •Au-tú• kA i/fl-skhleke 7 Can you

Oneida-English

push me? NOTE: See also -hlehatye- push along; and .lihwahlek-/.lihwahlplus t- cislocative, insist. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlen- v.a. cut into, make an incision. khle-nás I'm cutting into it. wakhlenA I have cut it. wá-khlene7 I cut it, wá-shlene 7 you cut it, wahá-lene7 he cut it, úkhlene7 it cut me, I got a cut. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t h l e n - c u t

oneself. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlest- v.a. bump into with force, run into, shakohlésta 7 he runs into her or them (on foot), he bumps into her or them (in a vehicle), wakhlésta7 it keeps bumping into me. shakohléstu he has run into her or them. wa7kú-leste7 I ran into you, wa7khé'leste7 I bumped into her or them (so that I knocked her or them over), wa7shakó-leste7 he bumped into her or them, úkhleste 7 I got bumped into, it ran into me. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -hlestanyu- bump or run into several. NOTE: May also be a component in -a'slahlest- overdo; and a'nikuhlésta' hammer. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlestanyu- v.a. bump or run into several, shakohlestányuhe7 he runs over them all. wa7shakohlestáni7 he ran over them (and they're all lying there, knocked over). COMPOSED OF: -hlest- bump into with force, run into, -nyu-

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distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hlestani- before a final 7 . -hletsyalu- v.a. encourage. khletsya-lúhe7 I encourage (it), latihletsya-lúhe7 they (m.) encourage, kuhletsya-lúhe7 I'm encouraging you, khehletsya-lúhe7 I encourage her. wakhletsyalú I have encouraged (it). wa7kuhletsya-lú• I encouraged you, wa7khehletsya-lú• I encouraged her or them, wahihletsya-lú• I encouraged him, Akhletsya-lú• I will encourage (it), akuhletsya-lú• I would encourage you, aknihletsya-lú• I would encourage the two of you, akwahletsya-lúI would encourage all of you. shehletsya-lú Encourage her! Habitual past: kuhletsyalúhahkwe7 I was encouraging you. Aspect class: Al. • Né- ki7 akuhletsya-lú• tákA7 kwiaesashwá-tA. I would encourage you to not let it get to you (annoy you). (CI)

-hlewaht- v.a. punish, do something to someone in a substantial way. khehlewátha 7 I punish her or them, I really do it to her or them, lihlewátha7 I'm punishing him, shakohlewátha7 he punishes her or them, wahihle-wáhte7 I punished him, wa7ukhle-wáhte7 she or someone punished me, wa7ukhihle-wáhte7 they punished us, wa7ukwahle-wáhte7 it punished us, it turned out bad for us, Akwahle-wáhte7 I or we (excl.) will punish you. With n- partitive: na7ukwahle-wáhte7 how she (z.) or it punished us. • 0-, nA e-só- wa7kanuhtunyu-kó• ka7ikA nú-wa7 na7ukwahle-wáhte7, u 7taliha 7táni7 Oh, I've thought it

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over a lot how it has punished us, it has gotten hot. (Al) DERIVED BASES: .atathlewaht- plus s- repetitive, repent. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -hle'n- n. bundle, kahlé-na7 bundle (e.g., of one's belongings). With .aplus n- partitive, be a certain size: nihohlé-na7 his bundle is that size. With -atita'- get in, put into for oneself: wa7kathle7nítane7

I put the

package in something (e.g., the trunk of a car), wa 7akyathle7nítane7

we

two (excl.) put our bundle in it. With -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back: wahathle7nakéhtate7

he put a

bundle (his belongings) on his back. With -ka ? tatye- have a lot of while going along, and nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyakohle 7naka 7táti7 she has such a bundle along with her again. With -ka'tshyu- undo, take apart: wa7khle7naká-tshi7 I took apart the bundle. With -keht(e)-/ -keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, and t- cislocative: tayakohle7nakéhtu7 she's carrying a bundle on her back. DERIVED BASES: - h l e ' n a y A - b e a

bundle, lying; -hle'not- be a bundle, standing; .hle'not- plus t- cislocative, be standing with one's arms around one another, be intertwined; -athle'naka'tshyu- unpack; -athle'nuni- pack. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hle'nayA- v.s. be a bundle, lying. kahlé-nayA7 there's a bundle or package lying (e.g., of someone's belongings). With t- cislocative: kA 7 tkahlé-nayA7 the bundle or package is lying right here. Aspect class: B.

COMPOSED OF: -hle'n- bundle, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hle'not- v.s. be a bundle, standing. kahlé-note7 (it's) a bundle. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hle'n- bundle, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hle'not- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be standing with one's arms around one another, be intertwined. tkahlé-note7 they're standing with their arms around each other, they're intertwined or wrapped in each other's arms. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -hle'nbundle, -hnyot-Aot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The ? of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- v.a. be attached, hanging. yohlA-tuhe7 it's hanging. Future habitual: AyohlA7túheke7 it will be hanging. With -ahsliye-/ -ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? t- string, thread, yarn: yohsliye7tA-tuhe7 the string is hanging. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yohyA-tuhe7 the fruit is hanging (on the vine or tree). With -a ? nhaluk-/-a ? nhaluksl- rope: yo7nhalukslA-tuhe7 the rope is hanging. DERIVED BASES: - h U ' t u n y u - /

-A'tunyu- for several to be attached, hanging; -hlA?tu ? ne-/-A?tu ? ne- tag along, follow around; tsikwilX tu' / tsyokwilX t u ' squirrel;

Oneida-English

yotle'slAtuhe? great-grandchild; yotshe'tX tuhe' pear. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The alternant -A?tu- occurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlA?tunyu-/-A?tunyu- v.a. for several to be attached, hanging. yohlA?túnyuhe? several of them are hanging. With -ahsliye-/ -ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye 7 t- string, thread, yarn: yohsliye7tA7túnyuhe7 the string is hanging here and there (e.g., as in a fringe). COMPOSED OF: -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be

attached, hanging, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: - h l A ' t u n y u ' n e - /

-A'tunyu'ne- be attached and hanging, moving along. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The alternant -A?tunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. -hlA?tunyu?ne-/-A?tunyu?ne- v.m. be attached and hanging, moving along. yohlA7tunyú-ne7 it's moving along and it's hanging. With -itsy- fish: yotsyA7tunyú-ne7 the fish is hanging along. yotsyA?tunyú-nehse7 the fish keep hanging. COMPOSED OF: - h U ' t u n y u - /

-A?tunyu- for several to be attached, hanging, - ? ne- ambulative. NOTE: The alternant -A?tunyu?neoccurs with incorporated nouns. The forms with the incorporated noun base -itsy- are attested in a text where a fox has stolen some fish and has them in his mouth; outside of the text speakers find these forms somewhat strange. The 7 of the ? n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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-hlA?tu?ne-/-A?tu?ne- v.m. tag along, follow around. wakhlA7tú-ne7 I'm tagging along, yohlA?tú-ne7 it's dragging it (e.g., when a tow truck drags a car). wakhlA7tú-nehse7 I'm tagging along, I'm following (someone) around, yakohlA7tú-nehse7 she's tagging along, lohlA7tú-nehse7 he's tagging along. ukhlA7twne7 I went tagging along. •Thó s kwi• wakhlA7tú-nehse7 thikA tsi7 ayakoyo7táti7. I would be following her around as she was working. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be

attached, hanging, -?ne- ambulative. DERIVED BASES: y o ' s l e h t A ' t ú n e ?

tow truck. NOTE: The alternant -A?tu?neoccurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hliht- plus te- dualic, v.a. break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind. tekhlítha 7 I'm breaking or chopping it up into pieces, tewakhlíhtu I have broken it into pieces. tekahlíhtu it has been smashed. wa7tékhlihte7 I broke it, wa7téshlihte7 you broke it, wa7thá-lihte7 he broke it, tAshlihte7 you will break it. tákA 7 tXshlit Don't break it! With -ahy-/ -hi- fruit, berry: wa7tkahyá-lihte7 I cut up fruit. With -a ? al- net, lace: wa7tka7alá-lihte7 I broke the net, lace, or screen. With -hnana ? tpotato: tekahnana7tahlíhtu the potatoes are cut up into pieces, wa7thahnana7tá-lihte7 he cut potatoes into pieces. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: tehoksahlíhtu he has broken the dishes, wa7thaksá-lihte7 he broke the dish. With -nakal-

378 Orieida-English

stick: teknakalahlítha7 I'm breaking up sticks. With -na'tal- bread, cake: tekna7talahlítha7 I'm breaking the bread into pieces, I'm cutting up the bread, pie, or cake, tewakna 7talahlíhtu I have cut up the bread, wa7tekna7talá-lihte7 I cut up the bread, tAkna7talá-lihte7 I will cut up the bread. With -nAstcorn: wa7tyenAstá-lihte7 she or someone pounded the corn, wa?thanAStá-lihte? he ground the corn, tAhsnAstá-lihte7 you will grind the corn. With -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon: teknu7uslahlítha7 I'm cutting squash, cucumber, or melon into pieces. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: tAhayAtá-lihte7 he will cut wood, he will make kindling, tahayAtá-lihte7 he should cut wood. With - ? nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhs- egg: tAhse?nhuhsá-lihte7 you will break the eggs. With - ? wahl- meat: teke7wahlahlítha7 I'm cutting up (slicing) the meat, wa7tha7wahlá-lihte7 he ground the meat, tehse7wahlá-lit Slice the meat! Aspect class: El. 7 • Teye 7wahlahlihtákhwa 7 7 Ahsatste tAhsnAstá-lihte . You should use a meat grinder to grind the corn. (R2) DERIVED BASES: .hlihtanyu- plus tedualic, break, smash, or chop all to pieces; .a'kAhlahliht- plus tedualic, break up the ground, disk; .nahkwahliht- plus te- dualic, break up a couple or a marriage; .yanlAhslahliht- plus te- dualic, break the law; teyehnana'tahlihtákhwa' potato masher; teyehso'kwahlihtákhwa 7 nutcracker; teye'wahlahlihtákhwa' meat grinder. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -hli-, and the -ht-

causative suffix. The root -hli- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also .hli?- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces; and .hli7splus te- dualic, break on someone. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. hlihtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. break, smash, or chop all to pieces. tekhlihtányuhe7 I'm breaking up several things, tewakhlihtáni7 I have broken them up. wa7thahlihtáni7 he broke it all up. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .hliht- plus tedualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .hlihtani- before a final 7 . .hli?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become broken into pieces, teká-lihse7 it breaks, teyohlí-u it got broken, it's broken. wa7tká-line7 it broke. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: teyoksahlí-u the dish is broken, wa7tkaksá-line7 the dish broke. With -nhoh- door: teyonhohahlí-u the door is broken. With -wis- ice, glass, window: teyowisahlí-u the glass or window is broken. Aspect class: E3. •Teyohlí-u ka7ikA kátsi7. This plate is broken. Wa7tká-line7 John laótsi7. John's dish broke. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -hli-, and the inchoative suffix. The root -hli- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind; and .hli's- plus te- dualic, break on someone. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after

Oneida-English

accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .hli's- plus te- dualic, v.a. break on someone. wa7twákhlihse7 it broke on me, wa7thó-lihse7 it broke on him, wa7tyakó-lihse7 it broke on her. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: iva7twakeksá-lihse7 the dish broke on me. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa7twakwisá-lihse7 the glass broke on me. DERIVED BASES: .hnakwalahli'splus te- dualic, get a flat tire. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -hli-, and the - ? sbenefactive suffix. The root -hli- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind; and .hli 7 - plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -hlohkw- n. cigarette, ohlóhkwa7 cigarette. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: wahohlohku-tí• he lost his cigarettes. With -nuwakhave a craving for: khlohkwanu-wáks I'm craving tobacco. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -hlo- and the -hkw- instrumental suffix. See also -hlot- smoke (a cigarette). -hloli-/-hloly- v.a. tell to someone. kuhlo-líhe7 I keep telling you, lihlo-líhe 7 I tell him, shehlo-líhe7 you keep telling her or them, yukhlo-líhe7 she or they tell me, yukhihlo-líhe7 she or they tell us,

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luwahlo-líhe7 she tells him, lakhlo-líhe7 he tells me, shukwahlo-líhe7 he tells us, shakohlo-líhe7 he tells her or them. kuhlolí I have told you, skhlolí you have told me, yukhlolí she or someone has told me, shakohlolí he's telling her or them, he has told her or them, yukhihlolí they're telling us. wa7kuhlo-lí• I told you, wa 7khehlo-lv I told her or someone, wahihlo-lí• I told him, wahetshlo-lí• you told him, wahakhlo-lí• he told me, wa7shukwahlo-lt• he told us, wa 7shakohlo-lí- he told her or them, wa 7ukhlo-lí- she or someone told me, wahuwahlo-lí• she or someone told him, wa 7kuwahlo-lí- she or someone told her (z.), wahohlo-lí- she (z.) or he told him, wa7shakotihlo-lí• they (m.) told her or them, Akuhlo-lí- I will tell you, Ahihlo-lí• I will tell him, Akhehlo-lí• I will tell her or them, Ahetshlo-lí• you will tell him, Ashukwahlo-lí• he will tell us, Ayuknihlo-lí- she (z.) will tell the two of us, Ayesahlo-lí• she or someone will tell you, a-kwahlo-lí- I should tell you all, a-hetshlo-lí• you should tell him, a-shehlo-lí• you should tell her or them, a-shakohlo-lí- he should tell her or them, a-yetshihlo-lí• you two or you all should tell her or them. With -kóaugmentative clitic: wahohloli7kóhe really told him. With s- repetitive: tsyutathlo'hhe7 she's telling her again. With t- cislocative: tayukhihlo-lí• they told us there. With tsh- coincident: nétshikuhlo-líhe7 that's what I'm telling you, I told you so, tsha7skhlo-lí• what you told me. Aspect class: Al. • Kwáh óksa7 wa7ketshA-lí-

thikA

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tyutAhni-núhe7

tsha7skhlo-lí-

kátsha7 nú-. Right away I found the store that you told me about. DERIVED BASES: -hlolyanyu- tell several or all; -hlolya'n- go to tell to someone; -athloli-/-athloly- tell about. NOTE: The alternant -hloly- occurs before derivational suffixes. -hlolu? clitic, resident of. Resident clitic. See -hlonu 7 /-hIolu ? . -hlolyanyu- v.a. tell several or all. kuhlolyányuhe7 I'm telling you all kinds of things. wa7shakohlolyáni7 he told her all about it, akwahlolyárti7 I should tell all of you about it. •Yáh kati7 wí• só-tsi7 te7wakkalaká-te7 akwahlolyáni7. I don't have that many stories to tell you all. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -hloli-/-hloly- tell to someone, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hlolyani- before a final 7 . -hlolya'n- v.m. go to tell to someone. Ahetshlolyá-na7 you will go to tell him. COMPOSED OF: -hloli-/-hloly- tell to someone, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlonu?/-hlolu ? clitic, resident of. Resident clitic. DERIVED BASES: -anishuhlolu? devil; lahAta'kehlo lú- farmer; latiluhya'kehlo lú- angels; latinata'kehlo nú city people; Ostohlonú ke United States, America. NOTE: At present, it's not clear what governs the distribution of the two variants. The final 7 of the clitic

is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hlot- v.a. smoke (a cigarette). khlótha 7 I smoke, I'm a smoker, shlótha7 you smoke, wákhlote7 I'm smoking, ló-lote7 he's smoking. wa7khlo-tA• I smoked, I started to smoke, wa7shlo-tA- you smoked, wahahlo-tA• he smoked, Ashlo-tAyou will smoke, ahahlo-tA• he should smoke, tákA 7 ayehlo-tA she or someone shouldn't smoke. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Related to the noun base -hlohkw- cigarette, but the composition is unclear. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hluhw-/.ya ? tahluhw- plus te- dualic, v.s. block, teká-luwe7 it (an obstacle or barrier) is put across, it's in the way, tehaya7tá-luwe7 he's blocking (e.g., an entrance or view), he's in the way. Habitual past: tehaya7tahlú-wahkwe7 he was in the way. Future stative: tAkahlú-wake7 it will be in the way. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .ya'tahluhwatyeplus te- dualic, get in the way. NOTE: The alternant .ya ? tahluhwoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in post-accented syllables. .hlukw- plus s- repetitive, v.a. pick up pieces, sahahlu-kó- he picked them up, sayehlu-kó• she picked them up. sashlu-kó Pick them up! With -na'tal- bread, cake:

Oneida-English

sahana7talahlu-kóhe picked up bread crumbs. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on, -u- distributive, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -hlunyu- v.a. set here and there. khlúnyuhe 7 I set things on top of it, lahlúnyuhe7 he's setting things on it. wakhlúni7 I have put them on it, yukwahlúni7 we have put them on it. wahahlúni7 he put them on it. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: keksahlúnyuhe7 I'm setting the table, wa7akwaksahlúni7 we (excl.) set out the dishes. With -hwistmetal, money, dollar, and n- partitive: nikahwistahlúni7 there's money lying around. With -na ? tsypail, pot, kettle, and t- cislocative: tkana7tsyahlúni? the pails are all around there. Aspect class: Bl. •Kwáh tsi7 ok nú• nikahwistahlúni7. Money is lying around all over. COMPOSED OF: - h e l - / - h l - set on top

of, place on, -unyu- distributive DERIVED BASES: - l u w a l a h l u n y u - v.s.

for wires to be attached. NOTE: Many speakers have -hlunibefore a final 7 . -hluw- n. gully, valley. With -ku locative suffix: ohlu-wáku gully, valley. DERIVED BASES: .hluwatatye- plus te- dualic, be a crevice, valley, or crack in the ground, extending; .hluwes- plus te- dualic, be deep. .hluwatatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be a crevice, valley, or crack in the ground, extending, tsi7 teyohluwatáti7 (it's) a crevice, valley, or crack.

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COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hluwgully, valley, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have .hluwatati- before a final 7 . .hluwes- plus te- dualic, v.s. be deep. teyohlu-wés it's deep (referring to an opening in the ground, such as a hole). Stative past: teyohluwesú-ne7 it was deep. With t- cislocative: nétetyohlu-wés it's the deepest. With n- partitive, and future stative: tóna7tAyohluwesúhake7 how deep will it be? Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hluwgully, valley, -es-/-us- be long. -hn- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See ni-/n-/y-/-hni-/-hn-/ -hyNOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -hn- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. NOTE: The hn cluster of this suffix is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. -hn- piece of cloth, rag. See -ihn-/ -hn-. .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyu- plus tedualic, v.a. piece together cloth, quilt, tekehnakhányuhe7 I'm putting pieces of cloth together (e.g., putting the blocks together to make a quilt), teyehnakhányuhe7 she's putting the pieces of cloth together, tekutihnakhányuhe7 they (z.) are putting the blocks of cloth together. tAkutihnakháni7 they (z.) will put the blocks of cloth together.

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together. DERIVED BASES: t e k A h n a k h á n i ?

quilt. NOTE: The alternant .ihnakhanyuoccurs in the derived base. Many speakers have .hnakhani- and .ihnakhani- before a final 7 . -hnakwal- n. rubber, rind, skin. ohna-kwála7 rubber (e.g., a tire of a car, an elastic band, rubber overshoes), rind (e.g., rind on bacon or salt pork). With -aktúti? locative suffix: ohnakwalaktúti7 along the tire. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: kók nikahna-kwála7 the tire is this size, this small. And secondary habitual: kók nikahna-kwálahse7 the tires are only this size, the tires are this small. •Tahnú• Model Tée kAs kwí- loti7sléhtayA7, kók nikahna-kwálahse7 kA-. And they owned this car, a Model T, with tires this small. (VI) DERIVED BASES: . h n a k w a l a h l i ' s -

plus te- dualic, get a flat tire; .hnakwalateny- plus te- dualic, change a tire; -hna'kwalohs-/ -hnakwalohs- be naked from the waist up. NOTE: Probably includes the alternant -hn- of the noun base -ihn-/-hnpiece of cloth, rag; otherwise the composition is unclear. .hnakwalahli's- plus te- dualic, v.a. get a flat tire. wa7twakhnakwalá-lihse7 I got a flat tire, wa7thohnakwalá-lihse7 he got a flat tire. COMPOSED OF: -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin, .hli's- plus te- dualic, break on someone. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .hnakwalateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. change a tire, tehohnakwalaténi he has changed the tire. wa 7thahnakwalate-níhe changed the tire. COMPOSED OF: -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin, .teny-/.tenyu- plus tedualic, change something. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -hnakwalohs- be naked from the waist up. See -hna'kwalohs-/ -hnakwalohs-. -hnana't- n. potato, ohnaná-ta7 potato. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: kahnana7táksA the potatoes are rotten. With -atatAl-/-at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself: yothnana7tatatAlA there are potatoes left over. With -atatAla ? se-/-atatAla ? s- have some left over: ukwathnana7tatA-lá-se7 I had some potatoes left over. With -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wathnaná-tute7 (it's) a baked potato, wa7kathnana7tu-tA• I baked potatoes. With -atAhninu- sell: ayakwathnana7tahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell potatoes. With -ato ? kta/-ato?ktA- run out of, end: wa7kathnana7tó-ktA7 I ran out of potatoes, wa 7akwathnana 7tó-ktA 7 we (excl.) ran out of potatoes. With -at-N-taliha ? t- heat up, warm up: wakathnana7tatalihá-tu I'm heat-

Oneida-English

ing up potatoes, he

wahathnana7tatalíhahte7

heated up the potatoes. And t- cislocative: tayuthnana 7tatalíhahte 7 she heated up the potatoes there. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: wa7ukwahnana7tu-tf

we

dropped in or dispersed potatoes (e.g., into the ground when planting). And s- repetitive: Atsyukwahnana7tu-tíwe will disperse potatoes again. With -a?SA?se-/-a?sA?s-/-A?se-/-A?s- drop something: ukhnaná-tAhse7 I dropped the potato. With -a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA- be hot, be warm: yohnana7tatalíhA the potatoes are warm. With .hlihtplus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tekahnana7tahlíhtu the potatoes are cut up into pieces, wa7thahnana7tá-lihte7

he cut

potatoes into pieces. With -N-ita 7 -/ -ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7khnana7títane7 I put potatoes in it (e.g., a bowl, or the bag of potatoes in the car). With -k-/-ek-/-ak- eat: Ayakwahnaná-take7 we (excl.) will eat potatoes. With ,kAsl-/.kAselplus te- dualic, peel something: tekhnana7takAslus I'm peeling potatoes, teyehnana7takAslus she's peeling potatoes, tewakhnana7takAslu I have peeled potatoes, teyakohnana7takAslu she has peeled the potatoes, wa 7tyehnana 7takA•séle7 she peeled potatoes. And s- repetitive: tusayehnana7takA-séle7 she started to peel potatoes again. With -ko ? ngo to get, fetch: khnana7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the potatoes. And srepetitive: sakhnana7takó-na7 I went to go get potatoes again. With

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-kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: wahahnaná-tako7 he picked (or harvested) potatoes, ayakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) should pick potatoes. And s- repetitive: Atsyakwahnaná-tako 7 we (excl.) will pick potatoes again. With -kwAni-/-kwa?s- pick for someone: wahakhnana7tákwahse7 he picked potatoes for me. With -lani-/-lhahs- serve someone: wa7kuhnana7tálhahse7 I served you potatoes (e.g., I put potatoes on your plate), takhnana7tálhas Serve me some potatoes! With -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa7ehnana7tóhale7 she washed the potato. With -nuwak- have a craving for: wa7khnana7tanu-wáke7 I got a craving for potatoes. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wa7khnaná-to7 I put potatoes in water to cook, shnaná-to Cook potatoes! With -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up: yohnana7tatstényes there's a whole potato pile. And npartitive: a7é• niyohnana7tatstényes over there there's a whole potato pile. With -wisto- be cold: yohnana7tawísto the potatoes are cold. With -wisto 7 - become cold: wa7kahnana7tawístone7 the potatoes got cold. With -yAtho- plant: wahahnana7tayAtho7 he planted potatoes. And s- repetitive: sayakwahnana7tayAtho7 we (excl.) planted potatoes again. With - ? netska ? - become loose, become soft: wa7ohnana7ta7nétskane7 the potatoes became soft (e.g., they're cooked or they're going bad). DERIVED BASES: k a h n a n a ' t a k u ' ú s t u

potato salad; teyehnana ? tahlihtákhwa ? potato masher; yehnana'tókhwa' potato pot.

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Orieida-English

NOTE: The

7

of the 7t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnaw- n. stream of water. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

root in -hnawelot- be a spring; and -hnawes- be a stream of water. -hnawelot- v.s. be a spring. yohnáwelote7 (it's) a spring. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyohnáwelote7 at the spring. Aspect class: F. • A7é• tayakwahnekáhawe7 tsi7 tyohnáwelote7 We got our water from the spring. NOTE: Includes the noun root -hnaw- stream of water, and possibly the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have; but the composition is unclear. -hnawes- v.s. be a stream of water. yohna-wés (it's) a stream of water. With n- partitive: a7é- niyohna-wés there's a long stream of water. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hnaw- stream of water, -es-/-us- be long. -hnayes- be tall. See -hnAyes-/ -hnayes-. -hna?kwalohs-/-hnakwalohs- v.s. be naked from the waist up. lohna7kwa!óhsa7 or lohnakwalóhsa7 he's naked, he doesn't have any top on. DERIVED BASES: o h n a ' k w a l o h s a ' k ó -

/ ohnakwalohsa'kó- elephant. NOTE: May include the noun base -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin; however the composition is unclear. .hna'net-Anet- plus te- dualic, v.s. be doubled, be insulated, tekahná-net it's insulated, it's doubled. Habitual

past: tekahna7ne-táhkwe7 it used to be insulated. Future stative: tAkahna7ne-táke7 it will be insulated. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tekahná-net it's not insulated. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .hna'netahkw- plus te- dualic, make a copy; .hna'neta'-/ .neta'- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double; .naktanet- plus te- dualic, be two or more floors or stories. NOTE: The alternant .hna'net- is composed of an empty noun root -hna ? - and a verb root -net-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. A component -hna?net- occurs without the te- dualic also in -hna'netalyu- double, insulate. The alternant .net- occurs in the derived base ,hna ? neta?-/.neta ? - plus tedualic. The 7 of the ? n cluster of .hna?net- is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hna'netahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a copy. tekhna7netáhkwas I'm making a copy. tewakhna7netáhkwA I have made a copy. tAkhna7netáhko7 I will make a copy. teshna 7netáhko Make a copy! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .hna?net-/.net- plus te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated, -hkw- reversative. DERIVED BASES:

tekahna'netáhkwas copier. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -hna'netalyu- v.a. double, insulate. lahna7netályuhe7 he's insulating it. lohna7netáli7 he has insulated it. NOTE: Composed of a component -hna'net-, which occurs also in .hna?net-/.net- plus te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated, and the -lyu-

Oneida-English

distributive suffix. Many speakers have -hna ? netali- before a final 7 . ,hna ? neta ? -/.neta?- plus te- dualic, v.a. put something on top of something else, double. tekhna?néta7as I'm putting something on top of something, I'm doubling it (e.g., putting up insulation, shingles, or interior walls), lahna7néta7as

or

he's doubling it (e.g., insulating it). tewakhna7nétA7 I have doubled it. wa7thahna7nétane7 he put it on top of it. With -atlahti-/-atlahti ? tslsock, stocking: wa7tkatlahti7tslanétane7 I put on two pairs of socks. With -atya ? tawi ? t-/-atya 7 tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: wa 7tkatya 7tawi 7tslanétane 7 I put on two shirts, one on top of the other. Aspect class: D3. • Wahu-níse7 thó ni-yót, shekú s néyáh tha7tekahná-net kanúsku nukwá-, khále7 onA tiA wahakalakwe-ní• ú-wa7 wa7thahna7nétane7 A long time it was like that, it didn't even have (interior) walls in the house, and then when he could afford it, then he got walls up. (Ol) tehahna

7néta 7as

COMPOSED OF: ,hna ? net-/.net- plus

te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: . a h t a h k w a n e t a ' -

plus te- dualic, put overshoes on someone; .alahtahkwaneta 7 - plus tedualic, put on overshoes; teyutkAhaneta'ásta' bedspread, comforter, blanket. NOTE: Forms with the te- dualic prefix are attested more often, but forms without the dualic are also possible. The alternant .neta7- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -neta ? - occurs with the t- cislocative

385

prefix instead of the te- dualic in .shwaneta 7 - plus t- cislocative, back someone up, support someone. The final 7 of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A?. -hna?tal-/-hna 7 tatsl- n. purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, kahná-tal purse, wallet, suitcase, akhná-tal my purse, akohná-tal her purse. With -ku locative suffix: kahna7tátslaku in the purse, suitcase or pocket, akhna7tátslaku in my purse, suitcase or p o c k e t , laohna 7tátslaku

in his

pocket. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, and npartitive: tsi7 nikahna7tatsláksA it's such an awful suitcase or purse. With -hal-/-ihal- hang up: kahna7tatslíhale7 the purse is hanging up. With -hawi-/ -ya ? tahawi- carry in one's hands, take along: khna7tatslaha-wí• I'm carrying a purse or suitcase. With -N-italyu-/-ya ? titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into: wa7khna7tatslitáli7 I put a whole lot of suitcases in it (e.g., the trunk of a car). With -N-ita?-/-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7khna7tatslítane7 I put my suitcase in it (e.g., the trunk of the car). With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big: kahna7tatslowanA it's a big purse or suitcase. With -nolu- be expensive: kahna7tatslano-lú• the purse or suitcase is expensive. With -nyut-/-niyut- suspend, hang: kahna7tatslani-yúte7 the purse or suitcase is hanging. • Tsi7

nikahna7tatsláksA yeha-wí• kA7 tshá-yuwe7.

thikA

That's an awful suitcase she was carrying when

386

Orieida-English

she got here. DERIVED BASES:

-atathna'tatslo'kwat- dig around in one's pocket; -hna'tatslut- have a pocket; teyehna'tatslatilútha? accordion; yohna'tátsles kangaroo. NOTE: The alternant -hna'taloccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -hna'tatsl- occurs before the locative suffix, and it is the incorporating form. -hna'tatslut- v.s. have a pocket. yohna7tátslute7 it has a pocket. Aspect class: F. •Yohna7tátslute7 wakatya7tawí-iu. The dress I'm wearing has a pocket. COMPOSED OF: -hna'tal-/

-hna'tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -hna'tsh- n. buttock, behind, small stool, ohná-tsha7 buttock, behind, small stool (e.g., a milking stool). With - í n e locative clitic: khna7tshí-ne my buttock, my behind, shna 7tshí-ne your behind, lahna7tshí-ne his behind, yehna7tshí-ne her behind. 7 NOTE: The of the ?tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hneha clitic, in the ways of. Characterizer clitic. DERIVED BASES: Ukwehuwehnéha Native way, Indian language; yolihwakayuhnéha old ways. -hnek- n. liquid, liquor, ohne-ká• liquid, liquor. With -at-/-t-/-et- be in: kahne-kát there's water in it (e.g., a bubble of water in something where you didn't intend there to be

water). With -at-N-at- have something in something: yothne kát it has water in it, lothne-kát he has water in him (e.g. he's sick and he has water in his lungs). With -ateta7- get to be in, put into a container for oneself: lathnekáta7as he puts water into it for himself, yothnekátA 7 it has gotten water in it, uthnekátane7 it got water in it. With .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around: tehathnekokwátha7 he sprinkles water, tehothnekokwáhtu he has sprinkled water, wa7tkathnekókwahte7 I sprinkled water. With ,atot(e)-/.at-N-atoteplus te- dualic, be still, be quiet: teyothnekato-té• the water is still. With -ato ? kta-/-ato ? ktA- run out of, end: xuahuthnekó-ktA7 they (m.) ran out of something to drink. With -at-N-tahkw- for something to get out of something: uthnekatáhko7 the water came out of it (e.g., it leaked out somehow). With -at-N-taliha ? theat up, warm up: yuthnekatalihá-tha7 she's heating up water, wa7uthnekatalíhahte7 she heated up the water, wahathnekatalihahte7 he heated up the water, sathnekatalíhaht Heat up the water! With .aty-/ .atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: tayakohneku-tí- she poured water, yAsahneku-tf you will add water, tasahneku-tí Pour water on it! And n- partitive: nya7uknihneku-tí• we two poured water in there. With .atyehs-/ .utyehs- plus ísi ? over there, and ytranslocative, go to throw away: tsi7 yAhohnekutyéhsa7 he will go to throw the water out. And n- partitive: ísi7 nyAhohnekutyéhsa 7 he

Oneida-English

will go there to empty the water. With -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: lothne-káyA? he has saved up water, wa ?kathne-káyA ? I saved up water. With -a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA- be hot, be warm: yohnekatalíhA the water is hot. With .ha-/.haw-/ ,ya ? taha-/.ya ? tahaw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along: tayakwahnekáhawe7 we (excl.) got our water from there. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wahatihnekahni-nú• they (m.) bought a drink. With -N-iyo- be good: kahnekiyó it's good water. With -kaleny-/-ya ? takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport: wa7ehnekakale-ní• she carried water. With -koni ? n- go to get something for someone: takhnekakoní-na Go get me some water! With -lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)/-talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm: yohnekatalihA-u the water has boiled, wa7ohnekatalíhA7 the water came to a boil. And t- cislocative: tyohnekatalíhAhse? the water is boiling, utayohnekatalíhA 7 the water should come to a boil. With -nahn- fill: kahnekaná-nu it's filled with water, wa7khne'kánane7 I filled it with water. With -tahkw/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: wa7khnekatáhko7 I took the water out of it. With -talyu-/ -etalyu- put several into containers: khnekatályuhe7 I'm filling them with water, wakhnekatáli7 I have filled them with water. With -ta ? -/ -eta 7 - put into a container: wa7khnekátane7 I put water into it, Ashnekátane7 you will put water into it. With .ukoht- plus te- dualic, force through, penetrate: tekahnekukótha 7 water is coming

387

through, it's leaking. With -wistobe cold: yohnekawísto the water is cold. With -wistoht- cool something: wa7khnekawístohte7 I cooled the water. With -wisto 7 - become cold: wa7kahnekawístone7 the water got cold. With .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item: wa7tekhne-káyeste7 I mixed the fluids together. With -yAhn- take somewhere, deliver: wahahnekayA-hnáhe's delivering water. With - 7 shatste-/- ? shatstAbe strong, be forceful: kahneka7shátste7 it's strong liquid (e.g., liquor). DERIVED BASES: a t a t h n e k i h l a ' s e - /

-atathnekihla's- drink alone; .athnekokew- plus s- repetitive, sober up; -athnekuni- make a well; -hnekahel- have water on the surface; -hnekahnil- be hard water; -hnekakli-/-hnekakli?tsl- broth, watery soup; -hnekal- have liquid in; -hnekalyo- have a hangover; -hnekanut-/-hnekanutu- water, give someone something to drink; -hnekasti'- choke on fluid or liquid; -hneka'netskA- be soft water; -hnekil-/-hnekihl- drink; -hnekosl-/ -hnekoslaw- sprinkle someone with water, baptize someone; -hnekot- for water to come out, be a fountain; kahnekáku' pop, soda, Kool-Aid; kahnekanho tú- dam; kahne kówell, water in puddles; kahnekóni 7 wells, puddles; ohne kánus water; tekahnekakhwá- swallow; teyuthnekutákhwa' saucer; yehnekataliha'tákhwa 7 kettle; yehnekotsyAhtákhwa 7 dipper; yothnekahtXti stream; yothnekatasé whirlpool; yuthnekataliha'tákhwa' teakettle.

388

Orieida-English

-hnekahel- v.s. have water on the surface. kahnekáhele? there's water on top of it (e.g., on a flat roof)- Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -hnekahnil- v.s. be hard water. yohnekahnilú (it's) hard water. Prepausal: yohnekahni-lú. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -hnil- be hard, be solid. -hnekakli-/-hnekakli ? tsl- v. > n. broth, watery soup, ohnekákli7 broth, watery soup. Pre-pausal: ohnekákeU?. With -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: wakathnekakli7tsluní I have made soup. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-kli- liquid product. DERIVED BASES: osahé ta' ohnekákli7 bean soup. NOTE: The alternant -hnekaklioccurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -hnekakli'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -hnekal- v.s. have liquid in. kahne-kále7 it has liquid or water in it (e.g., a cup). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -1- be in or on. -hnekalyo- v.a. have a hangover. wakhnekályos I have a hangover, lohnekályos he has a hangover. Awakhnekáli7 I will have a hangover. Habitual past: wakhnekályoskwe7 I had a hangover. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill. NOTE: Many speakers have -hnekali- before a final 7 .

-hnekanut-/-hnekanutu- v.a. water, give someone something to drink. khnekanu-túhe7 I'm watering it. khnekanutú I have watered it, wakhnekanutú she (z.) has given me something to drink. wa7khne-kánute7 7 I watered it, wa khehne-kánute7 I gave her a drink of water, Akuhne-kánute7 I will give you something to drink, shne-kánut Water it! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth. NOTE: The alternant -hnekanutuoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -hnekanut- occurs in the punctual aspect. -hnekasti'- v.a. choke on fluid or liquid, lohnekástihse7 he keeps choking, lohnekastí u he's choking. ukhnekástine7 water went down the wrong way on me, I choked. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -sti'- choke. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -hneka'netskA- v.s. be soft water. yohneka 7nétskA (it's) soft water. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -'netsk(A)- be loose, be soft. -hnéke clitic, at someone's place. Locative clitic. DERIVED BASES: Ohkwalihné ke Bear clan; Ukwehuwehné ke Native way, Indian language. -hnekil-/-hnekihl- v.a. drink. khnekílha7 I'm drinking, kutihnekílha7 they (z.) are drinking, wakhnekí-lu I have drunk,

Oneida-English

lohnekí-lu he has drunk, lotihnekí-lu they (m.) have drunk. wa7khnekí-la7 I drank, wahahnekí-la7 he drank, wahatihnekí-la7 they (m.) drank, Ayehnekí-la7 she will drink. shnekíja Drink! Future habitual: ayehnekílhake7 she would drink. With n- partitive, and stative past: tsi7 niwakhnekihlú-ne7 how or where I was drinking. With te ? negative: yáh te7yukwahnekí-lu we have not drunk. With -ahy-/-hifruit, berry: luhyahnekílha7 they (m.) are drinking fruit juice, wa 7kahyahnekí-la 7 I drank fruit juice. With -nu ? t- milk, breast: lanu7tahnekílha7 he's drinking milk, wahanu7tahnekí-la7 he drank milk. With -khofe-/-khofe?tslcoffee: wa7kekhofe7tslahnekí-la7 I drank coffee. With -ti-/-ti ? tsl- tea: wa7kti7tslahnekí-la? I drank tea. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t h n e k i h l a ' s e - /

-atathnekihla's- drink alone; yehnekihlá tha 7 cup, glass. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hnekliquid, liquor; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -hnekil- occurs in the habitual aspect, -hnekihl- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes. The h of the hi cluster of -hnekihl- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnekosl-/-hnekoslaw- v.a. sprinkle someone with water, baptize someone. luwahnekóslas they're sprinkling him with water, they're baptizing him. luwahnekóslu they have sprinkled him with water. wahuwahnekóslawe7 they sprinkled him with water, wahakhnekóslawe7 he splashed me. Aspect class: E5. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hnek-

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liquid, liquor; otherwise the composition is unknown. The alternant -hnekosl- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -hnekoslaw- occurs in the punctual aspect. -hnekot- v.a. for water to come out, be a fountain, yohne-kóte7 there's water coming out, (it's) a fountain. With tsi ? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyohne-kóte7 at the fountain, tsi7 Atyohneko-tA• where the water will come out. COMPOSED OF: -hnek- liquid, liquor, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -hne' suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that have a zero stative aspect suffix (i.e., no overt marking) and when the accent is on the final syllable in the stative aspect form. The hn cluster of this suffix is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent and vowel lengthening rules of Oneida, it is always realized as -hné-. -hnAhs-/-hnAks- n. shoulder. ohti/íhsa7 shoulder. With-ne locative clitic: khnAksne my shoulder, shnAksne your shoulder, lahnAksne his shoulder, yehnAksne her shoulder. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakhtiAhsanú-waks my shoulder hurts, lohnAhsanú-waks he has sore shoulders. DERIVED BASES: . a t h n A h s o k l i k h u -

plus t- cislocative, shrug one's shoulders. NOTE: The alternant -hnAks- occurs before the -ne locative clitic, -hnAhsoccurs elsewhere.

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Orieida-English

-hnAyes-/-hnayes- v.s. be tall. khtiA-yés I'm tall, yehtiA-yés she's tall, lahtiA-yés he's tall. With npartitive: nihahriA-yés he's so tall, kók niyehtiA-yés she's this height (I'm showing you her height by holding my hand at the level of her height), kók ttihahtiA-yés he's this height. And stative past: kók niyehriAyesú-ne7 she was only that height. And secondary habitual: nikutihriAye-sú-se7 they (z.) are so tall. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .hnAyesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short; -hnAyesha 7 - get taller. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. This base is composed of a noun root -hnAy-/ -hnay-, which occurs only in this base, and the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long. The derived bases are given with the alternant -hnAy-. A popular anecdote about non-fluent speakers is that they mispronounce lahnA-yés he's tall, as latiA-yés he has big genitals (literally, he has long stones). .hnAyesha plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be short. kA7 tiikhttAyésha I'm short, kA 7 niyehnAyésha she's short, kA 7 nihahtiAyésha he's short. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hnAyes-/-hnayesbe tall, .ha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be smaller in some dimension. -hnAyesha?- v.a. get taller. lohtiAyeshá-u he got taller. wahahtiAyéshane7 he got tall. COMPOSED OF: -hnAyes-/-hnayesbe tall, -ha?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -hnAyesha?uhatye-

be getting taller.

NOTE: The final ? of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -hnAyesha'uhatye- v.m. begetting taller. wakhnAyesha7uháti7 I'm growing taller, lohnAyesha7uháti7 he's getting taller. With t- cislocative: tahohnAyesha7uháti7 he's really growing taller. COMPOSED OF: -hnAyesha?" get taller, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hnAyesha?uhati- before a final ?. -hni- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See n i - / n - / y - / - h n i - / - h n - / -hy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hnihsy- n. nipple, ohníhsya7 nipple, baby bottle. With -ke locative clitic: khnihsyá-ke my nipple, shnihsyá-ke your nipple, lahnihsyá-ke his nipple, yehnihsyá-ke her nipple. -hnil- v.s. be hard, be solid, yohnilú it's hard, it's solid. Pre-pausal: yohni-lú. Future stative: Ayohnilúhake7 it will be hard. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla?tsl- table: yotekhwahla7tslahnilú it's a solid or sturdy table. With -na?tal- bread, cake: yona7talahnilú the bread is hard. With -nuhs- house, building, and n- partitive: tsi7 niyonuhsahnilú it's a good solid house. With -wistohsl- butter: yowistohslahnilú the butter is hard. Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: -hnilat- tighten; -hnilha-/-hnilhA- become hard;

Oneida-English

-ahkalahnil- be a hardwood; -hnekahnil- be hard water; -unhahnil- live forever, outlive, survive; yonekwalahnilú cheese. -hnilat- v.a. tighten, khni-láts I tighten it (e.g., the lid of a jar). wakhnilatú I have tightened it. wa7khni-láte7 I tightened it. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -hnil- be hard, be solid, -t- causative-inchoative. DERIVED BASES.- -athnilat- become tight; -lihwahnilat- approve, agree fully, confirm. -hnilha-/-hnilhA- v.a. become hard. yohnilhá-u it has gotten hard. wa?ohnílhA? it got hard. With npartitive: niyohnilhá-u it became so hard. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: yona7talahnilhá-u

the bread has

become hard, wa7ona7talahnílhA7 the bread got hard. • NA wa7ohnílhA7 thikA lutwisu-níhe7 The ice they're making is now hard. NA kA yohnilhá-u thikA Jell-O. Did that Jell-O get hard yet? COMPOSED OF: -hnil- be hard, be solid, -ha-/-hA-inchoative. NOTE: The alternant -hnilhaoccurs in the stative aspect, -hnilhAoccurs in the punctual aspect. hninu- v.a. buy, buy from, shni-núhe7 you are buying it, snihni-núhe7 you two are buying it. wakhni-nú• I have bought it. wa7khni-nú• I bought it, wa7shni-nú• you bought it, wahahni-núhe bought it, wa7ehni-nú• she bought it, wesnihni-nú• you two bought it, wahihni-nú• I bought it from him, wahakhni-nú• he bought it from me, Ahahni-nú• he will buy it, Ashni-núyou will buy it, Asnihni-nú- you two will buy it, ashni-nú• you should buy

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it, akutihni-nú• they (z.) should buy it. Habitual past: lahninúhahkwe7 he was buying it, lohni-núhkwe7 he had bought it at one time. Stative past: lohninu-hné• he had bought it. Optative stative: ahohninúhake7 he will have bought it. ahohni-núke7 he should have bought it. With tcislocative, and habitual past: thohni-tiúhkwe7

there he had

bought it. With tAt- dualic and cislocative: tAthatihni-nú• there they (m.) will buy again. With ytranslocative: yahahni-nú• he

bought it when he was over there. With th- contrastive: yáh thashni-nú• you won't buy it. With -ahsliye- /-ahsliye't-/ -hsliye'tstring, thread, yarn: wa7ksliye7tahni-nú• I bought thread. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, and srepetitive: usahahtahkwahni-núhe should buy shoes again. With -atya ? tawi ? t-/-atya ? tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: wa 7katya 7tawi 7tslahni-nú• I bought a dress, wa7utya7tawi7tslahni-núshe bought a dress. With -Ahetshsausage, wiener: wa7kAhetshahni-núI bought some sausage. With -hnekliquid, liquor: wahatihnekahni-núthey (m.) bought a drink. With -hulgun: waAhulahni-nú• I bought a gun. With -nuhs- house, building: wahinuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from him, wa7khenuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from her. With -nutakli-/-nutakli ? tsl- sugar: wa7knutakli7tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. With -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: lohwAtsyahni-nú• he has bought land. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7ke7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car, wahi7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car from him. And t- cislocative:

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Orieida-English

tho7slehtahni-nú• he bought a car there. Aspect class: Bl. • Kátsha7 nú- tho7slehtahni-núya ?n íha. Where did your father buy the car? DERIVED BASES: -hninunyu- buy

several; -hninutye- go along buying; -hninu'n- go to buy; -hninu'se-/ -hninu's- buy for someone; -atAhninusell. -hninunyu- v.a. buy several. shninúnyuhe 7 you're buying things, you're shopping, lahninúnyuhe7 he's buying things, a-hatihninúni7 they (m.) should buy things. •Né-n HA kwí• né• tshaháhsane7 Tá-wet tsi7 náhte7 lahninúnyuhe7 nA kA-, nA wahA-lu7 n Kastes, "né- ki7 ní'", wahA-lu7, "tewakatuhutsyoní thikA kóskos onu tsí." So anyway when Tá-wet finished buying things, then Kastes said "as for me," he said, "I want a pig head." (M3) COMPOSED OF: -hninu- buy, b u y

from, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hninuni- before a final -hninutye- v.m. go along buying. lohninúti7 he's going along buying. With s- repetitive: shohninúti7 he's going along buying again. •Náhte7 shohninúti7 tehotaWAlyehsu-hné-. What did he buy while he was gone away? COMPOSED OF: -hninu- buy, buy from, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hninuti- before a final 7 . -hninu'n- v.m. go to buy. shninú-ne7 you're going to buy it, lahninú-ne7 he's here to buy it, he's going to buy it, lohninú-ne7 he's going to buy it from him. khninú-nehse7 I go to buy it. lohninú-nu he has gone to buy it.

wahahninú-na7

h e ' s o n h i s w a y to

buy it, he's going to buy it. shnínú-na

Go buy it! Stative past: lohninu 7nu-hné• he went to buy it (and now he's back). With s- repetitive: sahahninú-na 7 he went to buy again. With -atAna? tsi- groceries, lunch: AhutAna?tslahninú-na7 they (m.) will go to buy groceries. With -na ? tal- bread, cake, and s- repetitive: Askna7talahninú-na7 I will go to buy bread again. With -nuhkwa ? t/-nuhkwa'tsl- medicine, pepper: lanuhkwa7tslahninú-nehse7 he goes to buy medicine. With -wistohslbutter: wa7kwistohslahninú-na7 I'm on my way to buy butter, swistohslahninú-na Go buy butter! Aspect class: H. •Kátsha 7 KM- lohninú-nu kahyatúhselP. Where did he go to buy the paper? Oyá- sahahninú-na7 battery né- tsi7 yáh te7tsyoyánele7. He went to buy a new battery because the other one was no good anymore. COMPOSED OF: -hninu- buy, buy from, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hninu?se-/-hninu ? s- v.a. buy for someone. kuhninú-sehe7 I'm buying it for you, lakhninú-sehe7 he's buying it for me. kuhninú se I have bought it for you. wa7kuhni-nú-se7 I bought it for you, wahakhni-nú-se7 he bought it for me, Ahakhni-nú-se7 he will buy it for me, Ahihni-nú-se7 I will buy it for him, askhni-nú-se7 you should buy it for me. With -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkw- clothes: wahiyatslunyahkwahni-nú-se7

I

bought clothes for him. With -nuhshouse, building: wahinuhsahni-nú-se7 I bought him a house. With -'sleht-

Oneida-English

vehicle: waho7slehtahni-nú-se7 he bought a car for him. Aspect class: Al. •Nika7slehtiyó waho7slehtahni-nú-se 7 loyAha. It's such a nice car that he bought for his son. COMPOSED OF: -hninu- buy, b u y

from, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: - h n i n u ' s e h a t y e - g o

along buying for someone; -hninu'se'n- go to buy for someone. NOTE: The alternant -hninu'seoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, -hninu's- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hninu'sehatye- v.m. go along buying for someone. With s- repetitive: tsyukhninu7seháti7 they went along buying it for me. • Ni-yót tsyukhninu 7seháti7 Florida lonehtú-ne7 Look at what they bought for me when they went to Florida. COMPOSED OF: - h n i n u ? s e - / - h n i n u ? s -

buy for someone, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hninu'sehati- before a final 7 . -hninu'se'n- v.m. go to buy for someone. skhninu7sé-ne7 you're going to buy it for me. •Náhte7 skhninu7sé-ne7 tiA tAskohsli-yá-ke7. What are you going to buy me for my birthday? COMPOSED OF: - h n i n u ? s e - / - h n i n u ? s -

buy for someone, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnitsh- n. thigh, ohnítsha7 thigh. With -ke locative clitic: khnitshá-ke (on) my thigh, shnitshá-ke (on) your

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thigh, lahnitshá-ke (on) his thigh, yehnitshá-ke (on) her thigh. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- b e b i g , te-

dualic, and secondary habitual: teyehnitshowa-nA-se7 she has big thighs. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: lohnitshanú-waks he has sore thighs. -hnutlatye- v.m. follow someone. khehnutláti7 I'm following her or them, shakohnutláti7 he's following her or them, lakhnutláti7 he's following me. shakohnutlátyehse7 he keeps following her or them. wa7khehnutláti7 I'm following her or them, wa7shakohnutláti7 he's following her or them, wa7utathnutláti7 she's following her. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -hnutl-, and the -tye- progressive suffix. The root -hnutl- occurs also in -hnutla7- catch up to someone; and probably in .atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/ .atahnutel-/.atahnutl- plus tedualic, be siblings of the same sex. Many speakers have -hnutlatibefore a final 7 . -hnutla7- v.a. catch up to someone. lakhnútlahse7 he catches up to me. lakhnutlá-u he has caught up to me. wahakhnútlane7 he caught up to me, xvahihnútlane7 I caught up to him, wa7shakohnútlane7 he caught up to her or them. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -hnutl- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The verb root -hnutl- occurs also in -hnutlatye- follow someone, and probably in .atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/ .atahnutel-/.atahnutl- plus tedualic, be siblings of the same sex. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and

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replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -hnyanyu- v.a. bark, lahnyányuhe7 he's barking, kahnyányuhe7 she (z.) or it is barking, wahahnyáni7 he barked, wa 7kahnyányu 7 she (z.) or it barked, wahatihnyáni7 they (m.) barked. NOTE: Many speakers have -hnyani- before a final -hnya's- n. nape of the neck, collar. ohnyá-sa7 nape of the neck, collar. With -é ne locative clitic: khnya7sé-ne my nape of the neck, my collar, kahnya 7sé-ne on the collar. With -N-a- take hold of a part of someone's body: waftuhnyá-sa7 I put my arms around your neck, wa7shakohnyá-sa7 he put his arms around her neck, Akuhnyá-sa7 I will hold you around the neck, takhnyá-sa Put your arms around my neck! DERIVED BASES: .hnya'sahel- plus te- dualic, have a collar; -hnya'sawa'k- be holding someone around the neck; -hnya'sihal- hang someone by the neck; .hnya'sot- plus t- cislocative, be standing with the arms around each other's neck; .hnya'tsilya'k- plus te- dualic, choke someone. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .hnya'sahel- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a collar. tekahnya7sáhele7 there's a collar on it (e.g., on the dress). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hnya'snape of the neck, collar, -hel-/-hlset on top of, place on. -hnya'sawa'k- v.s. beholding someone around the neck. shakohnya7sawá-ku he has his arms

around her neck, lihnya7sawá-ku I'm holding him around the neck, luwahnya7sawá-ku she's holding him around the neck. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hnya's- nape of the neck, collar, and a component -awa?k-, which probably occurs also in -yenawa'k- be holding onto. The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnya'sihal- v.a. hang someone by the neck. luwahnya7síhale7 they have hung him. wahuwahnya7siha-lAthey hung him, he got hung. COMPOSED OF: -hnya's- nape of the neck, collar, -hal-/-ihal- hang up. DERIVED BASES: -hnya?sihala ? nintend to hang someone. -hnya'sihala'n- v.m. intend to hang someone. luwahnya7sihalá-ne7 they're going to hang him. COMPOSED OF: -hnya'sihal- hang someone by the neck, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .hnya'sot- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be standing with the arms around each other's neck, tkahnyá-sote7 they're standing with their arms around each other, they're embracing. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-hnya's- nape of the neck, collar, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The

7

of the ? s cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .hnya ? tsilya ? k- plus te- dualic, v.a. choke someone. teshakohnya7tsílya7ks he chokes her. teshakohnya7tsilyá-ku he's

Oneida-English

choking her, he has choked her. wa7teshakohnya7tsílyahke7 he choked her, wa7thakhnya7tsílyahke7 he choked me. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: May include the noun base -hnya's- nape of the neck, collar, and the verb base .ya 7 k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -hnyot-/-ot- v.a. stand something upright, have, khnyótha7 I'm standing it upright, yó-nyote7 she (z.) stood it there, ká-nyote7 it's standing upright. wa7khnyo-tA• I stood it upright. Habitual past: kahnyo-táhkwe7 it was standing. Future stative: Akahnyo-táke7 it will be standing. With t- cislocative: tká-nyote7 it's standing there. With n- partitive: nahahnyo-tA• where he stood it upright. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla 7 tsl- chair: kanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting up a chair, wakanitskwahlá-tslote7 I have set up the chair, wa 7kanitskwahla 7tslo-tA• I set up a chair. With -na 7 tsy- pail, pot, kettle: kaná-tsyote7 a pail is standing (upright). With -tshe-/-tshe 7 tbottle, jar, quart: yakotshé-tote7 she has a bottle standing, satshé-tote7 you have a jar standing, wa7etshe7to-tA• she stood up the bottle. With -wis- ice, glass, window: kawi-sóte7 a glass is standing. With -yal- bag, sack, and t- cislocative: tkaya-lóte7 there's a bag standing there. With - 7 nahkwtub, barrel, drum, and t- cislocative:

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tka 7náhkote 7 there's a barrel standing there. Aspect class: F. • Thó tká-nyote7 kwa7nyó yeksayAtákhwa7. There stood what seemed like a cupboard. (M10) DERIVED BASES: - h n y o t a k w - /

-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up; -hnyota 7 become stuck or embedded in something; -hnyota 7 se-/-hnyota?s-/ -ota 7 se-/-ota 7 s- get stuck with an object; -hnyotu-/-otu- for several to be standing upright; -hnyotunyu-/ -otunyu- stand several upright; -ahkalot- drive in a chip of wood, tap a tree; .ahyakwilot- plus tedualic, be on tiptoe; .askawe'tot- plus te- dualic, be standing barefoot; -atahalot- for the sun to shine; -atahslot- be a stick, standing; -atathiklot- get an erection; -ate7nheksot- put on a ribbon; -atA7nitslot- use a cane or crutches; -athnyot-/-at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself; -athwehnot- have work going on; -atkalot- owe; -atlAnot- make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr; -atotahsyu- emerge, appear suddenly; -atshatot- be steaming, for steam to rise; .attsye'elot- plus te- dualic, pinch; -atyalot- put up a tent; -hle'not- be a bundle, standing; .hle'not- plus tcislocative, be standing with one's arms around one another, be intertwined; -hnawelot- be a spring; -hnekot- for water to come out, be a fountain; .hnya'sot- plus t- cislocative: be standing with the arms around each other's neck; .hsuhtotplus te- dualic, be a wall, standing; -hutot- be a bush, standing; -hwe'notbe an island, be a peninsula; -hyatuhslot- for a sign or note to be put up; -ithohkot- stand up grain in

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shocks; -itskot- be sitting up; -itstAhlot- be a rock, mountain peak, or outcropping; .kahslot- plus tcislocative, for one's eyes to water, become teary-eyed; -kalotani-/ -kalothahs- give credit to someone; -kuhletshot- put up a post; .kuhsota7plus y- translocative, fall on one's face; .latotatye- plus te- dualic, go back onto or walk on one's heels; -lAnot- be music; -lutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert; -lu'tot- be standing on one's head; -nakalot- drive in a stick; -naktothave some time or place; -nawilothave teeth; -nAhlot- for a crowd to form; -nAtshot- have one's arm raised; -nAyot- be a stone, standing; -nhwalot- have fur; -nuhkwislothave hair; -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing; -nuhwe'lhot- be covered in fuzz, be mouldy; .nusotplus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching; -nutahalot- be a hill, standing; -nutot- be a little hill or mound, standing; -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin; -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out; -slo?khot-/-islo ? khot- have one's behind up; -sto'slot- have feathers; -tsihkot- be a knot in a tree; -tsihkotput a button on; -tsihkwahalot- pin with a safety pin; -tsina'ahlot- be a tree stump, standing; -tsistot- light, turn on a light; -tsi'nyuhklot- get a snotty nose, sniffle; -tstenyot- pile up, heap up; .utshot- plus te- dualic, be kneeling; .yAtot- plus te- dualic, pile wood; -yu'kwalot- be smoking, for smoke to rise; -'nhahtot- have a branch; -'nheksot- put a ribbon on someone; -'nikuhlot- have something on one's mind; -'nistot- be a stem of a plant, attached; -'noyot- be stooped; -'nyuhlot- be a chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing; -'whalot- be hollow; kalistakhwá-tslote 7 steps,

stairs; kanAstote7 rafters; Onyota'a ká- People of the Standing Stone, Oneida; tehatenhohótha 7 goalie; yostyA'tóta 7 guinea hen. NOTE: The objects which this base describes are generally seen as having a vertical orientation; compare -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. Incorporated nouns include objects and phenomena in nature which are not easily moved or manipulated. This base also occurs with incorporated nouns designating body parts that can become separated from the body (e.g., hair, fur); compare -N-ut- attach, be attached. In the stative aspect, with non-neuter (i.e., animate) pronominal prefixes, this base also indicates possession. The alternant -ot- occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -hnyot- is composed of an empty noun root -hny- and a verb root -ot-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns or followed by the -hsyureversative suffix. The h of -hnyot- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnyotakohatu- v.a. take out several. ivakhnyotakoha-tú• I took them all out (e.g., pins, clothes pegs). With srepetitive: swakhnyotakoha-tú• I took them all out. •Swakhnyotakoha-tú• tewakatatnuhklistú-ne7. I took out all what I had curled (i.e., rollers out of my hair). COMPOSED OF: -hnyotakw-/-otakwremove from an upright position, pull out, pick up, -hatu- distributive. -hnyotakw-/-otakw- v.a. remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. khnyotákwas I'm pulling it out, I'm picking it up from where it's standing. wakhnyotákwA I have pulled it out. wahahnyota-kó• he pulled it

Oneida-English

out, wa7ehnyota-kó• she pulled it out, Ahahnyota-kó• he will pull it out. With -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: Ayakwaneklota-kó• we (excl.) will remove weeds. With -tshe-/-tshe7tbottle, jar, quart, and y- translocative: ya-ketshe7tota-kó• I should pick up a jar there, ya7setshe7tota-kó Take down the jar over there! Aspect class: D3. •Tsi7 s kwv na7tekutlúni7 Ayakwaneklóskalu7 tá-thuni7 7 Ayakwaté-sle Ayakwaneklota-kótá-t só-tsi7 ákta7 yotanekluní tsi7 núniyakwayAthóhslu7 He would hoe between them (the plants) or we would crawl and take out the weeds if the plants were growing too close together. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -kwreversative. DERIVED BASES: - h n y o t a k o h a t u -

take out several; -hnyotakwaht- pull out with something; .hnyotakwaht-/ .otakwaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, pull out in a hurry, grab; .lihotakw- plus t- cislocative, come up with or initiate an idea; -'nikuhlotakw- remove someone's spirit. NOTE: The alternant -otakw- occurs with incorporated nouns. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive suffix. -hnyotakwaht- v.a. pull out with something, lahnyotakwátha7 he's using something to pull out or grab an object, lohnyotakwáhtu he has taken it out with it. wahahnyotákivahte7 he pulled it out with it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -hnyotakw-/-otakw-

397

remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .hnyotakwaht-/.otakwaht- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, v.a. pull out in a hurry, grab. tahahnyotákwahte7 he pulled it out or grabbed it from where it's standing (e.g., a broom or a shovel), yahahnyotákwahte7 he grabbed it. With -hul- gun, and n- partitive: nyahahulotákwahte7 he quickly took down a gun. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -hnyotakw-/-otakwremove from an upright position, pull out, pick up, -ht- causative. NOTE: The alternant .otakwahtoccurs with incorporated nouns. -hnyota'- v.a. become stuck or embedded in something. wa7kahnyotáne7 it stuck in it (e.g., an arrow or a knife stuck in something). •Tahnú• né• ka7ik/í shayá-tat lashoka7a-ká-, kwáh ne-nétsha7tehokahláti7 lana7ahté-ne 7 7 wa kahnyo-táne thikA ká-nhi7. And there was this one man from Six Nations, he was just after him (and) the (lacrosse) stick stuck him in his ribs. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -hnyota ? se-/-hnyota ? s-/-ota'se-/ -ota's- v.a. get stuck with an object. ukhnyo-tá-se7 all of a sudden something stuck me. COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, - 7 se-/- 7 sbenefactive.

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DERIVED BASES: - h y a t u h s l o t a ? s e - /

-hyatuhslota's- receive mail; -lihota's- receive word or news; -styA?tota?s- get a bone stuck in one's throat. NOTE: The alternants -ota7se- and -ota's- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -hnyota'se- and -ota'se- occur in the stative aspect, -hnyota's- and -ota 7 s- occur in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7 s cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hnyotu-/-otu- v.s. for several to be standing upright, kahnyo-tú• they're standing upright. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yah te7skahnyo-tú• they aren't standing any longer. With -tshe-/-tshe71bottle, jar, quart, and t- cislocative: tkatshe7to-tú- there are jars standing there. With - 7 nahkw- tub, barrel, drum, and t- cislocative: tka7nahko-tú• there are barrels standing there. Aspect class: B. • Yáh kátsha7 te?skahnyo-tú-. They aren't standing anywhere. COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -u- distributive. DERIVED BASES: -helotu- be cornstalks standing upright; katsihko túovenbread, kunjun. NOTE: The alternant -otu- occurs with incorporated nouns. -hnyotunyu-/-otunyu- v.a. stand several upright, khnyotúnyuhe7 I'm standing them upright, I'm pinning them (e.g., to my coat). With -anitskwahlakhw- / -anitskwahla 7 tsl- chair, and srepetitive: sayakwanitskwahla7tslotúni7 we (excl.) set up the chairs again. With -a7nuk-/-7nuksl- onion:

wa7akwa7nukslotúni7 we (excl.) stood up the onions (planting them). With -tshe-/-tshe 7 t- bottle, jar, quart: ketshe7totúnyuhe7 I'm setting up the jars, wa?ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars, setshe ?totúni Set up the jars! And y- translocative: ya7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars over there. COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -unyudistributive. NOTE: The alternant -otunyu- occurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -hnyotuni- and -otunibefore a final 7 . -hnyo'skalu- v.a. hiccup. wakhnyó-skalus I have the hiccups, lohnyó-skalus he's hiccuping, yakohnyó-skalus she's hiccuping. wahohnyó-skalu 7 he started to hiccup, Ahohnyó-skalu 7 he will hiccup. Habitual past: lohnyó-skaluskwe7 he was hiccuping. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 sk cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ho- pref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See lo-/Iaw-/la-/-ho-/ -haw-/-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i. -ho- suf. cause, make. Causative. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The o of the suffix is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -holo't- n. cylinder, pipe, oholó-ta7 cylinder, pipe. With -es-/-us- be long: kaholó-tes it's a long pipe. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct:

Oneida-English

wa7kholo7tu-niI made it into a cylinder (e.g., I rolled up the rug). DERIVED BASES: o h o l o ' t a ' s h ú h a

macaroni; oholóta 7 watlAnótha' wind instrument. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hon- pref. them, they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See loti-/lon-/ -hoti-/-hon-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel. -hoti- pref. them, they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See loti-/lon-/ -hoti-/-hon-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hoy- pref. she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See l o - / l a w - / l a - / - h o - / - h a w /-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in o or u. -hs- n. lips, mouth, óhsa7 lips. With -ke locative clitic: ksá-ke my mouth. With -éne locative clitic: ohsé-ne lips, ksé-ne (on) my lips, tshé-ne your lips, lahsé-ne his lips, yehsé-ne her lips, kahsé-ne her (z.) or its lips. With -ku locative suffix: ksakú in my mouth, tshakú in your mouth, lahsakú in his mouth, yehsakú in her mouth. Pre-pausal: yehsa-kú. DERIVED BASES: - h s a k a h l o w a n A -

have a big mouth, talk a lot; -hsakahlute 7 plus tsi 7 particle, mouth; .atskanuthu- plus te- dualic, smack one's lips, drool; -atskwekclose one's mouth.

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-hs- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel, n, 1, w, or y. -hs- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. NOTE: The initial h of the suffix is deleted when the suffix occurs after bases that end in k. -hsakahlowanA- v.s. have a big mouth, talk a lot. tshakahlowanA you talk a lot, lahsakahlowanA he has a big mouth, he talks lots. Prepausal: lahsakahlowa-nX. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hs- lips, mouth, -kahl- eye, hole, -kwanA-/-owan(A)be big. -hsakahlute 7 plus tsi7 particle, v.s. mouth, tsi7 ksaká-lute7 my mouth, tsi7 tshaká-lute7 your mouth, tsi7 lahsaká-lute7 his mouth, tsi7 yehsaká-lute7 her mouth. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle, -hslips, mouth, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole, -e 7 stative. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hsatA- v.a. ride on the back of a horse. waksa-tAhe7 I ride. Awaksa-tX• I will ride, i-kélhe7 akuhsa-tA• I want to give you a piggyback ride. taksa-tA Get on my back! DERIVED BASES: kohsatAs horse. NOTE: Related to -hsatye- be sitting on the back of a horse.

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-hsatye- v.m. be sitting on the back of a horse. waksáti7 I'm on a horse (and it's moving along), yakohsáti7 she's on a horse, lohsáti7 he's on a horse. NOTE: Related to -hsatA- ride on the back of a horse. Many speakers have -hsati- before a final -hsa 7 -/-isa'- v.a. finish. tksa7as I'm finishing it, ítsha ?as you're finishing it, láhsa 7as he's finishing it, yéhsa7as she's finishing it, káhsa 7as she (z.) or it is finishing it, tníhsa7as you and I (incl.) are finishing it, latíhsa7as they (m.) are finishing it. wáksu 7 I have finished it, lóhsu 7 he has finished it, yakóhsu7 she has finished it, yukwáhsu 7 we have finished it. wá-ksane7 I finished it, wá-tshane7 you finished it, waháhsane7 he finished it, wa7éhsane7 she finished it, wa7akníhsane7 we two (excl.) finished it, wa7akwáhsane7 we (excl.) finished it, wahatíhsane7 they (m.) finished it, Aksane7 I will finish it, Ahatíhsane7 they (m.) will finish it, áksane7 I should finish it, aetzváhsane7 we (incl.) should finish it. ítshan Finish it! Future stative: Awaksu7úhake7 I will be finished with it. With s- repetitive: sátshane7 you finished it again, Aséksane7 I will finish it again. With y- translocative: yahá-ksane7 I finished it over there, yahá-tshan Finish it there! With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahá-ksane7 I went on and finished it. With tshcoincident: tshaháhsane7 when he finished it, tsha 7éhsane 7 when she finished it. Aspect class: E5. • To- na 7tAyohluwesúhake 7 nA Ahatíhsane7 lutá-kwats. How deep will it be when they finish digging? SAha7 ok nyahá-ksane7 náhte7

ka-túhe7. Anyway I went ahead and finished what I was saying. (Ol) DERIVED BASES: .hsa'aht- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, bring all, take all; - a t a t e ' n i k u h l i s a ' make oneself make up one's mind; -atehsa'- finish for oneself, get finished; -atekhwisa 7 - finish eating a meal, eat up; -atA?nikuhlisa'decide; -athAtisa 7 - finish working in the garden; - a t l i h w i s a ' - agree, talk over, consider, commit oneself, date; -atna'skwisa'- settle down to sleep; -atna'talisa 7 - finish making bread; -atukwe'tisa'- be ready to give birth; -khwisa'- finish preparing a meal; -lihwisa'- promise; -nuhsisa'- finish building a house; Shukwaya'tísu 7 Creator. NOTE: The alternant -isa ? - occurs with incorporated nouns. This base is probably a component also in -atkAnisa'- hold a meeting; -atnaktahslisa 7 - finish making up a bed; and -atunisa 7 - finish growing. The final 7 of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect and the imperative. In the stative aspect the combination -a 7 -u is replaced by -u ? . hsa'aht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. bring all, take all. teksa7átha7 I bring it all, yehahsa7átha7 he's always taking it all. twaksa7áhtu I have brought it all, yewaksa7áhtu I have taken it all. táksa7ahte7 I brought it all, taháhsa7ahte7 he brought it all, yahá-ksa7ahte7 I took it all, yaháhsa7ahte7 he took it all, yAhatíhsa7ahte7 they (m.) will take it all, they will use it all up. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or y-

translocative, -hsa 7 -/-isa 7 - finish,

Oneida-English 401

-ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: . h e t k A ' t a h s a ' a h t -

plus y- translocative, Slang: use it all up.

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. hsa 7 kt-/.hsa?ket-/.a 7 kt-/.a?ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. fold over, bend something. teksá-ktus I'm folding it, I'm bending it. tewaksá-ktu I have folded it, I have bent it. wa7teksá-kete7 I folded it, I bent it, tAksá-kete7 I will fold it, I will bend it. tetshá-ket Fold it over, bend it! Stative past: tewaksa7ktú-ne7 I folded it (but now it's crumpled again). With s- repetitive: testshá-ket Fold it again! With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: wa?tekhyatuhslá-kete7 I folded the paper over once. Aspect class: E6. • Tetshá-ket sahyatúhselP Fold your paper! DERIVED BASES: .hsa'ktanyu-/ .a'ktanyu- plus te- dualic, fold several things or into several folds; .atsha?kt-/.atsha?ket-/.at-N-a 7 kt-/ .at-N-a 7 ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked; .'nowa'kt-/ .'nowa'ket- plus te- dualic, be stooped over. NOTE: The alternants .a 7 kt- and 7 .a ket- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants .hsa'kt- and .hsa 7 ketare composed of an empty noun root -hs- and a verb root -a 7 kt-/-a 7 ket-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants .hsa 7 ktand .a7kt- occur in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, ,hsa 7 ket- and .a 7 ketoccur in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7 k cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.hsa ? ktanyu-/.a'ktanyu- plus tedualic, v.a. fold several things or into several folds. teksa7ktányuhe7 I'm folding things (e.g., laundry). wa7teksa7ktáni7 I folded things, wa 7tyehsa 7ktáni7 she folded things, wa7thahsa7ktáni7 he folded things, tAksa7ktáni7 I will fold things. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: wa7tekhyatuhsla7ktáni7 I folded the paper this way and that way. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wa7tekkAha7ktáni7 I folded the blanket. COMPOSED OF: .hsa ? kt-/.hsa'ket-/

.a 7 kt-/.a 7 ket-

plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant ,a 7 ktanyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have ,hsa7ktani- and .a7ktani- before a final 7 . -hse- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -hseke 7 suf. Future habitual/Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -s. The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -hse-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e 7 . The initial h of the suffix is deleted when the suffix occurs after bases that end in k or t. .hses- plus te- dualic, v.s. be high. teyóhses it's high, it comes up high (any object having sides, e.g., a bowl,

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boots). With th- contrastive: yáh só-tsi7 tha7teyóhses it's not too deep. Aspect class: A. •Teyóhses laóhta7 His shoes or boots come up high. DERIVED BASES: .hsesha plus kA? particle and na'te- partitive and dualic, be not high. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -hs-, and the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long. .hsesha plus kA7 particle and na 7 tepartitive and dualic, v.s. be not high. kA 7 na 7teyohsésha it's not high. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .hses- plus te- dualic, be high, .ha plus kA7 particle and npartitive, be smaller in some dimension. -hsAn- n. name, reputation. aksA-námy name, sahsA-ná• your name, laohsA-ná• his name. With -shuha collective clitic: kahsAna7shúha names. With -ahluk- hear about: khehsAnahlúkha 7 I hear about her, waksAnahlukú I have heard of her (z.) or its name, wahihsAná-luke7 I heard about him. With -N-aks(A)be bad, be not the way it should be: lohsAnáksA he has a bad name. With -N-aksA7- become bad: wahohsAnáksAne7 he got a bad reputation, wa7akohsAnáksAne7 she got a bad reputation. With -awi-/-u/-A- give someone something: luwahsAna-ivthe7 they're giving him a name, luwahsAnawi they have given him a name, wahuwahsA-nA• they gave him a name. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekahsA-náke two names. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big: lahsAnowanX he has a big name, he's well-known, yehsAnowanX she's

well-known, latihsAnowanA they (m.) are well-known. With -kwanha- / -kwanhA- / -owanha- / -owanhA- become big: wahatihsAnowánhA7 they (m.) became big names or well-known, AhatihsAnowánhA7 they will become well-known. With -nuhwe7like, admire: ksAnanú-wehse7 I like the name, wa7ksAnanú-wene7 I liked that name. With .N-o7tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: niwaksAnó-tA my name is, nisahsAnó-tA your name is, nihohsAnó-tA his name is, niyohsAnó-tA her (z.) or its name is. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, and te 7 - negative: yáh te'huaksA-náyA7 I don't have a name. With -yAta 7 - get, obtain: lohsAnayA-tá-se7 he gets a name, lohsAnayAtá-u he has gotten a name, wahohsAnayA-táne7 he got a name. • Náhte7 nisahsAnó-tA ukwehuwehnéha. What's your Indian name? DERIVED BASES: -hsAnake'toht- for

a name to come up; -hsAnal-/ -hsAnalu- write someone's name; -hsAninyu't- put someone's name in. -hsAna- v.s. be dressed up. ksA-ná• I'm dressed up, lahsA-ná• he's dressed up, yehsA-ná• she's dressed up, latihsA-ná• they (m.) are dressed up. With n- partitive: niyehsA-ná• she's really dressed up, nihahsA-ná• he's really dressed up. Aspect class: B. *Kwáh tshikX ka7ikA tsi7 lotya7tahsluní khále7 kwáh kA- tsi7 lahsA-ná• kA-. Really he's all dressed up, he's just so dressed up. (M5) -hsAnake'toht- v.a. for a name to come up. lohsAnake?tótha7 his name comes up (every once in a while). wahohsAnaké-tohte7 his name came up.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: -hsAn- name, reputation, -ke'toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hsAnal-/-hsAnalu- v.a. write someone's name. kuhsAnálha 7 I write your name. kuhsA-nálu 7 I have written your name. wa7kuhsA-nálu7 I put down your name, I wrote your name. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t s h A n a l - /

-atatshAnalu- sign one's name. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hsAnname, reputation; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -hsAnal- occurs in the habitual aspect, -hsAnalu- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. -hsAninyu't- v.a. put someone's name in. kuhsAninyú-tha7 I'm putting your name in. kuhsAninyú-tu I have put your name in. AkuhsAnínyuhte7 I will put your name in. Aspect class: EL.

COMPOSED OF: -hsAn- name, reputation, -N-inyu't-/-ya'tinyu't- bring in. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t s h A n i n y u ' t -

put one's name in, register. NOTE: The ' of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -hsin- n. leg. ohsi-ná• leg. With -ke locative clitic: ksiná-ke (on) my leg, tshiná-ke (on) your leg, lahsiná-ke (on) his leg, yehsiná-ke (on) her leg. With -N-a- take hold of a part of someone's body, and t- cislocative: tashakohsi-ná• he took hold of her leg. With -athel-/-athl- set down

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for oneself, and te- dualic: wa7tkatshiná-lA7 I put my legs up on something (e.g., a chair). With .atsha ? kt-/.atsha?ket-/.at-N-a ? kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked: tehotshiná-ktu he has a crooked leg. With .at-N-tplus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out: thó ya7tewakatshi-náte7 there my leg is extended or stuck out. With -at-N-u?nek- move something out of the way: wa7katshinú-neke7 I moved my leg. With .atya'k- plus te- dualic, become broken: tehotshinyá-ku he has broken his leg, he has gotten a broken leg. With -es-/-us- be long, na ? te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7teksine-sú-se7 I have such long legs. With -N-luhkwani- / -N-luhkw A- / -ya?taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwA- get itchy on one's body: uksinalúhkwA 7 my leg got itchy. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waksinanú-waks my leg hurts. DERIVED BASES: .hsinahlehslu- plus te- dualic, stagger; -hsina'kal- calf of the leg; .hsina'slu-Ahsina'selplus te- dualic, have one's legs crossed; -hsiniko't- ankle; .hsinutplus te- dualic, have legs; -atshino'kaht- limp; -atshinoklikdraw up one's legs; atshínha' garter; tekahsineskó- crane. NOTE: When this base occurs after the -at- semireflexive, the combination -at-hsin- is replaced by -atshin-. .hsinahlehslu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stagger. iva7twaksinahléhslu? I staggered, wa7thohsinahléhslu7 he staggered, wa 7tyakohsinahléhslu 7 she staggered. DERIVED BASES: .hsinahlehslu'neplus te- dualic, go along staggering.

404

Orieida-English

NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -hsin- leg; otherwise the composition is unclear. •hsinahlehslu'ne- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along staggering. tezoaksinahlehslú ne7 I'm staggering, tehohsinahlehslú ne7 he's staggering, teyakohsinahlehslú tie7 she's staggering. COMPOSED OF: .hsinahlehslu- plus te- dualic, stagger, -?ne- ambulative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hsina'kal- n. calf of the leg. ohsiná-kala7 calf. With -ke locative clitic: ksina7kalá-ke (on) my calf, tshina 7kalá-ke (on) your calf, yehsina7kalá-ke (on) her calf, lahsina7kalá-ke (on) his calf. With -oku locative suffix: ksina7kalokú the underside or back of my calf. Prepausal: ksina 7kalo-kú. DERIVED BASES: - h s i n a ' k a l a s t - get

a cramp. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -hsin- leg; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hsina'kalast- v.a. get a cramp. uksiná-kalaste7 I got a cramp in my leg, wahohsiná-kalaste7 he got a cramp in his leg, zva7akohsiná-kalaste7 she got a cramp in her leg. •Uksiná-kalaste7 keshnú-ke. I got a cramp in my hand. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hsina'kal- calf of the leg; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.hsina ? slu-/.hsina 7 sel- plus te- dualic, v.s. have one's legs crossed. teksiná-slu 7 I'm sitting with my legs crossed, teyehsiná-slu 7 her legs are crossed, tehahsiná-slu7 his legs are crossed. Pre-pausal: tehahsiná-selu7. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hsin- leg, .ya'sel-/

.ya'slu-/.'sel-/. ? slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile. DERIVED BASES: .hsina'slunyu- plus te- dualic, have one's legs crossed; .atshina'sel-/.atshina'slu- plus tedualic, cross one's legs. NOTE: The alternant .hsina ? sluoccurs in the stative aspect and before the -nyu- distributive suffix, and the 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .hsina'sel- occurs in the derived base .atshina'sel-/ .atshina'slu- plus te- dualic. .hsina'slunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. have one's legs crossed. teksina7slúni7 I have my legs crossed (e.g., I'm sitting on a chair, and I have one leg over the other), tehahsina7slúni7 he has his legs crossed, teyehsina7slúni7 she has her legs crossed. COMPOSED OF: . h s i n a ' s l u - /

.hsina'sel- plus te- dualic, have one's legs crossed, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .hsina'sluni- before a final 7 . -hsiniko't- n. ankle, ohsinikó-ta7 ankle. With -ke locative clitic: ksiniko7tá-ke (on) my ankle, tshiniko7tá-ke (on) your ankle, yehsiniko7tá-ke (on) her ankle, lahsiniko7tá-ke (on) his ankle. With -N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwakhurt, ache: waksiniko7tanú-waks my ankle hurts. DERIVED BASES:

Oneida-English

-atshiniko'takalhatho- turn one's ankle. NOTE: Includes the noun base -hsinleg; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hsinut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have legs. tekahsi-núte7 it has legs (e.g., a cooking pot). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hsin- leg, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -hsl- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. -hsl- suf. Nominalizer. NOTE: Suffixed to verb roots or verb bases to derive a noun base. The initial h of the suffix is deleted after bases that end in t or k. -hsle- v.m. chase, follow, khéhsle7 I'm chasing her or them, shakóhsle7 he's following her or them, láhsle7 he's chasing her (z.) or it, lóhsle 7 he's chasing him, she (z.) or it is chasing him. Pre-pausal: lóhsele7. shakóhslehse7 he keeps following her (used also when a boy is after a girl), shakwáhslehse7 we (excl.) are chasing him, luwáhslehse7 they're chasing him. shakwahslenA we (excl.) have chased him, shakohslenA he has followed her or them, lahslenA he has chased her (z.) or it, lohslenA he has chased him. wa 7khéhsle 7 I chased her or them, wa7shakóhsle7 he followed her or them, waháhsle7 he chased her (z.) or it, wahóhsle7 he chased him, wa 7óhsle 7 she (z.) chased her (z.), Ashakóhsle7 he will follow her or them. Pre-pausal: Ashakóhsele7. Stative past: lahslenA-hné• he

405

chased her (z.) or it (at one time). Future stative: AhohslenAhake7 he will have chased him. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók sekhéhsle7 I'm chasing her or them around all over the place. With ytranslocative: yahóhsle7 he chased him towards there, yaháhsle7 he chased her (z.) or it towards there. Aspect class: G2. •Tsi7 tkalu-tóte7 yahóhsle7 kwa 7y Aha skAhnáksA7

T h e fox

chased the rabbit towards the tree. -hsliye't- string, thread, yarn. See -ahsliye-/-ahsliye 7 t-/-hsliye?t-. -hsliye'tanhak- v.a. tie with string or thread. ksliye7tánhaks or teksliye7tánhaks I tie it up with string or thread. wa7ksliye7tánhake7 or wa7teksliye7tánhake7 I tied it up with string or thread. COMPOSED OF: -ahsliye-/

-ahsliye 7 t-/-hsliye?t- string, thread, yarn, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/ -nh- tie. NOTE: This base can occur with or without the te- dualic prefix, apparently without any clear meaning difference. -hsliye'tohal- v.a. thread a needle. ksliye7tohálha7 I'm threading a needle, tsliye7tohálha7 you're threading a needle, yehsliye 7tohálha 7 she's threading the needle, waksliye 7tóhale 7 I have threaded the needle. Aksliye7toha-lX• I will thread a needle. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ahsliye-/

-ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye't- string, thread, yarn, -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip. -hslu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl.

406

Orieida-English

-hsluni-/-hsluny- v.a. dress someone. khehslu-níhe7 I'm dressing her or them, kslu-níhe7 I'm dressing her (z.) or it. khehsluní I have dressed her or them. Akhehslu-ní• I will dress her or them. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: - h s l u n y a h s y u -

undress someone; -ale'sAhslunifatten someone up; -atahkwahsluniget dressed, put on clothes; -at-N-hsluni-/-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up; -atsluni-/ -atsluny- get dressed; -lihwahsluninegotiate, make a deal; -nawilahslunihe? be a dentist; -na'skwahsluni- get someone ready for bed; -nAhlahsluni-/ -nAhlahsluny- march; -ya'tahsluni-/-ya 7 tahslunydecorate, dress up, trim. NOTE: Probably composed of a empty noun root -hsl- and the verb base -uni-/-uny- make, construct. The alternant -hsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -hslunyahsyu- v.a. undress someone. lihslunyáhsyus I'm undressing him, khehslunyáhsyus I'm undressing her or someone, khehslunyáhsi I have undressed her or someone. wa7khehslunyáhsi7 I undressed her or someone. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -hsluni-/-hslunydress someone, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -hslunyahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -hsohkwawishA- v.a. hit someone in the face with one's fist or hand. laksohkwawíshAhe7 he keeps slapping me in the face. wahihsohkwawtshA? I hit him, 7 he wa ?shakohsohkwawtshA slapped her or someone.

-hsotha/-hsot- kin term, grandparent. aksótha my grandmother, laksótha my grandfather, sahsótha your grandmother, yahsótha your grandfather, lohsótha his grandmother, ohsótha her grandmother, shukwahsótha our grandfather, lotihsótha their (m.) grandfather. Aksot Grandmother! Láksot Grandfather! With -hné ke locative clitic: aksothné-ke at my grandmother's place, laksothné-ke at my grandfather's place. With -kX decessive clitic: aksotkA my late grandmother, laksotkA my late grandfather, yahsotkA your late grandfather. With -shuha collective clitic: yukhihsotha7shúha or ukhihsotha7shúha our grandparents, our elders. NOTE: The alternant -hsotha is composed of a component -hsot- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -hsot-, without the diminutive, occurs before the decessive and locative clitics. -hso'kw- n. nut. ohsó-kwa7 nut. DERIVED BASES:

teyehso'kwahlihtákhwa' nutcracker; teyotsho ? kwakwe ? nuní walnut; tsyohsókwes butternut; tsyohso'kwakayú red squirrel. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -o 7 kw- round object. -hsuht- n. wall, ohsúhta7 wall. With - ? ke locative suffix: kahsuhtá-ke on the wall. With -ku locative suffix: kahsúhtaku in the wall. With -atunya ? t- make something out of something for oneself: wahutshuhtúnyahte7 they (m.) made walls out of it. With -atya ? tohale-/-at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself:

Oneida-English

wa7utshuhtóhale7 wall.

she washed the

DERIVED BASES: .hsuhtakahla' plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a small window; -hsuhtakahlowanAbe a big window; -hsuhtakahluthave a window; .hsuhtot- plus tedualic, be a wall, standing; kahsúhtaku yuteka'tákhwa? fireplace. NOTE: When this base occurs after the -at- semireflexive, the resulting ths cluster is replaced by tsh.

.hsuhtakahla 7 plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.s. be a small window. kA7 niyohsuhtakahlá• it's a small window. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hsuht- wall, -kahleye, hole, .á? plus kA? particle and npartitive, be small. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after the accented vowel. -hsuhtakahlowanA- v.s. be a big window. yohsuhtakahlowanA it's a big window. Pre-pausal: yohsuhtakahlowa-nA. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -hsuht- wall, -kahleye, hole, -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. -hsuhtakahlut- v.s. have a window. yohsuhtaká-lute7 it has a window, (it's) a window. With tsi7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyohsuhtaká-lute7 at the window. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hsuht- wall, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. DERIVED BASES: - h s u h t a k a h l u t u -

have windows. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

407

-hsuhtakahlutu- v.s. have windows. yohsuhtakahlu-tú• it has windows. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - h s u h t a k a h l u t -

have a window, -u- distributive. .hsuhtot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a wall, standing, tekahsúhtote7 the walls are up. Aspect class: F. •NA akwekú tekahsúhtote7 thikA thutnuhsu-níhe7. Now all the walls are up where they're building. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hsuhtwall, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -hsy- suf. undo, do something thoroughly. Reversative. See -hsyu-/ -hsy-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs before the - ? t- causative suffix. -hsyohk- v.a. get a blister on the hand, úksyohke 7 I got a blister on my hand (e.g., because I was working at something, such as using a hoe), wesáhsyohke 7 you got a blister, wahóhsyohke 7 he got a blister, wa 7akóhsyohke 7 she got a blister. -hsyu-/-hsy- suf. undo, do something thoroughly. Reversative. Aspect class: A2. NOTE: The alternant -hsy- occurs before the - ? t- causative suffix. The alternant -hsyu- occurs elsewhere. When this suffix is added to bases that end in k or t without an intervening joiner vowel, the sequences -khsyu- and -khsy- become -ksyuand -ksy-, and the sequences -thsyuand -thsy- become -tshyu- and -tshy-. In addition, note that many speakers have -hsi- instead of -hsyu- wordfinally in the stative aspect and in the imperative, and before the final 7 of the punctual aspect.

08

Orieida-English

í»t- plus n- partitive, v.s. be how it is, be a certain way or manner, tsi7 ni-yót how it is, thó ni-yót that's the way it is. Stative past: tsi7 niyohtú-ne7 how it was. Future stative: tsi7 nAyohtúhake7 how it will be. Optative stative: nayohtúhake 7 how it should be. thó niyohtúhak Let it stay that way! With s- repetitive, and optative stative: nusayohtúhake7 it should be that way again. With nit- partitive and cislocative: náhte7 nítyot what it's like there. With te?- negative: yáh thó té-yot it isn't that way. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yah té-tsyot it's not that way anymore. Aspect class: A. •Nók tsi7 yáh kwi- náhte7 thó té-tsyot nA7ú"wa7 tsi7 niyohtú-ne7 tshiwahu-níse7. But that's not the way it is anymore, like the way it was a long time ago. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -htuhatye- be going on. NOTE: Also occurs in the expression Ni yót Look 'it! The final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -ht- suf. cause, make, use for. Causative (Instrumental I). Aspect class: El. NOTE: When the -ht- is added to bases that end in k, and when the joiner vowel is not required between the base and the suffix, the -ht- is replaced by -t-. It is also replaced by -t- word-finally, and before a following suffix that begins in h (e.g., before the -ha 7 habitual aspect). -htehkal- n. rib. ohtéhkala7 rib. With -ke locative clitic: ktehkalá-ke (on) my ribs, stehkalá-ke (on) your ribs, lahtehkalá-ke (on) his ribs, yehtehkalá-ke (on) her ribs.

NOTE: See also -na'aht-, which is a less common base for 'rib'. -htehl- n. root, ohté-la7 root. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekahté-lake two roots (e.g., two carrots). With ,kAsl-/.kAsel- plus tedualic, peel something: wa 7tyehtehlakA -séle 7 she peeled carrots. With .N-o ? tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikahtehló-tA the kind of root it is. And secondary habitual: na7kahtehló-tAhse7 the kinds (species) of roots they are. DERIVED BASES: o h t e h l a k á h t u ?

radish; onikwXhtala 7 nikahtehló tA beet; otsí nkwala' nikahtehlótA carrot; yohtehlaténi 7 tree root. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -htil- n. muscles, ohti-lá• muscles. DERIVED BASES: -htilal- have muscles. -htilal- v.s. have muscles. wakti-lále7 I have muscles, sahti-lále7 you have muscles, lohti-lále7 he has muscles, yakohti-lále7 she has muscles. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -htil- muscles, -1- be in or on. -htohlalak- v.a. press down. waktohlalakú I'm pressing down on it. wa?któ-lalake7 I pressed down on it. DERIVED BASES: . h t o h l a l a k - /

.ya ? tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .htohlalak-/.ya ? tohlalak-/.ohlalakplus te- dualic, v.a. squeeze, squash.

Oneida-English

tektó-lalaks I'm squeezing it, tehiya7tó-lalaks I'm squishing him (e.g., a bug), tehoya7tó-lalaks he gets squashed, tewaktohlalakú I have squeezed it, tehohtohlalakú he has squeezed it, tehiya7tohlalakú I have squished him. wa7tektó-lalake7 I squeezed it, wa7thahtó-lalake7 he squeezed it, wa7tyehtó-lalake7 she squeezed it, wa7thiya7tó-lalake7 I squashed him, wa7twakya7tó-lalake7 I got squashed, wa7thoya7tó-lalake7 he got squashed, wa 7thuwaya 7tó-lalake7 they squashed him. testó-lalak Squeeze it! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa?tkahyó-lalake7 I squeezed the fruit. With -nuto ? tsl- box: wa 7teknuto 7tsló-lalake 7 I squished the box. With -tsi ? tsy- flower: wa7tektsi7tsyó-lalake7 I pressed the flowers (e.g., to preserve them). Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic,

-htohlalak- press down. DERIVED BASES: .htohlalakhu- plus te- dualic, squeeze or squash all over; .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, bale; .atlihohlalaks- plus te- dualic, come across a problem; .atya'tohlalakplus te- dualic, put on a girdle; .kahkwA'tohlalak- plus te- dualic, brake, put on the brakes; tekalistó-lalaks typewriter; teyutnu'tohlalákta? bra; teyutya'tohlalákta? girdle. NOTE: The alternant .ya'tohlalakoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, .ohlalak- occurs with incorporated nouns. The h of the hi cluster of all three alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

409

.htohlalakhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. squeeze or squash all over. tehahtohlalákhuhe7 he's squeezing the different parts of it. COMPOSED OF: .htohlalak-/

.ya?tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -hu- distributive. -htuhatye- v.m. be going on. wa7ohtuháti7 it's going along, it's a continuous thing. With t- cislocative: tayohtuháti7 it has been coming along. With n- partitive: niyohtuháti7 how it's going on, na7ohtuháti7 that's the way it has been going along, that's what has been going on. • Thó kwí• niyohtuháti7 ka7ikA, oyá• sayólhAne7 sayó-kalawe7 nA ki7 ókhale7 kwí• wahatikhwA-táne7 7 7 ókhale wa thatihyatúhslayA7 That's the way it's going along, in the evenings it got dark and they would finish eating and they would start playing cards. (M5) COMPOSED OF: .ht- plus n- partitive, be how it is, be a certain way or manner, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: This base can occur without the n- partitive, which is required of the component base. Many speakers have -htuhati- before a final 7 . -hu- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a. -hu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. -huhs- n. slice of meat. With .N-keplus te- dualic, be two of: tekahúhsake two slices of meat.

410 Orieida-English

With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skahúhsat one slice of meat. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root with counting verbs. See also -athwAhs- liver. -huhtsi'tAht- v.a. singe. wahihuhtsí-tAhte7 I singed the hair or feathers off him, wahuwahuhtsí-tAhte7 she singed the hair or feathers off him. NOTE: Refers to the singeing of the hair of a pig or the fine feathers of a chicken after it has been plucked. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. - h u l - n. gun. káhule7

gun.

laóhule7

his gun. With -es-/-us- be long: kahu-lés it's a long gun. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa7khulahni-núI bought a gun. With .hnyotakwaht-/.otakwahtplus t- cislocative or y- translocative, pull out in a hurry, grab, and n- partitive: nyahahulotákwahte7 he quickly took down a gun. With -N-itahkw-/-ya ? titahkw- take someone or something out: wahahulitáhko 7 he took the gun out. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: wakhu-láyA7 I have a gun. -hut- n. leaves and stems of a plant. ohu-tá• leaves and stems. DERIVED BASES: -hutot- be a bush, standing; teyothutá-ktu blackcap, black raspberry. -hutot- v.s. be a bush, standing. kahu-tóte7 (it's) a bush. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hut- leaves and stems of a plant, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

.hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, earthquake. See .uhwAtsishuhkw-/ .hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic. .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, earthquakes here and there. See .uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic. -hutsy- land, ground, earth. See -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy-. -huw- black ash, boat. See -huwey-/ -huw-. -huw- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/luw-/luwA-/luway-/ -huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/-huway-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -huwa- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/Iuw-/luwA-/luway-/ -huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/-huway-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -huwati- pref. she, someone, or they act on them (all males, or males and females). Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwati-/luwAn-/ -huwati-/-huwAn-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -huway- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/luw-/luwA-/ luway-/-huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/ -huway-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in o or u. -huwey-/-huw- n. black ash, boat. kahuwe-yáblack ash, boat. With -ku locative suffix: kahu-wáku in tht boat. With -atkalhatho- turn over,

Oneida-English

roll over, tip over, flip over: wahothuwakalhátho7 he tipped over in the boat, wa7ukwathuwakalhátho7

we

tipped over in the boat. With .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter: teyohuwakalA-luhe7 the boat is rocking. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekahu-wáke two boats. With . 7 kaht- plus te- dualic, be fastmoving: teyohuwá-kat it's a fast boat. With -?kel-/-?kl-/-ya?ta?kel/-ya 7 ta ? kl- float, drift: lohuwa7kélha7 he's in a boat and he's floating in it. And habitual past: lohuwa7kélhahkwe7 he was floating in the boat. With -?sle-/-i ? sledrag, ride, drive, trick someone: wa7khuwísle7 I'm riding along in the boat. And t- cislocative: takhuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat this way. And y- translocative: ya7khuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat that way. DERIVED BASES: - a t h u w e y a ' t - g o

boating. NOTE: The alternant -huwey- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -huw- occurs before the -ku locative suffix, and it is the incorporating form. -huwA- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See Iuwa-/luw-/luwA-/ luway-/-huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/ -huway-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel i. -huwAn- pref. she, someone, or they act on them (all males, or males and females). Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwati-/luwAn-/ -huwati-/-huwAn-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a vowel.

-hu'kw- n. throat, ohú-kwa7 With -é ne locative clitic: khu 7kwé-ne

my throat, shu

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throat. 7kwé-ne

your throat, lahu7kwé-ne his throat, yehu 7kwé-ne her throat, kahu7kwé-ne

her (z.) or its throat.

With -N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwakhurt, ache: wakhu7kwanú-waks I have a sore throat. DERIVED BASES: - h u ' k w a k w e ' t a l u -

take out tonsils; -athu'kwahsluniclear one's throat. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hu'kwakwe'talu- v.a. take out tonsils. wa7ukhu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out my tonsils, wa7shakotihu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out her tonsils, wahuwahu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out his tonsils. COMPOSED OF: -hu'kw- throat, -kwe ? talu-/-kwe ? tal- cut out a piece or chunk. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hu'tsi- v.s. be black, lahú-tsi7 he's black, he's a black person, yehú-tsi7 she's black, kahú-tsi7 she (z.) or it is black. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .kahlahu'tsi- plus te- dualic, have a black eye; katsi'nkwalahú tsi? orange. NOTE: Also occurs in the tongue twister teyenAstaliha'takhwa'tslahu'tsistalathe'tákhwa? black stove polish. The 7 of the ? ts cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hw- suf. cause, make. Causative. -hwanhahsyu- v.a. untie. lohwanháhsi he has untied it.

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wa7khwanháhsi7 I untied it. With s- repetitive: sekhwanháhsyus I'm untying it again, sakhwanháhsi7 I untied it again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -hwanhak-/ -hwanh-/-nhak-/-nh- tie, -hsyureversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -hwanhahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhv.a. tie. khwánhaks I'm tying it up (into a package or bundle), lahwánhaks he's tying it up, yehwánhaks she's tying it up, lohwánhaks he's tying him up. wakhwánhA I have tied it, lohwánhA he has tied it or him. kahwánhA it's tied up, lahwánhA he's tied up. wa 7khwánhake 7 I tied it, wa7shwánhake7 you tied it, wa7ehwánhake7 she tied it, wahahwánhake7 he tied it, wahihwánhake7 I tied him, Akhwánhake7 I will tie it, ahahwánhake7 he should tie it, ayehwánhake7 she should tie it. With s- repetitive: sayakwahwánhake7 we (excl.) tied it again. Aspect class: D2. DERIVED BASES: - h w a n h a h s y u -

untie; .hwanhak-/.hwanh-/.nhak-/ .nh- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle; -hwanhakh- go to tie; -hwanhakhu- tie several; -athwanhak-/-athwanh- get tied up; -atu ? kwanhak-/-atu 7 kwanh- put on a belt; -hsliye'tanhak- tie with string or thread; -ithohkwanhak-/ -ithohkwanh- tie grain; -nohkwanhak-/-nohkwanh- tie a bundle of cloth; -yu'kwanhak- tie tobacco (leaves). NOTE: The alternants -nhak- and -nh- occur with incorporated nouns.

The alternants -hwanhak- and -hwanh- are composed of an empty noun root -hw- and a verb root -nhak/-rih-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -hwanhak- and -nhak- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -h- dislocative and -hudistributive suffixes. The alternants -hwanh- and -nh- occur in the stative aspect and before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. This base may be a component in -'nutanhak-/- 7 nutanh- blame someone, be guilty. .hwanhak-/.hwanh-/.nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic, v.a. tie completely, get into a circle, wa 7tyehwánhake 7 she or someone tied it all up, wa7tyakwahwánhake7 we (excl.) put ourselves around in a circle, we (excl.) tied it up thoroughly. •NA kwi• thó kwiwa7tyakwa7 7 hwánhake oshu kalá-ke wa7akwatyA-túwa7akwatahúhsa7 7 tate náhte ok Ashukwahlo-lí-. So then we got into a circle on the floor, we sat around, we listened to what he told us. (Al) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie. DERIVED BASES: . a t n a ' a l a n h a k - /

.atna'alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief; teyutnAtshanhásta 7 bracelet. NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base. -hwanhakh- v.m. go to tie. khwanhákhe 7 I came here to tie it. wa7khwanhákha7 I'm going to tie it. COMPOSED OF: -hwanhak-/ -hwanh-/-nhak-/-nh- tie, -hdislocative.

Oneida-English

-hwanhakhu- v.a. tie several. khwanhákhuhe7 I'm tying several things in several places. kahwanhákhu7 several are tied, it's tied in several places. •Né- s thikA ahslvyé• atahslá-ke kahwanhákhu7 né• kwi• Atyakwa7 yanáhawe 7 Ayottakwalihsyúhake

tsi7 AyakwayAtho7. There would be a stick with string tied to it, this is what we go by so that the rows would be straight that we planted. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -hwanhak-/ -hwanh-/-nhak-/-nh- tie, -hudistributive. -hwatase-/-tase- v.a. turn, twist. khwata-séhe7 I'm turning it (e.g., a knob), lahwata-séhe7 he's turning it. wakhwatasé I have turned it. wa7khwata-séI turned it, Akhwata-sé• I will turn it, Ahahwata-sé• he will turn it. With t- cislocative: Athahwata-sé• he will turn it there. With y- translocative: yAhahwata-sé• he will turn or twist it over there. With -nAtsharm, sleeve: wa7sknAtshata-sé- you twisted my arm. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: . h w a t a s e - / . t a s e -

plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl; -hwatasehsyu- undo by turning, untwist; -ahkwatase- go around; -athwatase-/-at-N-tase- get twisted; -nAhalatase- wring out clothes; yehwatasé tha' wrench. NOTE: The alternant -tase- occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -hwatase- is composed of an empty noun root -hw- and a verb root -tase-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. .hwatase-/.tase- plus te- dualic, v.a. wind around, whirl, tekhwata-séhe7 I'm winding it around (e.g., making a bandage), wa 7tekhwata-sé• I wound

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it around. With -ahsliye-/ -ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? t- string, thread, yarn: wa7teksliye7tata-sé• I wound string or thread around it (e.g., thread around a bobbin). With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: tekhekAhata-séhe7 I wrap her up in a blanket (e.g., a baby), wa7tekhekAhata-séI wrapped her up in a blanket. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hwatase/-tase- turn, twist. DERATED BASES: .nyo'kwatase- plus te- dualic, swirl snow, blizzard; .welatase- plus te- dualic, swirl wind, be a tornado. NOTE: The alternant .tase- occurs with incorporated nouns. -hwatasehsyu- v.a. undo by turning, untwist, khwataséhsyus I'm undoing it, I'm untwisting it. wakhwataséhsyu or wakhwataséhsi I have undone it. wa7khwataséhsí7 I undid it, wa 7shwataséhsi7 you undid it. shwataséhsi Untwist it! Aspect class: A2. •Shwataséhsi thikA atnutékta7 Undo that cap! COMPOSED OF: -hwatase-/-taseturn, twist, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -hwatasehsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -hwatsil- n. family, kahwa-tsíle7 family, akhwa-tsíle7 my family, sahwa-tsíle7 your family, laohwa-tsíle7 his family, akohwa-tsíle7 her family, laotihwa-tsíle7 their (m.) family. With .at-N-inyu ? t- plus t- cislocative, bring in with oneself: thathwatsilinyú-tha7 he's bringing in his family, tahathwatsilínyuhte7 he brought in his family. With

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-kwan(A)-/-owan(A.)- be big: lahwatsilowanA he has a big family. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: kahwatsi-láyA 7 (there's) a family, yakwahwatsi-láy A7 we (excl.) are a family, lotihwatsi-láy A7 they (m.) have a family. And tsh- coincident: tshiwakhwatsi-láyA7 when I had a family. DERIVED BASES: . h w a t s i l a t a t y e -

plus t- cislocative, be descended from; .athwatsilashnye- plus te- dualic, look after one's family; .athwatsilayest- plus te- dualic, mix families, get married; .athwatsilinuplus nit- partitive and cislocative, for one's family to be from somewhere; -athwatsiluni- have a family. .hwatsilatatye- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be descended from. takhwatsilatáti7 I'm descended from, my family is from, tahahwatsilatáti7 his family is from, tayehwatsilatáti7 her family is from, takahwatsilatáti7 her (z.) family is from. • Thó Irish takahwatsilatáti7 7 7 nahatiya tó-tA tsi7 nityakawe-nú. Her family is Irish, that's the kind of people she's coming from. (HI) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -hwatsil- family, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have .hwatsilatati- before a final -hwa'e- strike, bat, thrash. See -hwa 7 ek-/-hwa ? e-/-a ? ek-/-a ? e-. -hwa'ehatye- v.m. go along striking. yakohwa7eháti7 she's going along pounding it bit by bit (e.g., she's pounding a log to get the bark off). COMPOSED OF: -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/

-a?ek-/-a 7 e- strike, bat, thrash, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -hwa'ehati- before a final 7 . -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/-a?ek-/-a?e- v.a. strike, bat, thrash, lahwá-eks he's striking or batting it (e.g., when he's playing baseball, or if he's beating a rug to clean it), wahahwá-eke7 he struck it, he batted it, wa7ehwá-eke7 she struck it, Akhwá-eke7 I will bat it. DERIVED BASES: - h w a ? e h a t y e - g o

along striking; -hwa'ekh- go to strike, go to bat; .attsihkwa'ek-/ .attsihkwa'e- plus te- dualic, play ball; -hwista 7 ek-/-hwista ? e- be the time or hour; kahwá-eks combine; yehwa'ékta 7 barn, thrasher; latihwá eks tsi? tehatitXsta? home plate. NOTE: The alternants -a ? ek- and ? -a e- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -hwa ? ek- and -hwa?e- are composed of an empty noun root -hw- and a verb root -a ? ek/-a?e-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. See also -a'ta'ek/-a ? ta ? e-/-a ? ek-/-a 7 e- pound the surface, knock. The alternants -hwa?ek- and -a ? ek- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -hwa'eand -a?e- occur in the stative aspect. The 7 of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hwa'ekh- v.m. go to strike, go to bat. lahwa7ékhe7 he's going to bat, yehwa 7ékhe 7 she's going to bat. • Karin yehwa 7ékhe7. Karin is going to bat, she's up at bat. COMPOSED OF: -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/ -a 7 ek-/-a ? e- strike, bat, thrash, -hdislocative.

Oneida-English

-hwa'est- v.s. have on a bandage. khwa 7éstu I have a bandage on, yehwa 7éstu she has a bandage on, lahwa 7éstu he has a bandage on, latihwa7éstu they (m.) have bandages on. Stative past: khwa7estú-ne7 I had a bandage on. Future stative: Akhwa 7estúhake7 I will have a bandage on. Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: -hwa'estAni-/ -hwa'estA- bandage someone; -atathwa 7 est- bandage oneself; yuthwa 7 estákhwa 7 bandage. -hwa 7 estAni-/-hwa 7 estA- v.a. bandage someone. khehwa7estA-níhe7 I'm putting a bandage on her. khehiva?estAní I have put a bandage on her. wahihwa 7éstA 7 I put a bandage on him. shehwa 7éstA Put a bandage on her! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -hwa 7 est- have on a bandage, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -hwa'estAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -hwa'estA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -hwe'not- v.s. be an island, be a peninsula. yohwé-note7 (it's) an island, a peninsula. With t- cislocative: tyohwé-note7 on or at the peninsula. Aspect class: F. NOTE: May include the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hwe 7 nuni-/-hwe 7 nuny-/-kwe 7 nuniv.a. wrap into a package or bundle. khwe7nu-níhe7 I'm wrapping it, I'm making it into a package or bundle. wa7khwe7nuníI wrapped it, I bundled it, wa7shwe7nu-ní- you

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wrapped it, wahahwe7nu-ní• he wrapped it, wahatihwe7nu-ní• they (m.) wrapped it, wa7khehwe7nu-ní• I wrapped her up (in something). • Kwáh akwekú thikA wahatiló-loke7 ókhna7 wahatihwe7nu-ní• s thikA ahsli-yé• thikA wa7tyehwánhake 7 kA-. They just gathered everything and then they wrapped it up and tied it all up with string. (M15) DERIVED BASES: -hwe'nunyahsyuunwrap; -ahtsyakwe'nuni- bunch up one's hand; .athwe'nuni-/ .at-N-kwe?nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle; -tsihkwakwe'nunimake a fist. NOTE: The alternant -kwe'nunioccurs with incorporated nouns, -hwe'nuny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -hwe'nunyahsyu- v.a. unwrap. khwe7nunyáhsyus I'm unwrapping it. yakohwe7nunyáhsi she has unwrapped it. wa7khwe7nunyáhsi7 I unwrapped it. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -hwe'nuni-/ -hwe'nuny-/-kwe 7 nuni- wrap into a package or bundle, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -hwe'nunyahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -hwAtsy- land, ground, earth. See -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy-. -hwA7tst- n. foam. ohwAtsta7 foam. DERIVED BASES: tsyohwX tstakawe7 seagull. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hwishA-/-hwisha- v.a. become too heavy, become burdensome, discouraging or tiring. wakhwíshAhe7 I get

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discouraged, it gets me down. wakhwishá-u it was too heavy for me. ukhwíshA 7 it became too heavy or too much for me, it got to me, I got tired, wesahwíshA 7 you buckled under the load, wa?akohwíshA? it got too heavy for her, AwakhwíshA 7 it will be too heavy for me. Aspect class: CI. DERIVED BASES: - h w i s h A h t - p u t a

heavy load on someone, burden someone. NOTE: The alternant -hwishAoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -ht- causative suffix, -hwisha- occurs in the stative aspect. See also .hwishAheyu-/ .hwishAhey- plus te- dualic, become dead-tired, weary, exhausted. .hwishAheyu-/.hwishAhey- plus tedualic, v.a. become dead-tired, weary, exhausted. tekhwishAhe-yú-se7 I get tired. tewakhwishAheyú I'm tired out, tehohwishAheyú he's tired out, teyakohwishAheyú she's tired out. wa7thahwishAheye7 he got tired, tAkhwishXheye7 I will be tired. • TekhwisfiAhe-yú-se7 tsi7 náhte7 7 nikatyélha I get tired at what I'm doing. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a root -hwish-, and the alternants -Aheyu-/-Ahey- of the verb base -iheyu-/-ihey-/-Aheyu-/-Aheydie. The root -hwish- means 'muscle' in Mohawk. It is probably related to the base -hwishA-/-hwisha-. The alternant .hwishAheyu- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .hwishAhey- occurs in the punctual aspect. -hwishAht- v.a. put a heavy load on someone, burden someone. kuhwishAtha 7 I keep putting a

heavy load on you. wa7kuhwíshAhte7 I put a heavy load on you, wa 7shakohwíshAhte 7 he put a heavy load on her. Stative past: kuhwishAhtú-ne7 I had put a heavy load on you. COMPOSED OF: -hwishA-/-hwishabecome too heavy, become burdensome, discouraging or tiring, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: - h w i s h A h t a k w -

relieve of a burden or duties. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -hwishAhtakw- v.a. relieve of a burden or duties. AkuhwishAhta-kóI will take the burden off you. COMPOSED OF: -hwishAht- put a heavy load on someone, burden someone, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -hwist- n. metal, money, dollar. ohwísta 7 money, dollar, laohwísta 7 his money, akohwísta 7 her money. With -akAl(e)- be scarce: kahwistakA-lé• money is scarce. With -atahseht- hide, hide for oneself: wa7kathwistáhsehte7 I hid the money. With -ahtu-/-atya 7 tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear: uthwistáhtu 7 the money disappeared. With -atatAl-/ -at-N-atatAl- have something left over, be left by oneself: yothwistatatAlA there's money left over. With -atatAla ? se-/-atatAla ? shave some left over: ukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I had some money left over. And s- repetitive: sukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I still have some money left over. With -atehsak-/-at-N-isak- look for something for oneself: wa7kathwisti-sáke7 I looked for

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money. With -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: kathwístayAhe7 I'm saving money. With -awi-/-u-/-A- give someone something: kuhwista-wíhe7 I give you money, yesahwista-wíhe7 they give you money, wa 7kuhwístu 7 I gave you money, wa7ukhwístu7 she or someone gave me money, Akuhwístu 7 I will give you money, Askwístu 7 you will give me money, takhwístu Give me money! Andthcontrastive: thiyesahwista-wíhe7 they just give you money. With -hlunyu- set here and there, and npartitive: nikahwistahlúni7 there's money lying around all over. With -ka't(e)- be or have a lot of, and npartitive: tsi7 niwakhwistaká-te7 I have so much money, tsi7 nisahwistaká-te7 you have all this money. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tekahwístake two dollars. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: tsya-ták nikahwístake seven dollars, úska tewA7nyáwelu7 nikahwístake one hundred dollars. With -kehlu- put things here and there: kahwistaké-lu7 the money is lying here and there. With -khwa- take something away from someone: 7 they took wahuwahwistákhwa away his money. With -nAskwsteal, steal from: wahihwistanXsko7 I stole money from him. With -nihalend to someone: khehwistaníhas I lend money to her or someone, wa7kuhwistaníha7 I lent you money, ahihwistaníha7 I should lend him money, takhwistaníha Lend me some money! With -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/ -ya'tolA 7 - find, discover: wahathwisto-lXne 7 he found some money. With .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny:

teyohwistastaláthe7 the coin is shiny. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skahwístat one dollar. With -tahkw-/-etahkwtake out of a container, unload: khwistatáhkwas I take out money (out of a jar, or out of the bank). And te ? - negative: yáh tehatihwistatáhkwas they (m.) don't take out money. With -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have: wakhwístayA 7 I have money, yakohwístayA7 she or someone has money. And te ? - negative: yah te7wakhwístayA7 I don't have any money. With .yA- plus s- repetitive, be or have some left: yah náhte7 te7tsyukwahwístayA7 we don't have any money left. With -yAta?- get, obtain: AwakhwistayA-táne7 I will get money, AsahwistayA-táne7 you will get money, AhotihwistayA-táne7 they (m.) will receive money, aesahwistayA-táne7 you should get money, ayakohwistayA-táne7 she should get money. And s- repetitive: AshotihwistayA-láne7 they (m.) will receive money again. And npartitive: nukhwistayA-táne7 howl got money. • Né- kati7 ok wt• né- thó nithatilihwayelá-tha7 AhotihwistayA-táne7 ne7 thó-ne7 yáh né• náhte7 tehatihwistatáhkwas tsi7 wí• na7 ni-yót. So that's the way they thought of to get money (since) at that time they didn't take out money like the way it is now. (VI) DERIVED BASES: - h w i s t a ' e k - /

-hwista'e- be the time or hour; -athwistashet- count money; -athwistuni- raise money, make money; .athwistya'k- plus te- dualic, go broke; latihwistayAtákhwa 7 bank; ohwistano lú- gold, silver; yehwistayAtákhwa 7 bank.

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Orieida-English

-hwista ? ek-/-hwista?e- v.a. be the time or hour, úska wa7kahwistá-eke7 one hour. With te- dualic: tékni wa7tkahwistá-eke7 two hours. With n- partitive: áhsA na7kahwistá-eke7 three hours, áhsA nAkahwistá-eke7 it will be three hours. With n- partitive: tó• niyohwistá-e What time is it? úska niyohwistá-e (it's) one o'clock (literally, it has struck one), yá-ya7k niyohwistá-e six o'clock, tsya-ták niyohwistá-e seven o'clock. With nis- partitive and repetitive: úska nitsyohwistá-e it's one o'clock (again). With tsh- coincident: wísk tshiyohwistá-e when it's five o'clock. With tsha'te- coincident and dualic: tékni tsha7teyohwistá-e at two o'clock, áhsA tsha7teyohwistá-e at three o'clock. • AhsA riAkahwistá-eke7 Awakatye-náwaste7. It will take me three hours. Shekú kuyatnuhtú-tu tékni tsha7teyohwistá-e. I was still waiting for you at two o'clock. COMPOSED OF: -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -hwa?ek-/-hwa?e-/ -a 7 ek-/-a ? e- strike, bat, thrash. DERIVED BASES: k a h w i s t a ' é k t a ?

clock. NOTE: The alternant -hwista ? ek-

occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -ht- causative suffix, -hwista ? e- occurs in the stative aspect. The punctual aspect, with either the te- dualic or n- partitive, specifies a number of hours. The stative aspect specifies the time. The 7 of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .hwi'shatste- plus te- dualic, v.s. have willpower. tekhwi7shátste7 I have willpower or a strong endurance, tehahwi7shátste7 he has willpower, teyehwi7shátste7 she has will-

power. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the alternant - ? shatste- of the verb base -?shatste-/-?shatstA- be strong, be forceful; otherwise the composition is unclear. -hy- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See n i - / n - / y - / - h n i - / - h n - / -hy-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a. -hy- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/ yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in the vowel a. -hya- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/ yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in a consonant. -hyatu- v.a. write, khya-túhe7 I'm writing, shya-túhe7 you're writing, yehya-túhe7 she or someone is writing, wakhya-tú• I have written, sahya-tú- you have written, lohya-tú• he has written, kahya-túit's written. wa7khya-tú• I wrote, wa7shya-tú• you wrote, wa 7ehya-túshe wrote, Akhya-tú• I will write, Ahsya-tú• you will write, Ayehya'túshe will write, akhya-tú• I should write, a-kahya-tú• it should write. shya-tú Write! Future stative: Akahya-túke7 it will be written, Akahyatúhake7 it should be written. With te ? - negative, and habitual past: yah tehatihyatúhahkwe7 they (m.) didn't used to write it. Aspect class: B l . •Yáh náhte7 thó nú• nikaha-wf.

tehatihyatúhahkwe7 They never used

Oneida-English

to write anything (down) at that time. (02) DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhe? be a secretary; -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter; -athyatu- get written; yehyatúkhwa' pencil, pen. -hyatuhe 7 v.a. be a secretary. yehya-túhe7 (she's a) secretary. COMPOSED OF: -hyatu- write, -he? habitual. -hyatuhsl- v. > n. paper, book, letter. kahyatúhsli7

or

kahyatúhsla7

paper, book, letter. Pre-pausal: kahyatúhselP

or

kahyatúhsela7

akhyatúhsli7 my paper or book, sahyatúhsli7 your paper. With -oku locative suffix: kahyatuhslokú under the book. Pre-pausal: kahyatuhslo-kú. With -shuha collective clitic: kahyatuhsli7shúha papers, akohyatuhsli7shúha her books. With -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear: uthyatuhsláhtu 7 the paper disappeared. With ,alenya ? t-/ .kalenya't- plus te- dualic, distribute:

he

tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha7

distributes papers, he

wa7thahyatuhslakalényahte7

distributed the papers. With -atAniha- borrow: yakothyatuhslaníhA she has borrowed a book. With -awi-/-u-/-Agive someone something: etshyatuhslawí you have given him a book. With .a?sA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A?plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height: takahyatúhslAne7 the paper fell. With .hawihtAni-/ .hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, bring along, take along for someone: utahakhyatuhslahawíhtA7

he

should bring me a newspaper. With .ha ? uwe ? ek-/.ha 7 uwe- plus te-

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dualic, wrap up: wa7tekhyatuhslaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped it up in paper. With .hkw/.ehkw-/.ya ? tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up: tehsyatúhslak Pick up the book! With .hsa ? kt-/.hsa?ket-/ .a ? kt-/.a ? ket- plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something: wa7tekhyatuhslá-kete7 I folded the paper. With ,hsa ? ktanyu-/ .a'ktanyu- plus te- dualic, fold several things or into several folds: wa7tekhyatuhsla7ktáni7 I folded the paper this way and that way. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekahyatúhslake two books. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA nikahyatúhslake three books. With -latsyu- tear something: wa7khyatuhslalátsi7 I tore the paper, shyatuhslalátsi Tear the paper! With -la ? nAtak-/-la ? nAt-/ -nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something: yohyatuhslanAtakú there are papers stuck to it. With -lohlok-/-lohl- gather: wa7khyatuhslaló-loke7 I gathered up the books or papers. With -na?nawA-/-ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get w e t : yohyatuhslanawA

the paper is

wet. With -niha- lend to someone: lakhyatuhslaníhA he has lent me a book. With .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikahyatuhsló-tA the kind of paper or book it is. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skahyatúhslat one book. With -tAs- be thick, and n- partitive: nikahyatúhslatAS the book is so thick. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: kahyatúhslayA7 the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor). And te ? - negative: yáh te 7wakhyatúhslayA 7 I don't have papers, yáh

kánike7

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Orieida-English

te?kahyatúhslayA? there's no paper anywhere. With -yA?t- take inside, bring inside, and y- translocative: yekhyatuhslayA-tha? I take in the paper. •A?énikahyatúhslatAS yakothyatuhslaníhA tsi? ka-yA- nók Awa-tú- AyewAnahno-tA-. The book she borrowed is so thick, now that's the one she has to read. COMPOSED OF: -hyatu- write, -hslnominalizer. DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslaketskw-

turn a page; .hyatuhslayA- plus tedualic, play cards; -hyatuhslayAtele'- become educated; -hyatuhslayAteli- have an education, be educated; -hyatuhslayAteluhave acquired education; -hyatuhslot- for a sign or note to be put up; -hyatuhslota'se-/ -hyatuhslota's- receive mail; -athyatuhslanAtakt- put up wallpaper; kahyatuhslatokAhti Bible; tehahyatuhslakalenyátha 7 mailman, postman; yehyatuhslayAtákhwa' post office. -hyatuhslaketskw- v.a. turn a page. lahyatuhslakétskwas he's turning the pages. lohyatuhslakétskwA he has turned the page. wa?khyatuhslakétsko? I turned the page, swahyatuhslakétsko All of you turn the page! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .hyatuhslayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. play cards. tekhyatúhslayAhe? I'm playing cards. wa?tyakwahyatúhslayA? we (excl.) played cards, wa ?thatihyatúhslayA ? they (m.)

played cards, ta-hatihyatúhslayA ? they (m.) should play cards. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. -hyatuhslayAtele7- v.a. become educated. wakhyatuhslayAtelé-u I have become educated. With npartitive: nakhyatuhslayA-télene? I should get an education. With te ? negative: yáh te?wakhyatuhslayAtelé-u I didn't learn anything, I didn't get any education. • Sakataya?tá-na? ísi? núnakhyatuhslay A-télene?. I'm going back to school to get more educated. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -yAtele'- acquire knowledge, discover, recognize, become familiar with. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -hyatuhslayAteli- v.s. have an education, be educated. lahyatuhslayAtelí he's educated, he has book learning. Pre-pausal: lahyatuhslayAte-lí. Future stative: AhsyatuhslayAtelíhake? you will be educated. Optative stative: akhyatuhslayAtelíhake? I should have an education, ahahyatuhslayAtelíhake? he should have an education. With te 7 negative: yáh te?khyatuhslayAtelí I don't have an education, yáh te?yehyatuhslayAtelí she doesn't have an education, yáh tehahyatuhslayAtelí he doesn't have an education. Aspect class: A. •Né- kati? wí- WAto-lé- lukwé yáh tehahyatuhslayAtelí. It was hard

Oneida-English

then for a man (who) did not have an education. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -yAteli- know about, be familiar with, have expertise in. -hyatuhslayAtelu- v.s. have acquired education. wakhyatuhslayAtélu7 I have gotten an education, some book learning. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -yAtelu- have acquired knowledge, have recognized. -hyatuhslot- v.s. for a sign or note to be put up. With t- cislocative: thó tkahyatúhslote7 there's a sign up, there's a note (e.g., stuck on the door). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: - a t h y a t u h s l o t - p u t

up a sign or note. -hyatuhslota?se-/-hyatuhslota?s- v.a. receive mail, wakhyatuhslotá-se I receive letters, ukhyatuhslo-tá-se7 I received a letter. COMPOSED OF: -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, -hnyota'se-/-hnyota 7 s-/ -ota ? se-/-ota's- get stuck with an object. NOTE: The alternant -hyatuhslota'se- occurs in the stative aspect, -hyatuhslota?s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hyay- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/ y-/yA-/yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/ -hyay-. NOTE: Occurs after another prefix with bases that begin in e, A, O, or u.

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.hyeskwAhtal- plus te- dualic, v.s. be on one's stomach. tekhyeskwAhtale7 I'm lying on my stomach, tehahyeskwAhtale7 he's lying on his stomach, teyehyeskwAhtale7 she's lying on her stomach. Habitual past: tehahyeskwAhtalahkwe7 he was on his stomach. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: . h y e s k w A h t a l a ' -

plus te- dualic, fall on one's stomach; .athyeskwAhtalho- plus te- dualic, get on one's stomach. .hyeskwAhtala 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. fall on one's stomach. tekhyeskwAhtalahse7 I keep falling on my stomach. tewakhyeskwAhtalá-u I have fallen on my stomach. wa7tekhyeskwAhtalane7 I fell flat on my stomach, wa7thahyeskwAhtalane7 he fell flat on his stomach, iva7tyehyeskwAhtalane7 she fell flat on her stomach. With y- translocative: 7 ya 7tyaknihyeskwAhtalane there we two (excl.) fell flat on our stomachs. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: .hyeskwAhtal- plus te- dualic, be on one's stomach, - 7 inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -hyA- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/ yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. -hyAht- n. gums. ohyAhta7 With -ke locative clitic: my gums, shyAhtá-ke your lahyAhtá-ke his gums,

gums. khyAhtá-ke gums, yehyAhtá-ke

422 Orieida-English

her gums. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya?tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakhyAhtanú-waks my gums are sore. •hyo?kt-/.hyo?ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. make dull, tekhyó-ktus I'm making it dull. wa?tekhyó kete 7 I made it dull. DERIVED BASES: . a t h y o ' k t - /

.athyo'ket- plus te- dualic, become dull. NOTE: The alternant .hyo7kt- occurs in the habitual aspect, ,hyo?ketoccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hyo 7 lh-/-lhyo?lh-/-whyo 7 lh- n. elbow, ohyó-lha7 or olhyó-lha7 or owhyó-lha7 elbow. With -ke locative clitic: kehyo7lhá-ke or kelhyo7lhá-ke or kewhyo7lhá-ke (on) my elbow, sehyo7lhá-ke (on) yo-ur elbow, lahyo7lhá-ke (on) his elbow, yehyo7lhá-ke (on) her elbow. NOTE: Forms with the alternants -lhyo ? lh- and -whyo?lh- are attested less often. The 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -hyo'thiyat- v.a. sharpen something. khyo7thi-yáts I'm sharpening it. lohyo7thiyatú he has sharpened it. wa7khyo7thi-yáte7 I sharpened it, Akhyo7thi-yáte7 I will sharpen it. shyo7thi-yát Sharpen it! With srepetitive: sahahyo7thi-yáte7 he sharpened it again, Ashahyo7thi-yáte7 he will sharpen it again. Aspect class: E2. • Shyo7thi-yát thikA atshó-kta7 Sharpen that hoe! COMPOSED OF: -hyo ? thiy(e)-/

-o?thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy, -tcausative-inchoative. -hyo?thiy(e)-/-o'thiy(e)- v.s. be sharp, be pointy, yohyo 7thi-yé• it's sharp, it's pointy. Habitual past: yohyo7thi-yéhkxoe7 it was sharp. Future stative: Ayohyo 7thi-yéke 7 it will be sharp. With t- cislocative: né• tyohyoHhi-yé• it's the sharpest. With -a'shal- knife, sickle: yo7shalo7thi-yé• the knife (or saw) is sharp. With -hyo'tsh- chin: lohyo7tsho7thi-yé• he has a pointy chin. With -?nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/ -i ? nyuhs-/-i ? nyu- nose: lo 7nyuhso 7thi-yé- he has a long, pointy nose, yako7nyuhso7thi-yé• she has a long, pointy nose. Aspect class: B. • TákA 7 kA 7 nyAhAhsyel thikA á-shale7 só-tsi7 yohyo7thi-yé-. Don't touch that knife, it's too sharp. DERIVED BASES: - h y o ' t h i y a t -

sharpen something; -ata'shalo'thiye-/ -ata'shalo'thiyo- sharpen a knife or blade. NOTE: The alternant -o ? thiy(e)occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -hyo?thiy(e)- is composed of an empty noun root -hy- and a verb root -o?thiy(e)-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. An alternant -hyo ? thiy-, without the final vowel, occurs before the -tcausative-inchoative suffix. -hyo'tsh- n. chin, ohyó-tsha7 chin. With -é ne locative clitic: kehyo7tshé-ne my chin, shyo7tshé-ne your chin, lahyo7tshé-ne his chin, yehyo7tshé-ne her chin. With -hyo ? thiy(e)-/-o ? thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy: lohyo7tsho7thi-yéhe has a pointy chin. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsh cluster is

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -hyo ? tsis-/-hyo?tsist- v./n. salt. With t- cislocative: tyohyó-tsis salt. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yeyakohyo7tsistúti she has put salt on it, yahukhyo7tsistu-tí• I salted it. DERIVED BASES:

.atnu'uslahyo'tsist- plus te- dualic, make salt or brine pickles; .hyo'tsistal- plus te- dualic, be salty; teyohyahyó tsis lemon; teyonu'tahyó tsis sour milk; teyonu'uslahyó tsis salt pickles, brine pickles; teyostawinahyó-tsis rhubarb; teyo'wahlahyó tsis salt pork; yehyo'tsistalákhwa 7 salt

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shaker. NOTE: The alternant -hyo'tsisoccurs in the form with the t- cislocative prefix, and it occurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? ts cluster of -hyo?tsis- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -hyo'tsist- is the incorporating form.

hyo'tsistal- plus te- dualic, v.s. be salty. teyohyo7tsístale7 it's salty. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyohyo7tsístale7 it's so salty. Aspect class: F. •Tsi7 na7teyohyo7tsístale7 thikA akókhwa7 só-tsi7 e-só• yeyakohyo7tsistúti7. Is her food ever salty, she put too much salt in it. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hyo'tsis/-hyo'tsist- salt, -1- be in or on.

I í- I, we, me, us. Emphatic pronoun. í-/i - Epenthetic vowel. NOTE: Occurs word-initially in verb forms when the form otherwise has only one accentable vowel. Given the accent rules of Oneida, the initial i is always accented or lengthened. -ihal- hang up. See -hal-/-ihal-. -ihalakw- take down from hanging. See -halakw-/-ihalakw-. -ihalani-/-ihalhahs- hang up for someone. See -halani-/-halhahs-/ -ihalani-/-ihalhahs-. -ihalu- for several to be hanging up. See -halu-/-ihalu-. -ihalunyu- hang up several. See -halunyu-/-ihalunyu-.

Ihéh An expression used at the very beginning of a story or speech. •Kwáh kAs áhsok kAs nále7 sáki7 nále7 wakathu-té• nále7 "ihéh," HA uhte le7 voi- tahotikali-yó-se7. All of a sudden I would wake up and then I would hear "iheh," I guess then they were enjoying their stories. (PI) -iheyu-/-ihey-/-Aheyu-/-Ahey- v.a. die. yaihe-yú-se7 she's dying, lAhe-yú-se7 he's dying, nihe-yú-se7 the two (m.) are dying, lAtiihe-yú-se7 they (m.) are dying, wakiheyú I have died (in a dream I dreamed this), yakawAheyú she has died, she's dead, lawAheyú he has died, yuknAheyú we two have died, yukwAheyú we have died, lonAheyú they (m.) have died, yonAheyú they (z.) have died. wa7yaíheye7 she died, wahlAheye7 he died,

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Orieida-English

ÍwahAtiíheye 7 they (m.) died, Ayaíheye 7 she will die. With srepetitive: sayaíheye7 she died. With te- dualic: wa7tetníheye7 you and I (incl.) died (e.g., in my dream), wa?tyakníheye? we two (excl.) died, ivaWiníheye7 the two (m.) died, wa7tkníheye7 the two (z.) died, wetwAheye7 we (incl.) died. With tcislocative: tyakawAheyú there she has died, thawAheyú there he has died, tahlAheye7 there he died. With tsh- coincident: tshiyakaiOAheyú when she had already died, tshíhawAheyú when he had died, tsha7yaíheye7 when she died, tshahlAheye7 when he died. •Ne-né• wahuwayótyake7 Bill nA tsha7yaíheye7 lotinulhá-_. It was they who brought up Bill when their mother died. (02) DERIVED BASES: .hwishAheyu-/

.hwishAhey- plus te- dualic, become dead-tired, weary, exhausted. NOTE: The alternant -iheyu- occurs in the habitual aspect and in the first and second person forms of the stative aspect. The alternant -Aheyu- occurs in the third person forms of the stative aspect. The alternant -iheyoccurs in the punctual aspect. The alternants -Aheyu- and -Ahey- occur with incorporated nouns. This base is one of the few bases that takes the alternant ya- of the feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix. See also -ya?takAheyu-/-ya ? takAheybecome weak, become slow. -ihlu- say. See -atu-/-A-/-ihlu-. -ihlunyu- v.a. say things. u>a7kihlúni7 I said different things, ivahAhlúni7 he said different things, wa7yaihlúni7

or wa7ihlúni7

said different things.

she

COMPOSED OF: -atu-/-A-/-ihlu- say, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ihluni- before a final 7 . -ihn-/-hn- n. piece of cloth, rag. o-hná• piece of cloth, rag. With -shuha collective clitic: ohna7shúha rags. DERIVED BASES: .anihnuni- plus srepetitive, heal over; -ihnanAtaktpatch; .ihna ? kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, have a dark complexion; .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyuplus te- dualic, piece together cloth, quilt; -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin; skAhnáksA? fox. NOTE: Historically, the form of the base was probably -ihn-, and its primary meaning was probably 'skin'. Note that the hn cluster of this base is treated as a single consonant by the accent and vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. The alternant -hn- occurs in -hnakwal- rubber, rind, skin. Both alternants occur in .hnakhanyu-/ .ihnakhanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together cloth, quilt. The alternant -ihn- occurs elsewhere. .ihnakhanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together cloth, quilt. See .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyu- plus tedualic. -ihnanAtakt- v.a. patch. kihnanAtákta7 I'm patching it with something, yehnanAtákta7 she's patching it. ivakihnanAtáktu I have patched it. wa?kihnanA-tákte7 I patched it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtaktattach, put in close contact with. .ihna'kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.a. have a dark complexion. tetyakohná-kalahse7 her skin is

Oneida-English

dark, she has a dark complexion, tethohná-kalahse7 his skin is dark, he has a dark complexion. COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative, -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, -a?kala-/-a?kalaw- get dark, black out. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ihnuk- v.a. come after, go after. lakí-nuks he comes after me to get me, yukwAnuks I'm coming after all of you. lakihnukú he has come after me. wahakvnuke7 he came after me, wa7shakó-nuke7 he came after her or them, Ashakó-nuke7 he will go after her or them. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -ihnuks- come to get, go to get, fetch. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ihnuks- v.m. come to get, go to get, fetch, shakohnúkse7 he has come after her, he's here for her. lakihtiúksehse7 he comes to get me. shakohnúksu he has gone to pick her or them up. wa 7khehnúksa 7 I'm going after her, Ahihnúksa7 I will go after him, Akuhnúksa 7 I will go to get you, Ashakohnúksa 7 he will go to get them, takihnúksa Come after me! With s- repetitive: seshakohnúkse7 he has come back after her again, shuwAhnúksu she has gone after him again, sahihnúksa7 I'm going after him again, Askuhnúksa7 I will go back after you again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutashakohnúksa7 he came back after her again. With te't- negative and cislocative: yáh te7tyukihnúksu they didn't cpme after me. Aspect class: H.

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• VJé-ni kwi• wahyáttoke7 aknulhá• khále7 lake7niha tsi7 wa7kataya7tá-na7, yáh kwite7tyukihnúksu. I guess my mother and father noticed that I went to school, (but) they didn't come after me. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ihnuk- come after, go after, -hs- dislocative. NOTE: This base is composed of -ihnuk- plus the -hs- dislocative suffix and the resulting khs cluster is replaced by ks. -ihty-/-ihtyak- v.s. have on a scarf or tie. wakíhti I have on a scarf, lóhti he has on a scarf. Stative past: wakihtyA-hné- I had a scarf on. Future stative: AwakihtyAhake7 I will have a scarf on. Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: -anihtyak- put on a scarf or tie; yunihtyásta' scarf, tie, necklace. NOTE: The alternant -ihty- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -st- causative suffix, -ihtyak- occurs in the derived base -anihtyak-. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -ihty- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i. -ik- fill up completely. See -at-N-ik-. ikX Particle: really. •Né-n Asok kAs thikA kwah ikA wa7thashAtho7 akitshe-nA-. So then usually my pet really started to cry. (M8) NOTE: This particle always occurs with other particles and most often after kwáh. For example, kwah ikA just really. -N-ine- v.m. lead. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -ashaline- lead on a leash; -athahine- be walking; and -nAtshine- take someone by the hand.

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Orieida-English

- í n e clitic, at, on. Locative clitic. .inihal- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, v.s. be so far, have covered a certain amount. ya?tekAnihale7 it went that far. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .inihala'- plus tedualic, go so far, cover a certain amount, end somewhere, quit; •inihalho- plus y- translocative or ya'te- translocative and dualic, go so far, cover a certain amount, end somewhere. .inihala 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. go so far, cover a certain amount, end somewhere, quit. tekAníhalahse7 it keeps quitting, teyonihalá-u it has quit. wa7tkAnihalane7 it quit, AkAtiíhalane7 it will stop. With ya'te- translocative and dualic: ya7thatiníhalane'7 that's how much they (m.) covered. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya?kAníhalane7 that's how or where it ended. Aspect class: E3. •Kwáh thó teyonihalá-u tsi7 nihutyélhahkwe7. Right then and there it stopped what they were doing. A?é• niyo-lé- ya7thatiníhalane7 wahuthlolyányu7. They covered all that when they are talking about things. (HI) COMPOSED OF: .inihal- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic, be so far, have covered a certain amount, inchoative. NOTE: Forms with and without the te- dualic prefix are attested, although forms with the dualic are attested more often. In addition, this base can occur without the y- translocative, while the component base is attested only with the ya'te- translocative and dualic prefixes. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and

replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. .inihalho- plus y- translocative or ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. go so far, cover a certain amount, end somewhere, yehatinihálhos that's how far they (m.) go, that's what they cover or where they end (e.g., working rows in a tobacco field). yehotinihálhu they (m.) have gone that far. ya7thatinihálho7 they (m.) covered that much, ya?tAtninihálho7 that's as far as you and I (incl.) will go. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: .inihal- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic, be so far, have covered a certain amount, -hocausative. NOTE: Forms with and without the dualic prefix are attested. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. inú Locative particle: it's far. With te?- negative: yáh te^winú it's not far. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7swinú it's not far anymore. •úhka 7 ok ta-yA• nók tsi7 yáh 7 te wakanúhte7, só-tsi7 inú, yáh thakkwe-ni• akathloli• úhka7 7 nahó-tA . Someone is coming but I don't know who, it's too far, I'm not able to tell who it is. (Nl) NOTE: Since inú is lacking a pronominal prefix, it is designated as a particle; however note that it can occur with the negative prefix, indicating that it is also a stative verb. See also -athahinu- for a road to go somewhere; and .athwatsilinu- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, for one's family to be from somewhere. -N-inyu't-/-ya'tinyu't- v.a. bring in. tashakoya 7tinyuhte 7 he brought her

Oneida-English

in (e.g., into the house), takheya7tínyuhte7 I brought her or someone in. With -nawa'tst- mud: wahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) tracked mud in. And s- repetitive: Ashatinawa?tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will take mud in again. And t- cislocative: thatinawa7tstinyú-tha7 they (m.) are bringing mud in, thotinawa7tstinyú-tu they (m.) have brought mud in, tahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in. And tuta- or tAtdualic and cislocative: tutahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in again, tAthatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will bring mud in again. And y- trans7 locative: yahatinawa7tstínyuhte they (m.) took mud in. And yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took the mud in again. With -nuto'tsl- box, and t- cislocative: tahanuto7tslínyuhte7 he brought in boxes. With -nyAht- snow, and tcislocative: takanyAhtínyuhte7 the snow came in. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: AkyAtínyuhte7 I will bring wood in. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - N - i n y u ' t a n y u -

bring in several; -N-inyu 7 tuhatyebring in a little at a time; .atahalinyu't- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to come in; .at-N-inyu't- plus t- cislocative, bring in with oneself; -hsAninyu't- put someone's name in; -lihwinyu't- report someone, inform on someone. NOTE: Forms with one of the locative prefixes are attested more often. The alternant -ya ? tinyu ? t- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -N-inyu?t- occurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the final ? t cluster of

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both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -N-inyu'tanyu- v.a. bring in several. With -nuto?tsl- box, and t- cislocative: tahanuto7tslinyu7táni7 he brought in all the boxes. With -yalbag, sack, and t- cislocative: tahayalinyu7táni7 he brought in several bags. COMPOSED OF: -N-inyu't-/ -ya'tinyu't- bring in, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -N-inyu?tani- before a final 7 . -N-inyu ? tuhatye- v.m. bring in a little at a time. With -nawa?tst- mud, and t- cislocative: tahotinawa 7tstinyu 7tuháti7 they (m.) are bringing in mud (either tracking it on their feet, or taking it inside). COMPOSED OF: -N-inyu ? t-/ -ya'tinyu't- bring in, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -N-inyu?tuhati- before a final 7 . -isak- look for, miss someone. See -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isak-. -isakh- go to look for. See -ehsakh-/ -isakh-. -isa 7 - finish. See -hsa'-/-isa 7 -. isé- you. Emphatic pronoun. • Tahnú- s lu-té- SÁ- tá-t íhselhe7 aesalihwiyostAh ake7, isé• SAsanúsku taswatye-lXhte^. And besides they say too that if you want to be a Christian, you should begin with your own house. (Al)

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Orieida-English

-ishnuhs- hand, fingers. See -shnuhs-/ -ishnuhs-/-shnu-. isi' Deictic particle: over there (away from both speaker and hearer). •/si? nukwá-. Over there (maybe using my chin to point where). Isi7 sátkwit. Move over there! ísi7 nyehótyehse7 He's throwing it away. -islo'khot- have one's behind up. See -sIo 7 khot-/-islo'khot-. -N-it-/-ya 7 tit- v.s. be in. kyátit I'm in it, lay á-tit he's in it, yeyá-tit she's in it, kayá-tit she (z.) or it is in it. Future stative: Ahaya7ti-táke7 he will stay in it. Optative stative: ahniya7ti-táke7 the two (m.) should stay in it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wá-it there's fruit in it. With -a'al- net, lace: wa7a-lít there's a net in it (e.g., the net in an Aladdin lamp). With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: wa7kA-lit there's dirt in it. With -nawa'tst- mud: kanawá-tstit there's mud in it. With -nyAht- snow: kanyAhtit there's snow in it. With-shes-/-shestsyrup, gum, sap: kashéstit there's syrup in it. Aspect class: A. •Ka7sléhtaku kyá-tit. I'm in the car. Kanutó-tslaku kyá-tit. I'm in the box. DERIVED BASES: -N-itahkw-/ -ya'titahkw- take someone or something out; -N-italyu-/-ya 7 titalyugive several a ride, transport, put several into; -N-ita 7 -/-ya 7 tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into; kawe-lít balloon; kélhite 7 forest, trees. NOTE: Implies that the object or substance is pretty much enclosed by the container without necessarily filling it. The alternant -N-it- occurs

with incorporated nouns. The alternant -ya'tit- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -N-itahkw-/-ya 7 titahkw- v.a. take someone or something out. kheya 7titáhkwas I'm taking her out of it (e.g., out of a swing or a stroller), I'm taking him out

liya7titáhkwas

of it. liya 7titáhkwA

I have taken wa 7kheya 7titáhko 7 I took her out of it, wahiya7titáhko7 I

him out of it.

took him out of it. With -hul- gun: wahahulitáhko

7

he took the gun out.

With -ks- dish, plate, bowl, and srepetitive: Ashaksitáhko7 he will take a dish out again. With -na ? talbread, cake: wahana7talitáhko7 he took the bread out. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood, and s- repetitive: AshayAtitáhko7 he will take the wood out again. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -N-it-/-ya'tit- be in,

-hkw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -atitahkw- get out. NOTE: The alternant -ya'titahkwoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -N-itahkw- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -itahkw- occurs in the derived base after the -atsemireflexive. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -itahs-/-itaks- n. tail, otáhsa7 tail. With -ne locative clitic: kitáksne my tail, tsitáksne your tail, lAtáksne his tail, yetáksne her tail. With .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something for oneself: yekanitahsAtha 7 I keep putting my tail into it (e.g., a hole in the ice), ya7kanitáhsAhte7 I immersed my

Oneida-English

tail, yahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail. And s- repetitive: yusahanitáhsAhte7

he immersed his

tail again. And nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakanitáhsAhte7

I put my tail

back into it again. With -ate7skokw/-at-N-okw- get out of water, and tcislocative: tahanitahso-kó• he pulled his tail out of the water. With -at-N-otshyu-/-at-N-otshypull out a part of one's body, and srepetitive: Ashanitahsótshi7 he will pull his tail back out again. And tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakanitahsótshi7 I took my tail back out again, tutahanitahsótshi7 he should pull his tail back out again. With .at-N-otshya?t- plus tcislocative, yank out a part of one's body, and te- dualic: tutahanitahsótshyahte7 he yanked his tail back out again. With -es-/ -us- be long: lAtáhses his tail is long. And n- partitive: nihAtáhses he has

such a long tail. And stative past: lAtahsesú-ne7 he had a long tail. With -ohlok-/-ohl- insert: lAtahsó-lu his tail is stuck (e.g., in the ice). And t- cislocative: thó thAtahsó-lu there his tail is stuck. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikAtahsó-tA the kind of tail it is, nihAtahsó-tA the kind of tail he has. With -ya ? k- detach, sever, break, cut: wahuwAtáhsyahke7 she cut off his tail. -itahsut- have a tail; síksik otáhsa 7 mullein. NOTE: The alternant -itaks- occurs before the -ne locative clitic, -itahsoccurs elsewhere. This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -itahs- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -atDERIVED BASES:

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semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. -itahsut- v.s. have a tail. he has a tail,

kAtáhsute7

Utáhsute7 she (z.) or

it has a tail. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh

te7shAtáhsute7

he doesn't have a tail any longer. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -itahs-/-itaks- tail, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -itakel-/-itakl- v.s. be lying down stretched out. kita-kéle7 I'm lying down stretched out, lAta kéle7 he's lying down, yeta-kéle7 she's lying down, yakivAta-kéle7 we (excl.) are lying down. Habitual past: kitáklahkwe 7 I was lying down. Future stative: Akitáklake7 I will be lying down. With t- cislocative: tyeta-kéle7 she's lying there. With th- contrastive, and optative stative: yáh tha-kitáklake7 I won't be lying down. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -itakla?- fall down. NOTE: The alternant -itakel- occurs in the stative aspect, -itakl- occurs in the expanded aspects and before derivational suffixes. -itakhe- run, move by running. See -takhe-/-itakhe-. -itakl- v.a. lay someone down. wahitáklA7 I laid him down, 7 AhitáklA I will lay him down, ayutatitáklA7

she should lay her

down. Pre-pausal: ayutatitákelA7 •Wa7utatlihwísa7ahse7 Wá-li hnu-téle7

ayutatitáklA7 nA

onulhátekyata-

AyakoslAhtalawe7.

Mary promised her mother that she'd lay down her sister when she got sleepy. -itakl- be lying down stretched out. See -itakel-/-itakl-.

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Orieida-English

-itakla'- v.a. fall down, yetáklahse7 she keeps falling down. wa7kitáklane7 I fell down (e.g., while I was walking), wahAtáklane7 he fell down, wetnitáklane7 you and I (incl.) fell down, wa7aknitáklane7 we two (excl.) fell down, wesnitáklane7 the two of you fell down, wetWAtáklane7 we (incl.) fell down, wahatitáklane7 they (m.) fell down. With t- cislocative: tahatitáklane7 they (m.) fell there. With y- translocative: ya7akwAtáklane7 over there we (excl.) fell down. COMPOSED OF: -itakel-/-itakl- be lying down stretched out, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -itaks- tail. See -itahs-/-itaks-. -N-italyu-/-ya'titalyu- v.a. give several a ride, transport, put several into. luwaya7titályuhe7 she gives them (m.) rides. wahuwatiya7titáli7 she put them (m.) into it, she gave them rides. With y- translocative: yahuwatiya7titáli7 she put them (m.) into it there. With -hna 7 tal-/ -hna 7 tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: wa7khna7tatslitáli7 I put a whole lot of suitcases in it (e.g., the trunk of a car). With -tshe-/-tshe 7 tbottle, jar, quart: wa7ketshe7titáli7 I put the bottles in something, wa 7etshe7titáli7 she put the jars in it. • Atekhwahlakhwá-ke wa7élA7 7 7 thó HA akwekú thó wa etáli , thó wa 7etshe 7titáli7. She would set it (the cardboard box) on the table and she would put everything into it, she put all the jars into it. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -N-it-/-ya 7 tit- be in,

-lyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: - a t i t a l y u - get in

repeatedly or several. NOTE: The alternant -ya'titalyuoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -N-italyu- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -italyu- occurs in the derived base after the -atsemireflexive. Many speakers have -ya'titali- and -N-itali- before a final 7 . -itast- plus tsi 7 particle, v.a. where one sleeps, tsi7 wakitásta7 where I sleep, tsi7 yukwAtásta 7 where we sleep. NOTE: Related to -ita 7 -/-ita 7 wsleep, go to sleep, and probably includes the -st- causative suffix; but the composition is unclear. -ita 7 -/-ita 7 w- v.a. sleep, go to sleep. waki-tá-s I'm sleeping, sA-tá-s you're sleeping, lo-tá-s he's sleeping, yako-tá-s she's sleeping, yukwA-tá-s we're sleeping, loti-tá-s they (m.) are sleeping, yoti-tá-s they (z.) are sleeping, lotá-u he has gone to sleep. uki-táwe7 I fell asleep, waho-táwe7 he fell asleep, Ayako-táwe7 she will fall sleep, auki-táwe7 I should fall sleep. SA-táhw Go to sleep! Habitual past: lo-tá-skwe7 he was asleep (but he's awake now). With n- partitive: tsi7 nú• nAyako-táwe 7 where she will sleep. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - i t a ' s t A n i - /

-ita'stA- put someone down to sleep; .ita'wast- plus tsi7 particle and tcislocative, where one sleeps, bedroom; -ita 7 wh- go somewhere to sleep, go to bed; -anita'st- pretend to be asleep. NOTE: The alternant -ita7- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects,

Oneida-English

-ita7w- occurs in the punctual aspect and before the -h- dislocative suffix. Both alternants occur before the -stcausative suffix. This base is also related to -itast- plus tsi7 particle, where one sleeps. The 7 of -ita ? - is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of -ita ? w- is deleted after accented vowels. N-ita'-Aya'tita'- v.a. give someone a ride, transport someone, put into. laky a 7tita 7as he gives me a ride. lakya 7títA 7 he has given me a ride. wahakya7títane7 he gave me a ride, ayukya 7títane 7 someone should give me a ride. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa7kahítane7 I put the container of fruit in it. With -hnana 7 t- potato: wa7khnana7títane7 I put potatoes in it (e.g., a bowl, or the bag of potatoes in the car). With -hna ? tal-/-hna ? tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: wa7khna7tatslítane7 I put my suitcase in it (e.g., the trunk of my car). With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa 7keksítane 7 I put dishes in it. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: wa 7kna 7talítane 7 I put bread in it (e.g., a bag, a dish, a cart at the grocery). With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wakna7tsítA7 I have put the pail in it, wa7kna7tsítane7 I put the pail in it. With -nAy- stone: wa7knAyítane7 I put stones or pebbles in it (e.g., a pail). With -nuto ? tslbox: wa7knuto7tslítane7

I p u t the b o x

in it. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: wa ?knu 7uslítane 7 I put cucumbers in it. With -tshe-/-tshe ? tbottle, jar, quart: wa7ketshe7títane7 I put the bottle or bottles in it. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7ke7slehtítane7 I put a wagon or car in it (e.g., in a truck or van). With - ? wahl- meat:

wa7ke7wahlítane7

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I put meat in it.

Aspect class: D3. • Wahakya7títane7

wahaki-tAle7

tsi7 yáh

kwí• wé-ne

tsi7

te7wake7-

sléhtayA7 He gave me a ride, probably he took pity on me because I didn't have a ride. COMPOSED OF: -N-it-/-ya?tit- be in,

- 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -atita 7 - get in, put

into for oneself. NOTE: Implies that the container that holds the object is manipulated or used to tranport the object or substance. The alternant -ya'titita 7 occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -N-ita7- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -ita7- occurs in the derived base after the -at- semireflexive. The final 7 of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A7. -ita?stAni-/-ita'stA- v.a. put someone down to sleep. kheta7stA-níhe7 I'm putting her to sleep (usually talking about a baby). lita7stAní I have put him to sleep. wa7khetá-stA7 I put

her to sleep, wahitá-stA7 I put him to sleep. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -ita 7 -/-ita 7 w- sleep, go to sleep, -st- causative, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -ta'stAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -ta?stA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 st cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ita'w- sleep, go to sleep. See -ita 7 -/ -ita 7 w-.

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Orieida-English

.ita'wast- plus tsi? particle and tcislocative, v.a. where one sleeps, bedroom, tsi 7 tyákota 'hvásta ? where she or someone sleeps, a bedroom, tsi7 thotita7wásta7 where they (m.) sleep. COMPOSED OF: tsi? particle and tcislocative, -ita?-/-ita?w- sleep, go to sleep, -st- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -ita'wh- v.a. go somewhere to sleep, go to bed. lotá whu he has gone to go to sleep, ukitá-wha7 I'm going to go to sleep, I'm going to go to bed, wahotá-wha 7 he's going to bed, wa7ukwAtá-wha7 we went to bed, wahotitá-wha7 they (m.) went to bed, Awakitá-wha 7 I will go to bed, AyukwAtá-wha7 we will go to bed. yukwAtá-wha Let's go to bed! With tsh- coincident: tshahotá-wha7 when he went to bed. • Né- s yákA7 thikA nA wahotá-wthó s yákA7 wahahwe7nu-ni7 7 oyu kwa uwé thó ya-wét né• kwiwahatkA-slahkwe7 They say that ha7

when he went to bed he wrapped up the sacred tobacco, it seems then he put it under his head. (02) Háo 7 kwi- yukwAtá wha o-nA. Let's go to bed now! COMPOSED OF: -ita?-/-ita?w- sleep, go to sleep, -h- dislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ?wh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ite- v.s. mean it, be serious, ki-té• I mean it, I'm serious about it, tsi-téyou mean it, lA-té- he means it, ye-téshe means it. Aspect class: B. • Ki-té• nA ki7. I mean it, I'm serious about it. Ki-té- se7 I really mean it.

.itA- plus te- dualic, fly. See .tA-/.itAplus te- dualic. -itAht- v.s. be poor. waki-tAt I'm poor, SA'tAt you're poor, lot At he's poor, yako-tAt she's poor, loti-tAt they (m.) are poor. Stative past: wakitAhtú-ne7 I used to be poor. With n- partitive: niwaki-tAt I'm so poor, niyukwA-tAt we are so poor. With tsh- coincident: tshiyukwA-tAt when we were poor. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -itAhta?- become poor, lose out; -itAhtehslol- look poorly; -anitAht- plead, beg. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -itAhta?- v.a. become poor, lose out. wakitAhtá-u I became poor, yukwAtAhtá-u we became poor. ukitAhtane 7 I'm no longer well-off, I lost out (e.g., I lost my mother, or my voice), wahotAhtane7 he became poor, wa7uknitAhtane7 we two became poor, wahotitAhtane7 they (m.) became poor, AwakitAhtane7 I will be poor. With s- repetitive: sahotitAhtane 7 they (m.) became poor again. With t- cislocative: tahotAhtane7 there he became poor. With y- translocative: yahotAhtane 7 he got poor while he was (living) there. •Nók tsi7 kwáh ki7 kA7 nikú akí-lu7 kehyalú• thikA tsi7 yukwAtAhtá-u lake7nihkA oskánhe teyakwatAhnutlúnyu7. But I would say I don't remember that much, we were poor then, my late father together with my brothers and me. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -itAht- be poor, -?inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .itAhta'sl- plus tcislocative, become poorer; -itAhta'uhatye- be going along poor.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. .itAhta'sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. become poorer. tayakotAhtá-sle7 she's becoming more poor, tahotAhtá-sle7 he's becoming more poor. Pre-pausal: tahotAhtá-sele7. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -itAhta7- become poor, lose out, -sldislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -itAhta'uhatye- v.m. be going along poor. lotAhta 7uháti7 he came here and he's poor. With t- cislocative: tahotAhta7uháti7 he's coming along and he's poor. COMPOSED OF: -itAhta'- become poor, lose out, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -itAhta?uhati- before a final 7 . -itAhtehslol- v.s. look poorly. yotAhtehslolú it's poorly, it's not good the way he or she is looking. Pre-pausal: yotAhtehslo-lu. With npartitive: tsi7 niyotAhtehslolú (it looks like) they're doing really poorly. Aspect class: E. NOTE: May be composed of an alternant -itAhte- of the base -itAht- be poor, the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, and the alternant -ol- of the base - 7 lholok-/-'lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up, but this composition is tentative. -itAl- v.a. pity someone. ku-tAlhe7 I'm pitying you, lo-tAlhe7 he's pitying him, lotA-lás he pities him. khetAlú I have pitied her, lotAlú he has pitied him. wa7khe-tAle7 I

433

pitied her, wahaki-tAle7 he pitied me, waho-tAle7 he pitied him, wa7shakni-tAle7 we two (excl.) pitied him, Aho-tAle7 he will pity him. taki-tAl Take pity on me! Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: -itAla't- be pitiful; -atatitAl- feel sorry for oneself; -atAnitAl- be compassionate; kAtAlú pity. NOTE: Attested with both the habitual aspect suffixes -he7 and -as, with a difference in aspectual meaning. -itAla't- v.s. be pitiful. yotA-lá-t it's pitiful. Pre-pausal: yotA-láht. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -itAl- pity someone, - 7 t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ithohkot- v.a. stand up grain in shocks, kithohkótha7 I'm standing up grain (e.g., corn) in shocks. wakithóhkote 7 I have stood up grain in shocks. Akithohko-tA• I will stand up grain in shocks. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ithohkw- shocks of grain, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -ithohkw- n. shocks of grain. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ithohkot- stand up grain in shocks; -ithohkwanhak-/ -ithohkwanh- tie grain; and -ithohkwihal- hang up grain. The final w of the root is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -ithohkwanhak-/-ithohkwanh- v.a. tie grain, kithohkwánhaks I'm tying up grain into shocks. wakithohkwánhA I have tied up grain. kAthohkwánhA it's tied up.

434 Orieida-English

7 wa 7kithohkwánhake I tied up grain, Akithohkwánhake7 I will tie

up grain. Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -ithohkw- shocks of grain, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/ -nh- tie. DERIVED BASES: - i t h o h k w a n h a k h -

go to tie grain. NOTE: The alternant -ithohkwanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -h- dislocative suffix, -ithohkwanh- occurs in the stative aspect. -ithohkwanhakh- v.m. go to tie grain. wa7kithohkwanhákhe7 I intend to tie up the grain. wa7kithohkwanhákha7

I'm o n m y

way to tie up grain. COMPOSED OF: -ithohkwanhak-/ -ithohkwanh- tie grain, -h- dislocative. -ithohkwihal- v.a. hang up grain. lAthohkwihálha7 he's hanging up grain, wakithohkwíhale7 I have hung up grain. wahAthohkwiha-lX' he hung up grain. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ithohkw- shocks of grain, -hal-/-ihal- hang up. -itshenA- domestic animal, pet. See -tshenA-/-itshenA-. -itskal-/-itskalu- v.a. put down a sheet or cover, kitskálha 7 I'm putting a sheet down (e.g., on the bed, floor, or ground in order to lie on it). wakítskalu 7 I have put the sheet down, wa 7kítskalu 7 I put the sheet down, Akítskalu7 I will put the sheet down, sítskalu Put the sheet or blanket down! • NÁ ki7 wa7kítskalU7,

nA Awa-tú-

Ahsanuhwétha7. I put the sheet down, so now you can go to bed. DERIVED BASES: -itskalunyu- put

down sheets or covers here and there; -anitskal-/-anitskalu- put down a sheet or cover for oneself; -atAnitskal-/-atAnitskalu- make a place to lie down; kXtskale? sheet, cover. NOTE: The alternant -itskal- occurs in the habitual aspect, before the -unyu- distributive suffix, and in kXtskale? sheet, cover. The alternant -itskalu- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. See also -anitskalahsluni- make up a bed. -itskalunyu- v.a. put down sheets or covers here and there. kitskalúnyuhe7 I'm putting the sheets on (e.g., when I'm making the bed), wakitskalúni7 I have put the sheets on. Akitskalúni7 I will put the sheets on. With s- repetitive: sayetskalúni7 she made the beds again. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -itskal-/-itskaluput down a sheet or cover, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -itskaluni- before a final 7 . -itskl- n. spit, spittle, saliva, ótskla7 spit. DERIVED BASES: -anitskluty- spit. NOTE: This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -itskl- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. See also tsyonisklolú snail. -itskot- v.s. be sitting up. kítskote7 I'm sitting up, lAtskote7 he's sitting up, yétskote 7 she's sitting up. Habitual past: lAtsko-táhkwe7 he was sitting up. Future stative: AhAtsko-táke7 he will be sitting up. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -itskw- seat, part of

Oneida-English

the body one sits on, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -itskota'- plus tedualic, land. .itskota'- plus te- dualic, v.a. land. tehAtsko-tá-se7 he lands (an animal or bird). wa7thAtsko-táne7 he landed, tAhAtsko-táne7 he will land. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -itskot- be sitting up, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .itskutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along hopping, tekitskúti7 here I am hopping, tehAtskúti7 he's hopping, teyetskúti7 she's hopping. tekitskútyehse7 I'm hopping around, tehAtskútyehse7 he's hopping around. wa7thAtskúti7 he's going off hopping, tAkitskúti7 I will hop along. With elók all over and srepetitive: elók teshAtskúti7 he's hopping all around. With t- cislocative: tutakitskúti7 I'm coming along hopping, tutahAtskúti7 he's coming along hopping. •Kwa7yAha tutahAtskúti7 thó wa?thAtskwayA-táne7 ákta7 tsi7 7 ka-yA• thikA owískla niwahsohkó-tA a7nya-náwA7. A rabbit came hopping along, he landed near that white-coloured mitten. (T3) DERIVED BASES: .itskutyehslu- plus te- dualic, hop all over the place. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and probably the noun base -itskwseat, part of the body one sits on; but the composition is unclear. Many speakers have .itskuti- before a final .itskutyehslu- plus te- dualic, v.a. hop all over the place. tekitskutyéhsluhe7 I'm hopping

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around all over the place. tehotskutyéhslu7 he has hopped around all over the place. wa 7tkitskutyéhslu 7 I hopped around all over the place, wa7tyetskutyéhslu7 she hopped all around (used also when talking about someone who's mad, she's hopping mad). Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .itskutye- plus tedualic, go along hopping, -hsludistributive. -itskw- n. seat, part of the body one sits on. ótskwa7 seat. DERIVED BASES: - i t s k w a h e l - /

-itskwahl- be sitting, perched; -itskwanAtak-/-itskwanAt- cling; .itskwayAta'- plus te- dualic, land sitting; .itskwes- plus te- dualic, be able to jump far; .anitskwahkw- plus te- dualic, jump; -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla'tsl- chair; .anitskwAtyeht- plus te- dualic, skip over, postpone; -itskot- be sitting up; .itskutye- plus te- dualic, go along hopping; onítskwa' seat, stool; yunitskwakA'slákhwa7 cushion, saddle. NOTE: This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -itskw- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -itskwahel-/-itskwahl- v.s. be sitting, perched, kitskwáhele7 I'm sitting down, I'm perched, lAtskwáhele7 he's perched, yetskwáhele7 she's perched. With t- cislocative: thAtskwáhele7 he's sitting there. With y- translocative: a7é• yehAtskwáhele7 over there he's sitting. Aspect class: F. •Né-n wé-ne áhsA nikú tsi7 nú•

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Orieida-English

ya 7káhkete7 thó thAtskwáhele7 Santa Claus. So I guess I stopped at three places where there was sitting a Santa Claus. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: . i t s k w a h l a k w a h t -

plus y- translocative, knock off a perch; -itskwahla'- land in a perching position; -itskwahlunyu- be sitting, perched, here and there; -anitskwahel-/-anitskwahl- perch. NOTE: The alternant -itskwahloccurs before derivational suffixes. .itskwahlakwaht- plus y- translocative, v.a. knock off a perch. yeshakotskwahlakwátha7 he knocks her off from where she's perching, yeshakotskwahlakwáhtu he has knocked her off. yahotskwahlákwahte7 he knocked him off. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -itskwahel-/-itskwahl- be sitting, perched, -kw- reversative, -htcausative. NOTE: The final ht of the base become t before h. -itskwahla'- v.a. land in a perching position. wahAtskwá-lane7 he landed. With y- translocative: yahAtskwá-lane7 he landed there. •Otsi7tsyá-ke

wahAtskwá-lane7

kana • WÁ-. The butterfly landed on the flower. COMPOSED OF: -itskwahel-/ -itskwahl- be sitting, perched, inchoative. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

-itskwahlunyu- v.s. be sitting, perched, here and there. yakwAtskzvahlúni7 we (excl.) are sitting around. With t- cislocative: tyakwAtskwahlúni7 we (excl.) are sitting around there. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -itskwahel-/ -itskwahl- be sitting, perched, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -itskwahluni- before a final 7 . -itskwanAtahsyu- v.a. remove something clinging. litskwanAtáhsyus I keep removing him or it (e.g., ticks). wahitskwanAtáhsi7 I removed something that's clinging to me. COMPOSED OF: -itskwanAtak-/ -itskwanAt- cling, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -itskwanAtahsi- before a final 7 . -itskwanAtak-/-itskwanAt- v.a. cling. lotskwanAtakú he's clinging onto it (e.g., a bug on a tree, a tick on a person or animal). wahotskwanA-táke7 he clung onto it. Stative past: lotskwanAtakú-ne7 he was stuck on it. •Ksiná-ke lotskwanAtakú oséhtu7 A tick is stuck on my leg. Kalutá-ke lotskwanAtakú thikA onhwalá-ne7 The caterpillar is stuck on the tree. COMPOSED OF: -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -la'nAtak-/ -la 7 nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something. DERIVED BASES: - i t s k w a n A t a h s y u -

remove something clinging. NOTE: The alternant -itskwanAtoccurs before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. .itskwayAta7- plus te- dualic, v.a. land sitting. wa7thAtskwayA-táne7 he landed in a sitting posture.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -itskwseat, part of the body one sits on, -yAta'- land. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted after accented vowels. .itskwes- plus te- dualic, v.s. be able to jump far. tekítskwes I can jump far, I'm a broad jumper, tehAtskwes he can jump far, teyétskwes she can jump far. Stative past: tehAtskwesú-ne7 he used to jump far. With n- partitive: na7tehAtskwes he's able to jump that far. Aspect class: A. • Etshatló-lok thikA laksá• na7tehAtskwes nA tAhanitskwahkwe7 Watch that boy, he can jump so far whenever he jumps. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -itskwseat, part of the body one sits on, -es-/ -us- be long. -itst- n. fish scales, ótsta7 fish scales. DERIVED BASES: -itstalukw- remove fish scales. -itstalukw- v.a. remove fish scales. wakitstalúkwA I have removed the fish scales. Akitstalu-kó• I will remove the fish scales, sitstalu-kó Remove the fish scales! COMPOSED OF: -itst- fish scales, -lufor several to be in, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -itstAhl- n. rock, mountain, outcropping. otstAla 7 rock, mountain, outcropping. With - ? ke locative suffix: otstAhlá-ke on top of the mountain. With -oku locative suffix: otstAhlokú the bottom of the mountain. Pre-pausal: otstAhlo-kú. DERIVED BASES: - i t s t A h l a k a h l u t - be

a hole in the rock, be a cave; -itstAhlal- be rocky; -itstAhlot- be a rock, mountain peak, or outcropping. NOTE: This base refers to a land

437

form which is uneven and generally cannot be moved (cf. -nAy- stone, which is smooth and moveable). The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -itstAhlakahlut- v.s. be a hole in the rock, be a cave. yotstAhlaká-lute7 there's a hole in the rock, (it's) a cave. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -itstAhl- rock, mountain, outcropping, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. NOTE: The h of the last hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -itstAhlal- v.s. be rocky. yotstA-lale7 it's rocky. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -itstAhl- rock, mountain, outcropping, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -itstAhlot- v.s. be a rock, mountain peak, or outcropping. yotstAlote 7 (there's) a rock, outcropping, mountain peak. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -itstAhl- rock, mountain, outcropping, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: - i t s t A h l o t a k w -

remove a tree stump or clump of earth. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -itstAhlotakw- v.a. remove a tree stump or clump of earth. wa?kitstAhlota-kó• I removed the tree stump. COMPOSED OF: -itstAhlot- be a rock, mountain peak, or outcropping, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

438 Orieida-English

-itstotsl- n. parcel, bundle, package. otstótsli7

o r otstótsla7

parcel,

bundle, package (something wrapped up, perhaps wrapped up in paper). Pre-pausal: otstótshelP or otstótshela7 akitstótsli7 my parcel, laotstótsli7 his parcel, akotstótsli7 her parcel. With -shuha collective clitic: laotstotsla7shúha his packages. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a7é• nikAtstótsla7 it's a big package. With -ka ? tshyuundo, take apart: kitstotslaká-tshyus I'm taking apart the parcel or package. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct: kitstotslu-níhe7 I'm making up a parcel. -itsy- n. fish, k At si7 fish. With -shuha collective clitic: kAtsyA7shúha fish. With-ate'skut/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: kanitsyútha7 I'm frying fish. With Á7 plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA7 nikAtsyáit's a small fish. With -eka 7 -/ -ekaw-/-ka 7 -/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: wakitsya-ká-se7 I like to eat fish. And te ? - negative: yáh te7wakitsya-ká-se7 I don't like fish. With -hal-/-ihal- hang up: lAtsihálha7 he hangs up a fish (e.g., on a stick), lotsíhale7 he has hung up a fish, wahAtsiha-lA• he hung up the fish. With -halunyu-/-ihalunyuhang up several: wahAtsihalúni7 he hung up several fish. With -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on: wa7kitsyá-lA7 I set down the fish. With -hlA?tunyu?ne-/-A?tunyu?ne- be attached and hanging, moving along: yotsyA7tunyú-ne7 the fish is hanging along, yotsyA7tunyú-nehse7 the fish keep hanging. With -N-iyo- be good, and n- partitive: nikAtsiyó it's a really nice fish. And n- partitive,

and secondary habitual: nikAtsi-yó-se7 how nice the fish are. With - k - / - e k - / - a k - eat: kítsyaks I'm eating fish, wakitsyakú I have eaten fish, Akítsyake7 I will eat fish, ahAtsyake 7 he should eat fish. With -ka'tatye- have a lot of while going along, and n- partitive: nisAtsyaka7táti7 what a lot of fish you have got with you, nihotsyaka7táti7 he has such a lot of fish with him. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: lotsyaká-te7 he has lots of fish. With -kh- go to eat: AtwAtsyákha 7 we (incl.) will go and eat fish. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big, and n- partitive: nikAtsyowanA it's such a big fish. With -nAskw- steal, steal from: wahotsyanAsko7 he stole fish from him. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wakítsyo7 I'm boiling fish, wa 7kítsyo 7 I cooked fish. With -okw- take out of water: kitsyókwas I'm taking the fish out of the water, lotsyókwA he has taken the fish out of the water, wahAtsyo-kó• he took the fish out of the water. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: wakitsyáshwas I'm smelling fish, ukitsyáshwA7 I smelled fish. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kitsyatáhkwas I'm taking the fish out of it. With -ta ? -/-eta ? - put into a container: kitsyáta 7as I'm putting fish into it. With -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest: ahAtsyaye-ná• he should catch fish. DERIVED BASES: -anitsyatolat- fish; tsyotsya káwe' mink. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i before a final 7 . This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -itsy- is incorporated into a verb base which

Oneida-English

has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. -itu- v.a. mean, intend, signify. ki-túhe7 I mean, ye-túhe7 she means, tsi-túhe7 you mean, lA-túhe7 he means, kA-túhe7 it means, ski-túhe7 you mean me, skwA-túhe 7 you mean us, you all mean me or us. wa^ki-tú- I meant, wahA-tú• he meant, wa7e-túshe meant. • Ka 7ikA ki-túhe7 I mean this one; this is the one (that I'm talking about). /• kA ski-túhe7 You mean me? /• kA skwA-túhe7. You mean all of us? All of you mean me? Náhte 7 tsi-túhe7. What do you mean? -itye- be flying. See -tye-/-itye-. -ityenutye- be flying all over. See -tyenutye-/-ityenutye-. -ityohkw- n. group, crowd. kAtyóhkwa7 group, crowd. With .at-N-okw-/.atya'tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: wa7twanityohko-kó• the crowd dispersed. And s- repetitive: tusunityohko'kó• the crowd dispersed again. With -N-iyo- be good: kAtyohkwiyó it's a good group. And stative past: kAtyohkwiyo-hnéit was a good group. With .N-keplus n- partitive, be three or more of: niyotityóhkwake there are so many crowds. With -kehlu- put things here and there: kAtyohkwaké-lu7 there are groups here and there. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big: kAtyohkowanA it's a large crowd, yukwAtyohkowanA there are a lot of us, siVAtyohkowanA there are a lot of you, lonityohkowanA they (m.) are a large crowd. And stative past: kAtyohkowatiA-ne7 it was a big crowd. And n- partitive: nikAtyohkowanA it's a really large

439

crowd, niyukwAtyohkowanA we're such a large crowd. And tsh- coincident: tshiyukwAtyohkowanA when there were so many of us. With .N-t/.ya'tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skAtyóhkwat one group. With-yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have, and npartitive: tóhka7 nikAtyóhkwayA7 there are several groups. •O, kA7 tshitwakyAha kAaksótha nv ya7ukya7táhawe7 só-tsi7 7 s tshiyukwAtyohkowanA tsi nú niyukwanúhsote7. Oh, when I was young my grandmother took me (since) there were too many of us at our house. (PI) DERIVED BASES: -anityohkuni-/

-anityohkuny- form a group; .anityohkwakAny- plus te- dualic, vote, elect; -anityohkwayAht- gang up on, attack; .anityohkwAt- plus tedualic, have a gang. NOTE: This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -ityohkw- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. .iya'k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. See .yahya ? k-/.iya ? k- plus tedualic. -iye-/-yen- n. oil, grease, fat. kA-yéoil, grease, fat, gasoline, gravy: With - ? ke locative suffix: kAyé-ke in the oil or grease. With -ateta?- get to be in, put into a container for oneself: katyenáta 7as I'm putting gas or oil into it (e.g., my car), wa7katyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it. With -atita7- get in, put into for oneself: wa7katyenítane7 I put (a container of) gas in the car (e.g., in the trunk). With -at-N-lho- spread oneself with: wahatyenálho7 he

440

Orieida-English

spread oil on himself, he greased himself up. With .at-N-lho- plus tedualic, spread for oneself: wa 7thatyenálho 7 he greased it up (for himself). With -ato'kta-/ -ato'ktA- run out of, end: katyenó-ktAs I keep running out of oil o r gas, lotyeno^ktáu h e h a s r u n out of oil o r g a s , wa 7katyenó-ktA 7 I r a n out

of oil or gas. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty/.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahukyenu-tí• I poured oil on it, I

added oil. With -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with: wahayenálho7 he greased it, wa7eyenálho7 she greased it, wahuwayenálho7

she

spread oil on him. And t- cislocative, and future stative: Atisayenalhúhake7 you will have greased it with oil. With -lhohslu-/ -elhohslu- spread or cover with all over: wahayenalhóhslu7 he put grease or oil all over it. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: wa7kyenatáhko7 I took the oil out (e.g., the lawnmower). With -ta ? -/-eta 7 - put into a container: wa7kyenátane7

I put oil or

gas into it (e.g., the car), Ahayenátane7 he will put oil into it. DERIVED BASES: -yenal- have gas or oil in, be greasy, be oily; .yenatenyplus te- dualic, change the oil; -atyenahninuhe 7 be oil sellers; -atyena'klahkwAni-/ -atyena'klahkwA- burp a greasy burp; kAyé ke watná talute' fried bread. NOTE: The substances that this base refers to can be described as oily or greasy fluids. The alternant -iyeoccurs in the basic noun form and before the locative suffix, -yen- is the incorporating form.

-N-iyo- v.s. be good. With -ahsatshadow, movie, show: wahsatiyó it's a good movie or show. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahsi7tvyó-se7 he has nice feet, teyuhsi7ti-yó-se7 she has nice feet. With -ahsohkw- colour: wahsohkwiyó it's a nice colour. And secondary habitual: wahsohkwi-yó-se7 they are nice colours. With -ahsut- night: wahsutiyó it's a nice night. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wahiyó it's nice fruit. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla ? tsl- chair, and npartitive: tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsliyó

it's a really

nice chair. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsli-yó-se7

are the

chairs ever nice. With -ashe ? nut-/ -ashe'nutsl- basket: washe7nutsliyó it's a nice basket. With -asl-/-sismell, odor: kesliyó I smell good, kasliyó she (z.) smells good, wasliyó

it (n.) smells good. With -ata ? khetst-/-ata ? khe ? tsl- skates: wata7khe7tsliyó (they are) nice skates. With -a ? kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: wa7kAhliyó it's good soil. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: kahnekiyó it's good water. With -itsy- fish, and n- partitive: nikAtsiyó it's a really nice fish. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: nikAtsi-yó-se7 how nice the fish are. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: kAtyohkwiyó it's a good group. And stative past: kAtyohkwiyo-hné• it was a good group. With -kal- story, te ? - negative, and secondary habitual: yáh te7kakali-yó-se7 there aren't any good stories. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tahotikali-yó-se7 their (m.) stories

Oneida-English

were amusing. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: kakAhiyó it's nice material, a nice blanket. With -khw- food: kakhwiyó it's good food, yekhwiyó she has good food. With -Un- song: lotilAtiiyó they (m.) have nice songs. And n- partitive: nikalAriiyó it's such a nice song. With -lut- tree, log: kalutiyó it's a nice tree. And secondary habitual: loluti-yó-se7 he has nice trees. And npartitive: niyuknilutiyó we two have such a nice tree. With -naskw-/ -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave: kanaskwiyó it's a nice pet. And secondary habitual: kutinaskwi-yó-se7 they (z.) are really nice animals. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nihonaskwi-yó-se7 he has such nice animals. With -nawil-/-nawitooth: kanawiliyó it's a nice tooth. And secondary habitual: lanawili-yó-se7 he has nice teeth. And secondary habitual and te- dualic: tehanawili-yó-se7 he has such nice teeth. With -nikwAhtal- red: kanikwAhtaliyó it's a pretty red. And n- partitive: nikanikzvAhtaliyó it's such a pretty red. With -nuhshouse, building: kanuhsiyó it's a nice house. And stative past: kanuhsiyo-hné• it was a nice house at one time. And secondary habitual: lotinuhsi-yó-se7 they (m.) have nice houses. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nikanuhsi-yó-se7 they're such nice houses. And nitpartitive and cislocative: tsi7 nithotinuhsiyó they (m.) have such a nice building there. With -shnuhs/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers, and secondary habitual: lashnuhsi-yó-se7 he has nice hands, yeshnuhsi-yó-se7 she has nice hands. With -tsist- fire, light: katsistiyó it's a good fire.

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With -tsistohkw- dot, print, star: katsistohkwiyó it's a nice printed fabric. With -WAn- voice, word: yewAttiyó she has a good voice. With -wiskl- white: kawiskliyó it's a nice white colour. With -ya ? tase ? tsl- girlfriend: loya 7tase 7tsliyó he has a goodlooking girlfriend. And t- cislocative: thoya 7tase 7tsliyó he has the best, the nicest-looking girlfriend. With -yelu't- corpse, body, figure: yeyelu7tiyó she has a nice figure. And future stative: Akyelu 7tiyóhake 7 I will have a nice figure. With -'nunblack ash splints: ka 7nuniyó it's a good splint. With -'sleht- vehicle: ka 7slehtiyó (it's) a good or nice car, lo 7slehtiyó his car is good. And secondary habitual: ka7slehtí-yó-se7 nice cars. And future stative: Aka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be a good car, Aho7slehtiyóhake7 his car will be nice. And stative past: ka7slehtiyo-hné• the car was nice, lo7slehtiyo-hné• his car was nice. And s- repetitive: ska7slehtiyó it's a nice car again. And t- cislocative: tka7slehtiyó the nicest car, laulhátho7slehtiyó his car is the nicest. And t- cislocative, and future stative: né• Atka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be the best car. And t- cislocative, and stative past: tho7slehtiyo-hné• he had the best car (at one time). And tcislocative and -kó- augmentative clitic: né• kwí- tho7slehtiyohkó• he thinks he has the best car. And npartitive: niwake7slehtiyó I have such a nice vehicle. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: niyukwa7slehti-yó-se7 we have such nice cars. Aspect class: A. • SAha7 lo7slehtiyó tsi7 ni-yót íaké-slet. His car is nicer than mine. SAha7 Aka7slehtiyóhake7 nú•

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Orieida-English

Aksane7 kate7slehtu-níhe7. The car will be nice when I finish fixing it. DERIVED BASES: -N-iyo become good; -ahuhsiyo- have good hearing; -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself; -atkathohsliyo- be nicelooking; -atla'swiyo- be good luck, be lucky; -elyahsiyo- have good in one's heart; .elyA'tiyo- plus t- cislocative, be satisfied with; -Ahnisliyo- be a good day; -Atehsliyo- be a good light; -ha'tiyo- have a good singing voice; -ksa'tiyo- be a good child; -lihwiyost- be a Christian, be religious; -lihwiyo's- be amusing to someone, find amusing; -li'wiyo- be good-natured, be well-behaved; -naktiyo- be comfortable; -slAhtiyobe a nice dream; -ukwe'tiyo- be a good person; -wahiyo- be a good road; -yaniyo- walk well; -yAniyo- keep things nice or spotless, be a good housekeeper; .'nikuhliyo- plus tcislocative, be satisfied, be content, be pleased; -'nikuhliyost- have a good mind; -'shAniyo- have a good aim; ka ? nikuhliyóstak spirit; olihwiyó Emphatic particle: sure, certainly; Yonutiyó Queen. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. An active form of this base may occur in -atatwAniyo- be free. ,N-iyo-/.ya'tiyo- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be half of. tsha 7tekya 7tiyó half of my body. Pre-pausal: tsha7tekya7ti-yá With -ahsut- night: tsha7tewahsutiyó half the night. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla'tsl- table: tsha7tewatekhwahla7tsliyó in the middle of the table. With -atokwa 7 t-/-atokwa ? tsl- spoon: tsha7tewatokwa7tsliyó half a spoon.

With -nuhs- house, building: tsha ?tekanuhsiyó in the middle of the house, one half of the house. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .nutiyo- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the middle of the hill. NOTE: The alternant .N-iyo- occurs with incorporated nouns, .ya?tiyooccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. -N-iyo'- v.a. become good. With -atya?tawi 7 t-/-atya ? tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse, and t- cislocative: tayakotya 7tawi 7tsli-yóne 7 she got the best dress. With -nuhshouse, building, and t- cislocative: tahonuhsi-yóne 7 he got the best house. With -'sleht- vehicle: Aka7slehti-yóne7 the car will become nice, waho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice. And s- repetitive: saho 7slehti-yóne 7 his car became nice again. And t- cislocative: nétaho7slehti-yóne7 he had the best car. COMPOSED OF: -N-iyo- be good, - 7 inchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -i'nhuhs- egg. See - ? nhuhs-/-i'nhuhs-. -i ? nyu-/-i'nyuhs- nose. See -'nyuhs-/ - ? nyu-/-i 7 nyuhs-/-i ? nyu-. -i'sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone. See -'sle-/-i ? sle-. -i'slenutye- be going along dragging or riding in something. See -'slenutye-/ -i'slenutye-. -i't- n. excrement, ó-ta7 excrement. With ,alenya ? t-/.kalenya ? t- plus tedualic, distribute: tehA7takalenyá-tha7 he's distrib-

Oneida-English

uting or spreading manure, wa7thA7takalényahte7 he distributed manure. DERIVED BASES: .i?tahetkA?tayAplus y- translocative, Slang: really never mind something; -i'takla 7 have smelly farts, be maddening; -i'tanAWAhslalyo- whip someone; .ani'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic, flip over, get upside down; -ani'tayAhave a bowel movement; -ani'teny-/ -ani'tenyu- fart; .ani'tunya't- plus te- dualic, mix up, confuse, confound; .ani'tunya't- plus te- dualic, be a mixed-up situation; aní-tas skunk. NOTE: Also functions as an intensifier. This base takes the semireflexive alternant -an-. Therefore, when -i?t- is incorporated into a verb base which has the -at- semireflexive, -at- is replaced by -an-. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .i?tahetkA?tayA- plus y- translocative, v.a. Slang: really never mind something. yekA7tahetkX-tayA Oh just really never mind! COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -i't- excrement, -hetkA'tayA- Slang: never mind. NOTE: The 7 of the last ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -i'takla 7 - v.a. have smelly farts, be maddening, lo 7táklahse 7 he has smelly farts, he's maddening (Oh, he makes me mad!), yako7táklahse7 she has smelly farts. COMPOSED OF: -i ? t- excrement, -akla 7 -/-kla 7 - smell, stink. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The final 7 of the base is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

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.i?talo?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be one's clan. niwaki7taló-tA it's my clan, náhte7nisé• nesA7taló-tA7 what is your clan? nuki7taló-tA7 that's the kind of clan I am. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -i'tal-, and the verb base .N-o'tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of. The 7 of the last ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -i'tanAWAhslalyo- v.a. whip someone. shako 7tan AW Ahslályos he keeps whipping her. wa7uki7tatiAWAhsláli7 she whipped me, wa7shako7tanAWAhsláli7 he whipped her, Ahi7tanAWAhsláli7 I will whip him, Akhe7tatiAWAhsláli7 I will whip her, Ayetshi7tanAWAhsláli7 you two or you all will whip her. she7tanuhsláli Whip her! COMPOSED OF: -i?t- excrement, -nAwAhslalyo- whip someone, beat someone up. NOTE: Many speakers have -i?tanAWAhslali- before a final -i'teha- v.s. be a flirt. waki7téha I'm a flirt, lo7téha he's a flirt, yako7téha she's a flirt. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -i'teha'- flirt. NOTE: May be composed of a root -i ? te- and the -ha diminutive clitic; but the composition is unclear. See note under -i'tehsluni- flirt. -i'teha 7 - v.a. flirt. yoti7tehá-u they (z.) are flirting. wahoti7téhane7 they (m.) flirted, they did things to try and attract the opposite sex, they want attention from the opposite sex. COMPOSED OF: -i'teha- be a flirt, - 7 inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented

444

Orieida-English

vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -i'tehsluni- v.a. flirt. khe7tehslu-níhe7 I'm a flirt, lo7tehslu-níhe7 he's flirting with someone, he knows how to turn someone on, shako7tehslu-níhe7 he's flirting with her, he's trying to attract her. Habitual past: shako ?tehslutiíhahkwe? he was flirting with her. •NA kwi• wa7shakóhsle7 thikA, thó kwi- lothaláti7 shako7téhslu-níhe?. So then he followed her, he's going along talking, trying to flirt with her. (G2) NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. May be composed of a verb root -i ? te-, the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, and the alternant -uni- of the verb base -uni-/-uny- make, construct. A root -i?te- occurs also in -i'teha- be a flirt; and yekA'tehslútyehse 7 someone who is going around flirting. -i'tlu-/-i?tlut- v.s. be sitting, be at home, ki-tlu 7 I'm sitting, I'm at home, tsí-tlu 7 you're sitting, you're at home, I A'tlu 7 he's sitting, he's at home, yé-tlu7 she's sitting, she's at home, yakní-tlu7 we two (excl.) are sitting, we're at home, latí-tlu7 they (m.) are sitting, they're at home. Prepausal: latí-telu7. Habitual past: lA7tlu-táhkwe7 he was sitting (but he's not anymore), he was at home. Future stative: Ahsi7tlu-táke7 you will be sitting, you will be at home. With t- cislocative: a 7é- thA-tlu7 he's sitting over there, tsi7 tyé-tlu7 where she lives. With y- translocative: yekí-tlu7 I'm sitting or living over there. With n- partitive: tsi7 ttú- nikí-tlu7 where I'm sitting or living, tsi7 nú- niyakwA-tlu7 where

we (excl.) live, kátsha7 núnihatí-tlu7 wherever they (m.) live. With te 7 - negative: yáh úhka7 te7yétlu7 nobody lives there, yáh newAtú tehA tlu 7 he's never home. With te's- negative and repetitive: yah te7skí-tlu 7 I'm not at home anymore, yáh oskánhe te7tsyakwA-tlu7 we (excl.) don't live together any longer. With tsh- coincident: tshihatí-tlu7 when they (m.) were sitting. With tshit- coincident and cislocative: a7étshityakwA-tlu7 when we were living way over there. Aspect class: B. •Kwáh kA nók thó Ahsi7tlu-táke7 Are you just going to sit here? Tahnú- tyukwanuhsáksA tsi7 núniyakwAtlu7 And so the house was in bad shape where we were living. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -i'tluhn- take someone home; -i'tluta'- land, something heavy; -i'tlutu- be sitting around. NOTE: The alternant -i?tlu- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -hn- dislocative suffix, -i?tlut- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the inchoative and -u- distributive suffixes. The 7 of the ? tl cluster of -i?tlu- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The second person singular form tsvtlu7 is pronounced by some speakers with an initial fricative and by others with an initial affricate. This base also occurs as an active base with interactive prefixes (see the next entry). -i'tlu- v.a. sit someone down. wa7kí-tlu7 I sat her (z.) or it down, wa7khé-tlu7 I sat her down, I helped someone to sit down. Pre-pausal: wa 7khé-telu7 NOTE: The 7 of the ?tl cluster is

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -i'tluhn- v.m. take someone home. khe7tlu-hné-se7 I take her or them home. wa7khe7tlu-hná• I took her or them home. Stative past: khe7tluhnu-hné• I have taken her or them home. With s- repetitive: sakhe7tlu-hná• I took her or them home again, Aseshe7tlu-hná• you will take her or them home again. • Wa7í-lu7 "Aseshe7tlu-hná- kwí7 ka ikA só-tsi7 tayokAnoluháti7" She said "you will take them home because there's rain coming." (Ol) COMPOSED OF: -i?tlu-/-i?tlut- be sitting, be at home, -hn- dislocative. -i'tluta'- v.a. land, something heavy. wa7kA7tlu-táne7 it landed (e.g., an airplane), wahA7tlu-táne7 he landed. COMPOSED OF: -i?tlu-/-i?tlut- be sitting, be at home, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -i'tlutu- v.s. be sitting around. lati?tlwtú• they (m.) are sitting around. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -i?tlu-/-i?tlut- be sitting, be at home, -u- distributive. .i'tsyuhkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. sneeze. wa7twakí-tsyuhkwe7 I sneezed, wa7thó-tsyuhkwe7 he sneezed, wa7tyakó-tsyuhkwe7 she sneezed, tAhó-tsyuhkwe7 he will sneeze. DERIVED BASES: .i'tsyuhkwanyuplus te- dualic, sneeze repeatedly. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -i'tsyuhkw- n. curled-up body. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

445

root in .i'tsyuhkwahkw- plus tedualic, jerk up, pick up; -i'tsyuhkwakehlu- be lying curled up in a ball here and there; and -i'tsyuhkwayA- be lying curled up in a ball. i'tsyuhkwahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. jerk up, pick up. teho 7tsyuhkwákhwa 7 he's picking him up (while he's in a curled-up position, or sitting cross-legged). wa 7twaki 7tsyúhkwahkwe 7 it made me jerk up, my whole body jerked up involuntarily, wa7tho7tsyúhkwahkwe7 he picked him up, wa7tekhe7tsyúhkwahkwe7 I picked her up. COMPOSED OF: -i'tsyuhkw- curledup body, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya'tahkwplus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa ? . •i'tsyuhkwakehlu- v.s. be lying curled up in a ball here and there. yakwA7tsyuhkwaké-lu7 we (excl.) are lying all over the place curled up in balls, kA 7tsyuhkwaké-lu 7 there are several of them lying down curled up. Aspect class: B. • Kwáh tsi7ok nú• nikanaktaké-lu7 thó yakw A 7tsyuhkwaké-lu7 There's all these beds lying around where we're lying all curled up. (PI) COMPOSED OF: -i'tsyuhkw- curledup body, -kehlu- put things here and there. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. i'tsyuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. sneeze repeatedly. tewaki7tsyuhkwányuhe7 I'm sneezing, teho7tsyuhkwányuhe7 he's

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Orieida-English

sneezing,

teyako7tsyuhkwányuhe7

she's sneezing. COMPOSED OF: .i'tsyuhkw- plus tedualic, sneeze, -nyu- distributive. -i'tsyuhkwayA- v.s. be lying curled up in a ball, ki ?tsyúhku>ayA 7 I'm lying all curled up in a ball, ye7tsyúhkwayA7 she's lying all curled up, I A 7tsyúhkwayA 7 he's lying all curled up. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -i'tsyuhkw- curledup body, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -ani'tsyuhkwayAlie down, curl up in a ball. -i'tuhkw-/-'tuhkw- n. flame. o7túhkwa7 flame. With -es-/-us- be long: yo 7túhkwes it's a long flame (e.g., the flame of a kerosene lamp). DERIVED BASES: .i'tuhkwahkwplus te- dualic, for a fire to spark; .i'tukhwal-/.'tukhwal- plus tedualic, be hot. NOTE: The alternant - 7 tuhkwoccurs after the -ate- semireflexive, -i7tuhkw- occurs elsewhere. .i'tuhkwahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for a fire to spark. teyo7tuhkwákhwa7

a fire sparks or starts up. zva7tyo7túhkwahkive7 fire will spark up. • Tá-l na7

thAtwatye-lA-

wa7tyo7túhkwahkwe7 Maybe then we will be stunned when fires will spark. (Al) COMPOSED OF: - i ' t u h k w - / - ' t u h k w -

flame, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya'tahkwplus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha7 is replaced by khwa 7 . ,i'tukhwal-/.'tukhwal- plus tedualic, v.s. be hot. tekA7túkhwale7 it's hot. Habitual past: tekA7tukhwa-láhkwe7 it w a s hot. Future stative: tAkA7tukhwa-láke7 it

will be hot. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -i'tuhkw/-'tuhkw- flame, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: .ate'tukhwal- plus te- dualic, sweat. NOTE: The alternant . 7 tukhwaloccurs after the -ate- semireflexive. Note that the hkw cluster of the component base -i 7 tuhkw-/- 7 tuhkwis irregularly replaced by khw in this base.

Oneida-English

447

K - k - / - e k - / - a k - v.a. eat. i-kéks I'm

eating, íhseks you're eating, í-laks he's eating, i-yéks she's eating, i-wáks she (z.) or it is eating, it neks you and I (incl.) are eating, yákneks we two (excl.) are eating, is neks you two are eating, í-neks the two (m.) are eating, ikneks the two (z.) are

eating, ítwaks we (incl.) are eating, yákwaks we (excl.) are eating, íswaks you all are eating, U-néks

they (m.) are eating, ku-néks they (z.) are eating, wakekú I have eaten, sekú you have eaten, lawekú he has eaten, yakawekú she has eaten, yawekú she (z.) or it has eaten,

yuknekú we two have eaten, yukwekú we have eaten, swekú you all have eaten, lonekú they (m.) have eaten, wá-keke7 I ate it, wáhseke7 y o u ate it, wá-lake7 he ate it, wá-yeke7 she ate it, wá-weke7 she (z.) or it ate it, wétneke 7 y o u and

I (incl.) ate it, wa7ákneke7

(excl.) ate it, wétwake7

we two

we (incl.) ate

it, wa 7ákwake 7 we (excl.) ate it, y o u all ate it, wahA-néke7 7 7 they (m.) ate it, wa ku-néke they

wéswake7

(z.) ate it, Ahseke7 A-lake7

you will eat it,

he will eat it, A-wáke7

she

(z.) or it will eat it, Ayákwake 7 we (excl.) will eat it, á'lake7 he should eat it. íhsek Eat! Future stative: Awakekúhake7 I will have eaten it, Ahawekúhake7 he will have eaten it, Ayakawekúhake7 she will have eaten it, Ayukwekúhake7 we will have eaten it, Aswekúhake7 you all will have eaten it, Ahonekúhake7 they (m.) will have eaten it. With te ? - negative: yáh te7wakekú

haven't eaten it. With thusa-

I

contrastive and repetitive: yáh thusa-kéke 7 I won't eat it again. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: ká-yaks I'm eating fruit, wakahyakú I have eaten fruit, wahá-yake7 he ate fruit, Aká-yake7 I will eat fruit. With -Ahetsh- sausage, wiener: kAhétshaks I'm eating sausage. With -hnana't- potato: Ayakwahnaná-take7 we (excl.) will eat potatoes. With -itsy- fish: kítsyaks I'm eating fish, wakitsyakú I have eaten fish, Akítsyake7 I will eat fish, ahAtsyake7 he should eat fish. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: kná-talaks I'm eating bread, wakna 7talakú I have eaten bread, Akná-talake7 I will eat bread. With -nAst- corn: wa7knAstake7 I ate the corn. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: knu 7úslaks I'm eating squash, waknu7uslakú I have eaten squash, Aknu7úslake7 I will eat squash. With - ? wahl- meat: Atwa 7wá-lake7 we (incl.) will eat meat, aetwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) should eat meat, ayakwa7wá-lake7 we (excl.) should eat meat. Aspect class: E2. •NA kwi- wa7í-lu7 aknulhá"AkatAna7tslu-ní- kwi- né• niséAhseke7 " So then my mother said "I will make lunch and you can eat that." (Ol) DERIVED BASES: - k h - g o to eat. NOTE: The alternant -k- occurs in

the masculine and feminine-indefinite singular and the first and second persons plural of the habitual and punctual aspects. It also occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -ek- occurs in the first and second

448 Orieida-English

persons singular, the dual, and the masculine and feminine-zoic plural of the habitual and punctual aspects. It also occurs in all the forms of the stative aspect and in the femininezoic singular of the factual mode of the punctual aspect. The alternant -ak- occurs in the feminine-zoic singular of the habitual aspect and the future mode of the punctual aspect. k-/ke- pref. I. First person singular agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant ke- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and certain consonant clusters. Otherwise koccurs. ka-/kA-/w-/y-/u-/-h- pref. she, it. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant ka- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant w- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant y- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. The alternant y- is deleted after the wa ? factual prefix and prefix combinations that include the a7- factual. The alternant u- replaces the sequence wa'wa-, where the initial wa ? - is the factual mode, the w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. In addition, u- occurs in the prefix combination au-, which replaces the sequence aawa-, where aa- is the optative mode, w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant -h- occurs, for some speak-

ers, after the factual mode alternant wa- with bases that begin in e or A; but most speakers have w- after the factual alternant w a ' - with bases that begin in e or A. ka-áts Come here! -kah- n. eye. NOTE: May be a component in several bases having to do with the eyes. See .atkahkwalihsyu- plus tedualic, open one's eyes; .atkahkwekplus te- dualic, close one's eyes; .atkahkwilo'ok- plus te- dualic, blink; -kahkalAhle- be cross-eyed; .kahkwek- plus te- dualic, go blind; -kahti'klukw- for one's eye to twitch, .kahtlu'ni- plus te- dualic, see everything; -kahtsyo't- crusty dried mucus in the eyes; and possibly -atkatho-/-atkaht- see, fix one's sight on, look. See also -kahl- eye, hole. káhik fruit, berry. See -ahy-/-hi-. -kahkalAhle- v.s. be cross-eyed. yekahkalA-le7 she's cross-eyed, lakahkalA-le7 he's cross-eyed. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - k a h - eye,

-ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahkAny- v.a. catch someone at, catch onto what someone is up to. kukahkAnyehse 7 I catch you at it, I see what you're up to. wa7kukahkA-nv I caught you at it, wahuwakahkA-ní• they caught onto what he was up to. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

.kahkwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. go blind, tehakáhkweks he's going blind, tekkahkwekú I'm blind, tehakahkwekú he's blind, teyekahkwekú she's blind. Prepausal: teyekahkwe-kú. wa 7tekkáhkweke 7 I went blind, wa 7thakáhkweke 7 he went blind. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kah- eye, -N-kwek- close. DERIVED BASES: .atkahkwek- plus te- dualic, close one's eyes. -kahkwA't- n. wheel. okahkwA-ta7 wheel. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skakahkwA-tat one wheel, one cornbread. DERIVED BASES:

.kahkwA'tohlalak- plus te- dualic, brake, put on the brakes; -kahkwA'tut- have a wheel. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .kahkwA'tohlalak- plus te- dualic, v.a. brake, put on the brakes. tekkahkwA7tó'lalaks I'm braking. tewakkahkwA?tohlalakú I have braked. wa7thakahkwA7tó-lalake7 he braked, tAkkahkwA7tó-lalake7 I will brake. teskahkwA7tó-lalak Put on the brakes! Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -kahkwA't- wheel, .htohlalak-/.ya 7 tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahkwA'tut- v.s. have a wheel. yokahkwA-tute7 it has a wheel. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -kahkwA't- wheel, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

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DERIVED BASES: tékni teyokahkwX tute' bicycle. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-kahl- n. eye, hole, oká-la7 eye. With -ke locative clitic: kkahlá-ke my eye, skahlá-ke your eye, lakahlá-ke his eye, yekahlá-ke her eye, latikahlá-ke their (m.) eyes, kutikahlá-ke their (z.) eyes. With -ku locative suffix: ská-laku in your eye. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: thó niyoká-la7 the hole is that size. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: sakahlanú-waks your eye hurts. DERIVED BASES: .kahlahu'tsi- plus te- dualic, have a black eye; -kahlaksA- have poor eyesight; .kahlatye- plus te- dualic; keep an eye on, watch someone, observe someone; .kahlayAta'- plus te- dualic, catch sight of, focus on something distant; .kahles- plus te- dualic, be able to see far; -kahlis- get something in one's eye; -kahlo'kw- eyeball; -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole; -atkahliyost- focus one's sight, stare; -atkahloklik- wink; .atkahlut- plus te- dualic, be wearing glasses; -hsakahlowanA- have a big mouth, talk a lot; .hsuhtakahla 7 plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be a small window; -hsuhtakahlowanAbe a big window. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -kah- eye. .kahlahu'tsi- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a black eye. tekkahlahú-tsi7 I have a black eye, tehakahlahú-tsi7 he has a black eye, teyekahlahú-tsi7 she has a black eye. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kahl-

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eye, hole, -hu'tsi- be black. NOTE: The 7 of the ?ts cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahlaksA- v.s. have poor eyesight. lakahláksA his eyesight is bad, yekahláksA her eyesight is bad. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -kahl- eye, hole, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -kahlaksA?- for

one's eyesight to go bad. -kahlaksA?- v.a. for one's eyesight to go bad. wa ?kkahláksAne 7 my eyesight is getting bad, wahakahláksAne7 his eyesight is getting bad, wa7ekahláksAtie7 her eyesight is getting bad. COMPOSED OF: -kahlaksA- have poor eyesight, -?- inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .kahlatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. keep an eye on, watch someone, observe someone, tekukahláti7 I'm keeping an eye on you, I'm watching you or observing you (e.g., over the years), tehakkahláti7 he's keeping an eye on me, he's noticing things about me. With tsh- coincident: tsha7tehokahláti7 when he was after him, targeting him as someone to observe. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and probably the noun base -kahleye, hole; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have .kahlati- before a final 7 . .kahlayAta'- plus te- dualic, v.a. catch sight of, focus on something distant. tehokahlayA-tá-se7 he keeps catching sight of it.

tehokahlayAtá-u he has focused on it. wa?thokahlayA-táne7 his eye fell on it, he focused on it. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kahleye, hole, -yAta?- get, obtain. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .kahles- plus te- dualic, v.s. be able to see far. tehaká-les he can see far, teyeká-les she can see far. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kahleye, hole, -es-/-us- be long. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahlis- v.a. get something in one's eye. ukká-lise7 I got something in my eye, ivahoká-lise7 he got something in his eye, wa7akoká-lise7 she got something in her eye. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -kahl- eye, hole; otherwise the composition is unknown. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahlost- n. guts, intestines. okahlósta7 guts, innards, intestines. DERIVED BASES: - k a h l o s t a t a h k w -

remove guts. -kahlostatahkw- v.a. remove guts. lakahlostatáhkwas he's removing the guts. lokahlostatáhkwA he has removed the guts. wa7kkahlostatáhko7 I removed the guts. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -kahlost- guts, intestines, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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-kahlo'kw- n. eyeball, okahló-kwa7 eyeball. COMPOSED OF: -kahl- eye, hole, -o'kw- round object. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahlut- v.s. be an opening, be a hole. yoká-lute7 it's an opening or hole (e.g., a hole in my sock). With npartitive: tsi7 nú• niyoká-lute7 the place where there's a hole. Aspect class: F. •Tsi7 yohsuhtaká-lute7 tsha7 7 nú- thó yoká-lute thó takanyAhtínyuhte7. At the window where there's a hole, that's where the snow came in. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -kahl- eye, hole, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -kahlutat- make a hole; -kahlutatst- make a hole or opening; -kahlutu- be several holes; .ahuhtakahlut- plus te- dualic, put a hole in the ear, pierce the ears; -hsakahlute? plus tsi7 particle, mouth; -hsuhtakahlut- have a window; -itstAhlakahlut- be a hole in the rock, be a cave; -nhokahlut- have a door; -nho'kwakahlut- have a dimple; -uhwAtsyakahlut- be a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel; .'nyuhsakahlut- plus te- dualic, have nostrils; yotA ? Ahlakálute? gate. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-kahlutat- v.a. make a hole. wahakahlu-táte7 he made a hole, Ayakwakahlu-táte7 we (excl.) will make a hole. With -wis- ice, glass, window: ahawisakahlu-táte7 he should make a hole in the ice. COMPOSED OF: -kahlut- be an

opening, be a hole, -t- causativeinchoative. NOTE: The forms cited above all occur in a text; otherwise speakers are uncertain about this base and prefer the base -kahlutatst-. -kahlutatst- v.a. make a hole or opening. kkahlutátsta 7 I'm making a hole or opening, lakahlutátsta7 he's making a hole, lokahlutátstu he has made a hole, wahakahlu-tátste7 he made a hole. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole, -tst- causative. -kahlutu- v.s. be several holes. yokahlu-tú• there are many different holes. Aspect class: B. • Tsi7 niwakayú laotláhti7 kiváh yokahlu-tú- nók Awa-tú• oyá• Ashot-

lahti7tslai/A'táne7.

His socks are so

old they're full of holes, so now he has to get different (new) socks. COMPOSED OF: -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole, -u- distributive. kahnana7taku7ústu V > N potato salad. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnana't- potato, -eku-/-eku'u-/-ku/-ku'u- taste good, -st- causative, -u stative. kahnekáku? V > N pop, soda, KoolAid. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -eku-/-eku?u-/ -ku-/-ku ? u- taste good, - 7 stative. kahnekanho-tú- V > N dam. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -nhotu- close or lock (a door), - 7 stative. kahne kó- V > N well, water in puddles. With tsi7 particle and tcislocative: tsi7 tkahne-kó• at the well.

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COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, - ? stative. kahnekóni? V > N wells, puddles. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -nyudistributive, - 7 stative. .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic, v.s. look at. tekká-nle7 I'm looking at it, I'm fixing my sight on it, teská nle 7 you're looking at it, tehaká-nle7 he's looking at it, tekuká-nle 7 I'm looking at you, tehiká-nle7 I'm looking at him, tekheká-nle7 I'm looking at her or them, teyakoká-nle7 she's looking at it, teyutatká-nle7 she's looking at her. Pre-pausal: teyutatká-nele7. teská-nlak Look! tesheká-nlak Look at her! Habitual past: tehiká-nlahkwe7 I was looking at him, tekheká nlahkwe7 I was looking at her. Future stative: tAkká-nlake7 I will be looking at it, tAkheká-nlake7 I will be watching her or them. With t- cislocative: tethaká-nle7 he looks back. Aspect class: B. • A7é- nukwá• tyoháhute7 tiále7 7 ya tha-táne7 nále7 tethaká-nle7 kA-. Way over there at the road he stopped again, and again he looked back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .atatkahnle- plus te- dualic, look at one another. NOTE: See also tekaluhyakahnéla? stork. An alternant without the final vowel occurs in the expanded aspects. The h of the hnl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahsl- n. tear, okáhsla7 tear. Prepausal: okáhsla7. DERIVED BASES: .kahslot- plus t-

cislocative, for one's eyes to water, become teary-eyed. .kahslot- plus t- cislocative, v.a. for one's eyes to water, become tearyeyed. twakkáhslote 7 my eyes are watering (e.g., when I'm chopping onions), I'm teary-eyed, thokáhslote7 he's teary-eyed, tyakokáhslote7 she's teary-eyed. tukkahslo-tA• I got teary-eyed, tahokahsIo-tA• he got teary-eyed. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -kahsl- tear, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. kahsúhtaku yuteka'tákhwa? fireplace. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hsuht- wall, -ku locative suffix; and yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ateka'tahkw- use to make a fire with, -ha? habitual. -kahti'klukw- v.a. for one's eye to twitch. wakkahti7klúkzvas my eye is twitching, sakahti7klúkwas your eye is twitching, yakokahti7klúkivas her eye is twitching, lokahti7klúkwas his eye is twitching. wa7akokahti7klu-kó• her eye twitched (just once). NOTE: May include the root -kaheye; but the composition is unclear. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .kahtlu'ni- plus te- dualic, v.s. see everything, teivakkahtlú-ni I see everything, I don't miss anything, tehokahtlú-ni he sees everything, teyakokahtlú-ni she sees everything. Stative past: tehokahtlu7ní-ne7 he used to see everything. Future stative: tAhokahtlu7níhake7 he will see everything. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefi

Oneida-English 453

and possibly the root -kah- eye; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kahtsyo't- n. crusty dried mucus in the eyes, okahtsyó-ta7 crusty dried mucus in the eyes that comes from sleeping. DERIVED BASES: .kahtsyo'tes- plus te- dualic, have large crusty dried mucus in the eyes. NOTE: May include the root -kaheye; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .kahtsyo'tes- plus te- dualic, v.s. have large crusty dried mucus in the eyes. tewakkahtsyó-tes I have large crusty sleep in my eyes, tesakahtsyó-tes you have large crusty sleep in your eyes, tehokahtsyó-tes he has large crusty sleep in his eyes, teyakokahtsyó-tes she has large crusty sleep in her eyes. With npartitive: na7tehokahtsyó-tes he has such crusty sleep. Aspect class: A. • Na7tehokahtsyó-tes wé-ne tsi7 7 7 elhú-wa wahatkétsko . He really has that crusty stuff in his eyes, he must have just now gotten up. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kahtsyo't- crusty dried mucus in the eyes, -es-/-us- be long. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -N-kahtu- v.s. be raw. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in ohtehlakáhtu' radish; onlahtakáhtu 7 lettuce; and o'wahlakáhtu' raw meat. káhuk N wild goose. NOTE: See also onahsakAlatkó- /

nahsakAlatkó-, other forms for 'wild goose'. kahwáeks V > N combine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hwa'ek-/-hwa'e-/-a'ek-/-a'estrike, bat, thrash, -s habitual. kahwista'ékta 7 V > N clock. akhwista7ékta7 my clock. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hwista'ek-/-hwista'e- be the time or hour, -ht- causative, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: In possessed forms the kaneuter agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. kahyatuhslatokXhti V > N Bible. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, and a verbal component -tokAhti -, which occurs also in yawAtatokXhti / yawAtatokXhtu Sunday. ká ka' N crow. kakAhani yúte' V > N curtain. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -nyut-/ -niyut- suspend, hang, -e7 stative. NOTE: Also refers to any strung-up fabric, e.g., a blanket which is strung up. kakAhatXsha V > N cotton. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, and the verb base -tAs- be thick; but it is not clear what the ending is. kakhwaksXska V > N junk food. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -khw- food, and the verb base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be; but it's not clear what the ending is.

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kakhwawistótha' plus te- dualic, V > N refrigerator. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -khw- food, -wistoht- cool something, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'refrigerator' is kawistótha 7 . -kal- n. value, worth, okále7 value. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: niyokalá• the value or cost. DERIVED BASES: .kalaht- plus npartitive, cost a certain amount; -kalakweny- afford; -kalayA- have value, have worth; -kalotani-/ -kalothahs- give credit to someone; -kalya'k- pay, spend; .atkalahkwplus te- dualic, get credit; -atkalayAtahkw- pawn; .atkali 7 seplus te- dualic, be in debt; -atkalotowe; -atkalowanA- owe lots. -kal- n. story, oka-lá• story. With -ahluk- hear about: wakkalahlukú I have heard the story, Ahakalá-luke7 he will hear the story. With -es-/ -us- be long, and n- partitive: nikaka-lés the length of the story, tiiwakka-lés the length of my story. With -N-iyo- be good, te 7 - negative, and secondary habitual: yáh te7kakali-yó-se7 there aren't any good stories. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tahotikali-yó-se7 their (m.) stories were amusing. With -ka7t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakkalaká-te7 I have many stories, lokalaká-te7 he has many stories, lotikalaká-te7 they (m.) have many stories. And te7negative: yáh te7wakkalaká-te7 I don't have many stories. With .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikakaló-tA the kind of story it is, niwakkaló-tA the kind of story I have, niyakokaló-tA the kind of

story she has. And secondary habitual: nihotikaló-tAhse7 the kinds of stories they (m.) have. And future stative: nAjvakkalo7tAhake7 the kind of story I will have. And stative past: niwakkalo7tA-hné• ne7 thó-ne7 that's the kind of story I had at that time. And te 7 - negative (replacing npartitive): yah thó te7kakaló-tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). With .N-o7tA- plus tsha7tecoincident and dualic, be the same kind of: tsha7tekakaló-tA it's the same kind of story. DERIVED BASES: -kalatu- tell a story; -atkaluni-/-atkaluny- make up a story. -kal- for a noise to sound. See -lakal-/ -lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl-. ká lahse7 V > N lacrosse. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hla 7 - for something to land, -se7 habitual. .kalaht- plus n- partitive, v.a. cost a certain amount, niyokaláhtu such was the cost. tiAkaka-láhte7 it will cost. •To- nAkaka-láhte7 How much will it cost? Thó nikú ka7ikA nAkaka-láhte7. It will cost this much. NOTE: Includes the n- partitive prefix and probably the noun base -kal- value, worth; otherwise the composition is unclear. -kalakweny- v.a. afford. kkalakwényehse 7 I can afford it. lokalakwéni he affords it. wahakalakwe-ní• he afforded it, wa7ekalakwe-ní• she afforded it, Akkalakwe-ní• I will afford it. With th- contrastive: yáh thakkalakwe-ní• I can't afford it,

Oneida-English

yáh thaskalakwe-ní• you can't afford it, yáh thahakalakwe-ní• he can't afford it. Aspect class: E4. • Kaló• tsi7 áhsA niyohslaké nA wa 7ekalakwe-ní• aknulháwa?uthyatuhslanA-tákte7, tahnútsi7 na ^knú-wene 7 kwáh. It must have been about three years before my mother could afford to wallpaper, and so then I really liked it. (Ol) COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -kweny-/-kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalatat- raise up, lift up. See -halatat-/-kalatat-. -kalatu- v.a. tell a story, kkalátuhe7 I'm telling a story, latika-látuhe7 they (m.) tell stories, wakkalatú I have told a story, wahaka-látu7 he told a story, wahatika-látu7 they (m.) told stories, Akka-látu7 I will tell a story, Ahaka-látu 7 he will tell a story, akka-látu7 I should tell a story, ahaka-látu7 he should tell a story, ahnika-látu7 the two (m.) should tell a story, skala-tú Tell a story! With s- repetitive: Asekka-látu7 I will tell another story again, usahatika-látu7 they (m.) should tell stories again. With te ? negative: yáh tehatika-látuhe7 they (m.) don't tell stories. With tsh- coincident: tshiyeka-látuhe7 when she's telling the story. Aspect class: Al. •Wakkalaká-te7 akka-látu7 kwáh tsi7 ok nikakaló-tA tá-t íswelhe7 akwaka-látuhse7 I have all kinds of stories to tell if you want me to tell you a story.

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COMPOSED OF: -kal- story, -N-atuconstruct out of something. DERIVED BASES: -kalatuni-/ -kalatu ? se-/-kalatu?s- tell someone a story; -kalatunyu- tell stories. -kalatuni-/-kalatu ? se-/-kalatu ? s- v.a. tell someone a story. khekalatu-níhe7 or khekalatú-sehe7 I'm telling them a story, yukkalatunt she has told me a story. wa7ukka-látuhse7 she told me a story, Akuka látuhse7 I will tell you a story, akuka-látuhse7 I should tell you a story, akwaka-látuhse7 I should tell you all a story, a-huwatika-látuhse7 someone should tell them (m.) stories. Aspect class: Al. • Né- ka7ikA tsi7 náhte7 i-kélhe7 a-kka-látu7 aknulhá• yukkalatuní ka 7ikA. The story that I want to tell you is a story my mother told me. (Ml) COMPOSED OF: -kalatu- tell a story, -ni-/-?s- or - ? se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: Both -kalatuni- and -kalatu ? se- are attested in the habitual aspect. The 7 of the 7s cluster of -kalatu'se- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -kalatuni- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -kalatu's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -kalatunyu- v.a. tell stories. latikalatúnyuhe7 they (m.) are telling stories, wahatikalatúni7 they (m.) told stories, Ahatikalatúni7 they (m.) will tell stories. • Thó nA kohsla7ké-ne nA tú-ske7 wahatikalatúni7 thikA lotikstAh-

okúha. In the wintertime the old

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Orieida-English

people told stories. (PI) COMPOSED OF: -kalatu- tell a story, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kalatuni- before a final 7 . -kalayA- v.s. have value, have worth. yoka-láyA7 it has value or worth. With t- cislocative: tyoka-láyA7 it's the most value. Aspect class: B. •Náhte7 uhte kwáh tyoka-láyA7 7 a-kathlolyáni . What would be of the greatest value for me to talk about. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -kalehl- for a noise to sound. See -lakal-/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl-. -kalel- for a noise to sound. See -lakal/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel/-kalehl-. -kaleny-/-ya 7 takaleny- v.a. get and carry away, haul, transport. kkalényehse7 I'm picking things up and carrying them away, and then I'm coming back to pick up more things and carry them away, lakalényehse7 he's transporting things, tekheya7takalényehse7 I transport them, lokaléni he has gotten and carried them away. wa7kkale-nv I transported things, Akkale-ní• I will transport things, Ahakale-ní• he will transport things, wa7kheya7takale-ní• I transported them, Akwaya7takale-ní• I will transport you all. With -hnekliquid, liquor: wa7ehnekakale-níshe carried water. With -nu ? t- milk, breast: lanu7takalényehse7 he's carrying milk back and forth. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: layAtakalényehse7 he carries wood, loyAtakaléni he has carried away

the wood. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES:

yakoya'takalényehse? bus. NOTE: The alternant -ya'takalenyoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of both alternants plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of both alternants is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .kalenya't- plus te- dualic, distribute. See .alenya ? t-/.kalenya 7 t- plus tedualic. -kalewaht- v.a. cause trouble, cause distress, lakalewátha7 he causes trouble, he's responsible for some awful event, khekalewátha7 I'm causing trouble or distress for someone. shakokalewáhtu he has caused trouble or distress for someone. wa7khekale-wáhte7 I caused trouble or distress for someone. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -kalAhlakw- v.a. turn in, turn a corner. wa7kkalAhla-kó• I turned in, wahakalAhla-kó- he turned in. skalAhla-kó Turn in! With n-partitive: nikkalAhlákwas how or where I turn, na7kkalAhla-kó- how or where I turned. •KAh nú• nikkalAhlákwas kiváh tsi7 nikú astéhtsi7. This is where I

turn in every morning. COMPOSED OF: - y a ' t a k a l A h l ( e ) - /

-akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: - k a l A h l a k w a ' s -

turn on one, get away on one; -atkalAhlakw- be at the corner of. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

-kalAhlakwa's- v.a. turn on one, get away on one. ukkalAhlákwahse7 it turned on me, it got away on me (e.g., that's how my car ended up in the ditch). COMPOSED OF: -kalAhlakw- turn in, turn a corner, -?s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. See -ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)-. .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. rock, teeter. tekhekalA-luhe7 I'm rocking her, tekkalA-luhe7 I'm rocking her (z.) or it. teyokalA-lu 7 it's rocking. wa 7tyokalA-lu 7 it rocked or teetered (without anyone touching it). With -huwey-/-huw- black ash, boat: teyohuwakalA-luhe7 the boat is rocking. With -nakt- bed, place, space: tehanaktakalA-luhe7 he rocks the bed, teyonaktakalA-luhe7 it's rocking the bed, the bed is rocking, wa 7thanaktakalA-lu 7 he rocked the bed, wa7tkanaktakalA-lu7 she (z.) rocked the bed. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: .atkalAhlu- plus tedualic, swing, rock; .nAtshakalAhluplus te- dualic, shake hands. NOTE: Probably related to -ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. kalhakúha N hawk. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -lhwoods, -ku locative suffix, -ha diminutive clitic. -kalhateny- v.a. empty. kkalhatényehse7 I'm emptying it (from one container into another), I'm

457

pouring it out, lakalhatényehse7 he's emptying it. lokalhaténi he has emptied it. wa 7kkalhate-ní• I emptied it, wa7aknikalhate-ní• we two (excl.) emptied it, Atnikalhate-ní• you and I (incl.) will empty it. kA-tho skalhale-ní Empty or pour it in here! Aspect class: E4. • Khále7 onA wa7ka-náne7 yukyateksáhele7 wahA-lu7 "nók Awa-tú• oyáAtnikalhate-ní• oyá• pan thó nukwá-

Atsitnétane7," nA ki7 ale7 wv úska. And when we had the dish filled up (with porridge), he said "now we have to empty it and put some into another pan," and so we emptied one. (CI) DERIVED BASES: .kalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn something or someone around; -kalhatenya't- make something roll. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. wa7aknikalhate-ní•

kalhateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. turn something or someone around. tekkalhatényehse7 I'm turning it around, tehakalhatényehse7 he's turning it around, tewakkalhaténi I have turned it around. wa 7tekkalhate-ní• I turned it around, wa7tekhekalhate-ní• I turned her around, wa7twakkalhate-ní• it (e.g., the wind) turned me around. With srepetitive: tusakkalhate-ní• I turned it around again, tusakhekalhate-níI turned her around again. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kalhateny- empty. DERIVED BASES: .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic, turn around. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative

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Orieida-English

aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalhatenya't- v.a. make something roll, kkalhatenyá-tha7 I keep rolling it (e.g., a tire). wakkalhatenyá-tu I'm rolling it. wa7kkalhatényahte7 I rolled it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -kalhateny- empty, - 7 t- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t k a l h a t e n y a 7 t - /

-atya'takalhatenya't- roll; -kalhatenya'tuhatye- roll along. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -kalhatenya'tuhatye- v.m. roll along. yokalhatenya7tuháti7 it's rolling. COMPOSED OF: -kalhatenya 7 t- make something roll, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kalhatenya 7 tuhati- before a final 7 . -kalhatho- v.a. turn or knock over something low, plow, kkalháthos I'm plowing, lakalháthos he's plowing. lokalháthu he has plowed. wa?kkalhátho7 I turned it over, wahakalhátho7 he turned it over, Askalhátho7 you will turn it over. skalhá tho Turn it over! With srepetitive: Ashakalhátho 7 he will plow again. With t- cislocative: tahakalhátho7 he plowed there. With -na 7 tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa7kna7tsyakalhátho7 I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out). With -nuto7tsl- box: wa7knuto7tslakalhátho7 I turned over the box. Aspect class: E2. • Wa 7kkalhátho 7 akwatláhti7. I

turned my socks inside out. DERIVED BASES: - k a l h a t h o h s l u -

turn over several; -atkalhatho- turn over, roll over, tip over, flip over; yekalhathótha 7 plow, egg turner, spatula; yekalhatho 7 tákhwa 7 egg turner, spatula. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -kalhathohslu- v.a. turn over several. kkalhathóhsluhe7 I'm turning over several things. Askalhathóhslu 7 you will turn over several things. COMPOSED OF: -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, -hslu- distributive. kálhu? N cradleboard. kalihwiyóstak V > N Christianity. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the verb base -lihwiyost- be a Christian, be religious, and the continuative suffix -k(see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke 7 ). kalistakA-láte? V > N tin. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -list- piece of iron, possibly a verb root -kAlat- be white, and -e 7 stative suffix. See note under onahsakA-láte ? /nahsakA-láte 7 goose. kalistakhwá-tslote 7 V > N steps, stairs. NOTE: May be composed of the kaneuter agent prefix, the noun base -list- piece of iron, the alternant .hkw- of the verb base .hkw-/.ehkw/.ya7tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up (but without the te- dualic prefix in this word), -ha 7 habitual (and hkw-ha7 is replaced by khwa7), a nominalizer suffix -tsi-, the alternant

Oneida-English

-ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have, and -e7 stative.

459

NOTE: The alternant -kalotanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -kalothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect.

kalistatáti 7 V > N railroad tracks. With t- cislocative: tkalistatáti7 the railroad tracks there. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -list- piece of iron, -N-atatye- be extended along, - 7 stative.

kaluhyáke N sky, in the sky, heaven. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, - ? ke locative suffix.

kalístatsi7 V > N iron, ironwork. •Khále7 nA kalístatsi7 ukyo-tA-, yáh ki7 nók thau-tú• kzváh kAahahyatuhslayAtelíhake7 ne7 thó-ne7 And then I worked in iron, you didn't have to have an education at that time. (CI) NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix, and the noun base -list- piece of iron; otherwise the composition is unclear.

kalu tóte' V > N Christmas concert. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -lutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert, -e7 stative.

kaló- Temporal and locative particle: before, this side of. •Kaló• tsi7 yo-lé• nú• tshihatitahkó-ne7 kA- ókhna7 wahA-lu7 n Kastes, né- kwí• wahA-lu7 thikA, "utasknutsistahawíhtA7 kóskos onu-tsí." Just before he's going to get out, just then Kastes said, he said, "you bring me a pig head." (M3) kaloktehkX hurriedly.

Adverbial particle:

-kalotani-/-kalothahs- v.a. give credit to someone, khekalota-níhe7 I give credit to her or them. khekalotaní I have given her or them credit (and so she or they owe me), kukalotaní I have given you credit. Akhekalóthahse7 I will give her or them credit, takkalóthas Give me credit! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive.

kaluhyawískla 7 N light blue. Prepausal: kaluhyawískela7. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, -wiskl- white, -a7 noun suffix.

-kaly- v.a. bite, khekályas I bite her, shakokályas he keeps biting her. khekáli I have bitten her or someone, wakkáli it's biting me. wa 7ka-lí•

I bit it, wa 7kheka-lt•

her, wahoka-lí•

I bit

he bit him,

wahaka'lí• h e bit her (z.) or it, wa7shakoka-líh e bit her, wahuwaka-líshe bit him, wa7utatka-lí• she bit her,

Awakka-lí• it will bite me, Asaka-líit will bite you, Asheka-lí• you will bite her or someone. Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: . a t e l y A ' t a k a l y -

plus te- dualic, become frustrated, irritated, or disgusted; okalyahtá n e ' mosquito. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kalyahse' v.s. have lice. wakkályahse7 I have lice, lokályahse7 he has lice, yakokályahse7 she has lice, lotikályahse7 they (m.) have lice.

460

Orieida-English

-kalya'k- v.a. pay, spend, lakálya 7ks he pays, latikálya7ks they (m.) pay. lokalyá-ku he has paid. wa7kkályahke7 I paid, wahakályahke7 he paid. With npartitive: tó• na7ekályahke7 How much did she pay? Aspect class: E2. •Né- nv thikA tyotyelAhtu teyuknuhklístu íwa7kályahke7 That was the first time I got a perm (and) I was the one who paid for it. (VI)

COMPOSED OF: -kal- value, worth, -ya'k- detach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: - k a l y a ' k A n i - /

-kalya'ks- pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -kalya ? kAni-/-kalya ? ks- v.a. pay someone, pay off for someone, get somewhere. wakkalya7kA-níhe7 it keeps paying me to do it. skkalya7kAní you paid me. ukkálya 7kse 7 it paid me (to do something), I got somewhere (by doing it), Akukálya 7kse 7 I will pay you, aesakálya 7kse 7 it would pay off for you to do it, you should prosper. With s- repetitive: sakhekálya7kse7 I paid her back, I got back at her. With t- cislocative: Atyukkályu7kse7 they will pay me for it there. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: - k a l y a ' k - pay,

spend, -ANI-/-hs- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t k a l y a ' k A n i - /

-atkalya'ks- get paid. NOTE: The alternant -kalya'kAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -kalya'ks- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-kalyA't- n. carcass. okalyA-ta7 carcass. With -shuha collective clitic: okalyA7ta7shúha dead things, carcasses. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. kályo? V > N wild animal. With kuti- feminine-zoic plural agent in place of ka- feminine-zoic singular agent: kutílyo7 wild animals. And -shuha collective clitic: kutilyo?shúha animals. COMPOSED OF: ka- feminine-zoic singular agent, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill, -7 noun suffix. Kanaktano-lú- proper name. A Precious Place. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nakt- bed, place, space, -nolu- be expensive, - 7 stative. NOTE: The name of an Oneida hymn. Kanatáhele? proper name. St. Thomas. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nat- town, village, place, -hel-/-hlset on top of, place on, -e ? stative. kaná-talok bread, cake. See -na'tal-. kanata'kékha 7 N sparrow. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nat- town, village, place, -a7 noun suffix, -ke locative clitic, -kha ? characterizer clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: Atakahla7shúha7 (ACH). kanathálho? V > N comb. aknathálho7 my comb. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .nathalho- plus te- dualic, comb someone's hair, - 7 noun suffix. NOTE: This word does not have the te- dualic prefix, which is required of

Oneida-English 461

the component base. In possessed forms the ka- neuter agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. kana wX- N butterfly. kanAhXta7 N dried kernels of corn. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -nAh- seed, grain, oats; otherwise the composition is unclear. kanAná ke fall, autumn. With tshcoincident: tshikatiAtiá-ke last fall. DERIVED BASES: k a n A n a 7 k é ne

falltime. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is kanAna?ke, and the 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels.

kanA7tú sa7 N pine, hemlock. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix and a noun root -nA?t-. Otherwise the composition is unknown. The root -NA?t- is attested otherwise in our sources only in tekanA7takwXhtA7 cedar, but in Wisconsin it also occurs in onA-ta 7 evergreen, cedar, hemlock; kanA7tAsa

tamarack; a n d

otiA7tA-sa

balsam, tamarack, cedar (ACH). Cf. Mohawk: onemta 7 evergreen; and kanén:ten 7s tamarack, jack pine (GM). ká nhi? bat. See ká nhyA7 / ká nhi 7

kanAna'ké ne falltime. KanAtia7ké-ne

kanAyalíhtu V > N brick house. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nAy- stone, -liht- boil something, -u stative. NOTE: The composition is tentative.

nále7

• kwí• thikA tutayakyatáhsawA7 sayakyatáyahte7 It was in the fall that we

kánhke Interrogative particle: when, whenever.

started to go to school again. (Gl) NOTE: Composed of kanAna'ke, which is the underlying form of kanAná ke fall, autumn, and the -'ne locative clitic.

kanhláksA V > N sexuallytransmitted disease. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nhl- disease, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be.

kanAstóhale V > N cornbread. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nAst- corn, -nohale-/-ya 7 tohale-/ -ohale- wash.

ká nhyA7 / ká nhi 7 N bat. Pre-pausal:

kanAstote7 V > N rafters. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, and -e7 stative aspect. The noun root is identified by some speakers as -nAst- corn, but alternatively it may be cognate with Mohawk -nahst- rafters. See also tsi 7 tkanAstíhale' ceiling; and yenAstaliha'tákhwa 7 or yonAstaliha 7 tákhwa 7 stove.

kánike 7 Locative particle: wherever.

ká-nh i7.

NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker.

kanikwAhtalawískla7 N pink. Prepausal: kanikwAhtalawískela7 COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nikwAhtal- red, -wiskl- white, -a ? noun suffix. kánlu' N white ash (tree). NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ká-tilo (ACH); Mohawk: káneron (GM); Seneca: kanyzh (Chafe 1967:1355).

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Orieida-English

kanohaléni? / kanohalényu? V > N laundry. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- wash several, - 7 stative. kanohalenyu'tákhwa' V > N washing machine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- wash several, - 7 t- causative, -hkwinstrumental, -ha7 habitual. -kanoI-/-kanole- rain. See -kAnol-/ -kAnole-/-kanol-/-kanole-. kanuhsataliha 7 tákhwa 7 V > N furnace. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -liha 7 t-/ -taliha't- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'furnace' is watnuhsataliha 7 tákhwa ? . kanuhsate7kó- V > N school, high school. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -N-te- exist, - 7 stative, -kó- augmentative clitic. NOTE: This is an older word for 'school'. The more common word is yutatlihunyAnítha 7 . Kanuhséshne V > N Longhouse. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nuhses- be of the Longhouse tradition, -ne locative clitic. -kanut- v.a. lick, laka-núts he's licking it. wahaka-núte7 he licked it. DERIVED BASES: -kanuthu- lick repeatedly; .atskanuthu- plus tedualic, smack one's lips, drool. kanú-tat V > N milk cow. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent,

-nu't- milk, breast, -at-/-t-/-et- be in. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kuwanu 7tatáhkwas (ACH). -kanuthu- v.a. lick repeatedly. lakanúthuhe7 he's licking it several times or several things at the same time, kakanúthuhe7 she (z.) or it is licking it. yokanúthu 7 she (z.) or it has licked it. wahakanúthu7 he licked it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -kanut- lick, -hudistributive. kanu ? tathé tu V > N buttermilk. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -nu 7 tathe 7 t- churn butter, -u stative. kanyó- Temporal particles: if so, when. • AkahtA-tí• Atákta7 Leamington yAhA-ké-, kanyó• nA Aiuakatkálya 7kse7. I'm leaving on Saturday to go to Leamington, as soon as I get paid. (CI) -kap-/-kapsl-/-tikapsl- n. cup. káp cup. With ,N-t-/.ya 7 tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skakápslat or skatikápslat one cup. With .N-keplus te- dualic, be two of: tekakápslake or tekatikápslake two cups. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA nikakápslake or áhsA níkatikápslake three cups. • Takníha skakápslat othé-tshelP. Lend me a cup of flour. NOTE: The alternants -kapsl- and -tikapsl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix (and deletion of the h of the suffix), are both attested as incorporating forms. kasehtáklahse? V > N bedbug. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -sehtu-/-seht- tick, -akla ? -/-kla?smell, stink, -se 7 habitual. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin:

Oneida-English 463

kasestáklahse7 (ACH).

'syrup smells'

kastathá-tha 7 V > N dryer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -statha 7 t-/-at-N-statha 7 t- dry something, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'dryer' is kastatha 7 tákhwa 7 . kastatha 7 tákhwa 7 V > N dryer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -statha 7 t-/-at-N-statha 7 t- dry something, -hkw- instrumental, -ha7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'dryer' is kastathá-tha 7 .

katsihkotú- V > N ovenbread,kunjun. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyotu-/-otu- for several to be standing upright, - 7 stative. katsi 7 nkwalahútsi 7 V > N orange. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsi7nkwal- yellow, orange, -hu 7 tsibe black, stative. NOTE: A relatively recent word for the colour orange. Some people use the word otsí-nkwala 7 for orange as well as yellow. -kaw- like or enjoy the taste of. See -eka 7 -/-ekaw-/-ka 7 -/-kaw-.

Katlí n proper name. Katherine, Kathryn.

kawa 7 yatsláku 7 V > N tasty pie. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, an incorporated element -wa ? yatsl-, the alternant -ku- of the verb base -eku-/-eku 7 u-/-ku-/-ku 7 utaste good, and - 7 stative. The element -wa'yatsl- is related to w á y a t pie, and probably includes the -hslnominalizer suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix).

kátsha 7 Interrogative particle: where. • Kátsha7 wáhse7. Where are you going?

kawe lít V > N balloon. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -wel- air, wind, -N-it-/-ya 7 tit- be in.

kátsha 7 ka-yX- which place. • Kátsha7 ka-yA- yutyala-

-kawe 7 t- v. > n. fin of a fish, webbed feet, okawé-ta 7 fin of a fish, webbed feet (of a duck), laokawé-ta7 his fin. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -kawe- and the - ? t- causative suffix. The root -kawe- is given with the meaning 'paddle' in ACH and also in Mohawk (GM) and Seneca (Chafe 1967:950). It occurs also in .atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow; and yekawe7tákhwa7 oar. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

kastowá- N man's headdress. NOTE: Possibly composed of the kaneuter agent prefix, a root -stow- and the noun suffix -a ? . See also ostowa 7 kó- turtle shell rattle. kati 7 Particle which links clauses: moreover, consequently, thus, then.

kehtákhioa7

Ahsetá-ne7

ka7i-kA.

Which one of these backpacks will you put this in? kátsha7 nú- where, somewhere. kátsha7 ok somewhere. kátsha7 ok nú- somewhere. katsihkóhal N safety pin. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip.

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Orieida-English

kawAnálha' V > N computer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -WAn- voice, word, -1- be in or on, -ha7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'computer' is k a ' n i k u h l a l ó loks.

kawistótha' V > N refrigerator. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -wistoht- cool something, -ha7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'refrigerator' is kakhwawistótha 7 . kayá taku wateta 7 ásta 7 V > N stuffing for fowl. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya 7 t- body, -ku locative suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ateta'- get to be in, put into a container for oneself, -stcausative, -ha 7 habitual. kayá tale' V > N picture. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya't- body, -1- be in or on, -e 7 stative. kaya'kwáhele' V > N dinosaur. NOTE: Probably composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, a noun root -ya 7 kw-, the alternant -hel- of the verb base -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, and -e 7 stative aspect. The noun root -ya7kw- is otherwise not attested in our sources but it is attested in two stems in ACH: -ya7kwahle7nawa7ku- hug around the waist, and -ya 7 kwalanhakwrap around a waist. kaya'táklahse? V > N goat. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya'takla'- have a smelly body odor, -se 7 habitual. kaya'tálha' V > N camera. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya 7 tal-/-ya'talu- draw pictures, take pictures, -ha7 habitual.

kayé / kayeli Numeral particle: four. Pre-pausal: kayé-. NOTE: The form kayé results historically from the loss of the final syllable of earlier *kayelí (cf. Mohawk: kayé:ri), which is still attested in kayelihatú thne fourth, kayelíhatu't Thursday, and kayelíshu? four at a time, four each. See also kayé na'teyotakwalu tésquare, baseball diamond. kayé na'teyotakwaluté- square, baseball diamond. NOTE: Composed of kayé four; and na7te- partitive and dualic prefixes, yo- neuter patient, a verbal component -atakwalute-, and - 7 stative. See also áhsA na'teyotakwalu tétriangle; and -ya'takwalut(e)- be lying on one's side. kayé niwáshA forty. COMPOSED OF: kayé four; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. kayé sílu fifty cents. kayé tewA'nyáwelu? four hundred. kayé yawA-lé- fourteen. kayelihatú thne fourth. COMPOSED OF: kayé / kayeli four, -hatú thne ordinal number. kayelíhatu't Thursday. Pre-pausal: kayelíhatuht. With oyá• another, and nya 7 tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive: oyánya?teskayelíhatu?t next Thursday. With tsh- coincident: tshikayelíhatu?t last Thursday. COMPOSED OF: kayé / kayeli four, -hatu't day of the week. kayelíshu7 four at a time, four each. COMPOSED OF: kayé / kayeli four, -shu7 collective clitic.

Oneida-English

KayA'keha ká- N Mohawk. NOTE: Includes the - a k á / - h a k á populative clitic; otherwise the composition is unclear. kayu kwíle' N arrow. -ka ? - like or enjoy the taste of. See -eka ? -/-ekaw-/-ka?-/-kaw-. ka 7 nhehsatXsha V > N silk, taffeta. NOTE: A slightly different form, ka?nheksatXsha, is also attested. It has been suggested that ka'nhehsatXsha refers to silk, while ka'nheksatXsha refers to taffeta. Both forms include the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -'nheks-/ -'nhehs- ribbon, strap, and the verb base -tAs- be thick; but it's not clear what the final -ha is. ka'nheksatXsha V > N taffeta. NOTE: See note under ka'nhehsatXsha. ka'nhuhsó lu V > N egg sandwich. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, - 7 nhuhs-/-i?nhuhs- egg, -ohlok-/ -ohl- insert, -u stative. ka7nikuhlaló-loks V > N computer. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, - 7 nikuhl- mind, spirit, -lohlok-/ -lohl- gather, -s habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'computer' is kawAnálha'. ka'nikuhliyóstak V > N spirit. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, the noun base -'nikuhlmind spirit, the verb base -N-iyo- be good, and a suffix -k (see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke?). ka'nkwilokX N catfish. Pre-pausal: ka 7nkwilo-kA.

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ka'nyúkel V > N moccasin. NOTE: This word was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to everyone. M.D. suggests that it may mean something like 'it's wrinkled at the nose (that is, the toes)' and that it is related to the base -ani?nyuklik-/-ani ? nyukliwrinkle up one's nose. ka'sléhtes V > N limousine. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -'sleht- vehicle, -es-/-us- be long. -ka'tatye- v.m. have a lot of while going along. With t- cislocative: tyakoka 7táti7

she had a lot of things

with her there. With n- partitive: niswakka7táti7 I have so much with me as I'm going along. With -khwfood, and nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyuknikhwaka7táti7

we

two have all this food along with us again. With -hle?n- bundle, and nispartitive and repetitive: nitsyakohle7naka7táti7 she has such a bundle along with her again. With -itsy- fish, and n- partitive: nisAtsyaka7táti7 what a lot of fish you have got with you, nihotsyaka7táti7 he has such a lot of fish with him. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: loyAtaka7táti7 he has a lot of wood with him. •Né- s thikA TIA Ashlawe 7 loyAtaka 7táti7 a 7é• nihohlé-na 7 thikA. When he gets home he has a lot of wood with him, a great big bundle of it. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ka ? tati- before a final 7 . -ka ? t(e)- v.s. be or have a lot of. loká-te7 he has lots of, yakoká-te7 she has lots of, yukwaká-te7 we

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have lots of. With -atAlo-/ -atAlo'sl- friend: wakatAlo7slaká-te7 I have many friends, yakotAlo?slaká-te7 she has many friends, lotAlo7slaká-te7 he has many friends. With -atleha/-atle?-/ -atle ? sl- grandchild: lonatle7slakáte7 they (m.) have many grandchildren. With -hwistmetal, money, dollar, and n- partitive: tsi7 niwakhwistaká-te7 I have so much money, tsi7 nisahwistaká-te7 you have all this money. With -itsyfish: lotsyaká-te7 he has lots of fish. With -kal- story: wakkalaká-te7 I have many stories, lokalaká-te7 he has many stories, lotikalaká-te7 they (m.) have many stories. And te ? negative: yah te7wakkalaká-te7 I don't have many stories. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: yukwakAhaká-te7 we have lots of blankets. And t- cislocative: tyukwakAhaká-te7 we have so many blankets there. And te't- negative and cislocative: yáh te7tyukwakAhaká-te7 we don't have too many blankets there. With -naskw-/-nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave: lotinaskwaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of animals. With -nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- hair: yakonuhkwislaká-te7 she has lots of hair. With -tsi'tsy- flower: yakotsi7tsyaká-te7 she has lots of flowers. With -wil- baby, offspring: lotiwilaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of children. With -ya?tase ? tsl- girlfriend: loya7tase7tslaká-te7 he has a lot of girlfriends. And n- partitive: nihoya7tase7tslaká-te7 he has so many girlfriends. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: loyAtaká-te7 he has lots of wood. And habitual past: loyAtaká-tehkive7 he used to have lots of wood. And future habitual:

AhoyAtaká-teke7 he will have lots of wood. With -yo'tAhsl- work: wakyo7tAhslaká-te7 I have lots of work. Aspect class: B. • NA kwi• astéhtsi7 nA tú-ske7 lotinehlakwA-u yukwaká-te7 7 porridge wa akwatekhu-nr. So then in the morning they were really surprised that we had lots of porridge for us to eat. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -ka'tatye- have a lot of while going along; -ka ? tA ? - get lots of. NOTE: Also occurs in the particle yotká t e ' often. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ka'tA?- v.a. get lots of. wakká-tAhse7 I get lots. ukká-tAne7 I got lots, wahoká-tAne7 he got lots. With npartitive: na7ukniká-tAne7 we two got so much of it. • Yáh te7wé-ni na7ukniká-tAne7 porridge thikA ne7 thó-ne7 nók tsi7 wa7aknihsane7 ki7. It was amazing how much porridge we got, but then we finally finished (filling containers with porridge). (CI) COMPOSED OF: -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of, -A?- inchoative. NOTE: The 7 of the ' t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -ka'tshyu- v.a. undo, take apart. kká-tshyus I'm undoing it. wakká-tshi I have undone it, lotiká-tshi they (m.) have undone it. wa7kká-tshi7 I undid it, Aská-tshi7 you will undo it. With s- repetitive: tsyakoká-tshi she has undone it again, sayeká-tshi7 she undid it

Oneida-English

again. With -hle?n- bundle: wa7khle7naká-tshi7 I took apart the bundle. With -itstotsl- parcel, bundle, package: kitstotslaká-tshyus I'm taking apart the parcel or package. With -nuhs- house, building: latinuhsaká-tshyus they (m.) are tearing down the building. And tcislocative: thotinuhsaká-tshi they (m.) have torn down the building there. With -nuto'tsl- box: knuto7tslaká-tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa7knuto7tslaká-tshi7 I took the box apart, snuto7tslaká-tshi Open the box! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: - k a ' t s h y u h a t y e -

undo bit by bit; -athle'naka'tshyuunpack; -atka'tshyu- come undone; .lihwaka'tshyu- plus s- repetitive, report information. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have -ka?tshi- word-finally and before a final f. -ka'tshyuhatye- v.m. undo bit by bit. wakka7tshyuháti7 I'm undoing it bit by bit, a little at a time. COMPOSED OF: -ka'tshyu- undo, take apart, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ka?tshyuhati- before a final 7 . -ka ? wa-/-ka ? wA- v.a. give out, pass out. laká-wahse7 he's giving out things. Ahaká-WA 7 he will give out things. DERIVED BASES: - k a ' w A h a t y e - g o

around giving out things. NOTE: The alternant -ka?wa- occurs in the habitual aspect, -ka?wAoccurs in the punctual aspect and before the -hatye- progressive suffix. The 7 of the ? w cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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ka'wahló lu V > N meat sandwich. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -'wahl- meat, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert, -u stative. -ka'wA- give out, pass out. See -ka ? wa-/-ka?wA-. -ka'wAhatye- v.m. go around giving out things. loka^wAhátP he's going around giving out things. COMPOSED OF: - k a ? w a - / - k a ? w A -

give out, pass out, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ka?WAhati- before a final 7 . .N-ke- plus te- dualic, v.s. be two of. With -ahkwesAt- jug: tewahkwesA-táke two jugs. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: teyohsítake two feet (of measure). With -ahtsya ? n- handful: tewahtsyá-nake two handfuls. With -ahy-/-hifruit, berry: teivá-yake two fruits. With -atokwa 7 t-/-atokwa ? tslspoon: tewatokwá-tslake two spoons, two spoonfuls. With -atya ? tawi ? t-/ -atya 7 tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: tewatya7tawí-tslake two dresses. With -a ? nuk-/- ? nukslonion: teka7núkslake two onions. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: tewAhnislaké two days. With -Ahni't- moon, month: tewAhní-take two months. With -hi?kal- section, piece, gear, second: tekahi7kalaké two pieces (e.g., of pie). With -hsAn- name, reputation: tekahsA-náke two names. With -htehl- root: tekahté-lake two roots (e.g., two carrots). With -huhs- slice of meat: tekahúhsake two slices of meat. With -huwey-/-huw- black ash, boat: tekahu-wáke two boats. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: tekahwístake two dollars. With

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-hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: tekahyatúhslake two books. With -kap-/-kapsl-/-tikapsl- cup: tekakápslake or tekatikápslake two cups. With -kwe'tala'tsl- slice: tekakwe7talátslake two slices. With -nakal- stick: tekana-kálake two sticks. With -na'kuhsl- hill of plants: tekana7kúhslake two hills of plants. With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle: tekaná-tsyake two pails. With -nlaht- leaf: tekanláhtake two leaves. With -nuhs- house, building: tekanúhsake two houses. And stative past: tekanuhsake-hnéthere were two houses. And future stative: tekanuhsakéhake7 there will be two houses. With -nuto?tslbox: tekanutó-tslake two boxes. With -ohsl- year, winter: teyohslaké two years. With -sto?sl- feather: tekastó-slake two feathers. With -tal- brim of a hat: teyota-láke two brims. With -wis- ice, glass, window: tekawi-sáke two glasses. With -'sleht- vehicle: teka7sléhtake two cars. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, be two at a time; .'nikuhlake- plus te- dualic, be of two minds, be undecided. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. .N-ke- plus n- partitive, v.s. be three or more of. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsifoot: yá-ya7k niyohsí-take six feet. With -ahsut- night: áhsA niwahsu-táke three nights. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla'tsl- chair: áhsA niwanitskxvahlá-tslake three chairs. With -atahsl- stick, yard (measure): wtsk tiiwatahslaké five yards. With -atokwa't-/ -atokwa'tsl- spoon: kayé

niwatokwá-tslake four spoons, four spoonfuls. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, weather: áhsA niwAhnislaké three days, tóhka7 níwAhnislaké several days. With -Ahni?t- moon, month: niwAhnvtake so many months. With -At- week, daylight: áhsA niwA-táke three weeks, tóhka7 niwA-táke several weeks. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: tsya-ták nikahwístake seven dollars, úska tewA 7nyáwelu 7 nikahwístake one hundred dollars. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: áhsA nikahyatúhslake three books. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: niyotityóhkwake there are so many crowds. With -kap-/-kapsl-/ -tikapsl- cup: áhsA nikakápslake or áhsA nikatikápslake three cups. With -kwil- twig, whip: áhsA nikakwi-láke three whips. With -na'tal- bread, cake: nikaná-talake that many breads (loaves or cakes). With -nlaht- leaf: áhsA nikanláhtake three leaves. With -nuto'tsl- box: tó- nikanutó-tslake how many boxes are there? With -ohsl- year, winter: wísk niyohslaké five years. With -ukwe-/-ukwe ? tperson: áhsA niyukwé-take three people. With -yal- bag, sack: tóhka7 nikaya-láke several bags. With - ? sleht- vehicle: áhsA nika7sléhtake three cars. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: Yá-ya ? k Nihonuhutysaké Six Nations. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns.

.N-ke- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic or nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic, v.s. every, different. With -ahsohkw- colour: nya?tewahsóhkwake all colours, every colour. With -ahsut- night:

Oneida-English

ya7tewahsu-táke every night. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: ya 7tewAhnislaké every day. With -At- week, daylight: ya?tewA-táke every week. With -nlaht- leaf: nya7tekanláhtake (there are) all different kinds of leaves. With -ohsl- year, winter: nya7teyohslaké every year. With -shu?kal- board, floor: nya7tekashú-kalake (there are) all different kinds of boards. With - ? sleht- vehicle: nya7teka7sléhtake (there are) all different kinds of cars. Aspect class: A. • Kwáh nya7teyohslaké sAha7 AkitXh taneZ Every year I get poorer. DERIVED BASES: .lihwake- plus nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic, be amusing. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. ke- pref. I. First person singular agent pronominal prefix. See k-/ke-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. - k e / - ' k e clitic, at, on. Locative clitic. NOTE: The alternant -ke occurs after the regular noun suffixes -a 7 and -e ? , and the 7 of the noun suffix is replaced by length when the preceding vowel is accented. The alternant -'•ke occurs after a base, or after an alternant of a base, that does not have the regular noun suffix -a7 or -e'. -keha clitic, in the ways of. Characterizer clitic. DERIVED BASES: o'sluni'kéha white people's ways. .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be two at a time. With -wis- ice, glass, window: tekawisakeháti7 there are two glasses at a time. With - ? sleht-

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vehicle: teka7slehtakeháti7 there are two cars at a time. • Tekawisakeháti 7 tásku. Give me two glasses at a time! COMPOSED OF: .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have .N-kehati- before a final -kehlu- v.a. put things here and there. xvakké-lu 7 I have put them around. kaké-lu 7 they're lying scattered here and there, they're spread around. wa 7kké-lu 7 I put things here and there. With -hel- cornstalk: kahelaké-lu7 cornstalks are lying around. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: kahwistaké-lu 7 the money is lying here and there. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: kAtyohkwaké-lu 7 there are groups here and there. With -nakt- bed, place, space, and n- partitive: nikanaktaké-lu7 how or where the beds are placed all around. With -na7tsy- pail, pot, kettle, and tcislocative: tkana7tsyaké-lu7 pails are lying around there. With -nAystone: kanAyaké lu7 stones are lying here and there. With -nuto'tsl- box, and t- cislocative: tkanuto7tslaké-lu7 there are boxes lying around there. With - ? sleht- vehicle: ka7slehtaké-lu 7 cars are scattered around. DERIVED BASES: -atkehlu- prepare for sale, peddle; -at-N-kehlu- put things here and there for oneself; -ehkwakehlu- be several small ponds or islands here and there; -i'tsyuhkwakehlu- be lying curled up in a ball here and there; -na'skwakehlu- be lying curled up here and there; yohutsyaké l u '

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continent. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -keht(e)-/-keht(u)- v.a. have a burden on one's back, wakkéhte7 or wakkéhtu 7 I have a burden on my back, lokéhtu 7 he has a burden on his back. With -hle 7 n- bundle, and tcislocative: tayakohle7nakéhtu7 she's carrying a bundle on her back. • A7é• tayakohle7nakéhtu7 thikA yeksá• akohyatuhsli7shúha. There's a girl way over there with a bundle on her pack with her books. DERIVED BASES: -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back; tsina'tsyakéhtu'/tsyona'tsyakéhtu 7 spider; yutyalakehtákhwa' backpack. NOTE: Both alternants are attested. An alternant without a final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. kélhite? N forest, trees. NOTE: Composed of an anomalous prefix ke-, the noun base -lh- woods, possibly the alternant -N-it- of the verb base -N-it-/-ya ? tit- be in, and -e ? stative. -kéne clitic, at someone's place. Locative clitic. -ket- v.a. scrape, grate, lake-tás he's scraping it, he's grating it (e.g., a carrot, or the skin of a potato), loketú he has scraped or grated it. wa7e-kéte7 she scraped it, Aye-kéte7 she will scrape it. Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch; -ketanyu- scrape or grate repeatedly or several; wathahake tás road grader.

.ket- plus te- dualic, v.a. scrape back and forth, scratch, tekke-tás I'm scraping or scratching it. tewakketú I have scraped it. wa 7tye-kéte 7 she scraped it, she scratched her (z.) or it, tAkkete7 I will scrape it. tutákket Scratch me! With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle: tekna?tsyake-tás I'm scraping the pot, wa?tekná-tsyakete7 I scraped the pot, wa7tehsná-tsyakete7 you scraped the pot. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ketscrape, grate. DERIVED BASES: .atket- plus tedualic, scratch oneself; .ketanyu- plus te- dualic, scrape or scratch repeatedly or several. -ketanyu- v.a. scrape or grate repeatedly or several, wahaketáni7 he scraped or grated several things. COMPOSED OF: -ket- scrape, grate, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ketani- before a final 7 . •ketanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. scrape or scratch repeatedly or several. wa7thaketáni7 he scraped or scratched several things. With -na?tsy- pail, pot, kettle: wa7tehsna7tsyaketáni7 you scraped the pot. COMPOSED OF: .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .ketani- before a final 7 . -ketskw- v.a. raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. lakétskwas he's raising it up to a vertical position, he's putting on an affair (e.g., a strawberry social). lokétskwA he has raised it upright. wahakétsko7 he righted it. With srepetitive: sahnikétsko7 the two

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(m.) righted it again. Aspect class: D3. •N/i kiví• Oliverha wahoya7takénha 7 Audrey sahnikétsko 7 n buggy. So then Audrey helped Oliver get the buggy upright again. (Ol) DERIVED BASES: - a t k e t s k w - get up;

-hyatuhslaketskw- turn a page; .lAnaketskwas plus t- cislocative, be a soprano; -'nikuhketskw- raise someone's spirits or hopes. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -ke 7 suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -e' or zero (i.e., no overt marking). The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative aspect suffix -e ? . It is composed of a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e7. .ke 7 to- plus t- cislocative, sun to rise, tkaké-tohse7 (everyday), takaké-to7 Atkaké'to7 the sun will

v.a. for the the sun rises the sun rose, rise.

DERIVED BASES: t s i ? t k a k é t o h s e ?

east. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a root -ke?to-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See also -ke'toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive; and -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ke'toht- v.a. appear, show up, come into sight, arrive. loke7tótha7 he appears, he shows up. loke7tóhtu he has appeared, he has arrived.

ukké-tohte7 I showed up, wahoké-tohte7 he showed up, zva7oké-tohte7 she (z.) showed up, wahotiké-tohte7 they (m.) showed up, ayotiké-tohte7 they (z.) should appear. With s- repetitive: sahoké-tohte7 he appeared again, sayoké-tohte7 she (z.) or it appeared again, usahotiké-tohte7 they (m.) should appear again. With t- cislocative: tahoké-tohte7 he appeared there (towards me), tayoké-tohte7 she (z.) or it appeared there, tayukwaké-tohte7 we came into sight there, tayotiké-tohte7 they (z.) appeared there. With tutadualic and cislocative: tutahoké-tohte7 he appeared there again. With y- translocative: yahoké-tohte7 over there he appeared, ya7oké-tohte7 over there she (z.) or it appeared, yahotiké-tohte7 over there they (m.) appeared. With nypartitive and translocative: nyahotiké-tohte7 how they (m.) showed up over there. With te ? negative: yáh tehoke7tóhtu he didn't show up. With -kuhs-/-kuksface, mask, and t- cislocative: thokuhsake7tótha7 his face keeps appearing, tahokuhsaké-tohte7 his face appeared (e.g., if he's looking around a corner). Aspect class: El. • KAh ukwehuwé-ne wa7thuttsih7 7 kwá-eke tahtiú• úhka ok náhte7 lukwehuivé onyota7a-ká• yáh tehoke7tóhtu. Here on the Reserve they played ball, and someone who was a Native didn't show up. (VI) DERIVED BASES: .ke'toht- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, become outstanding; -hsAnake'tohtfor a name to come up; -luhkwA'tstake'toht- for a voice to be heard; .wAnake'toht- plus ytranslocative, cry out.

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NOTE: Composed of a verb root -ke'to- and the -ht- causative suffix. The root -ke?to- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See also .ke'to- plus tcislocative, for the sun to rise; and -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through. The form ya7oké-tohte7 is also used in a situation where one finds a greater amount than one expected; for example, you're counting money and you're expecting to find a certain amount, but you find more than you expected. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ke'toht- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. become outstanding. ya7thoké-tohte7 he became really outstanding, ya7tyakoké-tohte7 she became really outstanding. COMPOSED OF.- ya'te- translocative and dualic, -ke'toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ke'tot- v.s. be sticking out, be showing or peeking through, yoké-tote7 it's sticking out. With t- cislocative: tyoké-tote7 it's sticking out or showing through, facing me. With ytranslocative: yeyoké-tote7 it's sticking out, going out away from me. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: lohsi7také-tote7 his foot is sticking out. And te- dualic: tehohsi7také-tote7 (both) his feet are sticking out. With -kuhs-/-kuksface, mask: lokuhsaké-tote7 his face is sticking out. And t- cislocative: thokuhsaké-tote7 his face is showing through (e.g., an opening). With

-nAtsh- arm, sleeve: waknAtshaké-tote7 my arm is peeking through (e.g., a hole in my shirt). With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnuhand, fingers: loshnuhsaké-tote7 his hand is sticking out. Aspect class: F. • Tayola-kálele7 tsi7 tyohsuhta7 7 7 ká-lute ya utkátho aknulhá-, kóskos okúhsa7 thó tyoké-tote7 There was a noise at the window (and) my mother looked out, there was a pig face looking in. (V3) DERIVED BASES: .ke'tot- plus ya'tetranslocative and dualic, be outstanding; .ke'totatst- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, make appear, make look in or out; -ke'totu- for several to be sticking out or showing through; -atke'tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out; .lihwake'tot- plus tcislocative, hint at, mention; yonu'uslaké tote 7 squash. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -ke'to- and the -t- causativeinchoative suffix. The root -ke?to- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See also .ke'to- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to rise; and -ke'toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive. The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ke'tot- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, v.s. be outstanding. ya7tehoké-tote7 he's outstanding, ya7teyakoké-tote7 she's outstanding. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: ya ? te- translocative and dualic, -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,ke?totatst- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. make appear,

Oneida-English

make look in or out. thake 7totátsta 7 he makes it look in or out (towards me or my direction, where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on different sides of whatever is being looked through), yehake7totátsta7 he makes it look in or out (he and I, or some other reference point, are located on the same side of whatever is being looked through). thoke7totátstu he's making it look in or out, yehoke7totátstu he's making it look in or out. thake7to-tátste7 he made it look in or out. Aspect class: El. • Ne-né• kwahotokA kóskos okúhsa7 thó thoke7totátstu. Actually it was that he was making the pig face look in (through the window). (V3) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through, -tstcausative. -ke'totu- v.s. for several to be sticking out or showing through. yoke7to-túthey're all sticking out. With -ahyakwil-/-ahyakwi- toe, and tedualic: tewakahyakwilake7to-túmy toes are all sticking out. Aspect class: B. • Kwah ikA wakahtahkwáksAhse7 kAs tewakahyakwilake7to-tútsi7 niwakahtahkó-tAhse7. I had these really awful shoes and my toes were sticking out of the shoes I had. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through, -u- distributive. kA Yes-no question particle. kA- Discourse particle: y'know, you see, eh. -kA- v.a. see, have eyesight, catch sight of. íkkAhe7 I can see, la-kAhe7 he sees, he has eyesight, khe-kAhe7

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I see her or them, kwa-kAhe7 1 or we (excl.) see you, lo kAhe7 he sees him. khekA I have seen her or them, lokA he has seen him. wa7khe-kA• I saw or I see her or them, I caught sight of her or them, wahi-kA• I saw him, waha-kA• he saw or he sees it, waho-kA• he saw him, wa7shako-kXhe saw her or them, wa7ukhvkA she saw us, wa7shakoti-kA• they (m.) saw her or them, wahuwa-kA she, someone or they saw him, Ayukhi-kAshe or someone will see us, ashe-kA you should see her or them, ahuwa-kA• she, someone or they should see him, ashakoti-kA• they (m.) should see her or them. Habitual past: likAhahkwe7 I used to see him. Stative past: likA-hné• I saw him. Optative stative: ashako-kAke? he would have seen her or them. With s- repetitive: saha-kA• h e s a w it again, h e c a n s e e

again, sahuwa-kA• she saw him again. With t- cislocative: tekhe-kAhe? I see her or them there, tekhekA I have seen her or them there. And stative past: tekhekA-hné• I had seen her or them there. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive-, yáh te7shi-kAhe7 I don't see him around anymore. With tshcoincident: tshahi-kA- when I saw him. With th- contrastive: yáh úhka 7 thayukhi-kA• no one should see us. Aspect class: AL. • Wahi-kA• wahala-táne7. I see him placing his feet. NX ki7 sakehyá-lane katsha7 nú- tekhe-kA. Now I remember where I've seen her. DERIVED BASES: -kAhslu- see sever-

al; -atkA ? se-/-atkA?s- examine, look to find out, tell the future. -kA- v.s. be. kAhak Let there be! Stative past: kA-hné• it used to be.

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Future stative: AkAhake7 it will be. With th- contrastive, and future stative: thikAhak tiA7ú-wa7 Calm down! Just let it be now! • SkAtiA?kó• kAhak tsi7 na7tetwátele7 Let there be peace between us (Christmas greeting). Né- kwí• sAolí-wase7 tsi7 yakawAheyú ukyalyéha kA-hné-. What's new too is that my late sister-in-law has died. SkAhnáksA7 yákA7 ní• AkAhake7 I'm going to be a fox (e.g., in the play). NOTE: Occurs only in the stative past and future stative. kA- pref. she, it. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w/y-/u-/-h-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -kA clitic, deceased, late, used to be. Decessive clitic. DERIVED BASES: .N-tkX plus srepetitive, be one (period of time) ago. NOTE: Occurs with many kin terms. For example, with the alternant -hsot- of -hsotha/-hsot- grandparent: laksotkA my late grandfather, aksotkA my late grandmother. -kAh- n. cloth, fabric, blanket. okAha7 cloth, fabric, blanket. With -oku locative suffix: okAhokú under the cloth or blanket. Pre-pausal: okAho kú. With-astathA-be dry: yokAhastáthA the blanket is dry. With -ate ? lholok-/-ate ? lhol-/ -at-N-olok-/-at-N-ol- cover up oneself: wa7katkAho-lóke7 I covered myself with a blanket, wa7akyatkAho-lóke7 we two (excl.) covered ourselves with a blanket. With -at-N-nyut-/-at-N-niyutsuspend for oneself, hang for oneself:

wakatkAhani-yúte7 I have an apron on, I have curtains up, yakotkAhani-yúte7 she has an apron on, satkAhanyu-U Put on an apron! With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yutkAhu-níhe7 she's making a quilt or blanket, wa7katkAhu-ní• I made quilts, ayutkAhu-nt• she should make quilts. With -atunya't- make something out of something for oneself: wa7utkAhúnyahte7 she made quilts from (them). With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: AivakkAhu-tí• I will lose my blanket. With -awi-/-u-/-Agive someone something: lakkAhawí he has given me a blanket, wa7ukkAhu7 they gave me a blanket. With -es-/-us- be long: kakAhes it's a long cloth or blanket. With ,ha ? uwe ? ek-/.ha ? uwe- plus tedualic, wrap up: wa7thikAhaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped him in a blanket, I wrapped the blanket around him, wa7tekhekAhaha7úwe7eke7

I

wrapped her in a blanket. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, and y- translocative: ya 7skAhahla-kó Take the blanket down! With .hsa'ktanyu-/ .a?ktanyu- plus te- dualic, fold several things or into several folds: wa7tekkAha7ktáni7 I folded the blanket. With .hwatase-/.tase- plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl: tekhekAhata-séhe7 I wrap her up in a blanket (e.g., a baby), wa7tekhekAhata-sé• I wrapped her up in a blanket. With -N-iyo- be good: kakAhiyó it's nice material, a nice blanket. With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: yukwakAhaká-te7 we have lots of blankets. And t- cislocative: tyukwakAhaká-te7 we have so many blankets there. And te?t-

Oneida-English

negative and cislocative: yáh te7tyukwakAhaká-te7 we don't have too many blankets there. With -kst(e)-/-ya ? takste- be heavy: yokAhákste7 it's heavy cloth. With -nAskw- steal, steal from: zvahakkAhanXsko7 he stole the blanket from me. And s- repetitive: sahikAhanXsko7 I stole the blanket from him again. With -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang: kakAhani-yúte7 curtains are hanging. With -nyutufor several to be suspended or hanging: kakAhanyu-tú• there's material (e.g., curtains) hanging in several places (e.g., on several windows). With -tAs- be thick: kakXhatAs it's thick material, cotton. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikakXhatAS it's such a thick blanket. With -yAhn- take somewhere, deliver: wahakAhayA-hná• he's taking a blanket over. With - ? lholok-/ - ? lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up: wa7kkAho-lóke7 I put a blanket over her (z.) or it, wa7khekAho-lóke7 I covered her with a blanket. And tcislocative: tayekAho-lóke7 there she covered it up with a blanket. DERIVED BASES: .kAhakwatho- plus te- dualic, hem cloth; -kAhakwAhtalho- spread out a rug or cloth, lay linoleum; .kAhatenihAplus te- dualic, unfurl cloth; -kAha'nikhu- sew cloth; -atkAhatuquilt; atkAhányaks handkerchief; atkAhanyutákhwa? apron; kakAhani yúte? curtain; kakAhatXsha cotton; teyutkAhaneta'ásta? bedspread, comforter, blanket; yekAhanyutákhwa? curtain rod.

kXh Locative particle: here (close to the speaker).

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kAh kwí- nú- right over here, right here is where. • "KAH kwí- nú- tiAtsyanú-wete7 nX AsnislXhtalawe7 " "This is right where you two will sleep when you get sleepy." (M9) kAh nú- over here, here is where. kAh nukwá- this direction. .kAhakwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. hem cloth, wa 7tyekAhakwátho 7 she put a hem on the cloth (e.g., a blanket). COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, .kwatho- plus te- dualic, roll up, hem. -kAhakwAhtalho- v.a. spread out a rug or cloth, lay linoleum. lakAhakwAhtálhos he spreads out cloth or rugs. wahakAhakwAhtálho7 he spread out a rug, wa7kkAhakwAhtálho7 I spread out the rug, I put down linoleum. COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -takwAhtalho-/ -akwAhtalho- lay out flat. DERIVED BASES:

yutkAhakwAhtalhó tha? rug, carpet, linoleum. .kAhatenihA- plus te- dualic, v.a. unfurl cloth. tehokAhateníhA he has unfurled the cloth (e.g., a flag), wa?thakAhateníhA7 he unfurled the cloth, tAkkAhateníhA7 I will unfurl the cloth or flag. COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, .tenihA- plus te- dualic, shake. -kAha'nikhu- v.a. sew cloth. kkAha7níkhuhe7 I'm sewing cloth (e.g., a blanket). COMPOSED OF: -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -'nikhu- sew, stitch.

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-kAhA- v.s. have one's head lying or propped up. tsi7 nukwá- kkA-hX- the side I have my head on (while I'm lying down), where I have my head propped up, tsi7 nukwá- nikA-hX• the side where the two (m.) have their heads, tsi7 nukivá• yak.wak.A-hX• the side where we (excl.) have our heads. Aspect class: B. -kAhlat- v.s. be disgraceful. yokX-lat it's disgraceful. Aspect class: A. •YokX-lat tsi7 nihatyélha7. It's disgraceful what he's doing. NOTE: May be composed of a root -kAhl- and the -t- causative-inchoative suffix. The root -kAhl- occurs also in -kAhla'sluni- mistreat, abuse someone; -kAhlu- belittle someone, think not too highly of someone; and -kAhluni- mistreat, abuse someone. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kAhla'sluni- v.a. mistreat, abuse someone. lakkAhla7slu-níhe7 he's mistreating or abusing me, shakokAhla?slu-níhe7 he mistreats or abuses her. wa7kkAhla7slu-ní• she (z.) mistreated me. With t- cislocative: tayukkAhla7slu-níthere she treated me mean. •Né• tsi7 lA-nélhe7 a-shakotiwi-láhkwe7 khále7 kAh nukwátayukkAhla7slu-ní• né7n akokstA-ha.

Because they wanted to take her child away from her and here this old lady was mistreating me. (VI) NOTE: See note under -kAhlat- be disgraceful. It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the base -kAhluni-. -kAhlu- v.a. belittle someone, think not too highly of someone. shakokX-luhe7 he belittles her, he knocks her ideas down, he doesn't

think too highly of her, lokX-luhe7 he doesn't think too much of him. wa 7shakokX-lu 7 he didn't think too much of her. NOTE: See note under -kAhlat- be disgraceful. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kAhluni- v.a. mistreat, abuse someone. lokAhlu-níhe7 he's mean or abusive to him. wahikAhlu-ní• I was mean to him, AshakokAhlu-ní• he will be mean to her or them. Habitual past: lokAhluníhahkwe7 he was abusive to him. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -kAhl- and the verb base -uni-/-unymake, construct. See note under -kAhlat- be disgraceful. -kAhslu- v.a. see several. khekAhsluhe7 I keep seeing them. wa 7khekXhslu 7 I saw them. With srepetitive: sakhekXhslu 7 I saw them again. •KAtyohkowanX sakhekXhslu7 nA wahu-níse7 tekhekA-hné• ka7ikX tsi7 niwA-tés. I saw a big crowd (of people) this week, it's a long time since I've seen them. COMPOSED OF: -kA- see, have eyesight, catch sight of, -hslu- distributive. kAkwi té- spring. With tsh- coincident: tshikAkwi-té• last spring. NOTE: Composed of the kA- neuter agent prefix, a root -ikwite- spring, and a suffix - 7 . See also kAkwité ne springtime. kAkwité ne springtime. •KAkwité-ne thikX nA né• na7 yusakáhewe7 usayakwayAthóhslu7 In the springtime it's time for us to do the planting. (Gl) NOTE: Composed of the kA- neuter

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agent prefix, a root -ikwite- spring, and the locative clitic -'ne. See also kAkwi té- spring. kX Ieks N lion. -kAnol-/-kAnole-/-kanol-/-kanolev.a. rain. yokAno-lése7 it keeps raining, it rains and rains. yokAtiolú it's raining. iva?okA-nóle7 it started to rain, ukkA-nóle7 it rained on me, wa7ukwakA-nóle7 it rained on us, AyokA-nóle7 it will rain, ayokA-nóle7 it should rain. Habitual past: yokAno-lé-skwe7 it was raining. Future habitual: AyokAnolé-sheke7 it will be raining (all the time). Future stative: AyokAnolúhake7 it will be raining. With s- repetitive: tsyokAnolú it's raining again, sayokA-nóle7 it rained again. With t- cislocative: tyokAnolú it's raining there. And habitual past: tyokano-lé-skwe7 it was raining there. With y- translocative: yeyokAnolú it's raining over there. With tsh- coincident: tsha7okA-nóle7 when it started to rain. With thcontrastive: yáh newAtú thayokA-nóle7 it never rains. Aspect class: E4. •Kwáh elhú-wa7 átste7 nú• ta-kéniyohkwíshlu7 tsi7yokAtio-7 l é-se Just now I came from outside (and) it's raining really hard. DERIVED BASES: -kAnolehsl- be going to rain; -kAnolehslakli- rainwater; -kAnolehslol- look like rain; -kAnoluhatye- for rain to come or go. NOTE: Both -kAnol-/-kAnole- and -kanol-/-kanole- occur, depending on the speaker. The alternants -kAnoleand -kanole- occur before the -hsldislocative and -hsl- nominalizer suffixes. The derived bases are given with the alternants -kAnol-/ -kAnole-. tsi7

-kAnolehsl- v.m. be going to rain. yokAtioléhsle 7 it's going to rain. COMPOSED OF: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/ -kanol-/-kanole- rain, -hsl- dislocative. -kAnolehslakli- v. > n. rainwater. okAnolehslákli7 rainwater. Prepausal: okAnolehslákelP. COMPOSED OF: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/ -kanol-/-kanole- rain, -hsl- nominalizer, -N-kli- liquid product. -kAnolehslol- v.s. look like rain. yokAnolehslolú it looks like rain. Pre-pausal: yokAtiolehslo lú. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the verb base -kAnol-/-kAnole-/-kanol-/-kanolerain, the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, and possibly the alternant -ol- of the verb base -?lholok-/- ? lhol-/-olok-/ -ol- cover up. -kAnoluhatye- v.m. for rain to come or go. yokAnoluháti7 the rain is going by. wa7okAnoluháti7 the rain is going by. With t- cislocative: tayokAnoluháti7 rain is coming this way. With y- translocative: ya 7okAtioluháti7 rain is going that way (your way). COMPOSED OF: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/ -kanol-/-kanole- rain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kAnoluhati- before a final 7 . -kAnyat- v.s. be standing as a group. twakAnyate7 we (incl.) are standing, latikAnyate7 they (m.) are standing. With t- cislocative: thatikAnyate7 there they (m.) are standing. Aspect class: F. •Tsi7 tyutAhni-núhe7 ka7ikA thó latikAn yate7 They're standing around at the store. (G2)

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DERIVED BASES: -kAnyatutye- b e

milling around. -kAnyatutye- v.m. be milling around. latikAnyatútyehse7 they (m.) are standing around but not necessarily standing still, they're milling around. Habitual past: laiikAnyatútye7skwe7 they (m.) were milling around. COMPOSED OF: -kAnyat- be standing as a group, -u stative, -tye- progressive. kAs Adverbial particle: normally, usually. •Tahnú• kAs né• wa7katya7tashno-láte7 nA kAs né• sAha7 yáh thakkwe-ní• áhsA nikú akhla-kóónlahte7 So then usually I tried to go faster (but) then usually I couldn't pick up three (tobacco) leaves. (03) NOTE: This particle is very frequently reduced to s. .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, v.a. peel something. tekkAslus I'm peeling it (with an implement, such as a knife). tewakkAslu I have peeled it. wa?thakA-séle7 he peeled it, tAkkA-séle7 I will peel it. teskA-sél Peel it! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: teyuhyakAslus she's peeling fruit, tehuhyakAslus they (m.) are peeling fruit, wa7tkahyakA-séle7 I peeled fruit, wa?tyuhyakA-séle7 she peeled fruit. With -a?nuk-/-?nukslonion: wa7tke7nukslakA-séle7 I peeled the onion. With -hnana?tpotato: tekhnana7takAslus I'm peeling potatoes, teyehnana7takAslus she's peeling potatoes, tewakhnana7takAslu I have peeled potatoes, teyakohnana 7takAslu she has peeled the potatoes, wa7tyehnana7takA-séle7 she peeled potatoes. And s- repetitive:

she started to peel potatoes again. With -htehlroot: wa?tyehtehlakA-séle7 she peeled carrots. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: wa 7teknu 7uslakA-séle7 I peeled the squash. Aspect class: E6. tusayehnana7takA-séle7

DERIVED BASES: .atkAsl-/.atkAsel-

plus te- dualic, peel; .la?wistakAsl-/ .la'wistakAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something. NOTE: The alternant .kAsl- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .kAsel- occurs in the punctual aspect. kAtAlú V > N pity. Pre-pausal: kAtA'lú. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -itAl- pity someone, -u stative. kX tho Locative particle: right here. kAtskale? V > N sheet, cover. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -itskal-/-itskalu- put down a sheet or cover, -e? stative. kAyé ke watnátalute? V > N fried bread. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat, -?ke locative suffix; and w- neuter agent, -na'tal- bread, cake, -ate'skut-/ -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e ? stative. kA? Locative and presentational particle: right here. kA? nahé ya? a little while. kA? náhe? a little while. kA? ná ye? a little while. kA? nikú it's this much, this quantity. Pre-pausal: kA7 ni-kú. kA? nikuhá there's only this much. •SAha7 kA7 nikuhá wakhwístayA

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Oneida-English

tsi7 nisé• ni-yót.

I have less money

than you do. kA? niyohAtésha V > N Term for strawberries used in the Opening of the Thanksgiving Address. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hAt- field, garden, .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short. kA? niyo lé- it's so far, it's just that far. kA? nú- right here is where. kA? nukwá- Here it is! (I'm indicating to someone to take it.) There it is! (I found it.). -kA?sel-/-kA?sl- v.a. pry or jack up and wedge underneath. lakA7sélha7 he's prying it up and placing something underneath it (e.g., he's putting something underneath a table leg to make the table even or steady). lokA-slu he has jacked it up and placed something underneath it. wahakA-sele7 he jacked it up and placed something underneath it. satkA-sel Put something underneath! (e.g., your head) Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - k A ? s l a h k w - use to

wedge underneath. NOTE: The alternant -kA?sel- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -kA?sl- occurs in the stative aspect and before derivational suffixes. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kA?slahkw- v.a. use to wedge underneath. lakA7slákhwa7 he's wedging it underneath it. lokA7sláhkwA he has wedged it underneath something. wahakA-slahkwe7 he wedged it between it. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -kA?sel-/-kA?sl- pry or jack up and wedge underneath,

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-hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: - a t k A ? s l a h k w - p u t

something under oneself; -lihwakA?slahkw- give an excuse or alibi. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa?. The ? of the ?sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kh- v.m. go to eat. kékhe7 I'm here to eat. With -itsy- fish: AtWAtsyákha 7 we (incl.) will go and eat fish. COMPOSED OF: -k-/-ek-/-ak- eat, -h- dislocative. -N-kh- v.m. go to pick. With -ahy-/ -hi- fruit, berry: kahyákhe7 I'm here to pick fruit or berries, yuhyákhehse7 she goes to pick berries, wa 7kyahyákha 7 the two (z.) went to pick berries, Akahyákha 7 I will go to pick berries, Ayuhyákha 7 she will go to pick berries, a-yuhyákha7 she or someone should go to pick berries, ahuhyákha7 they (m.) should go to pick berries. With -sahe?t- bean: ksahe 7tákhe 7 I'm here to pick beans. Aspect class: H. •NA ki7 ale7 wt'• nya7káhewe7 a-yuhyákha7 kA-, HA kwi• wa7kyahyákha7 ki7 wáh, sok nú7 o sluní-taku. Now it came time again to go pick berries, now indeed the two went to pick berries, somewhere amongst the white people. (M2) COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -h- dislocative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final -h- is the dislocative suffix, which apparently has fused with the alternant -kw- of the component base -kw-/-ekw-. .khahesu?se? plus na?te- partitive and dualic, v.s. take big steps, stride.

480 Orieida-English

a7é- na7tehakhahe-sú-se? he takes big steps, he has such a long stride, a7é- na7teyekhahe-sú-se7 she takes big steps. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long, -u stative, and - ? se ? secondary habitual; otherwise the composition is unknown. The 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. khahsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. separate, divide, share. teyaknikháhsyus we two (excl.) are separating or dividing it. teyuknikháhsi we have divided it, we have shared it. wa7tekekháhsi7 I divided it, I separated it in half, wa7tekhekháhsi7 I separated them, wa7tyaknikháhsi7 we two (excl.) shared it, wa7tyuknikháhsi7 it divided us, taetnikháhsi7 you and I (incl.) should be sharing, ta-yaknikháhsi7 we two (excl.) should be sharing, taetnikháhsi Let's you and I (incl.) share! With -nuhs- house, building: wa7teknuhsakháhsi7 I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakháhsi the room is divided. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: .khahsyukw- plus te- dualic, separate or divide completely; .atekhahsyu- plus tedualic, come apart, come undone, become unravelled, separate. NOTE: Many speakers have .khahsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . khahsyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. separate or divide completely. tekekhahsyúkwas I'm dividing or separating them all. tewakekhahsyúkwA I have divided them all up. wa7tekekhahsyu-kó• I

divided them all up, tAhsekhahsyu-kó• you will separate them all, wa7tetwakhahsyu-kó• we (incl.) are separating or dividing it all up. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .khahsyu- plus tedualic, separate, divide, share, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .khakahlA- plus te- dualic, v.s. have the knees apart, be bowlegged. tehakhaká-lA7 his knees are apart. With n- partitive: na7tehakhaká-lA7 he's sitting with his knees so far apart, na7teyekhaká-lA7 she's sitting with her knees so far apart. Aspect class: B. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. khále? Particle which links clauses: and. .khanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. piece together, tekekhányuhe7 I'm piecing it together (e.g., a jigsaw puzzle or a quilt), tewakekháni7 I have pieced it together, tehokháni7 he has pieced it together, tekakháni7 it's pieced together. wa7tkekháni7 I pieced it together, wa7thakháni7 he pieced it together, tAkekháni7 I will piece it together. With s- repetitive: teskakháni7 it's put back together again. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: .atekhanyu- plus te- dualic, get pieced together; .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyu- plus tedualic, piece together cloth, quilt; .lihwakhanyu- plus te- dualic, put ideas together; tewahyakháni?

Oneida-English

tomato. NOTE: Many speakers have .khanibefore a final 1 . -kha 7 clitic, in the ways of. Characterizer clitic. DERIVED BASES: k a n a t a ' k é k h a ?

sparrow; na'kúkha? underwear; yoshnole'kékha? Adverbial particle: hurriedly. khe-/khey- pref. I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant khe- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant khey- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. kheksuwé- N cookie. NOTE: May include the base -shuwe- be a hole, since cookies often have a hole in the centre. khey- pref. I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See khe-/khey-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. .khA-/.khAt- plus te- dualic, v.s. be twins, be part of a set. tetníkhA7 you and I (incl.) are twins, teyakníkhA 7 we two (excl.) are twins, tehníkhA 7 the two (m.) are twins, tekníkhA7 twin girls, tehatíkhA7 they (m.) are all twins. With n- partitive: áhsA na7tehatíkhA7 triplets. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: t e y e k h A t á k h w a ?

glue. NOTE: The alternant .khAt- occurs before the -hkw- instrumental suffix.

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-khofe-/-khofe ? tsl- n. coffee, khófe coffee. With -hnekil-/-hnekihldrink: wa7kekhofe7tslahnekí-la7 I drank coffee. NOTE: The alternant -khofe- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -khofe'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -khuni-/-khuny- v.a. cook. kekhu-níhe7 I'm cooking, sekhu-nthe7 you're cooking, yekhu-níhe7 she's cooking, lakhu-níhe7 he's cooking. wakekhuní I have prepared it for cooking (and it's cooking), yakokhutií she has cooked, lokhuní he has cooked. wa7kekhu-ní• I cooked, wa 7ekhu-ní• she cooked, wa7kutikhu-ní• they (z.) cooked, Akekhu-nt• I will cook, Ayekhu-níshe will cook, Akutikhu-ní• they (z.) will cook, ayekhu-ní• she should cook. Habitual past: yekhuníhahkwe7 she used to cook. Stative past: wakekhuni-hné• I have cooked it, yakokhuni-hné- she cooked it. Optative habitual: ayekhuníheke7 she should be cooking. Future stative: Ayakokhuníhake 7 she will be cooking. With s- repetitive: skakhuní the food is cooked, tsyakokhuní she has cooked again, sayekhu-ní• she cooked again, usayekhu-ní• she should cook again. And optative stative: usukekhunthake7 I should be cooking again. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: - k h u n i h a t y e - go

along cooking; -khunihe? be a cook; -khunya'n- intend to cook; -khunya't- use something to cook with; -khunyAni-/-khunyA- cook for someone.

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Orieida-English

NOTE: The alternant -khuny- occurs before derivational suffixes. -khunihatye- v.m. go along cooking. lokhuniháti7 he's going along cooking. lokhunihátyehse7 he's busy at cooking, he's walking around getting things ready to cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -khunihati- before a final 7 . -khunihe 7 v.a. be a cook, lakhu-nthe7 (he's a) cook, yekhu-níhe7 (she's a) cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -he7 habitual. -khuny- cook. See -khuni-/-khuny-. -khunya'n- v.m. intend to cook. lakhunyá-ne7 he's going to cook. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -khunya't- v.a. use something to cook with, kekhunyá-tha7 I'm using this to cook with, wakekhunyá-tu I have used it to cook with. ayakwakhúnyahte7 we (excl.) should use it to cook with. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES: yekhunyátha 7 kitchen; yekhunya'tákhwa' pots, pans. NOTE: The 7 of the 't cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -khunyAni-/-khunyA- v.a. cook for someone. kukhunyA-níhe7 I'm cooking for you, khekhunyA-nthe7

I'm cooking for her or someone. wa7kukhúni7 I cooked for you, wahokhúni7 he or she (z.) cooked for him, wa7utatekhúni7 she cooked for her, Ahuwakhúni7 she will cook for him, ahuwakhúni7 she should cook for him, ahuwatikhúni7 she should cook for them. COMPOSED OF: -khuni-/-khunycook, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: . a t a t e k h u n y A n i - /

.atatekhunyA- plus te- dualic, cook for each other. NOTE: The alternant -khunyAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -khunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -khuni- before a final -khw- n. food, kákhwa7 food. akókhwa7 her food, laókhwa 7 his food. With -akAl(e)- be scarce: kakhwakA-lé• food is scarce. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: yekhiváksA she has bad food. With -atehsak-/-at-N-isaklook for something for oneself: latekhwi'sáks he's searching for food. With -ato'kta-Z-ato'ktA- run out of, end: katekhó-ktAs I run out of food, wakatekho7ktá-u I have run out of food, wahatekhó-ktA7 he ran out of food, Akatekhó-ktA 7 I will run out of food. With -at-N-taliha'theat up, warm up, and s- repetitive: sakatekhwatalíhahte7 I heated up the food again. With -atyA-/-atyAtsit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: latékhwayAhe7 he's storing food, lutékhiuayAhe7 they (m.) are storing food, iva7katékhwayA7 I stored food, wahatékhivayA7 he stored food. With -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on: kekhwahélha7 I'm putting food on it (the table). With

Oneida-English

-N-iyo- be good: kakhwiyó it's good food, yekhwiyó she has good food. With -ka ? tatye- have a lot of while going along, and nis- partitive and repetitive: nitsyuktiikhwaka 7táti 7 we two have all this food along with us again. With -nahn- fill: kakhwaná-nu it's full of food. With -nuwak- have a craving for: lakhwanu-wáks he's wishing for food, wahakhwanu-wáke7 he wished for food. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikakhó-tA the kind of food it is. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nítwakhó-tAhse7 the kind of foods we (incl.) have. And te ? - negative: yáh thó te7kakhó-tA it's not the kind of food. With -ta ? -/-eta ? - put into a container: wa7kekhwátane7 I put some food in it. With -wisto- be cold: yokhwawísto the food is cold. With -wisto7- become cold: wa7kakhwawistone7 the food got cold. With -yA?t- take inside, bring inside, and y- translocative: yekekhwayA-tha7 I take the food in. DERIVED BASES: - k h w a h e l - /

-khwahl- put up a dinner; -khwalakhwa 7 stomach; -khwanut-/ -khwanutu- feed someone, give someone food; .khwashnye- plus tedualic, provide room and board; -khwayAhu- be a good cook; -khwAta 7 - finish eating; -khwisa'finish preparing a meal; -khuni-/ -khuny- cook; -atekhuni-/-atekhunyeat a meal; -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla'tsl- table; -atekhwakw- bite into, take a bite; -atekhwisa'- finish eating a meal, eat up; kakhwaksXska junk food; kakhwawistótha? plus te- dualic, refrigerator; YutékhwayAhe7 October. NOTE: The final w of the base is

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deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -khwa- v.a. take something away from someone, lakékhwas he's taking it away from me. lakékhwA he has taken it away from me. wahakékhwa7 he took it away from me, wahíkhwa 7 I took it away from him, wa 7shakókhwa 7 he took it away from her or them. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wahuwahwistákhwa7 they took away his money. With -nakal- stick: wahinakalákhwa7 I took the stick away from him. With -na ? talbread, cake: wahakna7talákhwa7 he took the bread away from me. With -wil- baby, offspring: wahuwatiwilákhwa7 she or someone took their children away from them (m.), Ashakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) will take her children away from her, a-shakowilákhwa7 he would take her child away from her, a-shakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) should take her child away from her. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7shako7slehtákhwa7 he took the car away from her or them. Aspect class: D2. • Kwáh akwekú wa7shakókhwa7 Ahuta-tí• kA-. He just took away from them their ability to speak. (M8) NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -khwahel-/-khwahl- v.a. put up a dinner, yakokhwáhele7 she's putting up a dinner, kakhwáhele7 the meal is put out. Ayekhwá-lA 7 she will put up a dinner. Habitual past: yotikhwá-lahkwe7 they (z.) put up a dinner. Aspect class: F. • Yotikhwá-lahkwe7 kwitekuttsihkwá-eks né- tsi7 ku nélhe7 akuthwistu-ní• tsi7 ok nahté-shu7

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Orieida-English

teyonatuhutsyoní akutihni-nú• né• ki7 akwáh aonatyá-tawiht. The baseball team put up a dinner because they wanted to raise the money that they needed to buy things, but mostly their jackets. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -khwahelha' be a waitress, server; -atekhwahel-/ -atekhwahl- put up a dinner. NOTE: The alternant -khwaheloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -khwahloccurs in the punctual aspect and the expanded aspects, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -khwahelha 7 v.a. be a waitress, server, yekhwahélha7 (she's a) waitress. COMPOSED OF: -khwahel-/

-khwahl- put up a dinner, -ha 7 habitual. -khwahl- put up a dinner. See -khwahel-/-khwahl-. -khwalakhwa 7 V > N stomach. kekhwalákhwa7 my stomach, yekhwalákhwa7 her stomach, lakhwalákhwa7 his stomach. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -1- be in

or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha7 habitual. -khwanut-/-khwanutu- v.a. feed someone, give someone food. likhwanu-túhe7 I'm feeding him. likhwanutú I have fed him. wahikhwánute7 I fed him, wa7khekhwánute7 I fed her, wahuwatikhwánute7 someone or they fed them (m.). Aspect class: Al. • Thó s na7 thikA akwáh ahsúthA ok niyo-lé• ókhna7 wahutkA-lahte7 7 tá-t na wahuwatikhwánute7 ókhna7

né' sahuhtA-tí• n tehatilihwákhwa7 Then it's midnight and immediately they stop, maybe they feed them and the singers go home right away. (M15) COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -nut-/

-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e k h w a n u t - /

-atatekhwanut- feed oneself. NOTE: The alternant -khwanutuoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -khwanut- occurs in the punctual aspect. .khwashnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. provide room and board. tekhekhxváshnyehe7 I put up boarders. wa7tekhwáshni7 I gave them room and board, wa7thuwatikhwáshni7 she gave them (m.) room and board, she boarded them. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, .shnye-

plus te- dualic, look after, nurture. NOTE: Many speakers have .khwashni- before a final 7 . -khwayAhu- v.s. be a good cook. yekhwayAhu she's a good cook, kutikhwayAhu they (z.) are good cooks. With n- partitive: niyekhwayAhu she's such a good cook. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7yekhxvayAhu she's not a good cook. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -khw- food,

-N-yAhu- be good at producing a product. -khwAta'- v.a. finish eating. yukwakhwAtá-u we have finished eating. wahatikhiOA-táne7 they (m.) finished eating, AhatikhwA-táne7 they (m.) will finish eating. With tshusa- coincident and repetitive:

Oneida-English

tshusahnikhwA-táne7 when the two (m.) had finished eating again. • Né- s kati7 ka 7ikA nA khále 7 wahatikhwA-táne7 kAyo7kaláshu kA- khále7 kwah nók sayeksaló-loke7 khále7 tahutáhsawA7 wa7thatihyatúhsl ayA7. SO then they would finish eating in the evening, and then she'd just gather up the dishes and they'd start to play cards. (M5) COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -N-Ata?finish doing. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -khwisa?- v.a. finish preparing a meal, wakekhwísu 7 I have finished preparing a meal, wa 7kekhwísane 7 I finished preparing a meal, wa 7ekhwtsane 7 she finished preparing a meal. • Kwáh s kwi- nA wa7ekhwi'sane7 nA tutahatáyahte7, nA kwi- wahatekhu ní\ She would just finish making the meal when he would come in again, so then he would eat. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -khw- food, -hsa?-/ -isa?- finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-u is replaced by -u?. kítkit N chicken.

DERIVED BASES: kítkit laohyakwila?shúha chicken feet; kítkit la tsín rooster; kítkit teyakoya?tákhwa? or kítkit yakoye nás chicken hawk.

kítkit laohyakwila?shúha N chicken feet. COMPOSED OF: kítkit chicken; and lao- masculine singular possessive,

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-ahyakwil-/-ahyakwi- toe, -a? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. kítkit la tsín V > N rooster. COMPOSED OF: kítkit chicken; and la- masculine singular agent, -tsin- be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. kítkit teyakoya'tákhwa? V > N chicken hawk. COMPOSED OF: kítkit chicken; and yako- feminine-zoic singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, .hkw-/ .ehkw-/.ya?tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Another expression for 'chicken hawk' is kítkit yakoye nás. kítkit yakoye nás V > N chicken hawk. COMPOSED OF: kítkit chicken; and yako- feminine-zoic singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -s habitual. NOTE: Another expression for 'chicken hawk' is kítkit teyakoya'tákhwa'. ki? Emphatic particle: as a matter of fact, actually. ki? uhte wí- as a matter of fact it's probably or maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kyuht wí-. ki? wáh Emphatic expression: actually, okay, right. • NA kwi- né- thó wahá-lA 7 n latAhni-núhe7 kA- kwi- wahahwe7nu-ní- ki7 wáh. So then the storekeeper put it down (the pig head), he wrapped it up, right. (M3) -kla?- smell, stink. See -akla?-/-kla?-.

486

Orieida-English

-N-kli- v. > n. liquid product. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -ahyakli- fruit drink; -hnekakli-/-hnekakli?tsl- broth, watery soup; -kAnolehslakli- rainwater; -lutakli- maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar; -nawa'tstakli- muddy water; -na 7 talakli- soup or broth left after cooking cornbread; -nutakli-/ -nutakli'tsl- sugar; -yu'kwaklitobacco juice. These bases have both nominal and verbal properties: they take the noun prefix o-, but they require the nominalizer suffix when they are incorporated into a verb. klíkli N blue jay. Klistí-n proper name. Christine. kn- pref. the two (both females). Third person feminine-zoic dual agent pronominal prefix. See kni-/ kn-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. kn- pref. I act on you two, we two act on you or you two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kni-/kn-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. kni-/kn-/ky- pref. the two (both females). Third person feminine-zoic dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant kni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant ky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. kni-/kn-/ky- pref. I act on you two, we two act on you or you two. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on second person dual, first person dual acting on second person

singular or dual. NOTE: The alternant kni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant ky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. -kó- clitic, big. Augmentative clitic. DERIVED BASES: a ' n u k k ó - leek;

elikkó- wild cherry; kanuhsate'kó school, high school; Kolahkó- King; ohna'kwalohsa'kó / ohnakwalohsa'kó- elephant; onahsakAlatkó- / nahsakAlatkówild goose; olhohte'kó- burdock; ona'kAtkó- badger; onu'usla'kópumpkin; otsi'nowAhkó- rat; o'nAhalhkó- grape; shahyese'kó- / sha'yese'kó- / sha-yese'kómulberry; tekahsineskó- crane; teyotskala'tkó- smartweed; tsikawihsakiha'kó- gorilla; tsikskócicada; wa'kohseskó- peacock. kóh Presentational particle: Here (take this)! kohkwáe N bobwhite, quail. kohsa tXs N horse. DERIVED BASES-. k o h s a tXs

thotakwalihsyá-tha? bridle; kohsa-tXs tsí ks horsefly. NOTE: Composed of ko-, which is a reduced form of the feminine-indefinite singular patient prefix yako-, the verb base -hsatA- ride on the back of a horse, and -s habitual. kohsa-tXs thotakwalihsyá-tha? bridle. COMPOSED OF: kohsa-tXs horse; and -ho- masculine singular patient, .takwalihsyu-/.takwalihsy- plus tcislocative, straighten out, steer, - ? tcausative, -ha ? habitual.

Oneida-English

kohsa tXs tsí ks N horsefly. COMPOSED OF: kohsatAs horse; and tsí-ks housefly. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onla-kók (ACH). kohslá-ke winter. With tsh- coincident: tshikohslá-ke last winter. With oyá• another, and tshitcoincident and cislocative: oyátshitkohslá-ke the other year. •Kohsláke nítwaku7wéskwa7 7 nihe tsi nikú wakAnhaténi7 I like winter best of all the seasons. DERIVED BASES: kohsla'ké ne wintertime. NOTE: Composed of an anomalous prefix k-, the noun root -ohsl- year, winter, and the locative suffix - ? ke. The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. kohsla'ké ne wintertime. NOTE: Composed of kohsla?ke, which is the underlying form of kohslá ke winter, and the -' ne locative clitic. kok Affirmative particle: just this (dimension, amount). kok kwí- náhe? it was just a little while really. kok náhe' it was just a little while. • Kok náhe7 tayo7talíhA7 In just a little while it'll warm up. (Gl) kok ná y e ' it was just a little while. kok nikú it's only that many or that much. Pre-pausal: kok ni-kú. kok niyo lé- it's only that far, it's only a little ways. Kolahkowánhne N Canada. NOTE: Used in Wisconsin to refer to Canada and to the Oneidas in Canada, and composed of a component

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kola, a variant of -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big, and the -ne locative clitic. See also lakolá Indian agent. Kolahkó- N King. NOTE: Composed of a component kola, and the -kó- augmentative clitic. This word is also used to refer to God in traditional hymnbooks. See also lakolá Indian agent. -koni'n- v.a. go to get something for someone. iva7kukonfna7 I'm going to go get it for you, wahikont-tia7 I'm going to go get it for him. takkoní-na Go get it for me! With -hnek- liquid, liquor: takhnekakoní-na Go get me some water! COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick,

harvest, -ni- benefactive, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. kóskos N pig. -ko'n- v.m. go to get, fetch, lakó-ne7 he's here to pick something up and take it away, lakó-nehse7 he keeps going to get it. lokó-nu he has gone to fetch it. wa 7kkó-na 7 I'm going to get it, wahakó-na 7 he's on his way to fetch it. skó-na Go get it! With srepetitive: saskó-na Go get it again! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: kahyakó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the berries. With -atAna'tsl- groceries, lunch: wahsatAna7tslakó-na7 you're going to get groceries. With -hnana't- potato: khnana7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the potatoes. And srepetitive: sakhnana7takó-na7 I went to go get potatoes again. With -lut- tree, log: aetnilutakó-na7 you and I (incl.) should go to get a tree. With -nAst- corn: knAStakó-ne7 I'm here to pick up corn. With -sahe ? t-

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Orieida-English

bean: ksahe7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch beans. With -ya'tuni-/ -ya'tunihsl- doll: Ahsya?tuníhslakó-na7 you will go to pick up your doll. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: latiyMakó ne7 they (m.) came to get wood, wahay Atakóna7 he went to get wood, AhayAtakó na? he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtakó-na 7 they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) should get (cut) wood. And s- repetitive: sahatiyAtakó-na? they (m.) went to get wood again. Aspect class: H. • Wáhs, saskó-na kaha-lú-. Go, go get those things that are hanging. COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ks- n. dish, plate, bowl. With -'ke locative suffix: kaksá-ke on the outside of the dish. With -ku locative suffix: káksaku in the dish or bowl, on the plate. With -oku locative suffix: kaksokú under the dish. Prepausal: kakso-kú. With -athel-/ -athl- set down for oneself: yukyateksáhele7 we have a container set up, wa?kateksá-lA7 I put down the dish, Ahsateksá-lA7 you will put down a dish. And future stative: Asateksá-lake7 you will have a dish set down for yourself. And n- partitive: niyukyateksáhele7 where we had containers set up. With -awi-/ - U - / - A - give someone something: yukeksawí she has given me a dish. With .a?SA?-/.ya?tA?-/ .A?- plus tcislocative, fall off, fall from a height: takáksAne7 the dish fell. With .a?SA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A7- plus ytranslocative: fall in; fall down:

ya 7káksAtie 7 the dish fell down or in. With -a?sA?se-/-a?SA?s-/-A?se-/-A?Sdrop something: ukéksAhse7 I dropped the dish. With -hel-/-hlset on top of, place on: kaksáhele7 the dish is set down. With .hlihtplus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tehoksahlíhtu he has broken the dishes, wa7thaksá-lihte7 he broke the dish. With .hli'- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyoksahlí-u the dish is broken, wa7tkaksá-line7 the dish broke. With .hli ? s- plus te- dualic, break on someone: wa?twakeksá-lihse7 the dish broke on me. With -hlunyu- set here and there: keksahlúnyuhe7 I'm setting the table, wa7akwaksahlúni7 we (excl.) set out the dishes. With -N-itahkw-/-ya'titahkw- take someone or something out, and srepetitive: Ashaksitáhko7 he will take a dish out again. With -N-ita ? /-ya 7 tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7keksítane7 I put dishes in it. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big: kaksowanA it's a big dish. With -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7kekso-kéwe7 I wiped the dish. With -lakewanyu-/ -okewanyu- wipe several: keksokewányuhe ? I'm wiping dishes, wa7keksokewáni7 I wiped the dishes. And t- cislocative: tayeksokeiváni7 she wiped the dishes there. With -lohlok-/-lohlgather: keksaló-loks I'm gathering up dishes, I'm clearing the table, wa7akwaksaló-loke? we (excl.) gathered up the dishes, wa7eksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes again. And t- cislocative:

Oneida-English

tayakwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes there. With -nohale- / -ya'tohale- / -ohale- wash: wa7keksóhale7 I washed the dish. With -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- wash several: keksohalényuhe7 I'm washing dishes, saksohaléni7 you have washed the dishes, wa7eksohaléni7 she washed the dishes, Akeksohaléni7 I will wash the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksohalétti7 she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaléni7 she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaléni7 they (z.) should wash the dishes again. And t- cislocative: tayeksohaléni7 there she washed the dishes, Atyeksohaléni7 there she will wash the dishes. With -nohale 7 n-/-ohale 7 n- go to wash: wa7keksohalé-na7 I'm going to wash the dish. With .N-t-/.ya ? tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skáksat one dish. With -tat- hand something by extending one's hand, and t- cislocative: só-tsi7 é-nik tayéksatate7 she had the dish too high. With -ta 7 -/ -eta 7 - put into a container: keksáta7as I'm putting plates in there. With .ya 7 slunyu-/. 7 slunyuplus te- dualic, stack several, pile several: wa7tkeksa7slúni7 I stacked the dishes, tehseksa7slúni Stack the dishes! DERIVED BASES: y e k s a y A t a k h w - /

yeksayAtakhwa7tsl- cupboard; yeksokewátha 7 dishtowel; yuteksahlákhwa 7 dish. NOTE: Attested only with locative suffixes and as an incorporated root. Compare -atsyA-/-tsyA-, which is never incorporated. -ksa 7 -/-ksa 7 t- human n. child, keksáI'm a child, laksá• boy, yeksá- girl.

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Pre-pausal: yeksá\ With te- dualic: tekniksá• two girls, tehniksá• two boys, two children. With -shuha collective clitic: yakwaksa7shúha we (excl.) children, latiksa7shúha boys, children, kutiksa7shúha girls, ukwaksa 7shúha our children. With te 7 - negative: yáh laksá- té-kA he's not a boy, yáh tehaksá• he's not a child, he's no child. With tshcoincident: tshikeksá• when I was a child, tshiyeksá• when she was a child. And -shuha collective clitic: tshiyakwaksa7shúha when we (excl.) were children. With ,N-o7tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihaksa 7tó-tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa7tó-tA the kind of child she is. And secondary habitual: nihatiksa7tó-tAhse7 the way the children are. • Né- kwt• tsi7 náhte7 i-kélhe7 akka-látu7, aknulhá• ka7ikA yukkalatuní kA- tshikeksá\ The story I want to tell is a story that my mother told me when I was a child. (M8) DERIVED BASES: - k s a ' t a k s ( A ) - b e a

bad child; -ksa 7 tiyo- be a good child. NOTE: The alternant -ksa 7 t- is the incorporating form, -ksa 7 - occurs elsewhere. The final 7 of -ksa 7 - is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ksa 7 taksa 7 t- v.a. spoil a child. shakoksa7taksá-tha7 he's spoiling her, luwaksa7taksá-tha7 she's spoiling him. wa7shakotiksa7táksahte7 they (m.) spoiled her, wa7etshiksa7táksahte7 you two or you all spoiled her. •í-nelhe7 kwí• só-tsi7 lotiwilanAste7kA-, né- alá• wa7shakotiksa 7táksahtel. They thought they treasured their child so much, that's the reason they spoiled her. (M7)

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: -ksa'taks(A)- be a

bad child, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ksa7taks(A)- v.s. be a bad child. keksa 7táksA I'm a bad child, yeksa 7táksA she's a bad child, laksa ?táksA he's a bad child. Secondary habitual: latiksa?táksAhse7 they (m.) are bad children. With n- partitive: tsi7 nikeksa7táksA I'm such a bad child. Aspect class: A. • Né- wí- thó nikayélha7 tsi7 yakonuhwáktanihe7 tsi7 só-tsi7 7 yeksa táksA. It's happening that she's sick because she's such a bad child. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -ksa?-/-ksa?t- child, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: -ksa'taksa't- spoil a child; -ateksa'taksa't- misbehave, become a bad child. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. -ksa'tiyo- v.s. be a good child. keksa 7tiyó I'm a good child, yeksa7tiyó she's a good girl, laksa 7tiyó he's a good boy. Prepausal: laksa7ti-yá With n-partitive: niyeksa 7tiyó she's such a good girl. And optative stative: ahseksa 7tiyóhake 7 you should be a good child, ayeksa7tiyóhake7 she should be a good girl. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ksa?-/-ksa ? t- child, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: - a t e k s a ' t i y o s t -

behave, become a good child.

-kst(e)-/-ya?takste- v.s. be heavy. yókste7 it's heavy, wakya 7tákste7 I'm heavy, loya7tákste7 he's heavy, yakoya7tákste7 she's heavy. Habitual past: loya7tákstehkzve7 he was heavy. Future stative: Ahoya7táksteke7 he will be heavy, Ayóksteke7 it will be heavy. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: yokAhákste7 it's heavy cloth. With the English noun job and -hslnominalizer: yotsyapslákste7 it's heavy or hard work. With -yo'tAhsl- work, and te ? - negative: yáh te7yoyo7tAhslákste7 the work is not heavy or hard. Aspect class: B. •Yáh kwi- thó te7yoyo7tAhslákste7 tsi7 né• niyohtú-ne7 tshiwahu-níse7. Work is not hard like the way it was a long time ago. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -kstA?- become heavy; -lihwakste- be important. NOTE: The alternant -ya'taksteoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. An alternant -kst-, without the final vowel, occurs before the -A7- inchoative suffix. The alternant -ksteoccurs elsewhere. -kstAha/-kstA- human n. older person or animal, spouse. akokstAha old lady, lokstAha old man, okstAha old woman, yokstAha she (z.) is old, lotikstAha old men, old men and women, likstAha my old man, my husband, etshekstAha your husband, khekstAha my old lady, my wife, shekstAha your wife, luwakstAha her husband. Pre-pausal: khekstA-ha. ókste7 Wife! Husband! With -kA decessive clitic: likstAhkA my late husband. With -oku/-o-kú- collective clitic: lotikstAhokúha the old men, the old men and women. •YokstAha thikA élhal. That dog

Oneida-English

is old. Né- kati7 wí- ka ?ikA lotikstAha kA- lóna7, se7 ki7 ok kwinú- kA-tho Ukwehuwé-ne né- nihnináklehkwe7. So then there was this old couple, the two lived someplace here on the Reserve. (M7) DERIVED BASES: -kstAha?- become old. NOTE: The alternant -kstAha is composed of a component -kstA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The component -kstA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the decessive clitic and in the derived base. This alternant occurs also before the -oku/-o kúcollective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. kstAha7- v.a. become old. lokstAhá-u he has gotten old. ukekstA-háne7 I got old, wahokstA-háne7 h e g o t old, wahotikstA-háne7 they (m.) got old,

AhokstA-háne7 he will get old. With y- translocative: yahokstA-háne7 he was (living) over there when he became old. • NAki7 wé-ne wahotikstA-háne7 7 thikA lóna It must be now that the couple is getting older. COMPOSED OF: -kstAha/-kstA- older person or animal, spouse, -ha?- inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .kstAha?sl- plus tcislocative, become older; -kstAha?uhatye- be getting older. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .kstAha'sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. become older. tahokstAhá-sle7 he's getting older. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-kstAha?- become old, -si- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?sl cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -kstAha'uhatye- v.m. be getting older. lokstAha 7uháti7 he's getting older, yakokstAha?uháti7 she's getting older. COMPOSED OF: -kstAha?- become old, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -kstAha?uhati- before a final ?. -kstA?- v.a. become heavy. wa7ókstAne7 it got heavy, AyókstAtie7 it will get heavy. COMPOSED OF: - k s t ( e ) - / - y a ? t a k s t e -

be heavy, -A?- inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. ku- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent pronominal prefix. See kuti-/ku-/ kunNOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ku-/kuy- pref. I act on you. First person singular acting on second person singular. Interactive pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant ku- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kuy- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -ku suf. in. Locative. -ku- taste good. See -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku/-ku?u-. -kuhlek- v.a. hit, beat with the fist. lakú-leks he's hitting her (z.) or it, lokú-leks he's hitting him. lakuhlekú h e h a s hit h e r (z.) o r it, lokuhlekú he h a s hit h i m . wahikú-leke7 I hit h i m ,

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Orieida-English

wahakkú-leke7 h e hit m e , wahyakú-leke7 h e hit y o u , wahakú leke 7 he hit her (z.) or it,

wahokú-leke7 he hit him, wa7shakokú-leke7 he hit her or them, wahuwakú-leke7 she or they hit him, Ahakú leke7 he will hit it, ahakú-leke7 he should hit it. lakú-lek Let him hit it! Habitual past: lakúlekskwe7 he used to hit it, lokú-lekskwe7 he used to hit him. Stative past: lakuhleku-hné• he hit her (z.) (at one time), lokuhleku-hnéhe hit him (at one time). Future habitual: Ahakuhlékseke7 he will be hitting it. Optative habitual: ahakuhlékseke7 he should have been hitting it. Future stative: Ahakuhlekáhake7 he will have hit her (z.) or it. Optative stative: ahakuhle-kúke7 he should have hit her (z.) or it, ashakokuhlekúhake7 he should have hit her or them. With s- repetitive: sashakokú-leke7 he hit her again. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kuhletsh- n. post, pole, okuhlétsha7 post, pole. DERIVED BASES: - k u h l e t s h a h e l - b e

a post, sitting; -kuhletshayA- be a post, lying; -kuhletshot- put up a post. -kuhletshahel- v.s. be a post, sitting. kakuhletsháhele7 a post is sitting or lying up on something. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post, pole, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -kuhletshayA- v.s. be a post, lying. kakuhlétshayA 7 a post is lying there. Aspect class: B.

COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post,

pole, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -kuhletshot- v.a. put up a post. kakuhlétshote 7 (there's) a post standing, wa 7kkuhletsho-tA• I put up a post. COMPOSED OF: -kuhletsh- post, pole, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -kuhs-/-kuks- n. face, mask, okúhsa7 face, mask, laokúhsa 7 his mask. With -ne locative clitic: kúksne on my face, skúksne on your face, lakúksne on his face, yekúksne on her face. With -ate'lholok-/ -ate ? lhol-/-at-N-olok-/-at-N-olcover up oneself: katkuhso-lóks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolú I have my face covered, wa7katkuhso-lóke7 I covered my face. With -atya ? tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: katkuhsóhalehe7 I'm washing my face, wakatkuhsóhale I have washed my face, satkuhsóhale Wash your face! With -atya'tokew/-at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself: wa7katkuhso-kéwe7 I wiped my face. With -es-/-us- be long: lakúhses he has a long face. And npartitive: nihakúhses he has such a long face. With -ke ? toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive, and t- cislocative: thokuhsake7tótha7 his face keeps appearing, tahokuhsaké-tohte7 his face appeared (e.g., if he's looking around a corner). With -ke 7 tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through: lokuhsaké-tote7 his face is sticking out. And t- cislocative: thokuhsaké-tote7 his face is showing through (e.g., an opening). With -lakew- / -ya'tokew- /-okew- wipe,

Oneida-English

wipe off: ivahikuhso-kéwe7 I wiped his face. With -nohale-/-ya ? tohale/-ohale- wash: xvahikuhsóhale7 I washed his face, wa?khekuhsóhale7 I washed her face, wa7kkuhsóhale7 I washed her (z.) or its face. DERIVED BASES: .kuhsota'- plus ytranslocative, fall on one's face; •atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, make a face; okuhsa7shúha sunflower. NOTE: The alternant -kuks- occurs before the -ne locative clitic, -kuhsoccurs elsewhere. .kuhsota'- plus y- translocative, v.a. fall on one's face, yehakuhso-tá-se7 he falls right on his face. yehokuhsotá-u he has fallen right on his face, yahakuhso-táne7 he fell right on his face. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask, -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -kuks- face, mask. See -kuhs-/-kuks-. kun- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent pronominal prefix. See kuti-/ku-/ kun-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -kustu'lh- n. beard, mustache. okustú-lha7 beard, mustache. With -es-/-us- be long, and te- dualic: tehokustú-lhes he has a long beard. And na'te- partitive and dualic: a7éna7tehokustú-lhes he has such a long beard. DERIVED BASES: .kustu'lhal- plus te- dualic, have a beard or mustache; -atkustu'lhya'k- shave.

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NOTE: The 7 of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.kustu'lhal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a beard or mustache. tewakkustú-lhale7 I have a beard or mustache, tehokustú-lhale7 he has a beard or mustache. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -kustu'lhbeard, mustache, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: . a t k u s t u ' l h a l a t s t -

plus te- dualic, grow a beard or mustache. NOTE: The 7 of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .kut- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. be taken by, be overcome by something. ya7thoku-tX• it took him (death, or some other disaster), ya7tyakoku-tA• it took her. DERIVED BASES: .kutahkw- plus tcislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on; .atkut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, go or leave for good, pass on. .kutahkw- plus t- cislocative or ya'tetranslocative and dualic, v.a. persist, keep going on. tyekutákhwa 7 she keeps persisting. twakkutáhkiOA I keep going on, thokutáhkwA he's keeping it up, tyakokutáhkwA she's keeping going, takku-táhkwe7 I started something ongoing, I kept on with it, tahaku-táhkwe7 he kept on with it, ya7thaku-táhkwe7 he kept on with it, ya7tyeku-táhkwe7 she kept on with it. tasku-ták Keep on with it, don't quit! Aspect class: Dl. • "Satkétsko! Isé- wí- thsle7 ahsataya7tá-na7. Tasku-ták kzví- nA satáyaht!" "Get up! You're the one who wanted to go to school. Well then you keep on going to school!"

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(Gl)

COMPOSED OF: .kut- plus ya 7 te-

translocative and dualic, be taken by, be overcome by something, -hkwinstrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa'. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. The root -kut-, with the t- cislocative and -atsemireflexive, is probably also present in the particle tyótkut always; and a component -kutahkw- occurs also in .atkutahkw- plus y- translocative, keep going on. kuti-/ku-/kun- pref. they (all females). Third person feminine-zoic plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant kuti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant ku- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a, with loss of the initial a of the base. The alternant kun- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Both the alternants kuti- and kun- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, but it is not clear what governs their distribution.

third person feminine-zoic singular. NOTE: The alternant kuwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kuw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant kuw A- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kuwayoccurs with bases that begin in o or u. kuwati-/kuwAn- pref. she, someone, or they act on them (all females). Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on third person feminine-zoic non-singular. NOTE: The alternant kuwati- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kuwAn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. kuway- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-/ kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

kutílyo' wild animals. See kályo 7 .

kuwA- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-/ kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i.

kuw- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-/ kuway-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

kuwAn- pref. she, someone, or they act on them (all females). Interactive pronominal prefix. See kuwati-/ kuwAn-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel.

kuwa-/kuw-/kuwA-/kuway- pref. she, someone, or they act on her or it. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on

kuy- pref. I act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ku-/kuy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i.

kutilu tánunhe 7 V > N hepatica.

Oneida-English

-ku'kwal- n. forehead, okú-kwala7 forehead. With -ke locative clitic: kku7kwalá-ke (on) my forehead, sku ?kwalá-ke (on) your forehead, laku7kwalá-ke (on) his forehead, yeku 7kwalá-ke (on) her forehead. With -atsha ? -/-at-N-atsha ? - burn: wa7katku7kwalátshane7 I got a burn on my forehead. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: laku 7kwalowanA he has a big forehead. NOTE: The

7

of the ?kw cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .ku'tok- plus te- dualic, v.a. flick one's finger against someone. wa7tyukkú-toke7 she flicked her finger against me, wa7thikú-toke7 I flicked my finger against him, wa7tekhekú-toke7 I flicked my finger against her. NOTE: Motion using either the index finger or middle finger and the thumb, and flipping the finger off the thumb against someone (e.g., their forehead). The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ku'tsl- n. pound, okú-tsla7 pound. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skakú-tslat one pound. • Swistohslahninú-na skakú-tslat. Go buy a pound of butter. DERIVED BASES: - k u ' t s l i h a l - w e i g h

something; -ku'tsluty- lose weight. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tsi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ku'tslihal- v.a. weigh something. kku 7tslihálha 7 I'm weighing it. yakoku7tslíhale7 she has weighed it. wa7eku7tsliha-lA• she weighed it. takku 7tsliha-IA Weigh me! Aspect class: F.

COMPOSED OF:

/-ihal- hang up.

495

-ku'tsl- pound, -hal-

DERIVED BASES: - a t a t k u ' t s l i h a l -

weigh oneself. -ku'tsluty- v.a. lose weight. wakku 7tslútyehse 7 I lose weight, yakoku7tslútyehse7 she loses weight. wakku7tslúti I have lost weight. ukku7tslu-tf I lost weight, wahoku7tslu-tí- he lost weight, wa7akoku7tslu-tí• she lost weight. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: -ku'tsl- pound, -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -ku'u- taste good. See -eku-/-eku'u-/ -ku-/-ku ? u-. -kw-/-ekw- v.a. pick, harvest. íkkwas I'm picking, ískwas you're picking, lákwas he's picking, yékwas she's picking, kákwas she (z.) is picking, tníkwas or tnékwas you and I (incl.) are picking, yakníkwas or yaknékzvas we two (excl.) are picking, snékwas you two are picking, nékwas the two (m.) are picking, knékwas the two (z.) are picking, twákwas we (incl.) are picking, yakwákwas we (excl.) are picking, swákwas you all are picking, latíkwas they (m.) are picking, kutíkwas they (z.) are picking. wákkwA I have picked, lókwA he has picked, wá-kko7 I picked, wá-sko 7 you picked, waha-kó• he picked, wetni-kó• you and I (incl.) picked, wa 7akni-kó• we two (excl.) picked, Akko7 I will pick. ísko Pick! Future habitual: Akkwáhseke7 I will be picking. With y- translocative:

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Orieida-English

yAhXkko 7 I will pick it over there. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyAye-kó• how or where she will pick it, nyAyakni-kó• how or where we two (excl.) will pick it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: kahyákwas I'm picking berries, wahyákwas she (z.) is picking berries, tsyahyákwas you two are picking berries, kyahyákwas the two (z.) are picking berries, luhyákwas they (m.) are picking berries, sá yako Pick the berries! With -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: kaneklákwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding. With -hnana't- potato: wahahnaná-tako7 he picked (or harvested) potatoes, ayakwahnaná-tako7

we (excl.)

should pick potatoes. And s- repetitive: Atsyakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) will pick potatoes again. With -nAst- corn: ktiAstákwas I'm picking corn. With -nu ? usl- squash, cucumber, melon: knu 7uslákwas I'm picking squash. With -skal- flax: latiskalákwas they (m.) are picking or harvesting flax. With -ya'tuni-/ -ya ? tunihsl- doll, and ny- partitive and translocative: nyAhsya7tuníhslako7 over there you will pick up your doll. With -yAtwood, cord of wood: latiyAtákwas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, wahayA-táko7 he harvested wood, wa?eyA-táko7 she harvested wood, AhayA-táko7 he will harvest wood. And n- partitive: tsi7 nú- nihatiyAtákwas where they (m.) are cutting wood. And tshcoincident: tshihatiyAtákwas when they are cutting wood. With -yu ? kwtobacco: latiyu 7kwákwas they (m.) pick tobacco. Aspect class: D3. • Né- s thikA nA kohsla 7ké-ne nA wahayA-táko7, né• s kwí• wahatA-

hni-nú-, thó kwí• ni-yót

yakyúnhe7.

tsi7

In the wintertime he

would cut wood, he would sell it and that's the way we lived. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -N-kh- go to pick;

-koni'n- go to get something for someone; -ko'n- go to get, fetch; -kwAni-/-kwa?s- pick for someone; -atekhwakw- bite into, take a bite; -yAtakwas be a woodcutter. NOTE: The alternant -ekw- occurs, for some speakers, in the dual of the habitual aspect. The alternant -kwoccurs elsewhere. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the - 7 n- dislocative and -ni- benefactive suffixes. kw- pref. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kwa-/kw-/ yakwA-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -kw- suf. undo, do something thoroughly. Reversative. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: This suffix is realized as -ko- before the 7 of the punctual aspect {-ko7) and word-finally in the imperative. The 7 of the punctual aspect is replaced by length when -ko- is accented (-fcó ). kwa-/kw-/yakwA-/ky- pref. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on second person plural, first person dual acting on second person plural, or first person plural acting on second person singular, dual, or plural. NOTE: The alternant kwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant kw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant

Oneida-English

yakwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant kyoccurs with bases that begin in o or u. kwáh Emphatic particle: quite, just. kwah a'nyó it seems like. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwa7nyó. •Kwa7nyó wí- yotahyuní kAh nú-. It seems like there's lots of berries growing right here.

497

kwah kwi- nok so just then, so anyway then. kwah nók just then. kwah tshikX just really for sure, for certain. kwáh tsi 7 nikú every. Pre-pausal: kwáh tsi7 ni kú. kwáh tsi 7 ok every, different. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwáh tsyo7k.

kwah a'nyó ok it seems like. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwa 7nyó-k.

kwáh tsi7 ok nú- just everywhere. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwáh tsyo7k tiú-.

kwah ikX just really.

-kwaho- v.s. Wolf clan, lotikwáho (they are the) Wolf clan. Aspect class: A.

kwáh kati? wi- just so, just too. kwáh kAs just usually, just normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwáh s. kwáh kAs ki 7 uhte wi- as a matter of fact usually or probably. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwáh s kyuht wi-. kwáh kAs kwi- really just usually or normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwáh s kwi-. kwáh kAs tshikX just really for sure. NOTE: Frequently reduced to kwáh s tsh ikA. kwáh ki? ale 7 wí- as a matter of fact again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written kwáh kyale7 wi- or kwáh kyele 7 wv. kwah kwi- really anyway or indeed. kwah kwi- ikA really anyway or indeed. kwah kwi- né- just anyway it's.

kwahotokA Emphatic particle: for real, really, actually, truly. •Tahnú• ki7 ale7 wv ka7ikA kwahotokA thó niyawA-u ka7ikA tshiwahu-níse7, né• s wí• tsi7 yah tehuhlúkha 7 kA- ukwehuwé. And actually this is truly the way that it happened a long time ago, it's because the Indians didn't know how to speak (English). (M3) NOTE: See -tokA7- become certain; and -tokA7s- find out about, hear about. -kwaht- v.a. invite, likwátha7 I keep inviting him, lakekwátha7 he invites me. likwáhtu I have invited him, khekwáhtu I have invited her or them, shakokwáhtu he has invited her or them, etswakwáhtu he has invited you all, luwatikwáhtu she has invited them (m.). wahíkwahte7 I invited him, wa 7khékwahte 7 I invited her or them, wa7ukékwahte7 she invited me, wa7shukníkwahte7 he invited the two of us. Aspect class: El.

498

Orieida-English

•NÉ- wv n ka7ikA úska útlatste7 wa 7khékwahte7 utahninatá-la7 kA-. So there was this one time I invited the two of them to visit. (M9) NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. Kwáklit proper name. Margaret. -kwal- n. lump. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -kwales- be a big lump; and -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump. kwa-lál N tree toad. -kwales- v.s. be a big lump, yokwa-lés it's a big lump. With n- partitive: niyokwa-lés is it ever a big lump. Aspect class: A. • A7é- niyokwa-lés yenAtshá-ke, tahnú• yáh te7yakonúhte7 náhte7 niyakoyá-tawAhse^. She has a big

lump on her arm, and so she doesn't know what's wrong with her. COMPOSED OF: -kwal- lump, -es-/ -us- be long. -kwalihsyu- straighten something. See -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyu-. kwalolú N owl. Pre-pausal: kwalo-lú. -kwalut- v.s. be a lump, be a hump. yokwa-lúte7 (it's a) lump or hump. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -kwal- lump, -N-utattach, be attached. DERIVED BASES:

-atkahlo'takwalut- have a boil; -attsihkahkwalut- have a sty on the eye; tsiniskwalakwalu-tú- toad; yo'nowakwa lúte' camel. -kwana't- v. > n. important, older person, okwaná-ta7 important, older person, lokwaná-ta7 older or important person (m.). With -shuha collective clitic: lotikwana7ta7shúha older people.

COMPOSED OF: -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)-

be big, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- v.s. be big. kwanA it's big, yekwanA she's big, lakwanA he's big. Pre-pausal: lakwa-nA. With te- dualic: teknikwatiA the two (z.) are big, the two are the oldest. With sAha 7 more: sAha 7 yekwanA she's bigger. Secondary habitual: kwa-nA-se7 they are big. With s- repetitive: shakwanA he's big again. With tcislocative: tyekwanA she's the biggest or oldest, thakwanA he's the biggest or oldest. With tsha'te- coincident and dualic: tsha7tehnikwanA when the two (m.) were big, tsha7teknikwanA when the two (z.) were big. With -ahsi ? t-/ -ahsi- foot, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has big feet, teyuhsi7towa-nA-se7 she has big feet. And na ? te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has such big feet. With -ahuht- ear, tedualic, and secondary habitual: tehahuhtowa-nA-se7 he has big ears. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, and secondary habitual: wahyowa-nA-se7 the berries are big. With -ana'alol-/ -ana ? alo ? tsl- hat: wana7alo7tslowanA it's a big hat. With -atA?nyot-/-atA?nyotakslhave a ceremony: watA7nyotakslowanA it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. With -atokwa ? t-/-atokwa ? tsl- spoon: watokwa7tslowanA it's a large spoon, a tablespoon. With -hna ? tal-/ -hna'tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna?tatslowanA it's a big

Oneida-English

purse or suitcase. With -hnitshthigh, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: teyehnitshowa-nA-se7 she has big thighs. With -hsAn- name, reputation: lahsAnowanA he has a big name, he's well-known, yehsAnowanA she's well-known, latihsAnowanA they (m.) are wellknown. With -hwatsil- family: lahwatsilowanA he has a big family. With -itsy- fish, and npartitive: nikAtsyowanA it's such a big fish. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: kAtyohkowanA it's a large crowd, yukwAtyohkowanA there are a lot of us, swAtyohkowanA there are a lot of you, lonityohkowanA they (m.) are a large crowd. And stative past: kAtyohkowanA-ne7 it was a big crowd. And n- partitive: nikAtyohkowanA it's a really large crowd, niyukwAtyohkozvanA we're such a large crowd. And tsh- coincident: tshiyukwAtyohkowanA when there were so many of us. With -ksdish, plate, bowl: kaksowanA it's a big dish. With -ku ? kwal- forehead: laku 7kwalowanA he has a big forehead. With -lut- tree, log: kalutowanA it's a big tree. And secondary habitual: kalutowa-nA-se7 the trees are big. With -nakal- stick: kanakalowanA it's a big stick. With -na ? tsy- pail, pot, kettle: kana 7tsyowanA it's a large pot. With -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth: kenhoskowanA I have a big mouthful, lanhoskowanA he has a big mouthful. With -nuhs- house, building: yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tkanuhsowa-nA-se7 there are big buildings there. With -nutsi-/-nutsist- head, cabbage: lanutsistowanA he has a big head.

499

With -yo?tAhsl- work: wakyo 7tAhslowanA I have a big job. And n- partitive, and stative past: nikayo7tAhslowanA-ne7 it was such hard work. With -?sleht- vehicle: lo7slehtowanA his car is big. Aspect class: A. • Tahnú• yukwanáskwayA 7 kAs

thikA é-lhal, lakwanA police dog. And we had this pet dog, he was a big police dog. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -kwana't- important, older person; -kwanha-/ -kwanhA-/-owanha-/-owanhAbecome big; -atA'nyotakslowanA-atkalowanA- owe lots; -e'towan(A)be a large quantity; -hsakahlowanAhave a big mouth, talk a lot; -hsuhtakahlowanA- be a big window; -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter; -luhkwA'tstowanA- have a strong voice; -'nikuhlowanA- have a great mind. NOTE: Can refer to size or age. The alternant -owanA- occurs with incorporated nouns. Alternants without the final vowel occur before derivational suffixes. In addition, -owan-, without the final vowel and with the suffix -e ? , occurs in swahyowáne 7 apple; and skawilo wáne? turkey. See also Kolahkowánhne Canada; and possibly -atkwanahtAni-/ -atkwanahtA- rape someone; and -wisto'kwanAst- get really cold, freeze. -kwanha-/-kwanhA-/-owanha-/ -owanhA- v.a. become big. lokwanhá-u he has gotten big. wahakwánhA wa7ekwánhA7 AhakwánhA7

7

he got big, she g o t b i g ,

he will get big. With s- repetitive: sahakwánhA7 he got big again. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: uhyowánhA7 the berries got

500

Orieida-English

big. With -hsAn- name, reputation: wahatihsAtiowánhA? they (m.) became big names or well-known, AhatihsAnowánhA? they will become well-known. COMPOSED OF: - k w a n ( A ) - / - o w a n ( A ) -

be big, -ha-/-hA-inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -nutsistowanhA- get

a swelled head, become a know-itall. NOTE: The alternants -owanhaand -owanhA- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -kwanha- and -owanha- occur in the stative aspect, -kwanhA- and -owanhA- occur in the punctual aspect. -kwat- v.a. be well-off. wákkwats I'm well-off, I have a lot going for me, lo-kwáts he's well-off, yako-kwáts she's well-off, loti-kwáts they (m.) are well-off. With n- partitive: tsi? nihoti-kwáts they (m.) are so well-off. DERIVED BASES: - a t k w a t a k w -

become well-off, prosper. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -kwatakw- v.a. arrange, prepare. kkwatákwas I'm arranging a matter, yekwatákwas she's preparing it. wakkwatákwA I have prepared it. kakwatákwA it's arranged. wa?kkwata-kó• I prepared it, wa?ekwata-kó• she arranged it, Akkwata-kó• I will arrange it. skwata-kó Arrange it! With t- cislocative: thó tkakwatákwA it's set up or arranged there. Aspect class: D3.

• Akkwata-kó• tsi? nú- HAyako-táwe?. I'll prepare a place where she will sleep. KA? nukwáwakkwatákwA ahsatekhu-ní-. Here's something I've prepared for

you to eat. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. Kwáte G r a n d c h i l d ! Vocative form of -atleha/-atle 7 -/-atle ? sl- grandchild. -kwatho- v.a. come or go by a route. kA-tho lakwáthos he comes here by this way every time. kA-tho lokwáthu he has come by this route. kA-tho Ahakwátho ? he will come by this way. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .kwatho- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll up, hem. tekkwáthos I'm rolling it up, I'm hemming it. tewakkwáthu I have rolled it, I have hemmed it. wa ?tekkwátho ? I rolled it, I hemmed it. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: . a t l i s l a k w a t h o -

plus te- dualic, roll up one's pant legs; .atnAtshakwatho- plus te- dualic, roll up one's sleeves; .kAhakwathoplus te- dualic, hem cloth. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. kwa'ahsutáti 7 all night. •Né-kwí- né- on A ka?ikA nA Ahatinú-nawA?, ókhna? wahuwatínhane? tehatilihwákhwa? thó Ahúti? tAhatilí-wahkwe?, khále? tsi? s niyohtú-ne? tshiwahu-níse? kwáh kwa?ahsutáti? tAhatilí-wahkwe? tsyo?léAtkatké-to?.

And so then they would have a Wake, right away they would hire singers who would sit down to sing, and the way it used to be a long time ago they would sing all night until the sun came up. (M15) NOTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night, and probably the -tye-

Oneida-English

progressive suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear.

501

-kwa's- pick for someone. See-kwAni/-kwa's-.

kwa'ahsuté- last night. With oyá• another, and tshit- coincident and cislocative: oyá• tshitkwa7ahsu-téthe other night. • KAtyohkwiyo-hnékwitehatlihwákhwahkwe7 oyátshitkwa7ahsu-té\ It was a good crowd that was singing the other night. NOTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night; otherwise the composition is unclear.

kwa'yAha N rabbit. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kwa7ny/Cha (ACH); Seneca: kwa7yo:7 (Chafe

kwa'ahsuté ke nighttime. With -shu ? collective clitic: kwa7ahsute7késhu7 throughout the nighttime. NOTE: Includes the noun root -ahsut- night; otherwise the composition is unclear.

-kweku- v.s. be all together, ttiikwekú you and I (incl.) are together, yaknikwekú we two (excl.) are together, snikwekú you two are together, nikwekú the two (m.) are together, twakwekú all of us (incl.) are together, yakwakwekú all of us (excl.) are together, swakwekú all of you are together, latikwekú all of them (m.) are together. Pre-pausal: latikwe-kú. Aspect class: A.

kwa'akAnhé ke / kwa'akanhé ke summer, summertime. NOTE: Normally pronounced kwa ?kAnhé-ke or kwa 7kanhé-ke. Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include the noun root -akAnh-/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. kwa'Atáti? all day. NOTE: Includes the noun root -Atweek, daylight, and probably the -tye- progressive suffix; otherwise the composition is unclear. Normally pronounced kwA ?táti 7. kwa'Até ke daytime. NOTE: Includes the noun root -Atweek, daylight; otherwise the composition is unclear. Normally pronounced kwA?té-ke. kwa'nyó it seems like. See kwah a'nyó.

1967:1074).

-N-kwek- v.a. close. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in .ahuhtakwek- plus tedualic, go deaf; -atskwek- close one's mouth; .kahkwek- plus te- dualic, go blind; and .'nyukwek- plus te- dualic, get a stuffy nose.

DERIVED BASES: o h u t s y a k w e k ú the

whole world. NOTE: See also akwekú all. kwénis N penny, cent, úska kwénis one cent, wísk kwénís five cents, oye-lí• kwénis ten cents. -kweny-/-kwenyA-/-kwenye- v.a. be able to, beat at. lakwényehse7 he's able to do it. lokwéni he was able to, he can do it. wa7kkwe-ní• I'm able to do it (and I did it), wahakwe-ní• he's able, wa7ekwe-ni• she's able, wahatikwe-ní- they (m.) were able, wa 7kkwe-ní- I beat her (z.) or it at something, wa 7kukwe-nt• I beat you at it, Akkwe-ní• I will be able, Askwe-ní- you will be able, Ahakwe-ní• he will be able, Akakwe-ní• she (z.) or it will be able,

502

Orieida-English

a-hakwe-ní• he should be able. Optative stative: a-yokwényuke7 it should have been able to. With srepetitive: shotikwéni they (m.) were able again, sahuwatikwe-níthey beat them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). With n- partitive: nihotikwéni how or where they (m.) were able, na7kkwe-ní• how I was able, I was really able to do it, na7skwe-ní• how you were able. With th- contrastive: yáh tha-kkwe-níI can't, yáh thahakwe-ní• he can't, yáh thayekwe-ní• she can't, yáh tha-kakwe-ní• it won't do, yáh thahnikwe-ní• the two (m.) can't, yáh thaetwakwe-ní• we (incl.) can't, yáh thahatikwe-ní• they (m.) can't. Aspect class: E4. • NA lakwényehse7 latkalháthos kA7 nihlá\ Now he can turn over, the little one (e.g., a baby). NA kwikwáh nók thó nikú shotikwéni onA kwáh s kwi- nók wahatihnyáni7. Then they had just enough ability that they could bark. (M8) DERIVED BASES: - a t a t k w e n y A s t -

think oneself better than others; -atkweny- win; -atkwenyest- be a perfectionist; -kwenya'tsihA- be capable; -kalakweny- afford. NOTE: The alternants -kwenyA- and -kwenye- occur in derived bases before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant -kweny- occurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of -kweny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of -kweny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -kwenya'tsihA- v.s. be capable. lokwenya7tsíhA he's capable, yakokwenya7tsíhA she's capable. Aspect class: A.

NOTE: Includes the alternant -kweny- of the verb base -kweny-/ -kwenyA-/-kwenye- be able to, beat at, and perhaps an ending -'tsihA-. See also -anuhte'tsihA- know unexpectedly; and -athute'tsihAhear unexpectedly.

-N-kwe'niyo-/-ya?takwe'niyo- v.s. be the main one. laya 7takwe 7niyó he's the main one. Pre-pausal: laya7takwe7ni-yó. With t-cislocative: thaya7takwe7niyó he's the main person, tyeya7takwe7niyó she's the main person. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: - n u h s a k w e ' n i y o - b e

head of the house. NOTE: The alternant -N-kwe 7 niyooccurs with incorporated nouns, -ya7takwe7niyo- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. -kwe'nuni- wrap into a package or bundle. See -hwe 7 nuni-/-hwe'nuny-/ -kwe'nuni-. -kwe'tal- cut out a piece or chunk. See -kwe'talu-/-kwe 7 tal-. -kwe'tala'tsl- v. > n. slice. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skakwe7talá-tslat one slice (e.g., of bread). With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekakwe7talá-tslake two slices. COMPOSED OF: - k w e ' t a l u - /

-kwe'tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -7tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated noun with counting verbs. The 7 of the 7 tsi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kwe ? talAni-/-kwe ? tala ? s- v.a. cut out a piece for someone. kukwe7talA-níhe7 I'm cutting out a piece for you. zva7kukwé-talahse7 I

Oneida-English

cut out a piece for you, Akukwé-talahse 7 I will cut out a piece for you. COMPOSED OF: -kwe'talu-/ -kwe'tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -kwe?talAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -kwe ? tala ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -kwe ? talu-/-kwe ? tal- v.a. cut out a piece or chunk, kkwé-talus I'm cutting out chunks or pieces with some implement (e.g., scissors), lakwé-talus he's cutting out pieces. lokwé-talu he has cut out pieces. wahakwé-talu7 he cut out pieces, Ahakwé-talu7 he will cut out pieces. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: sna 7talakwé-talu Tear or slice up the bread! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: - k w e ' t a l a ' t s l -

slice; -kwe'talAni-/-kwe ? tala ? s- cut out a piece for someone; -kwe'talukwcut up into pieces or chunks; -atkwe'talu- for a chunk or piece to get removed; -hu'kwakwe'talu- take out tonsils; yekwe'talá tha' cutter; ye'wahlakwe'talá tha 7 butcher knife. NOTE: The alternant -kwe ? taluoccurs in the primary aspects and before the -kw- reversative suffix. The alternant -kwe ? tal- occurs before the -'tsl- nominalizer, -Ani-/-?sbenefactive, and - ? t- causative suffixes. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -kwe'talukw- v.a. cut up into pieces or chunks, sakwe 7talúkwA you have cut

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it into pieces. wahakwe7talu-kó• he cut it up, Askwe?talu-kó• you will cut it up. With - ? wahl- meat: ke7wahlakwe7talúkwas I'm slicing the meat, se7wahlakwe7talu-kó Slice the meat! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -kwe'talu-/ -kwe'tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -kwAhlalu- v.s. be evident in intervals. yokwAhlalú it's evident here and there (e.g., after a snowfall, some of the snow goes away, but there is still snow in patches here in there and these are noticeable or evident). Pre-pausal: yokwAhla-lú. Aspect class: A. • YokwAhlalú tsi7 ok núnikanye-yA\ Patches of snow are evident here and there. DERIVED BASES: - a t y a ' t a k w A h l a l u -

be spotted. -kwAni-/-kwa ? s- v.a. pick for someone. lakkwA-níhe7 he's picking it for me, yukkwA-níhe7 she's picking it for me. wa 7kúkwahse 7 I picked it for you, wahákkwahse7 he picked it for me. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: lakwahyakwA-níhe7 he's picking berries for me. With -hnana'tpotato: wahakhnana7tákwahse7 he picked potatoes for me. With -sahe ? t- bean: laksahe7takwA-níhe7 he's picking beans for me. COMPOSED OF: -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -kwAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -kwa ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

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Orieida-English

kwi- Emphatic particle: indeed, well, anyway. -kwil- n. twig, whip, o-kwíle7 twig, whip. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size, and secondary habitual: nikakwvlá-se7 the size of the twigs. With -at-N-ya'k- detach, sever, break, cut for oneself: ivahyatkwílyahke7 the two (m.) broke off a whip, Atsyatkwílyahke7 you two will break off a whip. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA nikakwi-láke three whips. With ,N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikakwiló-tA the kind of whip it is. DERIVED BASES: tsikwilX-tu? / tsyokwilX-tu7 squirrel; yokwilahkaliyó pussy willow.

Kwí tel proper name. Peter. kwi 7 The sound a pig makes when it's squealing.

ky- pref. the two (both females). Third person feminine-zoic dual agent pronominal prefix. See kni-/ kn-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ky- pref. I act on you two, we two act on you or you two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kni-/kn-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ky- pref. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kwa-/kw-/ yakwA-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. Kyáhse Cousin! Vocative form of -ala ? se-/-a ? se- cousin. NOTE: A related expression is Hé• kyá-, a greeting used between cousins. KyatX Friend! Vocative form of -atAlo-/-atAlo ? sl- friend.

L -1- v.s. be in or on. i-kále7 there's something in it. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: - l a n i - / - l h a h s -

serve someone; -lu- for several to be in; -ahsa'kAslal- have frost on; -aslal- have a smell or odor; -atahalala 7 - get a tan; -atahsatalbe a shadow; -ata ? swA?tal- have black on; -atewelal- get air for oneself; -athahalakw- turn off the main road; .atla'- plus te- dualic, meet, run into; .atnAtshalunyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic, wave; -atokli'tslalbe wrinkled; -atshatala'- become steamy; -atwAnalahkw- obey, pay

attention, listen; -atya'tal- join in, participate; -a'kAhlal- have dirt in or on; -a'klal- have snow on; -eku'uhslal- have a taste; -Ahni'talfor the moon to shine; -hnekal- have liquid in; -htilal- have muscles; .hyo'tsistal- plus te- dualic, be salty; -itstAhlal- be rocky; .i'tukhwal-A'tukhwal- plus tedualic, be hot; -khwalakhwa 7 stomach; .kustu'Ihal- plus te- dualic, have a beard or mustache; -nawa'tstal- be muddy; -nhAhalakhwa 7 bladder; -nikwAhsal- have blood on; -nitstakwalal- be dirty;

Oneida-English

.nutakli'tslal- plus te- dualic, be sweet; -nyAhtal- have snow in or on; -sehtal- have bedbugs; -shestal- be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy; -she'lhal- be doughy; -skAnala7- see a ghost; -skA'lhal- be rusty; -slAhtala'-/-slAhtala ? w- become sleepy; -the'tslal- have flour or something powdery on; -tsistohkwalfor a star to shine, be a dot; -tsi'nuhtal- have lice; -tsi'nuwalhave worms; .wAnala7- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, speak to someone; -wihlal- have a scar; -wilalakhwa 7 womb; -wisal- be icy; .yanal- plus te- dualic, have footprints; -ya'tal- be a member, be in a picture; -yenal- have gas or oil in, be greasy, be oily; -'nikuhlal- look after, mind, take care; -'notstalhave a scab; kawAnálha7 computer; kayátale 7 picture; olhyóhkwala 7 bobbin; yehyo'tsistalákhwa' salt shaker; yelákhwa 7 container (e.g., a pot or bowl); yenuhkwa'tslalákhwa' pepper shaker; yenutakli'tslalákhwa' sugar bowl; yeti 7 tslalákhwa 7 or yutti'tslalákhwa' tea canister; yetsistalákhwa 7 lantern; yewelalákhwa 7 lung; yolakwáhtale 7 callus. NOTE: Applies to substances which are inside of something, or spread out over an area more or less permanently. This base also occurs in the temporal expressions nikále 7 it's that time; and tshískale 7 it's the time when, at that time. 1- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with

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bases that begin in a vowel other than i. la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/-hlapref. he. Third person masculine singular agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants la-, 1-, and 1A- occur word-initially. The alternants -h-, -hA-, -hi-, and -hla- occur after another prefix. The alternants la-, -ha-, and -hla- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant -hla- occurs after another prefix when the vowel of the preceding syllable is accented; otherwise -haoccurs after another prefix. The alternants 1- and -h- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants 1A- and -hA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants 1and -hi- occur with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. The h of -hla- and -hlis replaced by length after accented vowels. la- pref. his. Third person masculine singular possessive. See lao-/law-/ la-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. la- pref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See lo-/law-/la-/-ho-/-haw/-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in o or u. lahAta7kehloTú- N farmer. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -hAt- field, garden, - ? ke locative suffix, -hlonu 7 /-hlolu ? resident clitic.

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Orieida-English

lak-/lake-/lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/ -hakw- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on first person singular. NOTE: The alternants lak-, lake-, and lakw- occur word-initially. The alternants -hak-, -hake-, and -hakw- occur after another prefix. The alternants lak- and -hak- occur with bases that begin in the vowels i, o, or u, and most consonants. The alternants lake- and -hake- occur with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternants lakw- and -hakw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. -lakal-/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- v.a. for a noise to sound, yola-kálhe7 there's a sound or noise, it's making noise, yolakalélu 7 there was a noise, it has made noise. wa7ola-kálele7 there was a sound just now, it made a noise, Ayola-kálele7 it will make a noise. With t- cislocative: tyola-kálhe7 there's something making noise over there, tayola-kálele7 there was a noise over there, Atyola-kálele7 it will make noise over there. Aspect class: CI. •Tahriá• wi- tsi7 niyotho-lé-, kwáh kAs kwi• thikA thiwé-ni thikA tsi7 tá-t yotho-lé- tsi7 ni-yót tsi7 Atehsatlata-kó• Asathu-táne7 kwitsi7 kwa7nyó wa7ola-kálele7

onyAhtaku.

And besides it was so

cold, it just seemed like it was so cold that when you would take a step you would hear what seemed like a noise in the snow. (M5) DERIVED BASES: - l a k a l e l e - for a

noise to travel; -lakale'ni- be a loud noise; .atlakalehlast- plus te- dualic, make noise; -lAnakalel- be the sound

of music or singing; -listakal-/ -listakalel-/-listakalehl- for a bell to ring; -nhohakalel- be a sound at a door; .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic, for one's stomach to growl; .'nyukal- plus te- dualic, snort; -'slehtakalel- be the sound of a vehicle. NOTE: The alternants -kal-, -kalel-, and -kalehl- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -lakal-, -lakalel-, and -lakalehlare composed of an empty noun root -la- and a verb root -kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -lakal- and -kal- occur in the habitual aspect, -lakalel- and -kalel- occur in the stative and punctual aspects, and -lakalehl- and -kalehl- occur before the -st- causative suffix. -lakalele- v.m. for a noise to travel. wa 7olakale-lé• the noise is going. With t- cislocative: tayolakale-léthe noise is coming this way. With y- translocative: a7é• nukwáya7olakale-léthe noise is going away from here. NOTE: Related to the base -lakal-/ -lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl- for a noise to sound; but the composition is unclear. -lakale'ni- v.s. be a loud noise. yolakalé-ni there's a loud noise. Stative past: yolakale7ni-hné• it was a loud noise. Future stative: Ayolakale7níhake7 it will be a loud noise. With n- partitive: niyolakalé-ni it was so loud. Aspect class: A. •SAha7 yolakalé-ni ahsata-tí. Talk louder. NOTE: Composed of the alternant -lakal- of the base -lakal-/-Iakalel/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/-kalehl-

Oneida-English

for a noise to sound, and a component -e ? ni-, which occurs in a few bases having to do with loud noises. See also .Ahale'ni- plus te- dualic, be a really loud noise; and -uhkale'nisnore loudly. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Láke Father! Vocative form of -'niha/ - ? ni- father. lake- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See Iak-/lake-/ lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/-hakw-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. Lákel proper name. Rachel. -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- v.a. wipe, wipe off. klake-zuás I'm wiping it, slake-wás you're wiping it. waklakewA I have wiped it, lolakewA he has wiped it. wa7kla-kéwe7 I wiped it, wahiya7to-kéwe7 I wiped him, Akla-kéwe7 I will wipe it. With srepetitive: sahala-kéwe7 he wiped it again. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla ? tsl- table: wa 7katekhwahla7tslo-kéwe7 I wiped the table. With -a'kAhldirt, dust, ashes, soil: la7kA.hloke-wás he's wiping off the dirt, he's dusting, yu7kAhloke-wás she's dusting, waka 7kAhlokewA I have dusted, yako7kAhlokewA she has dusted, wa7ka7kAhlo-kéwe7 I wiped the dirt off, I dusted, Aka7kAhlo-kéwe7 I will wipe off the dust. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa7kekso-kéwe7 I wiped the dish. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask: wahikuhso-kéwe7 I wiped his face. With -nawa ? tst- mud: wa7knawa7tsto-kéwe7 I wiped the

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mud off. With -nhoh- door: wa?kenhoho-kéwe7 I wiped the door. With -wis- ice, glass, window: wa7kwiso-kéwe7 I wiped the glass. With -'nyuhl- chimney, lamp globe, lamp chimney, stovepipe: wa 7ke 7nyuhlo-kéwe 7 I wiped the lamp globe, se7nyuhlo-kéw Clean the lamp globe! Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: -lakewanyu-/ -okewanyu- wipe several; -lakewa'tuse to wipe with; -ahtsyokew- wipe the hands; .athnekokew- plus srepetitive, sober up; -atlakew-/ -at-N-okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear; -atya'tokew-/ -at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself; -tsi'nyuhklokew- wipe someone's nose; yeksokewátha? dishtowel. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tokewoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants, -okew- occurs with incorporated nouns. -lakewanyu-/-okewanyu- v.a. wipe several, klakewányuhe7 I'm wiping several things. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: keksokewányuhe7 I'm wiping dishes, wa7keksokewáni7 I wiped the dishes. And t- cislocative: tayeksokewáni7 she wiped the dishes there. With -wis- ice, glass, window, and s- repetitive: sayewisokewáni7 she wiped the windows again. COMPOSED OF: -lakew-/-ya ? tokew/-okew- wipe, wipe off, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant -okewanyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -lakewani- and -okewani- before a final 7 . -lakewa't- v.a. use to wipe with. klakewá-tha 7 I use this to wipe

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with, waklakewá-tu I have used it to wipe something. Aklake-wá-te7 I will use this to wipe it with. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-

/-okew- wipe, wipe off, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ' t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. lakolá N Indian agent. Pre-pausal: lako-lá.

NOTE: A component -kola- occurs also in Kolahkó- King; and Kolahkowánhne Canada.

Láksot Grandfather! Vocative form of -hsotha/-hsot- grandparent. -lakw-/-ya ? talakw- v.a. choose. klákwas I'm choosing it. waklákwA I have chosen it. kalákwA it's chosen, wa 7kla-kó• I chose it, wahsla-kó• you chose it, wa7kheya7tala-kó• I chose her, wahiya7tala-kó• I chose him. Aspect class: D3. •Kátsha7 ka-yA• wa7kla-kó-. Which one did I choose? DERIVED BASES: .lakw- plus tcislocative, take away, subtract; -lakwAni- be left something; -atlakw- claim, keep for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? talakwoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .lakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take away, subtract, teklákwas I take things away, thalákwas he takes things away, tyelákwas she takes things away. twaklákwA I have taken them away, takla-kó- I took them away, Atekla-kó• I will take them away, Atehsla-kó• you will

take them away, Athala-kó• he will take them away. Aspect class: D3. • To- nikú Atehsla-kó-. How many are you going to take away or subtract? Tékní Atekla kfr. I will take away two. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lakw/-ya'talakw- choose. DERIVED BASES: .atlakw- plus tcislocative, get taken away, get subtracted. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. lakw- pref. he acts on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See lak-/lake/lakw-/-hak-/-hake-/-hakw-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin a, e, or A. -lakwAni- v.s. be left something. yuklakwAní she or someone left me this (as a keepsake, or to use), luwalakwAní they left him this. Pre-pausal: luwalakwA-ní. Future stative: AyuklakwAtiíhake7 it will be left to me. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lakw-/-ya?talakw-

choose, -Ani- benefactive. lalutasto 7 okshá- V > N flicker, woodpecker. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -lut- tree, log, -sto'okpeck, -s habitual, -ha diminutive clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin:

kawyAteskó

flicker, woodcock; otsistohkwalunyúha woodpecker; AtlekwA-lal woodpecker (ACH); Mohawk: karontakáro7ks or kwitó:kwito7 (GM). -Ian- n. corn soup, ola-ná• corn soup. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: katlanu-níhe7 I'm making corn soup, twatlanu-ní Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! With

Oneida-English

-eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?u- taste good: kalanáku 7 it's good-tasting corn soup. -lani-/-lhahs- v.a. serve someone. kula-nthe7 I'm serving you (e.g., I have got a plate and I'm putting something on it for you), kulaní I have served you. wa 7kúlhahse 7 I served you, Akúlhahse7 I will serve you. With -hnana ? t- potato: wa7kuhnana7tálhahse7 I served you potatoes (e.g., I put potatoes on your plate), takhnana7tálhas Serve me some potatoes! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -1- b e in or on, -ni-/

-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -lhahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. lanutakli 7 tsla 7 nahkwatáhkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar right from the bottom of the barrel. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -nutakli-/-nutakli 7 tslsugar, -7nahkw- tub, barrel, drum, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload, -as habitual. -lanyu- v.a. rub something, klányuhe7 I'm rubbing it. waklányu 7 I have rubbed it. wa ^láni7 I rubbed it, Akláni7 I will rub it. Aspect class: Bl.

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laon- pref. theirs (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular possessive. See laoti-/ laon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. laoti-/laon- pref. theirs (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant laoti- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant laon- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. -lat- n. heel, ola-tá• heel. With -é ne locative clitic: klaté-ne (on) my heel, slaté-ne (on) your heel, lalaté-ne (on) his heel, yelaté-ne (on) her heel. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya ? tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waklatanú-waks my heel hurts. DERIVED BASES: .latakalAhle- p l u s

te- dualic, be walking on the outside of one's heels; .lates- plus te- dualic, be high heels; -latok- rub the skin raw on one's heel; .latotatye- plus tedualic, go back onto or walk on one's heels. -lat- v.s. have one's foot on something. íklate7 I have my foot on it. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: - l a t a t y e - h a v e

against. NOTE: Many speakers have -lanibefore a final 7 .

one's feet touch the ground here and there; -lata 7 - put one's foot on, step onto; .atlatakw- plus t- cislocative, take a step.

lao-/law-/la- pref. his. Third person masculine singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant lao- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant law- occurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant la- occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

.latakalAhle- plus te- dualic, v.s. be walking on the outside of one's heels. tehalatakalA-le7 he's walking on the outside of his heels (so that his shoes get worn down on the outside), teyelatakalA-le7 she's walking on the outside of her heels. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel,

DERIVED BASES: -atlanyu- rub

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Orieida-English

-ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -latatye- v.m. have one's feet touch the ground here and there, klatáti7 my feet are on the ground, I'm stepping here and there. With thcontrastive: yáh thahatilatáti7 their (m.) feet won't be touching the ground. With thy- contrastive and translocative: yáh thyahalatáti7 his feet will not touch the ground, yáh thyahatilatáti7 their (m.) feet will not touch the ground. COMPOSED OF: -lat- have one's foot on something, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -latatibefore a final 7 . -lata'- v.a. put one's foot on, step onto. lala-táse7 he's placing his feet. waklatá-u I have put my foot down on it, lolatá-u he has placed his feet. wahala-táne7 he placed his feet, Akla-táne7 I will step onto it, Ahala-táne7 he will place his feet. kA-tho sla-tán Place your feet here! With n- partitive: kAh nú• na7sla-tán Move your feet over here, step over here! Aspect class: E3. •OhwAtsyá-ke wahala-táne7. He put his feet on the ground. Kanuto7tslá-ke wahala-táne7. He stepped onto the box. COMPOSED OF: -lat- have one's foot on something, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -late- v.m. walk on something high up, climb, kla-té- I'm climbing, lala-té• he's climbing, lola-té• it's

climbing on him. kla-té-se7 I have gone to the top and I'm walking around up there, lala-té-se7 he's climbing around up there, wahala-té• he's walking or climbing (either vertically or horizontally) going that way. With t- cislocative: thala-té-se7 he's climbing around there, tahala-té• he's coming up, climbing this way. With y- translocative: yekla-té-se7 I'm up there walking around, yehala-té-se7 he's up there walking around. And habitual past: yekla-té-skwe7 I was upstairs walking around. And future habitual: yAklaté-sheke7 I will be up there walking around. With npartitive: nikutila-té• how or where they (z.) are climbing. •TyotkutáhkwA kalutá-ke lala-té-se7 tsi7 niyo-lé• né• tshahonú lyahke7. He was constantly climbing around on the tree before he got hurt. Kwáh tsi7 ok nú- nikutila-té• thikA tsi7nhutstókhwi7 Those ants are climbing all over the place. .lates- plus te- dualic, v.s. be high heels, tekala-tés high heels. Aspect class: A. • Só-tsi7 tekala-tés thikA ukwahtahkwayA-táne7 The heels are too high on the shoes I got. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel, -es-/-us- be long. -IathA- v.a. climb up. kláthAS I keep climbing up, laláthAs he keeps climbing up. wakláthA I have climbed up, loláthA he has climbed up. wa 7kláthA 7 I climbed up, wahaláthA7 he climbed up, waholáthA 7 it climbed up on him, wahotiláthA 7 it climbed up on them (m.), AkláthA7 I will climb up, AhsIáthA 7 you will climb up. sláthA Climb up! With t- cislocative:

Oneida-English

tahaláthA 7 he climbed up (towards me), tayeláthA 7 she climbed up. With y- translocative: yahaláthA7 he climbed up (away from me). Aspect class: A2. •Né-n tayeláthA7 thikA aknulháé-nik se7 wí- ka7ikA i-ké-se7. So then my mother climbed up to where I was. (M8)

DERIVED BASES: -lathAhatye- be on

one's way climbing up; -lathAst- get something up. -lathAhatye- v.m. be on one's way climbing up. waklathAháti7 I'm climbing up, lolathAháti7 he's climbing up. waholathAháti7 he on his way climbing up. COMPOSED OF: -lathA- climb up, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -lathAhati- before a final -lathAst- v.a. get something up. klathAsta 7 I'm getting it up (e.g., upstairs). waklathAstu I have gotten it upstairs. wa7kláthAste7 I got it upstairs. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lathA- climb up, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: waneklalathAsta?

grain elevator; yelathAstákhwa 7 ladder. lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants lati-, lu-, and lAn- occur word-initially. The alternants -hati-, -hu-, and -hAn- occur after another prefix. The alternants lati- and -hati- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants lu- and -hu- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a, with loss of the

511

initial a of the base. The alternants Un- and -hAn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Both lati- or -hati-, and lAn- or -hAn-, occur with bases that begin in the vowel i. latihelayAtákhwa 7 V > N silo. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hel- cornstalk, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 9 habitual. latihwá-eks tsi 7 tehatitXsta7 home plate. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hwa'ek-/-hwa 7 e-/ -a ? ek-/-a ? e- strike, bat, thrash, -s habitual; tsi ? particle; and -hatimasculine plural agent, .tAst- plus tedualic, stand someone up, stop someone or something, -ha ? habitual. latihwistayAtákhwa 7 V > N bank. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'bank' is yehwistayAtákhwa'. latiluhya'kehlo lú- N angels. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -luhy- sky, blue, - ? ke locative suffix, -hlonu ? /-hlolu ? resident clitic. latinata'kehlo nú- N city people. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -nat- town, village, place, - ? ke locative suffix, -hlonu 7 / -hlolu7 resident clitic. latinúnha' V > N Wake. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -nun-/-nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake, -ha ? habitual.

512

Orieida-English

latihashAtákhwa? V > N council building. With tsi? particle and tcislocative: tsi7 thatihashAtákhioa7 at the Band Office. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -hashA-/-hashAt- hold council, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. latislanúwehse? V > N gnats, picnic bugs. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, -nuhwe?- like, admire, -sa? secondary habitual. NOTE: These bugs are attracted to food, especially fruit (e.g., the hollow part of raspberries), and people's hair. LatiyXthos V > N May. COMPOSED OF: lati- masculine plural agent, -yAtho- plant, -s habitual. -latok- v.a. rub the skin raw on one's heel, ukla-tóke7 the skin on the back of my heel was rubbed raw, wesala-tóke7 your heel was rubbed raw, waholwtóke7 his heel was rubbed raw, wa7akola-tóke7 her heel was rubbed raw. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -lat- heel; otherwise the composition is unclear. .latotatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go back onto or walk on one's heels. teklatotáti7 I'm walking on my heels, tehalatotáti7 he's walking on his heels, teyelatotáti7 she's walking on her heels. With ny- partitive and translocative: kA 7 nya7tyelatotáti7 she went back on her heels. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lat- heel, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -tye- progressive.

NOTE: Many speakers have .latotati- before a final ?.

-latskA-/-latskA?t- n. braid. olátskA7 braid. DERIVED BASES: -latskA?tuni- make a braid. NOTE: The alternant -latskA- occurs in the basic noun form, -latskA?t- is the incorporating form. -latskA?tuni- v.a. make a braid. lilatskA7tu-níhe7 I'm braiding him (his hair). wa7elatskA7tu-ní• she braided it (e.g., the corn), wahuwalatskA7tu-ní• she braided him. COMPOSED OF: -latskA-/-latskA?tbraid, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -latsyu- v.a. tear something, klátsyus I'm tearing it, lalátsyus he's tearing it. lolátsi he has torn it, yolátsi she (z.) has torn it. wa 7klátsi7 I tore it, wahalátsi7 he tore it, wa7elátsi7 she tore it. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: wa7khyatuhslalátsi7 I tore the paper, shyatuhslalátsi Tear the paper! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -latsyukw- tear up; -atlatsyu- tear. NOTE: Many speakers have -latsiword-finally and before a final ?. -latsyukw- v.a. tear up. klatsyúkwas I'm tearing it all up. wa7klatsyu-kóI tore it all up. COMPOSED OF: -latsyu- tear something, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -latye-/-ya?talatye- v.m. go along, be among, accompany. yeya7taláti7 she's with (them). kya7talátyehse7 I'm amongst (them), I'm with (them), laya7talátyehse7 he's with them. wa7kaláti7 it went along,

Oneida-English

wa ?kya 7taláti7 I went along (but it wasn't necessarily my intention to go along). With t- cislocative: tekya7talátyeh$e7 over there I'm along, thaya7talátyehse7 over there he's along. And habitual past: tehsya7talátye7skwe7 you used to be amongst (them). •Thó kwí• yeya?taláti7 ka?ikA 7 aknulhá', wé-ne kwí• tá-t na néshakotinhá-u néahuwatikhúni7 7 ka ikA latiyAtákwas. My mother was amongst them, evidently the woodcutters had hired her to cook for them. (M5) DERIVED BASES: - l a t y e h t - /

-ya'talatyeht- go along with. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? talatyeoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. Many speakers have -lati- and -ya ? talatibefore a final 7 . -latyeht-/-ya?talatyeht- v.a. go along with, kya 7talatyétha 7 I go along with (them) (but it's not my intention necessarily), kalatyétha7 it goes with it. yolatyéhtu it has gone with it. wa7kya7talátyehte7 I went along with (them), wa7kalátyehte7 it went along. With t- cislocative: tyolatyéhtu it has come with it, takalátyehte7 it came with it. With y- translocative: ya7kalátyehte7 it went with it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: - l a t y e - / - y a ? t a l a t y e -

go along, be among, -ht- causative. NOTE: The alternant

-ya ? talatyeht- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h. .latyeht- plus te- dualic, v.a. become pale, tewaklatyéhtu I'm pale, tesalatyéhtu you're pale,

teholatyéhtu

teyakolatyéhtu

513

he's pale,

she's pale,

tehotilatyéhtu they (m.) are pale. wa 7twaklátyehte 7 I became pale, wa7tholátyehte7 he became pale.

lauláu N hummingbird. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: laolaó

(ACH); Mohawk: rauráu

(GM).

laulhá- he, him. Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha 7 . law- pref. his. Third person masculine singular possessive. See lao-/law-/ la-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. law- pref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See lo-/law-/la-/-ho-/-haw/-ha-/-hoy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in e or A. .la'nekalu- plus te- dualic, v.a. burst something, explode something. tekla7ne-kálus

I'm exploding it.

tewakla7nekalú I have exploded it. wa 7tekla 7ne kálu 7 I exploded it (e.g., a pimple). tehsla7ne-kálu

Explode it! Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: .atla'nekal(u)-/ .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode.

-la'nAtahsyu- v.a. peel off something. kla 7nAtáhsyus

I'm peeling it off.

I have peeled it off. Akla7nAtáhsi7 I will peel it off. With s- repetitive: sekla7nAtáhsyus I'm peeling it back off again. Aspect class: A2. wakla7nAtáhsi

COMPOSED OF: -la ? nAtak-/-la?nAt-/

-nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -hsyu- reversative.

514

Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES: - a t l a ' n A t a h s y u -

peel off. NOTE: Many speakers have -la'nAtahsi- word-finally and before a final -la'nAtak-/-la'nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAtv.a. stick something on something. kla?nA-táks I'm sticking something on something (e.g., a stamp on an envelope), lala7nA-táks he's sticking something on something (e.g., he's putting gyp rock on the walls), yola?nA-táks it sticks, it's sticky. lola?nAtakú he has stuck it on it. wa?kla?nA-táke? I stuck it on it. With t- cislocative: tyola7nA-táks it sticks, it keeps sticking, it's sticky. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yohyatuhslanAtakú there are papers stuck to it. With -she ? lh- dough, paste, cream: yoshe?lhanA-táks the dough is sticky. With - ? nahkw- tub, barrel, drum: yo?nahkxvanAtakú it's stuck to the pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans burn onto the bottom of the pot). And t- cislocative: tyo?nahkwanA-táks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo ?nahkwanAtakú it's stuck there on the pot or tub. With - ? nuhkw- bottom of a container, and tcislocative: tyo7nuhkwanA-táks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). With - ? sleht- vehicle: wa7o7slehtanA-táke7 the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). Aspect class: E2. •Kwáh tyola?riA-táks tsi7 niyo 7talíhA. It's just so sticky (and) it's so hot DERIVED BASES: -la'nAtahsyu- peel off something; -la 7 nAtakt-/-nAtaktattach, put in close contact with; -itskwanAtak-/-itskwanAt- cling; yo'nukslanAtakú bunion.

NOTE: Refers to attaching something, usually a sticky or clinging object, so that it is in very close contact with another object. The alternants -nAtak- and -nAt- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -la'nAtak- and -la?nAt- are composed of an empty noun root -la'and a verb root -nAtak-/-nAt-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -la?nAt- and -nAt- occur before the -hsyu- reversative suffix. The alternants -la'nAtak- and -nAtak- occur elsewhere.

-la'nAtakt-/-nAtakt- v.a. attach, put in close contact with. kla7nAtákta7 I'm sticking it on something, I'm attaching it (e.g., I'm putting up notices), lala7nAtákta7 he's sticking or pasting something on. With thcontrastive: thiyakola7nAtáktu she just had it stuck to it. With -nhohdoor: wahanhohanA-tákte7 he put the door up against it. •Né- kAs nA wa7ó-kalawe7 nA wa?ukwAtá-wha7 kwáh kAs nók thó wahanhohanA-tákte7 lake7níha tsi7 ni}• niyoká-lute7 And then-when it got dark, when we went to bed, my father would just put the door up against where there was a hole. (01) COMPOSED OF: - l a ? n A t a k - / - I a ? n A t - /

-nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: - l a ' n A t a k t a n y u -

attach several; -athyatuhslanAtaktput up wallpaper; -atla'nAtaktAni-/ -atla'nAtaktA- stick close to someone; -ihnanAtakt- patch; -naktanAtakttake to one's bed, become bedridden. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -la?nAtak- and -nAtak- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is

Oneida-English 515

replaced by kt. The alternant -nAtakt- occurs with incorporated nouns. -la'nAtaktanyu- v.a. attach several. lala7nAtaktányuhe7 he's attaching several things. COMPOSED OF: -la?nAtakt-/-nAtaktattach, put in close contact with, -nyu- distributive. la?nikuhláksA V > N devil. COMPOSED OF: la- masculine singular agent, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -la'wist- n. peelings, peelings.

olá-wiste7

DERIVED BASES: .la'wistakAsl-/

.la'wistakAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something; -la'wistotshyu- remove the peel; tekala'wistá lu birch; tsi'kla'wístal bat. NOTE: The 7 of the ? w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .la ? wistakAsl-/.la ? wistakAsel- plus tedualic, v.a. peel something. tekla7wistakAslus I'm peeling it (with an implement). tewakla7wistakAslu I have peeled it. wa7tekla7wistakA-séle7 I peeled it, tAkla7wistakA-séíe7 I will peel it. tehsla?wistakA-sél Peel it! Aspect class: E6. COMPOSED OF: -la'wist- peelings, .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something. NOTE: The alternant ,la ? wistakAsloccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, .la?wistakAsel- occurs in the punctual aspect. -la'wistotshyu- v.a. remove the peel. kla 7wistótshyus I'm removing the peel or skins from something.

wakla 7wistótshi I have removed the peel. wa7kla7wistótshi7 I removed the peel, Akla7wistótshi7 I will remove the peel. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -la'wist- peelings, -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: - a t l a ' w i s t o t s h y u -

for the peel or skin to come off. NOTE: Many speakers have -la'wistotshi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -le- v.s. be a distance, yo-lé- it's far. With n- partitive: niyo-lé• it's that far. tó• niyo-lé• how far is it? thó niyo-lé• it's that far. kók niyo-léit's just a short distance, a 7é- niyo-léit's very far. tsi7 niyo-lé• until. Habitual past: tó• niyo-léhkwe7 how far was it? thó niyo-léhkwe7 it used to be that far. Future stative: tótiAyo-léke7 how far will it be? With te ? - negative: yáh thó te7yo-lé• it was never a time. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atl(e)- plus na'tepartitive and dualic, be between, be so far apart. NOTE: Forms with the n- partitive are attested more often. 1A- pref. he. Third person masculine singular agent pronominal prefix. See la-/l-/lA-/-ha-/-h-/-hA-/-hl-/ -hla-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. .lAhsat-/.lAhsalut- plus te- dualic, v.a. praise someone. tekulAhsálha7 I praise you, tekhelAhsálha7 I'm praising her, tehilAhsálha7 I'm praising him, tehaklAhsálha7 he's praising me. wa7thaklAhsalA7 he praised me, wa7teshakolAhsalA7 he praised her or them, tAhilAhsaU7 I will praise him. DERIVED BASES: .lAhsalunyu- plus

516 Orieida-English

te- dualic, praise someone repeatedly, praise several; .lAhsalutakwplus te- dualic, take away praise; tekalXhsalA? praise. NOTE: The alternant .Lvhsalutoccurs before the -kw- reversative suffix. •lAhsalunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. praise someone repeatedly, praise several. tekulAhsalúnyuhe7 I'm praising you over and over, tesklAhsalúnyuhe7 you're praising me, tehaklAhsalúnyuhe7 he's praising me, teshakolAhsalúnyuhe7 he's praising them. wa7teshakolAhsalúni7 he praised them all. COMPOSED OF: . l A h s a l - / . l A h s a l u t -

plus te- dualic, praise someone, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lAhsaluni- before a final 7 . .lAhsalutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. take away praise. tekhelAhsalutákwas I take away the praise I give her (because she no longer deserves it). With s- repetitive: tusakhelAhsaluta-kóI took away the praise I gave her. COMPOSED OF: . l A h s a l - / . l A h s a l u t -

plus te- dualic, praise someone, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -lAn- n. song. kalA-ná• song. With -N-aks(A)- b e b a d , b e n o t the w a y it should be, and n- partitive: tsi7 niholAnáksA he has such a bad song. With -N-iyo- be good: lotilAniyó

they (m.) have nice songs. And npartitive: nikalAniyó it's such a nice song. With -nuhwe 7 - like, admire: klAnanú-wehse7 I like the song. With .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a

kind of: nikalAtió-tA 7 the kind of song it is. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skalA-nát one song. DERIVED BASES: - U n a k a l e l - b e the

sound of music or singing; .lAnaketskwas plus t- cislocative, be a soprano; -lAnayAhu- be a good singer; -lAnot- be music; -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray; atlA-náyAt prayer; -atlAnot- make music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr. lAn- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -lAnakalel- v.a. be the sound of music or singing. zva7olAna-kálele7 there was the sound of music (e.g., a choir singing). COMPOSED OF.- -lAn- song, -lakal-/ -lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl- for a noise to sound. .lAnaketskwas plus t- cislocative, v.a. be a soprano. tyelAnakétskwas (she's a) soprano, tkutilAnakétskwas they (z.) are sopranos. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lAnsong, -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair, -as habitual. -lAnayAhu- v.s. be a good singer. latilAnayAhu they (m.) are good singers. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lAn- song, -N-yAhube good at producing a product. -lAnot- v.s. be music. kalA-nóte7 it's music, latilA-nóte7 it's their (m.) music. Habitual past: kalAno-táhkwe7 there was music.

Oneida-English

Future stative: AkalAno-táke7 there will be music. Aspect class: F. •Né• s ye7 né• thikA sahAtiehyá-lane7kA• tsi7 nihonatkanuni-hnétshiwahu-níse7 khále7 tyótkut se7 s ye7 zví- kalA-nóte7 kA- tsi7 núnihA-né-se7. It's that they remembered how wealthy they were a long time ago, and that there was always music where they were. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -lAn- song, -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -lAnotatye- g o

around singing. -lAnotatye- v.m. go around singing. lalAnotáti7 he's singing as he's going along. klAnotátyehse7 I'm going around singing, lalAtiotátyehse7 he's going around singing, yelAnotátyehse7 she's going around singing. Habitual past: lalAnotátye7skwe7 he used to go around singing. • Né-n tsi7 kwí• niwakatshanuní kwáh klAnotátyehse7 thikA tsi7 niyolihowanA tsi7 nikatyélha7 ka 7i kA I was so happy that I was just singing away, because I was finally doing something worthwhile. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -lAnot- be music, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -Unotati- before a final -lA?nha- v.s. know how. waklA7nhá-u I know how, yakolA7nhá'U she knows how, lolA7nhá-u he knows how, lotilA7nhá-u they (m.) know how. Stative past: lolA7nha7ú-ne7 he knew how (at one time), yakolA7nha7ú-ne7 she used to know how. Future stative: AsalA7nha7úhake7 you will know how. With t- cislocative: tyotilA7nhá-u they (z.) are good at. With n- partitive: tsi7 niholA?nhá-u he really knows how. With te 7 -

517

negative: yah te7waklA7nhá-u I don't know how, yáh te7salA7nhá-u you don't know how, yáh te7yuknilA7nhá-u we two don't know how. Aspect class: C. • LolA7nháu

aha7níkhu7

He

knows how to sew. LotilA 7nhá u tahutá-khetste7. They know how to skate, they're good at skating. DERIVED BASES: .atatlA'nha- plus te- dualic, become acquainted. -lh- n. woods. With-ku locative suffix: kalhakú in the woods, forest, or bush. Pre-pausal: kalha kú. • Tshiwahu-níse7 a7é- kAs tyakwanákle7 kalhakú. A long time ago we lived way over there in the woods. (NL) DERIVED BASES: - l h a y A - / - l h a y A t -

be woods; kalhakúha hawk; kélhite' forest, trees. -lh- want, think. See -elh-/-lh-/-el-. -lhahs- serve someone. See -lani-/ -lhahs-. -lhalatstAni-/-lhalatstA- v.a. promise someone. khelhalatstA-níhe7 I keep promising her (but the promise is not binding, I may not follow through), shakolhalatstA-níhe7 he keeps promising her. wa7khelhalátstA7 I promised her, waholhalátstA7 he promised him. COMPOSED OF: -lhal(e)- be ready, be expecting, be pregnant, -tst- causative, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lhalatstAnioccurs in the habitual aspect, -lhalatstA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -lhal(e)- v.s. be ready, be expecting, be pregnant, wakelha-lé- I'm ready, salha-lé- you're ready, lolha-léhe's ready, yakolha-lé• she's ready,

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Orieida-English

yukwalha-lé- we're ready. Habitual past: wakelha-léhkwe7 I was ready for it (but it didn't happen). Future stative: Aioakelha-léke7 I will be ready, Ayolha-léke7 it will be ready. With s- repetitive: tsyakolha-léshe's expecting or waiting again, she's pregnant again, tsyolha-lé• it's ready again. With te 7 - negative: yáh tehotilha-lé• they (m.) don't expect. Aspect class: B. •Lolha-lé• kwtyusahuwáhAle7 kA- aknulhá\ He's ready for my mother to call him back. (M6) DERIVED BASES: - l h a l a t s t A n i - /

-lhalatstA- promise someone; -atelhalat- get oneself ready. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -lhayA-/-lhayAt- v.s. be woods. kálhayA7 (there are) woods. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lh- woods, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: -lhayAtu- b e

several woods. NOTE: The alternant -IhayAtoccurs before the -u- distributive suffix. -lhayAtu- v.s. be several woods. kalhayA-tú- (there are) lots of woods. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -IhayA-/-lhayAt- be woods, -u- distributive. -lhes- v.s. be long, yólhes it's long (a flexible object, such as fabric, a dress, or curtains), yotílhes they (z.) are long. Aspect class: A. • Só-tsi7 yólhes akwatyá-tawiht. My dress is too long. NA ki7 nétú-ske7 yotílhes wakyAthóhslu7. They're truly high, all the things I planted.

NOTE: Composed of a noun root -lh-, which occurs only in this base, and the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long.

.lhAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. stay up all night. tehalhAtha7 he stays up all night. tezvakelhAhtu I have stayed up all night. wa7tkélhAhte7 I stayed up all night, wa7tyélhAhte7 she stayed up all night. With ytranslocative: ya?tahatilhAhte7 they (m.) should stay awake all night there. Aspect class: El. • Khále 7 yáh onA thó té-tsyot thikA n kwa7ahsutáti7 ya7tahati7 7 lhAhte tahatílvwahkwe . And now it's not that way anymore, that they stay up all night to sing. (M15) DERIVED BASES: .lhAhtanyu- plus te- dualic, stay up all night repeatedly. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a root -lhA-, and the -htcausative suffix. The root -lhA- occurs only with derivational suffixes. See also -lhA?- become daylight, become morning. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .lhAhtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stay up all night repeatedly. tekelhAhtányuhe7 I'm continuously staying up all night. wa?tkelhAhtáni7 I stayed up several nights. COMPOSED OF: .lhAht- plus tedualic, stay up all night, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lhAhtani- before a final ?. -lhA?- v.a. become daylight, become morning. yolhAu it has become daylight, it's light. wa7ólhAne7 it became morning or daylight, AyólhAtie7 it will be morning, tomor-

Oneida-English

row. With s- repetitive: sayólhAne7 it became daylight again, the next day. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusayólhAtie7 it became morning there again. With tshyusacoincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusayólhAne 7 when it was the next morning. • TshyusayólhAtie 7 a 7é• yákA 7 na7tekAtstótsla7

yetiAtshá-ke.

The

next morning they say that she had a big package (a bandage) on her arm. (V2) DERIVED BASES: -lhA'uhatye- be

becoming daylight or morning. NOTE: Composed of a root -lhA- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The root -lhA- occurs only with derivational suffixes. See also .lhAht- plus tedualic, stay up all night. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -lhA'uhatye- v.m. be becoming daylight or morning. yolhA7uháti7 it's just becoming daylight. With tcislocative: tayolhA7uháti7 it's becoming morning. With tshutacoincident and cislocative: tshutayolhA7uháti7 when it was becoming morning. COMPOSED OF: -lhA?- become daylight, become morning, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -lhA?uhati- before a final 7 . -lho-/-elho- v.a. spread with, cover with, kélhos I'm spreading something with something (e.g., I'm greasing something, I'm putting jam on toast), sélhos you're spreading, lálhos he's spreading, yélhos she's spreading, kálhos she (z.) is spreading, tnélhos you and I (incl.) are

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spreading, yaknélhos we two (excl.) are spreading, snélhos you two are spreading, nélhos the two (m.) are spreading, knélhos the two (z.) are spreading, twálhos we (incl.) are spreading, yakioálhos we (excl.) are spreading, swálhos you all are spreading, lAtiélhos they (m.) are spreading, kunélhos they (z.) are spreading, wakélhu I have spread it, lonélhu they (m.) have spread it. wetnélho 7 you and I (incl.) spread it, wahAtiélho7 they (m.) spread it, Akélho7 I will spread it. Future habitual: Akelhóhseke7 I will be spreading it. Optative habitual: akelhóhseke7 I should be spreading it. Future stative: Aivakélhoke 7 I will have spread it, I'll be done spreading it. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wahayenálho7 he greased it, wa7eyenálho7 she greased it, wahuwayenálho7 she spread oil on him. And t- cislocative, and future stative: Atisayenalhúhake7 you will have greased it with oil. With -nawa'tstmud: wa7knawa7tstálho7 I spread mud, I plastered it (e.g., a nail hole in the wall), wahatinawa7tstálho7 they (m.) spread mud, they plastered it with mud. With -she ? lh- dough, paste, cream: keshe7lhálhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). With -wistohsl- butter: wahawistohslálho7 he spread butter on it. Aspect class: E2. •Wahatinawa7tstálho7 kwí- tsi7 7 7 7 na tekutlúni tsi tekaluta7slúni7. They spread mud in between the piled-up logs. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -lhohslu-/ -elhohslu- spread or cover with all over; -at-N-lho- spread oneself with; .at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, spread for

520

Orieida-English

oneself; -lihwalho- accuse; -listalhoiron; -nhlalho- give someone germs, transmit a disease; -nikwAhtalalhoput lipstick on someone; atnAyálho7 immense giant, monster. NOTE: The alternant -elho- occurs in the first and second persons singular, the dual, and the third person plural. The alternant -lhooccurs elsewhere. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -lhohslu-/-elhohslu- v.a. spread or cover with all over, kelhóhsluhe7 I'm spreading something all over something, wa 7kelhóhslu 7 I spread it all over, wahalhóhslu 7 he spread it all over. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wahayenalhóhslu7 he put grease or oil all over it. With -wistohsl- butter: wahawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them (e.g., all kinds of bread). And te- dualic: wa7thawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them. COMPOSED OF: -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with, -hslu- distributive. NOTE: For the distribution of alternants, see the component base. -lhyo'lh- elbow. See -hyo'lh-/ -lhyo?lh-/-whyo ? lh-. -li- v.a. become ripe, become cooked. yolí it's cooked. Pre-pausal: yo-lí. wa7ka-lí• it became cooked, Aka-líit will cook. Future stative: Ayolíhake7 it will be cooked. With t- cislocative: Atka-lí• it will get cooked. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yohyalí the berries are ripe. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: yoná-talali the bread is cooked, wa 7kana 7tala-lí• the bread became cooked. With - ? wahl- meat: yo 'hoá-lali the meat is cooked,

wa7ka7wá-lali7 the meat became cooked. • NA ki7 yolí sasahé-to7. Your beans are cooked now. NA kA yohyalí strawberries, tsi7 ní• nikahyanu-wáks. Are the strawberries ripe yet, I'm so hungry for strawberries. NAki7 wa7ka 7wá-lali7, satekhuní o nA. The meat is cooked now, so eat! DERIVED BASES: -liht- boil something. li-/liy-/-hi-/-hiy- pref. I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person singular acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants li- and liyoccur word-initially. The alternants -hi- and -hiy- occur after another prefix. The alternants li- and -hioccur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants liy- and -hiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -liha ? t-/-taliha 7 t- v.a. bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. klihá-tha7 I warm it up, I bring it to a boil. waklihá-tu I'm heating it up. wa7klíhahte7 I warmed it up, wa7elíhahte7 she warmed it up, Aklíhahte7 I will warm it up, I will boil it. slíhaht Boil it! With srepetitive: saklíhahte7 I warmed it up again, I boiled it again. Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: -lih(A)-/ -ya ? talih(A)-/-talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm, -7t- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t - N - t a l i h a ? t -

heat up, warm up; -ya'tataliha'tget a fever; kanuhsataliha?tákhwa 7 furnace; yehnekataliha'tákhwa 7 kettle; yeliha'tákhwa? cooking pot; yenAstaliha'tákhwa 7 or yonAstaliha'tákhwa? stove.

Oneida-English 521

NOTE: The alternant -taliha?toccurs with incorporated nouns in some of the derived bases. The alternant -liha ? t- occurs elsewhere. The 7 of the ? t cluster of -liha ? t- is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)-/-talih(A)- v.a. boil, come to a boil, get warm. yolíhAhse7 it's boiling. yolihA-u it has boiled, wa 7 OIÚIA 7 it boiled. With s- repetitive: usahoya 7tatalíhA 7 he got warmed up again. With t- cislocative: tyolíhAhse7 it's boiling, tyolihA-u it has boiled, tayolfliA7 it started to boil, AtyolíhA 7 it will boil. And habitual past: tyolthA 7skwe 7 it has boiled. And future habitual: AtyolihA-sheke7 it will be boiling. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayolíhA7 it should boil again. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yohnekatalihA-u the water has boiled, wa7ohnekatalíhA7 the water came to a boil. And t- cislocative: tyohnekatalíhAhse7 the water is boiling, utayohnekatalíhA7 the water should come to a boil. With -nuhs- house, building: wa7onuhsatalíhA7 the house warmed up. And th- contrastive: yáh thayonuhsatalíhA7 the house wouldn't warm up. Aspect class: C3. • 07kA-la7

nyAsa-tí-

tyolíhAhse7

ohne-kánus. Put ashes in boiling water. (R2) Wahatkátho7 thikA owískla7

niwahsohkó-tA

a7nya-náwA7 thó ka-yA-, HA kwtwá-lelhe7 thó yAhatítane7 ostúha usahoya 7tatalíhA7. He saw the

white mitten lying there, so then he thought he would get into it so that he would warm up a little bit. (T3) DERIVED BASES: - l i h a ? t - / - t a l i h a ? t -

bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. NOTE: Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred. The alternant -ya?talih(A)- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -talih(A)- occurs with incorporated nouns. Alternants without the final vowel occur before the - ? tcausative suffix. This base is related to the stative base -a'talih(A)-/ -N-talihA- be hot, be warm. lihotakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. come up with or initiate an idea. tyelihotákwas she's the one who comes up with or thinks of ideas. tyakolihotákwA she has come up with an idea, tayelihota-kóshe came up with an idea, tahalihota-kó- he came up with an idea. Isé- taslihota-kó You come up with an idea! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. oppose, tehalihotálhos he just doesn't want to do it or go along with it. tewaklihotálhu I have opposed it. wa7teklihotálho7 I oppose it, wa 7thalihotálho 7 he didn't want to go along with it, he opposed it, wa7thatilihotálho7 they (m.) are in disagreement. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -otalho-/-ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness. DERIVED BASES: .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic, quarrel, have a falling out.

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NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

putting on another dinner so that the good ballplayers will have a little something to be remembered by (because) they appreciate them.

-lihota's- v.a. receive word or news. ukliho-tá-se7 I received word. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnyota ? se-/-hnyota?s-/-ota?se-/ -ota's- get stuck with an object. NOTE: The 7 of the ' s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a

great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: This base has the same composition as -lihowanahtannounce, make a big issue of, but it takes interactive prefixes. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally.

-lihowanaht- v.a. announce, make a big issue of. klihowanátha

7

I

announce it, lalihowanátha7 he's a person that tells everybody about something that's happening, he's informing people, yelihowanátha7 she makes a big issue out of it. lotilihowanáhtu they (m.) are making a big issue of it. wa7kliho-wánahte7

I announced it.

Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a

great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: See also the next two entries. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -lihowanaht- v.a. honour, acknowledge, appreciate, lolihowanátha7 he's honouring him, he's praising or acknowledging him. lilihowanáhtu I have acknowledged him, I appreciate him. wahiliho-wánahte7 I praised him, waholiho-wánahte7

he

honoured him, they will honour them (z.). yethiliho-wánat Let's all of us (incl.) praise them! Aspect class: El. •Oyá• kwi• sAskutekhwahlá-ne7 Akuwatiliho-wánahte7

né• kwi• né- on A AyotiyA-táne7 tsi7 7 7 ka-yA• tyotilA nhá-u tok náhte akunehyahlákhwake7 kA- tsi7

Akuwatiliho-wánahte7

They're

-lihowanaht- v.s. savour, prefer. waklihowanáhtu I savour it, I prefer something (e.g., some food) over something else, lolihowanáhtu he prefers it, yakolihowanáhtu she prefers it. With t- cislocative: tyukwalihowanáhtu we consider it important there. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -lihowan(A)- be a

great deed or matter, -ht- causative. NOTE: This base has the same composition as -lihowanahtannounce, make a big issue of, but it occurs only in the stative aspect. -lihowan(A)- v.s. be a great deed or matter. With n- partitive: niyolihowanA it's such a great deed. Pre-pausal: niyolihowa-nA Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. DERIVED BASES: - l i h o w a n a h t -

announce, make a big issue of; -lihowanaht- honour, acknowledge, appreciate; -lihowanaht- savour, prefer. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -htcausative suffix. -liho'ktA- v.a. finish talking on a subject. wa7klihó-ktA7 I finished

Oneida-English

talking on that subject, 7 he ended discussing it. tnilihó-ktA Let's you and I drop it! COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -o'kta-/-o'ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. wahalihó-ktA

.liho'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks. niwaklihó-tA the way I live, what kind of person I am, nísalihó-tA the way you live, niholihó-tA his ways, niyakolihó-tA the way she is, niyukwalihó-tA it's our lifestyle or custom. Stative past: niholiho7tA-hné• the custom he used to follow, niyukwaliho?tA-hné• the way we used to live, what our custom used to be. Future stative: nAyukwaliho7tAhake7 the way we will act. Optative stative: naesaliho7tAhake7 the way you should behave, nahotiliho7tAhake7 the way they (m.) should act. With t- cislocative: nityukwalihó-tA the way we live there. Aspect class: A. • Nók tsi7 kwí• náhte7 i-kélhe7 akathlo-lí- tsi7 ní• niyukwalihó-tA kAh nú- niyakwanákle7 yakyukwehuwé. But what I want to tell about is our customs here where we Indians live. (Ml5) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -liht- v.a. boil something, klítha7 I'm boiling it. waklíhtu I have

523

boiled it. kalíhtu it's boiled. wá-klihte7 I boiled it, wáhslihte7 you boiled it, wa7e-líhte7 she boiled it, waha-líhte7 he boiled it, Ahslihte7 you will boil it, Aye-líhte7 she will boil it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -li- become ripe, become cooked, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t a h y a l i h t -

preserve fruit, can fruit; kanAyalíhtu brick house. NOTE: This base is not used by all speakers. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -lihuni- v.a. be the reason, be the way. kalihu-níhe7 she (z.) or it (e.g., a machine) is thinking of ways to do something. wa7kalihu-ní• it was the reason why, wahatilihu-ní• it was their (m.) fault, Akalihu-ní• it will be the way. With t- cislocative: Atkalihu-ní• it will be the reason why. • Ya-wét ki7 uhte wf lonulháwahatilihu-ní-, wa7tholihwaksA-slu7 tsi7 latinákele7. Like maybe, as for them, it was their fault, they were feuding where they lived. (M8) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -uni-/-uny- make, construct. -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- v.a. teach someone. khelihunyA-níhe7 I teach them, I'm a teacher, shakolihunyA-níhe7 he teaches them, shukwalihunyA-níhe7 he teaches us, yukhilihunyA-níhe7 she teaches us, our teacher, yakolihunyA-níhe7 she (z.) teaches them, shakotilihunyA'nthe7 they (m.) teach them. kuwalihunyAtií she or someone is teaching her (z.). wa7khelihúni7 I taught her or them, wahaklihúni7 he taught me, wa7uklihúni7 she or they taught me,

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Ayesalihúni7 they will teach you. shelihúni Teach them! Aspect class: Al. • Tahnú• né- ki7 laknulhá• Jáke luwa-yáts wahaklihúni7 aukyo-tAutakhenláhtu7 And it was my uncle, Jake was his name, who taught me how to work handing (tobacco) leaves. (03) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

matter, word, affair, news, issue, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. DERIVED BASES: -lihunyAnihe? b e a

teacher; -lihunyAni'n- go to teach someone; -atatlihunyAni-/ -atatlihunyA- teach oneself, study; yutatlihunyAní tha' school. NOTE: The alternant -lihunyAnioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes. The alternant -lihunyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -lihunibefore a final 7 . lihunyAnihe' v.a. be a teacher. yakolihunyA-níhe7 (she's a) teacher, shakolihunyA-níhe7 (he's a) teacher. COMPOSED OF: -lihunyAni-/

-lihunyA- teach someone, -he ? habitual. lihunyAni'n- v.m. go to teach someone. wa7khelihunyAtií-na7 I'm going there to teach them. COMPOSED OF: -lihunyAni"/

-lihunyA- teach someone, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. •lihw- n. business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, olí-wa7 business, matter, aklí-wa 7 my fault, salí-wa 7

your fault, snilvwa7 your (dual) fault, ukwalí-wa 7 our fault. With - ? ke locative suffix: laolihwá-ke his matter, about him, akolihwá-ke about her. •"Tsi7 náhte7 wa7katkátho7 akeslAhtaku kA- ka7ikA akolihwá-ke yetshiyatléha kA-." "I saw something in my dream about your granddaughter." (M7) DERIVED BASES: . a t a t l i h w a s t a n i - /

.atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, regret; .atlihohlalaksplus te- dualic, come across a problem; .atlihokwaht- plus te- dualic, spread news, gossip; -atliholA?- find a way or idea; -atlihut- do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in; .atlihwahkwishlu- plus t- cislocative, really mean something, be serious about; -atlihwahnot- give a sermon; -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye- get underway; -atlihwakehtat- take over a burden; .atlihwakAny- plus te- dualic, argue; -atlihwakwalihsyu- be honest; -atlihwatahuhsatat- listen to what's going on; .atlihwatenyAni-/ .atlihwatenyA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, change one's mind; -atlihwate'kw- avoid; .atlihwate'waht- plus s- repetitive, commit a crime or wrongdoing, do something inappropriate; .atlihwatA?tsha ? - plus te- dualic, be due payment, reward, or thanks; -atlihwatkweny- win an argument or debate; -atlihwatstahl- be unable to find a word; -atlihwatstelist- take charge of someone's affairs; -atlihwattok- be smart; -atlihwatye'ni- be talkative; .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, compromise; -atlihwisa'- agree, talk over, consider, commit oneself, date; .lihotakw- plus t- cislocative, come

Oneida-English

up with or initiate an idea; .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose; -lihota's- receive word or news; -lihowan(A)- be a great deed or matter; -liho'ktA- finish talking on a subject; .liho'tA- plus n- partitive, be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks; -lihuni- be the reason, be the way; -lihunyAni-/-lihunyAteach someone; aolí wa? for some reason, why; olihwakayú old times; olihwiyó sure, certainly; tehalihwakénhas lawyer; yewatlihwatAnyétha? fax machine; yolihwakayuhnéha old ways; and all the bases beginning in -lihw- that follow this one. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. lihwahkw-/.lihwakhw- plus tedualic, v.a. sing, teklihwákhwa7 I sing, I'm a singer, tehalihwákhwa7 he sings, teyelihwákhwa 7 she sings, tehatilihwákhwa7 they (m.) are singers. tewaklihwáhkwA I'm singing I have sung, teholihwáhkwA he's singing, teyakolihwáhkwA she's singing, teyolihwáhkwA she (z.) or it is singing, tehotilihwáhkwA they (m.) are singing. wa7thalí-wahkwe7 he sang, tAklí-wahkwe7 I will sing, tAhatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) will sing, tahalí-wahkwe7 he should sing, tahatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) should sing. Habitual past: tehatilihwákhwahkwe7 they used to sing. With s- repetitive: tAshatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) will sing again. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya 7 tahkw- plus te-

525

dualic, pick up. DERIVED BASES: . l i h w a h k w a ' n -

plus te- dualic, go to sing; .lihwakhwa ? se-/.lihwakhwa 7 splus te- dualic, sing for someone; .lihwahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, go along singing; .lihwakhwa' plus te- dualic, be a singer; tekalihwáhkwA singing. NOTE: The alternant .lihwakhwoccurs before the -?se-/-?sbenefactive suffix. The alternant .lihwahkw- occurs elsewhere. The h of the hw cluster of .lihwahkw- is replaced by length after accented vowels. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha? is replaced by khwa 7 . lihwahkwa'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to sing, tehalihwahkwá-ne7 he's going to sing, teholihwahkwá-nu he has gone to sing. wa7thalihwahkwá-na7 he's on his way somewhere to sing. COMPOSED OF: . l i h w a h k w - /

.lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The ? of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along singing. tewaklihwahkwAháti7 I'm going along singing. With s- repetitive: tetsyuknilihwahkwAháti7 we two are singing as we're coming along. With na ? tes- partitive, dualic and repetitive: na7tetsyuknilihwahkwAháti7 we two are just singing away as we're coming along. • Yáh kwi• te7wé-ni na7tetsyuknilihwahkwAháti7 tutayakyahtA-títsi7 nitsyuknikhwaka7táti7. And it's amazing how we're just singing away

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Orieida-English

as we're coming home again with all kinds of food with us. (VI) COMPOSED OF: . l i h w a h k w - /

.lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -A stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwahkwAhati- before a final 7 . lihwahla 7 - v.a. get unexpected news, get wind of news, waklihivahlá-u I have heard about this news (something enlightening or amazing). uklihwá-lane7 I heard about some news, I just got wind of this news (something that took me by surprise), waholihwá-lane7 he heard about it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hla 7 - for something to land. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. lihwahlek-/.lihwahl- plus t- cislocative, v.a. insist, thalihwá-leks he keeps insisting on it. tholihwá-lu he's insisting on it, tholihwahlekú he has insisted, tahalihwá-leke7 he insisted, taklihwá-leke7 I insisted. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc., and a component -hlek-/-hi-, which is related to the base .hlek- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, push, shove. The alternant .lihwahl- occurs in the stative aspect form tholihwálu. The alternant .lihwahlek- occurs elsewhere. Both the stative aspect forms tholihwá-lu and tholihrvahlekú are attested, with a slight difference in meaning. The h of the hi cluster of

both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwahluk- v.a. hear about, hear of. lolihwahlukú he has heard about (the news). wa7klihwá-luke7 \ heard about it, wahslihwá-luke7 you heard about it, wahalihwá-luke7 he heard about it. With tsh- coincident: tsha7klihwá-luke7 when I heard about it. •Ya-wét ki7 uhte xví- wa7twake7nikulha-lA• tsha7klihwá-luke7 tsi7 7 wahatu-kóhte It's like it bothered me when I heard that he had passed on (that he had died). (M15) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahluk- hear about. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwahnilat- v.a. approve, agree fully, confirm, klihwahni-láts I approve it, I fully agree. waklihwahnilatú I have fully agreed, lolihwahnilatú he has strengthened his agreement. wa7klihwahni-láte7 I'm in full agreement, wahalihwahni-láte7 he confirmed it. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hnilat- tighten. -lihwahseht- v.a. hide facts, keep a secret, klihwahsétha7 I hide the facts, waklihwahséhtu I'm keeping it a secret, yukwalihwahséhtu we have hidden the fact. wa7klihwáhsehte7 I hid the fact. Aspect class: EL. • Yukwalihwahséhtu tsi7 niyukwatetshA-u. We hid the fact that we were so scared. (Dl) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

Oneida-English

matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ahseht-/-ya?tahseht- hide something or someone. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -lihwahsluni- v.a. negotiate, make a deal, lalihwahslu-níhe7 he's negotiating, he's making a good deal. lolihwahsluní he has negotiated. wahalihwahslu-ní• he negotiated. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: . a t l i h w a h s l u n i -

plus s- repetitive, make up with one another, come to an agreement. -lihwakalAhlat- v.a. become disparaging, become negative. lalihwakalA-lats he keeps becoming negative in the way he talks. lolihwakalAhlatú he has become disparaging. wahalihwakalA-late7 he became negative. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihwakalAhl(e)- be

disparaging, be negative, -t- causative-inchoative. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwakalAhl(e)- v.s. be disparaging, be negative. yelihwakalA-le7 she's very negative when she talks about something or someone, she's disparaging (e.g., if she said about someone "he's better off dead"), lalihwakalA-le7 he's negative. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- be leaning over to one side. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a k a l A h l a t -

527

become disparaging, become negative. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before -t- causative-inchoative suffix. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. lihwaka'tshyu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. report information. shalihwaká-tshyus he reports back (to people) about what has happened or what he has learned. sholihwaká-tshi he has reported. sahalihwaká-tshi7 he reported. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahalihwaká-tshi7 he informed about it there. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ka'tshyu- undo, take apart. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tshy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers have ,lihwaka ? tshi- word-finally and before a final .lihwake- plus nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic, v.s. be amusing. nya7teholí-wake he's amusing, nya7teyakolí-wake she's amusing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .N-ke- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic or nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. lihwake'tot- plus t- cislocative, v.a. hint at, mention. thalihwake7tótha7 he doesn't want to come right out and say it, so he hints around at it. tahalihwake7to-tA• he hinted around at it. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihw-

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Orieida-English

business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through. -IihwakA'sIahkw- v.a. give an excuse or alibi. klihwakA 7slákhwa 7 I give excuses, lalihwakA7slákhwa7 he gives excuses. waklihwakA7sláhkwA I'm using an excuse, lolihwakA7sláhkwA he has made an excuse. wa7klihwakA-slahkwe7 I gave an excuse, wahalihwakA-slahkwe7 he gave an excuse. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kA'slahkw- use to wedge underneath. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa'. The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwakhanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. put ideas together. tehalihwakhányuhe7 he's putting ideas together, teholihwakháni7 he has put ideas together. wa7tehalihwakháni7 he put ideas together. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwakhani- before a final 7 . .lihwakhwa' plus te- dualic, v.a. be a singer, teyelihwákhwa7 (she's a) singer, tehalihwákhwa7 (he's a) singer, teklihwákhwa7 (I'm a) singer. COMPOSED OF: . l i h w a h k w - /

.lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, -ha ? habitual.

lihwakhwa'se-Alihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic, v.a. sing for someone. tehaklihwakhwá-sehe7 he's singing for me, teshakolihwakhwá-sehe7 he's singing for her. wa7teshakolihwákhwahse7 he sang for her, tAkulihwákhwahse7 I will sing for you. Habitual past: teshakolihwakhwa7séhahkwe7 he used to sing for her. COMPOSED OF: . l i h w a h k w - /

.lihwakhw- plus te- dualic, sing, - 7 se-/- ? s- benefactive. DERIVED BASES:

.atatlihwakhwa'se-/ .atatlihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic, sing for each other. NOTE: The alternant .lihwakhwa'se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .lihwakhwa's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. lihwaksA7- plus te- dualic, v.a. feud, argue. tewaklihwáksAhse7 I get into arguments. tewaklihwaksA-u I have gotten into an argument, teyuknilihwaksA-u we two argued, tehotilihwaksA-u they (m.) are feuding, they're mad at one another, teyotilihwaksA-u they (z.) are feuding. wa7twaklihwáksAne7 I argued, wa7tyuknilihwáksAne 7 we two feuded, wa7tyotilihwáksAne7 they (z.) feuded. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .lihwaksA'slu- plus te- dualic, feud, several. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .lihwaksA'slu- plus te- dualic, v.a. feud, several. wa7thotilihwaksA-slu7 they (m.) all feuded amongst themselves. COMPOSED OF: .lihwaksA?- plus tedualic, feud, argue, -slu- distributive. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwakste- v.s. be important. yolihwákste7 it's important, it's a weighty matter. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -kst(e)-/-ya 7 takste- be heavy. -lihwaku- v.a. bother with one's business. tsi7 nikú wa7klí-waku7 I have bothered you with this many things, thó nikú ivahalí-waku7 that's enough of his business, of his talk. • Tá-t nA ki7 uhte wi- thó nikú 7 ka ikA, tsi7 nikú wa7klí-waku7 thó ok nikú ké-yale7 ka7i kA. Well that's about it, I've said enough about what I remember. (PI) NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwakwalihsyu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. mediate, straighten out. teklihwakwalíhsyus I'm a mediator, thalihwakwalíhsyus he's a mediator, he straightens things out, he knows what's right. tholihwakwalíhsi he has mediated. Athalihwakwalíhsi7 he will mediate. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyu-

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straighten something. NOTE: Many speakers have .lihwakwalihsi- word-finally and before a final 7 . -lihwakwAhtalho- v.a. set down rules. lalihwakwAhtálhos he sets down the rules, he lays out how it will be, he makes it known. wahalihwakwAhtálho7 he set down the rules, iva7elihwakivAhtálho7 she made her message known, she laid down the rules. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho- lay out flat. -lihwalho- v.a. accuse, laklihwálhos he accuses me, shakolihwálhos he accuses her. laklihwálhu he has accused me. Ashakolihwálho7 he will accuse her or them. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -lihwanela ? ak-/-lihwanel- v.a. sin, swear, curse. lalihwanéla7aks he swears or curses, lolihwanélu 7 he has cursed, he's a sinful man, lotilihwanélu7 they (m.) have sinned, they're sinning. wahalihwanéla7ake7 he sinned, he cursed, wahslihwanéla7ake7 you sinned. Aspect class: C2. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a n e l a ' a k h u -

sin repeatedly, swear away. NOTE: Composed of the noun base -lihw- business, matter, etc. and a component -nela ? ak-/-nel-, which occurs also in .nela'ak-/.nel-/ .ya'tanela 7 ak-/.ya'tanel- plus te-

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Orieida-English

dualic, mistake for another. The alternant -lihwanela'ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hu- distributive suffix, -lihwanel- occurs in the stative aspect. -lihwanela'akhu- v.a. sin repeatedly, swear away. lalihwanela7ákhuhe7 he's swearing away, he's sinning, yelihwanela7ákhuhe7 she's swearing away. COMPOSED OF: - l i h w a n e l a ' a k - /

-lihwanel- sin, swear, curse, -hudistributive. -lihwase- v./n. be new news, olí-wase7 it's new news. • Né- kwi• sÁ- olí-wase7 tsi7 yakawAheyú ukyalyéha kA-hné-. What's new too is that my late sister-in-law has died. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ase- be new, be fresh. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwashnye 7 se-/.lihwashnye?s- plus t- cislocative, v.a. give in to someone. thilihwashnyé-sehe7 I'm always giving in to him. tahilihwáshnyehse7 I gave in to him, utahuwalihwáshnyehse7 she should give in to him. •Khále7 kAs nA né- lonehlákwas 7 ka ikA tsi7 yáh thau-tú• utahuwalihwáshnyehse7 And then he's amazed that she won't give in to him. (G2) NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc., a verb root -shnye-, and the -?se-/-?s- benefactive suffix. The root -shnye- occurs also in .shnye- plus te- dualic, look

after, nurture. The alternant .lihwashnye?se- occurs in the habitual aspect, and the ? of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .lihwashnye's- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the ? of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .lihwaskenha- plus te- dualic, v.a. argue, debate, dispute. teklihwaskénhas I debate, I argue a point. tewaklihwaskénhA I'm arguing. tAklihwaskénha7 I will debate or argue. With th- contrasti v e : yáh

tha7teholihwaskénha7

he

didn't argue about it. Aspect class: D2.

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -askenha-/-ya'taskenhafight over, compete for, be greedy. DERIVED BASES:

.atatlihwaskenha'se-/ .atatlihwaskenha's- plus te- dualic, argue for oneself, defend oneself. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -lihwast- v.s. be forbidden. yolihwástu it's forbidden. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the noun base -lihwbusiness, matter, etc.; otherwise the composition is unclear. .lihwat- plus tsha?- coincident and factual mode, v.s. think the same way. né- tsha7olí-wat she (z.) thinks the same way, né• tsha7otilí-wat they (z.) think the same, they had the same idea, né- tshahotilí-wat they (m.) think the same way. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .t-/

Oneida-English 531

.ya'tat- plus tsha7- coincident and factual mode, be the same, match. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwathe 7 t- v.a. explain. tekalihwathé-tha7 it explains. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -the7t- pound. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwatshAly- v.a. find out about, find fault, complain. lalihwatshAlyehse7 he complains, he finds faults all the time. lolihwatshAli he has found out about it, he has found fault with. wa7klihwatshA-lí• I found out about it, wahalihwatshA-líhe complained, he found fault with. Facilitative: lolihwatshAlyé-tskw A he's always finding fault, no matter what. Aspect class: E4. • Tyótkut tok náhte7 lolihwatshAli kA-, tsi7 ok nahté-shu7 yáh te7tkayelí tsi7 nihatyélha7 He's always finding fault with something, there were all these things he'd do that weren't right. (Ml) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -tshAly- find. DERIVED BASES: -lihwatshAlya 7 se-

/-lihwatshAlya 7 s- find faults with someone; -atlihwatshAlya 7 se-/ -atIihwatshAlya 7 s- find information for someone. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

-lihwatshAlya 7 se-/-lihwatshAlya 7 sv.a. find faults with someone. lolihwatshAlyá-sehe7 he finds faults with him. khelihwatshAlyá-se I'm finding faults with her or them. wa7khelihwatshAlyahse7 I found faults with her or them. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain, - 7 se-/ - 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwatshAlya7se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -lihwatshAlya7s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -lihwawi-/-lihwA- v.a. give someone an idea or information. khelihwa-wíhe7 I'm giving her or them the idea, lolihwa-wíhe7 he's giving him the idea or the word, he's giving him information. khelihwawí I have given her or them the idea. Akhelí-WA7 I will give her or them the idea. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -awi-/-u-/-A- give someone something. NOTE: The alternant -lihwawioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -lihwA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwaya 7 ak- v.a. oppose, disagree, disapprove. klihwáya7aks I keep opposing it, not agreeing. wa7klihwáya7ake7 I went against it,

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Orieida-English

I opposed it, I disapproved it, wahalihu>áya7ake7 he went against it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -ya ? ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at. -lihwayehwa-Mihwayehwha- v.a. be unable to find a way or reason. lolihwayé-wahse7 he can't find a way or reason,

waholihwayé-wha

7

he couldn't find a way, Awaklihwayé-wha7 I won't be able to find a way. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yehwa-/-yehwha- be unable to find. NOTE: The alternant

-lihwayehwa- occurs in the habitual aspect, -lihwayehwha- occurs in the punctual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwayela't- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, v.a. do something a particular way due to some reasoning or direction, thó nithatilihzvayelá-tha7 that's the way or reasoning or direction they (m.) use to carry out something, thó nutahatilihwaye-lá-te7 they (m.) carried it out according to some reasoning. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yela't- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, turn something in a direction, find a way. NOTE: The

7

of the ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwayeli- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be a nice person, be decent, have integrity. teklihwaye-lí• I'm a nice

person, I'm decent, I have integrity. Habitual past: teklihwaye-lihkwe7 I was a nice person. Future stative: tAklihwaye-líke7 I will be a nice person. With te ? - negative: yáh teHeklihwaye-lí• I'm a malicious person, a bad person, yáh te7tehslihwaye-lí• you're a bad person, yáh te7thalihwaye-lí• he's a

bad person, he has no integrity. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right. .lihwayestahkw- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, v.a. do two things at once.

ya7tehalihwayestákhwa7

he does two things at once, he does something while he's doing something else. ya7tewaklihwayestáhkwA I have done two things at once. ya7teklihxvayéstahkwe7

I did two

things at once. ya7tehslihwayéstak Do something else besides! Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha' is replaced by khwa ? . In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. -lihwayAni-MihwayAha's- v.a. give someone an assignment or part of a job. khelihioayA-níhe7 I give her a part of the job, I give her an assignment or responsibility, lolihivayA-níhe7 he gives him part of the job. wa?uklihwayA-há-se7 she left me this assignment. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yA-

Oneida-English

/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -ni-/ -ha ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwayAnioccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -lihwayAha?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lihwayAta's- plus te- dualic, v.a. make an agreement or appointment. wa7twaklihwayA-tá-se7 I made an appointment (e.g., with a doctor), wa7tyuknilihwayA-tá-se7 we two agreed, wa?thotilihwayA-tá-se7 they (m.) agreed. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwayAteli- v.s. know about a matter. klihwayAtelí I know about it, slihwayAtelí you know about it, yelihwayAtelí she knows about it, lalihwayAtelí he knows about it. Pre-pausal: lalihwayAte-lí. Aspect class: A. •Kwáh kati7 tiisé- akwekú slihwayAtelí tsi7 ni-yót kA ayutlihwahtAtyehte7. Soasforyou, you know all about the way things are done? (PI) COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yAteli- know about, be familiar with, have expertise in. -lihwayote- v.s. be working on a matter, waklihwayo-té• I'm working on the matter, salihwayo-té• you're working on the matter, lolihwayo-téhe's working on this matter, yakolihwayo-té• she's working on

533

this matter. Pre-pausal: Aspect class: B. • Náhte7 salihwayo-hté^. What are you working on? COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yo 7 te-/-yo 7 t-/-yote- be working.

yakolihwayo-té\

-lihwayo 7 tA-/-lihwayotA- v.a. work on a matter. waklihwayó-tAhse7 I work on it, I put a lot of time into it. waklihwayo7tA-u I have worked on it. Awaklihwayo-tX• I will work on it. Aspect class: C3. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -yo7tA-/-yotA- work. NOTE: The alternant -lihwayo ? tAoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -lihwayotAoccurs in the punctual aspect. -lihwa7nek- v.a. beg or ask for information. klihwa7nékha7 I'm asking about it or for it (e.g., for permission, about information), lilihwa7nékha7 I'm begging or asking him (e.g., I'm praying for something). wa 7klihwa 7ne-kX• I begged or asked for it. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, - 7 nek- beg, ask for. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a 7 n e k A n i - /

-lihwa7nekA- beg or ask someone for information. -lihwa 7 nekAni-/-lihwa 7 nekA- v.a. beg or ask someone for information. lilihwa7nekA-níhe7 I'm asking him for something. wahilihwa7ne-kA• I asked him about something. COMPOSED OF: -lihwa7nek- beg or ask for information, -Ani-/-Abenefactive.

534

Orieida-English

NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-lihwa?nekAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -lihwa'nekA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -lihwa'slakw- v.a. respond, answer. klihwa7slákwas I'm responding (e.g., to a question, or to a letter). waklihwa7slákwA I have responded. wa7klihwa7sla-kó• I responded. slihwa7sla-kó Answer! Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a ' s l a k w A n i - /

-lihwa'slakwa's- answer someone, respond to someone. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -lihwa ? slakwAni-/-lihwa ? slakwa ? sv.a. answer someone, respond to someone. kulihwa7slakwA-nthe7 I'm answering you. wa7kulihwa7slákwahse7 I answered you. COMPOSED OF: -lihwa'slakwrespond, answer, -ANI-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwa?slakwAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -lihwa ? slakwa 7 s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the final ? s cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -lihwA- give someone an idea or information. See -lihwawi-/ -lihwA-. -lihwAht- v.a. make up one's mind, decide. lalihwAtha7 he makes up his mind. waklihwAhtu I have made up my mind. wa7klfwAhte7 I made up my mind, wahalvwAhte7 he made up his mind. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue,

-N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lihwAta7- v.a. get wrecked, stop working. kalihwA-tá-se7 it's wrecked, it's not in working order anymore. yolihwAtá-u it's wrecked. wa7kalihwA-táne7 it got wrecked. Aspect class: E3. • Wa7kalihwA-táne7 akó-slet. Her car got wrecked (e.g., it got into a bad accident). COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-Ata'- finish doing. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -lihwinyu't- v.a. report someone, inform on someone, lihwinyú-tha7 I report him, I inform on him (e.g., if I become aware that he's doing something wrong, and I want to notify the authorities). wa7khelihwínyuhte7 I reported her, I informed (someone) about her, wahilihwinyuhte7 I reported him. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-inyu't-/-ya 7 tinyu 7 t- bring in. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -lihwisa 7 - v.a. promise. lalihwísa7as 7 he keeps promising, wa klihwísane 7 I promised, Aklihwísane7 I promise. Aspect class: E5. •Aklihwísane 7 tsi7 Atne7 AyólhAne7 I promise I'll go with you tomorrow. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business,

Oneida-English

matter, word, affair, news, issue, -hsa?-/-isa ? - finish. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w i s a ' A n i - /

-lihwisa'a's- promise someone. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -lihwisa ? Ani-/-lihwisa ? a 7 s- v.a. promise someone. laklihwisa7A-níhe7 he promises me (and he is committed to following through on the promise). laklihwisa?Ant he has promised me. wa7kulihwísa7ahse7 I promised you, wa 7khelihwísa 7ahse 7 I promised someone, wahaklihwísa7ahse7 he promised me, wa7utatlihwísa7ahse7 she promised her. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -lihwisa?- promise, -Ani-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -lihwisa?Anioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant -lihwisa ? a ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -lihwiyost- v.s. be a Christian, be religious, lolihwiyóstu (he's a) Christian, yakolihwiyóstu (she's a) Christian. Stative past: lolihwiyostú-ne7 he was Christian. Optative stative: aesalihwiyostúhake7 you should be a Christian. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good, -st- causative. DERIVED BASES: k a l i h w i y ó s t a k

Christianity. -lihwiyo's- v.a. be amusing to someone, find amusing, uklihwi-yó-se7 it was amusing to me, wahotilihwi-yó-se7 they (m.) found it amusing.

535

COMPOSED OF: -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good, - 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lil- n. row, line, extended sequence. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skali-lát one row, one line. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root with counting verbs and in .lilahlu- plus te- dualic, be a line strung up; .lilatatye- plus te- dualic, be an extended line or row; .liles- plus te- dualic, be one after another in a line or column; and -atliletst- extend, make longer. .lilahlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. be a line strung up. tekalilá-luhe7 the line is hanging up, there's a line across, from one point to another point. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Includes the noun root -lilrow, line, extended sequence; otherwise the composition is unclear. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .lilatatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be an extended line or row. tekalilatáti7 there's a line. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lil- row,

line, extended sequence, -N-atatyebe extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have .lilatati- before a final 7 . .liles- plus te- dualic, v.s. be one after another in a line or column, tekali-lés things are in a long line or column. With n- partitive: na7teyakoli-lés she has a really long line of something and it's lined up without any gaps (e.g., washing, beads), na 7teholi-lés he has a long line or

536

Orieida-English

column of things strung out one after the other. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -lil- row, line, extended sequence, -es-/-us- be long. -lisl- n. pant leg. olísla7 pant leg. With -es-/-us- be long, and na?tepartitive and dualic: a7éna 7tewaklísles my pant leg is so long, a?é- na7teholísles his pant leg is so long. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short, and te- dualic: kA7 na7tewaklislésha my pant leg is so short. DERIVED BASES: . a t l i s l a k w a t h o -

plus te- dualic, roll up one's pant legs; .atlislAht- plus t- cislocative, roll down one's pant legs. -list- n. piece of iron. ka-líste7 piece of iron. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up: wa7elistahla-kó• she took off or lifted up the piece of iron (e.g., a stove lid). DERIVED BASES: - l i s t a k a l - /

-listakalel-Mistakalehl- for a bell to ring; -listakhwa'tsles- be a long staircase; -listalho- iron; -lista ? ke on the railroad tracks; -listi'sle'se' be a surveyor; -atlistayA- set a trap; kalistakA-láte? tin; kalistakhwá tslote 7 steps, stairs; kalistatáti 7 railroad tracks; kalístatsi? iron, ironwork; tekalistó-lalaks typewriter. -listakal-/-listakalel-/-listakalehlv.a. for a bell to ring, yolístakalhe7 7 the bell is ringing. wa olista-kálele7 the bell rang. COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, -lakal-/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- for a noise to sound. DERIVED BASES: - a t l i s t a k a l e h l a s t -

ring a bell. NOTE: The alternant -listakal-

occurs in the habitual aspect, -listakalel- occurs in the punctual aspect, and -listakalehl- occurs before derivational suffixes. -listakhwa'tsles- v.s. be a long staircase. kalistakhwá-tsles the stairs or staircase is long. With n- partitive: tsi7 nikalistakhwá-tsles it's such a long flight of stairs. Aspect class: A. • Yáh tewaku7u>éskioanihe7 7 akheyatkA sé-na7 sótsi7 kalista-

khwá-tsles tsi7 tyé-telu7 I don't enjoy going to visit her, the stairs are too long where she lives. NOTE: May be composed of the noun base -list- piece of iron, the alternant .hkw- of the verb base .hkw-/.ehkw/.ya'tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up (but without the te- dualic prefix in this base), -ha? habitual (and hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 ), a nominalizer suffix -tsi-, and the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/ -us- be long. The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -listalho- v.a. iron, klistálhos I'm ironing, waklistálhu I have ironed. wa7klistálho7 I ironed, wa7elistálho7 she ironed. With te ? negative: yah te7yelistálhos she doesn't iron. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. DERIVED BASES: - l i s t a l h o h s - g o to

iron; yelistalhó t h a ' iron. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -listalhohs- v.m. go to iron. yakolistalhóhsu she has gone to iron. wa7klistalhóhsa7 I'm on my way to iron, Aklistalhóhsa7 I will go and iron.

Oneida-English

COMPOSED OF: -listalho- iron, -hsdislocative. -lista'ke n. on the railroad tracks. kalistá-ke on the railway tracks. With -shu 7 collective clitic: kalista?késhu? all along the railroad tracks. •Kalista7késhu7 s kwí• nyahá-yA? thikA wa?utaya?tá-na?. She would walk along the railroad tracks to go to school. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, - ? ke locative suffix. NOTE: The ? of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -listi'sle'se? v.a. be a surveyor. lalistí-slehse? (he's a) surveyor, latilistí-slehse? (they are) surveyors. COMPOSED OF: -list- piece of iron, - ? sle-/-i ? sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, - ? se ? habitual. NOTE: The ? of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the 7s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. liy- pref. I act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See li-/liy-/-hi-/ -hiy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -liyo- beat, kill. See -lyo-/-liyo-. -li'w- n. manner, behaviour. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -li'waks(A)- be cross, be badtempered; -li'wisak- look for facts or news; and -li'wiyo- be good-natured, be well-behaved. -li'waks(A)- v.s. be cross, be badtempered. wakWhváksA I'm cross,

537

I'm bad-tempered, I'm easy to anger, yakoli?wák$A she's cross, lolPwáksA he's cross, yoWhuáksA she (z.) or it is cross. Stative past: wakli7waksA-hné• I was cross. Future stative: Awakli?waksAhake? I will be cross. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -li?w- manner, behaviour, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: - l i ' w a k s A h s l o l -

look angry; -li'waksA?- become cross, become bad-tempered; -atli'waksa'tget cross, get upset. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. -li'waksAhslol- v.s. look angry. loli?waksAhslolú he looks angry, yakoli?waksAhslolú she looks angry. Pre-pausal: yakoli?waksAhslo-lú. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Includes the verb base -li'waks(A)- be cross, bad-tempered, the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, and possibly the alternant -ol- of the verb base -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/-olcover up. -li'waksA7- v.a. become cross, become bad-tempered. ukli?wáksAne? I just got cross, Awakli?wáksAne? I will become cross. COMPOSED OF: -li'waksU)- be cross, be bad-tempered, inchoative. NOTE: The final ? of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -li ? wanut-/-li 7 wanutu- v.a. ask. kli7wanútha? I keep asking, I'm asking, latili?ivanútha? they (m.) are asking, salí-wanute7 you have asked. •wa?kli?wanu-tA- I asked, wahali?ioanu-tA• he asked, wa7kheli?wanu-tAI asked for her,

538

Orieida-English

ivahakli7wanu-tA- he asked for me, Aholi?wanu-tA• he will ask for him. Facilitative: wakli7wanutú-tskwA I like to ask questions, loli7wanutú-tskiVA he likes to ask questions. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -li'wanutu'se-/ -li'wanutu's- ask someone. NOTE: The alternant -li'wanutoccurs in the primary aspects, and the 7 of the ? w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -li'wanutu- occurs in the facilitative and before the - ? se-/- ? sbenefactive suffix. -li ? wanutu ? se-/-li ? wanutu 7 s- v.a. ask someone, yukW^wanutú-sehe7 she or someone asks me. kuWhvanutú-se I have asked you, yuklPwanutú-se they've asked me. wa7kuli7wanu-tú-se7 I asked you, wa7kheli7wanu-tú-se7 I asked her or someone, wahiW^wanu-tú-se7 I asked him, wa^kli^wanu-tú-se7 she or someone asked me, wahakli7wanu-tú-se7 he asked me, wa7shakoli7wanu-tú-se7 he asked her or them, wa7esali7wanu-tú-se7 they asked you, wahuwali7wanu-tú-se7 they asked him, akheli7wanu-tú-se7 I should ask her or someone, ayukW^wanu-tú-se7 she or someone should ask me, ayutatWhoanu-tú-se7 she or someone should ask her or someone. With tcislocative: tyukli7wanutú-se they have asked me then. With te ? negative: yáh te7yukli7wanutú-se they haven't asked me. Aspect class: Al. • Wahakli7wanu-tú-se7 ahihwistaníha7 He asked me to lend him money. COMPOSED OF: -li'wanut-/

-li'wanutu- ask, - ? se-/- ? s- benefac-

tive.

NOTE: The alternant -li?wanutu ? seoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -li?wanutu ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-li'wisak- v.a. look for facts or news. kli7wi-sáks I look for the facts or news (I'm curious), yeli 7wi-sáks she looks for news, lali^wvsáks he looks for news, wakli 7wisakú I have looked for news. wa7kli7wi-sáke7 I looked for the facts or news, AklPwi-sáke7 I will look for information. Aspect class: E2. • Kli 7wi-sáks laulhá• laolihwá-ke. I'm trying to find out about him. COMPOSED OF: -li'w- manner, behaviour, -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/ -isak- look for, miss someone. -li'wiyo- v.s. be good-natured, be well-behaved. yakoli7wiyó she's well-behaved, she's well-mannered, lolityiyó he's good-natured. Prepausal: loli7wi-yó. sali7wiyóhak Be well-behaved, be polite! Future stative: Asali7wiyóhake7 you will be well-behaved. With n- partitive: niyakoli7wiyó she's so wellbehaved. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -Ii?w- manner, behaviour, -N-iyo- be good. lo-/law-/la-/-ho-/-haw-/-ha-/-hoypref. him, he; she or it acts on him; he acts on him. Third person masculine singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix; and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on third person masculine singular, or masculine singular acting on masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants lo-, law-, and

Oneida-English

la- occur word-initially. The alternants -ho-, -haw-, -ha-, and -hoyoccur after another prefix. The alternants lo- and -ho- occur with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternants law- and -haw- occur with bases that begin in e or A. The alternants la- and -ha- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Note, however, that -ha- is attested in our sources only as a patient prefix. When the prefix expresses an interactive relation, the form -hoy- occurs (after another prefix) with bases that begin in o or u. -lohlok-/-lohl- v.a. gather, kló-loks I gather, kaló-loks she (z.) gathers. ivakló-lu I have gathered, yakoló-lu she or someone has gathered. wa7kló-loke7 I gathered, wahatiló-loke7 they (m.) gathered, Akló-loke7 I will gather. Stative past: waklohlú-ne7 I had gathered. With s- repetitive: swakló-lu I have gathered again, sahaló-loke 7 he gathered again. With -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter: wa7khyatuhslaló-loke7 I gathered up the books or papers. With -ksdish, plate, bowl: keksaló-loks I'm gathering up dishes, I'm clearing the table, wa7akwaksaló'loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes, wa7eksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes again. And t- cislocative: tayakwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes there. With -tsi ? tsy- flower: wa7ktsi7tsyaló-loke7 I gathered up the flowers. With - ? nhaht- branch, limb: wa7ke7nhahtaló-loke7 I gathered up the branches. Aspect class: E2.

539

• Ne7 thó-ne7 né• on A thikA akwekú kwí• yakoló-lu tsi7 náhte7 loyA-táhkwe7 tá-thuni7 yakoyA-táhkwe7 n tsyakotukóhtu. At that time someone has gathered everything that used to belong to him or her, the one who has passed on (i.e., died). (M15) DERIVED BASES: - a t y a ' t a l o h l o k - /

-atya'talohl- gather together, congregate; -nitstakwalohlok-/ -nitstakwalohl- gather up dirty laundry; ka'nikuhlalóloks computer; yonyAhtaló lu snowdrift; yuneklalohlókta 7 rake. NOTE: The alternant -lohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -ht- causative suffix, -lohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ion- pref. them, they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See loti-/lon-/ -hoti-/-hon-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel. lonatlihu-tú- V > N officials. COMPOSED OF: Ion- masculine non-

singular patient, -atlihut- do a job, carry out official duties, get involved in, -u- distributive, - 7 stative. lóna' N man and wife, a married couple. • Né- kwt- ka7ikA lóna7, sok kwínú• ukwehuwé-ne nihninákle7 kA-. So there was this couple, they were living someplace on the Reserve. (Ml) NOTE: Related to lo-né- his wife, her husband, his or her spouse; but the composition is unclear.

540

Orieida-English

loné- N his wife, her husband, his or her spouse. With the masculine nonsingular patient prefix loti- and -shu 7 collective clitic: lotiné-shu7 all their spouses. With -kA decessive clitic: lone 7kA his or her former spouse, his or her late spouse. Habitual past: lo-néhkwe7 he was her spouse. • O 7sluní-taku sok nú• nihoyo-té7 ka ikA lo-né• kA-. Her husband was working someplace among the white people. (Ml) NOTE: The analysis of this word is unclear. It appears to have the masculine singular patient prefix lo-, since this prefix can be replaced by the masculine non-singular patient prefix loti-. See also lóna 7 man and wife, a married couple. lonulhá- they, them. Emphatic pronoun. See -ulha'. loti-/lon-/-hoti-/-hon- pref. them, they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine nonsingular patient (objective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants loti- and lonoccur word-initially. The alternants -hoti- and -hon- occur after another prefix. The alternants loti- and -hoti- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants Ion- and -hon- occur with bases that begin in a vowel. -lo ? ok-/-lo?o- v.a. chop with an axe. kélo 7oks or tklo 7oks I'm chopping, lálo 7oks he's chopping, yélo 7oks she's chopping, kálo7oks she (z.) is chopping, tnilo7oks you and I (incl.) are chopping, twálo 7oks we (incl.) are chopping, yakwálo7oks we (excl.) are chopping, latílo7oks they (m.) are chopping, kutílo7oks they (z.) are chopping, wakélo 7o or

wakélu ?u I have chopped, lólo 7o or lolo?okú he has chopped. wa 7kélo 7oke 7 I chopped, I started to chop, Akélo 7oke 7 I will chop, Ahálo 7oke 7 he will chop. Future habitual: Ahalo 7ókseke 7 he will be chopping. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: The alternant -lo ? ok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects. Both alternants are attested in the stative aspect. -lu- v.s. for several to be in. ka-lú- it has several in it. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -1- b e in or on, -u-

distributive.

DERIVED BASES: -itstalukw- remove

fish scales.

.lu- plus na ? te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be an interval, be a certain distance apart. kAh na7teka-lú• it's so far apart (while you're speaking you're indicating the distance with your hands), tó-na7teka-lú- how far apart are the intervals? tók na7teka-lú• it's a certain distance apart. Aspect class: B. •Tsyohsi7tátshu 7 kwi• na7teka lú-. It's one foot apart. (Gl) lu- pref. they (all males, or males and females). Third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix. See lati-/lu-/lAn-/-hati-/-hu-/-hAn-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a. -luhkwani- v.a. itch someone, be itchy, waklúhkwanihe7 I'm itchy, lolúhkwanihe7 he's itchy, yakolúhkwanihe7 she's itchy. DERIVED BASES: - N - l u h k w a n i - /

-N-luhkwA-/-ya ? taluhkwani-/ -ya'taluhkwA- get itchy on one's body. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Composed of a verb root

Oneida-English

-luhkw- and the -ni- benefactive suffix. The root -luhkw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -luhkwa't- be itchy. -N-luhkwani-/-N-luhkwA-/ -ya ? taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwAv.a. get itchy on one's body. ukya7talúhkwA7 I'm itching, my body is itchy. With -ahsPt-/-ahsifoot: wakahsi7talúhkwanihe7 I have an itchy foot. With -hsin- leg: uksinalúhkwA 7 my leg got itchy. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnuhand, fingers: wakeshnuhsalúhkzvanihe7 my hand is itchy, ukeshnuhsalúhkwA7 my hand got itchy. With -'nyuhs-/ - ? nyu-/-i'nyuhs-/-i'nyu- nose: wake7nyuhsalúhkwanihe7 my nose is itchy. COMPOSED OF: -N- incorporated noun or -ya't- body, -luhkwani- itch someone, be itchy. NOTE: The alternants -N-luhkwani- and -N-luhkwAoccur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -N-luhkwani- and -ya7taluhkwani- occur in the habitual aspect, -N-luhkwA- and -ya?taluhkwA- occur in the punctual aspect. -luhkwa't- v.s. be itchy. yolúhkwa7t it's itchy. Pre-pausal: yolúhkwaht. Future stative: Ayoluhkwa 7túhake 7 it will be itchy. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -luhkw- and the - ? t- causative suffix. The root -luhkw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -luhkwani- itch someone, be itchy. -luhkwe'n- n. spine, oluhkwé-na7 spine. DERIVED BASES: .atluhkwe'na'kt-/ .atluhkwe'na'ket- plus te- dualic,

541

slump over. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -luhkwA?tstake?toht- v.a. for a voice to be heard. loluhkwA7tstake7tótha7 his voice is heard (every once in a while). waholuhkwA7tstaké-tohte7 his voice was heard (I heard his voice above all the other voices). NOTE: Composed of a noun component -luhkwA?tst- and the verb base -ke'toht- appear, show up, come into sight, arrive. The component -luhkwA'tst- occurs also in -luhkwA?tstowanA- have a strong voice. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -luhkwA?tstowanA- v.s. have a strong voice. loluhkwA7tstowanA he has a strong or loud voice, he talks or cries loudly, he's hollering (e.g., a baby), yakoluhkwA7tstoivanA she has a loud voice. Pre-pausal: yakoluhkwA7tstowa-nA. Future stative: AholuhkwA 7tstowanAhake 7 he will be making noise or hollering. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a noun component -luhkwA^tst- and the verb base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. The component -luhkwA?tst- occurs also in -luhkwA'tstake'toht- for a voice to be heard. .luhwAte- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a crevice, crack, or opening. teyoluhwA-té• (it's) a crevice, crack, or opening. Aspect class: B. -luhy- n. sky, blue, olú-ya7 blue. DERIVED BASES: kaluhyawískla 7 light blue; kaluhyá ke sky, in the sky, heaven; latiluhya'kehlo lú-

542

Orieida-English

angels; tekaluhyakahnéla? stork; tewatluhyayelúnyuhe' Northern Lights. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -luhyakA- v.a. work hard, suffer. wakluhyakA I'm working really hard, I'm suffering (either pain or some hardship induced by hard work), loluhyakA he's suffering. wa7kluhya-kAI suffered, wahaluhya-kA• he suffered, Akluhya-kA• I will suffer. • WakluhyakA kaneklákwas á-ksane7 kaló• tsi7 niyo-léayokA-nóle7. I'm working really hard at weeding to finish before it rains. DERIVED BASES: -luhyakA?t- make someone work very hard. -luhyakA't- v.a. make someone work very hard. lakluhyakA-tu he's making me work very hard, skluhyakA-tu you're making me work hard. waholuhya-kA-te7 he made him work very hard, wahuwaluhya-kA-te7 someone or they made him work hard. COMPOSED OF: -IuhyakA- work

hard, suffer, - 7 t- causative. NOTE: The

7

of the 7 t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -luhya'tahkw- v.a. be uncooperative. kluhya7tákhwa7 I'm uncooperative, laluhya7tákhwa7 he's the kind of person whom you have to beg to do something, yeluhya7tákhwa7 she's uncooperative. DERIVED BASES: - a t l u h y a ' t a h k w -

not cooperate, resist. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha 7 is replaced by

khwa7. This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. .lukwas plus te- dualic, v.s. have chapped, dry skin, tewaklúkwas I have dry, chapped skin, teyakolúkwas she has dry skin, teholúkwas he has dry skin. Aspect class: A. -lut- n. tree, log. ka-lúte7 log, tree, a cut-down tree. With - 7 ke locative suffix: kalutá-ke on the tree. With -shuha collective clitic: kalute7shúha a lot of (cut-down) trees. With -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: wahutlutahslu-nv they (m.) trimmed the trees, prepared the logs. With -atuni- grow: yotlutuni there are trees growing. And t- cislocative: tyotlutuní there are trees growing there. With .á 7 plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be small: kA 7 nikalutáit's a small tree. With -es-/-us- be long: kalu-tés it's a long log. And npartitive, and secondary habitual: nikalute-sú-se7 the logs are so long. With .ha-/.haw-/.ya 7 taha-/ .ya7tahaw- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, take along, bring along, and nAt- partitive and cislocative: nAtitnilutáhawe7 where you and I (incl.) will get a tree from. With .hawihtAni-/.hawihtA- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along for someone: tashakolutahawíhtA7 he brought her a log. With -N-iyo- be good: kalutiyó it's a nice tree. And secondary habitual: loluti-yó-se7 he has nice trees. And n- partitive: niyuknilutiyó we two have such a nice tree. With -ko 7 n- go to get, fetch: aetnilutakóna7 you and I (incl.) should go to get a tree. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big:

Oneida-English

kalutowanA it's a big tree. And secondary habitual: kalutowa-nA-se7 the trees are big. With -nAskohatye- go along stealing: yuknilutanAskoháti7 we two are going along stealing a tree. With -nAskw- steal, steal from: wa7aknilutanAsko7 we two (excl.) stole the tree. With -N-O1A?-/ -at-N-olA ? -/-ya ? tolA ? - find, discover: wahatluto-lAne7 he found a tree. With ,N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikalutó-tA the kind of tree it is, na7kalutó-tA7 the species of tree it is. With ,N-o?tA- plus tsha'tecoincident and dualic, be the same kind of: tsha7tekalutó-tA it's the same kind of tree. With .N-t-/ .ya'tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skalu-tát one tree. With .te- plus thcontrastive, be different: thikalu-táte7 it's a different tree. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa7twaklutu-kó• I ran into a tree. With -ya ? k- detach, sever, break, cut: kalutyá-ku the tree was cut down, wahatilútyahke7 they (m.) cut down a tree, Ahslútyahke7 you will cut down the tree. With ,ya ? k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: wa7thalútyahke7 he cut down the tree. With -ya'khudetach, sever, break, cut several: wahatilutyá-khu7 they (m.) cut down trees. With .ya'slunyu-/ . ? slunyu- plus te- dualic, stack several, pile several: tekaluta7slúni7 the logs are piled up, wa7thatiluta7slúni7 they (m.) put the logs one on top of the other. With -yAta ? - land: wa7kalutayA-táne7 the tree landed. With -yAtho- plant: salutayAthu you have planted a tree. With -yAthohslu- plant several, and s- repetitive: sholutayAthóhslu7 he planted trees again. With -'klunyu- float, several:

543

yoluta7klúnyuhe7 logs are floating. • Náhte7 nikalutó-tA salutayAthu. What kind of tree did you plant? DERIVED BASES: -lutakli- maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar; -lutayAbe a tree or log, lying; -lutot- be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert; lalutasto'okshá- flicker, woodpecker; tehalutawe'ésta 7 wasp; tekalutátu 7 log cabin; teyelutyá kta 7 cross-cut or long saw; teyelutya'khúkhwa' cross-cut or long saw. -lutakli- v. > n. maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar, olutákli7 maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar. Pre-pausal: olutákelP. COMPOSED OF: -lut- tree, log, -N-kli- liquid product. -lutayA- v.s. be a tree or log, lying. kalu-táyA7 a tree or log (is) lying there. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lut- tree, log, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. -lutot- v.s. be a tree, standing, be a Christmas concert, kalu-tóte7 (there's) a tree growing, still standing, (there's) a Christmas concert. With t- cislocative: tkalu-tóte7 a tree is there, standing. With tshcoincident, and habitual past: tshíkaluto-táhkwe7 when they had a Christmas concert. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -lut- tree, log, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -lutotu- be several trees, standing; -atlutot- put up a tree, have a Christmas concert; kalu tóte' Christmas concert. -lutotu- v.s. be several trees, standing. kaluto-tú• (there's) a group of trees. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lutot- be a tree,

544

Orieida-English

standing, be a Christmas concert, -udistributive. luw- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/luw-/luwA-/luway-/ -huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/-huway-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a, e, or A. luwa-/luw-/luwA-/luway-/-huwa-/ -huw-/-huwA-/-huway- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternants luwa-, luw-, IUWA-, and luway- occur wordinitially. The alternants -huwa-, -huw-, -huwA-, and -huway- occur after another prefix. The alternants luwa- and -huwa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants luw- and -huw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants luw A- and -huw A- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants luway- and -huway- occur with bases that begin in o or u. -luwal- nail, wire, needle, pin. See -nuwal-/-luwal-. -luwalahlunyu- v.s. for wires to be attached here and there. kaluwalahlúni7 there are wires put up all over, there are wires going through (e.g., for hydroelectric power). Aspect class: B. • Kaluwalahlúni7 sA- yuttsistótha7, tsi7 ok kwi• nahté-shu7 Awa-tú- thó ya?tAyuhsútlA7. There are wires put up too that people can use for lights, people can just plug all kinds of things in there. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -nuwal-/-luwal-

nail, wire, needle, pin, -hlunyu- set here and there. DERIVED BASES: - a t l u w a l a h l u n y u -

attach wires here and there. NOTE: Many speakers have -luwalahluni- before a final 7 . luwati-/luwAn-/-huwati-/-huwAnpref. she, someone, or they act on them (all males, or males and females). Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person nonsingular acting on third person masculine non-singular. NOTE: The alternants luwati- and luw An- occur word-initially. The alternants -huwati- and -huwAnoccur after another prefix. The alternants luwati- and -huwati- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants luw An- and -huwAnoccur with bases that begin in a vowel. luway- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/luw-/luwA-/ luway-/-huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/ -huway-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in o or u. IUWA- pref. she, someone, or they act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwa-/luw-/luwA-/ luway-/-huwa-/-huw-/-huwA-/ -huway-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. luwAn- pref. she, someone, or they act on them (all males, or males and females). Interactive pronominal prefix. See luwati-/luwAn-/ -huwati-/-huwAn-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel.

Oneida-English

-lu 7 t- n. head. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .atlu'taketskwaht- plus tedualic, somersault; and -lu'tot- be standing on one's head. -lu'tot- v.s. be standing on one's head. yelú-tote7 she's standing on her head, lalú-tote7 he's standing on his head. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -lu't- head, -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -lu'totu- for several

to be standing on their heads; -atlu'tot- stand on one's head. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -lu'totu- v.s. for several to be standing on their heads. yakwalu7to-tú• we (excl.) are standing on our heads. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -lu?tot- be standing on one's head, -u- distributive. -lyo-/-liyo- v.a. beat, kill, kli-yós I'm beating it, I'm killing it, khélyos I'm beating her, lílyos I'm beating him, lályos he's beating her (z.) or it, lólyos he's beating him, she (z.) is

beating him. wakliyó I have killed it, khélyo I have killed her, lályo he has killed her (z.) or it. wa7kli-yóI beat it, I killed it,

wahályo

7

or waháli7

( z . ) o r it, wa 7khélyo

7

beat her, wahakli-yó• wa7shakólyo7

545

he beat her or

wa 7khéli7

I

he beat me,

o r wa7shakóli7

he

beat her or someone, wahuwáli7 they killed him, Ayakólyo7 or Ayakóli7 it will kill her or someone. With ytranslocative: ya7sli-yó (Go) kill it over there! Aspect class: A2. • KAtyohkowanA Ayakólyo7 óni7 né• Atkalihu-iw. It will kill a lot of people and that's the reason why. (Al)

Wahatikwe-ní•

wahuwáli7

They were able to kill that raccoon. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -atatliyo- kill oneself, cause one's own death; -atliyofight; -hnekalyo- have a hangover; -nAwAhslalyo- whip someone, beat someone up; -ya'talyo- feel out of sorts, listless, like not doing anything; kályo' wild animal; onlXha' yotílyos worm powder. NOTE: The alternant -liyo- occurs after consonants, -lyo- occurs after vowels. Many speakers have -liinstead of -lyo- before a final 7 . thikA Atilú.

-lyu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: This suffix is realized by many speakers as -li- before the final 7 of the stative and punctual aspects.

546 Orieida-English

N -N- incorporated noun. Stands for any incorporated noun in verb bases that require that the noun position be filled. Note that bases that require an incorporated noun and also include the semireflexive prefix are given with the semireflexive alternant -at(-at-N-). The particular semireflexive alternant that actually occurs is determined by the initial segment of the incorporated noun. n- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See ni-/n-/y-/-hni-/-hn-/ -hy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. na- pref. Partitive and factual mode. See na 7 -/na-/ne-/nu-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. na-/na-/nae-/nau- pref. Partitive and optative mode (partitive and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant nae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nau- replaces the sequence naawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na- or na- occur, in free variation.

nae- pref. Partitive and optative mode. See na-/na -/nae-/nau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nahal- n. mind, brain. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .anahalawAlye- plus te- dualic, go crazy; -nahalahtu- get drunk; and -nahalya'khu- give someone heck. -nahalahtu- v.a. get drunk. waknahalahtú-u I have gotten drunk, I'm drunk, lotinahalahtú-u they (m.) are drunk. wahotinahaláhtu7 they (m.) got drunk. COMPOSED OF: -nahal- mind, brain, -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/-at-N-ahtuget lost, vanish, disappear. -nahalya'khu- v.a. give someone heck, wa 7shakonahalyá-khu 7 he really gave her heck, he wrung her neck, Ashakonahalyá-khu 7 he will really give it to her, Ayesanahalyá-khu7 she will give you heck. • NX ki7 nisé•

Ayesanahalyá-khu7

sanulhá-_. Your mother is going to kill you (for being out late). COMPOSED OF: -nahal- mind, brain, -ya ? k- detach, sever, break, cut, -hudistributive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. náhe 7 Temporal particle: while, since.

Oneida-English

-nahkw- n. marriage, mate. kanáhkwa7 marriage, the institution of marriage. With -ehsak-/ -ya7tisak-/-isak- look for, miss someone: lanahkwi-sáks he's looking for a wife, yenahkwi-sáks she's looking for a man, Ahanahkwi-sáke7 he will look for a woman. With -ehsakh-/-isakh- go to look for: yakninahkwisákhe7 we two (excl.) are here to look for a man, a woman, wahanahkwisákha7 he went looking for a wife, wa7akninahkwisákha7 we two (excl.) went looking for a mate. With -N-olA7-/-at-N-oL\7-/-ya7tolA7find, discover: yakonahkolA-u she has found a mate, wa7enahko-lAne7 she found a mate, aknahko-lAne7 I should find a mate. •Kanáhkwa7 lotilihwanélu7. They sinned against the marriage, they committed adultery. DERIVED BASES: .nahkwahlihtplus te- dualic, break up a couple or a marriage. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. .nahkwahliht- plus te- dualic, v.a. break up a couple or a marriage. tehanahkwahlítha7 he breaks up marriages, teyenahkwahlítha7 she breaks up marriages. tehonahkwahlíhtu he has broken up the couple. wa7thanahkwá-lihte7 he broke up the marriage, tAhanahkwá-lihte7 he will break up the couple. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nahkw- marriage, mate, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the

547

hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nahn- v.a. fill, ivakná-nu I have filled it, yoná-nu she (z.) or it filled it. kaná-nu it's full, wá-knane7 I filled it, waha-náne7 he filled it, wa7e-náne7 she filled it, wa7ka-náne7 it got filled, Aknane7 I will fill it. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyakwaná-nu we (excl.) really fill it (e.g., a room), nihatiná-nu they (m.) really fill it. With -hnekliquid, liquor: kahnekaná-nu it's filled with water, wa7khne-kánane7 I filled it with water. With -khwfood: kakhxvaná-nu it's full of food. With -nAy- stone: kariAyaná-nu it's full of stones. With -shes-/-shestsyrup, gum, sap: kashestaná-nu it's full of syrup, gum or wax, kashestaná-nu kahuhtá-ke my ears are full of wax. With -sto 7 slfeather: kasto7slaná-nu it's full of feathers. With - 7 sleht- vehicle: ka7slehtaná-nu it's filled with cars. • Kwáh teyakwaya7tahsíhale7 tsi7 niyakwaná-nu. We're really jammed in there so that we really fill it up (we're so crowded). DERIVED BASES: -nahnuhatye- come along filled, become full while coming along; -nanhu- fill several; -atnahn- fill up for oneself; -Atehslanahn- be lit up, be filled with light. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is

replaced by length or deleted in accented syllables, and it is deleted in post-accented syllables. -nahnuhatye- v.m. come along filled, become full while coming along. With t- cislocative: takanahnuháti7 it's coming this way all filled up, tayonahnuháti7 as it comes this way it's becoming filled up. With tuta-

548

Orieida-English

dualic and cislocative: tutakanahnuháti7 it came back this way all filled up. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihatinahnuháti7 they're so filled up with people (m.) as they're coming along. •Tsi? nihatinahnuháti7 thikA kAtshahutu-kóhte^. They were all filled up when they came by here (e.g., in a car). COMPOSED OF: -nahn- fill, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nahnuhati- before a final 7 . nahótA 7 Interrogative particle: what. óh nahó-tA7 What? (I'm asking you to say it again). NOTE: Probably includes a root -o?tA-. See .N-o7tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. nahsakA-láte7 goose. See onahsakA-láte7 / nahsakA-láte7. nahsakAlatkó- wild goose. See onahsakAlatkó- / nahsakAlatkó . .nahsut-/. ya 7 tanahsut- plus te- dualic, v.a. fasten, button, teknahsútha7 I'm fastening it to it, I'm buttoning it (e.g., a shirt before I fold it). tewaknáhsute7 I have fastened it. tekanáhsute7 it's fastened to something. wa7teknahsu-tA- I fastened it, wa7tekheya7tanahsu-tAI fastened her to it (e.g., a child to a walking harness). Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .nahsutakw- plus te- dualic, unfasten; .nahsutatyeplus te- dualic, go along fastened together, hang around together; .nahsutunyu- plus te- dualic, fasten several, button several; .atnahsutplus te- dualic, button up oneself; tekahlahtanáhsute 7 dingball; tekaya 7 tanáhsute 7 wagon, bobsled. NOTE: The alternant .ya 7 tanahsut-

occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .nahsutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. unfasten. teknahsutákzvas I unfasten it. tewaknahsutákwA I have unfastened it. tAknahsuta-kó• I will unfasten it. tehsnahsuta-kó Unfasten it! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .nahsut-/ .ya7tanahsut- plus te- dualic, fasten, button, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .nahsutatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along fastened together, hang around together, tekanahsutátyehse7 it's going along fastened together. • Né- kwi• thikA tekanahsutátyehse7 They (e.g., young people) are hanging around together. COMPOSED OF: .nahsut-/ .ya'tanahsut- plus te- dualic, fasten, button, -tye- progressive. .nahsutunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. fasten several, button several. wa7teknahsutúni7 I buttoned all of them. COMPOSED OF: .nahsut-/ .ya 7 tanahsut- plus te- dualic, fasten, button, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .nahsutuni- before a final 7 . nahtéshu 7 things. COMPOSED OF: náhte 7 Interrogative particle: what, -shu 7 collective clitic. náhte 7 Interrogative particle: what. DERIVED BASES: nahtéshu 7 things. náhte7 aolí wa 7 why? .nahwilo7oks plus te- dualic, v.a. Slang: be a silly, nutty, witty person. tehsanahwílo7oks you're nutty,

Oneida-English

tehanahwílo7oks he's silly, he's nutty, teyunahwílo7oks she's silly. •Kwa7nyó wítehsanahwílo7oks. Boy, you're crazy! NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. .nak- plus te- dualic, v.a. scratch someone, tewáknaks she (z.) or it scratches me, téknaks I scratch her (z.) or it, tehi-náks I scratch him. tewaknakú she (z.) or it has scratched me. wa7twáknake7 she (z.) or it scratched me, wa7tyúknake7 she or someone scratched me, wa7thi-náke7 I scratched him. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .nakhu- plus tedualic, scratch repeatedly. -nakal- n. stick, kana-kále7 stick, a rounded rather than flat stick (e.g., a pool cue), laona-kále7 his stick. With -athwatase-/-at-N-tase- get twisted: yotnakalatasé it's a twisted stick. With .atsha?kt-/.atsha?ket-/ ,at-N-a?kt-/.at-N-a?ket- plus tedualic, bend over, become crooked: teyotnakalá-ktu it's a bent stick. With -es-/-us- be long: kana-káles it's a long stick. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA7 nikanakalésha it's a short stick. With .hkw-/.ehkw-/ .ya ? tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up: wa7tekna-kálahkwe7 I picked up a stick. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: teknakalahlítha7 I'm breaking up sticks. With .N-ke- plus tedualic, be two of: tekana-kálake two sticks. With -khwa- take something away from someone: wahinakalákhwa7 I took the stick away from him. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: kanakalowanA it's a big stick.

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DERIVED BASES: - n a k a l o t - drive in a

stick; teyotnakalá ktu hockey stick; yotnakalatasé blue birch. -nakal-/-nakalel- v.a. whistle. kna-kálhe7 I'm whistling, lana-kálhe7 he's whistling, yena-kálhe7 she's whistling. wa7kna-kálele7 I whistled. NOTE: The alternant -nakal- occurs in the habitual aspect, -nakaleloccurs in the punctual aspect. -nakalot- v.a. drive in a stick. kana-kálote7 a stick is standing (in the ground). wa7knakalo-tX• I stuck a stick in. With n- partitive: tsi7 nikana-kálote7 where there's a stick standing. COMPOSED OF: -nakal- stick, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nakalotshyu- pull out a stick. -nakalotshyu- v.a. pull out a stick. With tet- or tuta- dualic and cislocative: tetknakalótshyus I'm pulling the stick back out again, tetwaknakalótshi I have pulled the stick back out again, tutaknakalótshi7 I pulled the stick back out again. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -nakalot- drive in a stick, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: This base is composed of -nakalot- plus the -hsyu- reversative suffix and the resulting thsy cluster is replaced by tshy. Many speakers have -nakalotshi- word-finally and before a final 7 . .nakhu- plus te- dualic, v.a. scratch repeatedly, tekanákhuhe7 it's scratching (e.g., a cat, wanting to come in the house), wa 7tkanákhu 7 it scratched.

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: .nak- plus te- dualic, scratch someone, -hu- distributive. -naklatye- v.m. live here and there, move around, yakwanaklátyehse7 we live here and there, we (excl.) drift around. With n- partitive: niyakwanaklátyehse? how we (excl.) live here and there. COMPOSED OF: -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -tye- progressive. -nakl(e)- v.s. live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, knákle 7 I live, I reside, lanákle7 he lives, kanákle7 she (z.) or it lives, tiinákle 7 the two (m.) live, yakwanákle7 we (excl.) live, latinákle7 they (m.) live. Prepausal: latinákele7. Habitual past: knáklehkwe 7 I used to live there. Future stative: Aknákleke7 I will reside. With t- cislocative: tyenákle7 she lives there, tkanákle7 she (z.) or it lives there, tyakwanákle7 we (excl.) live there, thatinákle7 they (m.) live there, tkutinákle7 they (z.) live there. kátsha7 nú• tehsnákele7 Where do you live? With t- cislocative, and habitual past: tsi7 tknáklehkwe7 that's where I lived, tkanáklehkwe7 she (z.) or it used to live there, thatináklehkwe7 they (m.) used to live there. With y- translocative, and habitual past: yeyakwanáklehkwe7 we (excl.) used to live over there. With n- partitive: tsi7 nú• nihanákle7 where he lives, nihninákle7 how or where the two (m.) live, niyakwanákle7 how or where we (excl.) live, nihatinákle7 how or where they (m.) live. And habitual past: nihanáklehkwe7 how or where he used to live, nihnináklehkwe7 how or where the two (m.) used to live. And future stative: kAh nú• nAknákleke7 I will

be living here. With nit- partitive and cislocative: tsi7 nú• nitwanákle7 how we (incl.) live there. With te ? negative: yáh te7kanákle7 it doesn't exist, it's not around. With tshcoincident: tshiyakwanákle7 when we (excl.) lived there. And habitual past: tshiyakwanáklehkwe7 when we (excl.) used to live (there). With the English noun job: katsyapslanákle7 there are a lot of jobs to be had. With -nuhs- house, building: kanuhsanákle7 there are a lot of houses to be had. With -'slehtvehicle: ka7slehtanákle7 there are lots of cars to be had. And te ? - negative: yáh te7ka7slehtanákle7 there aren't many cars. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: -naklatye- live here and there, move around; -naklenyu- live here and there; -anaklakw- move away, move one's things; -anaklat- be born, relocate, move somewhere. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -kwreversative, -t- causative-inchoative, and -tye- progressive suffixes. •naklenyu- v.s. live here and there. twanakléni7 we (incl.) live each in our homes, latinakléni7 they (m.) all live here and there. Aspect class: B. • Shekú ki7 akí-lu7 nú-wa7 tsi7 txvanakléni7, ótya7k né• sAha7 lotinuhsi-yó-se7 ukwehuwé tsi7 ni-yót o7slu-ní-. I'd say, even now where we live, some of us native people have nicer houses than the white people have. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nakleni- before a final 7 .

Oneida-English

nakt- n. bed, place, space, ka-nákte7 bed. sa-nákte7 your bed. With- ? ke locative suffix: kanaktá-ke on the bed. With -aktúti 7 locative suffix: akonaktúti7 alongside her bed. With -oku locative suffix: kanaktokú under the bed. Pre-pausal: kanakto-kú. With .a-plus n-partitive, be a certain size: thó niyonákta7 there's that much room, there's enough room, kók nikanákta7 the bed is this size. And te ? - negative: yáh tetyonákta7 there's not enough room. With -athlunyu- set down several for oneself, and t- cislocative: tyukwatnaktahlúni7 we have beds put there. With -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: katnaktahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up the bed. And tsh- coincident: tsha7katnaktahslu-ní• when I finished fixing up the bed. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself, and s- repetitive: usetwatnaktu-ní• we (incl.) should fix the bed again. With -atunyanyumake several for oneself: lotnaktunyáni7 he has made or constructed beds. With .á ? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA 7 nikanaktá• it's a small bed. With -a ? sA ? -/-A?- fall: uknáktAne7 my bed fell through, wa 7ukwanáktAne 7 our bed fell through (i.e., the bed broke and we fell through to the floor). With .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter: tehanaktakalA-luhe7 he rocks the bed, teyonaktakalA-luhe7 it's rocking the bed, the bed is rocking, wa 7thanaktakalA-lu 7 he rocked the bed, wa7tkanaktakalA-lu7 she (z.) rocked the bed. With -kehlu- put things here and there, and n- partitive: nikanaktaké-lu 7 how or where the beds are placed all around. With

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-N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/-ya ? tolA?find, discover: knakto-l Ase 7 I (always) find room, I keep finding room, waknaktolA-u I have found room, wa Anakto-lAne 7 I found room. With - ? sle-/-i ? sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, and elók all over and s- repetitive: elók seknaktí-sle7 I'm dragging the bed all over the place, I'm in the bed and it's going all over the place. •E-nik kwi• yutií thó kwi- né• nútyukwatnaktahlúni7 tsi7 yukwA7 tásta There was an upstairs, this is

where we have beds where we sleep. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -naktaksA- b e

uncomfortable; -naktanawAht- wet the bed; .naktanet- plus te- dualic, be two or more floors or stories; -naktanAtakt- take to one's bed, become bedridden; -naktayA- be a bed; -naktiyo- be comfortable; -naktot- have some time or place; -atnaktahslisa 7 - finish making up a bed; -atnaktayA- be a bed or place set up; Kanaktano-Iú- A Precious Place. -naktaksA- v.s. be uncomfortable. waknaktáksA I'm uncomfortable, lonaktáksA he's uncomfortable, yakonaktáksA she's uncomfortable. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -naktanawAht- v.a. wet the bed. lanaktanawAtha 7 he wets the bed. yakonaktanawAhtu she has wet the bed. Ayenakta-náwAhte7 she will wet the bed. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -na'nawAht-/-nawAht- soak something. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h.

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Orieida-English

.naktanet- plus te- dualic, v.s. be two or more floors or stories, teyonáktanet two floors. With n- partitive: na Veyonáktanet that many floors, tóhka 7 na 7teyonáktanet several floors. Aspect class: A. • Tóhka 7 na 7teyonáktanet tsi 7 n ú• nihutayá-tha 7 thikA latiksa7shúha. There are a few floors where the children go to school. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, .hna'net-/.net- plus te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated. DERIVED BASES: .naktanetalyu- plus te- dualic, be many floors or stories. .naktanetalyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. be many floors or stories. tekanaktanetáli7 teyonaktanetáli7

or

(there are) a lot of floors or stories. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .naktanet- plus tedualic, be two or more floors or stories, -lyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: t e k a n a k t a n e t á l i 7

bunk beds. NOTE: Many speakers have .naktanetali- before a final 7 . -naktanAtakt- v.a. take to one's bed, become bedridden. lonaktanAtáktu he's sick in bed, yakonaktanAtáktu she's sick in bed. wa7akonaktanA-tákte7 she became bedridden, she took to her bed. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with. -naktayA- v.s. be a bed. kanáktayA 7 there's a bed. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -naktiyo- v.s. be comfortable. waknaktiyó I'm comfortable, lonaktiyó he's comfortable,

yakonaktiyó she's comfortable. Prepausal: yakonakti-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: -atnaktiyost- make oneself comfortable. -naktot- v.s. have some time or place. waknáktote7 I have a bit of time, yonáktote7 there's time. With te 7 negative: yáh te7waknáktote7 I have no time. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyonáktote7 there isn't any more room. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nakt- bed, place, space, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -naktotani-/ -naktothahs- give someone permission, opportunity, time or space; -atatnaktotani-/-atatnaktothahsleave time for. -naktotani-/-naktothahs- v.a. give someone permission, opportunity, time or space, shakonaktota-níhe7 he gives her or them permission, he offers her or them the time or space or opportunity to do something, laknaktota-níhe7 he offers me the opportunity, khenaktotaní I have given her or them permission, laknaktotaní he's allowing me to do it. wahaknaktóthahse7 he gave me permission, wa7shakonaktóthahse7 he gave her or them permission, Akunaktóthahse 7 I will give you the opportunity, Ashakonaktóthahse7 he will give her or them permission. Aspect class: A l . COMPOSED OF: -naktot- have some time or place, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -naktotanioccurs in the habitual and stative

Oneida-English

aspects, -naktothahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. ná-ku Locative particle: under. NOTE: The underlying form of this particle is na ? ku, and the 7 is replaced by length after the accented vowel. See also -na'kuhsl- hill of plants; and na'kúkha' underwear. nalá- that's why. NOTE: Reduced form of né- alá-. nále' Temporal particle: then again. NOTE: Reduced form of nA ále'. -nanhu- v.a. fill several, lanánhuhe7 he's filling them, lonánhu 7 he has filled them, kanánhu7 they're all filled up. wa7knánhu7 I filled them, Ahanánhu 7 he will fill them. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -nahn- fill, -hudistributive. NOTE: This base is composed of -nahn- plus the -hu- distributive suffix and the resulting hnh cluster is replaced by nh. -naskuni- v.a. make a slave of, abuse. shakonasku-nthe7 he's abusing her. shakonaskuní he has made a slave of her, yakotinaskuní they (z.) have made a slave of her. COMPOSED OF: -naskw-/-nAskw-

domestic animal, pet, slave, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. -naskw-/-nAskw- n. domestic animal, pet, slave. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: kanaskwáksA the pet is misbehaving. With-awi-/-u-/-A-give someone something: shakonaskwa-wíhe7 he gives her or them a pet, wahaknásku 7 he gave me a pet. With -N-iyo- be good: kanaskwiyó it's a nice pet. And secondary habitual: kutinaskwi-yó-se7 they (z.) are

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really nice animals. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nihonaskwi-yó-se7 he has such nice animals. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: lotinaskwaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of animals. With -nAst(e)treasure, value, care for, and n- partitive: niyakonaskwanAste 7 she cares for her pet so much. With -N-OIA'-/ -at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?- find, discover: wa7katnasko-lAne7 I found a pet. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: waknáskwayA 7 I have a pet, sanáskwayA 7 you have a pet, lonáskwayA 7 he has a pet, yakonáskwayA 7 she has a pet, yukwanáskwayA7 we have a pet, lotináskwayA7 they (m.) have a pet. And habitual past: waktiAskwayA-táhkwe7 I used to have a pet. And optative stative: ahotinAskwayA-táke7 they (m.) should have animals. And te ? negative: yáh tehotinAskway A 7 they (m.) don't have any animals. •WaknAskwayA-táhkwe7 s ka7ikA 7 é-lhal tahnú• kwáh owtskla nihaya7tó-tA tahnú• kwa7nyó athéhsa7 yottsistohkwa-lú• kA-. I had this pet dog and he was white and it seems he had brown spots. (M8) DERIVED BASES: -atnaskwayA- keep livestock; -naskuni- make a slave of, abuse. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The derived bases are given with the alternant -naskw-. This root is attested in our sources only as an incorporated root, but note that ACH give the basic noun form kanáskwa 7 pet, animal, domesticated animal. Compare -tshenA-/ -itshenA-, which is never incorporated. The final w of -naskw- or -riAskw- is deleted before bases that begin in o or u.

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Orieida-English

-nat- n. town, village, place. With - ? ke locative suffix: kanatá-ke in town, at the town, to town. With -atAhninu- sell: wa7kalnatahni-nú• I sold my home or place. With -at-N-hsluni- /-at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: katnatahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up my place. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: isi 7 yotna-táte7 it's at the end of town. With -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself, and tsh- coincident: tshahutnatu-níwhen they (m.) built the village. DERIVED BASES: -natayA- be a town; Kanatáhele? St. Thomas; kanata'kékha? sparrow; latinata'kehlo nú- city people. -natahl-/-natahle- v.m. go to visit. knatá-le7 I'm here to visit, yakwanatá-le7 we (excl.) are here to visit, knatá-lehse7 I keep going there to visit, yenatá-lehse7 she goes visiting, yakwanatá-lehse7 we (excl.) go visiting, waknatá-lu I have gone to visit, yakonatá-lu she has gone to visit, wa 7knatá-la 7 I'm going to visit, I'm on my way to visit, wahanatá-la7 he's on his way to visit, wa7akwanatá-la7 we (excl.) are going to visit, Aknatá-la 7 I will go and visit, ayenatá-la 7 she or someone should visit. Stative past: waknatahlú-ne7 I went to visit (at one time). With t- cislocative: tayenatá-la7 she came to visit, utaknatá-la7 I should come to visit, utayenatá-la7 she should come to visit, utahninatá-la7 the two (m.) should come to visit, tasnatá-la Come and visit! Aspect class: H. •I-kélhe7 utaknatá-la7 I want to come over to visit. NA sók kwiwa7kí-lu7 wa7katlAnhahte7 Mercy uta-yA• utayenatá-la7 Then I said I

wished that Mercy would come to visit. (Nl) DERIVED BASES: - n a t a h l e ' s e ' n - go to

visit someone. NOTE: The alternant -natahleoccurs before the - ? se- benefactive suffix. The alternant -natahl- occurs elsewhere, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -natahlena-/ -natahlenaw- visit; and -natahlenawi- visit with someone. -natahlena-/-natahlenaw- v.a. visit. knatahle-nás I visit (all the time or every day). waknatahlenA I'm visiting. wa7knatahle-náwe7 I visited, Aknatahlenáwe7 I will visit. Stative past: waknatahlenA-hné• I have visited. With n- partitive: thó niyakonatahlenA there's where she was visiting. Aspect class: D2. •Né- ka7ikX utatléha ki7 thó niyakonatahlenA kA- kanatá-ke tsi7nú- tkutinákle7 kA- n utatyAha khále7 tsyutatyAha. She was visiting her granddaughter in town where her daughter and her daughter's daughter live. (M4) DERIVED BASES: - n a t a h l e n a ' s e - /

-natahlena 7 s- visit someone; -natahlena't- visit somewhere. NOTE: The alternant -natahlenaoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before derivational suffixes, -natahlenaw- occurs in the punctual aspect. The final a of -natahlena- is deleted before the -A stative suffix. This base is related to the base -natahl-/-natahle- go to visit; but the composition is unclear. -natahlenawi- v.s. visit with someone. laknatahlenawí he's visiting me, khenatahlenawí I'm visiting with her, I'm staying with her. Pre-

Oneida-English

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pausal: khenatahlena-wí. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Related to -natahl-/ -natahle- go to visit; but the composition is unclear.

go to visit, -?se- benefactive, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-natahlena ? se-/-natahlena?s- v.a. visit someone, shakonatahlená-se he visits her or them. wa7khenatahle-ná-se7 I visited her or them, wa7shakonatahle-ná-se7 he visited her or them.

-natayA- v.s. be a town. kana-táyA7 (there's) a town. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nat- town, village, place, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have.

COMPOSED OF: - n a t a h l e n a - /

-natahlenaw- visit, benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -natahlena ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, -natahlena ? s- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -7se-/-7s-

-natahlena't- v.a. visit somewhere. knatahlená-tha7 where I visit, yakwanatahlená-tha7 where we (excl.) visit. Future habitual: Aknatahlená-thake7 that's where I'll be going to visit. With n- partitive: niyakwanatahlená-tha7 where we (excl.) visit. •T/ió s nú• niyakwanatahlená-tha7 7 tshiwahu-níse . That's where we used to visit a long time ago. COMPOSED OF: - n a t a h l e n a - /

-natahlenaw- visit, - ? t- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -natahle'se'n- v.m. go to visit someone. wa 7khenatahle 7sé-na 7 I'm going to visit her or them, I'm on my way to visit her or them, /\khenatahle7sé-na7 I will go to visit her or them. COMPOSED OF: - n a t a h l - / - n a t a h l e -

.nathalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. comb someone's hair, tekunathálhu I have combed your hair. wa 7tkunathálho 7 I combed your hair, tAkunathálho7 I will comb your hair. With t- cislocative: tutaknathálho Comb my hair! DERIVED BASES: .atnathalho- plus te- dualic, comb one's hair; kanathálho 7 comb; tehatinathálhos a farming implement used for weeding. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. nau- pref. Partitive and optative mode. See na-/na -/nae-/nau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence naawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -naw- n. swamp. With -ku locative suffix: kana-wáku in the swamp. DERIVED BASES: -nawayA- b e a

swamp. -nawayA- v.s. be a swamp. kana-wáyA7 (there's) a swamp. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -naw- swamp, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have.

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Orieida-English

•nawa'tst- n. mud. ona-wá-tste7 mud. With -?ke locative suffix: onawa 7tstá-ke in the mud. With -at-N-lho- spread oneself with: wa 7katnawa 7tstálho 7 I got mud all over me, wahsatnawa7tstálho7 you got mud all over you. With -N-inyu?t-/-ya?tinyu?t- bring in: wahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) tracked mud in. And s- repetitive: Ashatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will take mud in again. And t- cislocative: thatinawa7tstinyú-tha7 they (m.) are bringing mud in, thotinawa7tstinyú-tu they (m.) have brought mud in, tahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in. And tuta- or tAtdualic and cislocative: tutahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in again, tAthatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will bring mud in again. And y- translocative: yahatinawa 7tstínyuhte 7 they (m.) took mud in. And yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took the mud in again. With -N-inyu ? tuhatye- bring in a little at a time, and t- cislocative: tahotinawa 7tstinyu 7tuháti7 they (m.) are bringing in mud (either tracking it on their feet, or taking it inside). With -N-it-/-ya ? tit- be in: kanawá-tstit there's mud in it. With -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7knawa7tsto-kéwe7 I wiped the mud off. With -lho-/ -elho- spread with, cover with: wa7knawa7tstálho7 I spread mud, I plastered it (e.g., a nail hole in the wall), wahatinawa7tstálho7 they (m.) spread mud, they plastered it with mud. With -osku- all, most, the majority: onawa7tstósku7 it's all muddy.

DERIVED BASES: - n a w a ' t s t a k l i -

muddy water; -nawa'tstal- be muddy; -nawa'tstanolu- get stuck in mud; .nawa'tstaslutye- plus tedualic, wade through mud. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nawa'tstakli- v. > n. muddy water. onawa 7tstákli7 muddy water. Prepausal: onawa 7tstákeli7. • Yáh thau-tú• ayakwakhúnyahte7 7 7 7 só-tsi onawa tstákli ukwahne-kánus. We can't cook with our too muddy water. COMPOSED OF: -nawa'tst- mud,

-N-kli- liquid product. -nawa'tstal- v.s. be muddy. lonawá-tstale7 he's muddy, yonawá-tstale7 she (z.) or it is muddy. With n- partitive: nihonawá-tstale7 is he ever muddy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nawa'tst- mud, -1-

be in or on. DERIVED BASES: - n a w a ' t s t a l a ' - get

muddy. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nawa'tstala'- v.a. get muddy. waknawá-tstalahse7 I get all muddy, uknawá-tstalane7 I got all muddy. COMPOSED OF: -nawa'tstal- be

muddy, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -nawa'tstanolu- v.a. get stuck in mud. uknawa7tstano-lú- I got stuck in the mud, wahonawa7tstano-lúhe got

Oneida-English

stuck in the mud, wa7akonawa7tstano-lú• in the mud.

she got stuck

COMPOSED OF: -nawa'tst- mud,

-nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. .nawa'tstaslutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. wade through mud. tewaknawa7tstaslúti7 I'm going through the mud and it's up to my knees or thighs. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -nawa'tst- mud. Otherwise the composition of this base is unclear but it is related to .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through snow. Many speakers have .nawa'tstasluti- before a final 7 . -nawA- get wet. See-na ? nawA/-ya ? tanawA-/-nawA-. -nawAht- soak something. See -na ? nawAht-/-nawAht-. -nawil-/-nawi- n. tooth, onawi-lá• tooth, aknawi-lá• my tooth (which is no longer in my mouth), laonawi-láhis tooth (which is no longer in his mouth). With -'-ke locative clitic: knawt-ke my tooth, snawí-ke your tooth, lanawí-ke his tooth, yenawí-ke her tooth. With .atatawi-/.atatu- plus te- dualic, trade with someone, exchange: tAtyatatnawi-lú- you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi-lú Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! With -es-/-us- be long, na ? te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehanawile-sú-se7 he has such long teeth. With -N-iyo- be good: kanawiliyó it's a nice tooth. And secondary habitual: lanawili-yó-se7 he has nice teeth. And secondary habitual and tedualic: tehanawili-yó-se7 he has

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such nice teeth. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknawilanú-waks I have a toothache. • Thó kwí- thikA wakyenawá-ku, thó tkhawe7 onawi-lá-, ókhna7 wa7kt-lu7 "tsyoní-tu? tetyatatnawi-lú." So there I'm holding onto it, I'm holding the tooth, and right away I said "beaver, let's trade teeth." (M14) DERIVED BASES: - n a w i l a h s l u n i h e ?

be a dentist; -nawilanhut- have dentures; -nawilot- have teeth; .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, have teeth; -atnawilanhutakw- take out one's dentures; -atnawilanhuta'- put in one's dentures; .atnawilateny- plus te- dualic, lose one's baby teeth and get new teeth; -atnawilohale- brush one's teeth. NOTE: The alternant -nawi- occurs before the -'-ke locative clitic, -nawil- occurs elsewhere. -nawilahslunihe7 v.a. be a dentist. shakonawilahslu níhe7 (he's a) dentist. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone, -he ? habitual. NOTE: Another base for 'dentist' is -nawilotakwas. -nawilanhut- v.s. have dentures. lonawilánhute7 he has dentures, yakonawilánhute7 she has dentures. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, -nhut- have in one's mouth. DERIVED BASES:

yutnawilanhutákhwa7 dentures, false teeth. -nawilot- v.s. have teeth. lanawi-lóte7 he has a tooth, he has teeth, snawi-lóte7 you have a tooth,

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Orieida-English

yenawi-lóte7 she has teeth. Habitual past: lanawilo-táhkwe7 he had a tooth. Future stative: Ahanawilo-táke7 he will have his tooth in. Aspect class: F. •NX ki7 ok kwi• tayúkhAle7, wa 7í-lu 7 "ka-áts" wa7í-lu7 "kátkAhs thikX, HA kX tú-ske7 yo7nétskA tsi7 snawi-lóte7 " So then she called me over to her, she said "Come here" she said "let me take a look, is your tooth really loose?" (M14) COMPOSED OF: -nawil-/-nawi-

tooth, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth; -nawilota'- get a tooth; -nawilotukw- pull all of someone's teeth; -atnawilot- get teeth. -nawilotakw- v.a. pull someone's tooth. wa7uknawilota-kó• she or someone pulled my tooth, ayuknawilota-kó• she should pull my tooth. •Tahnú• s yah té-kelhe7 ayuknawilota-kó-, wá-kelhe7 né• tsi7 yonuhwákte7. Besides I didn't want her to pull my tooth, because I thought it would hurt. (M14) COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: - a t n a w i l o t a k w -

lose one's tooth, pull one's tooth; -nawilotakwas be a dentist. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nawilotakwas v.a. be a dentist. shakonawilotákwas (he's a) dentist. COMPOSED OF: -nawilotakw- pull someone's tooth, -as habitual. NOTE: The more common base for 'dentist' is -nawilahslunihe'. -nawilota'- v.a. get a tooth. wahanawilo-táne7 he (e.g., the

baby) got a tooth. With s- repetitive: Asehsnawilo-táne7 you will get another tooth. COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nawilotukw- v.a. pull all of someone's teeth, wahuwanawilotu-kósomeone (e.g., the dentist) took all his teeth out. COMPOSED OF: -nawilot- have teeth, -u- distributive, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have teeth, tekanawilu-túit has teeth (e.g., a comb, or a machine). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nawil-/ -nawi- tooth, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -u- distributive. -naye- v.s. be vain, be bragging, be cocky, kna-yé• I'm cocky or vain, lana-yé• he's cocky, he's vain. Optative stative: ahana-yéke7 for him to be vain. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihana-yé• he's so cocky. Aspect class: B. •I wélhe7 kwi- ahana-yéke7 He's getting to be vain. na ? -/na-/ne-/nu- pref. Partitive and factual mode (partitive and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant na- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant ne- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nu- replaces the sequence nawa-,

Oneida-English

where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na 7 occurs. na 7 particle. NOTE: The meaning of this particle is difficult to pin down; it seems to cooccur with expressions of time or place. -na'aht- n. rib. With -é ne locative clitic: kna7ahté-ne my rib(s), lana7ahté-ne his rib(s). NOTE: See also -htehkal-, which is the more common base for 'rib'. -na'al- n. head, skull. ona7aláhead, skull. With -ku locative suffix: kna 7alakú inside my head, sna 7alakú inside your head, yena 7alakú inside her head, lana7alakú inside his head. Prepausal: lana7ala-kú. •Yáh kA náhte7 té-wat sna 7ala-kú. Don't you have anything in your head? (A mother might say this to her child if she's angry with her.) DERIVED BASES: -na'alatsl- insides of the head; .na'alukw- plus tedualic, bump into head first, run into something headlong; -ana'alolok-/ -ana'alol- put on a hat; .atna ? alanhak-/.atna?alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief; -atna'aluty-/ -atna'alutye- bump on the head, butt. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -a- and -an- occur before this base. -na'alatsl- n. insides of the head. With -ku locative suffix: ona 7alatslakú the insides of the head. Pre-pausal: ona7alatsla kú.

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• Nók tsi7 né- ki7 thikA tsi7 ka-yAonutsí wahuskenháni7 s thikA yawéku7 yákA7 thikA ona7alatslakú i-wát. But they would fight over the part that was the head, they said it was tasty what was inside the head. (VI) DERIVED BASES: -na ? alatslat- have something inside the head. NOTE: Includes the noun base -na'al- head, skull; but the composition is unclear. -na'alatslat- v.s. have something inside the head, sana 7alátslat you have something in your head, you have a mind. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7sana7alátslat you don't have a mind. Aspect class: A. •Yáh kA te7sana7alátslat. Don't you have a mind? Don't you have something in that head of yours? (A mother might say this to her child if she's angry with her.) COMPOSED OF: -na'alatsl- insides of the head, -at-/-t-/-et- be in. .na'alukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. bump into head first, run into something headlong. wa7tivakna7alu-kó• Iran into something head first, wa7tyakona7alu-kó• she bumped into something, wa7thona7alu-kó• he bumped into something. COMPOSED OF: -na'al- head, skull, .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -na'kal- n. horn, oná-kala7 horn. DERIVED BASES: .na'kalahel-/ .na'kalahl- plus te- dualic, be a chief; .na'kalut- plus te- dualic, have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is

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Orieida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. .na 7 kalahel-/.na 7 kalahl- plus tedualic, v.s. be a chief. tehana?kaláhele? (he's a) chief, he has horns on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na'kalhorn, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: .na'kalahlakwplus te- dualic, remove as chief. NOTE: The alternant .na 7 kalahloccurs before derivational suffixes. .na 7 kalahlakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove as chief. wahuwana7kalahla-kó• they removed him from being chief. With srepetitive: tusahuwana7kalahla-kóthey took back again his position as chief. COMPOSED OF: .na 7 kalahel-/ .na'kalahl- plus te- dualic, be a chief, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .na 7 kalut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly. tehoná-kalute7 he has a horn, he's the devil. With n- partitive: na7tehoná-kalute7 he has such a horn, he's really behaving badly. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na 7 kalhorn, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .na7kalutu- plus tedualic, have horns, be the devil. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .na 7 kalutu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have horns, be the devil. tehona7kalu-túhe has horns, he's the devil. Aspect class: B. • Tehona7kalu-tú- Ahyaye-ná-. The

devil is going to catch you (if you keep misbehaving). COMPOSED OF: .na 7 kalut- plus tedualic, have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly, -u- distributive. . n a 7 k e l a n i - / . n a 7 k e l A - plus t- cisloc-

ative, v.a. imitate, copy someone. tekhena7kela-níhe7 I'm imitating her or someone. tekhena7kelaní I have imitated her or someone. takhena 7ke-lA• I imitated her or someone, Atekhena 7ke-lA• I will imitate her or someone. Aspect class: Al. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a verb root -na 7 kel-, and the -ni-/-A- benefactive suffix. The root -na?kel- occurs also in .atna7kel- plus t- cislocative, be a copycat; and .atAna7kelaht- plus te- dualic, follow a pattern, note how something is done. The alternant .na 7 kelanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, ,na?kelA- occurs in the punctual aspect.

-na 7 khwa 7 se-/-na 7 khwa 7 s- v.a. get mad at someone, luwana 7khwá-se she's mad at him. Akuná-khwahse7 will get mad at you, Ayesaná-khwahse7 they will get mad at you. COMPOSED OF: - n a 7 k h w ( A ) - get

mad, - 7 se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -na 7 khwa 7 seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -na?khwa7s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

I

Oneida-English

-na'khw(A)- v.a. get mad. wakna7khwAu I'm mad, lona7khwA-u he's mad, yakona7khwA-u she's mad. ukná-khwA

7

I got mad,

wesaná-khwA7 you got mad, wahoná-khwA7 he got mad, wa ?akoná-khwA 7 she got mad, Awakná-khwA7 I will get mad, Ahotiná-khwA7 they (m.) will get mad. Stative past: wakna7khwA7ú-ne7 I was mad. Future stative: Awakna 7khwA 7úhake 7 I will be mad. With n- partitive: niyakona7khwA-u she's so mad, nihona7khwA-u he's so mad, nahoná-khwA7 he got so mad, na7akoná-khwA? she got so mad, nayakoná-khwA7 she would get so mad. • "SatkA-Ia7t thikA tsi7 uhte nayakoná-khwA7 sanulháayesakatkátho7 nihsyélha7 7 niyakotiAskwanAste akotpóny." "Quit that, your mother would get so mad if she should see what you're doing to her pony, she cares for it so much." (Ol) DERIVED BASES: - n a ' k h w a ' s e - /

-na'khwa's- get mad at someone; -na'khwA'uhatye- go along mad. NOTE: Related to the noun base -na'kw- anger, and possibly includes the -hw- causative suffix. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive suffix. The 7 of the ? khw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'khwA'uhatye- v.m. go along mad. lotina7khwA7uháti7 they (m.) were going along being mad or cross. • Nók tsi7 né- s né-n tetwake7kashayA thó kwi• thikA lotina7khwA7u-

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háti7, yukwattehtanyuní-ne7 kwáh kwi-. But then I was so slow that they would be so cross at me, just giving me heck all the time then. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -na'khw(A)- get mad, - ? u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -na?khwA?uhati- before a final 7 . -na'kuhsl- n. hill of plants. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekana 7kúhslake two hills of plants. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skana7kúhslat one hill of plants. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated component with counting verbs, and possibly composed of a component -na ? ku- and the -hsl- nominalizer suffix. See also ná-ku under. na'kúkha' N underwear. NOTE: Composed of a component -na ? ku- and the characterizer clitic -kha ? . See also ná-ku under. na'kúkha' a'nhuskwá lha 7 N underpants. -na'kuni-/-na ? kuny- v.a. make someone mad. kuna7ku-níhe7 I make you mad, lakna7ku-níhe7 he makes me mad. wahina7ku ní• I made him mad, wa 7skna ^ku-tií- you made me mad, Ashena 7ku-ní• you will make her or them mad, Ahakna7ku-ní- he will make me mad. Habitual past: lakna7kuníhahkwe7 he used to make me mad. With n- partitive: tsi7 nihakna7ku-nthe7 he makes me so mad, tsi7 nihona7ku-níhe7 he really makes him mad. • Tsi7 nihakna7ku-níhe7 thikA otsi7nowA khále7 litshá-nihse7 sA-. He makes me so mad, that mouse, and yet I'm scared of him too. COMPOSED OF: -na'kw- anger, -uni-/

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Orieida-English

-uny- make, construct. DERIVED BASES: - n a ' k u n y a ' t - b e

maddening. NOTE: The alternant -na'kunyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -na'kunya't- v.s. be maddening. yona 7kúnya 7t it's maddening. Prepausal: yona7kúnyaht. Stative past: yona^kunya^tú-ne? it was maddening. Future stative: Ayona?kunya?túhake? it will be maddening. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyona7kúnya7t is it ever maddening. Aspect class: A. •Tsi7 niyona7kúnya7t tsi7 nukyá• tawA7 Is it ever maddening what happened to me. COMPOSED OF: -na ? kuni-/-na'kuny-

make someone mad, - ? t- causative. -na'kw- n. anger. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -na'kwes- be mad for a long while; .na'kwAta'- plus s- repetitive, get over one's anger; -na'kuni-/ -na'kuny- make someone mad; and -atna'kolyAni-/-atna ? kolyA- get angry, become cross, become unruly. See also -na'khw(A)- get mad. The final w of the root is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -na'kwes- v.s. be mad for a long while. yakoná-kwes she or someone is mad forever and ever, loná-kwes he's mad for a long time. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -na'kw- anger, -es-/ -us- be long. NOTE: The 7 of the ?kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .na'kwAta'- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get over one's anger. sxvakna7kwAtá-u I have gotten over my anger, shorn 7kwAtá-u he has gotten over his anger. sahona7kwA-táne7 he got over his anger, Ashona7kwA-táne7 he

will get over his anger. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -na'kw- anger, -N-Ata'- finish doing. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -na'nawA-/-ya ? tanawA-/-nawA- v.a. get wet. wakya 7tanawA I'm wet, yoná-nawA it's wet. wa7kaná-nawA7 it got wet, Akya 7tana-wA• I will get' wet, Akaná-nawA7 it will get wet, ayeya7tana-ivA• she should get wet. Stative past: yona?nawA-hné- it was wet (but it's dry now). With s- repetitive: Askaná-naiVA7 it will get wet again. With n- partitive: na7akwaya7tana-wA• we (excl.) got really wet, niyoná-nawA7 it's so wet. With -hah-/-h-/-wah- road, path: yohahanawA the road is wet. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: yohyatuhslanawA the paper is wet. With -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth: yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. With - ? sleht- vehicle: yo 7slehtanawA the car is wet. DERIVED BASES: - n a ' n a w A h t - /

-nawAht- soak something. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tanawAoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -nawAoccurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant -na'nawA- is composed of an empty noun root -na 7 - and a verb root -nawA-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? n cluster of -na'nawA- is replaced by length after accented vowels. This base may also be a component in -wistanawA- melt, thaw; .AtanawAplus s- repetitive, be unexpectedly mild; and -ahsutanawAst- be a cool evening.

Oneida-English

-na'nawAht-/-nawAht- v.a. soak something, kna 7nawAtha 7 I'm soaking it. wakna 7nawAhtu I have soaked it. wa7kná-nawAhte7 I soaked it, Akná-nawAhte7 I will soak it. With -nitstakwal- dirty things: knitstakwalanawAtha7 I'm soaking dirty clothes. With -sahe't- bean: wa7ksahe7tana-wAhte7 I soaked beans. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -na'nawA-/ -ya ? tanawA-/-nawA- get wet, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: - n a k t a n a w A h t - w e t

the bed. NOTE: The alternant -nawAhtoccurs with incorporated nouns. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ? n cluster of -na?nawAht- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'sko'kwat- v.a. crawl into bed with, ukna 7skó-kwate7 it crawled in with me (e.g., under the covers, into my sleeping bag), Awakna7skó-kwate7 it will crawl in with me, Ahotina7skó-kwate7 it will crawl in with them (m.), Ashakona?skó-kwate7 he will crawl in with her or them, Ayukna7skó-kwate7 she will crawl in with me. COMPOSED OF: -na'skw- curled-up body, -o'kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'skw- n. curled-up body, oná-skwa7 curled-up body. With -ke locative clitic: yakwana7skwá-ke on top of us as we (excl.) are lying curled up. •Né-n wa7ólhAtie7 astéhtsi7 a7énikanyAhtatAs yakwana7skwá-ke 7 7 wa ukwata klo-kó-. The next day in the morning the snow was so deep on

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top of us as we were lying all curled up, it had snowed on us. (CI) DERIVED BASES: - n a ' s k w a h e l - b e

lying curled up on something; -na'skwahsluni- get someone ready for bed; -na'skwakehlu- be lying curled up here and there; -na'skwayA- be lying curled up; -na'sko'kwat- crawl into bed with; -atna'skwisa'- settle down to sleep. NOTE: The 7 of the 'skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -na'skwahel- v.s. be lying curled up on something, lana 7skwáhele 7 he's lying up on something (e.g., on the couch), yena7skwáhele7 she's lying up on something. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -na'skw- curled-up body, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -na'skwahsluni- v.a. get someone ready for bed. wahina7skwahslu-níI got him ready for bed, I bedded him down. COMPOSED OF: -na'skw- curled-up body, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: - a t n a ' s k w a h s l u n i -

get ready for bed. -na'skwakehlu- v.s. be lying curled up here and there. yakzvana7skwaké-lu7 we (excl.) are scattered around, lying curled up. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -na'skw- curled-up body, -kehlu- put things here and there. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'skwayA- v.s. be lying curled up. kná-skwayA 7 I'm lying down curled

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Orieida-English

up (rather than stretched out), laná-skwayA ? he's lying down, he's in bed, yená-skwayA? she's lying down, she's in bed, kaná-skwayA 7 she (z.) or it is lying down. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -na'skw- curled-up

body, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have.

DERIVED BASES: - a t n a ' s k w a y A - l i e

down, curl up, snuggle under the covers. NOTE: The ? of the 'skw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. na?t-/na'te- pref. Partitive, factual mode and dualic (partitive, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant na ? te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise na ? t- occurs. na?ta-/na 7 ta-/na'tae-/na ? tau- pref. Partitive, optative mode and dualic (partitive, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant na'tae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na'tau- replaces the sequence na'taawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na ? ta- or na ? ta occur, in free variation.

na'tae- pref. Partitive, optative mode and dualic. See n a ? t a - / n a 7 t a - / na'tae-/na 7 tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -na'tal- n. bread, cake, kaná-talok bread, cake, akná-talok my bread, akoná-talok her cake. With -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be: kana 7taláksA the bread is bad (e.g., mouldy). With .alenya't-/ .kalenya't- plus te- dualic, 7 distribute: tehana?talakalenyá-tha he distributes or delivers bread, wa7thana7talakalényahte7 he distributed bread. With -ase- be new, be fresh: oná-talase7 fresh bread. And te ? - negative: yáh te7yoná-talase7 it's not fresh bread. With -astathAbe dry: yona?talastáthA the bread is dry. With -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: katna7talútha7 I bake bread, yutna?talútha? she's baking bread, wakatná-talute7 I'm baking bread, yakotná-talute7 she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watná-talute7 the bread is baked or fried, iva7utna7talu-tX• she baked the bread, wahutna7talu-tAthey (m.) baked bread, wa7kutna7talu-tAthey (z.) baked bread, Akatna7talu-tX• I will bake bread, Ayutna?talu-tX• she will bake bread, akalna7talu-tA• I should bake bread, satna7talu-tA Put the bread in the oven! And habitual past: katna?talu-táhkwe7 I have baked bread. And s- repetitive: Askatna7talu-tA• I will fry bread again, usakatna 7talu-tA- I should bake bread again. And t- cislocative:

Oneida-English

tayutna7talu-tA• she baked bread there. With -ate ? skuta?n-/ -at-N-uta ? n- intend to bake, roast, or fry: yutna7talutá-ne7 she's going to bake bread. With -ate?skutunyu-/ -at-N-utunyu- roast, bake, or fry several: Ahsatna7talutúni7 you will fry several breads. With -atsha?Ani/-atsha ? a ? s-/-at-N-atsha ? Ani-/ -at-N-atsha ? a ? s- burn on one: ukwatna7talátsha7ahse7 the bread burned on me. With -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: wa7katna7talu-níI made bread, wahatna7talu-ní• he made bread. With -eka ? -/-ekaw-/-ka ? -/-kawlike or enjoy the taste of: wakna7tala-ká-se7 I like the taste of bread. With .ha-/.haw-/.ya ? taha-/ .ya ? tahaw- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, take along, bring along: yAkna7taláhawe7 I will take the bread. With -hawi-/-ya ? tahawicarry in one's hands, take along: kna7talaha-wí• I'm carrying bread. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tekna7talahlítha7 I'm breaking the bread into pieces, I'm cutting up the bread, pie, or cake, tewakna7talahlíhtu I have cut up the bread, wa7tekna7talá-lihte7 I cut up the bread, tAkna7talá-lihte7 I will cut up the bread. With .hlukwplus s- repetitive, pick up pieces: sahana7talahlu-kó• he picked up bread crumbs. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yona7talahnilú the bread is hard. With -hnilha-/-hnilhAbecome hard: yona7talahnilhá-u the bread has become hard, wa7ona?talahnílhA7 the bread got hard. With -hninu ? n- go to buy, and s- repetitive: Askna7talahninú-na7 I will go to buy bread again. With -N-itahkw-/-ya ? titahkw- take

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someone or something out: wahana7talitáhko7 he took the bread out. With -N-itaV-ya'tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa 7kna 7talítane 7 I put bread in it (e.g., a bag, a dish, a cart at the grocery). With -k-/-ek-/-akeat: kná-talaks I'm eating bread, wakna 7talakú I have eaten bread, Akná-talake7 I will eat bread. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: nikaná-talake that many breads (loaves or cakes). With -khwa- take something away from someone: wahakna7talákhwa7 he took the bread away from me. With -kwe ? talu-/-kwe ? tal- cut out a piece or chunk: sna7talakwé-talu Tear or slice up the bread! With -li- become ripe, become cooked: yoná-talali the bread is cooked, wa7kana7tala-líthe bread became cooked. With -nut/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth: lina7talanu-túhe7 I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa7ukná-talanute7 she gave me some bread or cake to eat. And t- cislocative: tayukná-talanute7 she gave me cake there. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wakná-talo7 I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: wakna 7taláshwas I smell bread. With -statha?t-/ -at-N-statha ? t- dry something: wakatna7talastathá-tu I have dried the bread, Akatna7talastáthahte7 I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing). With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skaná-talat one loaf of bread, one cake of cornbread. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kna7talatáhkwas I'm taking bread out of it. With -uni-/-uny- make,

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Orieida-English

construct: sna7talu-níhe7 you're forming the bread. With -unyanyumake several, construct several: ahsna7talunyáni7 you should make several breads. With -unyAni-/ -unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something: ahina7talúni7 I should make bread for him. With .ya 7 k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: tewakna7talyá-ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsná-talyahk Cut the bread in half! • "Yáh thau-tú• usakatna7talu-tAoyá• nók Awa-tú• tyutAhni-núhe7 yAhXske7 Askna 7talahninú-na 7 ayakwatekhu-níyo7kaláshu7." "I

can't even bake any more bread, now I have to go back to the store to go buy bread for us to eat this evening." (CI) DERIVED BASES: - a t n a 7 t a l i s a 7 -

finish making bread; -na'talaklisoup or broth left after cooking cornbread; -na 7 talunihe 7 be a baker; kAyé ke watnátalute 7 fried bread; watnátalute 7 baked bread; yona ? talastáthA cracker; yutna 7 talutákhwa 7 baking dish. NOTE: The basic noun form kaná-talok is composed of the kaneuter agent prefix, -na 7 tal-, possibly the verb base -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, and an ending -k, which occurs also in káhik fruit, berry (see -ahy-/-hi-). In possessed forms the ka- neuter agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na7talakli- v. > n. soup or broth left after cooking cornbread. ona7talákli7 cornbread broth. Pre-pausal: ona 7talákeli?.

COMPOSED OF: -na 7 tal- bread, cake, -N-kli- liquid product.

-na'talunihe' v.a. be a baker. lana7talu-níhe7 (he's a) baker, kna7talu-níhe7 I'm a baker. COMPOSED OF: -na ? tal- bread, cake, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he7 habitual. na'tau- pref. Partitive, optative mode and dualic. See n a 7 t a - / n a 7 t a - / na 7 tae-/na 7 tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na'te- pref. Partitive and dualic. na 7 te- pref. Partitive, factual mode and dualic. See na 7 t-/na 7 te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na 7 tes-/na 7 tets-/na 7 tetsi-/na 7 tesepref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive (partitive, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant na ? tets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant na 7 tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na 7 tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na?tes- occurs. na7tese- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. See na 7 tes-/na 7 tets-/ na 7 tetsi-/na 7 tese-.

Oneida-English

NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

567

na ? tet-/na ? teti-/na?tete- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant na'teti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na'tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na'tet- occurs.

and repetitive (partitive, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant na'tAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant na'tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na'tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na'tAS- occurs.

na'tete- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. See na ? tet-/na?teti-/ na'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

na'tAse- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na'tAs-/ na'tAts-/na?tAtsi-/na 7 tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

na'teti- pref. Partitive, dualic and cislocative. See na ? tet-/na?teti-/ na'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na'tets- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. See na'tes-/na'tets-/ na ? tetsi-/na?tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. na'tetsi- pref. Partitive, dualic and repetitive. na ? tes-/na'tets-/ na ? tetsi-/na ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

na?tAt-/na?tAti-/na?tAte- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant na'tAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na'tAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise na'tAt- occurs. na'tAte- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See na'tAt-/ na ? tAti-/na'tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

na'tA- pref. Partitive, future mode and dualic.

na'tAti- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See na'tAt-/ na?tAti-/na?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

na'tAs-/na ? tAts-/na ? tAtsi-/na 7 tAsepref. Partitive, dualic, future mode

na'tAts- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na'tAs-/

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Orieida-English

na ? tAts-/na ? tAtsi-/na?tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. na'tAtsi- pref. Partitive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See na'tAs-/ na'tAts-/na?tAtsi-/na'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -na'tsihal- v.a. steam, boil. kna7tsihálha7 I'm steaming or boiling it. wakna7tsíhale7 I have steamed it, yakona7tsíhale7 she has steamed it. wa7kna7tsiha-lA• I steamed it. Future stative: Akana?tsiha-láke? it will be steamed. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -hal-/-ihal- hang up. DERIVED BASES: S k a n a ' t s í h a l e ? T e n

Day Feast. NOTE: Usually used to describe the cooking of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach or rhubarb). -na'tsl- n. ditch, kaná-tsli7 ditch. Pre-pausal: kaná-tshelP. With -ku locative suffix: kaná-tslaku in the ditch. And -shu ? collective clitic: kana7tslakúshu7 along the ditches. With -ákta 7 locative suffix: kana7tslákta7 near the ditch. With -aktúti 7 locative suffix: kana7tslaktúti7 close along the ditch. With .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh na7kaná-tslati7 it's on this side of the ditch, a7é- na7kaná-tslati7 it's way over on the other side of the ditch. With .yahya ? k-/.iya ? k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across: wa7tekna7tsli-yá-ke7 I crossed the ditch, wa7tkana7tsli-yá-ke7 she (z.)

or it crossed the ditch. DERIVED BASES: - n a ' t s l a t a t y e - b e a

ditch, extending; .na'tsles- plus tedualic, be a deep ditch; yena'tslunyá t h a ' spade. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'tslatatye- v.m. be a ditch, extending, tsi7 kana7tslatáti7 (it's) a ditch, extending along. COMPOSED OF: -na'tsl- ditch, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have -na?tslatati- before a final 7 . .na'tsles- plus te- dualic, v.s. be a deep ditch, teyoná-tsles it's a deep ditch. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyoná-tsles it's a really deep ditch. Aspect class: A. •Tsi7 na7teyoná-tsles thikA kana7tslatáti7. Is that ditch ever deep. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -na'tslditch, -es-/-us- be long. NOTE: The 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'tsy- n. pail, pot, kettle, kaná-tsi7 pail, pot, kettle. With - ? ke locative suffix: kana7tsyá-ke on the pail. With -ku locative suffix: kaná-tsyaku in the pail. With -shuha collective clitic: kana7tsya7shúha pails. With .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something for oneself, and nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakatná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back in there again. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself: wa7utna7tsyá-lA7 she put the pot on (the stove), Ahsatna7tsyá-lA7 you will put a pot on. And s- repet-

Oneida-English

itive: Asehsatna7tsyá-lA7 you will put the pot back on (the stove). With -athlunyu- set down several for oneself: yukwatna7tsyahlúni7 we have pails set down. And t- cislocative: tayutna7tsyahlúni7 she put the pails on there. With -at-N-ik- fill up completely: wahatná-tsike7 he filled up the pail. With -atsha 7 aht/-at-N-atsha ? aht- burn something: wa 7katna 7tsyátsha 7ahte 7 I burned the pot. With -at-N-u7nek- move something out of the way: wa7katna7tsyú-neke7 I moved the pail. With .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Ahtplus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch: tahaná-tsyAhte7 he brought down the pot. With .a?SAht-/.Ahtplus y- translocative, lower something: yahaná-tsyAhte7 he lowered the pot. And nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusakná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back into it again. With -hawi-/-ya ? tahawi- carry in one's hands, take along: yena7tsyaha-wíshe's carrying a pail. With -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on: kana7tsyáhele7 the pail is sitting (e.g., on the table or stove), wa7kna7tsyá-lA7 I put the kettle on. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up: wa7kna7tsyahla-kó• I took the kettle off. With -hlunyu- set here and there, and t- cislocative: tkana7tsyahlúni7 the pails are all around there. With -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have: kaná-tsyote7 a pail is standing (upright). With -N-ita?-/-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wakna7tsítA7 I have put the pail in it, wa7kna7tsítane7 I put the pail in it. With -kalhathoturn or knock over something low,

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plow: wa7kna 7tsyakalhátho 7 I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out). With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekaná-tsyake two pails. With -kehlu- put things here and there, and t- cislocative: tkana7tsyaké-lu7 pails are lying around there. With .ket- plus te- dualic, scrape back and forth, scratch: tekna7tsyake-tás I'm scraping the pot, wa7tekná-tsyakete7 I scraped the pot, wa7tehsná-tsyakete7 you scraped the pot. With .ketanyu- plus te- dualic, scrape or scratch repeatedly or several: wa7tehsna7tsyaketáni7 you scraped the pot. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: kana7tsyowanA it's a large pot. With -okw- take out of water, and s- repetitive: sakna7tsyo'kó• I took the pail out of the water again. With -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have, and t- cislocative: tkaná-tsyayA7 the pail is lying there. • Ahsatna7tsyá-lA7 kana7tsyowanA 7 7 kwah ikA Atyo tal íhA . You should have a big pot on (the stove) that is really hot (with boiling water). (R2) DERIVED BASES.- -na'tsihal- steam, boil; teyoná tsyes top hat; tsina'tsyakéhtu? /tsyona'tsyakéhtu 7 spider. NOTE: The 7 of the 9 tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final y is deleted before verb bases that begin in i. Most speakers replace the final tsy with tsi before the final 7 in the basic noun form. -na'tu- v.a. mention someone's name. liná-tuhe7 I mention his name, luwaná-tuhe7 she's mentioning his name. With th- contrastive: yáh thahiná-tu7 I won't give his name.

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Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES: .na?tu- plus ytranslocative, call out to someone, summon someone; -na'tuha's- show something to someone, reveal; -na'tuhkw- call someone by a name; -na ? tuni-/-na ? tu's- show something to someone; -na'tunyu- call several, mention.

NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .na'tu- plus y- translocative, v.a. call out to someone, summon someone. yehiná-tuhe7 I'm calling out to him, I'm summoning him, yehuwaná-tuhe7 she's calling out to him. yehuxvaná-tu7 she has called out to him. ya7khená-tu7 I summoned her. With s- repetitive: yusahuwaná-tu7 she called over to him again. Aspect class: Bl. • NA kwíya7tyakohA-léhte7 yusahuwaná-tu7 kA n Blackie. Then she hollered out, she called over to Blackie again. (M6) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-na'tu- mention someone's name. NOTE: The

7

of the 7t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'tuha's- v.a. show something to someone, reveal. wa7khena7tu-há-se7 I showed it to her or them. etshna7tu-háhs Show him how! •Né-n tshyusá-kewe7 thikA, HA kwí• wa7khena7tu-há-se7 aknulháakya 7tuní kA. So then when I got back home again, I showed my mother my doll. (Mil) COMPOSED OF: -na?tu- mention someone's name, -ha ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The

7

of the ? s cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels.

-na'tuhkw- v.a. call someone by a name. latina7túkhwa7 they (m.) call it, kuna7túkhwa7 I call you, yukna7túkhwa7 she calls me, yakhina7túkhwa7 we two or we all (excl.) call her, shakwana7túkhwa7 we all (excl.) call him, luwana7túkhwa7 they call him. Ayesaná-tuhkwe7 they will call you, Ahuwaná-tuhkwe7 they will call him. Habitual past: luwana7túkhwahkwe7 they used to call him, shakotina7túkhwahkwe7 they (m.) used to call her. • Né- kati7 wí• ka7ikA shayá-tat Kastes Bread kAs luwana7túkhwa7 kA- khále7 o-yá• Tá-wet Sumas né• luwa-yátskwe7. So then there was this one man, Kastes Bread they used to call him, and another one, Dave Summers was his name. (M3) COMPOSED OF: -na ? tu- mention someone's name, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa7. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na ? tuni-/-na ? tu 7 s- v.a. show something to someone. kuna7tu-níhe7 I'm showing it to you, khena7tu-níhe7 I'm showing it to her or someone, yana7tu-níhe7 he's showing it to you. kuna7tuní I have shown it to you. wa7kuná-tuhse7 I showed it to you, wa7khená-tuhse7 I showed it to her or someone, wa7akoná-tuhse7 she (z.) showed it to her or them, wa7shakoná-tuhse7 he showed it to her or them, wa7utatná-tuhse7 she showed it to her, Akuná-tuhse7 I will show it to you. etshná-tus Show him! Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -na'tu- mention someone's name, -ni-Z-'s- benefactive.

Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: - n a > t u n i ? n - go to

show someone. NOTE: The alternant -na ? tunioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before the - ? n- dislocative suffix. The alternant -na ? tu ? soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and the 7 of the ?s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -na'tuni'n- v.m. go to show someone. wa7khena7tuní-na7 I'm going over there to show her or someone, Akhena 7tuní-na 7 I will go over and show her or someone. COMPOSED OF: -na?tuni-/-na?tu?sshow something to someone, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -na'tunyu- v.a. call several, mention. lana7túnyuhe7 he's calling it, he's mentioning it. lona7túni7 he has mentioned it. wahana7túni7 he mentioned about things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -na'tu- mention someone's name, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -na'tuni- before a final na'tusa-/na ? tuse-/na ? tusu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant na ? tuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na'tusu- replaces the sequence na'tusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular

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patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?tusa- occurs. na ? tusa-/na 7 tusa-/na'tuse-/na ? tuse-/ na?tusu-/na?tu su- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants na?tuse- and na ? tuse- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants na7tusu- and na?tu-sureplace the sequences na'tusawa- and na?tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na?tusa- and na?tu-sa- occur. na ? tuse- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See na?tusa-/na?tuse-/na?tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na ? tuse-/na 7 tuse- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See na ? tusa-/na ? tu sa-/na?tuse-/ na ? tuse-/na ? tusu-/na ? tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

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Orieida-English

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na'tusu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See na?tusa-/na?tuse-/na'tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na'tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na7tusu-/na'tu su- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See na'tusa-/na'tu sa-/na'tuse-/ na?tuse-/na?tusu-/na?tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences na'tusawa- and na'tu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na?tuta-/na?tute-/na'tutu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (partitive, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant na?tute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant na?tutu- replaces the sequence na?tutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na'tuta- occurs. na ? tuta-/na'tuta-/na ? tute-/na ? tute-/ na'tutu-/na?tu tu- pref. Partitive,

dualic, optative mode and cislocative (partitive, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants na ? tute- and na?tute- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants na ? tutu- and na'tu tureplace the sequences na'tutawa- and na'tu tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise na'tuta- and na ? tu ta- occur. na'tute- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See na'tuta-/na?tute-/na'tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na'tute-Ma'tu te- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See na 7 tuta-/na?tuta-/na ? tute/na 7 tute-/na'tutu-/na ? tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. na'tutu- pref. Partitive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See na?tuta-/na?tute-/na?tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence na?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and

Oneida-English

interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. na 7 tutu-/na 7 tutu- pref. Partitive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See na 7 tuta-/na 7 tuta-/na 7 tute/na 7 tute-/na 7 tutu-/na 7 tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences na 7 tutawa- and na 7 tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -na7tu7s- show something to someone. See -na 7 tuni-/-na 7 tu 7 s-. -na 7 was-/-na 7 wase-/-na 7 wasA- n. eyebrow. ona7wa-sá- or ona^wa-sA- or ona 7wa-sé• eyebrow. With - ' n e locative clitic: kna7wasé-ne my eyebrow, yena'hoasé-ne her eyebrow, lana 7wasé-ne his eyebrow. NOTE: All three basic noun forms are attested.

573

Frequently reduced to né- s wv.

NOTE:

kati7

né- kAs kwí- well it's normally or usually, indeed it's normally. NOTE: Frequently reduced to né• s kwt'-. né- kAs wí- it's normally or usually so. NOTE: Frequently reduced to né- s wí-. né- kAs wí- tsi 7 it's because. NOTE: Frequently reduced to né• s wv tsi7. né- ki 7 ok wí- so then actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written né- kyo7k wv. né- ki 7 uhte wí- in fact it's probably or maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written né• kyuhtwí-. né- ki 7 wáh yeah, that's right. né- kwí- it's anyway, it's indeed. né- kwí- né- so then it's. né- kwí- né- onX well it's then, at that time.

né- Assertive particle: it's the case, it's that.

né- kwí- onX well it's then, at that time.

né- alá- that's why.

né- oni 7 né- and in addition it's the case that.

NOTE: Frequently reduced to nalá-. né- kati 7 wí- so then it's that. né- kAs it's normally, it's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to né• s. né- kAs kati7 kwí- so then it's normally, so then it's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to né- s kati7 kwí-. né- kAs kati7 wí- so then it's normally or usually so.

né- tsi 7 because. né- wí- so it's. né- wí- tsi 7 so because. ne- pref. Partitive and factual mode. See na 7 -/na-/ne-/nu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

574

Orieida-English

-ne/-'ne clitic, at, on. Locative clitic. NOTE: The alternant -ne occurs after noun bases that end in hs or ks. The alternant -' ne occurs after several noun bases that end in a vowel. -nehkwAt- v.a. blister. yonéhkwAte7 a blister has formed, there's a blister (e.g., I burned myself and so a blister formed). wa7kanehkwA-tA• a blister formed, AkanehkwA-tA• a blister will form. -nehlakohatu- v.a. become amazed, several. lotinehlakoha-túhe7 they (m.) all are amazed or surprised. wahotinehlakoha-tú• they (m.) all became amazed or surprised. COMPOSED OF: -nehlakw-/ -nehlakwA?- become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised, -hatudistributive. -nehlakw-/-nehlakwA ? - v.a. become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised, waknehlákwas I keep being amazed, it amazes me, I'm surprised, yakonehlákwas she's surprised, lonehlákwas he's surprised. waknehlakwA-u or waknehlakú-u I'm shocked, I'm surprised, lonehlakú-u he's amazed, yakonehlakú-u she's amazed, yukwanehlakú-u we're amazed, lotinehlakú-u they (m.) are amazed. uknehla-kó- I became amazed, wahonehla-kó• he became amazed, Awaknehla-kóI will be surprised, Ayakonehla-kó• she will be surprised. With s- repetitive: sahotinehla-kóthey (m.) became amazed or awestruck again, Asanehla-kó• you will be surprised again. With n- partitive: nuknehla-kó' I became so surprised, na7akonehla-kó• she became so surprised, nisanehlakú-u you became so

surprised. Aspect class: E5. •Nále7 sahotinehla-kó• kA- tsi7 yáh kátsha7 tehaya-nále7 khále7 yáh sA- kátsha7 te7ka7sléhtayA7. Then they were awestruck that nowhere were there footprints and nowhere was there a vehicle. (M5) NAki7 ale7 tú-ske7 waknehlakiuA-u tsi7ka-yA• wa7shakotínhane7 I'm surprised at whom they hired. DERIVED BASES: - n e h l a k o h a t u -

become amazed, several; -nehlakwa't- be amazing, be awesome, be surprising. NOTE: The alternant -nehlakwoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -nehlakwA?- occurs in the stative aspect. The final w of -nehlakwis replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive suffix. The final 7 of -nehlakwA7- is replaced by length after accented vowels and normally the resulting sequence wA is replaced by ú- (e.g., waknehlakú-u I'm shocked, I'm surprised). -nehlakwa't- v.s. be amazing, be awesome, be surprising, yonehlákwa 7t it's awesome. Pre-pausal: yonehlákwaht. Future stative: Ayonehlakwa7túhake7 it will be surprising. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyonehlákwa7t it's so awesome. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nehlakw-/ -nehlakwA7- become amazed, become awestruck, become surprised, - ? tcausative. -nehw- n. pelt, kané-wa7 pelt. With -atAhninu- sell: wahatnehivahni-núhe sold a pelt. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Oneida-English

.nekalu- plus te- dualic, burst, explode. See .atla ? nekal(u)-/.at-N-nekaluplus te- dualic. nékh N hickory. NOTE: This is the more common word for 'hickory'. Another form for 'hickory' is onukála'. Cf. Wisconsin: néhka7 (ACH). -nekhwa- v.a. bleed, yonekhwá-u she (z.) or it is bleeding, yakonekhwá-u she's bleeding, lonekhwá-u he's bleeding, wa 7kanékhwa 7 it bled, A-kanékhwa 7 it will bleed. -nekwal- n. curd, one-kwála7 curd. DERIVED BASES: yonekwalahnilú or yonekwalátkAhse? cheese. .nekwati- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be the left hand, seknekwatí my left hand, sehsnekwatí your left hand, shanekwatí his left hand, tsyenekwatí her left hand. Prepausal: tsyenekwa-tí. Aspect class: A. NOTE: May include a verb root -ati-, which occurs also in .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of. -nel- v.s. be pregnant, yenelú she's pregnant. Pre-pausal: yene-lú. Stative past: yenelú-ne7 she was pregnant. With s- repetitive: tsyenelú she's pregnant again. And future stative: Atsyenelúhake7 she will be pregnant again. Aspect class: E. .nela 7 ak-/.nel-/.ya?tanela ? ak-/ .ya'tanel- plus te- dualic, v.a. mistake for another. teknéla7aks I mistake it for something else, I keep choosing the wrong one, tehiya7tanéla7aks I mistake him for someone else, tehonélu 7 he has mistaken it, tekheya7tanélu7 I have

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mistaken her for someone else. wa7thanéla7ake7 he mistook it, he chose the wrong one, wa 7thiya 7tanéla 7ake 7 I mistook him, I thought it was him but it wasn't him. Aspect class: C2. DERIVED BASES: .atahuhsanela'ak/.atahuhsanel- plus te- dualic, mishear. NOTE: The alternants .ya ? tanela ? ak- and .ya?tanel- occur with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternants .nela'ak- and .ya ? tanela ? ak- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects, .nel- and .ya'tanel- occur in the stative aspect. A component -nela?ak-/-nel- occurs without the te- dualic prefix in -lihwanela ? ak-/-lihwanel- sin, swear, curse. nén so then it's. ne-né- Assertive particle: that's it. .net- plus te- dualic, be doubled, be insulated. See .hna ? net-/.net- plus te- dualic. .neta'- plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double. See .hna ? neta ? -/.neta ? - plus te- dualic. netú Locative particle: there. Prepausal: ne-tú. • Nók tsi7 nA kwí• ka7ikA wa7twakahútsyohse7 akatkA7sé-na7 náhte7 nítyot ne-tú. But I wanted to go and see what it was like there. (M10) né ? kX n You mean (whatever)? ne ? thó tsi7 it's just right. •AhsA niwanitskwahlá-tslake 7 lonanitskwahlá'tslayA ohkwalí, swanitskwahlá-tslat só-tsi7 yohnilú khále7 úska só-tsi7 yo7nétskA khále7 úska kwáh nók ne7 thó tsi7. The bears

576

Orieida-English

have three chairs, one chair is too hard and one chair is too soft and one chair is just right. ne? thó-ne? at that time. -ne? suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in

aspect, -ne?wala?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ?t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. NX Mother! Vocative form of -nulha? mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother. nA Temporal particle: now, then.

-ne 7 suf. Intentive past. NOTE: Occurs after the intentive suffix -?, both with and without the factual mode, and indicates that the intention to do something existed, but something interfered with the completion of the action. ne?n Definite particle: the one. -ne?wala?t- v.s. be nauseating. yoné-wala7t it's nauseating. Prepausal: yoné-walaht. With npartitive: tsi7 niyoné-wala7t is it ever nauseating. Aspect class: A. • Tsi7 niyoné-wala7t thikA wa7katkátho7 wahatstikáni7. It was so sickening, I saw him throw up. DERIVED BASES: - n e ? w a l a ? t a n i - /

-ne?wala?tA- become nauseous. NOTE: The ? of the ? w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ne?wala?tani-/-ne?waIa?tA- v.a. become nauseous. wakne7walá-tanihe7 I'm nauseous, I get nauseous. ukne?walá-tA7 I got nauseous, Awakne7ioalá-tA7 I will get nauseous. With t- cislocative: twakne7walá-tanihe7 I get nauseous, tukne^walá-tA7 I got nauseous, utukne^walá-tA7 I should become nauseous, it would make me sick. COMPOSED OF: -ne?wala?t- be nauseating, -ni-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: Forms with the t- cislocative are preferred. The alternant -ne?wala?tani- occurs in the habitual

nA ále? then again. NOTE: Frequently reduced to nále7. nX ki? ale? wí- so now again, so then again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written nA kyale7 wi- or nA kyele7 wi-. nX ki? thó ni-kú that's all now. nX ki? wáh good-bye. nX ki? wi- so then actually. nA kwi- now indeed, now then, now anyway, then anyway, well then. nA kwi- né- now indeed it's, well then it's. nA sók now just, then just. nX uhte ale? wi- so then again maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written núhtale7 wi-. nA- pref. Partitive and future mode. -nA suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in e. -nAh- n. seed, grain, oats. ka-nAhe7 seed, pit (of a fruit), grain, oats. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: AyukwanAhu-tí• we will drop in seeds. And n- partitive: thó nú• na7ukwanAhu-tí• there's where we dispersed the seeds. With .aty-/ .atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: thó yAsanAhu-tí• you

Oneida-English

will throw seeds in there. With .á? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small, and secondary habitual: kA7 nikatiAhá-sa7 the seeds are small. DERIVED BASES: -nAhut- b e a bud,

attached; kanAhX ta 7 dried kernels of corn. -nAhake' suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nA. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -nA, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e7. -nAhalatase- v.a. wring out clothes. kriAhalata-séhe7 I wring out clothes. wa 7knAhalata-sé• I wrung out the clothes. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -nAhal-, which is not attested otherwise, and the alternant -tase- of the verb base -hwatase-/-tase- turn, twist. -nAhl- n. crowd. kanA-la7 crowd. DERIVED BASES: -nAhlahsluni-/

-nAhlahsluny- march; -nAhlot- for a crowd to form. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nAhlahsluni-/-nAhlahsluny- v.a. march. kriAhlahslu-níhe7 I march. wa7knAhlahslu-ní• I marched, wahatitiAhlahslu-tií• they (m.) marched. COMPOSED OF: -nAhl- crowd, -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: -nAhlahslunya'n-

go to parade.

577

NOTE: See also -nAhlahslunyuhatye- go along parading. The alternant -nAhlahsluny- occurs before derivational suffixes.

-nAhlahslunya'n- v.m. go to parade. latitiAhlahslunyá-ne7 they (m.) are going to have a parade. wahatinAhlahslunyá-na7 they (m.) are on their way to parade. • LatinAhlahslunyá-ne7 HA tAtwatkA-ní- thikA latisotalhkA. The former soldiers are going to go and parade at the fair. COMPOSED OF: -nAhlahsluni-/ -nAhlahsluny- march, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nAhlahslunyuhatye- v.m. go along parading. lotinAhlahslunyuháti7 they (m.) are parading along. NOTE: Includes the verb base -nAhlahsluni-/-nAhlahsluny- march, and the -hatye- progressive suffix, but the composition is not clear. Many speakers have -nAhlahslunyuhatibefore a final 7 . -nAhlot- v.a. for a crowd to form. yonA-lote7 there's a crowd. wa 7onAhlo-tA- people gathered together and formed a crowd. With s- repetitive: sayonAhlo-tA• a crowd formed, AtsyonAhlo-tA• a crowd will form. COMPOSED OF: -nAhl- crowd, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .nAhluhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. give someone a treat.

578 Orieida-English

tehitiAhluhkwányuhe7 I give him a treat. wa7tekunAhluhkwáni7 I gave you a treat, wa7tyuktiAhluhkwáni7 she treated me, tAkunAhluhkwáni7 I will treat you, tAkwanAhluhkwáni7 I will give all of you a treat, tAskwariAhluhkwáni7 kA Will you give us a treat? takwanAhluhkwáni Treat us! NOTE: Many speakers have .nAhluhkwani- before a final 7 . -nAhne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nA. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -nA and a component -hne ? , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -nAhne7 is always realized as -nA-hné-. -nAhut- v.s. be a bud, attached. yonAhute7 (there are) buds. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nAh- seed, grain, oats, -N-ut- attach, be attached. nXkhle 7 Temporal particle: already then. nAs-/nAts-/nAtsi-/nAse- pref. Partitive, future mode and repetitive (partitive, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nAs- occurs.

nAse- pref. Partitive, future mode and repetitive. See nAs-/nAts-/nAtsi-/ nAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -nAskohatye- v.m. go along stealing. lonAskoháti7 he's coming along with it stolen, yukninAskoháti7 we two are going along stealing it. With -lut- tree, log: yuknilutanAskoháti7 we two are going along stealing a tree. COMPOSED OF: -nAskw- steal, steal from, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nAskohati- before a final 7 . -nAskw- v.a. steal, steal from. knAskwas I steal. waknAskwA I have stolen it, UnAskwA I have stolen it from him. wa7knAsko7 I stole it, wa7khenAsko 7 I stole it from her or them. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wahihwistanAsko7 I stole money from him. With -itsyfish: wahotsyanAsko 7 he stole fish from him. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wahakkAhanAsko7 he stole the blanket from me. And s- repetitive: sahikAhanAsko7 I stole the blanket from him again. With -luttree, log: wa7aknilutanAsko7 we two (excl.) stole the tree. With -?slehtvehicle: wa7ke7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car, wa?khe7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car from her. Aspect class: D3. •Wahawístoske7 tsi7 niwahsu-tés ókhale7 thó tehahyakwilotáti7 wahakkAhanAsko7. He got cold during the night and he tiptoed along and stole the blanket from me. (PI) DERIVED BASES: -nAskohatye- go

along stealing; .atatnAskw- plus tedualic, steal from one another. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect

Oneida-English

and before the -hatye- progressive suffix. -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave. See -naskw-/-nAskw-. -nAskwayA- v.a. beg someone. UnAskwayAhe 7 I'm begging him. UnXskwayA 7 I begged him. wahinXskwayA 7 I beg him, wa7khenAskwayA7 I beg her. With tsh- coincident: tshihinAskway A 7 since I have been begging him. Aspect class: Bl. -nAst- n. corn. o-nAste7 corn. With -ase- be new, be fresh: onAstase7 new corn. With -atAhninu- sell: ayakwatnAstahni-núwe (excl.) should sell corn. With -aty-/-utylose, leave, disperse: yukwariAstu-tíwe dispersed corn, AyukwanAstu-tíwe will drop in corn. With -eku-/ -eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?u- taste good: kariAstáku 7 the corn tastes good. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikanAStáku7 the corn is really tasty. With .hlihtplus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: wa?tyenAstá-lihte7 she or someone pounded the corn, wa7thanAstá-lihte7 he ground the corn, tAhsnAstá-lihte7 you will grind the corn. With -k-/-ek-/-ak- eat: wa7knAstake7 I ate the corn. With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: knAstakó-ne7 I'm here to pick up corn. With -kw-/ -ekw- pick, harvest: knAstákwas I'm picking corn. With -nohale ? n-/ -ohale ? n- go to wash: iva7knAstohalé-na7 I'm going to wash corn. With -statha?t-/ -at-N-statha ? t- dry something: wakatriAstathá-tu I have dried the corn, AkatnAstáthahte7 I will dry corn, AhsatriAstáthahte7 you will dry corn. With -yAtho- plant:

579

lanAStayAthos he's planting corn, kanAStayAthu the corn is planted. And t- cislocative: thanAstayAthos he's planting corn there. And ytranslocative: yehatiAStayAthos he's planting corn over there. And npartitive: HAhanAstayAtho7 how or where he will plant corn. And te ? negative: yáh tehanAstayAthos he's not planting corn. With -yAthohsl-/ -yAthohs- go to plant: wahanAstayAthóhsa7 he's on his way to plant corn, snAStayAthóhsa Go plant the corn! With -'netska 7 become loose, become soft: AyonAsta7nétskane7 the corn will become tender (cooked). • Tsi7 nikanAstáku 7 thikA onAstase7 That new corn is so tasty. DERIVED BASES: -atnAstat- have a corn; kanAstóhale cornbread; OnAstase7 August; watnAstatákwas popcorn. NOTE: See note under kanXstote? rafters. -nAst(e)- v.s. treasure, value, care for. waknAste7 I value it, yakonAste7 she treasures it, lonAste7 he treasures it. Habitual past: yakonAstehkwe7 she used to treasure it. Future stative: AyakonAsteke7 she will treasure it. With n- partitive: niyakonAste7 she really treasures it. With -naskw-/ -nAskw- domestic animal, pet, slave, and n- partitive: niyakonaskwanAste7 she cares for her pet so much. With -wil- baby, offspring: lotiwilanAste7 they (m.) treasure their child. Aspect class: B. • Tsi7 niké-yale7 nA s kzváh s nók Christmas wa7ákwatste7 thikA yutekhwahla7tslolókta7 né• tsi7 niyakonAste7. The way I remember it is that only at Christmas we used that tablecloth because she treasured

580

Orieida-English

it so much. (Ol) DERIVED BASES:

atahalanAstákhwa 7 umbrella. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -hkwinstrumental suffix. nAt-/nAti-/nAte- pref. Partitive, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant nAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nAtoccurs. -nAt-/-nAtak- stick something on something. See -la ? nAtak-/-la ? nAt-/ -nAtak-/-nAt-. -nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with. See -la'nAtakt-/-nAtakt-. nAte- pref. Partitive, future mode and cislocative. See nAt-/nAti-/nAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nAti- pref. Partitive, future mode and cislocative. See nAt-/nAti-/nAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nAts- pref. Partitive, future mode and repetitive. See nAs-/nAts-/nAtsi-/ nAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. -nAtsh- n. arm, sleeve. onAtsha7 arm. kanAtsha7 a detached arm, a sleeve. aknAtsha7 my sleeve. With-ke locative clitic: knAtshá-ke (on) my arm, sriAtshá-ke (on) your arm,

lanAtshá-ke (on) his arm, yetiAtshá-ke (on) her arm, twanAtshá-ke (on) our (incl.) arms. And -shu ? collective clitic: snAtsha7késhu? along your arm, twanAtsha 7késhu 7 all over our (incl.) arms. With -N-a- take hold of a part of someone's body: wahaknAtsha 7 he took me by my arm, wa7shakonAtsha 7 he took her by her arm. And t- cislocative: tashakonAtsha7 there (or then) he took her by her arm. With -athel-/ -athl- set down for oneself, and tedualic: wa7tkatnAtshá-lA7 I put my arm up on it. With -atita 7 - get in, put into for oneself, and y- translocative: ya7katnAtshítane7

I put m y arm in it

(e.g., when I checked my blood pressure at the drugstore). With -atketskw- get up: katnAtshakétskwas I'm putting my arm up, wakatnAtshakétskwA I have my arm up, wa7katnAtshakétsko7 I raised my arm. And n- partitive: tsi7 nú• na7utnAtshakétsko7 whenever she raised her arm. With -atke ? totbring oneself into sight, look in or out: katnAtshake7tótha7 I keep sticking my arm out. And te- dualic: iva7tkatnAtshake7to-tA• I stuck my arm out. With -at-N-o- swell: wakatnAtsho7 my arm is swollen. With ,atohlok-/.atohl- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself: ya7katnAtshó-loke7 I inserted my arm into it. With -atsha ? -/-at-N-atsha ? - burn: wa7katnAtshátshane7 I burned my arm. With .at-N-t- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic, be extended, be stuck out: thó ya7tewakatnAtshate7 my arm is extended, there I had my arm out. With .at-N-tat- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic, extend:

Oneida-English

ya7tkatnXtshatate7 I extended my arm, ya7tyutnXtshatate7 she extended her arm, ya7tAkatnXtshatate7 I will extend my arm. With .atya ? kplus te- dualic, become broken: tewakatriAtshyá-ku I have a broken arm. With -es-/-us- be long, and tedualic: tekanXtshes it has long sleeves. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short, and te- dualic: kA7 na7teyonAtshésha it has short sleeves. With -hwatase/-tase- turn, twist: wa7sknAtshata-séyou twisted my arm. With -ke'totbe sticking out, be showing or peeking through: waknAtshaké-tote7 my arm is peeking through (e.g., a hole in my shirt). With -nuhlya'k- get hurt, hurt someone: lonAtshanuhlyá-ku he hurt his arm. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknAtshanú-ivaks my arm hurts. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: thó tehonAtshúkwas he bumps his arm there, wa7twaknAtshu-kó• I bumped my arm. DERIVED BASES: .nAtshakalAhlu-

plus te- dualic, shake hands; .nAtsha'slu-/.nAtsha ? sel- plus tedualic, have one's arms crossed; .nAtshAht- plus t- cislocative, and atyá-tawPt, roll down one's sleeve; -nAtshine- take someone by the hand; -nAtshot- have one's arm raised; .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, for something to be hooked over one's arm; .nAtshut- plus te- dualic, have arms or sleeves; .atnAtshakwathoplus te- dualic, roll up one's sleeves; .atnAtshalunyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic, wave; teyutnAtshanhásta' bracelet.

581

.nAtshakalAhlu- plus te- dualic, v.a. shake hands. tehonAtshakalX-luhe7 he's shaking hands with him, teshakotiAtshakalX-luhe7 he's shaking hands with her. teshakotiAtshakalX-lu7 he has shaken hands with her. tAshakonAtshakalX-lu7 he will shake hands with her. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nAtsha'slu-/.nAtsha'sel- plus tedualic, v.s. have one's arms crossed. teyenAtshá-slu7 her arms are crossed, tehanAtshá-slu7 his arms are crossed. Pre-pausal: tehanAtshá-selu7. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .ya?sel-/.ya 7 slu-/. 7 sel-/. 7 slu- plus tedualic, stack, pile. DERIVED BASES: .nAtsha'slunyu-

plus te- dualic, have one's arms crossed; .atnAtsha'sel-/ .atnAtsha'slu- plus te- dualic, cross one's arms. NOTE: The alternant .nAtsha?sluoccurs in the stative aspect and before the -nyu- distributive suffix, and the 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant .nAtsha'sel- occurs in the derived base .atnAtsha'sel-/ .atnAtsha'slu- plus te- dualic. nAtsha'slunyu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have one's arms crossed. teyetiAtsha7slúni7 she has her arms crossed, tehanAtsha7slúni7 he has his arms crossed. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .nAtsha'slu-/ .nAtsha'sel- plus te- dualic, have one's arms crossed, -nyu- distributive.

582

Orieida-English

NOTE: Many speakers have .nAtsha?sluni- before a final 7 .

.nAtshAht- plus t- cislocative, and atyá tawi't, v.a. roll down one's sleeve. teknAtshAtha7 akwatyá-tawi7t I'm rolling down my sleeve. twaknAtshAhtu akwatyá-tawi7t I have rolled down my sleeve. tasnAtshAt satyá-tawiht Roll down your sleeve! COMPOSED OF: -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch, and -atya 7 tawi ? t-/-atya 7 tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. NOTE: Without the possessed form of atyá-tawi?t, the verb suggests putting down one's arm. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -nAtshine- v.m. take someone by the hand. khenAtshi-né• I'm holding her by the hand, shakoriAtshi-né• he's taking her by the hand to lead her. khenAtshi-nése7 I take her by the hand, shakonAtshi-né-se7 he takes her by the hand, wa 7khenAtshine 7 I took her by the hand, wa7shakonAtshine7 he took her by the hand, AkhenAtshine7 I will take her by the hand. COMPOSED OF: -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, -N-ine- lead. -nAtshot- v.s. have one's arm raised. knAtshote7 I have my arm raised, lanAtshote7 he has his arm raised, yenAtshote7 she has her arm raised. Habitual past: knAtsho-táhkwe7 I had my arm raised. Future stative: AknAtsho-táke7 I will have my arm raised. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something up-

right, have. DERIVED BASES: -atnAtshot- raise one's arm, surrender. .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, v.s. for something to be hooked over one's arm. tehanAtshotálhu he has his arm through something, it's hooked over his arm (e.g., he has on handcuffs), teyenAtshotálhu she has her arm through something. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nAtsharm, sleeve, -otalho-/-ya 7 totalhodrape over, hook, harness. DERIVED BASES: . a t n A t s h o t a l h o -

plus te- dualic, hook one's arm through someone else's. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .nAtshut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have arms or sleeves. tekanAtshute7 it has an arm, it has sleeves. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nAtsharm, sleeve, -N-ut- attach, be attached. nAtsi- pref. Partitive, future mode and repetitive. See nAs-/nAts-/nAtsi-/ nAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nAWAhslalyo- v.a. whip someone, beat someone up. kheriAWAhslályos I keep whipping her. wa7khenAWAhslályo7

or

wa7khenAWAhsláli7 I whipped her, AyesanAWAhsláli7 they will beat you up. With t- cislocative: tayonAWAhsláli7 there she (z.) whipped her (z.) or it. With npartitive: tiAyesanAWAhsláli7 how

Oneida-English 583

they will beat you up. DERIVED BASES: -i'tanAwAhslalyo-

whip someone. NOTE: Composed of a component -nAWAhsl- and the alternant -lyo- of the base -Iyo-/-liyo- beat, kill. A component -nAWAhsl- occurs also in the slang expressions Nya'snAwXhslayA and SatnAwXhslayA Oh be quiet! Many speakers have -nAWAhslali- before a final -nAy- n. stone. onA-yá• stone. With .at-N-okw-/.atya'tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: wa?twatn.Ayo-kó- the stones scattered. With ,aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuknAyu-tí• I threw the stone. With -N-ita ? -/-ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa?knAyítane? I put stones or pebbles in it (e.g., a pail). With -kehlu- put things here and there: kanAyaké-lu7 stones are lying here and there. With -nahn- fill: kanAyaná-nu it's full of stones. With -osku- all, most, the majority: otiAyósku 7 it's all stone (e.g., talking about a stone house). With -tstenyesbe piled up, be heaped up: yonAyatstényes there's a real heaping pile of stones. With -tstenyotpile up, heap up: yoriAyatstényote7 it's a pile of stones. With .ya 7 sel-/ .ya ? slu-/. ? sel-/. ? slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile: tehatiAya7sélha7 he stacks stones, he's a bricklayer, wa7thanAyá-slu7 he piled stones. DERIVED BASES: -nAyata7- load a gun; .nAyatu- plus te- dualic, place stones around, brick over; -nAyayA- be a stone, lying; -nAya'ke testicles; .nAya'selha' plus te- dualic, be a

bricklayer; -nAyot- be a stone, standing; atnAyálho' immense giant, monster; kanAyalíhtu brick house; Onyota'a ká- People of the Standing Stone, Oneida. -nAyata'- v.a. load a gun. lanAyáta 7as he's loading a gun. lonAyátA7 he has loaded a gun. AhanAyátane7 he will load a gun. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -nAy- stone, -ta'-/ -eta 7 - put into a container. NOTE: This base is used to express the action of loading a gun, but it can also mean to put stones into a container. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A7. .nAyatu- plus te- dualic, v.a. place stones around, brick over. wa7thatinA-yátu7 they (m.) placed stones around, they covered it with stones. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nAystone, -N-atu- construct out of something. -nAyayA- v.s. be a stone, lying. katiA-yáyA7 (there's) a stone, lying. With -kó- augmentative clitic: katiAyayA 7kó- (there's) a big stone or rock. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nAy- stone, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. -nAya'ke n. testicles. latiAyá-ke his testicles. COMPOSED OF: -nAy- stone, - ? ke locative suffix. NOTE: The 7 of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

584

Orieida-English

.nAya'selha' plus te- dualic, v.a. be a bricklayer. tehatiAya?sélha7 (he's a) bricklayer. COMPOSED OF: -nAy- Stone, .ya'sel-/ .ya 7 slu-/. 7 sel-/. 7 slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile, -ha 7 habitual. -nAyot- v.s. be a stone, standing. katiA-yóte7 (there's) a stone, standing. With -kó- augmentative clitic: katiAyote?kó• it's a big rock. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nAy- stone, - h n y o t - / -ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: See also Onyota 7 a káPeople of the Standing Stone, Oneida. -nA7uty- v.s. snow in pellets, yon A 7úti it's snowing in pellets. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -nA7and the alternant -uty- of the verb base -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. The root -nA7- is probably also a component in watnA7ú-kwas rice. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i. nA'ú'wa' Temporal particle: now, then. -nh-/-nhak- tie. See -hwanhak-/ -hwanh-/-nhak-/-nh-. .nh-/.nhak- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle. See .hwanhak-/.hwanh-/.nhak-/.nhplus te- dualic. -nhatA- v.a. feel bad, feel disappointed, regret. kenha-tA-se7 I'm feeling bad, lanha-tA-se7 he's feeling bad (e.g., that he can't do anything about it). lonhatA-u he has felt bad. wa7kenha-tA• I regret it, wahanha-tA• he felt bad, Ahanha-tA• he will feel bad. Habitual past: lanha-tA-skwe7 he

used to feel bad. With n- partitive: tsi7 nahanha-tA• he was so disappointed, so regretful. Aspect class: C3. -nha 7 - v.a. hire someone, ask or tell someone to do something, kúnhahse7 I keep hiring you, I ask you to do it, linhahse7 I hire him, lakénhahse7 7 he hires me, lónhahse he hires him, he tells him what to do, shakónhahse7 he hires her or them, yutaténhahse7 she or someone hires her. kunhá-u I have hired you, lonhá u he has hired him, shakotinhá-u they (m.) have hired her or them, luwatinhá-u someone has hired them (m.). wahakénhane7 7 he hired me, wahónhane he hired him, wa7shakónhane7 he hired her or them, wa7ukénhane7 she or they hired me, wa7shakotínhane7 they (m.) hired her or them, wahuwánhane 7 someone or they told him to do it, Akúnhane7 I will hire you, Askénhane 7 you will hire me, Ayesánhane7 someone or they will hire you, Ahuwatínhane7 they will hire them (m.), a-kúnhane7 I would hire you, I would get you to do it, ayutaténhane7 they should tell her to doit. Stative past: linha7ú-ne7 I had hired him. With t- cislocative: utayesánhane7 they should hire you there, utahuwánhane7 they should hire him there. Aspect class: E3. •úhka7 ok wahuwánhane7 7 ya-hatke to-tA-. Someone asked him to look out. (M5) úhka7 yahá-laxve7 utahuwánhane 7 kí7. Whoever arrived there would be hired. (CI) DERIVED BASES: -nha 7 tsl- hired work; -atAnha 7 - hire. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented

Oneida-English

vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -nha'tsl- v. > n. hired work. akenhá-tsli7 my hired person, akonhá-tsli7 her hired person. Prepausal: akonhátsheli7 With -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isak- look for, miss someone: kenha7tsli-sáks I'm looking for work, wakenha7tslisakú I have looked for work, wa7kenha7tsli-sáke7 I looked for work. With -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/ -ya'tolA?- find, discover: kenha7tslo-lA-se7 I keep finding someone to work, wakenha7tslolA-u I have found work, I have found someone to work, wa7kenha7tslo-lAne7 I found work, I found someone to work, wa7katenha7tslo-lAne7 I found, somebody to work or hire. With -yehwa-/-yehwha- be unable to find: wakenha7tslayé-wahse7 I can't find work, Awakenha7tslayé-wha7 I won't find work. COMPOSED OF: -nha 7 - hire someone,

ask or tell someone to do something, -tsi- nominalizer.

DERIVED BASES: - a t e n h a ' t s l u n y A n i -

/-atenha'tslunyA- make someone work as a hired person. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nhe- plus t- cislocative, v.a. stick up for someone, cover for someone. teshakónhes he covers for her, tekhénhes I stick up for her or someone, thínhes I stick up for him. teshakonhé-u he has covered for her. Atkúnhe 7 I will cover for you, Atekhénhe7 I will stick up for her. Aspect class: C2. DERIVED BASES: .atatenhe- plus tetdualic and cislocative, stick up for one another, cover for one another.

585

-nhAh- n. urine. onhAha7 urine. DERIVED BASES: - n h A h a l a k h w a ?

bladder. -nhAhalakhwa? v.a. bladder. kenhAhalákhwa7 my bladder, lanhAhalákhwa7 his bladder, yenhAhalákhwa7 her bladder. COMPOSED OF: -nhAh- urine, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. -nhl- n. disease, kánhla7 disease. DERIVED BASES: -nhlalho- give someone germs, transmit a disease; -nhlayA- have a disease; -nhles- be a disease that's lasting a long time; kanhláksA sexually-transmitted disease. NOTE: The nhl cluster is usually pronounced with an intrusive t, especially when the accent precedes the cluster. For example, kánhla 7 is pronounced kánthla 7. -nhlalho- v.a. give someone germs, transmit a disease, lakenhlálhos he keeps giving me his germs. lakenhlálhu he has given me a disease, wa 7kunhlálho 7 I gave you my germs or a disease, Askenhlálho7 you will give me your germs. Aspect class: E2. •Tá-t nA?ú-wa7 Askenhlálho7 satholyahslú-se. Maybe you'll give me the cold you have. COMPOSED OF: -nhl- disease, -lho-/ -elho- spread with, cover with. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -nhlayA- v.s. have a disease. wakénhlayA7 I have a disease, lónhlayA 7 he has a disease, yakónhlayA7 she has a disease. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nhl- disease, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have.

586

Orieida-English

-nhla'tA- v.s. have gray hair. wakenhlá-tA? I have gray hair, lonhlá-tA7 he has gray hair, yakonhlá-tA7 she has gray hair. Aspect class: B. NOTE: The ? of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nhles- v.s. be a disease that's lasting a long time, kánhles it's a disease or sickness (e.g., a cold) that's hanging on a long time. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nhl- disease, -es-/ -us- be long. -nho- n. door. NOTE: Occurs as a component in several bases having to do with a door, and related to the noun base -nhoh- door. See -nhokahlut- have a door; and -nhotu- close or lock (a door). -nhoh- n. door, kanhóha7 or kánhohe7 door. With - ? ke locative suffix: kanhohá-ke on the door. With .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: a 7éna7kanhóhati7 it's on the other side of the door. With -es-/-us- be long: kanhóhes the door is long. With .hli ? - plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyonhohahlí-u the door is broken. With -lakew-/-ya ? tokew/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7kenhoho-kéwe7 I wiped the door. With -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtakt- attach, put in close contact with: wahanhohanA-tákte7 he put the door up against it. With -nyut-/ -niyut- suspend, hang: kanhohani-yúte7 the door is hanging, wahanhohanyu-tA• he hung the door. •Só-tsi7 kanhóhes wahanhohanyu-tA^. The door was too long that

he hung. DERIVED BASES: - n h o h a k a l e l - b e a

sound at a door; -nhohaya'ak-/ -nhohayA- knock at a door; .nhoho'kaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, burst through a door; tehatenhohótha 7 goalie. NOTE: See also note under -nhodoor. -nhohakalel- v.a. be a sound at a door. wa7onhoha-kálele7 there was a noise at the door. With t- cislocative: tayonhoha-kálele7 over there, there's a noise at the door. COMPOSED OF: -nhoh- door, -lakal-/ -lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl- for a noise to sound. -nhohaya'ak-/-nhohayA- v.a. knock at a door, yenhoháya 7aks she's knocking. wakenhoháyA7 or wakenhohayáku 7 I have knocked. wahanhoháya7ake7 he knocked. With t- cislocative: tayenhoháya7ake7 someone knocked on the door there. Aspect class: B2. COMPOSED OF: -nhoh- door, -ya'ak/-yA- throw a straight object at. DERIVED BASES: - n h o h a y a ' a k h u -

knock persistently. NOTE: The alternant -nhohaya ? akoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before the -hu- distributive suffix. Both alternants are attested in the stative aspect. -nhohaya'akhu- v.a. knock persistently. tyenhohaya7ákhuhe7 she's knocking at the door (while she's on the other side of the door), yeyenhohaya7ákhuhe7 she's knocking on the door (while she's on the same side of the door as me and perhaps she has her back to me). wa 7enhohaya 7ákhu7 or tayenhohaya7ákhu 7 she knocked at

Oneida-English

the door. COMPOSED OF: - n h o h a y a 7 a k - /

-nhohayA- knock at a door, -hudistributive. NOTE: Usually occurs with one of the locative prefixes. .nhoho 7 kaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. burst through a door. thanhoho7kátha7 he comes in bursting through the door, yehanhoho7kátha7 he goes in bursting through the door. yewakenhoho7káhtu I have gone in bursting through the door. ya7kenhohó-kahte7 I went in bursting through the door, yahanhohó-kahte7 he went in bursting through the door. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Includes the t- cislocative or y- translocative prefix and the noun base -nhoh- door; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nhokahlut- v.s. have a door. yonhoká-lute7 it has a door, (it's) a doorway. With t- cislocative: tyonhoká-lute7 the doorway there. And tsi ? particle: tsi7 tyonhoká-lute7 at the door. Aspect class: F. •Yonhoká-lute7 ki7 uhte wí- né• nók tsi7 yáh kwí- te7kanho-tú-. It has a door but it wasn't closed. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -nho- door, -kahlutbe an opening, be a hole. DERIVED BASES: -nhokahlutu- have doors. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nhokahlutu- v.s. have doors. yonhokahlu-tú• it has doors. With

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te 7 - negative: yáh te7yonhokahlu-túit doesn't have doors. With te 7 snegative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyonhokahlu-tú• it doesn't have doors anymore. Aspect class: B. • Ahsu kwahotokA te7yotéhsu7 ókhna7 ya7akwanáklate7, yáh te7yonhokahlu-tú\ It wasn't even finished (and) right away we moved in, it didn't have doors on it. (Ol) COMPOSED OF: -nhokahlut- have a door, -u- distributive. -nhoskw- n. mouthful, inside of the mouth, onhóskwa7 mouthful. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a7é• nihanhóskwa7 he has such a big mouthful. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: kenhoskowanA I have a big mouthful, lanhoskowanA he has a big mouthful. With .N-t-/ .ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skanhóskwat one mouthful. DERIVED BASES: - n h o s k w a l - j o w l ;

-atenhoskohale- rinse one's mouth; -atenhoskwik- get a mouthful. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. See also -unhAskwakenhemumble. -nhoskwal- n. jowl, onhóskwala7 jowl. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth; otherwise the composition is unclear. See also tyonhúskwalut cow. -nhotu- v.a. close or lock (a door). kenho-túhe7 I'm closing the door. wakenho-tú• I have closed the door, lonho-tú- he has closed the door. wa7kenho-tú- I closed the door, wahanho-tú- he closed the door, Ahsenho-tú• you will close the door, Ayenho-tú- she will close the door. senho-tú Close the door! With te 7 -

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the door isn't closed. Aspect class: Bl. • Senhotú kwi• tákA7 utahutáyaht tsí-ks. Close the door so the flies don't come in! DERIVED BASES: -nhotukw- open a door; -nhotunyu- close several doors; -nhotu'n- go close a door; -atenhotuclose a door for oneself, for a door to close; -atA?Ahlanhotu- close a gate; -wisanhotu- close a window; -nhotube in jail; kahnekanho-tú- dam. NOTE: Probably includes a noun root -nho-, which is related to the noun base -nhoh- door; but the composition is unclear. With an incorporated noun, this base can refer to closing openings other than doors. n e g a t i v e : yáh te7kanho-tú•

-nhotu- v.s. be in jail, kenho-tú• I'm in jail, lanho-tú• he's in jail. Habitual past: lanho-túhkwe7 he was in jail, ninho-túhkwe7 the two (m.) were in jail. Aspect class: B. • ókhna 7 né• shotiyakA-u ninho-túhkwe7. Already they're out of jail again. DERIVED BASES: y u t a t e n h o t ú k h w a ?

jail. NOTE: This base is the same base as -nhotu- close or lock (a door), but in the meaning 'be in jail' it occurs only in the stative aspect and requires agent prefixes. -nhotukw- v.a. open a door. kenhotúkwas I'm opening the door. lonhotúkwA he has opened the door. kanhotúkwA the door is open. wa7kenhotu-kó• I opened the door, Ayenhotu-kó• she will open the door. senhotu-kó Open the door! With tsh- coincident: tsha7enhotu-kówhen she or someone opened the door. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -nhotu- close or lock (a door), -kw- reversative.

DERIVED BASES: -nhotukwaht- open a door with something; .nhotukwahtplus t- cislocative, open a door with force; -atenhotukw- open a door for oneself, for a door to open. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

-nhotukwaht- v.a. open a door with something, kenhotukwátha 7 I open the door with it (e.g., a knife). wa7kenhotúkwahte7 I opened the door with it. COMPOSED OF: -nhotukw- Open a door, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .nhotukwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. open a door with force. tahanhotúkwahte7 he threw open the door, takanhotúkwahte7 it blew the door open. • Yowelutú takanhotúkwahte7 A (gust of) wind blew the door open. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -nhotukw- open a door, -ht- causative. -nhotunyu- v.a. close several doors. wa7kenhotúni7 I closed all the doors, wa 7enhotúni7 she closed the doors. COMPOSED OF: -nhotu- close or lock (a door), -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: - n h o t u n y u h a t y e -

close doors one after the other. NOTE: Many speakers have -nhotuni- before a final 7 . -nhotunyuhatye- v.m. close doors one after the other, wakenhotunyuháti7 I'm closing the doors one after the other. COMPOSED OF: -nhotunyu- close several doors, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nhotunyuhati- before a final 7 .

Oneida-English

-nhotu'n- v.m. go close a door. kenhotú-ne7 I came here to close the door. wa7kenhotú-na7 I'm going there to close the door. With srepetitive: skenhotú-ne7 I'm going to close the door again. COMPOSED OF: -nhotu- close or lock (a door), - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nho'kw- n. cheek, onhó-kwa7 cheek. With -ke locative clitic: kenho7kwá-ke (on) my cheeks, senho7kwá-ke (on) your cheeks, yenho7kwá-ke (on) her cheeks, lanho7kwá-ke (on) his cheeks. With -shuha collective clitic: onho7kwa7shúha cheeks, buttocks. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: a7é• na7tehanhó-kzvahse7 he has such big cheeks. With .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: na7teyenho7kó-tAhse7 the kind of cheeks she has. DERIVED BASES: -nho'kwakahluthave a dimple. NOTE: Possibly includes -o'kwround object. The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -nho'kwakahlut- v.s. have a dimple. yakonho7kwaká-lute7 she has a dimple, lonho7kwaká-lute7 he has a dimple. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nho'kw- cheek, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. DERIVED BASES: -nho'kwakahlutuhave dimples. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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-nho'kwakahlutu- v.s. have dimples. yakonho7kwakahlu-tú• she has dimples. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nho'kwakahluthave a dimple, -u- distributive. -nhuhl- n. underarm, armpit. With - ? ke locative suffix: kenhuhlá-ke on my underarm (e.g., I might say this if my arm is raised above my head). With -oku locative suffix: kenhuhlokú my underarm, senhuhlokú your underarm, lanhuhlokú his underarm, yenhuhlokú her underarm. Prepausal: yenhuhlo kú. With -akla 7 -/ -kla ? - smell, stink, and te- dualic: tehanhuhláklahse7 his armpits smell. With -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: wa7katenhuhlóhale7 I washed my underarm or my armpit. -nhuskal- n. hip. onhúskala7 hip. With -ke locative clitic: kenhuskalá-ke my hips, senhuskalá-ke your hips, lanhuskalá-ke his hips, yenhuskalá-ke her hips. With .atya'k- plus te- dualic, become broken: wa7tkatenhuskályahke7 I broke my hip. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakenhuskalanú-waks I have a pain in my hips. -nhut- v.s. have in one's mouth. wakénhute7 I have something in my mouth (without swallowing it), lónhute7 he has it in his mouth, yakónhute 7 she has it in her mouth. Habitual past: lonhu-táhkwe7 he had it in his mouth. Future stative: Ahonhu-táke? he will have it in his mouth. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: - n h u t a t y e - g o a l o n g

having something in one's mouth;

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Orieida-English

-atenhutakw- take out of one's mouth; -atenhuta'- put into one's mouth; -nawilanhut- have dentures; -yu'kwanhut- have tobacco in one's mouth. -nhutatye- v.m. go along having something in one's mouth, lonhutáti7 he's going along with it in his mouth. COMPOSED OF: -nhut- have in one's mouth, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nhutati- before a final -nhwal- n. fur. ónhwale7 fur. laónhwale7 his fur. DERIVED BASES: -nhwalot- have fur; onhwalá n e ' caterpillar. -nhwalot- v.s. have fur. wakenhwa-lóte7 I have fur, lonhwa-lóte7 he has fur. Aspect class: F. • WahA-lu7 yákA7 "wakenhwa•lóte7 ni7v" khále7 wahA-lu7 "Akkwe-ní- AkahtA-tí• isi7 áti wika 7ikA." He (the bat) said, so they say, "as for me, I have fur" and he said "I'm able to walk away anyway." (RC) COMPOSED OF: -nhwal- fur, -hnyot-/

-ot- stand something upright, have. ni- pref. how, so. Partitive. ni-/n-/y-/-hni-/-hn-/-hy- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants ni-, n-, and y-

occur word-initially; the alternants -hni-, -hn-, and -hy- occur after another prefix. The alternants niand -hni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants n- and -hn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternants y-

and -hy- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. -ni-/-A- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -ni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -Aoccurs in the punctual aspect. -ni-/-?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -ni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, - ? soccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of - ? s- is replaced by length in accented syllables, and it is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ni-/-hahs- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant -ni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -hahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -niha- v.a. lend to someone. yukníhA she or someone has lent it to me. wa 7ukníha 7 she or someone lent it to me, wa 7sheniha 7 you lent it to her or someone, wa7esaníha7 she or someone lent it to you, wa 7shakoníha7 he lent it to her or them. With -hwistmetal, money, dollar: khehwistaníhas I lend money to her or someone, wa 7kuhwistaníha 7 I lent you money, ahihwistaníha 7 I should lend him money, takhwistaníha Lend me some money! With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: lakhyatuhslaníhA he has lent me a book. With - ? sleht- vehicle: wahake7slehtaníha7 he lent me a 7 I lent her a car, wa 7khe7slehtaníha car. Aspect class: D2. • úhka 7 wa 7sheníha7. Who did you lend it to? úhka 7 wa 7esaníha7. Who lent it to you? Wahake7slehta7 niha Mary akó-slet. He lent me Mary's car.

Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: -atAniha- borrow. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. nihatí Quantity particle: there are that many of them. Pre-pausal: niha-tí. NOTE: See .ati- plus n- partitive, be that many. nihsya'tó tA Look at you! COMPOSED OF: -hs- second person singular agent, .ya'to'tA- plus npartitive, be the way someone looks. nikaha wí- it's (taking place) at this time or era. See -hawi-. nikále 7 Temporal particle: it's that time. COMPOSED OF: n- partitive, kaneuter agent, -1- be in or on, -e 7 stative. nikX- It could be. Oh what is it now? -nikAhtle- v.s. be handsome. knikAhtle7 I'm nice-looking (a male speaking), lanikAhtle7 he's nicelooking. Pre-pausal: lanikAhtele7 Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t n i k A h t l e -

consider oneself good-looking. NOTE: Also related to -nikAhtlAha /-nikAhtlA- be a male adolescent. -nikAhtlAha/-nikAhtlA- v.s. be a male adolescent. lanikAhtlAha he's a person in his late teens. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: - n i k A h t l A ' t s l -

boyfriend. NOTE: The alternant -nikAhtlAha includes a component -nikAhtlA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -nikAhtlA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix. See also -nikAhtle- be handsome.

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-nikAhtlA'tsl- v. > n. boyfriend. akonikAhtlX-tsli7 her boyfriend. Pre-pausal: akonikAhtlA-tshelP. With -yAta7- get, obtain: uknikAhtlA?tslayA-táne7 I got a boyfriend. COMPOSED OF: -nikAhtlAha/ -nikAhtlA- be a male adolescent, - ? tsl- nominalizer. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ní-ki proper name. Amelia, Nellie, Helen. nikú Quantity particle: so many. Prepausal: ni-kú. COMPOSED OF: n- partitive, kufeminine-zoic plural agent. nikutí Quantity particle: there are that many of them (z.). Pre-pausal: niku-tí. COMPOSED OF: ku- feminine-zoic plural agent, .ati- plus n- partitive, be that many. -nikwAhs- n. blood. onikwAhsa7 blood. With -eka ? -/-ekaw-/-ka ? -/ -kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: lonikwAhsa-ká-se7 he likes the taste of blood, he's a vampire. With -osku- all, most, the majority: onikwAhsósku7 it has blood all over, it's all bloody. DERIVED BASES: -nikwAhsal- have blood on. -nikwAhsal- v.s. have blood on. yonikwAhsale7 it has blood on it, lonikwAhsale7 he has blood on him. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhs- blood, -1be in or on. -nikwAhtal- n. red. onikwAhtala7 red. With -N-iyo- be good: kanikwAhtalíyó it's a pretty red.

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Orieida-English

And n- partitive: nikanikwAhtaliyó it's such a pretty red. With .ukohtplus te- dualic, force through, penetrate: wa?thanikwAhtalu-kóhte? he turned red, he blushed, wa7tyenikwAhtalu-kóhte7 she turned red. DERIVED BASES: -nikwAhtalalho-

put lipstick on someone; -atnikwAhtalalho- put on lipstick; kanikwAhtalawískla? pink; onikwAhtalá- cardinal; onikwAhtala 7 nikahtehló tA beet; tewatnikwAhtálya'ks bloodroot. -nikwAhtalalho- v.a. put lipstick on someone. wa7khenikwAhtalálho7 I put lipstick on her. COMPOSED OF: -nikwAhtal- red, -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with. -nikwA't- n. belly. onikwA-ta7 belly. With -é ne locative clitic: knikwA7té-ne my belly, snikwA7té-ne your belly, lanikwA7té-ne his belly, yenikwA7té-ne her belly, tninikwA7té-ne your and my, our (incl.) bellies. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: waknikwA 7tanú-waks I have a bellyache. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise- pref. Partitive and repetitive (partitive and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant

nise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nis- occurs. nisé- you. Emphatic pronoun. nise- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. .niskuwal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have a dirty face, tewaknisku-wále7 I have a dirty face, tehonisku-wále7 he has a dirty face, teyakonisku-wále7 she has a dirty face. Habitual past: tehonisku-wálahkwe7 he had a dirty face. Future stative: tAhonisku-wálake7 he will have a dirty face. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .atniskuwaluni-

plus te- dualic, dirty one's face. niswatí Quantity particle: there are that many of you (plural). Prepausal: niswa-tí. COMPOSED OF: sw- second person plural agent, .ati- plus n- partitive, be that many. nit-/niti-/nite- pref. Partitive and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant niti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nitoccurs. nite- pref. Partitive and cislocative. See nit-/niti-/nite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. niti- pref. Partitive and cislocative. See nit-/niti-/nite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent pre-

Oneida-English

fixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nits- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nitsi- pref. Partitive and repetitive. See nis-/nits-/nitsi-/nise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nitstakwal- n. dirty things. onitsta-kwála7 dirty clothes. With -na ? nawAht-/-nawAht- soak something: knitstakwalanawXtha7 I'm soaking dirty clothes. DERIVED BASES: - n i t s t a k w a l a l - b e

dirty. NOTE: This base may include a root -nitstakw-, which occurs in -nitstakwalohlok-/-nitstakwalohlgather up dirty laundry. -nitstakwalal- v.s. be dirty. yonitsta-kwálale7 it's dirty (e.g., laundry). Habitual past: yonitsta-kwálalahkwe7 it was dirty. Future stative: Ayonitsta-kwálalake7 it will be dirty. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwal- dirty things, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: - n i t s t a k w a l a l h o -

get someone dirty; -nitstakwalala 7 get dirty. -nitstakwalala 7 - v.a. get dirty. uknitsta-kwálalane7 I got dirty, wahonitsta-kwálalane7 he got dirty, iva7akonitsta-kwálalane7 she got dirty. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwalal- be

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dirty,

inchoative. 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. NOTE: The final

-nitstakwalalho- v.a. get someone dirty, kunitstakwalálhos I get you dirty, kunilstakwalálhu I have gotten you dirty. wa7kutiitstakwalálho7 I got you dirty, wa7khenitstakwalálho7 I got her dirty, wahaknitstakwalálho7 he got me dirty. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nitstakwalal- be dirty, -ho- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t n i t s t a k w a l a l h o -

get dirty. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -nitstakwalohlok-/-nitstakwalohlv.a. gather up dirty laundry. yenitstakwaló-loks she's gathering up dirty laundry. yakonitstakivaló-lu she has gathered up dirty laundry. •wa7enitstakwaló-loke7 she gathered up the dirty laundry. Aspect class: A2. NOTE: Composed of a root -nitstakw- and the verb base -lohlok/-lohl- gather. A root -nitstakwoccurs also in -nitstakwal- dirty things. The alternant -nitstakwalohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -nitstakwalohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. nitwatí Quantity particle: there are that many of us (incl.). Pre-pausal: nitwa-tí. COMPOSED OF: tw- first person inclusive plural agent, .ati- plus npartitive, be that many.

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Orieida-English

niwahu níse' how it was a long time ago. See wahu-níse'. niwáshA so many tens. See .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive. niyakwatí Quantity particle: there are that many of us (excl.). Prepausal: niyakwa-tí. COMPOSED OF: yakw- first person exclusive plural agent, .ati- plus npartitive, be that many. niyo lé- it's that far. See -le-. Ni yót Look 'it! COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .ht- plus n- partitive, be how it is, be a certain way or manner.

-niyut- suspend, hang. See-nyut-/ -niyut-. -ni'- v.s. be stingy, wakní-u I'm stingy, loní-u he's stingy, yakoní-u she's stingy. Aspect class: E. NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. ni'í- I, we, me, us. Emphatic pronoun. -nlaht- n. leaf, ónlahte7 leaf. With -shuha collective clitic: onlahte7shúha leaves. With -ku locative suffix and -shu ? collective clitic: onlahtakúshu7 in through the leaves. With -a7sA7-/-A7- fall: yonlahtA-u the leaves are falling, wa?kanláhtAne7 the leaves fell, akanláhtAne7 the leaves should fall. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanláhtake two leaves. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA nikanláhtake three leaves. With .N-ke- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic or nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya7tekanláhtake (there are) all different kinds of leaves. With .te-

plus th- contrastive, be different: thikanláhtate7 it's a different leaf. With - ? kel-/- ? kl-/-ya ? ta 7 kel-/ -ya?ta ? kl- float, drift, and y- translocative: yeyonlahta7kélha7 the leaves are floating in it. With -'klunyu- float, several: yonlahta7klúnyuhe7 leaves are floating. DERIVED BASES: . n l a h t a w i - /

.nlahtu- plus t- cislocative, hand someone (tobacco) leaves; -nlahtutbe leaves, attached; .anlahtanekaluplus te- dualic, for leaves to burst open; onlahtakáhtu 7 lettuce; síksik aotínlahte7 mullein; yonlahtu-tás poplar. NOTE: The nl cluster of this base is often pronounced with an intrusive t, especially when the accent precedes the cluster. For example, ónlahte7 is pronounced óntlahte7. ,nlahtawi-/.nlahtu- plus t- cislocative, v.a. hand someone (tobacco) leaves. tekhenlahta-wíhe7 I'm handing tobacco leaves to her or them. tahinláhtu 7 I handed tobacco leaves to him, Atyakhinláhtu

7

we two or we

all (excl.) will hand leaves to her or them, utakhenláhtu7 I should hand leaves to someone, utashenláhtu 7 you should hand leaves to someone, utayakonláhtu 7 she (z.) should hand leaves to someone. •NA Akeshwanú-wake7 tsi7 yáh 7 7 7 te salA nhá-u utashenláhtu . I have a sore back because you don't know how to hand leaves. (03) COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, .awi-/ .U-/.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. NOTE: The alternant .nlahtawioccurs in the habitual aspect, .nlahtu- occurs in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-English

-nlahtut- v.s. be leaves, attached. yonláhtute7 (there are) leaves (on trees). Aspect class: F. •Nále7 tú-ske7 wahsohkwi-yó-se7 7 yonláhtute kaluto-tú\ They're truly nice colours, the leaves on the trees. COMPOSED OF: -nlaht- leaf, -N-utattach, be attached. -nlAh- n. worm, intestinal parasite. onlAha7 worm, intestinal parasite. DERIVED BASES: .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic, for one's stomach to growl; onlXha7 yotílyos worm powder. .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic, v.a. for one's stomach to growl. wa7tkenlAha-kálele7 my stomach growled, wa7thanlAha-kálele7 his stomach growled, wa7tyenlAha-kálele7 her stomach growled. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nlAhworm, intestinal parasite, -lakal-/ -lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/ -kalehl- for a noise to sound. -nli'tst- n. bellybutton. onlí-tsta7 bellybutton. With -ke locative clitic: kenli7tstá-ke my bellybutton, senli7tstá-ke your bellybutton, lanli7tstá-ke his bellybutton, yenli7tstá-ke her bellybutton. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tst cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nohale-/-ya'tohale-/-ohale- v.a. wash, knóhalehe7 I'm washing it, liya7tóhalehe7 I'm washing him. waknóhale I have washed it, liya7tóhale I have washed him. wa 7knóhale 7 I washed it, wa7enóhale7 she washed it, wahiya7tóhale7 I washed him, Aknóhale 7 I will wash it, Ahsnóhale7 you will wash it. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot:

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wa7kheyahsi7tóhale7 I washed her feet, wahiyahsi7tóhale7 I washed his feet. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa7uhyóhale7 she washed the fruit. With -atokwa't-/ -atokwa ? tsl- spoon: wa 7utokwa 7tslóhale7 she washed the spoon. With -a ? shal- knife, sickle: wa7u7shalóhale7 she washed the knife. With -hnana ? t- potato: wa7ehnana7tóhale7 she washed the potato. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa7keksóhale7 I washed the dish. With -kuhs-/-kuks- face, mask: wahikuhsóhale7 I washed his face, wa7khekuhsóhale7 I washed her face, wa7kkuhsóhale7 I washed her (z.) or its face. With -shnuhs-/ -ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers: wa7kheshnuhsóhale7 I washed her hand. With -shu ? kal- board, floor: wa7keshu7kalóhale7 I washed the floor. With-uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, and s- repetitive: Atsyuhutsyóhale7 it will clean the earth again. With -wis- ice, glass, window: lawisóhalehe7 he washes windows, wa7ewisóhale7 she washed the glass. With - ? slehtvehicle: ke7slehtóhalehe7 I wash cars, wa7ke7slehtóhale7 I washed the car. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: - n o h a l e n y u - /

-ohalenyu- wash several; -nohale 7 n/-ohale'n- go to wash; -nohale'se-/ -nohale 7 s-/-ohale ? se-/-ohale ? swash for someone; -ahtsyohalewash the hands; -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself; kanAstóhale cornbread; onohalé tha' soap. NOTE: The alternant -ya'tohaleoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternant -ohale- occurs with

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incorporated nouns. The alternant -nohale- is composed of an empty noun root -n- and a verb root -ohale-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. •nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu- v.a. wash several, knohalényuhe7 I'm washing things, waknohaléni7 I have washed them, kanohaléni7 they're washed, wahanohaléni7 he washed them, Aknohaléni7 I will wash them, Ahsnohalétti7 you will wash them, snohaléni Wash them! Habitual past: kanohalenyúhahkwe7 she used to wash. Future habitual: Akanohalenyúhake7 she (z.) will be washing. Future stative: Akanohalényuke 7 they will be washed. Optative stative: akanohalényuke7 they should be washed. With -atlahti-/ -atlahti ? tsl- sock, stocking: yutlahti7tslohalényuhe7 she's washing socks. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: keksohalényuhe7 I'm washing dishes, saksohaléni7 you have washed the dishes, wa7eksohaléni7 she washed the dishes, Akeksohaléni7 I will wash the dishes. And s- repetitive: sayeksohaléni7 she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaléni7 she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaléni7 they (z.) should wash the dishes again. And t- cislocative: tayeksohaléni7 there she washed the dishes, Atyeksohaléni7 there she will wash the dishes. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/

-ya?tohale-/-ohale- wash, -nyudistributive. DERIVED BASES: -nohalenyu'n- go to

wash several; -at-N-ohalenyu- wash several for oneself; kanohaléni 7 / kanohalényu7 laundry; kanohalenyu'tákhwa' washing machine; yenohalenyu'tákhwa 7 washtub. NOTE: The alternant -ohalenyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -nohaleni- and -ohaleni- before a final 7 . -nohalenyu'n- v.m. go to wash several. knohalenyú-ne7 I'm going to wash things, kanohalenyú-ne7 she (z.) is going to wash them. wa7knohalenyú-na7 I'm on my way to wash them. COMPOSED OF: -nohalenyu-/

-ohalenyu- wash several, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nohale ? n-/-ohale ? n- v.m. go to wash. knohalé-nehse 7 I go there to wash something. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa7keksohalé-na7 I'm going to wash the dish. With -nAst- corn: wa7kriAstohalé-na7 I'm going to wash corn. With - ? sleht- vehicle: la7slehtohalé-ne7 he's going to wash the car, la7slehtohalé-nehse7 he goes to wash cars, lo7slehtohalé-nu he has gone to wash the car, waha7slehtohalé-na7 he's on his way to wash the car. Aspect class: H. •Kanatá-ke wahawehtuháti7 waha7slehtohalé-na7 laó-slet. He's on his way to town to wash his car. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/

-ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash, - ? ndislocative. DERIVED BASES: - a t - N - o h a l e ' n - go

to wash something for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -ohale'noccurs with incorporated nouns. The 7

Oneida-English

of the ? n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nohale?se-/-nohale ? s-/-ohale?se-/ -ohale's- v.a. wash for someone. kunohalé-sehe7 I wash it for you. wa7kunóhalehse7 I washed it for you. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa 7kheyahyóhalehse7 I washed the fruit for her. With -shu ? kalboard, floor: wa 7kheshu 7kalóhalehse 7 I washed the floor for her. With -?slehtvehicle: wa7ku7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for you, wahi7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. COMPOSED OF: -nohale-/

-ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash, - ? se-/- ? sbenefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t - N - o h a l e ' s -

wash for someone. NOTE: The alternants -ohale ? seand -ohale ? s- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants -nohale?se- and -ohale ? se- occur in the habitual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternants -nohale ? sand -ohale ? s- occur in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -nohkw- n. bundle, pouch, kanóhkwa7 a small bundle or pouch (e.g., a tobacco pouch). DERIVED BASES: -nohkwanhak-/ -nohkwanh- tie a bundle of cloth. -nohkwanhak-/-nohkwanh- v.a. tie a bundle of cloth, knohkwánhaks I'm tying up the bundle of cloth (e.g., the top of a grain bag). waknohkwánhA I have tied it. kanohkwánhA it's tied. wa7knohkwánhake7 I tied it.

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Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: -nohkw- bundle, pouch, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak/-nh- tie. NOTE: The alternant

-nohkwanhak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -nohkwanhoccurs in the stative aspect. nók Affirmative particle: just then, exactly then. NOTE: Often occurs with temporal expressions. nók tsi? but. -nol- n. cornhusk. ono-lá• mat, cornhusk mat or rug. DERIVED BASES: -nolotshyu- husk corn. -nolotshyu- v.a. husk corn. latinolótshyus they (m.) are husking corn, wa 7knolótshi7 I husked corn. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyehatinolótshyus they (m.) are husking corn there. •Ké-yale7 n a7É• SÁ• Dutton nényehatinolótshyus, katsyapslanákle7 s latinolótshyus olihwakayú. I remember too they were husking corn in Dutton, there were a lot of jobs husking corn a long time ago. (CI) COMPOSED OF: -nol- cornhusk,

-otshyu-/-otshy- pull out. DERIVED BASES: -nolotshyu'n- go to husk corn. NOTE: Many speakers have -nolotshi- before a final 7 . -nolotshyu'n- v.m. go to husk corn. wa7knolutshyú-na7 I'm going to go husk corn, Aknolotshyú-na7 I will go to husk corn. COMPOSED OF: -nolotshyu- husk corn, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. -nolu- v.s. be expensive, kano-lw it's expensive. Secondary habitual: kano-lú-se7 they're expensive. With n- partitive: nikano-lú- it costs so much, it's so expensive. And secondary habitual: nikano-lú-se7 it's all so expensive. With -hna'tal-/ -hna'tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna7tatslanolú• the purse or suitcase is expensive. With -nuhshouse, building: kanuhsano-lú• the house is expensive. With - ? slehtvehicle: ka7slehtano-lú• the car is expensive. Aspect class: B. • To- nikanoTú-. How much does it cost? Só-tsi7 kano-lú- ka7i-kA. This costs too much. DERIVED BASES: -noluhkw- love someone; Kanaktano-lú- A Precious Place; ohwistano lú- gold, silver. -nolu- v.a. get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. wakno-lúhe7 I'm getting stuck, I have a hard time doing something, I can't do it. ukno-lú• I got stuck, I couldn't quite make it, it got me down, wahonodú• he couldn't quite make it, wa7ono-lú- she (z.) or it couldn't quite make it. With t- cislocative: tayukwano-lú• we were short (something), we didn't quite make it. •NX kA wesano-lw. Did it get you down? DERIVED BASES: - n o l u h s l u ' n e - go

along getting stuck; -nolu ? se-/-nolu ? sbe lazy, tire of, become done in; -atAnolustAni-/-atAnolustA- be in a bind; -nawa'tstanolu- get stuck in mud; -nyAhtanolu- get stuck in snow; tyonolúhe? before. -nolu- kin term, stepparent, stepchild. yuknolú my stepmother, khenolú my

stepdaughter, linolú my stepson. Prepausal: lino-lú. -noluhkw- v.a. love someone. kunolúkhwa 7 I love you, linolúkhwa 7 I love him, khenolúkhwa 7 I love her, knolúkhwa7 I love her (z.) or it, yuknolúkhwa 7 she loves me, lonolúkhwa 7 she (z.) loves him, shakwanolúkhwa 7 we (excl.) love him, shukwanolúkhwa7 he loves us. Ahino-lúhkwe7 I will love him. Habitual past: linolúkhwahkwe7 I used to love him. Future habitual: Ahinolúkhwake7 I will be loving him. COMPOSED OF: -nolu- be expensive, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: -nolukhwahsllove. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . -noluhslu'ne- v.m. go along getting stuck, waknoluhslú-ne7 I'm going along but I keep getting stuck, I'm unable to do things. wahonoluhslú-ne7 he's going away getting stuck. COMPOSED OF: -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -hslu- distributive, - ? neambulative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nolukhwahsl- v. > n. love. kanolukhwáhsla7 love. COMPOSED OF: -noluhkw- love someone, -ha ? habitual, -hslnominalizer. -nolu?se-/-nolu's- v.a. be lazy, tire of, become done in. waknolú-sehe7 I'm lazy, I'm feeling lazy,

Oneida-English

yakonolú-sehe7 she's feeling lazy, she's lazy (a lazy person), lonolú-sehe7 he's lazy, lotinolú-sehe7 they (m.) are lazy, ukno-lú-se7 I got tired of it, I got bored, wa7akono-lú-se7 it got her down, she got tired of it, wahono-lú-se7 he got tired of it, wa7ukwano-lú-se7 we got tired of it, Awakno-lú-se7 I will get lazy. Habitual past: waknolu7séhahkwe7 I used to be lazy. Stative past: waknolu7se-hnéI was lazy. Future habitual: Awaknolu7séheke7 I will be lazy. With n- partitive: tsi7 niwaknolú-sehe7 I'm so lazy, niyotinolú-sehe7 they (z.) are so lazy, nAsano'lú-se7 where or when you will get that tired or that lazy. • NA ki7 i-wélhe7 Awakano-lú-se7 I'm getting lazy (literally, it wants me to get lazy). COMPOSED OF: -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -nolu ? seoccurs in the habitual aspect, -nolu ? soccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .no'kal- plus te- dualic, v.a. grind one's teeth, teknó-kalhe7 I'm grinding my teeth, tehsnó-kalhe7 you're grinding your teeth, tehanó-kalhe7 he's grinding his teeth, teyenó-kalhe7 she's grinding her teeth. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nú- Classificatory particle: place. NOTE: Must occur with an expression of place or time. For example, tsi7nú- where, wherever, whenever, kátsha7 nú- where, somewhere, kAh

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nú- over here, here is where, thó núthat's where or when, sok nú- someplace. nu- pref. Partitive and factual mode. See na ? -/na-/ne-/nu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nu suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some motion verb bases that end in e. -nuhake' suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nu. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -nu, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, v.a. greet someone, thank someone. wa 7tkunuhela-tú• I greet you, I thank you, wa7teshakonuhela-tú• he thanked her or them. DERIVED BASES: . n u h e l a t u k h w a ?

/.nuhwelatukhwa 7 plus te- dualic, be an aunt, father's sister; TehutAnuhela túhe' November. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .nuhelatukhwa7 /.nuhwelatukhwa 7 plus te- dualic, v.a. be an aunt, father's sister, teyuknuhelatúkhwa7 my aunt, tekhenuhelatúkhwa7 my niece, I'm her aunt.

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COMPOSED OF: .nuhelatu-/

.nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, greet someone, thank someone, -hkwinstrumental, -ha? habitual. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. M.D. recalls that her aunt used to introduce her as kheyAha tekhenuhelatúkhwa 7 'my daughter, I greet her'. nuhkli-/.nuhklik- plus te- dualic, v.s. have curly hair, teyakonúhkli she has curly hair. Pre-pausal: teyakonúhkeli. Stative past: teyakonuhkli-hné• her hair was curly. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic, have curly hair all over; .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl someone's hair. NOTE: The alternant .nuhkli- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -st- causative suffix. The alternant .nuhklik- occurs before the -hudistributive suffix. .nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic, v.s. have curly hair all over. teyakonuhklíkhu7 her hair is really curly, full of tight little curls (generally said only if someone has short hair), tehonuhklíkhu7 his hair is curly. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .nuhkli-/.nuhklik-

plus te- dualic, have curly hair, -hudistributive. .nuhklist- plus te- dualic, v.a. curl someone's hair, tekunuhklísta7 I'm curling your hair, tekunuhklístu I have curled your hair, tekhenuhklístu I have curled her hair, teyuknuhklístu she or someone has curled my hair. wa7tyuknúhkliste7 she or someone curled my hair, wa7tekhenúhkliste7 I curled her hair, tAkunúhkliste7 I

will curl your hair. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .nuhkli-/.nuhklik-

plus te- dualic, have curly hair, -stcausative. DERIVED BASES: .nuhklista? plus tedualic, be a hairdresser; .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic, curl one's hair; teyutatnuhklistákhwa? beauty salon. .nuhklista? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a hairdresser, teyakonuhklísta7 (she's a) hairdresser, tekhenuhklísta7 I'm a hairdresser, teshakonuhklísta7 (he's a) hairdresser. With tsh- coincident, and habitual past: oye-lí- niyohslaké tsha 7tekhenuhklístahkwe7 for ten years I was a hairdresser. COMPOSED OF: .nuhklist- plus tedualic, curl someone's hair, -ha? habitual. -nuhkwale'tes- v.s. have long hair. rvaknuhkwalé-tes I have long hair, lonuhkwalé-tes he has long hair, yakonuhkwalé-tes she has long hair. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Includes the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhkwalu- v.a. cut someone's hair. lonúhkivalus he or she (z.) cut his hair, lonuhkwalú he has cut his hair, wahaknúhkwalu7 he cut my hair. Aspect class: A2. -nuhkwa?t-/-nuhkwa ? tsl- v. > n. medicine, pepper. onúhkzva7t medicine, pepper. Pre-pausal: onúhkwaht. akonúhkwa7t her medicine, ukwanúhkwa7t our medicine. With .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around: tekatnuhkwa7ts!okwátha7 I'm

Oneida-English

always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkiva7tslokwáhtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa7tslókwahte7 I will put medicine around. With -hninu?n- go to buy: lanuhkwa7tslahninú-nehse7 he goes to buy medicine. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikanuhkwa?tsló-tA the kind of medicine it is. With - 7 shatste-/ -'shatstA- be strong, be forceful: kanuhkwa7tsla7shátste7 it's strong medicine or pepper. •Inú lanuhkwa7tslahninú-nehse7 7 tsi nikanuhkwa?tsló-tA látsta7. He goes a long ways to buy the kind of medicine that he uses. DERIVED BASES:

yenuhkwa'tslalákhwa' pepper shaker. NOTE: The alternant -nuhkwa ? toccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, -nuhkwa'tsl- is the incorporating form. -nuhkwis-/-nuhkwisl- n. hair. onúhkwis hair, aknúhkwis my hair, sanúhkwis your hair, akonúhkwis her hair, laonúhkwis his hair, ukttinúhkwis our (dual) hair, sninúhkwis your (dual) hair, ukwanúhkivis our (plural) hair, swanúhkwis your (plural) hair, laotinúhkwis their (m.) hair, aotinúhkwis their (z.) hair. With -es-/-us- be long: yakonuhkzvísles she has long hair, lonuhkwísles he has long hair. And n- partitive: niyakonuhkwísles she has such long hair, nikanuhkwisles it's such long hair. With .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short: kA 7 nihonuhkwislésha he has short hair. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: yakonuhkwislaká-te7 she has

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lots of hair.

DERIVED BASES: -nuhkwislot- have hair; -nuhkwisluty- lose one's hair; -atnuhkwislAht- for one's hair to fall out; onhéhta7 onúhkwis porcupine quills. NOTE: The alternant -nuhkwisoccurs in the basic noun form and the possessed forms, -nuhkwisl- is the incorporating form.

-nuhkwislot- v.s. have hair. yonuhkwíslote7 she (z.) or it has hair, yakonuhkwíslote7 she has hair, lonuhkwíslote7 he has hair. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -nuhkwisluty- v.a. lose one's hair. lonuhkwislútyehse7 he's losing his hair, wahonuhkwislu-tí• he lost his hair. COMPOSED OF: -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -nuhkyAnhe- v.s. be shaky. waknuhkyAnhe7 I'm shaky, lonuhkyAnhe7 he's shaky, yakonuhkyAnhe7 she's shaky. Aspect class: B. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. -nuhlya'k- v.a. get hurt, hurt someone. waknú-lya7ks it hurts me, lonú-lya7ks he keeps getting hurt, laknú-lya7ks he keeps hurting me. waknuhlyá-ku it has hurt me, I was hurt, lonuhlyá-ku he has gotten hurt, laknuhlyá-ku he has hurt me. uknú-lyahke7 I got hurt, wahonú-lyahke7 he got hurt, wahaknú-lyahke7 he hurt me,

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wahinú-lyahke7 I hurt him, Ahonú-lyahke7 he will get hurt. Habitual past: lonú-lya7kskwe7 he used to get hurt (now and again). Stative past: lonuhlya7kú-ne7 he was hurt (but he's better now). With t- cislocative: the-tA- thonuhlyá-ku yesterday he got hurt. With te 7 negative: yáh te7yukwanuhlyá-ku we weren't hurt. With tsh- coincident: tshahonú-lyahke7 when he got hurt. With -ahsi 7 t-/-ahsi- foot: lohsi7tanuhlyá-ku he hurt his foot. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: lonAtshanuhlyá-ku he hurt his arm. Aspect class: E2. • Nók tsi7 yáh kwi- néte7yukwanuhlyá-ku, yáh se7 só-tsi7 te7yoshnoláti7 yukwá-sele7. But we didn't get hurt, we weren't driving too fast. (Ol) DERIVED BASES:

-7nikuhlanuhlya7k- hurt someone's feelings; -atatnuhlya'k- hurt oneself. NOTE: The h of the hiy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nuhnawA- look after someone, have a Wake. See -nun-/-nuhnawA-. -nuhne 7 suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -nu. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -nu and a component -hne 7 , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -nuhne 7 is always realized as -nuhné-.

nuhs- n. housebuilding, kanúhsa7 house, building, aknúhsa 7 my house, laonúhsa7 his house, akonúhsa 7 her house, aonúhsa7 her (z.) or its house. With - 7 ke locative suffix: kanuhsá-ke on the house. With -ku locative suffix: kanúsku inside the house. And -shu 7 collective clitic: kanuskúshu 7 all through the house. With -ákta 7 locative suffix: kanuhsákta7 near the house. With -aktúti7 locative suffix: akonuhsaktúti7 near around her house. With -oku locative suffix: kanuhsokú under the house. Prepausal: kanuhso-kú. With -kX decessive clitic: laonuhsa7kA his former house. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: nikanúhsa7 the house is such a size. And secondary habitual: nihotinúhsahse7 their (m.) houses are that big. With .ahkwatase-/.at-N-tase- plus tedualic, go completely around: tewatnuhsata-séhe7 she (z.) or it is going around the house, wa7tkatnuhsata-sé• I went around the house, wa 7thatnuhsata-séhe went around the house. With .ahkwatasehatye-/ .at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic, be going completely around: teyakotnuhsataseháti7 she's going around the house. With -akayu- be old: onuhsakayú old house. And tshcoincident: tshiyonuhsakayú when it was an old house. With -N-aks(A)be bad, be not the way it should be, and t- cislocative: tyukwanuhsáksA our house there is bad. And n- partitive: niyukwanuhsáksA we have such a bad house. With .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty: teyakonuhsanú-yanit her house is dirty. With -atAhninu- sell: wa7katnuhsahni-nú• I sold a house.

Oneida-English

With -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu?s- sell for or to someone: wahiyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold him a house, wa7kheyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold her a house. With -athol(e)- be cold, and t- cislocative: tyonuhsatho-lé- the building there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho'Ié• our house there is cold. With .ati- plus na ? partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh na7kanúhsati7 it's on this side of the house, a 7éna7kanúhsati7 it's on the other side of the house. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: tsi7 yotnúhsate 7 it's at the end of the house. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: latnuhsu-níhe7 he's building a house, lonatnuhsuní they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu-ní- he built a house. And t- cislocative: thutnuhsu-níhe7 they (m.) are building houses there. And tshuta- coincident and cislocative: tshutahutnuhsu-ní- when they (m.) were building the building there. And te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shotnuhsuní he was no longer building the house. With -es-/-us- be long: kanúhses it's a long house. With -halatat-/-kalatat- raise up, lift up: wa7knuhsakala-táte7 I raised up the house. With -hnil- be hard, be solid, and n- partitive: tsi7 niyonuhsahnilú it's a good solid house. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wahinuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from him, wa7khenuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from her. With -hninu?se-/-hninu?s- buy for someone: wahinuhsahni-nii-se7 I bought him a house. With -N-iyo- be good: kanuhsiyó it's a nice house. And stative past: kanuhsiyo-hné• it was a nice house at one time. And secondary habitual: lotinuhsiyó-se7 they (m.)

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have nice houses. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nikanuhsi-yó-se7 they're such nice houses. And nit- partitive and cislocative: tsi7 nithotinuhsiyó they (m.) have such a nice building there. With .N-iyo-/.ya'tiyo- plus tsha ? tecoincident and dualic, be half of: tsha7tekanuhsiyó in the middle of the house, one half of the house. With -N-iyo ? - become good, and tcislocative: tahonuhsi-yóne7 he got the best house. With -ka'tshyuundo, take apart: latinuhsaká-tshyus they (m.) are tearing down the building. And t- cislocative: thotinuhsaká-tshi they (m.) have torn down the building there. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanúhsake two houses. With .khahsyu- plus te- dualic, separate, divide, share: wa7teknuhsakháhsi7 I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakháhsi the room is divided. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big: yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tkanuhsowa-nA-se7 there are big buildings there. With -lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)-/-talih(A)boil, come to a boil, get warm: wa7onuhsatalíhA7 the house warmed up. And th- contrastive: yáh thayonuhsatalíhA7 the house wouldn't warm up. With -nakl(e)live, dwell, reside, be plentiful: kanuhsanákle 7 there are a lot of houses to be had. With -nolu- be expensive: kanuhsano-lú- the house is expensive. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: nikanuhsó-tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhsó-tA the kind of house he has. With .N-o?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of:

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Orieida-English

tsha?tekanuhsó-tA it's the same kind of house. With .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: skanúhsat one house. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa7twaknuhsu-kó- I ran or bumped into the house. With -uni-/-uny- make, construct, t- cislocative, and stative past: tkanuhsuni-hné• there or then the house was built. With -unyanyumake several, construct several: wahatinuhsunyáni7 they (m.) built several houses. With -yehwa-/ -yehwha- be unable to find: waknuhsayé-wahse7 I can't find a place to live, uknuhsayé-wha7 I couldn't find a place to live. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: waknúhsayA7 I have a house. •Tahnú• wíwatkathohsliyó akonuhsaktúti7 tsi7 niyakoteyA7túti7. And is it ever nice-looking around her house since she's going around fixing it up. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsahel- have a roof; -nuhsakwe'niyo- be head of the house; -nuhses- be of the Longhouse tradition; -nuhsisa 7 - finish building a house; -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing; -nuhsunihe7 be a carpenter; -nuhsut- have a room; .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, be neighbours, live side by side; -anuhsanun-/-anuhsanuhnawA- be left home by oneself; -atnuhsik- fill a tobacco kiln; kanuhsataliha 7 tákhwa 7 furnace; kanuhsate7kó- school, high school; tsi 7 tyotnuhsakalAhlákwA at the corner of the house; watnuhsataliha 7 tákhwa 7 furnace; yonuhsawX lats ante-ante-over. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -at- and -a- occur with this base.

-nuhsahel- v.s. have a roof. kanuhsáhele7 it has a roof. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -nuhsakwe7niyo- v.s. be head of the house. lanuhsakwe7niyó he's the head of the house, yenuhsakwe7niyó she's the head of the house. Prepausal: yenuhsakxve7ni-yá Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -N-kwe 7 niyo-/ -ya7takwe7niyo- be the main one. -nuhses- v.s. be of the Longhouse tradition, lonúhses he's Longhouse. Stative past: lonuhsesú ne7 he used to be Longhouse. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: Kanuhséshne Longhouse. -nuhsisa7- v.a. finish building a house. lanuhsísa7as he's putting the finishing touches on the house, he's just on the verge of finishing building the house, lonuhsísu 7 he has finished building the house, kanuhsísu 7 the house is finished, wahanuhsísane7 he finished building the house, Ahanuhsísane7 he will finish building the house. Future stative: kanuhsisu7úhake7 the house will be finished. With t- cislocative: tkanuhsísu 7 there or then the house was finished. And future stative: Atkanuhsisu 7úhake 7 there the house will be finished. And stative past: tkanuhsisu7ú-ne7 there the house was finished. Aspect class: E5. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hsa 7 -/-isa 7 - finish. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is

Oneida-English

deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u 7 . -nuhsot- v.s. be a house or building, standing, kanúhsote7 (it's a) house, waknúhsote7 I have a house, my house, lonúhsote7 his house, yonúhsote7 she (z.) or it has a house. Future stative: Akanuhso-táke7 there will be a house. With t- cislocative: tkanúhsote7 there's a building there, tsi7 tkanúhsote7 at the house, ohAtú tsi7 tkanúhsote7 in front of the house, thonúhsote7 his house is there, tyonúhsote7 her or its (z.) house is there, thotinúhsote7 their (m.) house is there. And habitual past: tkanuhso-táhkwe7 the house used to stand there, thonuhso-táhkwe7 his house used to stand there, tyukwanuhso-táhkwe7 our house used to stand there. With n- partitive: nikanúhsote7 where the house or building is standing, tsi7 niyukwanúhsote7 at our house. With te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7skanúhsote7 the house isn't there anymore. Aspect class: F. •Tsi7 niknú-wehse7 lonúhsote7 I really like his house. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsotu- be several houses or buildings, standing; -atnuhsot- put the top up. -nuhsotu- v.s. be several houses or buildings, standing, kanuhso-túhouses are standing, yukwanuhso-túour houses are standing, lotinuhso-túthey (m.) have houses standing. With t- cislocative: tkanuhso-túthere are several buildings standing there. Aspect class: B.

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COMPOSED OF: -nuhsot- be a house or building, standing, -u- distributive.

-nuhsunihe7 v.a. be a carpenter. lanuhsu-níhe7 (he's a) carpenter. COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -he 7 habitual. -nuhsut- v.s. have a room, yonúhsute7 it has a room. Aspect class: F. • Nók tsi7 né- thikA úska yonúhsute 7. But there was just one room. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -nuhs- house, building, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -nuhsutu- have rooms. -nuhsutu- v.s. have rooms, yonuhsu-túit has rooms. Aspect class: B. • Né- kwi- thikA thó ni-yót yonuhsu-tú-, wé-ne tsi7 thó s núnihunuhwétstakhwa7. There were rooms there, it must have been where they slept. (M10) COMPOSED OF: -nuhsut- have a room, -u- distributive. -nuhtu7k- v.a. tire of or give up waiting, become impatient. waknúhtu7ks I'm getting tired of waiting, I'm getting impatient, waknuhtú-ku I have given up waiting, uknúhtuhke7 I gave up waiting, I became impatient, wahonúhtuhke7 he gave up waiting, Aknúhtuhke7 I will give up waiting, ahonúhtuhke7 he should give up waiting. Aspect class: E2. • NA kwi- wahonúhtuhke7 ka7ikA utayutkátho7 sók yahatya7tu-ti\ So then he got tired of waiting for her to look, so then he reached out for her. (G2) NOTE: This base also occurs as a stative verb. The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented

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Orieida-English

vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nuhtu'k- v.s. be taking a long time. yonúhtu7k it's taking a long time. Pre-pausal: yonúhtuhk. With te?negative: yah te7yonúhtu7k it's not that long a time. Aspect class: A. • KAS kwí- yáh náhte7 te7yonúhtu?k né- ki7 né-n Simon a7é- 7973 kwí• né-n thawAhe-yú. It doesn't seem that long ago, actually, that Simon, way back in 1973, died. (PI) NOTE: This base also occurs as an active verb -N-nuhwak-/-ya?tanuhwak- v.a. hurt, ache. xvakya7tanú-waks my body aches, loya7tanú-waks his body aches, yakoya 7tanú-waks her body aches. Ahoya?tanú-wake7 his body will ache. Habitual past: loya?tanú-wakskwe7 his body was aching. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wakahsi7tanú-waks my feet hurt. With -ahuht- ear: wakahuhtanú-zvaks I have an earache. With -ahyakwil-/-ahyakwitoe: wakahyakwilanú-waks my toe hurts. With -hnAhs-/-hnAksshoulder: wakhnAhsanú-waks my shoulder hurts, lohnAhsanú-waks he has sore shoulders. With -hnitshthigh: lohnitshanú-waks he has sore thighs. With -hsin- leg: waksinanú-waks my leg hurts. With -hsiniko ? t- ankle: waksiniko7tanú-waks my ankle hurts. With -hu 7 kw- throat: wakhu7kwanú-waks I have a sore throat. With -hyAht- gums: wakhyAhtanú-waks my gums are sore. With -kahl- eye, hole: sakahlanú'waks your eye hurts. With -lat- heel: waklatanú-waks my heel hurts. With -nawil-/-nawitooth: waknawilanú-waks I have a

toothache. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: waknAtshanú-waks my arm hurts. With -nhuskal- hip: wakenhuskalanú-waks I have a pain in my hips. With -nikwA?t- belly: waknikwA7tanú-waks I have a bellyache. With -nutsi-/-nutsisthead, cabbage: waknutsistanú-ivaks I have a headache. With -nyal- neck: wakenyalanú-ivaks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanú-zvaks her neck hurts. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers: loshnuhsanú-ivaks his hand is hurting. With -shw-/-shwA-/-shuback: wakeshwanú-waks my back hurts, Akeshivanú-wake7 I will have a sore back. And th- contrastive: yáh thayakoshwanú-iuake7 she or someone won't have a sore back. With -utsh- knee: yakautshanú-waks her knees are aching. With - ? nyuhs-/ - ? nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/-i ? nyu- nose: lo7nyuhsanú-waks his nose hurts. DERIVED BASES: - ' n i k u h l a n u h w a k -

feel bothered by something, feel worried or disturbed. NOTE: The alternant -N-nuhwakoccurs with incorporated nouns, -ya?tanuhwak- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. A component -nuhwakoccurs also in -nuhwakt(e)- pain, hurt. The h of the hw cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. nuhwaktani-/-nuhwaktA- v.a. become sick, waknuhwáktanihe7 I'm sick, lonuhwáktanihe7 he's sick. uknuhwáktA7 I got sick, wesanuhwáktA7 you got sick, wahonuhwáktA7 he got sick, wa7akonuhwáktA7 she got sick, AwaknuhwáktA7 I will get sick, auknuhwáktA7 I should get sick.

Oneida-English

Habitual past: lonuhwaktaníhahkwe7 he was sick (but he's better now). Stative past: lonuhwaktaní-ne7 he had gotten sick (and he still could be). With srepetitive: tsyakonuhwáktanihe7 she's sick again. With n- partitive: nihonuhwáktanihe7 he's so sick, na7akonuhwáktA7 she became so sick. With tsh- coincident: tshihonuhwáktanihe7 when he was sick. • Né' thikA tsi7 niyawA-u lake7níha wahonuhwáktA7 It's thus how it happened that my father got sick. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -nuhwakt(e)- pain, hurt, -ni-/-A- benefactive. DERIVED BASES:

swAhni7tátshu7

.nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive, menstruate. NOTE: The alternant -nuhwaktani-

occurs in the habitual aspect, -nuhwaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect. nuhwakt(e)- v.s. pain, hurt. yonuhivákte7 it hurts. Habitual past: yonuhwáktehkwe7 it was hurting (but it's not anymore). Future stative: Ayonuhwákteke7 it will hurt. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyonuhwákte7 does it ever hurt. Aspect class: B. •Kátsha7 nú- niyonuhwákte7. Where does it hurt? DERIVED BASES: - n u h w a k t a n i - /

-nuhwaktA- become sick. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -nuhwak- and probably the -htcausative suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix). The root -nuhwakoccurs also in -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache. An alternant without the final vowel

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occurs before the -ni-/-A- benefactive suffix. .nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic, greet someone, thank someone. See .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus tedualic. .nuhwelatukhwa7 plus te- dualic, be an aunt, father's sister. See .nuhelatukhwa7 /.nuhwelatukhwa 7 plus te- dualic. -nuhwe 7 - v.a. like, admire. knú-wehse7 I like it, linú-wehse7 I like him, I admire him. waknuhwé-u I liked it, it's what I liked. wa7knú-wene7 I liked it, wa7khenú-wene7 I liked her, I liked something about her (e.g., I liked the way she did things), I admired her, wahsnú-wene7 you liked it, wa7shakonú-wene7 he liked or admired her or someone, Aknú-wene7 I will like it, ahonú-wene7 he should like him, ashakonú-wene7 he should like her or them, ayutatnú-wene7 she should like her or them. Stative past: waknuhwe7ú-ne7 I used to like it. With n- partitive: tsi7 niknú-wehse7 I really like it, nihuwanú-wehse7 they really like him. With te ? - negative: yáh te7knú-wehse7 I don't like it, yáh tehotinuhwé-u they (m.) don't like it. With -ahsohkw- colour, and npartitive: nikahsohkwanú-wehse7 I really like that colour. With -hsAnname, reputation: ksAtianú-wehse7 I like the name, wa7ksAnanú-wene7 I liked that name. With -lAn- song: klAnanú-wehse7 I like the song. Aspect class: E3. • Yáh ni• te7knú-wehse7 thikA só-tsi7 yakonuhkwísles. I don't like it, her hair is too long. DERIVED BASES: l a t i s l a n ú w e h s e 7

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gnats, picnic bugs. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -nuhwe'lh- n. fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting, onuhwé-lha7 fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting. DERIVED BASES: - n u h w e ' l h o t - b e

covered in fuzz, be mouldy; -atnuhwe'lhAht- shed fur. NOTE: The 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhwe'lhot- v.s. be covered in fuzz, be mouldy, yonuhwé-lhote7 it's covered in fuzz, it's mouldy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuhwe'lh- fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: y o n u h w é l h o t e ?

káhik peach. NOTE: The 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuhy- n. sinew, onú-ya7 sinew. NOTE: The h of the hy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Another expression for 'sinew' is otsinuhyáhta? ahsli yé-. See also -tsinuhyaht- vein. .nuhyanik- plus te- dualic, v.a. save for later use. tewaknuhya-níks I'm saving it to use later on. wa7twaknuhya-níke7 I put it aside to use at some future point, wa7tku.nuhya-níke7 I saved it for you to use some other time, wa7thaknuhya-níke7 he saved it for me, tAwaknuhya-níke7 I will save it.

nukwá- Classificatory particle: direction where. -nulha' kin term, mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother, aknulhá• my mother, yuknulhá• my aunt, laknulhá• my uncle, sanulhá• your mother, yesanulhá• your aunt, yanulhá• your uncle, lonulhá• his mother, onulhá• her mother, yukhinulhá• our mother(s), lotinulhá• their (m.) mother(s). Prepausal: aknulhfr my mother. NA Mother! With -k/ decessive clitic: onulha7kA her late mother, lonulha7kA his late mother. With -ké-ne locative clitic: lonulha7ké-ne at his mother's place. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nun-/-nuhnawA- v.a. look after someone, have a Wake. khenúnha7 I'm looking after her. wa7khenú-nawA7 I looked after her, Ahatinú-nawA7 they (m.) will have a Wake, Akhenú-nawA7 I will look after her, ahatinú-nawA7 they (m.) should have a Wake. Habitual past: khenúnhahkwe 7 I was looking after her. Future habitual: Akhenúnhake7 I will have looked after her. DERIVED BASES: - a n u h s a n u n - /

-anuhsanuhnawA- be left home by oneself; -atwilanun-/ -atwilanuhnawA- baby-sit; latinúnha 7 Wake. NOTE: The alternant -nun- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -nuhnawA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuny- n. dance. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

Oneida-English

root in -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyAfeel like dancing; .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, dance; and -nunyo'kta-/ -nunyo'ktA- finish dancing. .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. dance. wa7teknúnyahkwe7 I danced, wa7thatinúnyahkwe7 they (m.) danced, tehsnúnyak Dance! With th- contrastive: yah tha7taknúnyahkwe7 I wouldn't dance. COMPOSED OF: -nuny- dance, .hkw-/ .ehkw-/.ya 7 tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: This base occurs only in the punctual aspect and the imperative. Compare .atkw- plus te- dualic, which occurs only in the habitual and stative aspects. In the imperative the final hkw of the base becomes k. -nunyo ? kta-/-nunyo ? ktA- v.a. finish dancing. waknunyo7ktá-u I have finished dancing. wa7knunyó-ktA7 I finished dancing. COMPOSED OF: -nuny- dance, -o'kta/-o'ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: The alternant -nunyo ? ktaoccurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -nunyo?ktA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nunyo'kw- n. pill, small round object. onunyó-kwa7 pills. With-shuha collective clitic: onunyo7kwa7shúha a bunch of pills. DERIVED BASES: .nunyo'kwayA- plus te- dualic, play pool. NOTE: Possibly includes a component -o'kw- round object. The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .nunyo'kwayA- plus te- dualic, v.a. play pool. tehanunyó-kwayAhe7

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he's playing pool. wa?teknunyó-kwayA7 I played pool. COMPOSED OF: -nunyo'kw- pill, small round object, .yA- plus tedualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. DERIVED BASES: . n u n y o ' k w a y A h n -

plus te- dualic, go to play pool. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .nunyo'kwayAhn- plus te- dualic, v.a. go to play pool. teyakonunyo7kwayA-hnú• she has gone to play pool. wa7teknunyo7kwayA-hná• I'm on my way to play pool. COMPOSED OF: .nunyo'kwayA- plus te- dualic, play pool, -hn- dislocative. nusa-/nuse-/nusu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nusu- replaces the sequence nusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nusa- occurs. nusa-/nusa-/nuse-/nuse-/nusu-/nusupref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nuse- and nu-se- occur

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Orieida-English

before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nusu- and nu-sureplace the sequences nusawa- and nusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nusa- and nu-sa- occur. .nusayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be squatting close to the ground. teknu-sáyA 7 I'm squatting, tehanu-sáyA7 he's squatting, teyenu-sáyA? she's squatting. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .atnusayA- plus tedualic, squat close to the ground. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -nus-, and the verb base -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. The root -nus- occurs also in .nusot- plus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching, and its derivatives.

he's being disruptive, he's throwing a tantrum, waknuskáli I have raised heck, lonuskáli he's really disruptive. wahanuska-lí• he raised heck, Aknuska-lí• I will cause trouble. Aspect class: E5. •Jake kA7 vleskwe7 wahanuska-lf. Jake came in here and he raised heck (he swore, or he threw a tantrum). NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -nuskwal- n. unripe, green fruit. onúskwali7 unripe, green fruit. DERIVED BASES: -nuskwalut- be unripe or green fruit, attached. -nuskwalut- v.s. be unripe or green fruit, attached, yonúskwalute7 (it's) unripe fruit, still attached to the branch or vine. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuskwal- unripe, green fruit, -N-ut- attach, be attached.

nuse-/nuse- pref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive. See nusa-/ nusa-/nuse-/nuse-/nusu-/nusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

.nusot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be squatting, be crouching, teknu-sóte7 I'm squatting, tehanu-sóte7 he's squatting, teyenu-sóte7 she's squatting. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .nusotatye- plus tetdualic and cislocative, go along crouched down; .nusota'n- plus tedualic, go to the bathroom; .atnusotplus te- dualic, squat, crouch. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root -nus-, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. The root -nus- occurs also in .nusayA- plus te- dualic, be squatting close to the ground.

-nuskaly- v.a. act in a disruptive manner, be really upset, lanuskályas

.nusotatye- plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.m. go along crouched down.

nuse- pref. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive. See nusa-/nuse-/nusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

Oneida-English

tutahanusotáti7 he's going along crouched down. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .nusotplus te- dualic, be squatting, be crouching, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .nusotati- before a final 7 . M.D. reports that she has heard the form applied to a particular person who was very short and who therefore looked like someone crouching. .nusota'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to the bathroom, tetyanusotá-na Let's you and I (incl.) go squat down, let's go to the bathroom! COMPOSED OF: .nusot- plus tedualic, be squatting, be crouching, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. nusu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and repetitive. See nusa-/nuse-/nusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nusu-/nusu- pref. Partitive, optative mode and repetitive. See nusa-/ nusa-/nuse-/nuse-/nusu-/nusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nusawa- and nu-sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nut- n. hill, little hill, mound. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated

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root in -anutahla'- go uphill; -nutahal- hill; -nutahel- be a hill; -nute- be a little hill or mound; .nutiyo- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the middle of the hill; -nutot- be a little hill or mound, standing; Onuta'kehaká Onondaga; Yonutiyó Queen. -nut-/-nutu- v.a. feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth, linu-túhe7 I'm feeding him (e.g., I'm feeding an invalid or a baby, I'm giving him something to put in his mouth, such as food or medicine). linutú I have fed him, khenutú I have fed her or them, I have given her or them something to eat, yuknutú she has fed me. wahi-núte7 I fed him, ivá-knute7 I fed her (z.) or it, wa7khe-núte7 I fed her or them, waho-núte7 he fed him, wa7utátnute7 she fed her, Ayúknute7 she will feed me. táknut Feed it to me, give it to me to eat! takni-nút Give it to the two of us to eat! takwa-nút Give it to us all to eat! With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: Ashukwá-yanute7 he will give us fruit to eat. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: lina7talanwtúhe7 I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa7ukná-talanute7 she gave me some bread or cake to eat. And t- cislocative: tayukná-talanute7 she gave me cake there. With -'nhuhs-/ -i ? nhuhs- egg: wahi7nhúhsanute7 I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs. Aspect class: Al. • Tó• ki7 ok uhte iví- náhte 7 wa7utátnute7 ka7ikA ohsótha kA-, 7 7 7 wa flu ye Mack "ya-wA." So she probably gave her grandmother something to eat, Mack said "thank you." (M4) Kók niwa7sláti7 tayukná-talanute7. It was this narrow, this (slice of) cake she gave

612

Orieida-English

me there.

-nutu'n- go to feed; -atatnut-/-atatnutu- feed oneself, put something into one's mouth; -hnekanut-/-hnekanutu- water, give someone something to drink; -khwanut-/-khwanutu- feed someone, give someone food. NOTE: The alternant -nutu- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects and before the - ? n- dislocative suffix, -nut- occurs in the punctual aspect. DERIVED BASES:

nuta-/nute-/nutu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative (partitive, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant nute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nutu- replaces the sequence nutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nuta- occurs. nuta-/nuta-/nute-/nute-/nutu-/nutupref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative (partitive, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nute- and nu-te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nutu- and nu-tureplace the sequences nutawa- and nu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third

person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nuta- and nu-ta- occur. -nutahal- n. hill. With -?ke locative suffix: onutahalá-ke on top of the hill. With -ákta 7 locative suffix: onutahalákta7 near the hill. With -oku locative suffix: onutahalokú down at the bottom of the hill. Prepausal: onutahalo-kú. DERIVED BASES: - n u t a h a l o t - b e a

hill, standing; -anutahalolAht- go downhill. NOTE: Includes the noun root -nuthill, little hill, mound; otherwise the composition is unclear. -nutahalot- v.s. be a hill, standing. yonutáhalote7 (there's) a hill. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nutahal- hill, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -nutahel- v.s. be a hill, yonutáhele7 (there's) a hill. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -nutakli-/-nutakli?tsl- v. > n. sugar. onutákli7 sugar. Pre-pausal: onutákelP. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/ .utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuknutakli7tslu-tí• I put sugar on it, I sweetened it. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa7knutakli7tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. DERIVED BASES: .nutakli'tslal- plus te- dualic, be sweet; teskyanutakli'tslatyelX sugar substitute; yenutakli'tslalákhwa 7 sugar bowl; lanutakli'tsla'nahkwatáhkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar

Oneida-English

right from the bottom of the barrel. NOTE: The alternant -nutaklioccurs in the basic noun form. It is composed of a noun root -nut-, and -N-kli- liquid product. The alternant -nutakli'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. .nutakli'tslal- plus te- dualic, v.s. be sweet, teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's sweet. Habitual past: teyonutaklí-tslalahkwe7 it used to be sweet. Future stative: tAyonutaklí-tslalake7 it will be sweet. With t- cislocative: nétetyonutaklí-tslale7 it's the sweetest. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's so sweet. Aspect class: F. •Só-tsi7 teyonutaklí'tslale7 thikA wá-yat. That pie is too sweet. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -nutakli-/ -nutakli'tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: t e y o n u t a k l í t s l a l e ?

sweets. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nute- v.s. be a little hill or mound. yonu-té• (it's) a little hill, a little mound (e.g., the little mound that one makes when planting something). With tsi ? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyonu-té- there at that mound. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -N-e- exist. DERIVED BASES: -nutenyu- be several little hills or mounds. nute- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative. See nuta-/nute-/nutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

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prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nute-/nu te- pref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative. See nuta-/ nuta-/nute-/nute-/nutu-/nu-tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nutek- v.a. cover with a lid. knu-téks I'm closing it. waknutekú I have covered it. iva7knu-téke7 I closed it, Aknu-téke7 I will close it. snu-ték Cover it! With te ? - negative: yáh te 7kanutekú it has no cover on it. Aspect class: E2. • Snu ték tsi7 tshakálute7 Shut your mouth! DERIVED BASES: -nutekh- go to cover with a lid; -nutekhu- cover several; -nuteksyu-/-nuteksy- take the lid off, uncover; -atnutek- be covered; yutnutékta' lid, cover. -nutekh- v.m. go to cover with a lid. knutékhe7 I'm going to close it. wa7knutékha7 I'm on my way to cover it. Stative past: waknutekhu-hné• I went to cover it. With s- repetitive: saknutékha7 I'm going to close it again. • Knutékhe7 tkatshe7to-túwatahyalíhtu. I'm going to put the lid on the jar of preserves. COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -h- dislocative. -nutekhu- v.a. cover several. waknutékhu7 I have closed them, yakonutékhu 7 she or someone has covered them. • úhka 7 ok kA yakonutékhu 7 tkana7tsyahlúni7. Did someone cover the pails?

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -hu- distributive.

-nuteksyu-/-nuteksy- v.a. take the lid off, uncover, knutéksyus I'm taking the lid off, I'm opening it. lonutéksi he has opened it. kanutéksi it's coverless. Aknutéksi7 I will open it. Kóh, snutéksi ka7ikA Here,open this! Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -nutek- cover with a lid, -hsyu- reversative. DERIVED BASES: y e n u t e k s y á t h a ?

bottle opener. NOTE: When the -hsyu- reversative suffix is added to the component base, the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. The alternant -nuteksy- occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. Many speakers have -nuteksi- in place of -nuteksyu- wordfinally and before a final -nutenyu- v.s. be several little hills or mounds, yonuténi7 (there are) a lot of little hills or mounds. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nute- be a little hill or mound, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nutenibefore a final .nutiyo- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the middle of the hill. tsha7teyonutiyó (it's) the middle of the hill. Pre-pausal: tsha 7teyonuti-yá Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill, mound, .N-iyo-/.ya 7 tiyo- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be half of. -nutot- v.s. be a little hill or mound, standing, yonu-tóte7 (it's) a small hill or mound (e.g., an anthill). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nut- hill, little hill,

mound, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -nuto'tsl- n. box. kanutó-tsli7 box. Prepausal: kanutó-tshelP. With -?ke locative suffix: kanuto7tslá ke on the box. With -ku locative suffix: kanutó-tslaku in the box. With -shuha collective clitic: laonuto7tsli7shúha his boxes. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: a7é- nikanutó-tsla7 it's a great big box. With -atehsakh-/-at-N-isakhgo to look for something for oneself: wa7katnuto7tslisákha? I'm going to look for a box. With .ati- plus na ? partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh na7kanutó-tslati7 it's on this side of the box. With -at-N-ikfill up completely: wahatnutó-tslike7 he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries). With .atilut-/.ya ? tatilutplus t- cislocative, pull: taknuto7tslatilu-tA• I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. With -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back: wahatnuto7tslakéhtate7 he put a box on his back. With -atunyanyu- make several for oneself, and th- contrastive: thihotnuto7tslunyáni7 he just made boxes. With .á ? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA7 nikanuto7tslá- it's a small box. With ,a?SAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch: tahanutó-tslAhte7 he brought down the box. With ,a ? sAht-/.Ahtplus y- translocative, lower something: yehanuto7tslAtha7 he's lowering the box. With -halatat-/ -kalatat- raise up, lift up: wa7knuto7tslakala-táte7 I raised up the box. With -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, and nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic:

Oneida-English

nya7tekanuto7tsláhele7 where there are boxes sitting all over. With -hlakw- take off, take down, pick up, and y- translocative: ya7snuto7tslahla-kó Take down that box! With .htohlalak-/ ,ya ? tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash: wa7teknuto7tsló-lalake7 I squished the box. With -N-inyu ? t-/ -ya ? tinyu ? t- bring in, and t- cislocative: tahanuto7tslínyuhte7 he brought in boxes. With -N-inyu?tanyu- bring in several, and t- cislocative: tahanuto7tslinyu7táni7 he brought in all the boxes. With -N-ita ? -/-ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7knuto7tslítane7 I put the box in it. With -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow: wa 7knuto 7tslakalhátho 7 I turned over the box. With -ka ? tshyu- undo, take apart: knuto7tslaká-tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa7knuto7tslaká-tshi7 I took the box apart, snuto7tslaká-tshi Open the box! With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekanutó-tslake two boxes. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: tó- nikanutó-tslake how many boxes are there? With -kehlu- put things here and there, and t- cislocative: tkanuto7tslaké-lu7 there are boxes lying around there. With .otshya't- plus t- cislocative, yank out: taknuto7tslótshyahte7 I yanked out the box. With -otshyu-/ -otshy- pull out: knuto7tslótshyus I'm pulling out the box. With .N-t-/ .ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skanutó-tslat one box. With-yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have: kanutó-tslay\7 the box is lying. And t- cislocative: tkanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying there.

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DERIVED BASES: -nuto'tslut- have a drawer; .atnuto'tslakAny- plus tedualic, have a Box Social. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tsi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-nuto'tslut- v.s. have a drawer. yonutó-tslute7 it has a drawer. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nuto'tsl- box, -N-ut-

attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -nuto'tslutu- have drawers. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuto'tslutu- v.s. have drawers. yonuto7tslu-tú• it has drawers. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nuto'tslut- have a drawer, -u- distributive. -nutsi-/-nutsist- n. head, cabbage. onutsí head, cabbage. Pre-pausal: onwtsí. With -'-ne locative clitic: knutsí-ne my head, snutsvne your head, lanutsí-ne his head, yenutsí-ne her head. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end, and y- translocative: tsi7 yehotnutsístate7 it's at the end of his head. With .ha-/.haw-/ .ya ? taha-/.ya ? tahaw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along: yAknutsistáhawe7 I will take the (pig) head. With .hawiht/.ya ? tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along: yAknutsistaha-wíhte7 I will take the (pig) head along. With .hawihtAni-/.hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, bring along, take along for someone: tahaknutsistahawíhtA7 he brought me a (pig) head, takunutsistahawihtA7

I brought you

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Orieida-English

a head, tasknutsistahawíhtA7 you brought me a head, AtkunutsistahawíhtA? I will bring you a head, AtesknutsistahawíhtA7 you will bring me a head, utasknutsistahawíhtA7 you should bring me a head. With -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)- be big: lanutsistoivanA he has a big head. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: zvaknutsistanú-waks I have a headache. With .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: nihonutsistó-tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsistó-tA7 their (m.) heads are that kind (e.g., hair colour). With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: iva7twaknutsistu-kó• I bumped my head. DERIVED BASES: - n u t s i s t a w i s t o s k -

get a cold head; -nutsistowanhA- get a swelled head, become a know-itall; -nutsistut- have a head. NOTE: The alternant -nutsi- occurs in the basic noun form and before the -'•ne locative clitic, -nutsist- is the incorporating form. -nutsistawistosk- v.a. get a cold head. wa7knutsistawístoske7 my head got cold, wahanutsistawístoske7 his head got cold. COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsist-

head, cabbage, -wisto-/-wistoskbecome cold. -nutsistowanhA- v.a. get a swelled head, become a know-it-all. wahonutsistowánhA7 he got a swelled head, he's a know-it-all. COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsist-

head, cabbage, -kwanha-/-kwanhA/-owanha-/-owanhA- become big. -nutsistut- v.s. have a head. lonutsístute7 he has a head (imply-

ing that he's still alive). With thycontrastive and translocative: thó thyehonutsístute7 he still has a head attached (contrary to what you might expect). Aspect class: F. • ókhna7 né• thó thyehonutsístute7 thi-kA. Then it (the squirrel) would still have its head attached. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -nutsi-/-nutsist-

head, cabbage, -N-ut- attach, be attached. -nutste- n. a bald head, ónutste7 a bald head, áknutste7 (I'm a) bald head, laónutste7 (he's a) bald head, akónutste7 she's bald, uknínutste7 we two are bald, laotínutste7 they (m.) are bald, aotínutste7 they (z.) are bald. nutu- pref. Partitive, factual mode and cislocative. See nuta-/nute-/nutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nutu-/nu tu- pref. Partitive, optative mode and cislocative. See nuta-/ nuta-/nute-/nute-/nutu-/nutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nutawa- and nu tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nutu'n- v.m. go to feed, khenutú-ne7 I'm going to feed her or them. khenutú-nehse7 I go to feed her or them. wa7khenutú-na7 I'm on my way to feed her or them,

Oneida-English

wa7shakonutú-na? her or them.

he's going to feed

COMPOSED OF: -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth, - ? n- dislocative.

NOTE: The

7

of the ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -nuw- n. murky water, murkiness. With -ku locative suffix: kanu wáku murky water, murkiness. DERIVED BASES: -atnuwayA- settle to the bottom, become murky; .atnuwa'- plus te- dualic, become murky. -nuwak- v.a. have a craving for. knu-wáks I'm hungry for something, I crave it. wa7knu-iváke7 I got hungry for it, wahanu-wáke7 he got hungry for it, wa7enu-wáke7 she craved it, Ahanu-wáke7 he will be hungry for it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wa7kahyanu-wáke7 I got a craving for fruit. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikahyanu-wáks I'm so hungry for berries or fruit. With -hlohkwcigarette: khlohkwanu-wáks I'm craving tobacco. With -hnana'tpotato: wa7khnana7tanu-wáke7 I got a craving for potatoes. With -khwfood: lakhwanu-wáks he's wishing for food, wahakhwanu-wáke7 he wished for food. -nuwakAtst- v.a. strain, drain. knuwakAtsta7 I'm straining or draining it. waknuwakAtstu I have strained it. wa7knu-wákAtste7 I strained it, Ahsnu-wákAtste7 you will strain it. Aspect class: El. •NA AyonAsta7nétskane7 thó HA Ahsnu-wákAtste7 thó HA Ahsnóhale7 Once the corn is tender, then you'll drain it (and) wash it. (Rl)

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-nuwal-/-luwal- n. nail, wire, needle, pin. kanu-wále7 or kalu-wále7 nail, wire, needle, pin. With -shuha collective clitic: kaluwale7shúha nails, wires, needles, pins. With -es-/-us- be long: kanu-wáles it's a long needle. DERIVED BASES: - l u w a l a h l u n y u - f o r

wires to be attached here and there; -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin; tekanuwalotálhu chain; teyeluwalyákta? pliers. NOTE: The objects that this base refers to can be described as long, thin, metal objects used as a tool. Both alternants occur, perhaps in free variation. -nuwalot- v.a. drive in a nail or pin. knuwalótha7 I'm driving (hammering) a nail in there, kanu-wálote7 it has a nail or pin in it. wa7knuwalo-tA• I drove a nail in there, I put a pin in there (e.g., pinning up drapes). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: - n u w a l - / - l u w a l -

nail, wire, needle, pin, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -nuwalotakw- take out a nail or pin; -nuwalotu- be several nails or pins; -nuwalotunyu- drive in nails or pins. -nuwalotakw- v.a. take out a nail or pin. lonuwalotákwA he has pulled the nails out. Ahanuwalota-kó• he will take the nails out. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: - n u w a l o t a k w a h t -

take out a nail or pin with something. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nuwalotakwaht- v.a. take out a nail or pin with something. lanuwalotakwátha7 he's pulling

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Orieida-English

nails out with something (e.g., with the claw end of a hammer). lonuwalotakwáhtu he has pulled nails out with it. Ahanuwalotákwahte7 he will pull nails out with it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalotakw- take out a nail or pin, -ht- causative. N O T E : The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -nuwalotu- v.s. be several nails or pins. kanuwalo-tú• it has nails or pins in it. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -u- distributive. -nuwalotunyu- v.a. drive in nails or pins, knuwalotúnyuhe7 I'm putting nails or pins in all over the place. wa7knuwalotúni7 I put nails or pins in. COMPOSED OF: -nuwalot- drive in a nail or pin, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nuwalotuni- before a final 7 . .nuwayAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. trade, deal, swap, teknuwayAtha7 I deal, I trade, tewaknuwayAhtu I have swapped. wa?teknu-wáyAhte7 I dealt, I traded, wa7thanu-wáyAhte7 he traded, tAyenu-wáyAhte7 she will swap, tetninu-wáyAt Let's you and I (incl.) swap! With tsh- coincident: tsha7teknuwayAtha7 when I'm dealing there. Aspect class: El. •Né- tsi7 né- yotká-te7 nA kwah nók tsi7 tAyenu-wáyAhte7 náhte7 tsi7 Ayuta 7ahslahni-nú\ Often she would just make trades with the baskets she had for sale. (Gl) NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. nú w a ' Temporal particle: now, then. NOTE: Probably a reduced form of iuí úwa'.

.nuwileht- plus y- translocative, v.a. go out of sight, disappear. yehonuwiléhtu he has gone out of sight, he's out of sight. yahonuwi-léhte7 he went out of sight, he disappeared, ya7akonuwi-léhte7 she went out of sight, ya7onuwi-léhte7 she (z.) went out of sight, it disappeared. With npartitive: nyahonuwi-léhte7 that's how or where he disappeared. -nu'kehla't- v.a. breast-feed. khenu7kehlá-tu I'm breast-feeding her. wa7khenu7ké-lahte7 I breastfed her, wahinu7ké-lahte7 I breastfed him. COMPOSED OF: - n u ? k e l - / - n u ? k e h l -

suck milk, nurse, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu ? kel-/-nu'kehl- v.a. suck milk, nurse. lanu7kélha7 he's sucking milk. lonu7ké-lu he has sucked milk. wahanu7ké-la7 he got milk by sucking, Ahanu7ké-la7 he will suck milk. DERIVED BASES: - n u ' k e h l a ' t -

breast-feed. NOTE: The alternant -nu ? kel- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -nu ? kehl- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects and before the - ? tcausative suffix, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu't- n. milk, breast, onú-ta7 milk. With -ke locative clitic: knu7tá-ke my breast, snu 7tá-ke your breast, yenu7tá-ke her breast. With .alenya ? t-/.kalenya ? t- plus te- dual-

Oneida-English

ic, distribute: tehanu7takalenyá-tha7 he distributes the milk, wa7thanu7takalényahte7 he distributed milk. With -ase- be new, be fresh: onú-tase7 fresh milk. With -ateyA ? tu-/-at-N-ateyA ? tu-/ -atewyA?tu-/-at-N-atewyA ? tu- fix, put away, save, take care of: yakotnu7tatezvyX-tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. With -atkA- rot, spoil: yonu?tátkAhse7 the milk is going bad (sour). With -ato ? kta-/-ato ? ktA- run out of, end: wa7katnu7tó-ktA7 I ran out of milk. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuknu7tu-tí- I put milk on it. With -hnekil-/-hnekihl- drink: lanu7tahnekílha7 he's drinking milk, wahanu7tahnekí-la7 he drank milk. With -kaleny-/-ya ? takalenyget and carry away, haul, transport: lanu7takalényehse7 he's carrying milk back and forth. DERIVED BASES: -nu'tatahkw- milk (a cow); -nu'tathe't- churn butter; kanú-tat milk cow; tehanu'takalenyátha 7 milkman; teyonu'tahyó tsis sour milk; teyutnu'tohlalákta 7 bra.

NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu'tatahkw- v.a. milk (a cow). lanu7tatáhkwas he's milking. waknu7tatáhkwA I have milked, lonu7tatáhkwA he has milked. wa7knu7tatáhko7 I milked, Ahanu?tatáhko? he will milk. With te ? - negative: yáh te7waknu7tatáhkwA I haven't milked. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -nu't- milk, breast, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a

619

container, unload. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -nu'tathe't- v.a. churn butter. knu7tathé-tha7 I'm churning butter, yenu7tathé-tha7 she's churning butter. waknu7tathé-tu I have churned the butter. wa7enu7táthehte7 she churned the butter. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -nu't- milk, breast, -the't- pound. DERIVED BASES: kanu'tathétu buttermilk; yenu'tathe'tákhwa' butter churn. NOTE: The 7 of the final 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -nu'uhl- n. lawn,sod,scalp. onu7ú-la7 lawn, sod, scalp. With - ? ke locative suffix: onu 7uhlá-ke on the lawn. With -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself: lonatnu7uhliyóstu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -nu'usl- n. squash, cucumber, melon. onu7úsla7 or onu7úsli7 squash,cucumber, melon. Pre-pausal: onu7úsela7 or onu7úselP. With -shuha collective clitic: onu7usla7shúha melons, squashes. With -eka ? -/-ekaw-/ -ka ? -/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of: waknu7usla-ká-se7 I like squash, etc. With -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on: knu7uslahélha7 I'm putting the squash, etc. down. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: teknu7uslahlítha7 I'm cutting squash, cucumber, or melon into

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Orieida-English

pieces. With -N-ita?-/-ya?tita?give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7knu7uslítane7 I put cucumbers in it. With -k-/-ek-/-akeat: knu 7úslaks I'm eating squash, waknu 7uslakú I have eaten squash, Aknu 7úslake7 I will eat squash. With .kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic, peel something: wa7teknu7uslakA-séle7 I peeled the squash. With -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: knu 7uslákwas I'm picking squash. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: waknu 7usláshwas I smell squash. With -tahkw-/-etahkwtake out of a container, unload: knu7uslatáhkwas I'm taking squash out of it. With .ya ? k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: teknu 7úslya 7ks I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu7úslyahke7 I will cut the squash. DERIVED BASES:

.atnu'uslahyo'tsist- plus te- dualic, make salt or brine pickles; onu'usla'kó- pumpkin; teyonu'uslahyó tsis salt pickles, brine pickles; yonu'uslaké tote' squash. nya-/nya-/nyae-/nyau- pref. Partitive, translocative and optative mode (partitive, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant nyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyau- replaces the sequence nyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

Otherwise nya- or nya-- occur, in free variation. nya- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. nyae- pref. Partitive, translocative and optative mode. See nya-/nya-/ nyae-/nyau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyaha- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya?-/nya/nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Replaces nya 7 - or nya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyahe- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya'-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyahes- v.a. depend on, count on. kenyahesA I can count on it, lanyahesA he can count on it, kunyahesA I can count on you (you're dependable), linyahesA I depend on him. Pre-pausal: linyahe-sA. wa 7kenyáhese 7 I counted on her (z.) or it, wa 7khenyáhese 7 I counted on her, wahinyáhese7 I counted on him, ahuwanyáhese7 someone should count on him. Future habitual: AkenyahesAhake 7 I will count on it.

Oneida-English 621

-nyahtA- v.s. Turtle clan. latinyáhtA (they are the) Turtle clan. Aspect class: A. nyahu- pref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode. See nya'-/nya-/ nyahe-/nyahu-/nyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nyak- v.a. get married, lónyaks he's getting married, lonyáku 7 he has gotten married, yakonyáku 7 she has gotten married, lotinyáku 7 they (m.) have gotten married, yotinyáku 7 they (z.) have gotten married. wa 7akónyake 7 she or someone got married, wahotínyake7 they (m.) got married, Ahónyake7 he will get married, Asnínyake7 you two will get married. With s- repetitive: shonyáku 7 he has gotten married again, sahónyake 7 he got married again. •Thó HA lo7níha oyá• sahónyake7. Then his father got married again.

(02)

DERIVED BASES: -nyaktAni-/-naktA-

marry, perform a marriage; yakonyákta 7 wedding cake. -nyaktAni-/-naktA- v.a. marry, perform a marriage. shakonyaktA-níhe7 he's marrying them, he's performing the marriage ceremony. shakonyaktAní he has married them. wahuwatinyáktA7 someone married them (m.). Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -nyak- get married, -ht- causative, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the component base,

the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -nyaktAni- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -nyaktA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -nyal- n. neck, onya-lá• neck. With -ke locative clitic: kenyalá-ke my neck, senyalá-ke your neck, yenyalá-ke her neck, lanyalá-ke his neck. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya ? tanuhwak- hurt, ache: wakenyalanú-waks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanú-waks her neck hurts. DERIVED BASES: - n y a l y a ' k - cut off

or sever the neck; tekutenyalotálhos violet. nya léhkwe' Temporal particle: for now. -nyalya'k- v.a. cut off or sever the neck, kenyálya 7ks I severed its neck, I cut if off at the neck (e.g., killing a chicken), wakenyalyá-ku I have cut it off at the neck. wa7kenyályahke7 I cut it off at the neck. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -nyal- neck, -ya?kdetach, sever, break, cut. NOTE: The 7 of the ?k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -nyatal- n. lake. With - ? ke locative suffix: kanyatalá-ke lake. With -ku locative suffix: kanya-tálaku in the lake. With .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: kAh na7kanya-tálati7 it's on this side of the lake, el A na?kanya-tálati7 it's across on the other side of the lake, a 7éna7kanya-tálati7 it's way on the other side of the lake, é-nik tsi7 na7kanya-tálati7 it's over the lake.

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Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES: - n y a t a l a y A - b e a

lake. -nyatalayA- v.s. be a lake. kanya-tálayA7 (there's) a lake. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -nyatal- lake, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. nyau- pref. Partitive, translocative and optative mode. See nya-/nya -/ nyae-/nyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nya ? -/nya-/nyahe-/nyahu-/nyahapref. Partitive, translocative and factual mode (partitive, translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant nya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant nyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyahu- replaces the sequence nyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant nya 7 - occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant nyaha- occurs in place of nya 7 - and nya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -nya'kw- n. Adam's apple, onyá-kwa7 Adam's apple. NOTE: The 7 of the 7kw cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. See also .nya'kwaht- plus tcislocative, burp. .nya'kwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. burp. twakenya?kwátha7 I burp, thonya ?kwátha 7 he keeps burping. tukenyá-kwahte7 I burped, tahonyá-kwahte7 he burped, tayakonyá-kwahte7 she burped, Athonyá-kwahte7 he will burp. NOTE: Includes the t- cislocative prefix and probably the noun base -nya'kw- Adam's apple; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7 kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Nya'snAwXhslayA Slang: Oh be quiet! NOTE: Composed of the nya 7 partitive and translocative prefixes, s- second person singular agent, a component -nAWAhsl-, and the alternant -yA- of the verb base -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have. A component -nAWAhsl- occurs also in -nAWAhslalyo- whip someone, beat someone up. See also SatnAwXhslayA Oh be quiet! nya't-/nya 7 te- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and dualic (partitive, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant nya ? te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise nya 7 t- occurs. nya ? ta-/nya 7 ta-/nya ? tae-/nya ? taupref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic (partitive, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic).

Oneida-English

NOTE: The alternant nya ? taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya ? taureplaces the sequence nya'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya ? ta- or nya ? ta- occur, in free variation. nya'tae- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See nya ? ta-/nya ? ta-/nya 7 tae-/nya 7 tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nya'tathA- v.a. become thirsty. wakenya?táthAhse7 I'm thirsty. ukenya7táthA7 I got thirsty, Awakenya?táthA7 I will get thirsty. Habitual past: wakenya7táthAskzve7 I was thirsty. NOTE: Probably composed of a root -nya ? t- and a component -athA-, which is related to -astathA- become dry. The root -nya?t- occurs also in .nya?tolA- plus te- dualic, have heartburn; and .nya'thala'- plus tedualic, choke, have food go down the wrong tube. nya'tau- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See nya ? ta-/nya ? ta-/nya ? tae-/nya ? tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nya'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third

623

person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nya'te- pref. Partitive, translocative and dualic. nya'te- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See nya't-/ nya'te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya?tes-/nya?tets-/nya ? tetsi-/ nya'tese- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nya'tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nya?tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya'tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nya'tes- occurs. nya'tese- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See nya ? tes-/nya 7 tets-/nya?tetsi-/ nya'tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nya'tets- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See nya 7 tes-/nya ? tets-/nya'tetsi-/ nya'tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nya'tetsi- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive. See

624

Orieida-English

nya?tes-/nya?tets-/nya?tetsi-/ nya'tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya'tA- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic and future mode. nya'tAs-/nya ? tAts-/nya'tAtsi-/ nya'tAse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, future tense and iterative). N O T E : The alternant nya'tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nya'tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya'tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise nya'tAS- occurs. nya'tAse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya'tAs-/nya'tAts-/ nya ? tAtsi-/nya ? tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nya'tAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya'tAs-/nya'tAts-/ nya ? tAtsi-/nya'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nya'tAtsi- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See nya ? tAs-/nya'tAts-/ nya?tAtsi-/nya'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .nya'thala 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. choke, have food go down the wrong tube. tewakenya7tha-lá-se7 I choke, tehonya7tha-láse7 he keeps choking. tewakenya7thalá-u I have choked, tehonya7thalá-u he has choked, he's choking. wa7twakenya7tha-láne7 it went down the wrong way, I choked, wa7thonya7tha-láne7 he choked, wa7tyakonya7tha-láne7 she choked. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Probably composed of a component -nya'thal- and the - 7 inchoative suffix. See note under -nya'tathA- become thirsty; and teyakonya'thalahtá ne 7 chokecherry. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .nya'tolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. have heartburn, tewakenya 7to-lAs I have heartburn, tehonya7to-IAs he has heartburn, teyakonya 7to-lAs she has heartburn. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a root -nya ? t-, and the alternant .OIA- of the verb base .OIA-/ .ya'tolA- plus te- dualic, split. See note under -nya'tathA- become thirsty. nya ? tusa-/nya'tuse-/nya ? tusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nya ? tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nya ? tusu-

Oneida-English

replaces the sequence nya ? tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya?tusa- occurs. nya ? tusa-/nya?tusa-/nya ? tuse-/ nya ? tu se-/nya ? tusu-/nya ? tu su- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nya'tuse- and nya'tu seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nya ? tusu- and nya?tu'su- replace the sequences nya ? tusawa- and nya?tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nya?tusa- and nya?tu-sa- occur. nya ? tuse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See nya?tusa-/nya ? tuse-/ nya'tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya ? tuse-/nya 7 tuse- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See nya'tusa-/

625

nya 7 tusa-/nya'tuse-/nya ? tuse-/ nya7 tusu-/nya?tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nya'tusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See nya ? tusa-/nya'tuse-/ nya'tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nya?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nya 7 tusu-/nya 7 tu su- pref. Partitive, translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See nya'tusa-/ nya'tusa-/nya ? tuse-/nya ? tuse-/ nya ? tusu-/nya 7 tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nya ? tusawa- and nya'tu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. nye-/nyehe- pref. Partitive and translocative. NOTE: The alternant nyehe- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise nye- occurs. nyehe- pref. Partitive and translocative. See nye-/nyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

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Orieida-English

nyehes- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets/nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Replaces nyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyehets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Replaces nyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. .nyeht- plus y- translocative, v.a. send with someone, yekunyétha7 I'm always sending it with you. yekunyéhtu I have sent it with you. ya7kényehte7 I sent it with her (z.), yAkúnyehte7 I will send it with you. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .atAnyeht- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, send. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. nyes-/nyets-/nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/ nyehets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive (partitive, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant nyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants nyehesand nyehets- occur in place of nyesand nyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyese- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/

nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. nyets- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nyetsi- pref. Partitive, translocative and repetitive. See nyes-/nyets-/ nyetsi-/nyese-/nyehes-/nyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyey- n. snow (on the ground). NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .nyeyahkw- plus te- dualic, for snow to go away; and -nyeyA-/ -nyeyAt- for snow to get to be on the ground. .nyeyahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for snow to go away, tekanyeyákhwa 7 the snow keeps going away. wa7tkanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away. With s- repetitive: teskanyeyákhwa7 the snow is going away (every day there's less and less snow), tetsyonyeyáhkwA the snow is all gone, tusakanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away again. Aspect class: Dl. COMPOSED OF: -nyey- snow (on the ground), .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya ? tahkwplus te- dualic, pick up. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa ? . -nyeyA-/-nyeyAt- v.a. for snow to get to be on the ground. kanye-yAthere's snow on the ground.

Oneida-English

wa 7kanye-yA• it snowed so that the snow stayed on the ground, Akanye-yA• it will snow so that there's snow on the ground. Habitual past: kanyeyA-táhkwe7 there was snow on the ground. Future stative: AkanyeyA-táke7 there will be snow on the ground. With t- cislocative: tkanye-yA- there's snow on the ground there. With n- partitive: tsi7 ok nú• nikanye-yA• all over the place there's snow. With te ? - negative: yáh te7kanye-yA• there's no snow on the ground. • NA kwi• khále7 e-só- sAtkanye-yA-, yáh s kwi- thau-tú- ahoyo7tAhsa7 lake7níha kanatá-ke wi7 yehoyó-tAhse . And there was lots of snow on the ground, so my father couldn't go to work in town where he worked. (M10) DERIVED BASES: -nyeyAtu- for snow to get to be on the ground all over. NOTE: Includes the noun root -nyeysnow (on the ground); otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -nyeyAt- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the -u- distributive suffix. -nyeyAtu- v.s. for snow to get to be on the ground all over. kanyeyA-túthere's snow lying all about. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - n y e y A - / - n y e y A t - f o r

snow to get to be on the ground, -udistributive. nyA-/nyAhA- pref. Partitive, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant nyAhA- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise nyA- occurs. nyAhA- pref. Partitive, translocative and future mode. See nyA-/nyAhA-.

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NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

nyAhAs- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/nyAhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces nyAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyAhAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs-/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/ nyAhAs-/nyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces nyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -nyAht- n. snow. ónyAhte7 snow. With - ? ke locative suffix: onyAhtá-ke on the snow. With -ku locative suffix and -shu ? collective clitic: onyAhtakúshu7 in through the snow. With ,at-N-inyu?t- plus tcislocative, bring in with oneself: tahatenyAhtínyuhte7 he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. With .at-N-okw-/.atya ? tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: wa 7twatenyAhto-kó- the snow just went flying. And s- repetitive: tusutenyAhto-kó- the snow flew all over again. With .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic, scatter something around: tekatenyAhtokwátha7 I'm scattering snow around, tewakatenyAhtokwáhtu I have scattered snow around, wa7tkatenyAhtókwahte7 I scattered snow around. With .hkw-/.ehkw-/ ,ya ? tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up: tekenyAhtákhwa7 I'm picking up snow (either in my hand or with a shovel), tehonyAhtáhkwA he has picked up the snow,

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Orieida-English

wa7thanyAhtahkwe7 he picked up the snow. With -N-inyu't-/ -ya?tinyu ? t- bring in, and t- cislocative: takanyAhtínyuhte7 the snow came in. With -N-it-/-ya7tit- be in: kanyAhtit there's snow in it. With -tAs- be thick, and n- partitive: nikanyXhtatAS the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car). • Tsi7nyu-kále7 tahaté-sle7 7 onyAhtakúshu . A mole came crawling in through the snow. (T3) DERIVED BASES: -nyAhtahel- have snow lying on; -nyAhtahnotes- be deep snow; -nyAhtal- have snow in or on; -nyAhtanolu- get stuck in snow; .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through snow; -nyAhtAht- get snow off someone; .atenyAhtatkawe- plus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow; .atenyAhtohtalhoplus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow; tewatenyAhtokwátha' snowblower; yonyAhtalólu snowdrift. -nyAhtahel- v.s. have snow lying on. kanyAhtáhele7 it has snow lying on it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -hel-/ -hi- set on top of, place on. -nyAhtahnotes- v.s. be deep snow. yonyAhtahno-tés it's deep snow. Aspect class: A. •Kwa7nyó wí- yonyAhtahno-tés, wé-ne HA e-só- utaklo-kó-. Is the snow ever deep, it must have snowed lots. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -ahnotes- be deep liquid. -nyAhtal- v.s. have snow in or on. kanyAhtale7 there's snow in it, lonyAhtale7 he has snow on him. With te'- negative: yáh te7yonyAhtale7 there wasn't any snow on it. Aspect class: F.

COMPOSED OF:

-nyAht" snow, -1- be

in or on. -nyAhtanolu- v.a. get stuck in snow. wakenyAhtano-lúhe7 I keep getting stuck in the snow, ukenyAhtano-lú- I got stuck in the snow, wahonyAhtano-lú- he got stuck in the snow. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -noluget stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time. .nyAhtaslutye- plus te- dualic, v.m. wade through snow. tewakenyAhtaslúti7 I'm going through the snow and it's up to my knees or thighs. With nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic: nya7tewakenyAhtaslúti7 I waded up to my knees through this deep snow. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -nyAht- snow. Otherwise the composition of this base is unclear but it is related to .nawa'tstaslutye- plus te- dualic, wade through mud. Many speakers have .nyAhtasluti- before a final 7 . -nyAhtAht- v.a. get snow off someone. linyAhtAtha7 I'm getting the snow off of him (e.g., his jacket). linyAhtAhtu I have gotten the snow off of him. wa 7kunyAhtAhte 7 I got the snow off of you, wahiny Aht Ahte7 I got the snow off of him. etshenyAhtAt Get the snow off of him! Aspect class: EL. COMPOSED OF: -nyAht- snow, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. nyAs-/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/nyAhAs/nyAhAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, future tense and iterative).

Oneida-English

NOTE: The alternant nyAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant nyAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant nyAs- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants nyAhASand nyAhAts- occur in place of nyAsand nyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. nyAse- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/nyAhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -nyAt- n. shin. onyA-tá• shin. With -ke locative clitic: kenyAtá'ke (on) my shin, senyAtá-ke (on) your shin, yenyAtá-ke (on) her shin, lanyAtá-ke (on) his shin. nyAts- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/nyAhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. nyAtsi- pref. Partitive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See nyAs/nyAts-/nyAtsi-/nyAse-/nyAhAs-/ nyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -nyota'aká- be Oneida. kenyota?a-káI'm Oneida, yakninyota?a'ká• we

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two (excl.) are Oneidas. NOTE: For the composition of this base, see Onyota'a ká People of the Standing Stone, Oneida. .nyo'kwatase- plus te- dualic, v.a. swirl snow, blizzard. teyonyo?kwatasé it's swirling snow, it's a blizzard. Pre-pausal: teyonyo?kwata-sé. wa^kanyo^kwata-séthere's a snowstorm. NOTE: Includes the alternant .taseof the verb base .hwatase-/.taseplus te- dualic, wind around, whirl, and possibly a component -o'kwround object. -nyu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: This suffix is realized by many speakers as -ni- before the final 7 of the stative and punctual aspects. nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant nyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant nyusu- replaces the sequence nyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nyusa- occurs. nyusa-/nyusa-/nyuse-/nyuse-/nyusu/nyu-su- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (partitive, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels

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Orieida-English

are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants nyuse- and nyu-se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants nyusu- and nyusureplace the sequences nyusawa- and nyu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise nyusa- and nyu-sa- occur. nyuse- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyuse-/nyuse- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyusa-/nyuse-/ nyuse-/nyusu-/nyusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. nyusu- pref. Partitive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyuse-/nyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence nyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

nyusu-/nyu su- pref. Partitive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See nyusa-/nyu sa-/nyuse-/ nyuse-/nyusu-/nyusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences nyusawa- and nyu-sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -nyut-/-niyut- v.a. suspend, hang. kenyútha7 I'm attaching it so that it's suspended or hanging, kani-yúte7 it's hanging. wa7kenyu-tA• I suspended it. With -hna ? tal-/-hna ? tatslpurse, wallet, suitcase, pocket: kahna?tatslani-yúte7 the purse or suitcase is hanging. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: kakAhani-yúte7 curtains are hanging. With -nhoh- door: kanhohani-yúte7 the door is hanging, wahanhohanyu-tA• he hung the door. With - ? sleht- vehicle: ke7slehtanyútha7 I'm attaching a car (e.g., with a chain to another car). Aspect class: F. • Wé-ne úhka7 ok tsyé-tlu7 tsi7 kakAhani-yúte7. It must be that somebody is living there because there are curtains hanging. DERIVED BASES: - n y u t a t y e - g o a l o n g

suspended or hanging; -nyutu- for several to be suspended or hanging; -at-N-nyut-/-at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself; -'nowanyut/-'nowaniyut- attach a padlock; kakAhani yúte' curtain; yekAhanyutákhwa7 curtain rod. NOTE: Refers to attaching an object with something like a strap or cable so that the object is suspended no

Oneida-English

higher than about eye level. The alternant -nyut- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -niyut- occurs in the stative aspect. -nyutatye- v.m. go along suspended or hanging, kanyutáti7 it's going along hanging. With -'sleht- vehicle: ka7slehtanyutáti7 a car is going along hanging. • KA7 utu-kóhte7 tow truck kwáh 7 ka slehtanyutáti7. A tow truck went by here a while ago with a car hanging on it.

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COMPOSED OF: - n y u t - / - n i y u t -

suspend, hang, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -nyutati- before a final 7 . -nyutu- v.s. for several to be suspended or hanging, kanyu-tú• several are suspended or hanging. With -kAhcloth, fabric, blanket: kakAhanyu-túthere's material (e.g., curtains) hanging in several places (e.g., on several windows). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - n y u t - / - n i y u t -

suspend, hang, -u- distributive.

o -N-o- v.a. be in water, cook in water, boil. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: waká-yo7 I have cooked the fruit, wa7ká'yo7 I cooked the fruit. With -hnana ? t- potato: wa7khnaná-to7 I put potatoes in water to cook, shnaná-to Cook potatoes! With -itsy- fish: wakítsyo7 I'm boiling fish, wa 7kítsyo7 I cooked fish. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: wakná-talo7 I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings. With -sahe ? t- bean: ksahé-tohe7 I boil beans, waksahé-to7 I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa7ksahé-to7 I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahé-to7 I will boil beans. With - ? nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhsegg: wa 7ke 7nhúhso 7 I boiled an egg, se7nhúhso Boil an egg! With - ? wahl- meat: wa7e7wá-lo7 she boiled meat. Aspect class: BL. DERIVED BASES: -at-N-o- swell; - ? skoht- immerse in water, baptize someone; -'skohw- put in water, drown something; ,'skokw- plus srepetitive, retrieve someone out of

water; -'sko'- fall in water, drown; kahnekó- well, water in puddles; kahnekóni' wells, puddles; kaná-talok bread, cake; owelóhkwa 7 floater; yehnana'tókhwa' potato pot; yehnekotsyAhtákhwa? dipper. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated novms (including the empty noun root - ? sk-) and in the base -okw- take out of water. -o- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See y o - / y a w - / y a - / y o y - / - o - / -aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. ohaká ta 7 N candle. -ohal- v.a. put over the tip of, insert the tip. kohálha 7 I'm attaching it to something (e.g., I'm putting in a light bulb), I'm hooking it over it (e.g., a

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Orieida-English

loop of rope over a nail), wakóhale7 I have hooked it. yóhale7 it's hooked onto it. wa 7koha-lA• I hooked it, Akoha-IA• I will hook it. With s- repetitive: oyá• sasoha-lA Attach a different one! (e.g., put in a new light bulb). Aspect class: F. • Kana7tsyá-ke yóhale7 yeyenásta7. The handle is hooked onto the pot. DERIVED BASES: -ohalakw- unhook, take off; -N-ohala'- get a sliver; -hsliye'tohal- thread a needle; katsihkóhal safety pin. NOTE: Refers to attaching two objects, or putting two objects in close contact, so that one of the objects is put over the other object, usually a longish and thin-ish one, or one object is inserted into the other one. -ohalakw- v.a. unhook, take off. wa7kohala-kó• I took it off (e.g., a light bulb from a lamp). COMPOSED OF: -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip, -kw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .ohalakw- plus tcislocative, take the end off, shorten; .ohalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, take or grab off quickly. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ohalakw- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take the end off, shorten, tkohalákwas I'm taking the end off of it, I'm shortening it (e.g., a dress or skirt). twakohalákwA I have cut the end off of it. takohala-kó• I took the end off of it, I shortened it. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ohalakw- unhook, take off. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

.ohalakwaht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. take or grab off quickly. takohalákwahte7 I took or grabbed it off quickly (e.g., my hat off a hook). COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -ohalakw- unhook, take off, -htcausative. ohalanX ta 7 N purple. -N-ohala ? - v.a. get a sliver. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: lahsi7toha-lá-se7 he keeps getting a sliver in his foot, lohsi7tohalá-u he has gotten a sliver in his foot, wa7kahsi7toha-láne7 I got a sliver in my foot. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers: wa7keshnuhsoha-láne7 I got a sliver in my hand. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: -N- incorporated noun, -ohal- put over the tip of, insert the tip, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ohale- wash. See -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale-. -ohalenyu- wash several. See -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyu-. -ohale'n- go to wash. See -nohale'n-/ -ohale'n-. -ohale ? se-/-ohale ? s- wash for someone. See -nohale ? se-/-nohale ? s/-ohale ? se-/-ohale 7 s-. ohAtakúshu' meadow. See -hAt-. ohAtú Locative particle: in front, ahead. Pre-pausal: ohA-tú. DERIVED BASES: ohAtúshu7 several at the head. NOTE: Probably from the verb base -hAte- go first, lead, go ahead.

Oneida-English

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ohAtúshu' Locative particle: several at the head. COMPOSED OF: ohAtú in front, ahead, -shu 7 collective clitic.

.ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. See .htohlalak-/ .ya 7 tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic.

ohki wé- V > N Dead Feast. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a component -ahkiwe-, and - 7 noun suffix. The component -ahkiweoccurs also in .atahkiwe- plus tedualic, perform a Dead Feast.

-ohlok-/-ohl- v.a. insert, kó-loks I'm inserting it, I'm sticking something between something, wakó-lu I have inserted it, I have stuck it in. yó-lu it's stuck, it's inserted (e.g., keys in the ignition). wa7kó-loke7 I inserted it, I stuck it in, Akó-loke7 I will insert it. Stative past: wakohlú-ne7 I had it stuck in there, yohlú-ne 7 it was stuck in. Future stative: Ayohlúhake 7 it will be stuck in. With -itahs-/ -itaks- tail: lAtahsó-lu his tail is stuck (e.g., in the ice). And t- cislocative: thó thAtahsó-lu there his tail is stuck. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -anishnuhsohlok-/ -anishnuhsohl- put on a ring; .ani 7 nyuhsohlok-/.ani 7 nyuhsohlplus y- translocative, stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere; .atohlok-/.atohl- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, insert oneself; -atya 7 tohlok-/-atya 7 tohl- carry someone under one's arm; -'nohlokinsert one's penis, copulate; ka'nhuhsó lu egg sandwich; ka'wahló lu meat sandwich. NOTE: The alternant -ohlok- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -ohl- occurs in the stative aspect. The h of the hi cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

ohkwalí N bear. Pre-pausal: ohkwa-lí. DERIVED BASES: Ohkwalihné Strathroy; Ohkwalihnéke Bear clan. NOTE: Our sources do not include examples which would let us determine the stem of ohkwalí. However, the text at the end of Lounsbury (1953) gives several forms which indicate that the incorporating form is -ahkwali 7 t-. For example, sentence (66) includes the form yusuhkwali7takwAhtalahne the bear landed sprawled out flat on it. Cf. Mohawk: wahkwari7tará:ken polar bear (white bear) (GM). Ohkwalihné- proper name. Strathroy. COMPOSED OF: ohkwalí bear, -nélocative clitic. Ohkwalihnéke N Bear clan. • Ohkwalihné-ke nuki?taló-tA7 I'm of the Bear clan. (VI) COMPOSED OF: ohkwalí bear, -hnéke locative clitic. NOTE: Another base for 'Bear clan' is -sklewak-. ohkwesX- N grouse, partridge. NOTE: Includes a root -ahkwes-, which is found in the Mohawk place name Akwesasne 'where the partridge drums'. -ohl- insert. See -ohlok-/-ohl-.

ohnáhte 7 Interrogative particle: what. • Thó s kwí• né- ni-yót tsi7 wa7akwayAtéhtane7 ohnáhte7 ayukwayo-tA• tshiyakwaksa 7sh úha. This is how we learned how to work when we were children. (Gl) ohnakXhsa 7 N leather, hide.

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Orieida-English

ohná-kA? Locative particle: behind, in back of.

(ACH); Mohawk: ohósera7 (GM); Seneca: 7o:sse7 (Chafe 1967:646).

ohnakwAhsa? N white birch.

ohsawé ta' N chalk dust.

ohna'kwalohsa'kó- / ohnakwalohsa'kó- V > N elephant. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -hna?kwalohs-/-hnakwalohs- be naked from the waist up, -a ? noun suffix, -kó- augmentative clitic. NOTE: Both forms are attested.

-ohsl- n. year, winter. With -ase- be new, be fresh: ohsla-sé• it's a new year. With .N-es- plus tsi ? particle and n- partitive, be a duration in time: tsi7 niyóhsles during the year. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: teyohslaké two years. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: wísk niyohslaké five years. With .N-ke- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic or nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya7teyohslaké every year. With -o ? kta-/-o ? ktA- come to the end of, finish: wa7kohsló-ktA7 I ended the year. And s- repetitive: sakohsló-ktA7 I ended the year again. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: tsyóhslat one year. With .N-tkX plus s- repetitive, be one (period of time) ago: tsyohslatkA one year ago. DERIVED BASES: -ohslat- become winter; -ohslate- be a particular year; -ohsliya'k- last someone through the winter, spend the winter; .ohsliya'k- plus te- dualic, be an age, have a birthday; k o h s l á k e winter; yohslashe tás the count-year; yohslaténi one year after the other; Tsha'tekohsélha 7 Midwinter, February. NOTE: Attested only as an incorporated root and in several temporal expressions.

ohnéhta' N evergreen, pine. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a root -hneht-, and the -a? noun suffix. The noun root -hneht- is found in the place name Schenectady, NY, which is Skahnéhtati in Mohawk. It means 'beyond the pines', and was used by the Mohawks to refer to Albany, NY. ohne-kánus N water, ukwahne-kánus our water. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -hnek- liquid, liquor; otherwise the composition is unclear. In possessed forms the o- noun prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. oholó ta 7 watlAnótha' wind instrument. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -holo't- cylinder, pipe, -a ? noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -atlAnotmake music, play a musical instrument, put on the radio, purr, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: For example, a trombone. oholo'ta'shúha N macaroni. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -holo't- cylinder, pipe, -a 7 noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. oho séla' N basswood. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ohósle7

-ohslat- v.a. become winter. Ayóhslate7 it will become winter, a-yóhslate7 it would be winter. With s- repetitive: sayóhslate7 it became winter again. •Nále7 tú-ske7 tayotholáti7 atsyók

Oneida-English

ok ókhna 7 AyóhslateTruly the cold is coming again (and) soon it will be winter. NOTE: Includes the noun root -ohslyear, winter; otherwise the composition is unclear. -ohslate- v.s. be a particular year. ka7ikA yohsla-té- this year. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ohsl- year, winter, -N-te- exist. -ohsliya'k- v.a. last someone through the winter, spend the winter. ukohsli-yá-ke7 it lasted me the winter, Awakohsli-yá-ke7 it will last me the winter, Ahonohsli-yá-ke7 it will last them (m.) the winter, ayakyohsli-yá-ke7 we (excl.) should spend the winter. •Thó né• nikú AhatiyAtho7 lonulhá- kwi• néAhonohsli-yá-ke7 sA. They would plant enough themselves to last them through the winter. (VI) NOTE: Composed of the noun root -ohsl- year, winter, and a verbal component -iya ? k-, which occurs otherwise with the te- dualic as the incorporating alternant of .yahya'k/.iya'k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ohsliya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. be an age, have a birthday. tewakohsliyá-ku it's my age, tesohsliyá-ku it's your age, tékni tewakohsliyá-ku I'm two years old. wa7tkohsli-yá-ke7 I had a birthday, tayakohsli-yá-ke7 she should reach that age. With s- repetitive: teshaohsliyá-ku it's his birthday again, tetsyakaohsliyá-ku it's her birthday again, tusakohsli-yá-ke7 I

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had a birthday again, tusayakohsli-yá-ke7 she had a birthday again, tusahlohsli-yá-ke7 he had a birthday again, tAskohsli-yá-ke7 I will have a birthday again. With ya'tusatranslocative, dualic and repetitive; and optative stative: ya7tusesohsliya7kúhake7 you should be that age. With n- partitive: thó na7tewakohsliyá-ku that's the age I am, oyelv na7tewakohsliyá-ku I'm ten years old, na7tyakohsli-yá-ke7 she turned this age, na7thlohsli-yá-ke7 he turned this age. With tsh- coincident: tsha7tewakohsliyá-ku when I was that age, tó• tsha7tesohsliyá'ku how old were you then? With tsha ? tusacoincident, dualic and repetitive: tsha7tusakohsli-yá-ke7 when it was my birthday again. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tewakohsliyá-ku I'm not that age. • Shakotsi7tsya-wíhe7 kwáh tsi7 7 nikú tusayakohsli-yá-ke . He keeps giving her flowers on her birthday. NA kayé yawA-léna7tyakohsli-7 y á-ke . She's fourteen today. COMPOSED OF: -ohsl- year, winter, .yahya?k-/.iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ohslukw-/-ya ? tohslukw- v.a. rub (a part of the body), kohslúkwas I'm rubbing (e.g., my arm, my leg), lohslúkwas he's rubbing, yakohslúkwas she's rubbing, yohslúkwas she (z.) is rubbing. wa7kohslu-kó- I rubbed (myself), wahiya7tohslu-kó• I rubbed him. NOTE: The alternant -ya'tohslukwoccurs with pronominal prefixes that

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Orieida-English

refer to animate patient participants. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .ohtalho- plus te- dualic, v.s. be tidy, be neat, teyohtálhu it's neat, it's tidy. With t- cislocative: nétetyohtálhu it's the neatest. Aspect class: E. DERIVED BASES: . a t o h t a l h o - p l u s te-

dualic, tidy up. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. See also -ya'tohtalho- leave someone out, exclude someone. ohtehlakáhtu 7 V > N radish. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -htehl- root, -N-kahtu- be raw, - 7 noun suffix. ohutsyakayú ke V > N the old country, Europe. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -akayube old, - ' k e locative clitic. ohutsyakú N basement. Pre-pausal: ohutsya-kú. • Só-tsi? kaná-nu thikA ohutsya-kú. That basement is too full. Yo-yAohutsya-kú. It (the house) has a basement. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -ku locative suffix. ohutsyakwekú V > N the whole world. Pre-pausal: ohutsyakwe-kú. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -kwekube all together. ohwáskA? N cornhusk. ohwAlya7 N frothy substance, phlegm.

ohwistano lú- V > N gold, silver. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -nolube expensive, - 7 stative. ohyótsli7 N string bean, July. Prepausal: ohyótshelP. ohyukwála 7 N thistle. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kahyu-kwále7 thistle, thorn (ACH), and Mohawk: ohnyón:wara7 thistle, bramble (GM). ok Affirmative particle: definitely, only. okahkwilo'ókta 7 V > N eyelid. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a component -kahkwilo 7 ok-, the -ht- causative suffix (with deletion of the h of the suffix), and -ha 7 habitual. See also .atkahkwilo 7 okplus te- dualic, blink. okahsló-ta7 N baked green corn mush. okalanX ta7 N lizard. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: kAtsyahle-nás (ACH). okalyahtáne 7 V > N mosquito. • Okalyahtá-ne? tahothaláti sahathlolyá-na? tsi? niwakhnekihlú-neA mosquito is talking as he's coming this way, he's on his way to tell that I was drinking. (A song) COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -kalybite, -ht- causative, - 7 ne- ambulative, intentive. -oka 7 t- v.s. be rough, yao-ká-t it's rough. Pre-pausal: yao-káht. With n- partitive: tsi? niyao-ká-t it's so rough. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: - y A n o k a 7 t - b e

rough, have a rough manner; -7slehtoka7t- be a rough car, be a rough ride. NOTE: May also be a component in

Oneida-English

tsistoka'táne? firefly, lightning bug. The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ó ke- Exclamation. Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! NOTE: This expression is used when someone is kind of disgusted or disappointed, or when something has gone wrong. It has a characteristic intonational contour: both vowels are long and both have a relatively high pitch, but the first vowel has the higher pitch. ó ke- sXh Exclamation. Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! -okew- get wiped off, fade, disappear. See -atlakew-/-at-N-okew-. -okew- wipe, wipe off. See -lakew-/ -ya 7 tokew-/-okew-. -okewanyu- wipe several. See -lakewanyu-/-okewanyu-. ókhale' Conjunction: and. ókhna? Adverbial particle: right away, immediately, already, then. -N-oklik-/-N-okli-/-N-klik-/-N-kliv.a. get wrinkled, get scrunched up. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -N-oklikand -N-klik- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects, -N-okli- and -N-kli- occur in the stative aspect and before the nominalizer suffix. Bases that include -N-oklik-/ -N-okli- are .athnAhsoklikhu- plus t- cislocative, shrug one's shoulders; -atkahloklik- wink; -atokli'tslal- be wrinkled; .atokli'tslo'tA- plus npartitive, look wrinkled; -atshinoklik- draw up one's legs; and -attoklikhu- be wrinkled, be crushed. The alternants -N-klik-/-N-kli-

637

occur in -ani?nyuklik-/-ani7nyukliwririkle up one's nose. óksa? Adverbial particle: right away, right now. óksa? ok just right away. ó k s t e ' Wife! Husband! Pre-pausal: ókste7 Vocative form of -kstAha/ -kstA- older person or animal, spouse. ókta' N eggshell. -oku suf. under. Locative. DERIVED BASES: -ahsi'toku soles of the feet. -oku/-o kú- clitic, several. Collective clitic. NOTE: Usually occurs after nouns designating animate beings. The alternant -oku occurs when the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -o kú- occurs word-finally. okuhsa'shúha N sunflower. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -kuhs/-kuks- face, mask, -a7 noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'sunflower' is okuhsyú ta'. okuhsyú ta' N sunflower. NOTE: Another word for 'sunflower' is okuhsa'shúha. Cf. Wisconsin: okohsyAhta7 (ACH). -okw- v.a. take out of water, kókwas I'm taking something out of the water. laókwA he has taken it out of the water. wa7ko-kó• I took it out of the water. With -itsy- fish: kitsyókwas I'm taking the fish out of the water, lotsyókwA he has taken the fish out of the water, wahAtsyo-kó• he took the fish out of the water. With -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle, and s- repetitive:

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Orieida-English

sakna 7tsyo-kó• I took the pail out of the water again. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: - a t o k w a ' t - /

-atokwa'tsl- spoon. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -obe in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .okw- plus te- dualic, scatter, disperse. See .at-N-okw-/.atya'tokw- plus tedualic. okwahalóhsa? N something dripping wet. .okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around. See .at-N-okwahtplus te- dualic. okwXhtala' N blue baby. -ol- cover up. See -?lholok-/- 7 lhol-/ -olok-/-ol-. oláhsote7 N snowshoe. NOTE: This base is not familiar to all speakers. olakwáhta 7 N sole of a shoe. NOTE: See also yolakwáhtale 7 callus. Olátsku? úhte Exclamation. Darn it! .olA-/.ya ? tolA- plus te- dualic, v.a. split. teko-lAs I'm splitting it. tewakolA I have split it. wa 7tko-lAI split it, wa 7thuwaya 7to-lA- she split him open. Aspect class: A2. • ókhna 7 nA ki7 ale7 thikA wa7enóhale7 ókhna7 né• wa7thuwa7 7 ya to-lA• wa etáhko7 ki7 wáh. Right away she would wash it (the squirrel) and then split his body in half to take out his insides. (VI) DERIVED BASES: .olAhslu- plus tedualic, split several; .atolA- plus te-

dualic, get split; .a'kAshlolA- plus te- dualic, harrow; .nya?tolA- plus tedualic, have heartburn. NOTE: The alternant ,ya?tolAoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. .olAhslu- plus te- dualic, v.a. split several. tekolAhsluhe7 I'm splitting several things. tewakolAhslu7 I have split several things. wa 7tekolAhslu 7 I split several things, tAhsolAhslu 7 you will split several things. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: .olA-/.ya?tolA- plus te- dualic, split, -hslu- distributive. -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?- v.a. find, discover. wa7kheya7to-lAne7 I found her, wahiya7to-lAne7 I found him, wa7utatya7to-lAne7 she found her, wahuwaya7to-lAne7 she found him. With s- repetitive: sahuwaya7to-lAne7 she found him again, sayukya7to-lAne7 they found me again. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahuwaya 7to-lAne 7 how they found him there. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wahathwisto-lAne 7 he found some money. With -lut- tree, log: wahatluto-lAne7 he found a tree. With -nahkw- marriage, mate: yakonahkolA-u she has found a mate, wa7enahko-lAne7 she found a mate, aknahko-lAne7 I should find a mate. With -naskw-/-nAskwdomestic animal, pet, slave: wa7katnasko'lAne7 I found a pet. With -nakt- bed, place, space: knakto-lA-se7 I (always) find room, I keep finding room, waknaktolA-u I have found room, wa7knakto-lAne7 I found room. With -nha ? tsl- hired work: kenha7tslo-lA-se7 I keep finding someone to work, wakenha7tsIolA-u I have found work,

Oneida-English

I have found someone to work, wa7kenha7tslo-lAne7 I found work, I found someone to work, wa7katenha7tslo-lAne7 I found somebody to work or hire. With -wAnvoice, word: latWAno-lA-se7 he's always finding words, lotwAnolA-u he has found a word (for something), wahatwAno-lAne7 he found a word. With -ya ? tase ? tsl- girlfriend: latya7tase7tslo-lA-se7 he's always finding a girlfriend, lotya7tase7tslolA-u he has found a girlfriend. And s- repetitive: sakatya7tase7tslo-lAne7 I found another girlfriend. Aspect class: E3. •Né-n thó né• nyahuwaya7to-lAne7 Atilú kalhakú thikA. And then they found this raccoon in the woods. (CI) Né• s kwi• HA wahatluto-lAne7 kalutiyó, o7nu-ná-, né- s kwitashakolutahawíhtA7 lohsótha. Whenever he found a good tree, a black ash, he would bring his grandmother the logs. (Gl) "NAki 7 ale 7 wi- oyá- sakatya 7tase 7tslo-lAne7." "So now again I found another girlfriend." (G2) DERIVED BASES: - a t A ' n i k u h l o l A ? -

discover a way; -atliholA?- find a way or idea. NOTE: The alternant -ya?tolA?occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Both -N-O1A?- and -at-N-olA?-, with the semireflexive, are attested with incorporated nouns, although the latter is attested more often. The -at- of -at-N-olA?- is replaced by a semireflexive alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. The final 7 of all the alternants is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels.

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ólhohte' N burr. DERIVED BASES: o l h o h t e ' k ó -

burdock. olhohte'kó- N burdock. COMPOSED OF: ólhohte? burr, -kóaugmentative clitic. olhyóhkwala7 V > N bobbin. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -alhyohkw- sinker, ring, hoop, -1- be in or on, -a7 noun suffix. -N-oli-/-N-oly- v.a. drive. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns, or the semireflexive, or both. See -atahsa'ka'tslolyAni-/ -atahsa'ka'tslolyA- get a coughing attack; -atna'kolyAni-/-atna ? kolyAget angry, become cross, become unruly; -atnunyolyAni-/-atnunyolyAfeel like dancing; -atoli-/-atolydrive, drive away; -slAhtoli- keep someone awake, get woken up; - ? nikuhloli-/- ? nikuhloly- amuse, entertain; wathAto líhe7 scarecrow; and possibly -ateshwa'tolyAni-/ -ateshwa'tolyA- get into a playful mood. olihwakayú old times. Pre-pausal: olihwaka-yú. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -akayu- be old. olihwiyó Emphatic particle: sure, certainly. Pre-pausal: olihwi-yó. • "Olihwiyó kwi- ka7ikA tsi7 yáh tewaku7wéskwanihe7 tsi7 náhte7 nók Awa-tú- nAkyele7, nók Awa-túAkhe7tanAWAhsláli7 yethiyatléha." "I sure don't like having to do what I have to do, to give our granddaughter a whipping." (M7) COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -lihwbusiness, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -N-iyo- be good.

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Orieida-English

-olishA- v.a. be out of breath, pant. wakolishA-u I'm out of breath, I'm panting, laolishAu he's out of breath, yakaolishA-u she's out of breath. ukolíshA 7 I panted, I got out of breath. DERIVED BASES: - a t o l i s h A - /

-atolishAt- rest. oli-té- N pigeon. -olok- cover up. See -?lholok-/-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol-. -olokt- use to cover up with. See -?lholokt-/-olokt-. -N-oly- drive. See -N-oli-/-N-oIy-. -on- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-/-yon-/ -oti-/-on-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. onahsakA-láte' / nahsakA-láte? V > N goose. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. M.D. suggests that these forms are related to the word oya'takA-láte? lard, animal fat, since geese are very fatty. A similar word in Mohawk is o7nashakén:ra swan, which is composed of the onoun prefix, - ? nash- feather, plume, quill, and -kenra- be white (GM). See also kalistakA-Iáte7 tin; and onahsakAlatkó- / nahsakAlatkówild goose. Another word for 'goose' is káhuk. onahsakAlatkó / nahsakAlatkó V > N wild goose. NOTE: The final -kó- is the augmentative clitic. See note under onahsakA-láte? / nahsakA-láte?

goose. Another word for 'wild goose' is káhuk. onahwXtskli7 N wood shavings. oná kAt N groundhog. DERIVED BASES: ona?kAtkó- badger. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is ona'kAt, and the 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after the accented vowel. ona'kAtkó- N badger. COMPOSED OF: onákAt groundhog, -kó- augmentative clitic. oneklX ta' N morel. NOTE: In Wisconsin, glossed 'tripe' (ACH). onéshu7 N hell. NOTE: See note under -anishuhlolu7 devil. onX Temporal particle: now, then. Prepausal: o-nA. onAhótste' N mandrake, May apple. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ono7ótste? (ACH). OnXstase7 V > N August. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nAstcorn, -ase- be new, be freshi, stative. onhéhta7 N porcupine. DERIVED BASES: o n h é h t a ' onúhkwis

porcupine quills. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onhé-ta 7 (ACH), and Seneca: kahé7ta7 (Chafe 1967:558). onhéhta? onúhkwis porcupine quills. COMPOSED OF: onhéhta' porcupine; and o- noun prefix, -nuhkwis-/ -nuhkwisl- hair. onhwalá ne 7 N caterpillar. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -nhwal- fur; otherwise the composition is unclear. Cf.

Oneida-English

Wisconsin: (ACH).

onhxvalá/onhwálane7

onikó lha' N wampum. onikwAhtalá- N cardinal. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -nikwAhtalred, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .á ? plus kA7 particle and npartitive, be small, but without the kA? particle and n- partitive. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyotakukó (ACH). onikwXhtala 7 nikahtehló tA V > N beet. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nikwAhtal- red, -a 7 noun suffix; and ka- neuter agent, -htehl- root, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. onikwAnó ta' N gizzard. onikwítsya 7 N crotch. onishuhlo lú- V > N devil, evil snake. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -anishuhlolu 7 devil. Onísta' Exclamation. Oh boy! Oh darn! • Onísta7 tsi7 na7ukwatétshA?. Oh boy did we ever get scared. (V3) NOTE: It has been suggested to us that onísta7 originally referred to a species of snake. Onísta 7 úhte Exclamation. Oh boy! Oh darn! onitshehwAta 7 N milkweed. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onitsehwAku / onitsehwA-ta7 / onitsehwA-tu (ACH). onítskwa 7 N seat, stool. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -ansemireflexive, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -a 7 noun suffix.

641

óni 7 Adverbial particle: even, also. onláhsa7 N comb of a rooster. NOTE: ACH give the gloss 'mushroom, cork, lichen'. In Mohawk the cognate noun root -nerahs- also means 'cork' (GM). The Seneca cognate (Chafe 1967:1147) is glossed 'fungus, visor, comb of a fowl'. onlahtakáhtu 7 V > N lettuce. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nlaht- leaf, -N-kahtu- be raw, noun suffix. onlAha7 yotílyos worm powder. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nlAhworm, intestinal parasite, -a7 noun suffix; and yoti- feminine-zoic nonsingular patient, -lyo-/-liyo- beat, kill, -s habitual. onohalétha 7 V > N soap. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -nohale-/-ya 7 tohale-/-ohale- wash, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. ono'ókhwa7 N ground corn. onu kála 7 N hickory. NOTE: The more common form for 'hickory' is nékh. onu kót N weasel. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onu-kóte7 (ACH); Mohawk: onón:kote7 (GM); and Seneca: hany.koit (Chafe 1967:1245). onulhá- they, them (z.). Emphatic pronoun. See-ulha 7 . onuno lí- N sweet flag. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: onuno-lú(ACH). onu tála' N thick soup, mush. Onuta'keha ká N Onondaga. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -nuthill, little hill, mound, - ? ke locative

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Orieida-English

suffix, -a-ká-/-ha-káclitic.

populative

onu'usla'kó- N pumpkin. COMPOSED OF: O- noim prefix, -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -a7 noun suffix, -kó- augmentative clitic. Onyota'a ká- V > N People of the Standing Stone, Oneida. With te ? negative: yáh ní• Onyota7a-ká• té-kA I'm not Oneida. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, a reduced form -ny- of the noun base -nAy- stone, the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -e7 stative aspect (with assimilation of the vowel e to the vowel of the following syllable), and -a-ká-/-ha-kápopulative clitic. See also -nyota'a ká- be Oneida. osahé ta7 ohnekákli' bean soup. Prepausal: osahé-ta7 ohnekákelP. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -sahe't- bean, -a 7 noun suffix; and onoun prefix, -hnekakli-/ -hnekakli'tsl- broth, watery soup, noun suffix. osekwá lha' N cornmeal mush. Oshwe kX N Ohsweken. NOTE: See also -shoka'a ká person from Six Nations. oskanXha Adverbial particle: quietly. oskanA?shúha Adverbial particle: slowly. oskánhe Adverbial particle: together. • Oskánhe nú• nukwá• tyukyatukohtáhkwA. We're together on the same side or the same team. oskanu tú-/ oskAnu tú- N deer. NOTE: Both forms are attested. Both forms are also given in ACH. Cf.

Mohawk: oskenón:ton enskenón-ton (GM).

or

-osku- v./n. all, most, the majority. uósku 7 the majority, most of it, aósku 7 káhik the majority of it is fruit, it's mostly fruit. With -ahtsi ? kl- cloud: ohtsi7klósku7 it's all cloudy. With -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: o7kAhlósku 7 it has dirt, sand, or ashes all in it. With -a'swA't- black: o7swA7tósku7 it's all black. With -nawa ? tst- mud: onawa 7tstósku 7 it's all muddy. With -nAy- stone: onAyósku 7 it's all stone (e.g., talking about a stone house). With -nikwAhs- blood: onikwAhsósku 7 it has blood all over, it's all bloody. With -skA?lh- rust: oskA 7lhósku 7 it's all rusty. With -wiskl- white: owisklósku7 it's all white. •Shayá-tat o7swA7tósku7 nihaya7tó-tA khále7 shayá-tat owískla7 nénihaya7tó-tA. One of them (dogs) was all black and the other was white. (M6) NOTE: This base has both verbal and nominal properties. It occurs with incorporated nouns, which suggests it is a verb. However, it always occurs with nominal prefixes, either with the neuter nominal possessive prefix in the form aósku 7, or with the onoun prefix in forms with incorporated nouns. ostawina7shúha N celery. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -stawin- stalk, -a ? noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. otsinuhyáhta7 ahsli yé- sinew. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -tsinuhyaht- vein, -a ? noun suffix; and -ahsliye-/-ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? tstring, thread, yarn, - 7 noun suffix.

Oneida-English

NOTE: See also -nuhy-, another base for 'sinew'.

Ostohlonú-ke N United States, America. DERIVED BASES:

Ostohlonu'keha ká- American. NOTE: Composed of an element osto-, which is a borrowing of 'Boston' from English, the alternant-hlonu7 of the resident clitic -hlonu ? /-hlolu 7 , and -ke locative clitic. The final 7 of the resident clitic is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ostohlonu'keha ká- N American. COMPOSED OF: Ostohlonú ke United States, America, -aká/-hakápopulative clitic. ostowa'kó N turtle shell rattle. NOTE: Possibly composed of the onoun prefix, a root -stow-, the noun suffix -a7, and the augmentative clitic -kó-. See also kastowá- man's headdress. ostúha Adverbial particle: a little bit. ostúha ok a little bit, just a small amount. -ot- stand something upright, have. See -hnyot-/-ot-. otahálhu' right in the sun. •Otahálhu7 yeyé-tlu7. She's sitting right in the sun. NOTE: Includes the noun root -atahal- sun; otherwise the composition is unknown. -otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. See -hnyotakw-/-otakw-. .otakwaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, pull out in a hurry, grab. See .hnyotakwaht-/

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.otakwaht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative. -otalho-/-ya 7 totalho- v.a. drape over, hook, harness, kotálhos I'm attaching it so that it's draped or hooked over something, kya7totálhos I'm harnessing her (z.) or it. wakotálhu I have draped or hooked it over, yotálhu it's draped or hooked over. wa7kotálho7 I draped it, wa 7kheya 7totálho 7 I harnessed them (e.g., a team of horses), wa7akoya7totálho7 she (z.) harnessed her or them. Aspect class: E2. • Wa7akoya7totálho7 n akotshe-nAponyha wa7akwatítane7. She harnessed up her (mother's) pet pony (and) we got in. (Ol) DERIVED BASES: . a l a h s i ' t o t a l h o -

plus t- cislocative, trip someone; -hi'kalotalho- put in gear; .lihotalho- plus te- dualic, oppose; .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic, for something to be hooked over one's arm; .ya'kalotalho- plus te- dualic, be draped over, be leaning over; .'nyotalho- plus te- dualic, drape or hook a stick over; atya'totalhósta' harness; tekanuwalotálhu chain; tekutenyalotálhos violet; tewatotálhos hook. N O T E : The alternant -ya'totalhooccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The alternant -otalho- is composed of a verb root -otal- and the -ho- causative suffix. The root -otal- occurs also in -otalihsyu- unhook. The final o of both alternants is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -otalihsyu- v.a. unhook, kotalíhsyus I'm unhooking it. Akotalíhsi7 I will unhook it. With s- repetitive: skotalíhsyus I'm unhooking it again,

644

Orieida-English

I unhooked it again, Askotalíhsi7 I will unhook it again. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -atotalihsyu- get loose, get out of a situation; .'nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, remove a stick from it's being hooked over. NOTE: Composed of a component -otali- and the -hsyu- reversative suffix. See also -otalho-/ -ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness. Forms with the s- repetitive are preferred. Many speakers have -otalihsi- before a final 7 .

sakotalíhsi7

-ota 7 se-/-ota ? s- get stuck with an object. See -hnyota 7 se-/-hnyota 7 s-/ -ota 7 se-/-ota 7 s-. othahyuní wolf. See thahyuní / othahyuní. OthetkA ta? úhte Exclamation. Oh shucks! COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -atsemireflexive, -hetkA?t- ugliness, -a 7 noun suffix; and uhte maybe. otholé ke N north. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -athol(e)- be cold, - ? ke locative clitic.

otholyáhsla 7 N a cold. NOTE: See also -atholyahslu 7 se-/ -atholyahslu's- catch a cold. -oti- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-/-yon-/ -oti-/-on-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. ótkuhte Exclamation. Oh gosh! Darn! NOTE: A contraction of ótku 7 snake

(see -atku-/-atku 7 sl-) and the particle uhte maybe. otkutáhkwA Temporal particle: all the time, it keeps happening. NOTE: Reduced form of tyotkutáhkwA. ó tshe- Exclamation. Oh dear me! .otshya't- plus t- cislocative, v.a. yank out. tkotshyá-tha 7 I'm yanking it out. twakotshyá-tu I have yanked it out. takótshyahte7 I yanked it out. With -nuto ? tsl- box: taknuto7tslótshyahte7 I yanked out the box. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -otshyu-/-otshy- pull out, - ? tcausative. NOTE: The

7

of the 7t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -otshyu-/-otshy- v.a. pull out. kótshyus I'm pulling it out. wakótshyu I have pulled it out. wa?kótshi7 I pulled it out, Akótshi7 I will pull it out. With s- repetitive: sakótshí7 I pulled it back out again, yáh thau-tú• usakótshi7 I can't pull it back out again. With -anekl-/ -Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds: kaneklótshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakaneklótshi I have weeded, wahaneklótshi7 he weeded, Ahsaneklótshi7 you will weed, saneklótshi Weed! With -nuto'tslbox: knuto7tslótshyus I'm pulling out the box. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -hsyu-/ -hsy- reversative. DERIVED BASES: .otshya't- plus tcislocative, yank out; -otshyukwpull out all; -at-N-otshyu-/ -at-N-otshy- pull out a part of one's

Oneida-English

body; -la'wistotshyu- remove the peel; -nolotshyu- husk corn. NOTE: When the -hsyu-/-hsyreversative suffix is added to the alternant -ot- of the component base, the resulting thsy cluster is replaced by tshy. The alternant -otshy- occurs before the - ? t- causative suffix. Many speakers have -otshi- instead of -otshyu- word-finally and before a final f. -otshyukw- v.a. pull out all. kotshyúkwas I'm pulling all of them out. wa?kotshyu-kó- I pulled all of them out. With s- repetitive: sakotshyu-kó' I pulled them all back out again. COMPOSED OF: -otshyu-/-otshypull out, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. otsilanXta 7 N pig's foot. otsínkwala 7 nikahtehló tA V > N carrot. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -tsi'nkwal- yellow, orange, -a ? noun suffix; and ka- neuter agent, -htehlroot, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. otsí nkwala' niwahyótA V > N orange. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -tsi'nkwal- yellow, orange, -a7 noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ahy-/ -hi- fruit, berry, .N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of. otsistohkwá- N clown. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -tsistohkw- dot, print, star, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .á 7 plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be small, but without the kA' particle and n- partitive.

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otsi'néhkwala' N buds. otsi'néhtala? N small beads, nits. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and probably -'nehtal- fish eggs, gravel; otherwise the composition is unclear. otsi'nkwalá- N goldfinch. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -tsi'nkwalyellow, orange, and possibly an alternant of the verb base .á 7 plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be small, but without the kA? particle and npartitive. Cf. Wisconsin: otsi?nkwálha7 (ACH). otsi'nowX N mouse. Pre-pausal: otsi?no-wA. DERIVED BASES: o t s i ' n o w A h k ó - rat.

Probably includes the noun base -'now- hump shape, dome shape. NOTE:

otsi'nowAhkó- N rat. COMPOSED OF: otsi'nowX mouse, -kóaugmentative clitic. otsi'nuwahé ta 7 N earthworm. NOTE: Includes the o- noun prefix and the noun base -tsi'nuw- bug, worm; otherwise the composition is unclear. otstahlu wá- N marrow. NOTE: This word was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. otstókhwi7 N blueberry. -otu- for several to be standing upright. See -hnyotu-/-otu-. -otunyu- stand several upright. See -hnyotunyu-/-otunyu-. ótyahke' Quantity particle: some of them.

646

Orieida-English

-otyak- v.a. raise a child, bring up a child, wa ?kheyótyake 7 I raised her, wahuwayótyake7 she or they raised him, wa ?esayótyake 7 she raised you, wahakótyake7 he raised me, wa 7shakoyótyake 7 he raised her, wahoyótyake 7 he raised him, wa7ethiyótyake7 you and I (incl.) raised her, wa7ukhiyótyake7 she raised us, wa 7akoyótyake7 she (z.) raised them. •Ne-né• yahoya7táhawe7 ne-néwahuwayótyake7 It was she who took him, it was she who brought him up. (02) DERIVED BASES: - a t o t y a k - / - a t o t y -

grow up. -owan(A)- be big. See -kwan(A)-/ -owan(A)-. -owanha-/-owanhA- become big. See -kwanha-/-kwanhA-/-owanha-/ -owanhA-. owelóhkwa' V > N floater. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -welair, wind, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -hkw- instrumental, -a ? noun suffix. NOTE: A floater is an object used for fishing. owistó kwa 7 N something frozen. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisto- be cold; but the composition is unclear. -oy- pref. she or it acts on her. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/ yaw-/ya-/yoy-/-o-/-aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -dP- factual. oyá- Quantity particle: another, more. Also functions as an indefinite pronoun: another one, the other one.

• Tahnú• oyá• tekahu-wáke tututáyahte7 nA ki7 ale7 wisayakwahwánhake7 And then two more boats would come in and we would tie (the tobacco leaves) again. (03) DERIVED BASES: oyá s h u ' others. oyá- plus nya ? tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive, or yAs- translocative, future and repetitive, next (day of the week). With tekníhatu7t Tuesday: oyánya7teskníhatu7t next Tuesday. With ahsAhatu 7t Wednesday: oyánya7teswahsAhatu7t next Wednesday. With kayelíhatu 7t Thursday: oyá• nya7teskayelíhatu7t next Thursday. With yawAtAtá-u Monday: oyá- yASWAtA-táne7 next Monday. With wískhatu7t Friday: oyá- yAswískhatu 7t next Friday. With Atákta7 Saturday: oyáyASWAtákta7 next Saturday. With yautatokAhti/yautatokAhtu Sunday: oyá• yAswAtatokAhti or yAswAtatokAhtu next Sunday. oyá- plus tshit- coincident and cislocative, the other (time). With the-tAyesterday: oyá• tshithe-tA• the other day, kwáh oyá• tshithe-tA- the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. With kwa7ahsu-télast night: oyá- tshitkwa7ahsu-téthe other night. With astéhtsi7 in the morning: oyá- tshitwastéhtsi7 the other morning. With -a ? kala-/ -a?kalaw- get dark, black out: oyátshityó-kalas the other night. With kohslá-ke winter: oyátshitkohslá-ke the other year. oyá n N A donut doll given to children by their aunts on New Year's Day. DERIVED BASES: .athoya'n-/ .athoya'nht- plus te- dualic, get

Oneida-English

oyá-n. NOTE: The underlying form of this word is oya ? n, and the 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels. oyá shu 7 Quantity particle: others. COMPOSED OF: oyá- another, -shu? collective clitic. -oya'ak-/-oyA- v.a. throw something straight at something, kóya M s I'm throwing it straight at it. wakóyA 7 I have thrown it. wa 7kóya 7ake 7 I threw it, wahlóya7ake7 he threw it. With t- cislocative: tahlóya7ake7 he threw it this way. With y- translocative: yahlóya7ake7 he threw it the other way. Aspect class: B2. DERIVED BASES: .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. NOTE: The alternant -oya'akoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -oyA- occurs in the stative aspect. .oya ? ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, v.a. throw something straight at something. wa 7thlóya 7ake 7 he threw it straight at it. With t- cislocative: tutahlóya7ake7 he threw it this way. With y- translocative: ya7thlóya7ake7 he threw it that way. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7thlóya7ake7 how or where he threw it. • Asók lolha-lé• ohne-kánus sAtahowi-sú-, "kwáh nók tehsátskalaw," a7énya7thlóya7ake7 lahsa-kú. All of a sudden he was ready to hand him a glass of cold water, "just open your mouth," (and) over there he threw it (a worm) into his mouth. (VI) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -oya'ak-/ -oyA- throw something straight at something.

647

DERIVED BASES: .oyAht- plus tedualic, throw down, slam down; .atahaloya?ak-/.atahaloyA- plus tedualic, for the sun to shine on something. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the component base, which does not have the dualic. The alternant .oya ? ak- occurs in the punctual aspect, .oyA- occurs before the -ht- causative suffix and in the second derived base.

oya ? takA-láte ? V > N lard, animal fat. NOTE: Composed of the o- noun prefix, the noun base -ya ? t- body, possibly a verb root -kAlat- be white, and -e ? noun suffix. See note under onahsakA-láte7 / nahsakA-láte' goose. oye lí- Numeral particle: ten. oye lí- tewA'nyáwelu' one thousand. -oyA- throw something straight at something. See -oya'ak-/-oyA-. .oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something. See .oya'ak-/ .oyA- plus te- dualic. .oyAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. throw down, slam down. wa7tko-yAhte7 I slammed it down, wa7thlo-yAhte7 he threw it down, wa7tyako-yAhte7 she slammed it down. With s- repetitive: thó tusahlo-yAhte7 there he slammed it down again. • ókhna7 kwáh se7 wí- thó tusahlo-yAhte7 kA- ka7ikA countertslá-ke Kastes. Immediately Kastes slammed it (the pig head) down again on the counter. (M3) COMPOSED OF: .oya ? ak-/.oyA- plus te- dualic, throw something straight at something, -ht- causative.

648

Orieida-English

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. oyu'kwa'uwé N Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco. Pre-pausal: oyu7kwa7u-wé. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -yu'kw- tobacco, -a7 noun suffix, -uwe authentic clitic. -o'kta-/-o?ktA- v.a. come to the end of, finish. wako7ktá-u I have finished it. wa7kó-ktA7 I finished it, Akó-ktA 7 I will come to the end of it. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: wa?kAhnisló-ktA? I ended the day. And s- repetitive: sakAhnisló-kt A7 I ended another day. With -At- week, daylight: wa7kAtó-ktA7 I ended the week. And s- repetitive: sakAtó-ktA 7 I ended another week. With -ohslyear, winter: wa?kohsló-ktA? I ended the year. And s- repetitive: sakohsló-ktA 7 I ended the year again. •Wa?kó-ktA7 tsi7 náhe7 akheyata 7nikú-lalA7. I finished looking after them. NA ki7 sakAtó-ktA 7 sakyo-tA-. I ended the week working. DERIVED BASES: .o?kta-/.o ? ktA- plus te- dualic, come to the end of, finish off; -ato ? kta-/-ato ? ktA- run out of, end; -liho'ktA- finish talking on a subject; -nunyo'kta-/-nunyo'ktAfinish dancing. NOTE: The alternant -o ? kta- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -o?ktA- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? kt cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .o?kta-/.o'ktA- plus te- dualic, v.a. come to the end of, finish off. wa 7tkó-ktA 7 I finished it, I ended it. With y- translocative: ya7tkó-ktA7 I came to the end of it there, I finished it out. •NA kwí- thó ki7 ní• wí- ní•

nyahukyo-tA• thikA, kwáh ya7tkó ktA7 tsi7 ná-ye7 thó ukyo-tAtomato season ki7 wáh. So then I worked there, I finished out working the whole tomato season. (CI) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -o ? kta-/ -o'ktA- come to the end of, finish. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the component base and what meaning the tedualic adds; it may be that it adds an element of definiteness or thoroughness. It is attested only in the punctual aspect, where the 7 of .o?ktA- is replaced by vowel length after accented vowels. -o'kw- round object. NOTE: Attested in several noun bases that signify round objects. See -hso'kw- nut; - k a h l o ' k w - eyeball; -nho'kw- cheek; -nunyo'kw- pill, small round object; and -stalo'kwnecklace, string of beads. It may also occur as a component in the verb base .nyo'kwatase- plus te- dualic, swirl snow, blizzard. -o'kwat- dig, burrow. NOTE: Attested as a verbal component in -atathna'tatslo'kwat- dig around in one's pocket; -ato'kwat- dig up, burrow; and -na'sko'kwat- crawl into bed with. o'nehsalúhkwa 7 N sand. o ? ne yál N beech. o'nXhal N vine. DERIVED BASES: o'nAhalhkó grape. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: o7nAhale7 (ACH).

o'nAhalhkó N grape. COMPOSED OF: o'nXhal vine, -kóaugmentative clitic.

Oneida-English

O'nikú l a ' uhte Exclamation. Gee! COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -a7 noun suffix; and uhte maybe. NOTE: This expression is used when someone is surprised. o'no wá' wahsliye'tatáti 7 string instrument. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -'nowhump shape, dome shape, -a7 noun suffix; and w- neuter agent, -ahsliye/-ahsliye 7 t-/-hsliye?t- string, thread, yarn, -N-atatye- be extended along, - 7 stative. NOTE: For example, a violin or guitar. o'nowa'shúha N ladybug. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -'nowhump shape, dome shape, -a7 noun suffix, -shuha collective clitic. o'nuwa tsíste' N bread crust. o ? sluni ? kéha N white people's ways. COMPOSED OF: O- noun prefix, -a ? sluni-/-a ? sluni ? t- white person, - 7 noun suffix, -keha characterizer clitic. o'sluni'kéne N English language. • Yuhlúkha 7 o7sluni7ké-ne. She speaks English. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -a ? sluni-/-a ? sluni?t- white person, - 7 noun suffix, -ké ne locative clitic. .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be a kind of. With -ahsohkw- colour: niwahsohkó-tA the kind of colour it is, kwáh tsi7 ok niwahsohkó-tA they're all different colours. And secondary habitual: niwahsohkó-tAhse7 the kinds of colours they are. And stative past: niwahsohko7tA-hné• it was that kind of colour. With -ahsut- night: thó niwahsutó-tA it's such a night.

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With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe, and secondary habitual: niwahtahkó-tAhse7 the kind of shoes they are, niwakahtahkó-tAhse7 I have that kind of shoes. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: niwahyó-tA the kind of fruit or berry it is. With -asl-/-sl- smell, odor: niwasló-tA the kind of smell it has. With te ? s- negative and repetitive (replacing n- partitive): yáh thó te7swasló-tA it's not that smell anymore. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather: niwAhnisló-tA the kind of day it is. With -hsAn- name, reputation: niwaksAtió-tA my name is, nisahsAnó-tA your name is, nihohsAnó-tA his name is, niyohsAtió-tA her (z.) or its name is. With -htehl- root: nikahtehló-tA the kind of root it is. And secondary habitual: na7kahtehló-tAhse7 the kinds (species) of roots they are. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: nikahyatuhsló-tA the kind of paper or book it is. With -itahs-/-itakstail: nikAtahsó tA the kind of tail it is, nihAtahsó-tA the kind of tail he has. With -kal- story: nikakaló-tA the kind of story it is, niwakkaló-tA the kind of story I have, niyakokaló-tA the kind of story she has. And secondary habitual: nihotikaló-tAhse7 the kinds of stories they (m.) have. And future stative: nAwakkalo7tXhake7 the kind of story I will have. And stative past: niwakkalo?tA-hné• ne7 thó-ne7 that's the kind of story I had at that time. And te ? - negative (replacing npartitive): yáh thó te7kakaló-tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). With -khw- food: nikakhó-tA the kind of food it is. And t- cislocative, and secondary habitual: tsi7 nitwakhó-tAhse7 the kind of foods

650

Orieida-English

we (incl.) have. And te 7 - negative (replacing n- partitive): yáh thó te?kakhó-tA it's not the kind of food. With -ksa 7 -/-ksa 7 t- child: nihaksa 7tó-tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa 7tó-tA the kind of child she is. And secondary habitual: nihatiksa7tó-tAhse7 the way the children are. With -kwil- twig, whip: nikakzviló-tA the kind of whip it is. With -Un- song: nikalAnó-tA? the kind of song it is. With -lut- tree, log: nikalutó-tA the kind of tree it is, na 7kalutó-tA 7 the species of tree it is. With -nho'kwcheek, te- dualic, and secondary habitual: na7teyenho7kó-tAhse7 the kind of cheeks she has. With -nuhkwa 7 t-/-nuhkwa 7 tsl- medicine, pepper: nikanuhkwa?tsló-tA the kind of medicine it is. With -nuhshouse, building: nikanuhsó-tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhsó-tA the kind of house he has. With -nutsi-/ -nutsist- head, cabbage: nihonutsistó-tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsistó-tA7 their (m.) heads are that kind (e.g., hair colour). With -tsi?tA-/-tsi?tAhsl- bird: nikatsi?tAhsló-tA kA What kind of a bird is it? na7katsi7tAhsló-tA7 the species of bird it is. And te7- negative (replacing n- partitive): yáh thó te7katsi7tAhsló-tA it's not that kind of bird. With -WAn- voice, word: tsi7 nikwAnó-tA the kind of voice I have. With -yelu 7 t- corpse, body, figure: nihayelu 7tó-tA the kind of body or figure he has. With - y o ? t A h s l - work: nihoyo7tAhsló-tA the kind of job he has, na7kayo7tAhsló-tA7 the type of work it is. With - 7 sleht- vehicle: niho7slehtó-tA he has that kind of car. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES:

.ahkwAnyo'tA- plus

n- partitive, have on a kind of outfit, uniform, or suit; .atokli'tslo'tA- plus n- partitive, look wrinkled; .eku'uhslo'tA- plus n- partitive, be the kind of taste; .i 7 talo 7 tA- plus npartitive, be one's clan; .liho'tA- plus n- partitive, be a lifestyle, custom, the way one lives and thinks; .wAno'tA- plus n- partitive, be one's language; .ya 7 to 7 tA- plus n- partitive, be the way someone looks; .'nikuhlo'tA- plus n- partitive, be the state of one's mind, have a view or opinion; onikwAhtala 7 nikahtehló tA beet; otsínkwala 7 nikahtehló tA carrot; otsínkwala 7 niwahyó tA orange; tsi 7 niwAhnisló tAhse 7 weather. NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix and a root - o ? t A - , which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. See also .N-o ? tA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of. With a zero stative aspect suffix (i.e., no overt marking), this base means 'be a kind of. With the na ? - partitive and factual prefixes and the suffix - 7 , it refers to a species. The root - o ? t A may occur without an incorporated noun in the expressions nahó tA' what, and tsi 7 ok nahó tA7 and tsi 7 ok nahó tAhse 7 all kinds of things. The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. N-o7tA- plus tsha 7 te- coincident and dualic, v.s. be the same kind of. With -ahsohkw- colour: tsha7tewahsohkó-tA it's the same colour. With -kal- story: tsha7tekakaló-tA it's the same kind of story. With -lut- tree, log: tsha7teka!utó-tA it's the same kind of tree. With -nuhs- house, building: tsha7tekanuhsó-tA it's the same kind

Oneida-English

of house. With -tsi ? tsy- flower: tsha7tekatsi7tsyó-tA it's the same kind of flower. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .ahkwAnyo'tA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, have on the same kind of outfit; .ya'to'tAplus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, look alike, resemble. NOTE: Composed of the tsha ? tecoincident and dualic prefixes and a root -o?tA-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. See also .N-o'tAplus n- partitive be a kind of. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

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-o'thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy. See -hyo ? thiy(e)-/-o'thiy(e)-. -o'tsilek- v.a. sip. lo7tsi-léks he's sipping it. zva7ko7tsi-léke7 I sipped it, wahlo7tsi-léke7 he sipped it, wa7ako7tsi-léke7 she sipped it. o'wahlakáhtu' V > N raw meat. COMPOSED OF: o- noun prefix, -'wahl- meat, -N-kahtu- be raw, - 7 noun suffix. o'wa tsíste' N bark. o'wháhsa' N hood.

s s-/ts-/tsi-/se- pref. again, back again. Repetitive (iterative). NOTE: The alternant ts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant se- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise s- occurs. s-/se-/ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse- pref. you. Second person singular agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. N O T E : Word-initially the distribution of alternants is as follows: The alternant s- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel, or in the consonants n, 1, w, t, k, or h. The alternant seoccurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant ts- occurs with bases that begin in y or i, except that s- occurs in the imperative of bases that begin in i. The

alternant t- occurs with bases that begin in s and hs (and ths is replaced by tsh). After another prefix, the distribution is as follows: The alternant -hs- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel, or in the consonants n, 1, w, or y. The alternant s- occurs with bases that begin in k, t, or h. The alternant -hse- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant t- occurs with bases that begin in s and hs (and ths is replaced by tsh). Bases that begin in h plus another consonant (other than hs) take s- after the wa?- factual prefix, and -hs- after other prefixes. s- pref. you; she or it acts on you. Second person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person singular possessive. See sa-/sA-/s-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i.

652

Orieida-English

-s suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in the vowels u, o, a, or A; or in a vowel plus k, ? k, or t. s Reduced form of the adverbial particle kAs normally, usually. sa-/se-/su- pref. Repetitive and factual mode (iterative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant se- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant su- replaces the sequence sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise sa- occurs. sa-/sA-/s- pref. you; she or it acts on you; your. Second person singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on second person singular. Also, second person singular possessive. NOTE: The alternant sa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant SA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant soccurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -sahe't- n. bean, osahé-ta7 bean. With -shuha collective clitic: osahe7ta7shúha beans. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: losahe?tútyehse7 he drops in beans (e.g., when planting), waksahe7túti I have dropped in beans, uksahe7tu-tí-

I dropped in beans, Axvaksahe7tu-tí• I will drop in beans, Ayukwasahe7tu-tí• we will drop in beans. And n- partitive: tsi7 núnyukwasahe7tu-tí• where we dispersed beans. With .aty-/.atye-/ .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahuksahe7tu-tí• I put beans in, I added beans. With -N-kh- go to pick: ksahe7tákhe7 I'm here to pick beans. With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: ksahe7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch beans. With-kwAni-/-kwa ? s-pick for someone: laksahe?takwA-níhe7 he's picking beans for me. With -na?nawAht-/-nawAht- soak something: wa7ksahe7tana-wAhte7 I soaked beans. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: ksahé-tohe7 I boil beans, waksahé-to 7 I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa7ksahé-to7 I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahé-to7 I will boil beans. DERIVED BASES: o s a h é t a ?

ohnekákli? bean soup; teyotshahe'takwe'nuní pea. NOTE: The

7

of the 7 t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. Sá l proper name. Sara. SatnAwXhslayA Slang: Oh be quiet! NOTE: Composed of the s- second person singular agent prefix, the -atsemireflexive, a component -nAWAhsl-, and the alternant -yA- of the verb base -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. A component -nAWAhsloccurs also in the base -nAwAhslalyowhip someone, beat someone up. See also Nya'snAwXhslayA Oh be quiet! Satnutli 7 táthi Slang: Get the heck out of the way!

Oneida-English

NOTE: Composed of the s- second person singular agent prefix, the noun base -atnutli't- the crack in one's behind, anus, and a component -athi-, which occurs also in .athi- plus t- cislocative, get away from somewhere.

se- pref. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. se- pref. Repetitive and factual mode. See sa-/se-/su-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. se- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. -seht- tick. See -sehtu-/ -seht-. -sehtal- v.s. have bedbugs. lotiséhtale7 they (m.) are infested with bedbugs. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -sehtu-/-seht- tick, -1- be in or on. -sehtu-/-seht- n. tick, oséhtu7 tick. DERIVED BASES: -sehtal- have bedbugs; kasehtáklahse' bedbug. NOTE: The alternant -sehtu- occurs in the basic noun form, -seht- is the incorporating form. sekkó- N water lily. NOTE: Glossed 'snake root' in ACH. setsya kX 'Bye, keep it up! COMPOSED OF: se- second person singular agent, -tsyakA- work hard to exceed or better oneself. se ? Emphatic particle: sure, surely.

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-se 7 suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in SÁ- Adverbial particle: too, also. SA- pref. you; she or it acts on you. Second person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person singular possessive. See sa-/sA-/s-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. sXha' Adverbial particle: more. • NA ki7 ale7 wí- sAha7 wa7katya 7tashno-láte7 So then I'd do it faster. (03) shahyese'kó- / sha'yese'kó- / sha yese'kó- N mulberry. COMPOSED OF: s h á y e s e ' thimbleberry, blackberry, -kó- augmentative clitic. NOTE: All three forms are attested. shaka- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakaw- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. shakn- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakni-/ shakn-/shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. shakni-/shakn-/shaky- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive dual acting on third person masculine

654

Orieida-English

singular. NOTE: The alternant shakni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant shaky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoypref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant shako- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternant shakawoccurs with bases that begin in e or A. The alternant shaka-, according to Table 6 in Lounsbury (1953), occurs with bases that begin in o or u. However, in our sources, shakoy- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakon- pref. they (all males, or males and females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakoti-/shakon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. shakoti-/shakon- pref. they (all males, or males and females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant shakotioccurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakonoccurs with bases that begin in a vowel. shakotísko's V > N Baptists. COMPOSED OF: shakoti- masculine non-singular acting on feminine-

indefinite singular or third person non-singular, - ' s k o ' - fall in water, drown, -s habitual. shakotkAsehe 7 V > N seer, dreamer, fortuneteller. COMPOSED OF: shako- masculine singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, -atkA?se-/-atkA?s- examine, look to find out, tell the future, -he 7 habitual. shakoy- pref. he acts on her or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shako-/shakaw-/shaka-/shakoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakw- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-/ shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A . shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-/shakypref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive plural acting on third person masculine singular. NOTE: The alternant shakwaoccurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shakwoccurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant shakwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant shaky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. shakw A- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-/ shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i.

Oneida-English

shaky- pref. we two (he and I, she and I, someone and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakni-/ shakn-/shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. shaky- pref. we (they and I) act on him. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shakwa-/shakw-/shakwA-/ shaky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -shat- v.s. be lying back, be leaning back, késhate7 I'm lying (on my) back, I'm leaning back, láshate7 he's lying back, yéshate 7 she's lying back. Habitual past: yesha-táhkwe7 she was lying back. Future stative: Ayesha-táke7 she will be lying back. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: -shatatye- be falling back; -shata 7 - fall backwards, fall on one's back; -ateshatho- lean back. -shatatye- v.m. be falling back. lashatáti7 he's falling back (accidentally, perhaps bracing himself not to fall but he does fall), yeshatáti7 she's falling back. COMPOSED OF: -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -shatati- before a final 7 . -shata 7 - v.a. fall backwards, fall on one's back, loshatá-u he has fallen backwards. wa7kesha-táne7 I fell flat on my back (unintentionally), wahasha-táne7 he fell back. With t- cislocative: takesha-táne7 I fell backwards, flat on my back, thó tahasha-táne7 there is where he fell back. With y- translocative: yahasha-táne7 he's over there (facing me) and he fell back that

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way. • Thó tahasha-táne7 onyAhtá-ke. He fell on his back in the snow. COMPOSED OF: -shat- be lying back, be leaning back, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. shá yese 7 V > N thimbleberry, blackberry. DERIVED BASES: s h a h y e s e 7 k ó - /

sha7yese7kó- / sha yese7kómulberry. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, an anomalous prefix h-, the noun base -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, the alternant -es- of the verb base -es-/-us- be long, and a suffix -e7. she-/-shey- pref. you act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternant she- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant shey- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. -sheke 7 suf. Future habitual/Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix -se 7 . The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -she-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e 7 . Shé ko / Shé ku peace. NOTE: Used also as a greeting. Both forms are attested.

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Orieida-English

shekó / shekú Adverbial particle: still, yet. NOTE:

Both forms are attested.

Shekólih Greeting: Hello! Shé ku peace. See Shé-ko / Shé ku. shekú Adverbial particle: still, yet. See shekó / shekú. -shes-/-shest- n. syrup, gum, sap. óshes syrup, gum, sap, honey. With -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse: ukeshestu-tí- I lost my gum. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yewakeshestúti I have poured or added the syrup, yahukeshestu-tí• I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup. With -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?u- taste good: kashestáku 7 it's good-tasting syrup. With -N-it-/-ya ? tit- be in: kashéstit there's syrup in it. With -nahn- fill: kashestaná-nu it's full of syrup, gum or wax, kashestaná-nu kahuhtá-ke my ears are full of wax. DERIVED BASES: -shestal- be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy. NOTE: The substances this base refers to can be described as sticky substances. The alternant -shesoccurs in the basic noun form, -shestis the incorporating form. -shestal- v.s. be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy, yoshéstale7 it's gummy, syrupy or sticky. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -shes-/-shest- syrup, gum, sap, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -shestala 7 - become sticky, syrupy, or gummy. -shestala 7 - v.a. become sticky, syrupy, or gummy. wa7oshéstalane7 it got sticky, syrupy, or gummy. COMPOSED OF: -shestal- be sticky, be syrupy, be gummy, - 7 - inchoative.

NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect.

shey- pref. you act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See she-/-shey-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin a vowel other than i. -she'lh- n. dough, paste, cream. oshé-lha7 dough, paste, cream. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: Akateshe7lhwnfI will make the dough. With -la ? nAtak-/-la' ? nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAtstick something on something: yoshe7lhanA-táks the dough is sticky. With -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with: keshe7lhálhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). With -'lholokt- / -olokt- use to cover up with: yakoshe7lholóktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa7keshe7lho-lókte7 I covered it with dough. DERIVED BASES:

.she'lhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, roll out dough; -she'lhal- be doughy; teyeshe'IhakwAhtalhó tha 7 rolling pin; yoshe ? lhawísto ice cream. NOTE: The

7

of the ' l h cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .she'lhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, v.a. roll out dough. tekeshe7lhakwAhtXtha7 I'm rolling out the dough. tAhseshe7lhakw Aht Ahte7 you will roll out the dough. COMPOSED OF: -she'lh- dough, paste, cream, .takwAhtAht-/ .akwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, flatten.

Oneida-English

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -she'lhal- v.s. be doughy. yoshé-lhale 7 it's all doughy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -she'lh- dough, paste, cream, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: - s h e ' l h a l a ' -

become doughy. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -she'lhala'- v.a. become doughy. wa7oshé-lhalane7 it got doughy. COMPOSED OF: - s h e ' l h a l - b e

doughy, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -shX- clitic, several. Collective clitic. NOTE: Occurs with some kin terms. .shliha't- plus te- dualic, v.s. be urgent, be impatient. tewakeshlíha7t I'm impatient, tehoshlíha7t he's impatient, teyakoshlíha 7t she's impatient, teyoshlíha7t it's urgent. Pre-pausal: teyoshlíhaht. Stative past: teyoshliha7tú-ne7 it was urgent. Future stative: tAyoshliha7túhake7 it will be urgent. With t- cislocative: né• tetyoshlíha7t it's the most urgent. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyoshlíha7t it's really urgent or important. Aspect class: A. • Tsi7 na7teyoshlíha7t yusahsatwAnátane7 kwáh óksa7. It's really important that you call back right away. COMPOSED OF: .shlihU)- plus tedualic, hurry, be in a hurry, - 7 tcausative.

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.shliha't- plus te- dualic, v.a. make go fast, wa 7tkeshlíhahte7 I made it go fast, wa 7thishlíhahte 7 I made him go faster, I hurried him up. COMPOSED OF: .shlih(A)- plus tedualic, hurry, be in a hurry, - 7 tcausative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. •shlih(A)- plus te- dualic, v.a. hurry, be in a hurry. tewakeshlíhAhse7 I'm in a hurry (e.g., for something to happen), tehoshlíhAhse7 he's in a hurry, teyakoshlíhAhse7 she's in a hurry. tewakeshlihA-u I'm hurrying. wa 7twakeshlíhA 7 I hurried, wa7tyuknishlihA7 we two rushed, tAwakeshlíhA7 I'm going to hurry, tAhoshlíhA 7 he's going to hurry, tayakoshlíhA7 she should hurry. tesashlíhA Hurry! With n-partitive: na7tewakeshlíhAhse7 I'm in such a hurry, na?tehotishlíhAhse7 they (m.) are in such a hurry. Aspect class: C3. • NA S né- s tahinláhtu7, "hányo7 tesashlíhA, só-tsi7 nA ki7 saya7takAhe-yú." When I'd hand him (tobacco) leaves, "come on hurry, you're too slow." (03) DERIVED BASES: .shliha't- plus tedualic, be urgent, be impatient; .shliha't- plus te- dualic, make go fast; .shlihA'uhatye- plus te- dualic, go along in a hurry. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - 7 tcausative suffix. shlihA'uhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. go along in a hurry. tewakeshlihA7uháti7 I'm in a hurry, tehoshlihA7uháti7 he's in a hurry, teyakoshlihA7uháti7 she's in a hurry.

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Orieida-English

COMPOSED OF: .shlih(A)- plus tedualic, hurry, be in a hurry, - 7 u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have .shlihA'uhati- before a final 7 .

-shnolatye- v.m. go along fast, hurry. yoshnoláti7 it's going fast. wa 7oshnoláti7 it continued to go by really fast. With nusa- partitive and repetitive: nusayoshnoláti7 there it hurried back along. With te 7 - negative: yah te7yoshnoláti7 it's not moving fast. COMPOSED OF: -shnol(e)- be fast, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -shnolati- before a final 7 . -shnol(e)- v.s. be fast, keshno-lé• I'm fast at what I do, seshno-lé• you're fast, yeshno-lé• she's fast, lashno-léhe's fast, yoshno-lé• it's fast. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyoshno-lé• it's so fast. Aspect class: B. •Kwáh tsi7 niyoshno-lé• nyahonuwi-léhte7 thikA onhéhta7, ókhna7 7 taháti lakwanA kwalolú thó wahA 7tlu-táne7. Just as fast as that porcupine disappeared, immediately a big owl came flying (and) he landed there. (T3) DERIVED BASES: -shnolatye- go

along fast, hurry; -shnolA'- speed up; -ateshnolat- go fast, do quickly; -ateshnol(e)- be growing fast; -ya 7 tashnol(e)- be fast with a part of one's body. NOTE: Also a component in the particle yoshnole'kékha 7 hurriedly. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. -shnolA'- v.a. speedup. wa7oshno-lAne7 it speeded up. • Akí-lu7 uhte wí• áhsA niwáshA tá-thuni7 áhsA niwáshA wísk

niyohslaké on A kwah ikA tsi7 wa7oshno-lAne7 tsi7 wa7twatte-nítsi7 ni-yót tsi7 tyúnhe7. I would say it has been about thirty or thirty-five years now since it has really started to change fast in the way that we live. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -shnol(e)- be fast, -A7- inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnu- n. hand, fingers, oshnúhsa7 hand, fingers. With -'-ke locative clitic: keshnú-ke my hand, seshnú-ke your hand, lashnú-ke his hand, yeshnú-ke her hand, yakwashnú-ke7 our (excl.) hands. With -N-a- take hold of a part of someone's body: wa7shakoshnúhsa7 he took hold of her hand. With .ahsihala 7 -/ .ya ? tahsihala ? - plus te- dualic, get jammed in, get wedged in: wa7tkeshnuhsahsíhalane7 my finger or hand got stuck. With -ate'skohw/-at-N-ohw- go into water, and ytranslocative: ya7kanishnúhsowe7 I put part of my hand (my fingers) in the water. And nya'te- partitive, translocative and dualic: thó nya?tAhsanishnúhsowe7 you will put your hands in the water there. With .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative, lower something for oneself: ya?kanishnúhsAhte7 I put my hand into it. With -at-N-o- swell: wakanishnúhso7 my hand is swollen. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end, and y- translocative: tsi7 yehonishnúhsate7 it's at the end of his hand. With .á ? plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small, and tedualic: kA7 na7tekeshnuhsáI have small hands. With -es-/-us- be long, and te- dualic: teyeshnúhses she has

Oneida-English

long hands. With -N-iyo- be good, and secondary habitual: lashnuhsi-yó-se7 he has nice hands, yeshnuhsi-yó-se7 she has nice hands. With -ke ? tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through: loshnuhsaké-tote7 his hand is sticking out. With -N-luhkwani-/ -N-luhkwA-/-ya ? taluhkwani-/ -ya?taluhkwA- get itchy on one's body: wakeshnuhsalúhkwanihe7 my hand is itchy, ukeshnuhsalúhkwA 7 my hand got itchy. With -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa7kheshnuhsóhale7 I washed her hand. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya ? tanuhwak- hurt, ache: loshnuhsanú-waks his hand is hurting. With -N-ohala 7 - get a sliver: wa7keshnuhsoha-láne7 I got a sliver in my hand. With .ukw- plus tedualic, bump, bump into: wa7twakeshnuhsu-kó• I bumped my hand. DERIVED BASES: .shnuhsut- plus tedualic, have hands or fingers; .shnuhsya'k- plus te- dualic, get freezing cold hands; -anishnuhsohlok-/-anishnuhsohlput on a ring. NOTE: The alternant -ishnuhsoccurs after the -an- semireflexive, -shnu- occurs before the -'-ke locative clitic, and -shnuhs- occurs elsewhere.

.shnuhsut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have hands or fingers, tekashnúhsute7 it has hands or fingers, tehashnúhsute7 he has hands or fingers. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -shnuhs-/ -ishnuhs-/-shnu- hand, fingers, -N-ut- attach, be attached. .shnuhsya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. get freezing cold hands. tewakeshnúhsya7ks my hands are

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cold. wa7twakeshnúhsyahke7 my hands got cold. COMPOSED OF: -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers, .ya'k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. shnye- plus te- dualic, v.a. look after, nurture, tehséshnyehe7 you're looking after it, tehóshnyehe7 he looks after him, teyakóshnyehe7 she (z.) looks after her or them, teshakotíshnyehe7 they (m.) looked after her. teyutateshnyé-u she has looked after her, tehuivashnyé-u she has looked after him. wa7tháshni7 he looked after it, tAhséshnye7 or tAhséshni7 you will look after it, tahséshni7 you should look after it, tashakotíshni7 they (m.) should look after her or them, teshéshni Look after her or them! Habitual past: teyutateshnyéhahkwe7 she used to look after her. Stative past: teyutateshnye7ú-ne7 she had looked after her (at one time). With ytranslocative: ya7tháshni7 over there he looked after it. Aspect class: CI. •Lonatlé-slayA7 kA- yeksá- nékati7 wí• ka7ikA teshakotíshnyehe7 kA-. They had a grandchild, a girl, so then they looked after her. (M7) DERIVED BASES: .shnyehe? plus tedualic, be a nurse; .atateshnye- plus te- dualic, look after oneself, make a living; .athwatsilashnye- plus tedualic, look after one's family; .atwilashnye- plus te- dualic, look after one's child; .khwashnye- plus te- dualic, provide room and board; teyutateshnyé tha 7 hospital. NOTE: A component -shnye- occurs

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Orieida-English

with the cislocative instead of the dualic in .lihwashnye'se-/ .lihwashnye's- plus t- cislocative, give in to someone. Many speakers have .shni- before a final .shnyehe? plus te- dualic, v.a. be a nurse, teyakóshnyehe7 (she's a) nurse. COMPOSED OF: .shnye- plus tedualic, look after, nurture, -he? habitual. -shoka'a ká- human n. person from Six Nations. oshoka7a-ká• a Six Nations person. keshoka7a-ká- I'm from Six Nations, lashoka7a-ká• he's from Six Nations, yeshoka7akáshe's from Six Nations. NOTE: See also Oshwe kX Ohsweken. -shu- back. See -shw-/-shwA-/-shu-. -shuha clitic, several. Collective clitic. DERIVED BASES: a k s A s k e ' s h ú h a

trash; atsta'shúha or yutsta 7 shúha tools; a'nhuskwa'lha'shúha Dutchman's breeches; kítkit laohyakwila'shúha chicken feet; oholo'ta'shúha macaroni; okuhsa7shúha sunflower; ostawina'shúha celery; o'nowa'shúha ladybug; yakA'shúha fiction. shukn- pref. he acts on the two of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shukni-/shukn-/shuky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. shukni-/shukn-/shuky- pref. he acts on the two of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on first person dual. NOTE: The alternant shukni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant.

The alternant shukn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant shuky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. shukw- pref. he acts on all of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shukwa-/shuk w-/shukwA-/shuky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. shukwa-/shuk w-/shukw A-/shukypref. he acts on all of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on first person plural. NOTE: The alternant shukwaoccurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant shukwoccurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant shukwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant shuky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. Shukwaya'tísu 7 V > N Creator. COMPOSED OF: shukwa- masculine singular acting on first person plural, -ya't- body, -hsa?-/-isa 7 - finish, -u stative. shukwA- pref. he acts on all of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shukwa-/shukw-/shukwA-/shuky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. shuky- pref. he acts on the two of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shukni-/shukn-/shuky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. shuky- pref. he acts on all of us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See shukwa-/shukw-/shukwA-/shuky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

Oneida-English

-shuw- n. hole. With -ku locative suffix: oshu-wáku in the hole. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: kateshuyu-níhe7 I'm making a hole, wakateshuyuní I have made or dug a hole, Ahsateshuyu-ní• you will dig a hole, sateshuyu-ní Dig a hole! •Oshu-wáku ya?kyá-tAneZ I fell into the hole. DERIVED BASES: -shuwe- be a hole; -shuwes- be a deep hole. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by y before bases that begin in o or u. -shuwe- v.s. be a hole, yoshu-wé(there's) a hole. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -shuw- hole, -N-eexist. DERIVED BASES: -shuwestst- make a deeper hole. NOTE: See also kheksu wé- cookie. -shuwes- v.s. be a deep hole. yoshu-wés it's a deep hole. With npartitive: a?é- niyoshwwés it's a really big hole. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -shuw- hole, -es-/

-us- be long. -shuwestst- v.a. make a deeper hole. keshuwétsta? I'm digging the hole deeper. wa?keshu-wétste? I made the hole deeper. COMPOSED OF: -shuwe- be a hole, -tst- causative. -shu 7 clitic, several. Collective clitic. DERIVED BASES: e h t a 7 k é s h u 7 o n

foot, walking; ahsXshu? three at a time, three each; akté shu' several or many different things or places; kayelíshu 7 four at a time, four each; nahtéshu 7 things; ohAtúshu7 several at the head; oyáshu 7 others; tekníshu7 two at a time, two each; .N-tshu 7 plus s- repetitive, be one;

661

tsi 7 ok nahté shu' all kinds of things; uskátshu7 one at a time, each one. NOTE: Occurs after some particles, including numeral particles, and after the - ? ke and -ku locative suffixs. •shu7kal- n. board, floor, oshú-kale7 board. With - ? ke locative suffix: oshu ?kalá-ke on the floor. With -at-N-ohalenyu- wash several for oneself: wa?uteshu?kalohaléni? she washed the floor. With -at-N-ohale?s- wash for someone: wa?kheyateshu?kalóhalehse? I washed the floor for her. With -atya ? tohale-/-at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: wa^uteshu^kalóhale? she washed the floor. With -es-/-us- be long: kashú-kales it's a long board. And npartitive: a?é• nikashú-kales the board is really long. With .N-keplus ya ? te- translocative and dualic or nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya?tekashú-kalake (there are) all different kinds of boards. With -nohale-/-ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: wa?keshu?kalóhale? I washed the floor. With -nohale ? se-/-nohale ? s-/ -ohale ? se-/-ohale ? s- wash for someone: wa?kheshu?kalóhalehse7 I washed the floor for her. With .teplus th- contrastive, be different: thikashú-kalate? it's a different board. With -tAS- be thick: kashú-kalatAS the board is thick. With ,N-tshu ? plus s- repetitive, be one at a time: skashu?kalátshu? one board at a time. With ,wiskwa ? tplus te- dualic, be slippery: teyoshu^kalawískwa^t the board or the floor is slippery. DERIVED BASES: t e y e s h u ? k a l y á k t a 7

sawhorse; yuteshu 7 kalohale 7 tákhwa 7 mop.

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Orieida-English

NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -shw- v.a. smell, get a whiff of. ivakéshwas I keep smelling it, I'm smelling it, I get a whiff of it, lóshwas he smells it. ukéshwA 7 I smelled it, I got a whiff of it, AwakéshwA 7 I will smell it. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: wakahyáshwas I smell fruit. With -itsy- fish: wakitsyáshwas I'm smelling fish, ukitsyáshwA7 I smelled fish. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: wakna7taláshwas I smell bread. With -nu7usl- squash, cucumber, melon: waknu 7usláshwas I smell squash. With - 7 wahl- meat: Ake7wahláshwA? I will smell meat. DERIVED BASES: -ateshwaht- smell. -shw-/-shwA-/-shu- n. back, óshwa7 back. With -'-ne locative clitic: keshwA-ne7 or keshú-ne7 my back, seshwA-ne 7 your back, lashwA-ne 7 his back, yeshwA-ne 7 her back. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself: loteshwáhele7 he has his back on it, wahateshwá-lA7 he put his back up on it (e.g., on a board). With -N-nuhwak-/-ya 7 tanuhwakhurt, ache: wakeshwanú-waks my back hurts, Akeshwanú-wake7 I will have a sore back. And th- contrastive: yáh thayakoshwanú-wake7 she or someone won't have a sore back. DERIVED BASES: .shwaneta 7 - plus tcislocative, back someone up, support someone. NOTE: The alternant -shw- occurs in the basic noun form and it is the incorporating form. The alternants -shwAand -shu- both occur before the -' ne locative clitic, depending on the speaker.

shwaneta7- plus t- cislocative, v.a. back someone up, support someone. tahishwanétane7 I backed him up, Atkushwanétane7 I will back you up, utayesashwanétane7 she or someone should back you up. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, the alternant -shw- of the noun base -shw-/-shwA-/-shuback, and a component -neta7-, which occurs also in .hna 7 neta 7 -/.neta 7 - plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. shwathe- plus te- dualic, v.s. be bright, teyoshwáthe7 it's bright. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .shwathe 7 - plus tedualic, become bright. NOTE: Probably includes a root -the-, which occurs also in .stalath(e)- plus te- dualic, be shiny. .shwathe7- plus te- dualic, v.a. become bright. wa7tyoshwáthene7 it got bright. With tsh- coincident: tsha7tyoshwáthene7 when it got bright out. •NA wísk tshiyohwistá-e tsha 7tyoshwáthene7 It was five o'clock when it got bright out. COMPOSED OF: .shwathe- plus tedualic, be bright, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -shwa 7 tani-/-shwa 7 tA- v.a. become resentful, become dissatisfied, find annoying, wakeshwá-tanihe7 I become resentful or dissatisfied, I have enough of it, it's annoying to me, sashwá-tanihe7 you become resentful, loshwá-tanihe7 he becomes

Oneida-English

resentful. ukeshwá-tA? I became resentful, wahoshwá-tA7 he became r e s e n t f u l , tákA

7

kwi•

aesashwá-tA

you shouldn't let it get to you. Facilitative: loshwa7taní-tskwA he's easy to be resentful, there's no satisfying him, yakoshwa7taní-tskwA

there's

no satisfying her (she's always complaining). •Tahnú• tá-t tsi7 satayá-tha7.

ná•

sashwá-tanihe7

And maybe it's annoying for you to go to school. (CI) NOTE: See also the stative base -shwa'tani 7 - be resentful, be dissatisfied. The alternant -shwa'tanioccurs in the habitual aspect and the facilitative, -shwa'tA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7 t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -shwa 7 tani 7 - v.s. be resentful, be dissatisfied. loshwa7taní-u he's resentful or dissatisfied, he's complaining, yakoshwa7taní-u she's resentful. Aspect class: E. NOTE: May be composed of the alternant -shwa ? tani- of the base -shwa ? tani-/-shwa ? tA- become resentful, become dissatisfied, find annoying, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -shwA- v.a. dislike someone. shakóshwAhse7 he dislikes her. wa7khéshwA7 I dislike her, AkhéshwA 7 I will dislike her. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e s h w A -

dislike oneself, hate oneself. NOTE: See also -atahkwashwAdislike someone. -shwA- back. See -shw-/-shwA-/-shu-. síksik N sheep.

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síksik aotínlahte 7 N mullein. COMPOSED OF: síksik sheep; and aoti- feminine-zoic non-singular possessive prefix, -nlaht- leaf, -e 7 noun suffix. NOTE: Another expression for 'mullein' is síksik otáhsa 7 . síksik otáhsa 7 N mullein. COMPOSED OF: síksik sheep; and onoun prefix, -itahs-/-itaks- tail, -a7 noun suffix. NOTE: Another expression for 'mullein' is síksik aotínlahte 7 . sílu N shilling, cents, tékni silu twenty-five cents (two bits), kayé silu fifty cents, yá-ya 7k silu seventyfive cents. sk-/ske-/skw- pref. you act on me. Second person singular acting on first person singular. Interactive pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant sk- occurs with bases that begin in the vowels i, o, or u, and most consonants. The alternant ske- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant skw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. This prefix does not occur in the imperative; see tak-/ take-/takw-, which occurs only in the imperative. -skal- n. flax, óskale7 flax. With -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: latiskalákwas they (m.) are picking or harvesting flax. Skana'tsíhale 7 V > N Ten Day Feast. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, kaneuter agent, -na 7 tsihal- steam, boil, -e ? stative. -skaw- n. brush, bush, scrub. With -ku locative suffix: oska-wáku in the brush or bush.

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Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES: - s k a w a y A - b e

brush, bush, or scrub. -skawayA- v.s. be brush, bush, or scrub. kaska-wáyA7 (there's) brush, bush, or scrub. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -skaw- brush, bush, scrub, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have. skawilo wáne' V > N turkey. NOTE: Probably from *skawelo-wáne7, with a different vowel in the second syllable; cf. Wisconsin: skawelo-wáne 7 (ACH); Mohawk: skaweróiwane 7 (GM). The form *skawelo-wáne7 is composed of the s- repetitive, ka- neuter agent, -wel- air, wind, the alternant -owanof the base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big, and -e ? stative. However, speakers do not attribute any complex meaning to the contemporary form. ska'nyúhsa' V > N moose. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, ka- neuter agent, the alternant - ? nyuhs- of the noun base - ? nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/-i ? nyunose, possibly a verb root -a-, and - 7 stative. See also .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size. ske- pref. you act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See sk-/ske-/ skw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. skAhnáksA? V > N fox. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, kAneuter agent, -ihn-/-hn- piece of cloth, rag, -N-aksU)- be bad, be not the way it should be, - 7 noun suffix. -skAn- human n. skeleton. yéskAtt skeleton (female), láskAn skeleton (male).

DERIVED BASES: - s k A n a l a 7 - s e e a

ghost. -skAnala7- v.a. see a ghost. loskA-nálahse7 he sees ghosts. ukeskA-nálane 7 I saw a ghost, wahoskA-nálane7 he saw a ghost. COMPOSED OF: -skAn- skeleton, -1- be in or on, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: This base was provided by a knowledgeable speaker, but it is not familiar to all speakers. The final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -skAnekat- v.s. be desirable, be enviable. yoskAne-kát it looks so good that one wants to have it, it's enviable. Aspect class: A. skA-nX peace. With -kóaugmentative clitic: skAriA7kó- great peace. •Kwáh akwekú skA-nX- tsi7 yakwanuhtúnyuhe7. Everything is at peace, the way we're thinking. NOTE: Often used as a greeting. -skA?lh- n. rust. oskX-lha7 rust. With -osku- all, most, the majority: oskA 7lhósku 7 it's all rusty. • Kwáh kwt• né• oskA 7lhósku 7 thikX laó-slet. His car is all rusty. DERIVED BASES: -skA'lhal- be rusty. NOTE: The 7 of the ? lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -skA'lhal- v.s. be rusty. yoskX-lhale7 it's rusty. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -skA?lh- rust, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: - s k A ? l h a l a ? -

become rusty. NOTE: The 7 of the ?lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

Oneida-English

-skA'lhala'- v.a. become rusty. yoskA?lhalá-u it has become rusty. wa7oskA-lhalane? it got rusty, ayoskA-lhalane 7 it should get rusty. • Iwélhe7 ayoskA-lhalane7 thikA kanuwalo-tú-. The nails are getting rusty. COMPOSED OF: -skA'lhal- be rusty,

- 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 lh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -sklewak- v.s. Bear clan. lotiskle-wáku (they are the) Bear clan. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Another word for 'Bear clan' is Ohkwalihné ke. skn- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See skni-/skn-/ sky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. skni-/skn-/sky- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person singular acting on first person dual, second person dual acting on first person singular or dual. NOTE: The alternant skni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant skn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant sky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. This prefix does not occur in the imperative; see takni-/takn-/taky-, which occurs only in the imperative. skw- pref. you act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See sk-/ske-/ skw-.

665

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

skw- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See skwa-/ skw-/skwA-/sky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. skwa-/skw-/skwA-/sky- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person singular or dual acting on first person plural, second person plural acting on first person singular, dual, or plural. NOTE: The alternant skwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant skw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant skw A- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant sky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. This prefix does not occur in the imperative; see takwa-/takw-/takwA-/ taky-, which occurs only in the imperative. -skwe' suf. Habitual past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffixes -s and -se ? . The habitual past ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component -s- and a component -kwe ? , called the former past in Lounsbury (1953). skwA- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See skwa-/skw-/skwA-/sky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -skwA suf. easily. Facilitative.

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Orieida-English

sky- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See skni-/skn-/sky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. sky- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See skwa-/ skw-/skwA-/sky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -si- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). NOTE: Occurs after a few bases that end in 7 and only in the intentive aspect. -si- smell, odor. See -asl-/-sl-. -slaku'u- smell good. See -aslaku-/ -slaku'u-. .slatihAtho- plus t- cislocative, v.a. gasp for air after crying. tyakoslatihAthos she's gasping for air, she's making a noise after crying really hard. tahoslatihAtho7 he gasped after crying. COMPOSED OF: -asl-/-sl- smell, odor, .atihAtho- plus t- cislocative, jerk. slAhkéne 7 Adverbial particle: just hardly. • SlAhké-ne7 thi-yA-se7 She can hardly get around. -slAht- n. dream, sleep. oslAhta7 dream. laoslAhta7 his dream, akoslAhta7 her dream. With-ku locative suffix: akeslAhtaku in my dream. DERIVED BASES: -slAhtaksA- dream; -slAhtala ? -/-slAhtala?w- become sleepy; -slAhtiyo- be a nice dream; -slAhtoli- keep someone awake, get woken up; -slAhtoyuhkw- have a

nightmare, be walking or talking in one's sleep; -slAhtyenA7- drop off to sleep. -slAhtaksA- v.a. dream. wakesUhtaksAhse7 I'm dreaming, I have a dream. wakesUhtaksA-u I have dreamed. ukesUhtáksA 7 I dreamed, wesasUhtáksA7 you dreamed, wahoslAhtáksA7 he dreamed, wa7kuslAhtáksA7 I dreamed about you, AivakeslAhtáksA7 I will dream. With n- partitive: nahoslAhtáksA 7 how or where he dreamed. Aspect class: C3. •Né• ki7

ok

ukeslAhtáksA7

tsi7úhka7

ok náhte7 wa7tyutá-7 astéhtsi . Actually I dreamed that someone was skating in the morning. (VI)

khetste7

DERIVED BASES: -slAhtaksAhslu- be

dreaming. NOTE: Composed of the noun base -slAht- dream, sleep, and a verbal component -aksA-, which occurs also in -'nikuhlaksA- grieve, mourn; and which may be related to the stative base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -slAhtaksAhslu- v.a. be dreaming. wakeslAhtaksAhsluhe7 I'm dreaming, loslAhtaksAhsluhe7 he's dreaming, yakoslAhtaksAhsluhe7 she's dreaming. COMPOSED OF: -slAhtaksA- dream, -hslu- distributive. -slAhtala ? -/-slAhtala'w- v.a. become sleepy. wakeslAhtalahse7 I'm sleepy, saslAhtalahse7 you're sleepy. ukeslAhtalawe7 I got sleepy, wahoslAhtalawe7 he got sleepy, AwakeslAhtalawe7 I will get sleepy, AyakoslAhtalawe7 she will get sleepy, AsnislAhtalawe7 you two

Oneida-English

will get sleepy, i-wélhe7 aukeslAhtalawe7 I'm getting sleepy (literally, it wants me to get sleepy). Habitual past: wakeslAhtala7skwe7 I was sleepy. Facilitative: loslAhtalá-tskwA he's easy to get drowsy. COMPOSED OF: -slAht- dream, sleep, -1- be in or on, -?-/-?w- causativeinchoative. N O T E : The alternant -sUhtala?occurs in the habitual aspect and the facilitative, -slAhtala ? w- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of both alternants is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -slAhtiyo- v.s. be a nice dream. kaslAhtiyó it's a nice dream. Prepausal: kaslAhti-yó. With n- partitive: tsi7 nikaslAhtiyó it's such a nice dream. Aspect class: A. • Tsi7 nikaslAhtiyó ukeslAhtáksA7 I dreamed such a nice dream. COMPOSED OF: -slAht- dream, sleep, -N-iyo- be good. -slAhtoli- v.a. keep someone awake, get woken up. yukeslAhto-líhe7 she keeps me awake. lakeslAhtolí he has kept me awake. ukeslAhto-lí• it woke me up, wa 7ukeslAhto-lí• she woke me up out of my sleep. Aspect class: Al. • "úska útlatste7 kA- wa7akyanuhwétha7, né- ni- ukeslAhto-líthikA tsi7 tok náhte7 yahu-táne7 kah úht aku." "One time the two of us went to bed, and then what woke me up was that something landed in my ear." (M9) COMPOSED OF: -slAht- dream, sleep, -N-oli-/-N-oly- drive. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e s l A h t o l i - try

to stay awake.

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-slAhtoyuhkw- v.a. have a nightmare, be walking or talking in one's sleep. wakesUhtoyúkhwa7 I'm having a nightmare, loslAhtoyúkh wa 7 he's having a nightmare, yakoslAhtoyúkhwa7 she's having a nightmare. ukeslAhto-yúhkwe7 I had a nightmare, AwakeslAhto-yúhkwe7 I will have a nightmare. Habitual past: wakeslAhtoyúkhwahkwe7 I used to have nightmares. •Nále7 wé-ne yakoslAhtoyúkhwa7 7 7 nále elók itsy A . It must be that she's having a nightmare, she's walking all over. NOTE: Includes the noun base -slAht- dream, sleep; otherwise the composition is unclear. In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . -slAhtyenA?- v.a. drop off to sleep. laslAhtye-nA-se7 he's dropping off to sleep. loslAhtyenA-u he has dropped off to sleep (and he's sleeping now). wa7keslAhtye-nAne7 I dropped off to sleep. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Includes the noun base -slAht- dream, sleep, and a verbal component -yenA7-, which occurs also in -ya'tyenA?- fall over, pass out. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. slíkslik N cricket. -slo ? khot-/-islo ? khot- v.s. have one's behind up. kesló-khote7 I'm in a position such that I have my behind up, lasló-khote7 he has his behind up, yesló-khote7 she has her behind up. Aspect class: F. •Náhte7 né- alá- nA waho-táwe7 khále 7 lasló-khote7. Why is it that when he sleeps he has his behind up?

668

Orieida-English

DERIVED BASES: -anislo'khot- get into a position with one's behind up. NOTE: The alternant -islo'khotoccurs after the -an- semireflexive. This base may include the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? kh cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels.

sn- pref. you two; she acts on you two; yours (the two of you). Second person dual agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person dual possessive. See sni-/sn-/tsy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. sni-/sn-/tsy- pref. you two; she acts on you two; yours (the two of you). Second person dual agent and patient pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular acting on second person dual. Also, second person dual possessive. NOTE: The alternant sni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant tsy- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternant sn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. sók Affirmative particle: just that place. sok kwí- nú- someplace indeed, someplace anyway. sok nú- someplace, about some time, about somewhere. Sós proper name. Susan. sotá-1 N soldier, lasotá-l soldier (m.), yesotá-l soldier (f.). With -kX

decessive clitic: latisotalhkA former soldiers.

the

só tsi' Adverbial particle: too much. • Yáh ki7 só-tsi7 te7yawéku7. It doesn't taste too good. -st- suf. cause, make, use for. Causative (Instrumental I). Aspect class: EL. -stal- n. drop, osta-lá• drop. With ,at-N-okw-/.atya ? tokw- plus tedualic, scatter, disperse: teyotestalókwA it's spraying (e.g., out of a spray bottle), droplets are dispersing. With -a?sA?-/-A?- fall: wa7kasta-lAne7 there was a drop, a drop fell. With ,N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skasta-lát one drop. DERIVED BASES: -stalahla'- for drops to land; .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny; -stalo'kw- necklace, string of beads; -atestalatenyusprinkle rain. -stalahla 7 - v.a. for drops to land. wa7kastalá-lane7 the drop landed. COMPOSED OF: -stal- drop, -hla?- for something to land. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .stalath(e)- plus te- dualic, v.s. be shiny, teyostaláthe7 it's shiny. Future stative: tAyostalátheke7 it will be shiny. With n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyostaláthe7 it's so shiny. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: teyohwistastaláthe7 the coin is shiny. With -wis- ice, glass, window: teyowisastaláthe7 the glass is shiny. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .stalathe 7 - plus tedualic, become shiny; .stalathe't-

Oneida-English

plus te- dualic, shine something; .stalathA?- plus te- dualic, become shiny. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the noun base -stal- drop, and a verb root -the-, which occurs also in .shwathe- plus te- dualic, be bright. An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -A7- inchoative suffix. stalathe 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. become shiny, teyostaláthehse7 it becomes shiny, teyostalathé-u it has become shiny. wa7tyostaláthene7 it just got shiny. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny. NOTE: It's not clear what the difference in meaning is between this base and .stalathA?- plus te- dualic. The final 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. .stalathe't- plus te- dualic, v.a. shine something, tekestalathé-tha7 I'm shining it. tAkestaláthehte7 I will shine it. tehsestalátheht Shine it! COMPOSED OF: .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES:

teyestalathe'tákhwa 7 polish; teyenAstaliha'takhwa'tslahu'tsistalathe'tákhwa? black stove polish (a tongue twister). NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .stalathA?- plus te- dualic, v.a. become shiny. teyostaláthAhse7 it's shiny, it's blinking (i.e., not a steady shine). wa7tyostaláthAne7 it got shiny, tAyostaláthAne7 it will get shiny. COMPOSED OF: .stalath(e)- plus te-

669

dualic, be shiny, -A?- inchoative. NOTE: It's not clear what the difference in meaning is between this base and .stalathe 7 - plus te- dualic. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -stalo'kw- n. necklace, string of beads. ostaló-kwa 7 necklace, string of beads. akestaló-kwa 7 my string of beads, my necklace, akostaló-kwa7 her beads, aostaló-kwa7 her (z.) or its beads. COMPOSED OF: -stal- drop, -o ? kwround object. DERIVED BASES:

-atestalo'kwanyak- put on a necklace; -stalo'kwanyu- be wearing a necklace. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -stalo'kwanyu- v.s. be wearing a necklace. wakestalo7kwáni7 I'm wearing a necklace, yakostalo7kwáni7 she's wearing a necklace. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the noun base -stalo'kw- necklace, string of beads; otherwise the composition is unclear. Many speakers have -stalo ? kwanibefore a final 7 . -statha ? t-/-at-N-statha ? t- v.a. dry something, kestathá-tha7 I dry it, wa7estathá-tha7 she dries it. wakestathá-tu I'm drying it. wa7kestáthahte7 I dried it, wa7estáthahte7 she dried it, Akestáthahte7 I will dry it. Stative past: wakestatha7tú-ne7 I had dried it. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: ivakatna7talastathá-tu I have dried the bread, Akatna7talastáthahte7 I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing). With -nAst- corn:

670

Oneida-English

wakatnAstathá-tu I have dried the corn, AkatnAstáthahte7 I will dry corn, AhsatnAstáthahte? you will dry corn. Aspect class: EL. •TákA 7 só-tsi7 AtyolíhA, kwáh nók nA Awatla 7wistótshyu 7, ókhna7 Ahsnóhale? thó nA AhsainAstáthahteZ Don't boil it too much, just until the peels or skins come off, then right away wash it and then dry the corn. (R2) Wa7estáthahte7 akwatshinyákhwa7 She dried my clothes. DERIVED BASES: k a s t a t h á t h a ? or

kastatha'tákhwa? dryer. NOTE: The alternant -statha ? t- is composed of an empty noun root -st-, a verb root -th-, and the - ? t- causative suffix. This base is related to the base -astathA- become dry. The alternant -at-N-statha ? t-, with the semireflexive, occurs with incorporated nouns, and the -at- semireflexive is replaced by an alternant that is determined by the incorporated noun. A component -tha ? t-, without the empty noun root -st-, occurs with the incorporated noun base -nAst- corn, but otherwise its distribution is not clear. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in postaccented syllables. -stawin- n. stalk. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in ostawina 7 shúha celery; and teyostawinahyó tsis rhubarb. -stelist- v.s. be funny, be amusing. yoste-líst it's funny, loste-líst he's funny, yakoste-líst she's funny, lotiste-líst they (m.) are funny. Stative past: lostelistú-ne7 he used to be funny. Future stative: Ahostelistúhake7 he will be funny. With n- partitive: nihotiste-líst

they (m.) are so funny. Aspect class: A. • Né' kati7 wí- ka7ikA lotiste-líst kAs ka7ikA akitshenA7shúha kA-. And moreover my pets are funny. (M6) DERIVED BASES: -ukwe'tastelist- be a funny person. -stelist- v.a. laugh, laugh at. kestelísta7 I'm laughing, yaknistelísta7 we two (excl.) are laughing, wakestelístu I have laughed. wa7keste-líste7 I laughed, wa7kaste-líste7 she (z.) laughed, wetniste-líste7 you and I (incl.) laughed, wa7akniste-líste7 we two (excl.) laughed, wahatiste-líste7 they (m.) laughed, wa7shakwaste-líste7 we (excl.) laughed at him, wahuwaste-líste7 they laughed at him, Ayeste-líste7 she will laugh. With s- repetitive: sayeste-líste7 she laughed again. With t- cislocative: thó thatistelísta7 they (m.) are laughing over there. Aspect class: EL. DERIVED B A S E S : -atatestelist- laugh at oneself; .atatestelist- plus tedualic, laugh at one another. -sti?- v.a. choke, ukéstine7 I choked (usually referring to liquids going down the wrong tube). DERIVED BASES: -hnekasti 7 - choke on fluid or liquid. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -sto'ok- v.a. peck, lásto 7oks he pecks, kásto7oks she (z.) or it pecks. wahásto7oke7 he pecked. DERIVED BASES: -sto'okhu- peck repeatedly; lalutasto ? okshá- flicker, woodpecker.

Oneida-English

-sto 7 okhu- v.a. peck repeatedly. lasto7ókhuhe7 he's pecking. COMPOSED OF: -sto'ok- peck, -hudistributive. -sto'sl- n. feather, ostó-sli7 feather. Pre-pausal: ostó-selP. With .N-keplus te- dualic, be two of: tekastó-slake two feathers. With -nahn- fill: kasto7slaná-nu it's full of feathers. DERIVED BASES: -sto'slot- have feathers. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -sto'slot- v.s. have feathers. lotistó-slote7 they (m.) have feathers. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -sto'sl- feather, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -stut- v.a. do something that's a cause of something, yakostu-tás she does something (wrong) so that it's the cause of something that happens to her, lostu-tás he does something (wrong), ukéstute7 I did something so that it happened to me, wa7akóstute7 she did something so that it happened to her. • Náhte7 né• wa7akóstute7 What was it she did that was the cause of the thing that happened to her? .stutel-/.stutl- plus tsi7 particle and tedualic, v.s. joint, tsi7 tewakestu-téle7 my joint, tsi7 tesastu-téle7 your joint, tsi7 tehostu-téle7 his joint, tsi7 teyakostu-téle7 her joint. Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: .stutlunyu- plus tsi? particle and te- dualic, joints.

671

NOTE: The alternant .stutl- occurs before derivational suffixes. .stutlunyu- plus tsi7 particle and tedualic, v.s. joints, tsi7 tewakestutlúni7 my joints. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .stutel-/.stutl- plus tsi7 particle and te- dualic, joint, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .stutluni- before a final 7 . -styA-/-styA7t- n. bone. óstyA7 bone. Pre-pausal: ósti. With -ke locative clitic: kestyA 7tá-ke my bones, lastyA7tá-ke his bones, yestyA7tá-ke her bones. With .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/ .utye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yahukestyA7tu-tí• I threw a bone. With .ya 7 k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two: wa7tekestyX-tyahke7 I broke a bone (e.g., a wishbone). DERIVED BASES: - s t y A ? t o t a ? s - g e t a

bone stuck in one's throat; yostyA7tóta7 guinea hen. NOTE: The alternant -styA- occurs in the basic noun form, -styA7t- occurs before the -ke locative clitic and it is the incorporating form. The 7 of the 7 t cluster of -styA7t- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -styA7tota7s- v.a. get a bone stuck in one's throat. ukestyA7to-tá-se7 I got a bone stuck in my throat, wahostyA7to-tá-se7 he got a bone stuck in his throat, wa7akostyA7to-tá-se7 she got a bone stuck in her throat. COMPOSED OF: -styA-/-styA7t- bone, -hnyota'se-/-hnyota 7 s-/-ota 7 se-/ -ota 7 s- get stuck with an object. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 s cluster is

672

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. su- pref. Repetitive and factual mode. See sa-/se-/su-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. sw- pref. you all; she acts on you all; yours. Second person plural agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person plural possessive. See swa-/ sw-/swA-/tsy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. swa-/sw-/swA-/tsy- pref. you all; she acts on you all; yours. Second person plural agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix with third person femininezoic singular acting on second person plural. Also, second person plural possessive. NOTE: The alternant swa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant sw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant SWA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant tsy- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. swahyo wáne' V > N apple. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, wneuter agent, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry,

-kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big, -e7

stative. swatyelA Temporal particle: sometimes. Pre-pausal: swatye-lA. NOTE: Possibly composed of the srepetitive prefix, w- neuter agent, and the verb base -atyelA- take notice, happen upon, get taken by surprise, get stunned. swatyelA kAs sometimes, normally. • "SwatyelA s" wa7í-lu 7 "kwáh wakathu-té• tehohAlétha7" "Sometimes" she said "I just hear him hollering." ( 0 2 ) NOTE: Usually reduced to swatyelA s. SWA- pref. you all; she acts on you all; yours. Second person plural agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person plural possessive. See swa-/ sw-/swA-/tsy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. swAhni'tátshu 7 .nuhwaktani- plus srepetitive, v.a. menstruate. swAhni 7tátshu 7 swaknuhwáktatiihe 7 I'm menstruating, I'm having my monthly period, swAhni7tátshu7 tsyakonuhwáktanihe7 she's menstruating, she's having her monthly period. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -Ahni't- moon, month, .N-tshu7 plus s- repetitive, be one at a time; and srepetitive, -nuhwaktani-/ -nuhwaktA- become sick.

Oneida-English

673

T -t-/-et- v.s. be standing, i-kéte7 I'm standing, íhsete7 you're standing, í-late7 he's standing, i-yéte7 she's standing, i-káte7 she (z.) or it is standing, ítnete7 you and I (incl.) are standing, yáknete 7 we two (excl.) are standing, ísnete 7 you two are standing, í-nete7 the two (m.) are standing, íknete 7 the two (z.) are standing, ítwete7 we (incl.) are standing, yákwete7 we (excl.) are standing, íszvete7 you all are standing, lA-néte7 they (m.) are standing, ku-néte7 they (z.) are standing. Habitual past: ke-táhkwe7 I was standing, lAne-táhkwe7 they (m.) were standing. Future stative: Ake-táke7 I will be standing. Optative stative: akune-táke7 they (z.) should be standing. With t- cislocative: íthlate7 he's standing there. And future stative: Atke-táke7 I will be standing there. With y- translocative: yehé-late7 he's over there standing. Aspect class: F. •NA kwí• né-n thó yeksá• kwáh nók thó i-yéte7 teyutatká-nele7. So then that little girl is just standing there looking at her. (M4) DERIVED BASES: .ta ? - plus te- dualic, stand up, stop, stand still. NOTE: The alternant -t- occurs in the third person singular, -et- occurs in the dual and plural. The first and second persons singular are consistent with both alternants. .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one. shayá-tat one person (m.), tsyeyá-tat one person (f.), skayá-tat one person or animal (z.). With -ahkwesAt- jug: swahkwesA-tát one jug. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot:

tsyohsí-tat one foot (of measure). With -ahsut- night: swahsu-tát one night. With -ahtsya'n- handful: swahtsyá-nat one handful. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: swá-yat one berry. With -akAnh-/-akanhseason, spring, summer: swakXnhat one season. With -anitskwahlakhw/-anitskwahla ? tsl- chair: swanitskwahlá-tslat one chair. With -atahsl- stick, yard (measure): swatáhslat one yard (e.g., of cloth). With -atokwa ? t-/-atokwa ? tslspoon: swatokwá-tslat one spoon, one spoonful. With -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, weather: swAhníslat one day. With -Ahni't- moon, month: swAhní-tat one month. With -Atweek, daylight: swA-tát one week. With -hi ? kal- section, piece, gear, second: tsyohí-kalat one gear, one section (e.g., a piece of pie). With -huhs- slice of meat: skahúhsat one slice of meat. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: skahwístat one dollar. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: skahyatúhslat one book. With -ityohkw- group, crowd: skAtyóhkwat one group. With -kahkwA ? t- wheel: skakahkwA-tat one wheel, one cornbread. With -kap-/-kapsl-/-tikapsl- cup: skakápslat

or skatikápslat

o n e cup.

With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: skáksat one dish. With -ku ? tsl- pound: skakú-tslat one pound. With -kwe ? tala ? tsl- slice: skakwe7talá-tslat one slice (e.g., of bread). With -Un- song: skalA-nát one song. With -lil- row, line, extended sequence: skali-lát one row, one line. With -lut- tree, log:

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Oneida-English

skalu-tát one tree. With -na 7 kuhslhill of plants: skana7kúhslat one hill of plants. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: skaná-talat one loaf of bread, one cake of cornbread. With -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth: skanhóskwat one mouthful. With -nuhs- house, building: skanúhsat one house. With -nuto7tsl- box: skanutó-tslat one box. With -ohsl- year, winter: tsyóhslat one year. With -stal- drop: skasta-lát one drop. With -tshe-/ -tshe 7 t- bottle, jar, quart: skatshé-tat one jar or bottle, one quart. With -whyuhkal- thumb, unit of measure: tsyowhyúhkalat one thumb-measure (an inch). With -wis- ice, glass, window: skawi-sát one glass. And te 7 s- negative and repetitive: yah te7skawi-sát it doesn't have any glass any more (e.g., a window where all the glass is broken). With -yAtwood, cord of wood: skayA-tát one cord of wood. With -7nikuhl- mind, spirit: ska7nikú-lat one mind. With - 7 sleht- vehicle: ska7sléhtat one car. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .N-tkA plus srepetitive, be one (period of time) ago; .N-tshu 7 plus s- repetitive, be one at a time; tsyoya nát a pair; uskátshu7 one at a time, each one. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix and a verb root -t-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .t-/ .ya'tat- plus tsha7- coincident and factual mode, be the same, match. The alternant .N-t- occurs with incorporated nouns. The alternant .ya7tat- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

.t-/.ya'tat- plus tsha 7 - coincident and factual mode, v.s. be the same, match, né• tshá-kat it's the same (as something else), it matches it, né• tsha7eyá-tat it's the same person, nétshahayá-tat he's the same person. Aspect class: A. • Khále7 tá-t lonuhsesú-ne7 UA kwiné• ya-wét kwi• ne né• tshá-kat, úhka 7 ok thó A-lawe7 Ahata-tí- tsi7 niholiho?tA-hné• n lotukóhtu. And if he was Longhouse then it's like the same, someone will come to talk according to the custom of the one who passed on (died). (M15) DERIVED B A S E S : .lihwat- plus tsha7- coincident and factual mode, think the same way. NOTE: Composed of tsha7- coincident and factual mode prefixes, and a verb root -t-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .N-t-/.ya 7 tat- plus s- repetitive, be one. The alternant .ya7tat- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, and the 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. t-/ti-/te- pref. there, this way. Cislocative. NOTE: The alternant ti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant te- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise toccurs. t- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-l ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in s or hs.

Oneida-English

-t- suf. cause, make, become. Causative-inchoative. Aspect class: E2. -t- be in. See -at-/-t-/-et-. ta-/te-/tu- pref. Cislocative and factual mode (cislocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant te- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tu- replaces the sequence tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ta- occurs. ta-/ta-/tae-/tau- pref. Dualic and optative mode (dualic and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant tae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tau- replaces the sequence taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ta- or ta - occur, in free variation. tae- pref. Dualic and optative mode. See ta-/ta -/tae-/tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

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táh no. -tahkohatu-/-etahkohatu- v.a. take several out of a container. yukwatahkoha-tu• we have taken things out of it, lotitahkoha-tú• they (m.) have taken things out of it. wa7ktahkoha-tú- I took things out of it, Astahkoha-tú• you will take them out of it, Atnetahkoha-tú•

you and I

(incl.) will take them out of it, AhAnetahkoha-túthey (m.) will take them out of it. With s- repetitive: saktahkoha-tú- I took several things back out again. COMPOSED OF: -tahkw-/-etahkwtake out of a container, unload, -hatudistributive. N O T E : For the distribution of alternants, see the component base. -tahkw-/-etahkw- v.a. take out of a container, unload, ktáhkwas I'm taking it out, stáhkwas you're taking it out, latáhkwas he's taking it out, yetáhkwas she's taking it out, katáhkwas she (z.) is taking it out, tnetáhkwas you and I (incl.) are taking it out, yaknetáhkwas we two (excl.) are taking it out, snetáhkwas you two are taking it out, netáhkwas the two (m.) are taking it out, knetáhkwas the two (z.) are taking it out, twatáhkwas we (incl.) are taking it out, yakwatáhkwas we (excl.) are taking it out, swatáhkwas you all are taking it out, lAnetáhkwas they (m.) are taking it out, kunetáhkwas they (z.) are taking it out. waktáhkwA I have taken it out. wa 7ktáhko 7 I took it out, wahatáhko7 he took it out, wa7etáhko7 she took it out, wetnetáhko 7 you and I (incl.) took it out, wa7aknetáhko7 we two (excl.) took it out, wahnetáhko 7 the two (m.) took it out, wetwatáhko 7 we

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Oneida-English

(incl.) took it out, wahAnetáhko7 they (m.) took it out, Aktáhko 7 I will take it out, Akatáhko7 she (z.) will take it out. stáhko Take it out! With y- translocative: yahatáhko7 he took it out of it over there. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: kahyatáhkwas I'm taking fruit out of it. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa7khnekatáhko7 I took the water out of it. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: khwistatáhkwas I take out money (out of a jar, or out of the bank). And te ? - negative: yáh tehatihwistatáhkwas they (m.) don't take out money. With -itsyfish: kitsyatáhkwas I'm taking the fish out of it. With -iye-/-yen- oil, grease, fat: wa7kyenatáhko7 I took the oil out (e.g., the lawnmower). With -na ? tal- bread, cake: kna7talatáhkwas I'm taking bread out of it. With -nu?usl- squash, cucumber, melon: knu 7uslatáhkwas I'm taking squash out of it. With -wel- air, wind: kwelatáhkwas I'm taking the air out of it, I'm deflating it (e.g., a balloon, a tube), wa7kwelatáhko7 I took the air out of it. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -at-/-t-/-et- be in, -hkw- reversative. DERIVED BASES: -tahkohatu-/ -etahkohatu- take several out of a container; ,tahkwa 7 t-/.etahkwa ? tplus t- cislocative, yank out; -at-N-tahkw- for something to get out of something; -kahlostatahkwremove guts; -nu'tatahkw- milk (a cow); lanutakli ? tsla 7 nahkwatáhkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar right from the bottom of the barrel. NOTE: The alternant -etahkwoccurs in the dual and the third person plural, -tahkw- occurs else-

where. The final w of both alternants is replaced by o in the punctual aspect and before the -hatu- distributive suffix. .tahkwa?t-/.etahkwa 7 t- plus tcislocative, v.a. yank out. tektahkivá-tha 7 I'm yanking it out. twaktahkwá-tu I have yanked it out. Atektáhkrvahte7 I will yank it out. With te- dualic: tutaktáhkwahte7 I yanked it out again. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload, - ? t- causative. NOTE: For the distribution of

alternants, see the component base. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in postaccented syllables. tahnú- Particle that links clauses: and besides. tá-im Exclamation. No, no way! tak-/take-/takw- pref. you act on me. Second person singular acting on first person singular. Interactive pronominal prefix which occurs in the imperative. NOTE: The alternant tak- occurs with bases that begin in the vowels i, o, or u, and most consonants. The alternant take- occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant takw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. tekaluhyakahnéla7 V > N stork. NOTE: Speakers suggest that the literal gloss of this base is 'it sees the sky'. It includes the te- dualic prefix, ka- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, and possibly an alternant of the verb

Oneida-English

base .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic, look at. take- pref. you act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See tak-/take-/ takw-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. tákA? Negative particle: don't, shouldn't. • Né- ki7 uhte wí- thikA wa7shakohlo-lí- tákA 7 ayakotétshA. Then I guess he told her she shouldn't be afraid. (02) TákA7 thi-kA! Don't! Ka-té- se7 "tákA7." I said "don't." NOTE: The following verb has the imperative ending. In the meaning don't' the verb has the future prefix; in the meaning 'shouldn't' the verb has the optative prefix. -takhe-/-itakhe- v.m. run, move by running, ktákhe7 I'm running, stákhe7 you're running, latákhe7 he's running, yetákhe 7 she's running, katákhe7 she (z.) or it (n.) is running (e.g., a vehicle, appliance, engine). yetákhehse7 she runs around, latákhehse 7 he's running around. lotakhenú he ran. wahatákhe7 he's running by, he went off running, wa 7etákhe 7 she or someone is running by, Aktákhe7 I will be running, Ahatákhe7 he will be running, Akatákhe7 she (z.) or it will be running, it (n.) will be operating. Habitual past: latákhehkwe7 he was running, ktákhe 7skwe 7 I was just running around. Future habitual: Ahatakhé-sheke7 he will be running around. With s- repetitive: sektákhe 7 I'm running again. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók shatákhe7 he's running all over the place. With t- cislocative:

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tahatákhe7 he's running this way, takatákhe7 she (z.) or it is running this way, tahatitákhe7 they (m.) are running this way. With tutadualic and cislocative: tutahatákhe7 he's running back this way again. With y- translocative: yehatákhehse7 he's over there running around, ya7ktákhe7 I'm running that way. With n- partitive: kátsha7 nihotekhenú Where did he go running? With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7ktákhe7 Iran that way, nya 7etákhe 7 she ran that way. Aspect class: Gl. •KahAtá-ke nya7etákhe7. She ran through the field. Ehta 7késhu 7kA7 nyehawe-nú. Táh, lotakhenú nA tshahahtA-tv. Was he walking when he went? No, he ran when he left here. DERIVED BASES: -takhenutye- be running along; .askawe'titakhe- plus te- dualic, ride in something while barefoot; .ate'slehtitakhe- plus tcislocative, be coming along in a vehicle; .athahitakhe- plus t- cislocative, be coming along in a road; -ya 7 titakhe- be in something moving. NOTE: Related to -atakhe- be in something going by. The alternant -itakhe- occurs with incorporated nouns. -takhenutye- v.m. be nmning along. latitakhenúti7 they (m.) are running along, latitakhenútyehse7 they (m.) are running around. wahatitakhenúti7 there they (m.) go running. With t- cislocative: tahatitakhenúti7 they (m.) came running along. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7kutitakhenúti7 they (z.) went running off every which way. • Né• wa7tyaknitáklane7 tsi7

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Oneida-English

ka-yA• ohná-kA7 tahatitakhenúti7 é-m'fa? né- tahatitáklane7. The two of us fell down (and) those who were running up behind fell on top (of us). (Dl) COMPOSED OF: - t a k h e - / - i t a k h e -

run, move by running, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -takhenuti- before a final 7 . takn- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See takni-/takn-/ taky-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. takni-/takn-/taky- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix which occurs in the imperative. Second person singular acting on first person dual, second person dual acting on first person singular or dual. NOTE: The alternant takni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant takn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternant taky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. takó s N cat. Pre-pausal: takóhs. With -kó- augmentative clitic: tako7skó• big cat. takw- pref. you act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See tak-/take-/ takw-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in a, e, or A. takw- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See takwa-/takw-/takwA-/taky-.

NOTE: Occurs in the imperative

with bases that begin in a, e, or A. takwa-/takw-/takwA-/taky- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix which occurs in the imperative. Second person singular or dual acting on first person plural, second person plural acting on first person singular, dual, or plural. NOTE: The alternant takwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant takw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant takwA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant taky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyu- v.a. straighten something. latakwalíhsyus he's straightening it. lotakwalíhsi he has straightened it. wa7ktakwalíhsi7 I straightened it, wahatakwalíhsi7 he straightened it, wa7etakwalíhsi7 she straightened it. satakwalíhsi Straighten it! Aspect class: A2. •Yotakwalíhsi kA tsi7 wahathyatuhslanA-tákte7. Is it straight where he wallpapered? DERIVED BASES: .takwalihsyu-/ .takwalihsy- plus t- cislocative, straighten out, steer; .atkahkwalihsyu- plus te- dualic, open one's eyes; -attakwalihsyu-/ -at-N-kwalihsyu- be straight, be level, have good posture; -atya'takwalihsyu- straighten oneself, stretch; .lihwakwalihsyu- plus t- cislocative, mediate, straighten out. NOTE: The alternant -kwalihsyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have -takwalihsi- and

Oneida-English

-kwalihsi- word-finally and before a final .takwalihsyu-/.takwalihsy- plus tcislocative, v.a. straighten out, steer. tektakwalíhsyus I'm straightening it out, I'm steering, thatakwalíhsyus he's straightening it out, he's steering. taktakwalíhsi7 I steered, I turned it to straighten it out, tahatakwalíhsi7 he steered. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyustraighten something. DERIVED BASES: kohsa-tXs thotakwalihsyátha 7 bridle; tyetakwalihsyá tha' steering wheel. N O T E : The alternant .takwalihsyoccurs before the - ? t- causative.suffix. Many speakers have .takwalihsiinstead of .takwalihsyu- before a final takwA- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See takwa-/takw-/takwA-/taky-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in the vowel i. .takwAht(A)- plus te- dualic, be flat. See ,atakwAht(A)-/.takwAht(A)-/ .akwAht- plus te- dualic. -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho- v.a. lay out flat, ktakwAhtálhos I'm laying it out flat, latakwAhtálhos he's laying it out flat. lotakwAhtálhu he has lain it out flat. wa7ktakwAhtálho7 I laid it out flat, wahatakwAhtálho7 he laid it out flat. stakwAhtálho Lay it out flat! Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: - k A h a k w A h t a l h o -

spread out a rug or cloth, lay linoleum; -lihwakwAhtalho- set down rules; -wisakwAhtalho- get covered

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in ice, become icy; teyeshe'lhakwAhtalhó tha 7 rolling pin. N O T E : Related to .atakwAhtA-/ .takwAhtA-/.akwAhtA- plus tedualic, be flat; but the composition is unclear. The alternant -akwAhtalhooccurs with incorporated nouns. The final o of both alternants is deleted before the -u stative suffix. .takwAhtAht-/.akwAhtAht- plus tedualic, v.a. flatten. tektakw Aht Atha7 I'm flattening it. tewaktakwAhtAhtu I have flattened it. wa 7tektakw Aht Ahte7 I flattened it, wa7tyetakwAhtAhte7 she flattened it, wa7thatakw Aht Ahte7 he flattened it. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: .atakwAhtA-/

.takwAhtA-/.akwAhtA- plus tedualic, be flat, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

.she'lhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic, roll out dough. N O T E : The alternant .akwAhtAhtoccurs with incorporated nouns. The final ht of both alternants becomes t before h. taky- pref. you act on us two, you two act on me or us two. Interactive pronominal prefix. See takni-/takn-/ taky-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in the vowel a. taky- pref. you act on us all, you two act on us all, you all act on me or us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See takwa-/takw-/takwA-/taky-. NOTE: Occurs in the imperative with bases that begin in o or u. -tal- n. brim of a hat. ota lá- brim of a hat. With -?ke locative suffix: otalá-ke on the brim. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size, and te-

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Oneida-English

dualic: a7é• na7teyota-lá• the brim of her hat is really broad. With .N-keplus te- dualic, be two of: teyota-láke two brims. -taliha't- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. See -Iiha?t-/-taliha?t-. -N-talihA- be hot, be warm. See -a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA-. -talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm. See -lih(A)-/-ya'talih(A)-/ -talih(A)-. talulolú N bluebird. Pre-pausal: talulo-lú. N O T E : Cf. Wisconsin: talolóha7 (ACH). talu'kó- N duck. -talyu-/-etalyu- v.a. put several into containers, ketályuhe7 I'm putting them in, setályuhe 7 you're putting them in, latályuhe7 he's putting them in, yetályuhe7 she's putting them in, katályuhe7 she (z.) is putting them in, tnitályuhe7 or tnetályuhe7 you and I (incl.) are putting them in, yaknitályuhe7 we two (excl.) are putting them in, snitályuhe 7 you two are putting them in, nitályuhe7 the two (m.) are putting them in, knitályuhe7 the two (z.) are putting them in, twatályuhe 7 we (incl.) are putting them in, yakwatályuhe7 we (excl.) are putting them in, swatályuhe7 you all are putting them in, lAnetályuhe7 they (m.) are putting them in, kunetályuhe7 they (z.) are putting them in. waketáli7 I have put them in, lonetáli7 they (m.) have put them in. wa 7ketáli7 I put them in, wa 7etáli7 she put them in, wahatáli7 he put them in, wetnetáli7 you and I (incl.) put them in, wetwatáli7 or wetwetáli7 we

(incl.) put them in, weswatáli7 or weswetáli7 you all put them in, wahAtietáli7 they (m.) put them in, Ahsetáli7 you will put them in. With s- repetitive: sketályuhe7 I'm putting them back in again, swaketáli7 I have put them back in, sayetáli7 she put them back in, Asketáli7 I will put them back in. With y- translocative: yAhsetáli7 you will put them in there. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: khnekatályuhe 7 I'm filling them with water, wakhnekatáli7 I have filled them with water. With -wisice, glass, window: kawisatáli7 the windows are in. Aspect class: Bl. • Khále7 nA kawisatáli7 nók tsi7 áhsu te7ka 7nyú-lote7. And now the windows are in but there's no chimney yet. COMPOSED OF: -at-/-t-/-et- be in,

-lyu- distributive. DERIVED B A S E S : t s i '

tyeya'tatáli?

cemetery. NOTE: The alternant -etalyu- occurs in the first and second persons singular and third person plural. The alternant -talyu- occurs in the third person singular and with incorporated nouns. Both alternants have been recorded in the dual and the first and second persons plural. Many speakers have -tali- and -etalibefore a final -tase- turn, twist. See -hwatase-/ -tase-. .tase- plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl. See .hwatase-/.tase- plus tedualic. -tat- v.a. hand something by extending one's hand. With ehtá ke down: ehtá-ke Astate7 you will hand it too low. Withsó-fsi 7 too much, é-nik

Oneida-English

up, and t- cislocative: só-tsi7 é-nik táktate7 I handed it at too high a level, só-tsi7 é-nik taye-táte7 she handed it too high, só-tsi7 é-nik taha-táte7 he handed it too high. With só-tsi7 too much, ehtá-ke down, and t- cislocative: só-tsi7 ehtá-ke táktate7 it's too low that I handed it. With y- translocative: yahá-ktate7 I handed it. With nAtpartitive and cislocative: tiAtéstate7 how you will hand it at that level. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl, and tcislocative: só-tsi7 é-nik tayéksatate7 she had the dish too high. • Yáh thy ay a-w A- tsi7 kwahotokA tsi7 nAtéstate7 nalá• tsi7 ka-yAlahwánhaks tá-thuni7 yehwánhaks yáh kwi• thayakoshwanú-wake7. You have to hand (your tobacco leaves) at a certain level so that whoever is tying will not get a sore back. (03) NOTE: Possibly a component in .at-N-tat- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, extend. tá t Particle that links clauses: if, maybe. tá t n a ' maybe. tá thuni? Particle that links clauses: or. NOTE: Sometimes reduced to tá-thni7. tau- pref. Dualic and optative mode. See ta-/ta -/tae-/tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tawé l N flea.

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Tá wet proper name. David. tawístawi 7 N killdeer. N O T E : Cf. Wisconsin: tawístal killdeer, tawístawe snipe (ACH); Mohawk: tawístawis snipe (GM). -ta?-/-eta?- v.a. put into a container. kéta 7as I'm putting it in, séta 7as you're putting it in, lata 7as he's putting it in, yéta7as she's putting it in, káta7as she (z.) is putting it in, tnéta7as you and I (incl.) are putting it in, yaknéta 7as we two (excl.) are putting it in, snéta7as you two are putting it in, néta 7as the two (m.) are putting it in, knéta 7as the two (z.) are putting it in, twáta 7as or twéta 7as we (incl.) are putting it in, yakwáta 7as we (excl.) are putting it in, swáta 7as you all are putting it in, lAnéta 7as they (m.) are putting it in, kunéta 7as they (z.) are putting it in. wakétA 7 I have put it in, lot A 7 he has put it in, yakótA7 she has put it in, yuknétA 7 we two have put it in, yukwétA 7 we have put it in, swat A 7 you all have put it in, lonétA 7 they (m.) have put it in, yonétA 7 they (z.) have put it in. wa 7kétane7 I put it in, wahátane7 he put it in, wa7étane7 she put it in, wetnétane 7 you and I (incl.) put it in, wetwétane7 we (incl.) put it in, Akétane 7 I will put it in, Ahsétane 7 you will put it in. Stative past: waketa7A-ne7 I had something in there. With s- repetitive: skéta7as I'm putting it in again, swakétA 7 I have put it in again, Askétane7 I will put it in again, Atsitnétane 7 you and I (incl.) will put it in again. And future habitual: Asketa 7ásheke 7 I will be putting it in again. And optative stative: usukétAke 7 I should have put it in again. With y- translocative: ya 7kétane 7 I put it in there,

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Oneida-English

yAhsétane 7 you will put it in there. ya 7sétan Put it in there! With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusahátane 7 he put it back in there again. With n- partitive: nAhsétane7 how or where you will put it in. With nyusa- partitive, translocative and repetitive: thó nyusasétan Put it in there again! With -ahy-/-hifruit, berry: kahyáta7as I'm putting fruit into it, wa7kahyátane7 I put the fruit into it (e.g., filled it into a jar). With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa 7khnekátane 7 I put water into it, Ashnekátane7 you will put water into it. With -itsy- fish: kitsyáta?as I'm putting fish into it. With -iye-/-yenoil, grease, fat: wa7kyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it (e.g., the car), Ahayenátane7 he will put oil into it. With -khw- food: wa7kekhwátane7 I put some food in it. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: keksáta7as I'm putting plates in there. With -wel- air, wind: kweláta7as I'm filling it with air (e.g., I'm blowing up a balloon, putting air into a tire), wakwelátA7 I have filled it with air, wa7kwelátane7 I put air in it, Akwelátane7 I will fill it with air, swelátan Fill it up with air! Aspect class: D3. • Thó tiikú

Ashnekátane7

Atyo7lho lóke7 o-nAste7. Putin enough water to cover the corn. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: -at-/-t-/-et- be in, - 7 -

inchoative. DERIVED BASES: - t A ' u h a t y e - /

-etA'uhatye- put into a container one at a time or bit by bit; -ateta 7 - get to be in, put into a container for oneself; .atwAnata'- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, telephone; -nAyata'load a gun; -ya'tata 7 - bury someone. NOTE: The affected substances are generally mass nouns, and the

substance is put into some sort of container. The alternant -eta 7 - occurs in the first and second persons singular and third person plural; it also occurs in the derived base -ateta 7 -. The alternant -ta ? - occurs in the third person singular and with incorporated nouns. Both alternants have been recorded in the dual and the first and second persons plural. With an incorporated noun referring to food, this base can also-be used as a kind of pun: 'put something away, eat'. For example: kitsyáta7as I'm putting the fish away, I'm eating it. The final 7 of both alternants is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a?-A is replaced by -A?.

ta 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. stand up, stop, standstill. wa7téktane7 I stood up, I stopped in my tracks, wa 7téstane 7 you stood up, wa7tha-táne7 he stood up, he stopped, wa7tka-táne7 she (z.) or it stood up or stopped, wa7tetni-táne7 you and I (incl.) stood up, wa7tyakni-táne7 we two (excl.) stood up, wa7tesni-táne7 you two stood up, wa7thni-táne7 the two (m.) stood up, wa7tkni-táne7 the two (z.) stood up, wa7telwa-táne7 we (incl.) stood up, wa7tyakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stood up, wa7teswa-táne7 you all stood up, wa7thati-táne7 they (m.) stood up, wa?tkuti-táne7 they (z.) stood up. With s- repetitive: tusaha-táne7 he stood up again. With t- cislocative: tetyotá-u there or then it stopped, tutayakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stopped there, tAthati-táne7 they (m.) will stop there. With y- translocative: ya7téktane7 I stood over there, ya7tha-táne7 he stopped while he

Oneida-English

was on his way there, ya7tyakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stopped on our way there, ya7thati-táne7 they (m.) stopped on their way there, ya 7tAstane 7 you will stand over there, ya 7tá-ktane 7 I should stand over there. With ya ? tusa- translocative, dualic and repetitive: ya7tusaha-táne7 he stopped there again. With n- partitive: na7teka-tá-se7 where or how it keeps stopping, na 7téktahse 7 where or how I stop, na7tAka-táne7 how or where it will stand up. With -'sleht- vehicle: wa7tka7sléhtatane7 the car stopped (running). Aspect class: E3. • Tsi7 nú- na7teka-tá-se7 That's where it stops (e.g., a train). (Gl) A 7é- s tyutAhni-núhe7 ya7tyakwa-táne7 wa7akwatekhu-ní• ice cream íkhále7 yakyatAno7sAha Oliver. Over there at the store we used to stop, we ate ice cream, me and my brother Oliver. (Ol) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -t-/-et- be standing, inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .ta'se? plus tedualic, be at a base. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels and deleted in postaccented syllables. The form ya7thati-táne7 has been recorded also as meaning 'they were born'. ta ? se ? plus te- dualic, v.a. be at a base. tyotyelAhtu teha-tá-se7 he's at first base, tyotyelAhtu teye-tá-se7 she's at first base, teknihatú-thne teha-tá-se7 he's at second base, teknihatú-thne teye-tá-se7 she's at second base. COMPOSED OF: .ta 7 - plus te- dualic, stand up, stop, stand still, -se' habitual. NOTE: The ? of the ? s cluster is

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replaced by length after accented vowels. ,te- plus th- contrastive, v.s. be different. thika-té• it's a different one, thiye-té- she's different, thiha-téhe's different, thitwa-té- we (incl.) are different, thihati-té- they (m.) are different. And te- dualic: tha7tetwa-téwe (incl.) are really different (from them), tha7tehati-téthey (m.) are really different. With -kó- augmentative clitic: thikate7kóit's really different. With -lut- tree, log: thikalu-táte7 it's a different tree. With -nlaht- leaf: thikanláhtate7 it's a different leaf. With -shu ? kal- board, floor: thikashú-kalate7 it's a different board. With - ? sleht- vehicle: thika7sléhtate7 it's a different car. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .ya'tate- plus thcontrastive, be a different person. ,te- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be at a certain level, be at a certain rank. tyako-té• she's doing something at a certain level (e.g., she's handing something to someone at a certain height, or singing at a certain pitch), tho-té• he's doing something at a certain level. With é-nik up: é-nik tho té- he's doing something too high, he's high-ranking. Aspect class: B. NOTE: See also -atte- be at the edge, be at the end. -N-te- v.s. exist. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -ahsutate- be a particular night; -akAnhate-/ -akanhate- be a particular season; -Ahnislate- be a particular day; -hate- be a road; -ohslate- be a particular year; -tsinuhyahtatenyu-

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Oneida-English

be full of veins; kanuhsate7kó- school, high school; tsi 7 thotuhutsya té- at his land; yohtehlaténi 7 tree root. te- pref. two (objects), two directions, completely, thoroughly. Dualic. te- pref. there, this way. Cislocative. See t-/ti-/te-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. te- pref. Cislocative and factual mode. See ta-/te-/tu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. te- pref. not. Negative. See te 7 -/te-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. tehahyatuhslakalenyá tha 7 V > N mailman, postman. COMPOSED OF: -ha- masculine singular agent, -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, .alenya 7 t-/.kalenya 7 t- plus te- dualic, distribute, -ha7 habitual. tehalihwakénhas V > N lawyer. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, -ha- masculine singular agent, the noun base -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, a verb root -akenha-, and -s habitual. The root -akenha- occurs also in -ya 7 takenhahelp someone. tehalutawe 7 ésta 7 V > N wasp. COMPOSED OF: -ha- masculine singular agent, -lut- tree, log, .awe 7 estplus te- dualic, pierce, prick, -ha7 habitual. tehanu 7 takalenyá tha 7 V > N milkman. COMPOSED OF: -ha- masculine singular agent, -nu 7 t- milk, breast,

.alenya 7 t-/.kalenya 7 t- plus tedualic, distribute, -ha 7 habitual. tehatenhohótha 7 V > N goalie. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -h- masculine singular agent, -ate- semireflexive, -nhoh- door, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, -ha 7 habitual. tehatinathálhos V > N a farming implement used for weeding. COMPOSED OF: -hati- masculine plural agent, .nathalho- plus tedualic, comb someone's hair, -s habitual. tehatiyahsútha 7 V > N Catholics. COMPOSED OF: -hati- masculine plural agent, .yahsut- plus te- dualic, make a cross, -ha 7 habitual. tehati 7 nehtawAlyehe 7 V > N school of fish. NOTE: Includes the -hati- masculine plural agent prefix, a component -?neht-, the verb base .awAlye- plus te- dualic, stir, and -he 7 habitual. The component - 7 neht- is probably a component in the noun base -7nehtalfish eggs, gravel. Tehati 7 nhúhsya 7 ks V > N Easter. COMPOSED OF: -hati- masculine plural agent, - 7 nhuhs-/-i 7 nhuhs- egg, .ya7k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -s habitual. tehayahsútha 7 V > N priest. COMPOSED OF: -ha- masculine singular agent, .yahsut- plus te- dualic, make a cross, -ha 7 habitual. tehotikaláluhe 7 V > N Little People. tehoti 7 khalúte 7 V > N Anglican. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -hotimasculine non-singular patient, - 7 khal- slip, skirt, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -e 7 stative.

Oneida-English

tehulelúhe 7 V > N race. With tsi? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tethule-lúhe7 there at the races or racetrack. COMPOSED OF: -hu- masculine plural agent, .alelu- plus te- dualic, race, -he ? habitual. tehunityohkwakXnyehse 7 V > N election. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -humasculine plural agent, .anityohkwakAny- plus te- dualic, vote, elect, -e ? se ? habitual. TehutAnuhela túhe7 V > N November. COMPOSED OF: -hu- masculine plural

agent, -atA- semireflexive, .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus tedualic, greet someone, thank someone, -he ? habitual. tehuttsihkwa'ékta' V > N ballpark. COMPOSED OF: -hu- masculine plural agent, .attsihkwa'ek-/.attsihkwa 7 eplus te- dualic, play ball, -ht- causative, -ha ? habitual. tehutya látuhe 7 V > N circus people. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -at- semireflexive, -yal- bag, sack, -N-atuconstruct out of something, -he ? habitual. tehu'nhalukslatilútha' V > N tug-ofwar. COMPOSED OF: -hu- masculine plural agent, -a ? nhaluk-/-a ? nhaluksl- rope, .atilut- plus te- dualic, stretch something, -ha ? habitual. tekahlahtanáhsute 7 V > N dingball. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -hlaht- corncob, .nahsut-/ .ya'tanahsut- plus te- dualic, fasten, button, -e 7 stative. tekahna?netáhkwas V > N copier. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent,

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.hna'netahkw- plus te- dualic, make a copy, -as habitual. tekahnekakhwá- V > N swallow. NOTE: Includes the ka- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -hnekliquid, liquor; otherwise the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: tekahnekákhwa7 or tekahnekawiskwátha7 (ACH). tekahsineskó- V > N crane. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, ka- neuter agent, -hsin- leg, -es-/-us- be long, -kó- augmentative clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ohá-kwalute7 heron, crane; tehaluhyakahnéla7 or tehaluhyaká-nela7 crane (ACH). The last two words are similar to the Ontario word tekaluhyakahnéla7 stork. tekahwa súte' N flying squirrel. tekala'wistá lu V > N birch. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix, ka- neuter agent, and the noun base -la'wist- peelings; otherwise the composition is unclear. In Seneca the term for 'birch' also includes the base for 'peelings': tekxiwHstaoh (Chafe 1967:355). tekalXhsalA? V > N praise. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .lAhsal-/.lAhsalut- plus te- dualic, praise someone, -A? stative. tekalA'tokX V > N ginseng. Prepausal: tekalA 7to-kA. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, yo- neuter patient, a noun root -lA?t-, and a verb root -okA-, which occurs also in teyothahokX fork in the road. Cf. Wisconsin: tekalA7to-k (ACH); Mohawk: tekaren7tó:ken (GM).

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Oneida-English

tekalihwáhkwA V > N singing. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .lihwahkw-/.lihwakhw- plus tedualic, sing, -A stative. tekalistó-lalaks V > N typewriter. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -list- piece of iron, .htohlalak-/ .ya 7 tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -s habitual. tekalutátu 7 N log cabin. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, ka- neuter agent, -lut- tree, log, -N-atuconstruct out of something, - 7 stative. V > N bunk beds. ka- neuter agent, .naktanetalyu- plus te- dualic, be many floors or stories, - 7 stative.

tekanaktanetáli7

COMPOSED OF:

tekanA7takwXhtA7 V > N cedar. NOTE: Composed of the ka- neuter agent prefix, a noun root -nA?t-, the alternant .akwAhtA- of the verb base .atakwAhtA-/.takwAhtA-/ .akwAhtA- plus te dualic, be flat, and - 7 stative. Cf. Wisconsin: onA?takwAtha? (ACH). See note under kanA 7 túsa 7 . tekanuwalotálhu V > N chain. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, ka- neuter agent, -nuwal-/-luwal- nail, wire, needle, pin, -otalho-/-ya 7 totalhodrape over, hook, harness, -u stative. teka tXhe 7 V > N airplane. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .tA-/.itA- plus te- dualic, fly, -he 7 habitual. tekaya 7 takwXhtA 7 V > N bloodsucker. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, -ya 7 t- body, .atakwAhtA-/ .takwAhtA-/.akwAhtA- plus tedualic, be flat, - 7 stative. tekaya 7 tanáhsute 7 V > N wagon, bobsled.

COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .nahsut-/.ya 7 tanahsut- plus tedualic, fasten, button, -e 7 stative. teka yX- V > N gambling. COMPOSED OF: ka- neuter agent, .yAplus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game, - 7 stative. tekAhnakháni 7 V > N quilt. COMPOSED OF: kA- neuter agent, .hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyu- plus tedualic, piece together cloth, quilt, - 7 stative. téklu 7 Numeral particle: eight. Prepausal: tékelu7 téklu 7 niwáshA eighty. COMPOSED OF: téklu 7 eight; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. téklu' tewA 7 nyáwelu 7 eight hundred. téklu' yawA-lé- eighteen. tékni Numeral particle: two. Prepausal: tékeni. tékni sílu twenty-five cents. tékni tewA 7 nyáwelu 7 two hundred. tékni teyokahkwX tute 7 V > N bicycle. COMPOSED OF: t é k n i t w o ; a n d te-

dualic, yo- neuter patient, -kahkwA 7 tut- have a wheel, -e 7 stative. tékni yawA-lé- twelve. teknihatú-thne second. COMPOSED OF: tékni two, -hatúthne ordinal number. tekníhatu 7 t Tuesday. Pre-pausal: tekníhatuht. With oyá• another, and nya 7 tes- partitive, translocative, dualic and repetitive: oyánya?teskníhatu?t next Tuesday.

Oneida-English

With tsh- coincident: tsha7tekníhatu7t last Tuesday. COMPOSED OF: tékni two, -hatu't day of the week. tekníshu' two at a time, two each. •Tekníshu7 tsi7 tehsla7wistakA-sél. Peel them two at a time! COMPOSED OF: tékni two, -shu? collective clitic. tekutenyalotálhos V > N violet. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, ku- feminine-zoic plural agent, -ate- semireflexive, -nyal- neck, -otalho-/ -ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness, -s habitual. tekutiyahsútha? V > N nuns. COMPOSED OF: kuti- feminine-zoic plural agent, .yahsut- plus te- dualic, make a cross, -ha7 habitual. .tenihA- plus te- dualic, v.a. shake. tewakteníhA I have shaken it, tehuwateníhA she has shaken him (e.g., he has fallen asleep, and she shakes him). wa7tektenfíiA7 I shook it, wa 7tyeteníhA 7 she shook it, wa7thiteníhA7 I shook him, tASteníhA7 you will shake it. • Nók tsi7 nók Awa-tú- tAsteníhA7 thikA kwa7yAha ohsí-ta7, nA Awa túthó nAya-wA• náhte7 AhsatlAnh a hte7. But you will have to shake the rabbit's foot, then whatever you wish for will happen. (NI) DERIVED BASES: .attenihA- plus tedualic, flap; .kAhatenihA- plus tedualic, unfurl cloth. .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. change something, tektényehse7 I'm changing it, tehatényehse7 he changes it. tewakténi I have changed it, tehoténi he has changed it. wa7tekte-ni- I changed it, I'm changing it, wa7thate-ní• he changed

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it, he's changing it, tAkte-ní• I will change it. With s- repetitive: tusakte-ní• I changed it again, tusahate-ní• he changed it again, tAtsitwate-ní• we (incl.) will change it again. Aspect class: E4. DERIVED BASES: .tenyukw- plus tedualic, change all; .tenyu'n- plus tedualic, go to change something; .atlihwatenyAni-/.atlihwatenyAplus tes- dualic and repetitive, change one's mind; .atslunyahkwateny- plus te- dualic, change one's clothes; .atteny-/ .attenyu- plus te- dualic, change; .hnakwalateny- plus te- dualic, change a tire; .yenateny- plus tedualic, change the oil. NOTE: The alternant .tenyu- occurs before the -kw- reversative and - ? ndislocative suffixes, .teny- occurs elsewhere. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of .teny- plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of .teny- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. A component -teny-/-tenyu- occurs without the dualic prefix probably in -ani 7 teny-/-ani?tenyu- fart, and -atya'tase'tslateny- change girlfriends. .tenyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. change all. tehatenyúkwas he's changing all of them. tehotenyúkwA

he has

changed them all. wa7thatenyu-kóhe changed them all. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

.tenyu'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to change something, tehatenyú-ne7 he's going to change it.

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Oneida-English

wa7thatenyú-na7 he's on his way someplace to change it. COMPOSED OF: .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic, change something, - ? ndislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese- pref. Dualic and repetitive (dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tes- occurs. tese- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. teskyanutakli'tslatyelA V > N sugar substitute. Pre-pausal: teskyanutakli7tslatye-\A. COMPOSED OF: ky- feminine-zoic dual agent, -a- semireflexive, -nutakli-/-nutakli?tsl- sugar, .atyelA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, resemble, look alike. tet-/teti-/tete- pref. Dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant teti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tetoccurs. tete- pref. Dualic and cislocative. See tet-/teti-/tete-.

NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tethutkXnyehse 7 V > N fair, tsi7 tethutkXnyehse7 at the fair. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, .atkAny-/ .atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair, -e ? se ? habitual. tethutkAnyé tha? V > N fairgrounds. tsi7 tethutkAnyé-tha7 at the fairgrounds. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, .atkAny-/ .atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair, -7t- causative, -ha ? habitual. teti- pref. Dualic and cislocative. See tet-/teti-/tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tets- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tetsi- pref. Dualic and repetitive. See tes-/tets-/tetsi-/tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tetsyalú Quantity particle: both. Prepausal: tetsya-lú. NOTE: From .tsyalu- plus te- dualic, be both. tetsyalúhkwA nukwá- both sides. tetwa'sXtha? V > N waterfalls, Niagara Falls. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter

Oneida-English

agent, .a?sAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, punch, -ha 7 habitual. tetyuhtu'tákhwa 7 V > N eraser. COMPOSED OF: tet- dualic and cislocative, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtu't- make disappear, erase, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'eraser' is yohtu'tákhwa 7 . tewahsutéle 7 V > N joint. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, .ahsutel-/.ahsutl- plus te- dualic, connect, join, plug in, -e7 stative. tewahúhtes V > N donkey. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, -ahuht- ear, -es-/-us- be long. tewahyakháni 7 V > N tomato. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, .khanyu- plus te- dualic, piece together, - 7 stative. tewanekló lalaks V > N baler. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, .aneklohlalak- plus te- dualic, bale, -s habitual. tewáshA Numeral: twenty. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or npartitive, be ten of. tewatenyAhtohtálhos V > N snowplow. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .atenyAhtohtalho- plus te- dualic, clear away snow, shovel snow, -s habitual. tewatenyAhtokwátha 7 V > N snowblower. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -nyAht- snow, .at-N-okwaht- plus te-

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dualic, scatter something around, -ha 7 habitual. tewatluhyayelúnyuhe? V > N Northern Lights. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -luhy- sky, blue, .atyelunyu- plus tedualic, put on a show, entertain, -he 7 habitual. tewatnikwAhtálya'ks V > N bloodroot. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -nikwAhtal- red, .atya'k- plus tedualic, become broken, -s habitual. tewatotálhos V > N hook. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, w- neuter agent, -at- semireflexive, -otalho-/ -ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness, -s habitual. tewatyu'kwalokwashá- V > N puffball. NOTE: A puffball is a kind of plant (mushroom?) that people used to eat at one time. It was cut into pieces and fried in butter. The form includes the te- dualic prefix, w- neuter agent, the -at- semireflexive, and the noun base -yu'kwal- smoke; otherwise the composition is unclear. tewa'kAhlahlihtákhwa? V > N disk. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .a ? kAhlahliht- plus te- dualic, break up the ground, disk, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. TewAhníslya'ks V > N March. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather, .ya'k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -s habitual. tewA7nyáwelu7 hundred. NOTE: Occurs after the numbers one through ten to form numbers one hundred, two hundred, etc. Possibly

690

Oneida-English

from *tewa ?nyáwelu 7 composed of the te- dualic prefix, w- neuter agent, a noun root -a 7 ny- hand, the verb base -awelu- spill, pour out, and - 7 stative aspect. See also -a'nyanawA-/ -a'nyanawA'tsl- glove, mitten. Teyakohúhtya'ks V > N January. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, .ahuhtya'k- plus te- dualic, get freezing cold ears, -s habitual. teyakonya'thalahtá n e ' V > N chokecherry. NOTE: This word was provided by someone who is knowledgeable about plants. However M.D., as well as several other speakers we consulted, are not familiar with it. It may be composed of the te- dualic prefix, yako- feminine-indefinite singular patient, a component -nya 7 thal-, the -ht- causative suffix, - 7 ne- ambulative suffix, and - 7 intentive suffix. The component -nya'thal- occurs also in .nya'thala 7 - plus te- dualic, choke, have food go down the wrong tube. teyawelyákhwa 7 V > N pulse. COMPOSED OF: yaw- neuter patient, .elyahkw- plus te- dualic, for the heart to beat, -ha 7 habitual. teyehnana'tahlihtákhwa? V > N potato masher. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnana'tpotato, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyehna'tatslatilútha 7 V > N accordion. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hna'tal-/ -hna'tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase,

pocket, .atilut- plus te- dualic, stretch something, -ha 7 habitual. teyehso'kwahlihtákhwa' V > N nutcracker. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hso'kw- nut, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyekhAtákhwa' V > N glue. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .khA-/ .khAtplus te- dualic, be twins, be part of a set, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyelutyákta 7 V > N cross-cut or long saw. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lut- tree, log, .ya'k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha7 habitual. teyelutya'khúkhwa 7 V > N cross-cut or long saw. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lut- tree, log, .ya'khu- plus te- dualic, break up, cut up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyeluwalyá k t a ' V > N pliers. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuwal-/-luwalnail, wire, needle, pin, .ya'k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. teyenAstaliha'takhwa'tslahu'tsistalathe'tákhwa 7 V > N black stove polish (a tongue twister). NOTE: This expression is said to be the longest word in Oneida, and a challenge to say! It includes the tedualic prefix, yenAstaliha'tákhwa 7 stove, the - 7 tsl- nominalizer suffix,

Oneida-English

the verb base -hu'tsi- be black, the verb base .stalathe't- plus te- dualic, shine something, the -hkw- instrumental suffix, and -ha7 habitual. teyeshe'lhakwAhtalhó tha 7 V > N rolling pin. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yefeminine-indefinite singular agent, -she'lh- dough, paste, cream, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalho- lay out flat, - ? t- causative, -ha ? habitual. teyeshu'kalyákta 7 V > N sawhorse. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -shu'kal- board, floor, .ya ? k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -ht- causative, -ha? habitual. teyestalathe'tákhwa? V > N polish. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .stalathe't- plus te- dualic, shine something, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyeyestanyu'tákhwa' átsi' V > N mixing bowl. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .yestanyu- plus te- dualic, mix together, -'t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual; and -atsyA-/-tsyA- dish, plate, bowl, - 7 noun suffix. teye'wahlahlihtákhwa 7 V > N meat grinder. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -'wahl- meat, .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. teyohahá s l e ' V > N crossroads. Prepausal: teyohahá-sele7. With tsi ? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tetyohahá-sle7 at the crossroads. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter

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patient prefix and the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-/-h-/ -wah- road, path; otherwise the composition is unclear. teyohsí tute7 a'nhuskwá lha' long johns. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .ahsi'tut- plus te- dualic, have feet, -e7 stative; and -a'nhuskwa'lhpants, trousers, -a ? noun suffix. teyohyahyó tsis V > N lemon. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo?tsist- salt. teyoná tsyes V > N top hat. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -es-/-us- be long. teyonutaklí tslale7 V > N sweets. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .nutakli'tslal- plus te- dualic, be sweet, -e7 stative. teyonu'tahyó tsis V > N sour milk. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -nu't- milk, breast, -hyo?tsis-/-hyo 7 tsist- salt. teyonu'uslahyó tsis V > N salt pickles, brine pickles. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -hyo ? tsis-/-hyo'tsist- salt. teyostawinahyó tsis V > N rhubarb. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -stawin- stalk, -hyo'tsis-/ -hyo'tsist- salt. teyotahyá ktu V > N banana. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, .atsha'kt-/ .atsha ? ket-/.at-N-a ? kt-/ .at-N-a'ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative.

692

Oneida-English

teyothahokX V > N fork in the road. Pre-pausal: teyothaho-kA. tsi7 teyothahokA at the fork. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, yo- neuter patient, the alternant -hah- of the noun base -hah-/ -h-/-wah- road, path, and a verb root -okA-, which occurs also in tekalA'tokX ginseng. teyothutáktu V > N blackcap, black raspberry. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hut- leaves and stems of a plant, .atsha'kt-/.atsha'ket-/.at-N-a'kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative. teyothwalanekalákwA V > N pussy willow. NOTE: Another word for 'pussy willow' is yokwilahkaliyó. teyotnakalá ktu V > N hockey stick. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nakal- stick, .atsha ? kt-/.atsha?ket/.at-N-a ? kt-/.at-N-a'ket- plus tedualic, bend over, become crooked, -u stative. teyotshahe'takwe'nuní V > N pea. Pre-pausal: teyotshahe 7takwe 7n u • ní. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -sahe't- bean, .athwe'nuni-/ .at-N-kwe 7 nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. teyotsho'kwakwe'nuní V > N walnut. Pre-pausal: teyotsho 7kwakwe 7n u • ní COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hso'kw- nut, .athwe'nuni-/ .at-N-kwe'nuni- plus te- dualic, be round, be a circle. teyotskala'tkó V > N smartweed. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, .atskala't- plus te- dualic, be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour, -kó- augmentative clitic.

NOTE: One of our consultants suggested that this is also the word for 'horseradish'. Cf. Wisconsin: yotskalatkó (ACH).

teyowAtá lu V > N dawn. teyo'wahlahyó tsis V > N salt pork. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yo- neuter patient, -'wahl- meat, -hyo'tsis-/ -hyo'tsist- salt. teyulahsi'tahlákhwa 7 V > N footstool. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -alsemireflexive, -ahsi 7 t-/-ahsi- foot, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ? habitual. teyushalanye'tákhwa 7 V > N scrub board, washboard. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .ashalanye- plus te- dualic, rub something together, scrub, - ? t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. teyutatahtú tha 7 V > N hide-andseek. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atatreflexive, -ahtu't- make disappear, erase, -ha ? habitual. teyutateshnyé tha 7 V > N hospital. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, .shnye- plus te- dualic, look after, nurture, - ? tcausative, -ha 7 habitual. teyutatnuhklistákhwa 7 V > N beauty salon. With tsi7 particle and tcislocative: tsi7 tetyutatnuhklistákhwa7 at the beauty salon. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on femi-

Oneida-English

nine-indefinite singular, .nuhklistplus te- dualic, curl someone's hair, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. teyute'slehtahlákhwa 7 V > N sled. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .ate'slehtahel-/ .ate'slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyute'washalutákhwa? V > N earring. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atesemireflexive, -'washal- earring, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyuthnekutákhwa? V > N saucer. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atsemireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: In earlier times people would drink tea from a saucer, rather than from a cup. teyutkalAhlúkhwa 7 V > N rocking chair, swing, hammock. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atkalAhlu- plus te- dualic, swing, rock, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyutkAhaneta'ásta? V > N bedspread, comforter, blanket. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, .hna ? neta?-/.neta ? - plus te- dualic, put something on top of something else, double, -st- causative, -ha 7 habitual. teyutna'alanhásta 7 V > N headband, bandanna, kerchief. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

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inite singular agent, .atna'alanhak-/ .atna'alanh- plus te- dualic, put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief, -stcausative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'headband, bandanna, kerchief' is atna'alanhásta 7 . teyutnAtshanhásta7 V > N bracelet. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nAtsh- arm, sleeve, .hwanhak-/ .hwanh-/.nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic, tie completely, get into a circle, -stcausative, -ha ? habitual. teyutnu'tohlalákta' V > N bra. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nu 7 t- milk, breast, .htohlalak-/ .ya'tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. teyutwisutákhwa 7 V > N eyeglasses. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atwisut- plus tedualic, put on glasses, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyutya'tohlalákta 7 V > N girdle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, .htohlalak-/.ya ? tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. teyuwAlye'tákhwa' V > N ladle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .awAlye- plus tedualic, stir, - 7 t- causative, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. teyu'kAhlahkwá tha? V > N dustpan. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil, .hkw-/.ehkw-/

694

Oneida-English

.ya'tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up, causative, -ha' habitual.

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

te?-/te- pref. not. Negative. NOTE: The alternant te- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. Otherwise te ? - occurs.

te'ts- pref. Negative and repetitive.

te?s-/te?ts-/te'tsi-/te?se- pref. Negative and repetitive (negative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant te ? ts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant te ? tsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant te ? se- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise te?s- occurs.

te'tsi- pref. Negative and repetitive.

te'se- pref. Negative and repetitive. See te?s-/te?ts-/te ? tsi-/te ? se-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. te ? t-/te 7 ti-/te?te- pref. Negative and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant te ? ti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant te7te- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise te?t- occurs. te'te- pref. Negative and cislocative. See te 7 t-/te?ti-/te?te-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. te'ti- pref. Negative and cislocative. See te ? t-/te'ti-/te?te-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

See t e ? s - / t e ? t s - / t e 7 t s i - / t e ? s e - . NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. See t e ? s - / t e ? t s - / t e ? t s i - / t e 7 s e - . NOTE: Occurs before first person

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

.tA-/.itA- plus te- dualic, v.a. fly. teki-tAhe7 I fly, tehatAhe7 he flies, teka-tAhe7 she (z.) or it flies, tehati-tAhe7 they (m.) fly. tewaki-tA• I have flown, teho-tA- he has flown, teyako-tA• she has flown, teyo-tA- she (z.) or it has flown. wa7tki-tA• I flew, wa 7tha-tA- he flew, wa7tye-tA• she flew, wa7tka-tA• she (z.) or it flew, wa7tetni-tA• you and I (incl.) flew, wa7thati-tA• they (m.) flew, tAki-tAI will fly, tAha-tA• he will fly, tAka-tA- she (z.) or it will fly, tAtwa-tA- we (incl.) will fly, tAyakwa-tA- we (excl.) will fly, tAhati-tA• they (m.) will fly, tahati-tA- they (m.) should fly. Habitual past: tekatAhahkwe7 she (z.) or it used to fly. Aspect class: Bl. •Na kwi• thó kAs yákA7 kwa7nyó wahutkwe-ní• tsi7 ka-yA- tehati-tAhe7. So then it seems, they say, that the ones that fly were winning. (RC) DERIVED BASES: t e k a t X h e ? airplane. NOTE: The alternant .itA- occurs in

the first person singular, .tA- occurs elsewhere.

tA- pref. Dualic and future mode.

Oneida-English

-tAs- v.s. be thick. ka-tXs it's thick. Stative past: katAsX-ne7 it was thick. Future stative: AkatAsXhake7 it will be thick. With n- partitive: nika-tXs it's so thick. With -ahsliye-/-ahsliye ? t-/-hsliye ? tstring, thread, yarn: wahsliyé-tatAS it's thick thread. With -ahta?nawA/-ahta ? nawA ? tsl- ball, and n- partitive: kók niwahta7nawX-tslatAs the ball is this thick. And nis- partitive and repetitive: kók niswahta7nawX-tslatAs the ball is only this thick. With -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter, and n- partitive: nikahyatúhslatAs the book is so thick. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: kakXhatAs it's thick material, cotton. And n- partitive: tsi7 nikakXhatAs it's such a thick blanket. With -nyAht- snow, and npartitive: nikanyXhtatAS the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car). With -shu ? kal- board, floor: kashú-kalatAs the board is thick. Aspect class: A. •A7é• nikahyatúhslatAS tsi7 nikú i-yAlhe7 akwAnahno-tX-. The book is so thick that she wants me to read. DERIVED BASES: .tAsha plus kA? particle and n~ partitive, be not thick; -tAsha 7 - become thick; kakAhatXsha cotton; ka'nhehsatXsha silk, taffeta; ka?nheksatXsha taffeta. tAs-/tAts-/tAtsi-/tAse- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive (dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant

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tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise ÍAS- occurs. tAse- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAS-/tAts-/tAtsi-/ tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. .tAsha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, v.s. be not thick. kA7 nikatXsha it's not thick. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -tAs- be thick, .ha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. -tAsha 7 - v.a. become thick. utXshane7 it got thick, AkatXshane7 it will become thick. COMPOSED OF: -tAs- be thick, -ha ? inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .tAst- plus te- dualic, v.a. stand someone up, stop someone or something. tektXsta7 I make it stop, tekutXsta7 I stand you up, I stop you, tekhetXsta7 I'm stopping her or them. tekutXstu I have stood you up, I have stopped you. wa7thati-tXste7 they (m.) stopped doing it, wa7tku-tXste7 I stood you up, I stopped you, wa7thi-tXste7 I made him stop, I stopped him, I made him stand up, wa 7tyúktAste 7 they stood me up. téstAst Make it stop! Aspect class: EL.

• Kwáh s kanutó-tslayA7 thó wa7tyúktAste7 HA ní u-tú• wa7tkahyakA-séle^. There was just a box there that they stood me up on so that I could peel fruit (tomatoes). (VI) TéstAst. Make it stop! (e.g., I'm telling you to turn off the radio). DERIVED BASES: .tAsta'tsy- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, jump up

696

Oneida-English

quickly from a sitting position; latihwáeks tsi? tehatitAsta? home plate. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker.

dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tAtoccurs.

.tAsta'tsy- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, v.a. jump up quickly from a sitting position. tutaktAstá-tsi7 I got up quickly, tutahatAstá-tsi7 he got up quickly, tutaknitAStá-tsi7 the two (z.) got up quickly. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .tAstplus te- dualic, stand someone up, stop someone or something, - ? tsy- accelerative. DERIVED BASES: .tAsta'tsyaht- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, jump up quickly from a sitting position. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect.

tAte- pref. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tAt-/tAti-/tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

.tAsta'tsyaht- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic, v.a. jump up quickly from a sitting position. tutaktAstá-tsyahte7 I jumped up, tutahatAstá-tsyahte7 he jumped up. •Khále7 ále7 kwah nók tutahatAStá-tsyahte7 yahaya-kAne7, yáh 7 tha tehotuhutsyoní ahatahúhsat ate7 And he just jumps up and goes out, he doesn't want to listen. (Al) COMPOSED OF: .tAsta'tsy- plus tutacislocative and dualic, jump up quickly from a sitting position, -htcausative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

tAtsi- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAs-/tAts-/tAtsi-/ tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tAt-/tAti-/tAte- pref. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person

tAti- pref. Dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tAt-/tAti-/tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tAts- pref. Dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tAS-/tAts-/tAtsi-/ tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y.

-tA?uhatye-/-etA?uhatye- v.m. put into a container one at a time or bit by bit. waketA7uháti7 I'm adding things one at a time to a container. COMPOSED OF: -ta ? -/-eta ? - put into a container, -u stative, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base. Many speakers have -tA?uhati- and -etA?uhati- before a final 7 . tha-/tha -/thae-/thau- pref. Contrastive and optative mode (contrastive and indefinite tense).

Oneida-English

NOTE: The alternant thae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thau- replaces the sequence thaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha- or tha-- occur, in free variation.

tha- pref. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. thae- pref. Contrastive and optative mode. See tha-/tha -/thae-/thau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thahyuní / othahyuní N wolf. Prepausal: thahyu-ní or othahyu-ní. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. -thai- v.s. be talking, wakéthale7 I'm talking, lóthale7 he's talking, yakóthale7 she's talking. Habitual past: waketha-láhkwe7 I have talked. Future stative: Awake tha-lake7 I will be talking. With te ? - negative: yáh te 7yakóthale 7 she or someone is not talking. Aspect class: F. •Nihatyélha7 Tá-wet tsi7 náhe7 7 wakéthale . What's David doing while I'm talking? DERIVED BASES: .thai- plus tedualic, talk, converse; -thalani-/

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-thalhahs- talk to, advise; -thalatye- talk while going along. .thai- plus te- dualic, v.a. talk, converse, tekethálha7 I converse, tetnithálha7 you and I (incl.) talk every now and then, tewakéthale7 I'm having a conversation, tesmthale7 you two are talking to each other, tehotíthale7 they (m.) are talking to one other. wa 7thatha-lA• he did the talking, wa7tetnitha-lA• you and I (incl.) talked, wa7tyaknitha-lA- we two (excl.) talked, tAketha-lA• I will talk, tAyetha-lA• she or someone will talk, tAtnitha-lA• you and I (incl.) will talk, tAyaknitha lA• we two (excl.) will talk, tAhotitha-lA- the two will talk to each other. Habitual past: tetnithálhahkwe7 you and I (incl.) used to talk, teyuknitha-láhkwe7 we two used to talk, tehotitha-láhkwe7 they (m.) used to talk. Future habitual: tAtnithálhake7 you and I (incl.) will be talking from time to time. With srepetitive: tusetnitha-lA' you and I (incl.) talked to each other again. Aspect class: F. • Wahu-níse7 kA- nále7 tusetnit h a -J/\ It's been a long time, y'know, since we talked to each other. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -thai- be talking. DERIVED BASES: .thalu plus tedualic, several talk or converse; .thalunyu- plus te- dualic, several talk or converse at once. -thalani-/-thalhahs- v.a. talk to, advise, kuthala-níhe7 I'm giving you advice, I tell you what to do or how to behave, lothala-níhe7 he's advising him. kuthalaní I have given you advice, shakothalaní he has advised her or them.

698

Oneida-English

wa7kuthálhahse7 I advised you, wahuwatithálhahse7 she or someone advised them (m.), wa7shakothálhahse7 he advised them, Akuthálhahse7 I will give you advice, Ashakothálhahse7 he will advise them. Aspect class: Al. 7 SA• Khále 7 Ashakothálhahse tsi7 ka-yA• yakotló-lu tákA7 kwisó-tsi7 tahutlakalé-last. And he would advise those who were watching not to make too much noise. (M15) COMPOSED OF: -thai- be talking, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -thalanioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -thalhahs- occurs in the punctual aspect. -thalatye- v.m. talk while going along, lothaláti7 he's talking as he's going along. Ahothaláti7 he will talk as he's going along. Habitual past: lothalátyehkwe7 he has talked while going along. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók shothalátyehse7 he's going around talking all the time, elók shothaláti7 he's going around talking. With t- cislocative: tahothaláti7 he's talking as he's coming this way. • Elók shothalátyehse7 tsi7 7 yakonolú-sehe He's going around talking about how she's lazy. COMPOSED OF: -thai- be talking, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -thalati- before a final 7 . -thalhahs- talk to, advise. See -thalani-/-thalhahs-. .thalu plus te- dualic, v.a. several talk or converse, tehotitha-lú• they (m.) are talking to each other or conversing (one is talking and the others are

listening). wa7thatitha-lú• they (m.) talked or conversed. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .thai- plus te- dualic, talk, converse, -u- distributive. .thalunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. several talk or converse at once. tehotithalúni7 they (m.) are talking to one other, different groups here and there are talking, or everyone in a single group is talking at once. wa7tesnithalúni7 you two talked or conversed, wa7thatithalúni7 they (m.) all talked at once. COMPOSED OF: .thai- plus te- dualic, talk, converse, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .thaluni- before a final 7 . thau- pref. Contrastive and optative mode. See tha-/tha -/thae-/thau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?-/tha-/the-/thu- pref. Contrastive and factual mode (contrastive and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant tha- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant the- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thu- replaces the sequence tha ? wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the ini-

Oneida-English

tial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha ? occurs. tha ? t-/tha?te- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and dualic (contrastive, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tha ? te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tha 7 t- occurs. tha?ta-/tha ? ta-/tha ? tae-/tha?taupref. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic (contrastive, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tha'taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'taureplaces the sequence tha'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha'ta- or tha?ta-- occur, in free variation. tha'tae- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic. See tha'ta-/ t h a ' t a -/tha?tae-/tha?tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tau- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and dualic. See tha'ta-/ tha ? ta-/tha ? tae-/tha ? tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha ? taawa-, where wa- belongs to

699

the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha'te- pref. Contrastive and dualic. tha'te- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and dualic. See tha?t-/tha?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha ? tes-/tha'tets-/tha'tetsi-/ tha'tese- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive (contrastive, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tha'tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tha'tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha'tes- occurs. tha'tese- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha 7 tes-/tha ? tets-/ tha?tetsi-/tha ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha?tet-/tha?teti-/tha?tete- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tha'tetioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tete- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha'tet- occurs.

700 Oneida-English

tha ? tete- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. See tha?tet-/tha'teti-/ tha'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha'teti- pref. Contrastive, dualic and cislocative. See tha?tet-/tha?teti-/ tha'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tets- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha ? tes-/tha'tets-/ tha'tetsi-/tha 7 tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tha'tetsi- pref. Contrastive, dualic and repetitive. See tha'tes-/ tha ? tets-/tha 7 tetsi-/tha ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tA- pref. Contrastive, future mode and dualic. tha'tAs-/tha ? tAts-/tha ? tAtsi-/ tha'tAse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, future tense and iterative). N O T E : The alternant tha'tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tha?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha'tAs- occurs.

tha'tAse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha 7 tAs-/tha ? tAts-/tha ? tAtsi-/ tha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha'tAt-/tha ? tAti-/tha ? tAte- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tha?tAtioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tha ? tAt- occurs. tha'tAte- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tha?tAt-/tha ? tAti-/tha?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tha'tAti- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tha'tAt-/tha?tAti-/tha?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tAts- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha?tAs-/tha?tAts-/tha?tAtsi-/ tha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tha'tAtsi- pref. Contrastive, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tha?tAs-/tha?tAts-/tha?tAtsi-/ tha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-Eriglish

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha 7 tusa-/tha ? tuse-/tha 7 tusu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tha'tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tusureplaces the sequence tha'tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha'tusa- occurs. tha ? tusa-/tha ? tusa-/tha 7 tuse-/ tha ? tuse-/tha ? tusu-/tha?tusu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tha'tuse- and tha ? tuseoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tha'tusu- and tha?tu-su- replace the sequences tha'tusawa- and tha ? tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha'tusa- and tha'tu sa- occur.

701

tha'tuse- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tha 7 tusa-/tha 7 tuse-/tha'tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha ? tuse-/tha'tu se- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tha 7 tusa-/tha ? tusa-/ tha ? tuse-/tha'tuse-/tha 7 tusu-/ tha'tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tusu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tha 7 tusa-/tha ? tuse-/tha 7 tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha?tusu-/tha ? tu su- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tha 7 tusa-/tha 7 tusa-/ tha 7 tuse-/tha 7 tuse-/tha 7 tusu-/ tha'tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tha 7 tusawa- and tha ? tu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

702

Oneida-English

tha?tuta-/tha?tute-/tha?tutu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (contrastive, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tha'tuteoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tha'tutureplaces the sequence tha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha'tuta- occurs. tha ? tuta-/tha ? tuta-/tha?tute-/ tha 7 tute-/tha ? tutu-/tha ? tutu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative (contrastive, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tha'tute- and tha?tu-teoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tha'tutu- and tha?tu-tu- replace the sequences tha?tutawa- and tha ? tu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tha?tuta- and tha'tu ta- occur. tha'tute- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tha 7 tuta-/tha?tute-/tha ? tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha7tute-/tha'tu te- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tha?tuta-/tha ? tuta-/ tha ? tute-/tha?tute-/tha 7 tutu-/ tha'tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tha'tutu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tha ? tuta-/tha?tute-/tha 7 tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tha 7 tutu-/tha ? tutu- pref. Contrastive, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tha ? tuta-/tha 7 tuta-/ tha'tute-/tha 7 tute-/tha'tutu-/ tha'tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tha'tutawa- and tha ? tu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. the- pref. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha?-/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-Eriglish

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. the-tX- Temporal particle: yesterday. With oyá• another, and tsh- coincident: oyá- tshithe-tA• the other day, kwáh oyá• tshithe-tA- the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. -the ? t- v.a. pound, kethé-tha7 I'm pounding (e.g., corn), yethé-tha7 she's pounding, yakothé-tu she's pounding, she has pounded, kathé-tu it's pounded. wa7éthehte7 she pounded, Akéthehte7 I will pound. sétheht Pound! Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: -the'tsl- flour; -lihwathe't- explain; -nu'tathe'tchurn butter. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -the'tsl- v. > n. flour, othé-tsli7 flour. Pre-pausal: othé-tsheli7 With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: satethe7tslu-níhe7 you're making flour, Ahsatethe7tslu-nv you will make flour. With .aty-/.atye-/ ,uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yAsathe7tslu-tí• you will add flour. With .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item: tekathe7tslayéstu it has flour mixed into it. • Osahé-ta 7 Ayolíhake 7 Ayolha-léke7 HA Atshane7 satethe7tslu-níhe7. Beans should be cooked and ready by the time you've finished making flour (corn flour). (R2) COMPOSED OF: -the't- pound, -hslnominalizer. DERIVED BASES: -the'tslal- have flour or something powdery on.

703

NOTE: The addition of the -hslnominalizer to the component base results in the cluster ?thsl, which is replaced by ?tsl. The 7 of the ?tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-the'tslal- v.s. have flour or something powdery on. yothé-tslale7 it has flour on it, it has something powdery on it. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -the ? tsl- flour, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. thA- pref. Contrastive and future mode. thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/thAse- pref. Contrastive, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thAS- occurs. thAse- pref. Contrastive and future mode. See thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thAt-/thAti-/thAte- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant thAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

704

Oneida-English

The alternant thAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thAt- occurs. thAte- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. See thAt-/thAti-/ thAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thAti- pref. Contrastive, future mode and cislocative. See thAt-/thAti-/ thAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thAts- pref. Contrastive and future mode. See thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thAtsi- pref. Contrastive and future mode. See thAs-/thAts-/thAtsi-/ thAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thi- pref. even, just. Contrastive. this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise- pref. Contrastive and repetitive (contrastive and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise this- occurs.

thise- pref. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thit-/thiti-/thite- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant thiti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise thit- occurs. thite- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. See thit-/thiti-/thite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thiti- pref. Contrastive and cislocative. See thit-/thiti-/thite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thits- pref. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thitsi- pref. Contrastive and repetitive. See this-/thits-/thitsi-/thise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thó Locative and anaphoric particle: there, that's where. thó kati? nú- so then that's where. thó kati? ok wí- nikú so then that's all. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if

Oneida-English

written thó katyo7k wv tiikú. Prepausal: thó katyo7k wí- ni-kú. thó kati 7 wí- so then that's. thó kAs kwí- well that's usually. NOTE: Frequently reduced to thó s kwí-. thó ki 7 ale7 wí- so again. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written thó kyale7 wí- or thó kyele7 wv. thó ki 7 nikú it's actually that much. Pre-pausal: thó ki7 ni-kú. thó ki 7 nyaléhkwe 7 it's all for now. thó ki 7 ok it's just that much. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written thó kyo7k. thó ki 7 uhte that's maybe. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written thó kyuhte. thó kwí- that's anyway or indeed, that's then or there. thó kwí- nú- well that's where or when. thó nikú it's that much. Pre-pausal: thó nikú. thó niyo lé- it's that far. thó ni yót that's the way it is. NOTE: See .ht- plus n- partitive, be the way it is. thó nú- that's where or when. thó nukwá- over there, that direction. thó ok kwí- that's or there's indeed. NOTE: Usually reduced to thók kwí-. thó ok kwí- né' nikú that's indeed just how much. NOTE: Usually reduced to thók kwíné• nikú.

705

thó ok né- nikú that's just how much. NOTE: Usually reduced to thók nénikú. thóha Adverbial particle: almost. • Khále7 nále7 tetyotáhsawA7 kA? niwahnislésha né- wí- tsi7 HA thóha a-yóhslate7. And again it's starting that the days are short because it's almost winter. -thoska7 v.s. be young, be small. lothóska 7 he's young or small, yothóska 7 she (z.) or it is young, yotithóska 7 they (z.) are young, lotithóska 7 they (m.) are young. •Kayé nikutí talu7kó• yotithóska7 7 yonatawAháti . The four young ducks are swimming around. thu- pref. Contrastive and factual mode. See tha 7 -/tha-/the-/thu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tha ? wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thusa-/thuse-/thusu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thusu- replaces the sequence thusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thusa- occurs.

706

Oneida-English

thusa-/thusa-/thuse-/thuse-/thusu-/ thusu- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thuse- and thuse- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thusu- and thu-sureplace the sequences thusawa- and thu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thusa- and thu-sa- occur. thuse- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thuse-/ thusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thuse-/thu se- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thusa-/thuse-/thu-se-/ thusu-/thu-su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thusu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and repetitive. See thusa-/thuse-/ thusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thusawa-, where wa- belongs to the

first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thusu-/thu-su- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and repetitive. See thusa/thu-sa-/thuse-/thu-se-/thusu-/ thusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thusawa- and thu-sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thuta-/thute-/thutu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative (contrastive, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant thute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thutu- replaces the sequence thutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thuta- occurs. thuta-/thu-ta-/thute-/thu-te-/thutu-/ thu tu- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative (contrastive, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thute- and thu-te- occur before first person inclusive dual and

Oneida-English

plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thutu- and thu-tureplace the sequences thutawa- and thu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thuta- and thu-ta- occur. thute- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thute-/ thutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thute-/thu te- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thu-ta-/thute-/thu-te-/ thutu-/thutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thute'slehtayAtákhwa' V > N parking lot. •Kwáh ka 7slehtaná-nu thute7slehtayAtákhwa7.

tsi7 The

parking lot is filled with cars. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -humasculine plural agent, -ate ? slehtayA-/-ate ? slehtayAtpark, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. thutu- pref. Contrastive, factual mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thute-/ thutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence

707

thutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thutu-/thu-tu- pref. Contrastive, optative mode and cislocative. See thuta-/thuta-/thute-/thute-/ thutu-/thutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thutawa- and thu-tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thya- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/thya-/ thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. thya-/thya--/thyae-/thyau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode (contrastive, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant thyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyau- replaces the sequence thyaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thya- or thyaoccur, in free variation. thyae- pref. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode. See

708

Oneida-English

thya-/thya-/thyae-/thyau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyaha- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. N O T E : Replaces thya 7 - and thyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyahe- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyahu- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode. See thya?-/ thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/thyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thyau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, and optative mode. See thya-/thya-/thyae-/thyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thya?-/thya-/thyahe-/thyahu-/ thyaha- pref. Contrastive, translocative and factual mode (contrastive,

translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant thya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant thyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyahu- replaces the sequence thyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant thya7- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant thyaha- occurs in place of thya7- and thya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thya?t-/thya?te- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and dualic (contrastive, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant thya 7 teoccurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise thya 7 t- occurs. thya?ta-/thya?ta-/thya?tae-/ thya'tau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic (contrastive, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant thya7taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thya 7 taureplaces the sequence thya?taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person

Oneida-English

singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thya ? ta- or thya?ta-- occur, in free variation. thya'tae- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See thya ? ta-/thya ? ta-/thya 7 tae-/ thya'tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thya'tau- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See thya?ta-/thya?ta-/thya?tae-/ thya'tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thya ? taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thya'te- pref. Contrastive, translocative and dualic. thya'te- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See thya?t-/thya?te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thya'tA- pref. Contrastive, translocative, dualic and future mode. thye-/thyehe- pref. Contrastive and translocative. NOTE: The alternant thyehe- occurs

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when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise thye- occurs. thyehe- pref. Contrastive and translocative. See thye-/thyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyehes- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-/ thyehets-. NOTE: Replaces thyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyehets- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-/ thyehets-. NOTE: Replaces thyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyes-/thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/ thyehes-/thyehets- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive (contrastive, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant thyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants thyehes- and thyehets- occur in place of thyes- and thyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

710

Oneida-English

thyese- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-/ thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thyets- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-/ thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thyetsi- pref. Contrastive, translocative and repetitive. See thyes-/ thyets-/thyetsi-/thyese-/thyehes-/ thyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyA-/thyAhA- pref. Contrastive, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant thyAhAoccurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise thy A- occurs. thyAhA- pref. Contrastive, translocative and future mode. See thyA-/ thyAhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAhAs- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/thyAse-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces thyAS- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAhAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/

thyAse-/thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces thyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/thyAse-/ thyAhAS-/thyAhAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant thyA tsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant thyAS- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants thyAhAs- and thyAhAts- occur in place of thyAS- and thyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. thyAse- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/thyAse-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. thyAts- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/thyAse-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. thyAtsi- pref. Contrastive, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See thyAs-/thyAts-/thyAtsi-/thyAse-/ thyAhAs-/thyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

Oneida-Eriglish

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant thyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant thyusu- replaces the sequence thyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thyusa- occurs. thyusa-/thyusa-/thyuse-/thyuse-/ thyusuVthyu-su- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (contrastive, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants thyuse- and thyu-se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants thyusu- and thyu-sureplace the sequences thyusawa- and thyu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise thyusa- and thyu-sa- occur. thyuse- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive.

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See thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyuse-/thyu se- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyu sa-/ thyuse-/thyu-se-/thyusu-/thyusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. thyusu- pref. Contrastive, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyuse-/thyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence thyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. thyusu-/thyu su- pref. Contrastive, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See thyusa-/thyu sa-/ thyuse-/thyuse-/thyusu-/thyusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences thyusawa- and thyu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. ti- pref. there, this way. Cislocative. See t-/ti-/te-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

712

Oneida-English

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -ti-/-ti?tsl- n. tea. tí tea. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: yakotti?tsluní she has made tea. With -hnekil-/-hnekihldrink: wa?kti?tslahnekvla? I drank tea. DERIVED BASES: y e t i ' t s l a l á k h w a ?

or yutti'tslalákhwa? tea canister; yutti'tslunyá tha? teapot. NOTE: The alternant -ti- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -ti'tsl-, with the - ? tsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. .tiha't- plus te- dualic, v.a. favour one over the other, treat unequally. tewaktihá-tu I'm favouring one side over the other, I'm favouring someone (e.g., one child over another), I'm not treating them equally, tehotihá-tu he's favouring one over the other, teyakotihá-tu she's favouring one over the other. wa?tektíhahte? I favoured something. COMPOSED OF: .tih(A)- plus tedualic, care, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .tih(A)- plus te- dualic, v.s. care. teivaktíhA I care, tehotíhA he cares, teyakotíhA she cares. Stative past: tewaktihA-hné• I used to care. Future stative: tAwaktihAhake7 I will care. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tewaktíhA I don't care, yáh tha?tehotitíhA they (m.) don't care. And optative stative: tá t yáh tha ?tauktíhake ? if I didn't care. With tha'tes- contrastive, dualic and repetitive: yáh tha?teswaktíhA I don't care anymore. Aspect class: A.

DERIVED B A S E S : .tiha't- plus tedualic, favour one over the other, treat unequally; .attihA- plus tedualic, be different from one another; .'khalatihA- plus te- dualic, for one's slip to show. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix.

tkatsí-tsyat V > N someone who has had a few drinks. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, kafeminine-zoic singular or neuter agent, - t s i ' t s y - flower, -at-/-t-/-etbe in. .N-tkX plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one (period of time) ago. With -Ahni?tmoon, month: swAhni?tatkX a month ago. With -At- week, daylight: swAtatkX a week ago. With -ohslyear, winter: tsyohslatkA one year ago. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one, -kX decessive clitic. tn- pref. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See tni-/tn-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. tni-/tn-/ty- pref. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant tni- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant ty- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternant tn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. tó- Interrogative particle: how many, how much. • Tó- nikú sahwístayA How much money do you have?

Oneida-English

tó- kati? ná-ye? so then how long. tó ki? ok kwí- how exactly. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tó kyo7k kwí-. tó- ki? ok kwí- how many actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tó• kyo7k kwí-. to ki? ok kwí- náhte? something actually. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tó kyo?k kwí• náhte7. tó- ná-ye? how long a time. •Yáh kwí• te7wakanúhte7 toná-ye7 nók tsi7 sayeya-kAne7 ókhna7 yowistanawA-u. I don't know how long it was but when she went out again it was thawed out. (VI) tó- niku how many. Pre-pausal: tónikú. tó- niyo-lé- how far it is. tóhka? Quantity particle: several, few. tóhka? nikú a few. Pre-pausal: tóhka7 ni-kú. tóhka? ok just several. tok Affirmative particle: that's how, that's such. toknáhte? something. • Kwáh kwí• nya7teu)Ahnislaké tok náhte7 wahaklihúni7 tsi7 ná-kyele7 So everyday he taught me something about how I should do it. (03) tok niyolé- it's so far. to-káh Evidential particle: I don't know. to-kAske? Evidential particle: truly, surely, certainly, for sure. • Né-n to-kAske7 tewAhnislaké ókhna7 thó íshne7kA-. So then

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certainly in two days the two (m.) returned. (M7) NOTE: Often reduced to tú-ske7. -tokA?- v.a. become certain. Akato-kAne7 it will become certain or definite, it will become apparent, it will be found out, akato-kAne7 it may become certain, it's possible. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7kato-kAne7 the truth came out. •Tahnú• kwáh tsi7 nya7kato-kAne7 7 7 úhka ok né• yutatalu ta-tú. And so it seemed the truth came out that someone had shot her. (V2) DERIVED BASES: - t o k A ? u h a t y e - f o r

the outcome to be pending. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tokA- and the inchoative suffix. The root -tokA- is attested only with derivational suffixes, and possibly in the particle kwahotokA for real, really, actually, truly. See also -tokA?s- find out about, hear about. The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -tokA?s- v.a. find out about, hear about. ukto-kAse 7 I heard or found out about it, wesato-kAse7 you found out about it, wahoto-kA-se7 he found out about it, Awakto-kA-se7 I will find out about it, aukto-kA-se7 I should hear about it, ayakoto-kA-se7 she should find out about it. With srepetitive: ASwakto-kA-se7 I will hear about it again. •Tewakatuhutysoní aukto-kA-se7 I want to know, I'm curious. NOTE: Composed of a verb root - t o k A - and the - ? s- benefactive suffix. The root -tokA- is attested only with derivational suffixes, and possibly in the particle kwahotokA for real, really, actually, truly. See also -tokA?- become certain. The ? of the ?s

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Oneida-English

cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tokA'uhatye- v.m. for the outcome to be pending. yotokA7uháti7 the outcome (whether I'll do it or not) is pending, it depends. COMPOSED OF: -tokA?- become certain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tokA?uhati- before a final 7 . to tís N spring frog. ts- pref. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. ts- pref. you. Second person singular agent pronominal prefix. See s-/se-/ ts-/t-/-hs-/-hse-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in y or i. tsha- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. tsha-/tsha -/tshae-/tshau- pref. Coincident and optative mode (coincident and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant tshae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshau- replaces the sequence tshaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha- or tsha occur, in free variation.

tshae- pref. Coincident and optative mode. See tsha-/tsha -/tshae-/ tshau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tshahni-/-tshahnihk- v.a. be scared of, be afraid of. ketshá-nihse7 I'm afraid of it, I'm scared, litshá-nihse7 I'm afraid of him. lotshahnihkú he was afraid of it. wahitshá-nihke7 I was scared of him, Aketshá-nihke7 I will be afraid of it, Ahitshá-nihke7 I will be scared of him. With te ? negative: yáh te7yesatshá-nihse7 they are not afraid of you. DERIVED B A S E S : - a t e t s h a h n i h t A n i - /

-atetshahnihtA- scare someone, frighten someone. NOTE: The alternant -tshahnioccurs in the habitual aspect and before the -ht- causative suffix. The alternant -tshahnihk- occurs in the stative and punctual aspects. The h of the hn cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tshahniht- v.s. be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart. waketshá-nit I'm energetic, I'm a hard worker, yakotshá-nit she's a hard worker, lotshánit he's a hard worker. Stative past: yakotshahnihtú-ne7 she was energetic, a hard worker, lotshahnihtú-ne7 he used to be energetic. Future stative: Ayakotshahnihtúhake7 she will be energetic, a hard worker. With npartitive: tsi7 niwaketshá-nit I'm so smart, tsi7 niyakotshá-nit she's so industrious, tsi7 niyotitshá-nit they (z.) are so smart, industrious. With

Oneida-English

tsh- coincident: shekú tshiyakotshá-nit

she was still a

good worker. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: - t s h a h n i h t a ? -

become industrious, energetic, a hard worker, smart; -?nikuhlatshahnihtbe strong-willed. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -tshahnihta?- v.a. become industrious, energetic, a hard worker, smart. wahotshahníhtane7 he became industrious, energetic, or smart, Awaketshahníhtane7 I will become smart. COMPOSED OF: - t s h a h n i h t - b e

industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. tshau- pref. Coincident and optative mode. See tsha-/tsha-/tshae-/ tshau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu- pref. Coincident and factual mode (coincident and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant tsha- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant tshe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshu- replaces the sequence tsha ? wa-,

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where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha7- occurs. tsha? nú- someplace, where, about that time. tsha? ok nú- someplace, where, about that time. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsho7k nú-.

tsha?t-/tsha?te- pref. Coincident, factual mode and dualic (coincident, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tsha 7 te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tsha7t- occurs. tsha?ta-/tsha?ta-/tsha?tae-/ tsha?tau- pref. Coincident, optative mode and dualic (coincident, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tsha 7 taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha 7 taureplaces the sequence tsha 7 taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha 7 ta- or tsha7ta-- occur, in free variation.

716 Oneida-English

tsha'tae- pref. Coincident, optative mode and dualic. See tsha'ta-/ tsha 7 ta-/tsha?tae-/tsha ? tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha'tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha'tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha'tesoccurs.

tsha'tau- pref. Coincident, optative mode and dualic. See tsha'ta-/ tsha?ta-/tsha?tae-/tsha?tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

tsha'tese- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha?tes-/tsha 7 tets-/ tsha ? tetsi-/tsha 7 tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

tsha'te- pref. Coincident and dualic. tsha'te- pref. Coincident, factual mode and dualic. See tsha't-/ tsha'te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha'tet-/tsha ? teti-/tsha'tete- pref. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tsha'tetioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha'teteoccurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha 7 tet- occurs. tsha'tete- pref. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. See tsha?tet-/tsha?teti/tsha'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters.

Tsha'tekohsélha? V > N Midwinter, February. NOTE: Includes the tsha'te- coincident and dualic prefixes, an anomalous prefix k-, and possibly an alternant -ohsel- of the noun base -ohslyear, winter; but the composition is unclear.

tsha'teti- pref. Coincident, dualic and cislocative. See tsha ? tet-/tsha?teti/tsha'tete-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tsha?tes-/tsha?tets-/tsha 7 tetsi-/ tsha'tese- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive (coincident, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha'tetsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant

tsha'tets- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha'tes-/tsha ? tets-/ tsha?tetsi-/tsha'tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tsha'tetsi- pref. Coincident, dualic and repetitive. See tsha'tes-/

Oneida-English

tsha 7 tets-/tsha?tetsi-/tsha 7 tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha'tewahsAnX it's in the middle, it's halfway between. See .ahsAnA- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic. tsha'tA- pref. Coincident, future mode and dualic. tsha?tAs-/tsha?tAts-/tsha?tAtsi-/ tsha'tAse- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha'tAtsoccurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tsha?tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha?tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha?tASoccurs. tsha ? tAse- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha ? tAs-/tsha?tAts-/tsha?tAtsi-/ tsha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tsha ? tAt-/tsha ? tAti-/tsha ? tAte- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tsha?tAtioccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha'tAte-

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occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsha?tAt- occurs. tsha'tAte- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tsha?tAt-/tsha?tAti-/tsha?tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tsha'tAti- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and cislocative. See tsha ? tAt-/tsha'tAti-/tsha ? tAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha'tAts- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha?tAs-/tsha?tAts-/tsha?tAtsi-/ tsha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tsha'tAtsi- pref. Coincident, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See tsha ? tAs-/tsha?tAts-/tsha ? tAtsi-/ tsha'tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha ? tusa-/tsha ? tuse-/tsha ? tusu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tsha ? tuseoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha ? tusureplaces the sequence tsha ? tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive

718

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prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha?tusa- occurs. tsha'tusa-/tsha?tusa-/tsha?tuse-/ tsha?tuse-/tsha?tusu-/tsha ? tusupref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tsha ? tuse- and tsha ? tu seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tsha?tusu- and tsha ? tu su- replace the sequences tsha ? tusawa- and tsha ? tu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha ? tusa- and tsha?tu-sa- occur. tsha'tuse- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tsha ? tusa-/tsha 7 tuse-/tsha ? tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha ? tuse-/tsha?tu se- pref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tsha'tusa-/ tsha 7 tusa-/tsha 7 tuse-/tsha?tuse-/ tsha?tusu-/tsha ? tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha'tusu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tsha'tusa-/tsha?tuse-/tsha 7 tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha ? tusu-/tsha ? tusu- pref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tsha'tusa-/ tsha ? tusa-/tsha 7 tuse-/tsha 7 tuse-/ tsha 7 tusu-/tsha ? tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tsha?tusawa- and tsha ? tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha'tuta-/tsha 7 tute-/tsha ? tutu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative (coincident, dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tsha ? tuteoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tsha ? tutureplaces the sequence tsha ? tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the

Oneida-English

initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha7tuta- occurs. tsha?tuta-/tsha?tuta-/tsha?tute-/ tsha ? tute-/tsha 7 tutu-/tsha ? tutupref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative (coincident, dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tsha ? tute- and tsha ? tu-teoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tsha ? tutu- and tsha?tu-tu- replace the sequences tsha ? tutawa- and tsha ? tu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tsha ? tuta- and tsha ? tu-ta- occur. tsha'tute- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tsha ? tuta-/tsha 7 tute-/tsha ? tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha ? tute-/tsha ? tu te- pref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tsha'tuta-/ tsha?tuta-/tsha 7 tute-/tsha ? tute-/ tsha ? tutu-/tsha ? tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

719

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tsha'tutu- pref. Coincident, dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tsha ? tuta-/tsha 7 tute-/tsha?tutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha?tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsha7tutu-/tsha?tu tu- pref. Coincident, dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tsha'tuta-/ tsha?tuta-/tsha?tute-/tsha?tute-/ tsha'tutu-/ tsha'tu tu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tsha'tutawa- and tsha ? tu-tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -tshe-/-tshe ? t- n. bottle, jar, quart. kátshe7 bottle, jar. With-shuha collective clitic: katshe7shúha bottles, jars. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: nikatshé-ta7 the size of the jar. With -at-N-kehlu- put things here and there for oneself: yakotetshe7také-lu7 she has jars or bottles spread around. With -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have: yakotshé-tote7 she has a bottle standing, satshé-tote7 you have a jar standing, wa7etshe7to-tA• she stood up the bottle. With -hnyotakw-/ -otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up, and ytranslocative: ya-ketshe7tota-kó• I

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Oneida-English

should pick up a jar there, ya 7setshe 7totakó Take down the jar over there! With -hnyotu-/-otu- be standing upright, several, and t- cislocative: tkatshe7to-tú• there are jars standing there. With -hnyotunyu-/ -otunyu- stand several upright: ketshe7totúnyuhe7 I'm setting up the jars, wa 7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars, setshe 7totúni Set up the jars! And y- translocative: ya7ketshe?totúni'? I set up the jars over there. With -N-italyu-/ -ya'titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into: wa 7ketshe 7titáli7 I put the bottles in something, wa 7etshe 7tatáli7 she put the jars in it. With -N-ita ? -/ -ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7ketshe7títane7 I put the bottle or bottles in it. With .N-t-/.ya?tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skatshé-tat one jar or bottle, one quart. •Kwáh tsi7 nikú skatshé-tat o-nAste7 swatokwá-tslat baking soda Ahsatstop. For each quart of corn use one tablespoon of baking soda. (Rl) DERIVED BASES: yotshe'tX tuhe? pear. NOTE: The alternant -tshe- occurs in the basic noun form. The alternant -tshe ? t- is the incorporating form, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. tshe- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tshenA-/-itshenA- n. domestic animal, pet. katshe-nA• domestic animal, pet, kutitshe-nA- several

animals. akitshe-nA• my animal, satshe-nA• your animal, akotshe-nAher animal, laotshe-nA• his animal, uknitshe-nA• our (dual) animal or animals, ukwatshe-nA• our animal or animals, laotitshe-nA• their (m.) animals, aotitshe-nA• their (z.) animals. With -shuha collective clitic: katshenA7shúha animals, kutitshenA7shúha a variety of different kinds of animals, livestock, akitshenA7shúha my animals, laotshenA7shúha his animals. NOTE: The alternant -itshenAoccurs in the first person singular possessed form, -tshenA- occurs elsewhere. This base is never attested as an incorporated noun. Compare -naskw-/-nAskw-, which is always incorporated. -tshe't- bottle, jar, quart. See -tshe-/ -tshe't-. tshA- pref. Coincident and future mode. -tshAly- v.a. find. ketshAlyehse7 I find. waketshAli I have found it, lotshAli he has found it. wa?ketshA-lí• I found it, wahatshA-lí- he found it. Stative past: waketshAlyú-ne7 I found it at one time (but it's lost again). With srepetitive: shotshAli he has found it again, saketshA-lí- I found it again, sahatshA-lí• he found it again, usahatshA-lí• he should find it again. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusahatshA-lí• he found it there again. With thusacontrastive and repetitive: yáh thusaketshA-lí• I won't find it anymore, yáh thusahatshA-lí- he won't find it anymore. Aspect class: E4. •Kwáh

óksa7

waketshAli

thikA

Oneida-English

tyutAhni-núhe7 tsha7skhlo-lf. Right away I found the store that you told me about. DERIVED BASES: - t s h A l y a ' s e - /

-tshAlya's- find for someone; -atetshAly- find for oneself, get found; -lihwatshAly- find out about, find fault, complain. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -tshAlya ? se-/-tshAlya ? s- v.a. find for someone. litshAlyá-sehe7 I'm finding some things for him. litshAlyá-se I'm finding it for him. wahitshAlyahse7 I found it for him, wa7khetshAlyahse7 I found it for her. With the English noun job: shakotsyapslatshAlyá-se he finds jobs for them. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -tshAly- find, -?se-/ - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -tshAlya?seoccurs in the habitual and stative aspects, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -tshAlya'soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. tshAs-/tshAts-/tshAtsi-/tshAse- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive (coincident, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshAse- occurs before

721

some consonant clusters. Otherwise t s h A S - occurs. tshAse- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi-/tshAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshAt-/tshAti-/tshAte- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tshAti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshAte- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tsh At- occurs. tshAte- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. See tshAt-/tshAti-/ tshAte-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshAti- pref. Coincident, future mode and cislocative. See tshAt-/tshAti-/ tshAte-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshAts- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi-/tshAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshAtsi- pref. Coincident, future mode and repetitive. See tshAs-/tshAts-/ tshAtsi-/tshAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

722 Oneida-English

tshi- pref. when. Coincident. tshikahawí- it's at this time. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident, kaneuter agent, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come, - 7 stative. tshikwa'akXnhe' / tshikwa'akánhe' last summer. NOTE: Normally pronounced tshikwa 7kAnhe 7 or tshikiva 7kánhe 7. Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include the tsh- coincident prefix and the noun root -akAnh/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi-/tshise- pref. Coincident and repetitive (coincident and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshits- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshitsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshise- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshis- occurs. tshise- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi-/ tshise-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshiskaha-wí- it's at this time again. COMPOSED OF: tshis- coincident and repetitive, ka- neuter agent, -hawibe the date, time or era, for the time to come, - 7 stative. tshískale 7 it's the time when, at that time. COMPOSED OF: tshis- coincident and repetitive, ka- neuter agent, -1- be in or on, -e7 stative.

tshit-/tshiti-/tshite- pref. Coincident and cislocative. NOTE: The alternant tshiti- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshite- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise tshit- occurs. tshite- pref. Coincident and cislocative. See tshit-/tshiti-/tshite-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshiti- pref. Coincident and cislocative. See tshit-/tshiti-/tshite-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshits- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi-/ tshise-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshitsi- pref. Coincident and repetitive. See tshis-/tshits-/tshitsi-/ tshise-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshiwahu níse 7 when it was a long time ago. See wahuníse'. tshiwathawinúti 7 in those times. COMPOSED OF: tsh- coincident, wneuter agent, -at- semireflexive, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive, - 7 intentive.

Oneida-English

tshu- pref. Coincident and factual mode. See tsha?-/tsha-/tshe-/tshu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tsha'wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshusa-/tshuse-/tshusu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshusu- replaces the sequence tshusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshusa- occurs. tshusa-/tshusa-/tshuse-/tshuse-/ tshusu-/tshu su- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshuse- and tshu-se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshusu- and tshu sureplace the sequences tshusawa- and tshu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neu-

723

ter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshusa- and tshu sa- occur. tshuse- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshuse-/ tshusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshuse-/tshu-se- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshusa-/tshuse-/tshu'se-/ tshusu-/tshusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshusu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshuse-/ tshusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshusu-/tshu su- pref. Coincident, optative mode and repetitive. See tshusa-/tshusa-/tshuse-/tshuse-/ tshusu-/tshusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshusawa- and tshu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

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Oneida-English

tshuta-/tshute-/tshutu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative (coincident, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tshute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshutu- replaces the sequence tshutawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshuta- occurs. tshuta-/tshuta-/tshute-/tshute-/ tshutu-/tshu tu- pref. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative (coincident, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshute- and tshu te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshutu- and tshu tureplace the sequences tshutawa- and tshutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshuta- and tshu ta- occur. tshute- pref. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshute-/ tshutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshute-/tshu te- pref. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshuta-/tshute-/tshute-/ tshutu-/tshutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshutu- pref. Coincident, factual mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshute-/ tshutu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshutu-/tshu tu- pref. Coincident, optative mode and cislocative. See tshuta-/tshuta-/tshute-/tshute-/ tshutu-/tshutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshutawa- and tshu tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. .N-tshu' plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one at a time. With -ahsi 7 t-/-ahsi- foot: tsyohsi?tátshu? one foot at a time, each one foot. With -Ahni't- moon, month: swAhni?tátshu? every month, monthly. With -shu ? kal- board, 7 floor: skashu?kalátshu one board at a time. COMPOSED OF: .N-t-/.ya?tat- plus s-

Oneida-English

repetitive, be one, -shu7 collective clitic. DERIVED BASES: swAhni'tátshu? .nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive, menstruate. tshu'kalolX N jackrabbit. Pre-pausal: tshu 7kalo-lA. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: otshuhkalo-lA rabbit ('split lip') (ACH). tshya- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya7-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. tshya-/tshya-/tshyae-/tshyau- pref. Coincident, translocative and optative mode (coincident, translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant tshyae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyau- replaces the sequence tshyaawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshya- or tshya - occur, in free variation. tshyae- pref. Coincident, translocative and optative mode. See tshya-/ tshya-/tshyae-/tshyau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

725

tshyaha- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya7-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Replaces tshya?- and tshyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyahe- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya7-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyahu- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode. See tshya7-/ tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Tshyalé proper name. Charlie. tshyau- pref. Coincident, translocative and optative mode. See tshya-/ tshya-/tshyae-/tshyau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshya 7 -/tshya-/tshyahe-/tshyahu-/ tshyaha- pref. Coincident, translocative and factual mode (coincident, translocative and aorist tense). N O T E : The alternant tshya- occurs

726

Oneida-English

before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant tshyahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyahu- replaces the sequence tshyahawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. The alternant tshya7occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant tshyahaoccurs in place of tshya7- and tshyawhen the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshya 7 t-/tshya 7 te- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and dualic (coincident, translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant tshya'teoccurs before most consonant dusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise tshya't- occurs. tshya 7 ta-/tshya 7 ta-/tshya 7 tae-/ tshya'tau- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic (coincident, translocative, indefinite tense and dualic). N O T E : The alternant tshya'taeoccurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshya'taureplaces the sequence tshya'taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person

feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshya'ta- or tshya 7 ta- occur, in free variation. tshya'tae- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See tshya 7 ta-/tshya 7 ta-/tshya 7 tae-/ tshya'tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshya'tau- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and dualic. See tshya 7 ta-/tshya 7 ta--/tshya 7 tae-/ tshya7tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshya7taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshya7te- pref. Coincident, translocative and dualic. tshya7te- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and dualic. See tshya 7 t-/tshya 7 te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshya7tA- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and dualic. tshye-/tshyehe- pref. Coincident and translocative. NOTE: The alternant tshyeheoccurs when the prefix falls within

Oneida-English

the domain of the accent rules, otherwise tshye- occurs. tshyehe- pref. Coincident and translocative. See tshye-/tshyehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyehes- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Replaces tshyes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyehets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Replaces tshyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyes-/tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive (coincident, translocative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshyets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshyetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant tshyes- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants tshyehes- and tshyehets- occur in place of tshyes- and tshyets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyese- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/

727

tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshyets- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes'/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshyetsi- pref. Coincident, translocative and repetitive. See tshyes-/ tshyets-/tshyetsi-/tshyese-/ tshyehes-/tshyehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyA-/tshyAhA- pref. Coincident, translocative and future mode. NOTE: The alternant tshyAhAoccurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise tshyA- occurs. tshyAhA- pref. Coincident, translocative and future mode. See tshyA-/ tshyAhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAhAs- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshyAse-/tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces tshyAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAhAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode, repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshyAse-/tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces tshyAts- when the

728

Oneida-English

prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/tshyAse-/ tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshy Ats- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant tshyAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant tshyAS- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants tshyAhAs- and tshyAhAts- occur in place of tshyAs- and tshyAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. tshyAse- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshyAse-/tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. tshyAts- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshyAse-/tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. tshyAtsi- pref. Coincident, translocative, future mode and repetitive. See tshyAs-/tshyAts-/tshyAtsi-/ tshyAse-/tshyAhAs-/tshyAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tshyuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tshyusu- replaces the sequence tshyusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshyusa- occurs. tshyusa-/tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyuse/tshyusu-/tshyu su- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive (coincident, translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tshyuse- and tshyu-seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tshyusu- and tshyu su- replace the sequences tshyusawa- and tshyu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tshyusa- and tshyu sa- occur. tshyuse- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person

Oneida-Eriglish 729

inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyuse-/tshyuse- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyusa-/ tshyuse-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-/ tshyu-su-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tshyusu- pref. Coincident, translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tshyusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tshyusu-/tshyusu- pref. Coincident, translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See tshyusa-/tshyu-sa-/ tshyuse-/tshyuse-/tshyusu-/ tshyusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tshyusawa- and tshyu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tsi- pref. again, back again. Repetitive. See s-/ts-/tsi-/se-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural

prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -tsiha kin term, older sibling, aktstha or yuktsiha my older sister, she's my older sister, laktsíha my older brother, he's my older brother. NOTE: This term is apparently restricted to first person. -tsihalateny- v.a. become dizzy. waktsihalatényehse7 I'm dizzy, lotsihalatényehse7 he's dizzy, yakotsihalatényehse7 she's dizzy. waktsihalaténi I was dizzy. uktsihalate-ní• I got dizzy, Awaktsihalate-ní• I will get dizzy. Habitual past: lotsihalaténye7skwe7 he was dizzy. Future habitual: Ahotsihalatenyé-sheke7 he will be dizzy. Aspect class: E4. • Só tsi7 yoshno-lé• wa7tkatkalA-lu7 uktsihalate-nf. I swung too fast and I got dizzy. DERIVED BASES: - t s i h a l a t e n y a ' t -

spin someone. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -tsihalatenya't- v.a. spin someone. laktsihalatenyá-tha7 he makes me spin around, laktsihalatenyá-tu he has made me spin around. wa7khetsihalatényahte7 I made her spin around, wa7uktsihalatényahte7 she made me spin around, she made me dizzy, Akutsihalatényahte7 I will spin you around. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -tsihalateny- become dizzy, - 7 t- causative. DERIVED BASES: - a t t s i h a l a t e n y a ' t -

spin. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is

730 Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -tsihAstatsi7 be a minister, be a preacher. latsihAstatsi7 (he's a) minister, (he's a) preacher. -tsihkot- v.s. be a knot in a tree. katsíhkote7 (it's) a knot in a tree. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. -tsihkot- v.a. put a button on. ktsihkótha 7 I'm putting a button on. wahatsihko-tA• he put a button on. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: - t s i h k o t u n y u - p u t

buttons on, knead dough.

katsihko tú' ovenbread, kunjun. NOTE: The objects this base refers to can be described as spherical, bunched-up or coiled objects. The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -tsihkwahalot- v.a. pin with a safety pin. ktsihkwahalótha7 I'm putting a safety pin in it, I'm pinning it up with a safety pin, yetsihkwahalótha 7 she's pinning it. katsihkwáhalote7 it's pinned up. wa7ktsihkwahalo-tA• I pinned it. stsihkwahalo-tA Put a safety pin in it! Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot; and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have; otherwise the composition is unclear.

-tsihkotunyu- v.a. put buttons on, knead dough, ktsihkotúnyuhe7 I'm kneading it, I'm putting buttons on. xvaktsihkotúni7 I have kneaded it, I have put buttons on. wahatsihkotúni7 he kneaded it. Aspect class: Bl. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkot- put a button on, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tsihkotuni- before a final 7 .

-tsihkwakwe'nuni- v.a. make a fist. ktsihkwakwe7nu-níhe7 I'm making a fist. waktsihkwakwe7nunt I have made a fist. wa7ktsihkwakwe7nu-níI made a fist, wahatsihkwakwe7nu-níhe made a fist. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -hwe'nuni-/ -hwe'nuny-/-kwe 7 nuni- wrap into a package or bundle.

-tsihkw- n. button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, otsíhkwa 7 button, fist, knuckle, turnip.

.tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, v.a. tie a knot, tektsihkwalútha7 I'm tying a knot in it. teivaktsíhkwalute7 I have tied a knot in it. wa7tektsihkwalu-tA• I tied a knot in it. testsihkivalu-tA Make a knot! Aspect class: F.

DERIVED BASES: - t s i h k w a h a l o t - p i n

with a safety pin; -tsihkwakwe'nuni- make a fist; .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot; -tsihkwAht- bang one's fist; -tsihkot- be a knot in a tree; -tsihkotput a button on; .attsihkwa'ek-/ .attsihkwa'e- plus te- dualic, play ball; katsihkóhal safety pin;

DERIVED B A S E S : . t s i h k w a l u t a k w -

plus te- dualic, undo a knot; .attsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, become knotted. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic

Oneida-Eriglish 731

prefix, the noun base -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot; and possibly the verb root -ut- (see -N-utattach, be attached); but the composition is unclear. .tsihkwalutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. undo a knot, tektsihkivalutákwas I'm taking the knot out. tewaktsihkwalutákwA I have taken the knot out.

wa7tektsihkwaluta-kó-

I undid the knot, wa?thatsihkwaluta-kó• he undid the knot, wa7tyetsihkwaluta-kó she undid the knot, testsihkwaluta-kó Undo the knot! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .tsihkwalut- plus tedualic, tie a knot, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -tsihkwAht- v.a. bang one's fist. ktsihkwAtha 7 I'm banging my fist. wa?ktsíhkiVAhte7 I banged my fist, wahatsíhkwAhte7 he banged his fist. COMPOSED OF: -tsihkw- button, fist, knuckle, turnip, knot, -N-Aht- drop, let fall. DERIVED BASES: tsi 7 thatitsihkwXtha 7 at the auction. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. tsikawihsakíha 7 N monkey. DERIVED BASES:

tsikawihsakiha 7 kó- gorilla. NOTE: ACH give two forms for 'monkey': tsikazvihsakíha7 and latsi7núhtaks ('he eats lice'). Cf. Mohawk: katsi7nónhtaks (GM). tsikawihsakiha 7 kó- N gorilla. COMPOSED OF: t s i k a w i h s a k í h a 7

monkey, -kó- augmentative clitic.

tsí-ks N housefly.

DERIVED BASES: tsikskó- cicada; kohsatXs tsí ks horsefly.

tsikskó- N cicada. COMPOSED OF: tsí ks housefly, -kóaugmentative clitic. tsiktsile lé- N chickadee. tsikwilXtu 7 / tsyokwilX tu 7 V > N squirrel. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yofeminine-zoic singular patient, -kwil- twig, whip, -hlA 7 tu-/-A 7 tu- be attached, hanging, - 7 stative. NOTE: Both words are attested. The form tsikwilA-tu7 has an initial tsiin place of the s- repetitive and yofeminine-zoic prefixes; an initial tsioccurs in several names of animals. Cf. Wisconsin: tskiwilA-ta7 (ACH). tsiláhsal / tsiláhsalu7 N ironwood. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin:

tsiláhsalA

(ACH). Tsiló-s proper name. Lucy. -tsin- v.s. be aggressive, determined, industrious, cocky, macho, spunky. ke-tsín I'm industrious, determined, aggressive, se-tstn you're aggressive, la-tsín he's cocky, ye-tsín she's industrious. With te- dualic: tehni-tsín the two (m.) have spunk. Aspect class: A. •Se-tsín kA. Are you with it? Are you good? Can you handle it? DERIVED BASES: -atatetsin- act like one is better than others, act macho; -atattsin- think oneself smart; kítkit la tsín rooster. -tsina 7 ahl- n. tree stump. otsina7á-la7 tree stump. DERIVED BASES: -tsina 7 ahlot- be a tree stump, standing. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

732 Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina'ahlot- v.s. be a tree stump, standing. katsina7álote7 or yotsina7álote7 (there's) a tree stump standing upright in the ground. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsina'ahl- tree stump, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina't- n. smart-looking, handsome, or dapper young man. aktsiná ta7 my handsome little man (e.g., a mother talking about her little boy). DERIVED BASES: -tsina'tol- look smart, handsome, or dapper. NOTE: The

7

of the ?t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsina'tol- v.s. look smart, handsome, or dapper. yotsina7tolú he looks smart, handsome, dapper. Prepausal: yotsina7to-lú. Secondary habitual: yotsina7to-lú-se7 there are several smart-looking boys or young men. Aspect class: E. NOTE: Although the inflected form of this base has the feminine-zoic or neuter patient prefix yo-, it is used to refer to boys or men, e.g., a young man who is wearing a military uniform. The base includes the noun base -tsina't- smart-looking, handsome, or dapper young man, and possibly the alternant -ol- of the verb base -?lholok-/- ? lhol-/-olok-/-ol- cover up. tsina'tsyakéhtu? / tsyona'tsyakéhtu 7 V > N spider. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yofeminine-zoic singular patient,

-na'tsy- pail, pot, kettle, -keht(e)-/ -keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, - 7 stative. NOTE: Both words are attested. The form tsína7tsyakéhtu7 has an initial tsi- in place of the s- repetitive and yo- feminine-zoic prefixes; an initial tsi- occurs in several names of animals. tsina'tsyakéhtu? teyota?alúte ? cobweb. COMPOSED OF: tsina'tsyakéhtu? spider; and yo- feminine-zoic patient, .ata7alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace for oneself, be lacy, a web, -e ? stative. tsiniskwalakwalu-tú- N toad. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; but the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyoniskwalakwalu-té (ACH). tsinuhnéhklis / tsyonuhnéhklis N bee. -tsinuhyaht- n. vein, otsinuhyáhtu7 vein. DERIVED BASES: -tsinuhyahtatenyube full of veins; otsinuhyáhta? ahsli yé- sinew. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -nuhy- sinew. -tsinuhyahtatenyu- v.s. be full of veins, katsinuhyahtaténi7 veins travelling all over (e.g., in illustrations of the human body in a doctor's office). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -tsinuhyaht- vein, -N-te- exist, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tsinuhyahtateni- before a final 7 . tsiskó ko7 N robin. -tsist- n. fire, light, o-tsíste7 light. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a

Oneida-Eriglish 733

certain size: a7é- nikatsísta7 it's a big light. With -at-N-iyost- make something good for oneself: yakottsistiyóstu she has made a good fire, ivahattsisti-yóste7 he made a good fire. And t- cislocative: takattsisti-yóste7 I made a good fire there, tayuttsisti-yóste7 she made a good fire there. And n- partitive: nihottsistiyóstu he's making such a good fire. With -at-N-nyut-/ -at-N-niyut- suspend for oneself, hang for oneself: kattsistanyútha7 I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). With -N-iyo- be good: katsistiyó it's a good fire. With -yA/-yAt- lay down, place, have, and te 7 - negative: yah te7yakotsístayA7 she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). DERIVED BASES: -tsistahla 7 - for light to land; -tsistot- light, turn on a light; -tsistuthahs- furnish someone with a light or fire; -attsistutfurnish oneself with a light or fire; tsistoka 7 táne 7 firefly, lightning bug; wattsistolókta 7 lampshade; yetsistalákhwa 7 lantern. NOTE: Probably a component in -tsistohkw- dot, print, star. -tsistahla 7 - v.a. for light to land. wa7katsistá-lane7 the light landed on it. •Thó wa7katsistá-lane7 7 tsi yohsuhtaká-lute7 The light landed there on the window. (V3) COMPOSED OF: -tsist- fire, light, -hla 7 - for something to land. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. tsístalak N grasshopper.

-tsistohkw- n. dot, print, star. otsistóhkwa7 stars, dots, printed fabric, calico. With -N-iyo- be good: katsistohkwiyó it's nice printed fabric. DERIVED BASES: -tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot; otsistohkwáclown. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsist- fire, light. -tsistohkwal- v.s. for a star to shine, be a dot. yotsistóhkwale7 it's starry, the stars are shining, it's spotted, it's polka-dotted fabric. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsistohkw- dot, print, star, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -tsistohkwalu- for stars to shine here and there, be starry, be polka-dotted; -attsistohkwal- have spots, freckles, or moles. -tsistohkwalu- v.s. for stars to shine here and there, be starry, be polkadotted. yotsistohkwa-lú• there are stars out, it's starry, it's polkadotted. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -tsistohkwal- for a star to shine, be a dot, -u- distributive. tsistoka 7 tá ne 7 N firefly, lightning bug. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -tsist- fire, light, and possibly the verb base -oka't- be rough, the - 7 ne- ambulative suffix, and - 7 intentive. But the composition is unclear. -tsistot- v.a. light, turn on a light. ktsistótha7 I put the lights on, yetsistótha7 she lights it, latsistótha 7 he turns on the light. waktsístote7 I have lit it, satsístote7 you have lit it. katsístote7 the light is on, it's lit up. wahatsisto-tA• he

734 Oneida-English

turned on the light, Aktsisto-tA• I will light it, Astsisto-tx- you will light it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsist- fire, light, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES:

-tsistotakhwa'tslayA- have lights, have lamps; -tsistothahs- give someone light; -tsistotunyu- light, turn on several lights; -attsistotlight for oneself, turn on a light for oneself; yetsistotákhwa 7 lamp. -tsistotakhwa'tslayA- v.s. have lights, have lamps. yukwatsistotakhwá-tslayA7 we have lamps. Aspect class: B. •Tshiwahu-níse7 yukwatsistotakhwá-tslayA7 kAs kioáh kAs thó niwA-té• tsi7 ni-yót nA7ú-wa7 wa7káhewe7 yukwattsisto-tw. A long time ago we had (oil) lamps, they were just as bright as the lamps we have nowadays. COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual, -tsi- nominalizer, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsistothahs- v.a. give someone light. wahuwatsistóthahse7 someone gave him some light (e.g., a lamp). COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hahs- benefactive. -tsistotunyu- v.a. light, turn on several lights, latsistotúnyuhe7 he's turning on several or different lights. waktsistotúni7 I turned on the lights. wahatsistotúni7 he turned on the lights. Aspect class: BL. COMPOSED OF: -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -unyu- distributive.

NOTE: Many speakers have -tsistotuni- before a final 7 .

-tsistuthahs- v.a. furnish someone with a light or fire. wahuwatsistúthahse 7 someone gave him a light (e.g., a light from a match to light his cigarette, the light from a flashlight), ahuwatsistúthahse7 someone should give him a light. • YJa7shakoli7watiu-tú-se7 thó lati7tlu-tú• úhka7 ok kA-, yáh kA úhka7 te7yakotsístayA7 ahuwatsistúthahse7, í-lelhe7 ahahlo-tA-. He asked those who were sitting around (if) someone didn't have a light to give him, he wanted to smoke. (M5) NOTE: Composed of the noun base -tsist- fire, light, a verb root -ut-, and the -hahs- benefactive suffix. See note under -utho- put into the fire, bum. tsí-tawis N a crybaby. -tsiyAt- n. beak of a bird. laotsiyA-tá• his beak, aotsiyA-tá• her (z.) or its beak, aktsiyA-tá• my beak. tsi 7 Subordinative particle: that, such that. tsi' kati7 náhte 7 something moreover. tsi 7 ka-yA- the one(s) that, which one. COMPOSED OF: tsi ? particle; and kaneuter agent, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, - 7 stative. tsi7 náhe7 during, since. •Wa7khlo-tA• tsi7 náhe7 kuyatnuhtú-tu. I smoked while I was waiting for you. SiVA-tát tsi7 náhe7 ivaktsihalaténi. I was dizzy for one week. tsi 7 náhte7 something.

Oneida-Eriglish 735

tsi7 náye 7 during, since. tsi 7 niwAhnisló tAhse7 weather. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle; and wneuter agent, -Ahnisl-/-ahnisl- day, weather, .N-o7tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of, - 7 se 7 secondary habitual tsi 7 niyo lé- until, that far. See -le-. tsi 7 ni yót the way it is. • Wé-ne kwi• akwaka-látuhse? tsi? ni-yót tsi? twakatáhsawA? oyu?kwá-ke wakyo-té-. I guess I should tell you about the way it is that I got started working in tobacco. (03) NOTE: See .ht- plus n- partitive, be the way it is. tsi 7 nú- where, wherever, whenever. tsi 7 nukwá- that direction, whichever direction. tsi 7 ok nahó tAhse7 all kinds of things. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo?k nahó-tAhse?. May include a root -o7tA-, and the - 7 se 7 secondary habitual suffix. See .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. See also tsi 7 ok nahótA 7 . tsi 7 ok nahó tA7 all kind of things. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo?k nahó-tA?. The word nahó-tA? may include a root -o7tA-. See .N-o7tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. See also tsi 7 ok nahó tAhse7. tsi 7 ok nahtéshu 7 all kinds of things. COMPOSED OF: tsi 7 ok náhte 7 all

kinds of things, -shu 7 collective clitic. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo?k nahté-shu?. tsi 7 ok náhte7 all kinds of things. DERIVED BASES: t s i 7 o k n a h t é s h u 7

all kinds of things.

NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo?k náhte?. tsi 7 ok nú- all over the place. NOTE: Normally pronounced as if written tsyo?k nú-. tsi 7 tetwatshXthos west, tsi? ya?tewatshAthos there at the west. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, .atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya 7 te- translocative and dualic, for the sun to set, -s habitual. tsi 7 thatitsihkwXtha 7 at the auction. 'Tsi? niwanitskwahla?tsli-yó-se? thonatké-lu? tsi? thatitsihkwAtha?. There are real nice chairs for sale at the auction. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle; and tcislocative, -hati- masculine plural agent, -tsihkwAht- bang one's fist, -ha 7 habitual. tsi 7 thotuhutsya té- at his land. • AyólhAtie?

tá-thuni?

né- onA

AhahtA-tí-

AyuhtA-tí-

shotukóhtu,

thó

s ki?wí- HA yahá-le? tsi? thotuhutsya-té• Shukwaya?tísu?. In the morning she will leave or he will leave, he has passed on, he went to the land of the Creator. (M15) COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle; and tcislocative, -ho- masculine singular patient, -at- semireflexive, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -N-teexist, - 7 stative. NOTE: An expression for 'heaven', i.e., 'it's the Creator's land'. tsi 7 tkaké tohse 7 east. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle; and kaneuter agent, .ke 7 to- plus t- cislocative, for the sun to rise, - 7 se 7 habitual.

736 Oneida-English

tsi? tkanAstíhale? ceiling. NOTE: Composed of the particle tsi 7 ; and the t- cislocative prefix, kaneuter agent, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -ihal- of the verb base -hal-/-ihal- hang up, and -e 7 stative aspect. See note under kanXstote' rafters. tsi? tyakota'wásta? bedroom. See .ita?wast- plus tsi7 particle and tcislocative. tsi? tyeya?tatáli? cemetery. COMPOSED OF: tsi7 particle; and tcislocative, ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ya?t- body, -talyu-/ -etalyu- put several into containers, - 7 stative. tsi? tyunuhwetstákhwa? bedroom. See -anuhwetstahkw-. tsi? tyute?slehtunyá tha? at the garage. COMPOSED OF: tsi 7 particle; and tcislocative, yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate- semireflexive, -?sleht- vehicle, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. tsi? yeyakotyehtákhwa? dump. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative (replacing y- translocative): tsi7 tyakotyehtákhwa7 at the dump. 7 COMPOSED OF: tsi particle; and yako- feminine-indefinite singular patient, .atyehtahkw- plus ytranslocative, where one dumps something, -ha 7 habitual. tsi? tyotnuhsakalAhlákwA at the corner of the house. COMPOSED OF: tsi 7 particle; and tcislocative, yo- neuter patient, -nuhshouse, building, -atkalAhlakw- be at the corner of, -A stative.

tsi?kla?wístal N bat. NOTE: Refers to the animal. May include the noun base -la?wist- peelings; but the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: tsiklazvístal (ACH). .tsi?kwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. kiss someone, tehuwatsi 7kwáni7 she has 7thuwatsi7kwáni7 kissed him. wa she kissed him, tAkhetsi7kwáni7 I will kiss her. • Yáh né• tshyaya-wAne7 tsi7 tAkhetsi7kwáni7 tsyo7lé• nA Awakitá-wha7. I'd have to give her a kiss before I went to bed. (VI) DERIVED BASES: . t s i ? k w a n y u k w -

plus te- dualic, kiss someone repeatedly. NOTE: Many speakers have .tsi7kwani- before a final 7 . •tsi?kwanyukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. kiss someone repeatedly. tehuwatsi7kwanyúkwas she's kissing him several times, she's giving him all these little kisses. tekhetsi7kwanyúkwA I have given her all these kisses. wa7tekhetsi7kwanyu-kó• I kissed her repeatedly. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: .tsi?kwanyu- plus tedualic, kiss someone, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -tsi?nahkw- n. nest. otsi7náhkwa7 nest. aotsi7náhkwa7 its (z.) nest. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: luttsi7nahku-níhe7 they (m.) are making a nest. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. tsi?nhutstókhwi? / tsi?nhutstókhwa? N ant.

Oneida-Eriglish 737

NOTE: Both forms are attested. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyonhutstókwi (ACH). -tsi'nkwal- n. yellow, orange. otsí-nkwal or otsí-nkwala7 DERIVED BASES:

katsi'nkwalahú tsi' orange; otsí nkwala' nikahtehló tA carrot; otsí nkwala 7 niwahyó tA orange; otsi'nkwalá- goldfinch. NOTE: The 7 of the ? nkw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsi ? nu-/-tsi ? nuht- n. louse, lice. otsí-nu 7 louse, lice. DERIVED BASES: -tsi'nuhtal- have lice. NOTE: The alternant -tsi ? nu- occurs in the basic noun form, and the 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -tsi ? nuht- is the incorporating form. -tsi'nuhtal- v.s. have lice. waktsi7núhtale7 I have lice, lotsi7núhtale7 he has lice, yakotsi?núhtale7 she has lice. Habitual past: lotsi7núhtalahkwe7 he had lice. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi?nu-/-tsi?nuht-

louse, lice, -1- be in or on. -tsi'nuw- n. bug, worm. otsi7nu-wábug. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi7nuwa7shúha bugs. With -es-/ -us- be long: katsi7nu-wés it's a long worm. DERIVED BASES: -tsi'nuwal- have worms; -attsi'nuwat- have a pimple; otsi'nuwahé t a ' earthworm. -tsi'nuwal- v.s. have worms. yotsi7nu-wále7 it has worms in it, it's wormy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'nuw- bug, worm, -1- be in or on.

-tsi'nyuhkl- n. snot. otsi7nyúhkla7 snot. Pre-pausal: otsi7nyúhkela7 With -es-/-us- be long: lotsi7nyúhkles he has a long stream of snot (coming out of his nose). DERIVED BASES: - t s i ' n y u h k l o k e w -

wipe someone's nose; -tsi'nyuhklotget a snotty nose, sniffle; -attsi'nyuhklokew- wipe one's nose; -attsi'nyuhkluty- blow one's nose. -tsi'nyuhklokew- v.a. wipe someone's nose. khetsi7nyuhkloke-wás I'm wiping her nose. khetsi7nyuhklokewA I wiped her nose. wahitsi7nyuhklo-kéwe7 I wiped his nose. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'nyuhkl- snot, -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off. -tsi'nyuhklot- v.a. get a snotty nose, sniffle. waktsi7nyuhklótha7 I keep getting a snotty or runny nose, yakotsi7nyuhklótha7 she gets a snotty nose, she's sniffling. waktsi7nyúhklote7 I have a snotty nose, my nose is running, lotsi7nyúhklote7 he has a snotty nose, uktsi 7nyuhklo-tA• my nose got full of snot (e.g., when I have a cold), wahotsi7nyuhklo-tA• his nose got full of snot. Habitual past: lotsi7nyuhklo-táhkwe7 he had a snotty nose. Future stative: Ahotsi?nyuhklo-táke7 he will have a snotty nose. With t- cislocative: tyakotsi7nyuhklótha7 she's over there and she's sniffling, thotsi7nyuhklótha7 he's over there and he's sniffling. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'nyuhkl- snot, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

tsi?nyu-kále? N mole. NOTE: Probably includes the alter-

738 Oneida-English

nant - ? nyu- of the noun base -'nyuhs-/ -?nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, but the composition is unclear. -tsi'tahlu- v.s. cry a lot, be a crybaby. waktsi7tá-lu I'm a crybaby, lotsi7tá-lu he's a crybaby, yakotsi7tá-lu she's a crybaby, yotsi7tá-lu she (z.) is a crybaby. Stative past: yakotsi7tahlwhné• she used to cry a lot. Future stative: Ayakotsi7tahlúhake7 she will cry a lot. Aspect class: A. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsi ? tA-/-tsi?tAhsl- n. bird. otsi7tAha bird. Pre-pausal: otsi7tA-ha. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi7tAha7shúha birds. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nikatsi?tAhsló-tA kA What kind of a bird is it? na 7katsi7tAhsló-tA 7 the species of bird it is. And te ? negative (replacing n- partitive): yáh thó te7katsi7tAhsló-tA

it's n o t

that kind of bird. NOTE: The basic noun form is probably composed of a root -tsi?tA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -tsi?tAhsl-, without the clitic and with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. -tsi'tsy- n. flower, otsí-tsi7 or otsí-tsya7 flower. Pre-pausal: otsi-tsi7. With -shuha collective clitic: otsi7tsya7shúha flowers. With -atuni- grow: yottsi7tsyuní there are flowers growing. With .á7 plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be small: kA7 nikatsi7tsyá• it's a little flower. With .htohlalak-/ .ya ? tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic, squeeze, squash: wa7tektsi7tsyó-lalake7 I pressed the

flowers (e.g., to preserve them). With -ka?t(e)- be or have a lot of: yakotsi7tsyaká-te7 she has lots of flowers. With -lohlok-/-lohlgather: wa7ktsi7tsyaló-loke7 I gathered up the flowers. With ,N-o?tA- plus tsha?te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of: tsha7tekatsi7tsyó-tA it's the same kind of flower. With -yAtho- plant: waktsi7tsyayAthu I have planted flowers. With - ? klunyu- float, several: yotsi7tsya7klúnyuhe7 flowers are floating. •Tahnú• s aksótha yakotsi7tsyaká-te7kAs. And my grandmother used to have a lot of flowers. (VI) DERIVED BASES: -tsi'tsyut- for a flower to bloom; .attsi'tsyanekaluplus te- dualic, for flowers to burst into bloom; tkatsí-tsyat someone who has had a few drinks. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Some speakers replace the final tsy of the base with tsi before a final -tsi'tsyut- v.a. for a flower to bloom. yotsvtsyute7 (it's) a blooming flower. Akatsi7tsyu-tA• the flower will bloom, akatsi7tsyu-tA• the flowers should bloom. • NAki7 i-wélhe7 akatsi7tsyu-tA7 waktsi tsyayAthu. They want to bloom, the flowers I planted. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'tsy- flower, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: -tsi'tsyutu- for flowers to bloom. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsi'tsyutu- v.s. for flowers to bloom. yotsi7tsyu-tú• flowers are blooming. Aspect class: B.

Oneida-Eriglish

COMPOSED OF: -tsi'tsyut- for a flower to bloom, -u- distributive. -tsi'yo- v.a. be unwell, be sickly. waktsí-yohse 7 I'm unwell (a lot of the time), lotsí-yohse7 he's unwell, yakotsí-yohse7 she's unwell. DERIVED BASES: -tsi'yoha 7 - become unwell, become sickly. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The 7 of the ? y cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. Related to the stative base -tsi'yoha- be unwell, be sickly. -tsi'yoha- v.s. be unwell, be sickly. waktsi7yohá I'm unwell (right now), yakotsi7yohá she's sickly, lotsi7yohá he's sickly. Pre-pausal: lotsi7yo-há. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi7 foot: lohsi tatsi7yohá his foot is not right. With -el-/-ely-/-elyahsheart: yakawelyahsatsi7yohá her heart is not well. With -utsh- knee: wakutshatsi7yohá my knee is not right. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Related to the active base -tsi'yo- be unwell, be sickly, but the composition is unclear. -tsi ? yoha ? - v.a. become unwell, become sickly. uktsi7yo-háne7 I'm starting to be unwell, wahotsi7yo-háne7 he's starting to be unwell. COMPOSED OF: -tsi'yo- be unwell, be sickly, -ha ? - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -tskwA suf. easily. Facilitative. -tst- suf. cause, make, use for. Causative. Aspect class: El. -tsteny- n. pile. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up; -tstenyokwaht- spread

739

around a pile; and -tstenyot- pile up, heap up. -tstenyes- v.s. be piled up, be heaped up. yotstényes it's really piled up high. With n- partitive, and secondary habitual: niyotstenye-sú-se7 there are such big piles here and there. With -a?kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: yo7kAhlatstényes there's a real heaping pile of dirt. With -hnana ? t- potato: yohnana7tatstényes there's a whole potato pile. And n- partitive: a7éniyohnana7tatstényes over there there's a whole potato pile. With -nAy- stone: yonAyatstényes there's a real heaping pile of stones. With -yAt- wood, cord of wood: yoyAtatstényes there's a real heaping pile of wood. Aspect class: A. • A7é- niyohnana7tatstényes tsi7 nikú wahahnaná-tako7 o-nA. Over there there's a whole potato pile, that's how much he has picked now. COMPOSED OF: -tsteny- pile, -es-/ -us- be long. -tstenyokwaht- v.a. spread around a pile, ketstenyokwátha7 I spread a pile around, waketstenyokwáhtu I have spread it around. wa7ketstenyókwahte7 I spread it around, setstenyókwat Pile them! Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of the noun root -tsteny- pile and a component -okwaht-, which occurs also in .at-N-okwaht- plus te- dualic, scatter something around. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -tstenyot- v.a. pile up, heap up. ketstenyótha7 I'm piling it up. waketstényote7 I have piled it up, yotstényote7 there's a big pile, it's

740

Oneida-English

heaped. Aketstenyo-tX• I will pile it. setstenyo-tX Pile it! With -a'kAhl- dirt, dust, ashes, soil: yo?kAhlatstényote7 it's a pile of dirt. With -nAy- stone: yonAyatstényote7 it's a pile of stones. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -tsteny- pile, -hnyot/-ot- stand something upright, have. tsy- pref. you two; she acts on you two; yours (the two of you). Second person dual agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person dual possessive. See sni-/sn-/tsy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. tsy- pref. you all; she acts on you all; yours. Second person plural agent and patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix; second person plural possessive. See swa-/sw-/ swA-/tsy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. .tsyahu- plus te- dualic, v.a. whisper. tewaketsyáhu7 I'm whispering, tehotsyáhu 7 he's whispering, teyakotsyáhu7 she's whispering, teyuknitsyáhu7 we two are whispering. wa7thatsyáhu7 he whispered. -tsyakA- v.a. work hard to exceed or better oneself. waketsyakX I'm trying my best to do something better for myself, to exceed myself, lotsyakX he's trying really hard, yakotsyakX she's working really hard. wa 7ketsya-kX• I worked hard to do better, wahatsya-kX• he exceeded himself, he did better for himself, Aketsya-kX• I will try to exceed myself. setsya-kX 'Bye, keep it up! snitsya-kX You two try to do better for yourselves!

DERIVED BASES: - t s y a k A h a t y e - b e

working hard to do really well. NOTE: The imperative form is used also as an expression of leave-taking. -tsyakAhatye- v.m. be working hard to do really well. waketsyakAháti7 I'm trying really hard to do something, lotsyakAháti7 he's working really hard, yakotsyakAháti7 she's working really hard. COMPOSED OF: -tsyakA- work hard to exceed or better oneself, -hatyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tsyakAhati- before a final 7 . -tsyalAht- v.a. set fire to, burn down. shakotsyalXtha 7 he burns her or someone's place down. shakotsyalXhtu he has burnt her or someone's place down. wa7khetsya-lXhte7 I burned her or someone's place down, wa7shakotsya-lXhte7 he burned her or someone's place down. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tsyalA- and the -ht- causative suffix. The root -tsyalA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -tsyalA7- catch fire. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -tsyalA7- v.a. catch fire. yotsyalX-u it was on fire, yukwatsyalX-u our place was on fire, we had a fire. uketsya-lXne7 I had a fire, my place caught fire, wahotsya-lXne7 he had a fire, it caught fire on him, wa7otsya-lXne7 there was a fire. • Elhú-wa7 kA 7 nahé-ya7 kX-, thó tshiyakwanákle7 tsi7 nú• tyukwa7 nuhso-táhkwe kX-, yukwatsyalX-u kwi- nalá- yáh thó te7skanúhsote7. We lived there for just a little while, where our house used to be, we had a

Oneida-Eriglish

fire, that's why the house isn't there anymore. (M10) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tsyaU- and the inchoative suffix. The root -tsyalA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -tsyalAht- set fire to, burn down. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .tsyalu plus te- dualic, v.s. be both. tetnitsyalú you and I, both of us (incl.), teyaknitsyalú both of us (excl.), tesnitsyalú both of you, tehnitsyalú both of them (m.), teknitsyalú both of them (z.). Prepausal: teknitsya-lú. Aspect class: A. NOTE: See also tetsyalú both. tsya ták Numeral particle: seven. tsya ták niwáshA seventy. COMPOSED OF: tsyaták seven; and n- partitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. tsyaták tewA?nyáwelu? seven hundred. tsya-ták yawA-lé- seventeen. -tsye'el- n. fingernail, toenail, claw. otsye7e-lá• fingernail, toenail, claw. With -ke locative clitic: ktsye7elá-ke my fingernail, stsye7elá-ke your fingernail, latsye7elá-ke his fingernail, yetsye7elá-ke her fingernail. With -es-/-us- be long, na'te- partitive and dualic, and secondary habitual: na7tehatsye7ele-sú-se7 he has such long nails, na7teyetsye7ele-sú-se7 she has such long nails. DERIVED BASES:

-attsye'elenyu'tuni- have an ingrown toenail; .attsye'elot- plus te- dualic, pinch; tsye'elolú crab, lobster, cray-

741

fish; yuttsye'elahsókhwa 7 nail polish. tsye'elolú N crab, lobster, crayfish. Pre-pausal: tsye7elo-lú. NOTE: Includes the noun base -tsye'el- fingernail, toenail, claw; otherwise the composition is unclear. Cf. Wisconsin: otsye7elo-lú (ACH). -tsyA- dish, plate, bowl. See -atsyA-/ -tsyA-. -tsyAht- v.a. draw water. ketsyAtha7 I'm drawing water, latsyAtha7 he's drawing water, yetsyAtha 7 she gets water. lotsyAhtu he has drawn water. wahátsyAhte7 he drew water, AkétsyAhte7 I will draw water, akétsyAhte7 I should draw water. With y- translocative: ya7kétsyAhte7 there I drew water, yahátsyAhte7 there he drew water. With yusa- translocative and repetitive: yusayétsyAhte7 she or someone should get water again. Aspect class: El. •NA kwv yáh te7swinú yusayétsyAhte7. Then it wasn't far anymore for someone to go get water. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: y e t s y A h t á k h w a ?

pail; yehnekotsyAhtákhwa 7 dipper. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tsyA- and the -ht- causative suffix. The root -tsyA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -tsyA'n- go to get water. The root -tsyA- may be related to -atsyA-/ -tsyA- dish, plate, bowl. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -tsyA'n- v.m. go to get water. setsyAne 7 you're going to get water, latsyA-ne7 he's here to get water. latsyA-nehse7 he gets water. lotsyA-nu he has gone to get water. wa7ketsyA-na7 I'm going after water, wa7etsyA-na7 she's going after water,

742

Oneida-English

wahatsyA-na7 he's on his way to get water, AhatsyA-na7 he will go to get water. Aspect class: H. • Yáh s sA- tshyaya-wA- tsi7 wa7ketsyA-na7, waté-slehse7 s kwithikA wa7ké-sle7 Also I would have to go to get water, so I would take this sleigh. (Gl) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -tsyA- and the - ? n- dislocative suffix. The root -tsyA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -tsyAht- draw water. The root -tsyAmay be related to -atsyA-/-tsyAdish, plate, bowl. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -tsyA't- v.a. cure someone. wa7shakótsyAhte7 he treated her and she got better, he cured her, wahuwátsyAhte7 she treated him and he's better. With s- repetitive: sayukétsyAhte7 she treated me (and I got well again), sayutatétsyAhte7 she or someone cured her. DERIVED BASES: -atetsyA't- doctor, treat someone for an illness. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. tsyohsó kwes V > N butternut. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hso'kw- nut, -es-/-usbe long. N O T E : Cf. Wisconsin: okehwá-ta7 (ACH); Mohawk: atyehwa:ta7 (GM); Seneca: jo:nyó7kwe:s (Chafe 1967:636). tsyohso'kwakayú V > N red squirrel. Pre-pausal: tsyohso7kwaka-yú. COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hso'kw- nut, -akayube old.

tsyohtahkwakayú V > N raspberry. Pre-pausal: tsyohtahkwaka-yú. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe, -akayu- be old. tsyohwX-tstakawe? V > N seagull. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -hwA ? tst- foam, -eka ? -/-ekaw-/-ka 7 -/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of, -e7 stative. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsyohwAtstakale (ACH). tsyó kwalis N bobolink. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tekana7ali-sáse (ACH). tsyokwilX tu 7 squirrel. See tsikwilX tu 7 / tsyokwilX tu 7 . tsyolhyóhkwa' N chipmunk. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsihlyó-kwA or tsyohlyóhkwa 7 (ACH). Probably includes the noun base -alhyohkwsinker, ring, hoop, but the composition is unclear. tsyona'tsyakéhtu 7 spider. See tsina'tsyakéhtu'/tsyona'tsyakéhtu?. tsyonisklolú V > N snail. Pre-pausal: tsyonisklo-lú. NOTE: Possibly composed of the srepetitive prefix, yo- neuter patient, the noun base -itskl- spit, spittle, saliva, the alternant -ol- of the verb base -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/-olcover up, and -u stative. However the noun base for spit includes a 't' which is lacking in the word for 'snail'. Cf. Wisconsin: tsyunisklo-lú (ACH). tsyoní tu? N beaver. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: tsyuní-tu (ACH). tsyonuhnéhklis / tsinuhnéhklis N bee.

Oneida-Eriglish

teyoskálya't V > N green spots on fresh potatoes. NOTE: Refers to green spots which turn bitter if cooked. This word may be related to the base .atskala 7 t- plus te- dualic, be bitter, be strong-tasting, be sour. tsyotekliyáku N buffalo. tsyotsyakáwe 7 V > N mink. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yoneuter patient, -itsy- fish, -eka 7 -/ -ekaw-/-ka 7 -/-kaw- like or enjoy the taste of, -e ? stative. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin:

shotsya-káwe7

(ACH).

tsyoya nát V > N a pair. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -yan- track, .N-t-/.ya 7 tat- plus srepetitive, be one. tsyo'lé- Temporal particle: until. NOTE: Probably reduced from tsi 7 niyo-lé-. See -le- be a distance. tsyo 7 slehtá kat V > N train. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, yoneuter patient, - 7 sleht- vehicle, . 7 kaht- plus te- dualic, be fastmoving. NOTE: The tsy- at the beginning of this word may be the s- repetitive prefix plus yo- neuter patient, or it could also be a reduced form of the tedualic prefix plus yo- neuter patient. tu- pref. Cislocative and factual mode. See ta-/te-/tu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

743

tusa-/tuse-/tusu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive (dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant tuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tusu- replaces the sequence tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tusa- occurs. tusa-/tusa-/tuse-/tuse-/tusu-/tusupref. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive (dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tuse- and tu se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tusu- and tu-su- replace the sequences tusawa- and tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tusaand tu-sa- occur. tuse- pref. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tuse-/tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

744

Oneida-English

tuse-/tuse- pref. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tusa/tuse-/tuse-/tusu-/tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. t ú s k e ' Evidential particle: truly, surely, certainly, for sure. NOTE: A reduced form of to kXske'. tusu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tuse-/tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tusu-/tu su- pref. Dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See tusa-/tu sa/tuse-/tuse-/tusu-/tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tusawa- and tu-sawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tuta-/tute-/tutu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative (dualic, aorist tense and cislocative). NOTE: The alternant tute- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant tutu- replaces the sequence tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient

and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tuta- occurs. tuta-/tuta-/tute-/tute-/tutu-/tutupref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative (dualic, indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants tute- and tute- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants tutu- and tu tu- replace the sequences tutawa- and tu tawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise tutaand tuta- occur. tute- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tuta-/tute-/tutu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tute-/tute- pref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tuta-/ tuta-/tute-/tute-/tutu-/tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. tutu- pref. Dualic, factual mode and cislocative. See tuta-/tute-/tutu-.

Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: Replaces the sequence tutawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. tutu-/tutu- pref. Dualic, optative mode and cislocative. See tuta-/ tuta-/tute-/tute-/tutu-/tutu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences tutawa- and tu-tawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Tu-wís

proper name. Thomas.

tw- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. twa-/tw-/twA-/ty- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternant twa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant tw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant tWA- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternant ty- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. twa'kánha? / twa'kXnha? N Chippewa, non-Oneida Indian. latwa7kánha7 he's a Chippewa, he's a non-Oneida Indian, latitwa7kánha7 they (m.) are Chippewas, kutitwa7kánha7 they (z.) are Chippewas. With -ke loca-

745

tive clitic: twa?kAnhá-ke on the Chippewa side, at the Chippewa reserve on the other side of the river from Oneida-of-the-Thames. NOTE: Both forms occur, depending on the speaker. twA- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. ty- pref. you and I. First person inclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See tni-/tn-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. ty- pref. you all and I. First person inclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See twa-/tw-/twA-/ty-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -tye-/-itye- v.m. be flying, kítye7 I'm flying, látye7 he's flying, kátye7 she (z.) or it is flying. Pre-pausal: káti7. kítyehse7 I fly around, látyehse7 he flies around, yétyehse7 she flies around, kátyehse7 she (z.) or it flies around, latítyehse7 they (m.) fly around, kutítyehse7 they (z.) are flying around. wa7kíti7 I'm flying away, waháti7 he's flying away, wa7éti7 she's flying away, wa7káti7 she (z.) or it is flying away, wetwáti7 we (incl.) are flying away. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók shatíti7 they (m.) are flying around. With t- cislocative: taháti7 he came flying. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakíti7 I flew back again. With nis- partitive and repetitive: nishátye7 where he's flying back again. DERIVED BASES: - t y e n u t y e - /

-ityenutye- be flying all over.

746

Oneida-English

NOTE: The alternant -itye- occurs in the first person singular, -tye- occurs elsewhere. Many speakers have -tiand -iti- before a final 7 . -tye- suf. going along. Progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -tibefore a final 7 . See note under -hatye-. -tyenutye-/-ityenutye- v.m. be flying all over, kutityenúti7 they (z.) flew all over. With y- translocative: ya7kutityenúti7 they (z.) went flying all over. •NAki7 ok lé• wí• né- kutityenúti7 ne7n o7nu-ná• katuníhahkwe7. And then the splints I was using to make (the basket) just went flying all over. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -tye-/-itye- be flying, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base. Many speakers have -tyenuti- and -ityenuti- before a final 7 .

tyetakwalihsyá wheel.

tha 7

V > N steering

ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .takwalihsyu-/ .takwalihsy- plus t- cislocative, straighten out, steer, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. COMPOSED OF:

tyohyó tsis salt. See -hyo'tsis-/ -hyo'tsist-. tyonhúskwalut N cow. NOTE: May be composed of the t-

cislocative prefix, yo- neuter patient, the noun base -nhoskwal- jowl, and the verb root -ut- (see -N-ut- attach, be attached). However note that this word is consistently pronounced with the vowel u in the second syllable, while the base for 'jowl' has the vowel o. tyono lúhe' before. • Oye-lí- minut tyono-lúhe7 úska. It's ten minutes to one. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, yoneuter patient, -nolu- get stuck, be unable to quite make it, have a hard time, -he ? habitual. NOTE: Used in telling time. tyótkut Adverbial particle: always. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix, yo- neuter patient, the -at- semireflexive, and probably a root -kut-. See also .kutahkw- plus tcislocative or ya 7 te- translocative and dualic, persist, keep going on. tyotkutáhkwA Temporal particle: all the time, it keeps happening. tyotyelXhtu first. See .atyelAht- plus t- cislocative. tyutketskwátha? atyá tawi't V > N housecoat, robe. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atketskwahtplus t- cislocative, get up quickly, -ha 7 habitual; and -atya ? tawi ? t-/ -atya'tawi'tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse.

Oneida-Eriglish

747

u .u- plus n- partitive, v.s. be that many. niyákyu 7 or niyáki7 there are so many of us (excl.). Stative past: niyakyu-hné• there were so many of us (excl.). Future stative: nAyakyúhake7 there will be so many of us (excl.). With s- repetitive, and stative past: áhsA nitsyakyu-hné• there used to be three of us. Aspect class: B. •Tóhka7 ok niyakyu-hné• oyá• tshityó-kalas. There were only a few of us the other night. u- pref. she, it. Factual mode plus third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/y-/u-/-h-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence wa ? wa-, where wa 7 - is the factual mode, w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -u- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -u- suf. several. Distributive. -u suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs mostly with bases that end in a consonant. -u- give someone something. See -awi/-U-/-A-.

.u- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. See .awi-/ .u-/.A- plus t- cislocative. -u- arrive. See -w-/-ew-/-aw-/-u-. .u- plus s- repetitive, arrive home. See .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive. -uhake' suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component -u, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . -uhew- v.a. sweep, kuhe-wás I'm sweeping, luhe-zvás he's sweeping. wakuhewA I have swept. wa7kúhewe7 I swept, wahlúhewe7 he swept, Akúhewe7 I will sweep. súhew Sweep! Aspect class: D3. • Wa 7kúhewe 7 tehoksahlíhtu. I swept up the dishes he broke. DERIVED BASES: -uhewanyu- sweep all over; -uhewa't- use to sweep with; -atuhew- sweep. NOTE: It's not clear how this base differs in meaning from the derived base -atuhew-. -uhewanyu- v.a. sweep all over. wa7kuhewáni7 I swept it all. COMPOSED OF: -uhew- sweep, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -uhewani- before a final

748

Oneida-English

-uhewa't- v.a. use to sweep with. kuhewá-tha7 that's what I use to sweep. wa7kuhe-wá-te7 I used it to sweep with. COMPOSED OF: -uhew- sweep, - ? tcausative. DERIVED BASES: y a k u h e w á t h a ?

broom. NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -uhkal-/-uhkalel- v.a. snore. súhkalhe7 you're snoring, lúhkalhe7 he's snoring, yakúhkalhe7 she's snoring, wahlúhkalele7 he started to snore, Ahlúhkalele7 he will snore. DERIVED BASES: -uhkale'ni- snore loudly. NOTE: The alternant -uhkal- occurs in the habitual aspect, -uhkaleloccurs in the punctual aspect. -uhkale'ni- v.s. snore loudly. kuhkalé-ni I snore loudly, luhkalé-ni he snores loudly, yakuhkalé-ni she snores loudly, lAtiuhkalé-ni they (m.) snore loudly. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the alternant -uhkal- of the base -uhkal-/ -uhkal el- snore, and a component -e ? ni-, which occurs in a few bases having to do with loud noises. See also .Ahale'ni- plus te- dualic, be a really loud noise; and -lakale'ni- be a loud noise. The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. úhka? Interrogative particle: who. úhka ? nahó tA? who it is. úhka' náhte? who. • úhka 7 náhte7 ka7i-kA. this? úhka'ok someone.

Who is

úhka7 ok náhte? someone. -uhne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u when the stative suffix -u is accented in the stative aspect form, and with bases that end in any of the dislocative suffixes, even though in this case the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u and a component -hne ? , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -uhne7 is always realized as -u-hné-. uhte Evidential particle: maybe, possibly, I guess. • Tahnú• uhte vov ka 7ikA tsi7 na7a-wAne7 kwah ikA tsi7 wa7shakotiksa7táksahte7 kA-. And I guess the way it happened was that they really spoiled her badly. (M7) NOTE: This particle is unaccented in most contexts. -uhutsy- land, ground, earth. See -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy-. -uhwatAha kin term, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle. kheyuhwatAha my niece, liyuhivatAha my nephew, yukuhwatAha my aunt, lakuhwatAha my uncle, sheyuhwatAha your niece, etshuhwatAha your nephew. .uhwAtsishuhkw-/.hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. earthquake. wa?tyauhwAtsíshuhkwe7 or wa7tyohutsíshuhkwe7 there was an earthquake, iva7tyukwahutsíshuhkwe7 we had

Oneida-Eriglish

an earthquake. DERIVED BASES:

.uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, earthquakes here and there. NOTE: Both alternants are attested. Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the noun base -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, and a verbal component -ishuhkw-, which occurs also in .elyahsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, for the heart to thump, have a heart attack. .uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. earthquakes here and there. With t- cislocative: tutayohutsishuhkwáni7 there were earthquakes someplace. COMPOSED OF: . u h w A t s i s h u h k w - /

.hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, earthquake, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur. Many speakers have .uhwAtsishuhkwanior .hutsishuhkwani- before a final 7 . -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/-hutsyn. land, ground, earth. ohwAtsya 7 or ohwAtsi7 or ohútsya7 or ohútsi7 land, ground. Pre-pausal: ohwAtsi7 or ohútsi7. With- ? ke locative suffix: ohwAtsyá-ke or ohutsyá-ke on the ground or earth. With -ku locative suffix, and -shu ? collective clitic: ohutsyakúshu7 along through underneath the ground. With -oku locative suffix: ohutsyokú under the ground. Pre-pausal: ohutsyo-kú. With .a- plus n- partitive, be a certain size: tsi7 niyohútsya7 the land is so big. With -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: latuhwAtsyahslu-níhe7 he's caring for the field, garden or lawn (making it look real nice). With

749

-attakwalihsyu-/-at-N-kwalihsyube straight, be level, have good posture: yotuhwAtsyakwalíhsi the ground is even or level. With -attebe at the edge, be at the end: tsi7 yotuhútsyate7 it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff. With -hninu- buy, buy from: lohwAtsyahni-nú• he has bought land. With -na'nawA-/ -ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get wet: yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. With -nohale-/-ya ? tohale-/-ohalewash, and s- repetitive: Atsyuhutsyóhale7 it will clean the earth again. DERIVED BASES: - u h w A t s y a k a h l u t -

be a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel; .uhwAtsishuhkw-/ .hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic, earthquake; ohutsyakayú ke the old country, Europe; ohutsyakú basement; ohutsyakwekú the whole world; tsi 7 thotuhutsya té- at his land; Yá ya'k Nihonuhutysaké Six Nations; yohutsyakélu' continent. NOTE: All four alternants are apparently in free variation. The alternants -uhwAtsy- and -uhutsytake the ya- neuter patient prefix, while the alternants -hwAtsy- and -hutsy- take the yo- neuter patient prefix or o- noun prefix. -uhwAtsyakahlut- v.s. be a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel. yauhwAtsyaká-lute7 (it's) a cave, a tunnel. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: - u h w A t s y - / - u h u t s y - /

-hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. DERIVED BASES:

-uhwAtsyakahlutatye- be an extended hole or tunnel in the ground. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

750

Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -uhwAtsyakahlutatye- v.m. be an extended hole or tunnel in the ground. yauhwAtsyakahlutáti7 it's an ongoing hole in the ground, an extended tunnel. COMPOSED OF: - u h w A t s y a k a h l u t - b e

a hole in the ground, be a cave or tunnel, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -uhwAtsyakahlutati- before a final uk- pref. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-/ ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in i, o, or u, and most consonants, and replaces the sequences wa7wakand awak-, where the initial wa'- of wa 7 wak- is the factual mode and the initial a- of awak- is part of the optative mode. -uk- pref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in i, o, or u, and most consonants after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. uke- pref. me, I; she acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-/ ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters, and replaces the sequences wa7wakeand awake-, where the initial wa 7 of wa'wake- is the factual mode and

the initial a- of awake- is part of the optative mode. -uke- pref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters after the wa ? - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -uke7 suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u. The future stative/optative stative replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u, a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e 7 . -ukhi- pref. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yukhi-/yukhiy-/-ukhi-/ -ukhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant or i after the wa 7 factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -ukhiy- pref. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yukhi-/yukhiy-/-ukhi-/ -ukhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. ukn- pref. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. See ukni-/ ukn-/uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -ukn- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual

Oneida-Eriglish 751

patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. ukni-/ukn-/uky- pref. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. NOTE: The alternant ukni- occurs with bases that begin in consonants. The alternant uky- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternant ukn- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. -ukni- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. .ukoht- plus te- dualic, v.a. force through, penetrate, teyukótha7 it's coming through (e.g., water is coming through a hole in the roof), tekukótha 7 I'm putting it through something (e.g., clothes through an old-fashioned wringer-washer, liquid through a sieve). tewakukóhtu it has gone through me (e.g., I got soaked by rain). wa7tku-kóhte7 I put it through, I see it carried out, wa7tyu-kóhte7 it went through, wa7twaku-kóhte7 it went through me, tAku-kóhte7 I will put it through. With th- contrastive: yáh tha7tayu-kóhte7 it won't come through. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: tekahnekukótha7 water is coming through, it's leaking. With -nikwAhtal- red:

wa?thanikwAhtalu-kóhte7 he turned red, he blushed, wa?tyenikwAhtalu-kóhte7 she turned red. With - wel- air, wind: wa7tkawelu-kóhte7 the wind came through (e.g., the walls), tákA7 takawelukót the wind shouldn't come through. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: .atya'tukoht- plus te- dualic, get diarrhea. NOTE: The root -ukoht- occurs without the te- dualic prefix in -ahuhsukoht- overhear; and -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on. The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. ,ukw- plus te- dualic, v.a. bump, bump into, tewakúkwas I bump into it. tewakúkwA I have bumped into it. wa7twaku-kó• I bumped into it, tAwaku-kó• I will bump into it. With y- translocative: ya7tyau-kó• it bumped (landed) there. With -luttree, log: wa?twaklutu-kó• I ran into a tree. With -nAtsh- arm, sleeve: thó tehonAtshúkwas he bumps his arm there, wa 7twaknAtshu-kó- I bumped my arm. With -nuhs- house, building: wa7twaknuhsu-kó- I ran or bumped into the house. With -nutsi-/-nutsist- head, cabbage: wa7twaknutsistu-kó• I bumped my head. With -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/ -shnu- hand, fingers: wa7twakeshnuhsu-kó• I bumped my hand. With -utsh- knee: wa 7twakutshu-kó- I bumped my knee. With - 7 sleht- vehicle: wa7twake7slehtu-kó• I ran into a car. Aspect class: D3. DERIVED BASES: .na 7 alukw- plus tedualic, bump into head first, run into something headlong. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

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Oneida-English

ukw- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/ uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. ukw- pref. me, I; she acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-/ ukw-. NOTE: Occurs before bases that begin in a, e, or A, and replaces the sequences wa 7 wakw- and awakw-, where the initial wa'- of wa'wakwis the factual mode and the initial aof awakw- is part of the optative mode. -ukw- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -ukw- pref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/uky- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. NOTE: The alternant ukwa- occurs with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternant ukw- occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternant ukw A- occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i

of the base. The alternant uky- occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -ukwa- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ y ukw-/y ukw A-/y uky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a consonant after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -ukwe-/-ukwe?t- human n. person. ukwé person. Pre-pausal: u-kwé. lukwé man, yakukwé

woman,

tyukwé all of us (excl.) persons, lAnukwé men, a group of men and women, kunukivé women. With tedualic: teknukwé two women, tehnukwé

two m e n , a man and a

woman. With -oku/-okú- collective clitic: ukweho-kú• people. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA niyukwé-take three people. DERIVED BASES: Ukwehuwé Native; -ukwe't- relative; -ukwe'tahtlut- be a scary person; -ukwe'taks(A)- be cross; -ukwe'tase- be a new person; -ukwe'tastelist- be a funny person; .ukwe'tayA- plus s- repetitive, be or have someone left; -ukwe'tiyo- be a good person; -atukwe'talakw- invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings for a time; -atukwe'tatku- have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a mind reader; -atukwe'tatwekt- be friendly; -atukwe'tisa 7 - be ready to give birth. NOTE: The alternant -ukwe 7 t- is

the incorporating form, and it occurs with possessive prefixes in the base -ukwe't- relative. The alternant -ukwe- occurs elsewhere. The 7 of

Oneida-Eriglish

-ukwe't- is replaced by length after accented vowels. Ukwehuwé human n. Native. Prepausal: Ukwehu-wé. kukzvehuzvé I'm a Native, lukwehuwé he's a Native, yakukwehuwé she's a Native, yukwehuivé she (z.) is Native, tyukwehuwé we (incl.) are Native. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -uwe authentic clitic. DERIVED BASES: Ukwehuwehnéke Native way, Indian language; Ukwehuwé-ne Reserve; Ukwehuwehnéha Native way, Indian language. Ukwehuwehné ke N Native way, Indian language. •Náhte7 nA kati7 luwa-yátskwe7 Ukwehuwehné-ke. What was his Indian name? (02) COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwé Native, -hné ke locative clitic. Ukwehuwé ne N Reserve. COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwé Native, -'•ne locative clitic. Ukwehuwehnéha N Native way, Indian language. COMPOSED OF: Ukwehuwé Native, -hneha characterizer clitic. -ukwe't- n. relative, akukwé-ta7 my relative, akaukwé-ta7 her relative, laukwé-ta7 his relative, laonukwé-ta7 their (m.) relatives. NOTE: This base occurs with possessive prefixes and is the alternant -ukwe ? t- of -ukwe-/-ukwe ? t- person. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ukwe't- person. See

-ukwe-/-ukwe ? t-.

-ukwe'tahtlut- v.s. be a scary person. laukwe7táhtlut he's a scary person,

753

yakaukwe7táhtlut she's a scary person. Aspect class: A. • Thó í-late7 laukwe7táhtlut kwáh tehótkwA. There he's standing, this scary being, he's just dancing. (D2) COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?t-

person, -ahtlut- be scary. -ukwe'taks(A)- v.s. be cross. yukwe 7táksA she's cross, lukwe 7táksA he's cross. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: - a t u k w e ' t a k s a ' t -

misbehave, act like a brat. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the - ? tcausative suffix. -ukwe'tase- v./n. be a new person. ukwé-tase7 a new person. With-shu 7 collective clitic: ukwe7tasé-shu7 new people. COMPOSED OF: - u k w e - / - u k w e ? t -

person, -ase- be new, be fresh. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ukwe'tastelist- v.s. be a funny person. laukwe7taste-líst he's a funny person, yakaukwe7taste-líst she's a funny person. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - u k w e - / - u k w e ' t -

person, -stelist- be funny, be amusing. .ukwe'tayA- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be or have someone left. With te ? negative: yáh úhka7 te7tsyukyukwé-tayA7 we don't have anyone left. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - u k w e - / - u k w e ? t -

person, .yA- plus s- repetitive, be or have some left. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is

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Oneida-English

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ukwe'tiyo- v.s. be a good person. lukwe?tiyó he's a good person, yakukwe7tiyó she's a good person, yukwe 7tiyó she (z.) is a good person. Pre-pausal: yukwe?ti-yá sukwe7tiyóhak Be kind! With npartitive: niyukwe7tiyó she's a really good person. With thcontrastive: thihlukwe7tiyó he's just such a nice person. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - u k w e - / - u k w e ? t -

person, -N-iyo- be good. ukwA- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/ uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -ukwA- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. uky- pref. our, the two of us. First person dual possessive. See ukni-/ ukn-/uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. uky- pref. ours. First person plural possessive. See ukwa-/ukw-/ukwA-/ uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -uky- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni-

/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -uky- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. -ulha' n. Third person emphatic pronoun. laulhá• he, him, akaulhá• she, her, aulhá• she, her (z.), it, lonulhá• they, them (m.), onulháthey, them (z.). With te 7 - negative: yáh laulhá• té-kA not him, yáh akaulhá- té-kA not her. •Lonulhá• kzví• ukwehuwé lonatnuhsu-ní- kAh nú- tshahutnatu-ní-. It was they, the Indians, who built this house when they built the village here. (Gl) NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. See also - u l h a ' t s í w a ' all by oneself. -ulha'tsí w a ' n. all by oneself. akulha7tsí-wa7 all by myself, laulha7tsí-wa7 all by himself, akaulha7tsí-wa7 all by herself, aulha7tsí-wa7 all by herself (z.) or itself, uknulha7tsí-wa 7 all by ourselves (the two of us), ukyulha7tsí-wa7 all by ourselves (all of us), lonulha7tsí-wa7 all by themselves (m.), onulha7tsí-wa7 all by themselves (z.). •Akulha 7tsí-wa 7 s kí-tlu 7 onA ka7ikA WAhnislaténi. I was home all by myself those days. (CI)

Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: Includes -ulha, the third person emphatic pronoun; otherwise the composition is unclear. -unh- n. life. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -atunhahel-/-atunhahl- get happy, overjoyed, high-spirited; .atunhateny- plus te- dualic, go through stages of a lifetime; -unhahnil- live forever, outlive, survive; -unhakatste- be durable, be everlasting; and -unhe- live, be alive. -unhahnil- v.s. live forever, outlive, survive, launhahnilú he lives forever (e.g., all kinds of things can happen to him and he survives all of them), yakaunhahnilú she survives. Pre-pausal: yakaunhahni-lú. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -unh- life, -hnil- be hard, be solid. DERIVED BASES: -atunhahnilatpersevere, stay strong. -unhakatste- v.s. be durable, be everlasting. yakaunhakátste7 she's durable, her life is everlasting, launhakátste7 he's durable. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Includes the noun root -unhlife; otherwise the composition is unclear. -unhe- v.s. live, be alive, kúnhe7 I'm alive, I live, lúnhe7 he's alive, yakúnhe7 she or someone is alive, tyúnhe7 we (incl.) are alive, yakyúnhe7 we (excl.) are alive. Habitual past: lAnúnhehkwe7 they (m.) used to live. Optative stative: ahlúnheke7 he should be living, a-yaknúnheke7 we two (excl.) should live, a-hAnúnheke7 they (m.) should live. With t- cislocative, and habitual past: thAnúnhehkwe7 they (m.)

755

used to live there or then. With tshcoincident: tshikúnhe7 when I lived, tshihlúnhe7 when he lived. Aspect class: B. • Wahunise7kA

thAnúnhehkwe7

A long time ago when they used to live, they were industrious. COMPOSED OF: -unh- life, -N-eexist. DERIVED BASES: -unhehkw- live on; -unhetye- go on living; .atunhet- plus s- repetitive, come back to life; -atunhetsl- soul; yunhe'uwé everlasting. lotitshahnihtú-ne7.

-unhehkw- v.s. live on. kunhéhkwA I'm living on it, it keeps me alive, yakyunhéhkwA we (excl.) live on it, lAtiunhéhkwA they (m.) live on it. Stative past: kunhehkwA-ne7 I used to live on it, yakyunhehkwA-ne7 we (excl.) used to live on it. Future stative: AkunhehkwAhake7 I will live on it. Optative stative: ahAnunhehkwAhake7 it's what they (m.) will live on, it should keep them alive. With t- cislocative: tyunhéhkwA there's where there are things to live on (e.g., a farm market). Aspect class: D. • Né• kwiayóhslate7.

ahAnunhehkwAhake7

nA

It's what should keep them alive when it would become winter. (HI) COMPOSED OF: -unhe- live, be alive, -hkw- instrumental.

-unhen- v.a. groan, wakunhénha7 I'm groaning, launhénha7 he's groaning, yakaunhénha7 she's groaning. -unhetye- v.m. go on living, kunhéti7 I lived, I went on living, lunhéti7 he lived, Ununhéti7 they (m.) lived. With te- dualic: teyakyunhéti7 we (excl.) lived, tehAnunhéti7 they (m.)

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Oneida-English

lived.

-unhe- live, be alive, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -unheti- before a final 7 . COMPOSED OF:

-unhAskwakenhe- v.s. mumble. sunhAskwakénhe7 you're mumbling, lunhAskwakénhe7 he's mumbling, yakunhAskwakénhe7 she's mumbling, yunhAskwakénhe7 she (z.) is mumbling. Aspect class: B. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this base may include a component that is related to -nhoskw- mouthful, inside of the mouth. -uni-/-uny- v.a. make, construct. ku-níhe7 I'm making it, lu-níhe7 he's making it. wakuní I have made it. yuní it's made. Pre-pausal: yu-ní. Aku-ní• I will make it, Ahlu-ní• he will make it. su-ní Make it! With srepetitive: sahAttu-nv they (m.) made it again. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla'tsl- chair: lanitskwahla7tslu-níhe7

he's mak-

ing a chair, lonitskwahla7tsluní he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla7tslu-ní• he made a chair. With -atAna'tsl- groceries, lunch: latAna?tslu-níhe7 he's making lunch, watAna 7tsluní lunch is prepared or ready, wa7katAtia7tslu-ní• I made lunch, AkatAna7tslu-ní• I will make lunch. With -atA?Ahl- fence: ivatA7Ahluní the fence is made, wahatA7Ahlu-ní• he made a fence. With -atya'tawi't- /-atya ? tawi ? tsldress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: satya?tawi7tslu-níhe7 you're making a dress, yutya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 she makes dresses. With -a'nyanawA-/ -a?nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten: yako7nyanawA7tsluní she has made the mitten. With -holo't- cylinder,

pipe: wa7kholo7tu-ní• I made it into a cylinder (e.g., I rolled up the rug). With -itstotsl- parcel, bundle, package: kitstotslu-níhe7 I'm making up a parcel. With -na ? tal- bread, cake: sna7talu-níhe7 you're forming the bread. With -nuhs- house, building, t- cislocative, and stative past: tkanuhsuni-hné• there or then the house was built. Aspect class: Al. DERIVED BASES: -unyanyu- make several, construct several; -unya'tmake something out of something; -unyAni-/-unyA- make something for someone, make someone do something; .anihnuni- plus s- repetitive, heal over; -anityohkuni-/-anityohkunyform a group; .ani'tunya't- plus tedualic, mix up, confuse, confound; .ani'tunya't- plus te- dualic, be a mixed-up situation; -atalhyohkunibe lying down curled up; -atatunimake oneself into something, disguise oneself; -ata'aluni- make lace, crochet; -atekhuni-/-atekhuny- eat a meal; -atelyA?tuni- do on purpose; -ate'shAnuni- take aim; -ate'slehtunihe? be a mechanic; -atAlo'slunyAni-/-atAlo?slunyAmake friends with someone; -athle'nuni- pack; -athnekuni- make a well; -athwatsiluni- have a family; -athwistuni- raise money, make money; -atkaluni-/-atkalunymake up a story; .atniskuwaluni- plus te- dualic, dirty one's face; -atuni-/ -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself; -atuni- grow; -atya'tawi'tslunihe 7 be a dressmaker; -atyu'kwaluni- become smoky; -hsluni-/-hsluny- dress someone; -i'tehsluni- flirt; -kAhlunimistreat, abuse someone; -khuni-/ -khuny- cook; -latskA'tuni- make a braid; -lihuni- be the reason, be the way; -lihunyAni-/-lihunyA- teach

Oneida-Eriglish 757

someone; -naskuni- make a slave of, abuse; -na 7 kuni-/-na 7 kuny- make someone mad; -na7talunihe7 be a baker; -nuhsunihe7 be a carpenter; -ya 7 tuni-/-ya 7 tunihsl- doll; tsi 7 tyute'slehtunyá tha' at the garage; yena'tslunyá tha' spade; yutti 7 tslunyátha 7 teapot. NOTE: The alternant -uny- occurs before derivational suffixes. úni 7 Adverbial particle: even, also. -uny- make, construct. See -uni-/-uny-. -unyanyu- v.a. make several, construct several. wa7kunyáni7 I made things. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: ahsna7talunyáni7 you should make several breads. With -nuhs- house, building: wahatinuhsunyáni7 they (m.) built several houses. • TákA 7 ki7 né• só-tsi7 e-só• yAsahneku-tí, Awa-tú• né• yáh thó te7WAto-lé• ahsna7talunyáni7. Don't put in too much water, it shouldn't be that difficult to form the (corn)bread. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -unyani- before a final 7 . -unya7t- v.a. make something out of something, yunyá-tu it's made out of something, wahlúnyahte7 he made it out of something. Future stative: Ayunya7túhake7 it will be made with it. • Tahnú• stksik ónhwale7 Ayunya 7túhake7 And besides, it will be made out of sheep's fur (wool) (T3) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, - 7 t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables.

-unyAni-/-unyA- v.a. make something for someone, make someone do something. yukhiyunyA-ttíhe7 she made it for us, she made us do something. wahakúni7 he made it for me, wahyayúni7 he made it for you, wa7shakoyúni7 he made it for her or them, wa7ukhiyúni7 she made it for us, Akuyúni7 I will make it for you, Ayesayúni7 she will make it for you. With -atAna7tsl- groceries, lunch: yukhiyatAna7tslunyA-níhe7 she makes lunch for us, xoa7kheyatAna7tslúni7 I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna7tslúni7 she (z.) made lunch for him, wa7ukhiyatAna7tslúni7 she made lunch for us. And s- repetitive: AshuwatAna7tslúni7 she will make lunch for him again. With -atslunyakhw-/-atslunyahkwclothes: luwAnatslunyahkunyA-níhe 7 she made clothes for them. With -atya 7 tawi 7 t-/-atya 7 tawi 7 tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: kheyatya7tau>i7tslunyA-níhe7 I'm making a dress for her. With -a 7nyanawA- / -a7nyanawA7tsi- glove, mitten: ahuiva7nyanawA7tslúni7 she should make a mitten for him. With -na 7 tal- bread, cake: ahina7talúni7 I should make bread for him. • Lohsótha wa7shakónhane7 ahuwa 7nyanawA7tslúni7. He told his grandmother that she should make a mitten for him. (T3) COMPOSED OF: -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -Ani-/-A- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t e n h a ? t s l u n y A n i -

/-atenha7tslunyA- make someone work as a hired person. NOTE: The alternant -unyAni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -unyA- occurs in the punctual aspect; however note that many speakers have -uni- before a final 7 .

758

Oneida-English

-unyu- suf. several. Distributive. Aspect class: Bl. NOTE: This suffix is realized by many speakers as -uni- before the final 7 of the stative and punctual aspects. -us suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that end in 1, t, or k. -us- be long. See -es-/-us-. usa-/u sa-/use-/u se-/usu-/u su- pref. Optative mode and repetitive (indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants use- and u se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants usu- and usu- replace the sequences usawa- and u sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise usa- and u saoccur. use-/u se- pref. Optative mode and repetitive. See usa-/u sa-/use-/ use-/usu-/usu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, be short. See .esha/.usha plus kA7 particle and n- partitive. úska Numeral particle: one.

úska tewA?nyáwelu? one hundred. úska yawA-lé- eleven. uskátshu7 one at a time, each one. • Uskátshu 7 tsi? takátlateI started off with one at a time. NOTE: Composed of the numeral particle úska one, a component -t-, and the collective clitic -shu 7 . The component -t- is probably the -t- that occurs in .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one. usu-/u su- pref. Optative mode and repetitive. See usa-/u sa-/use-/ use-/usu-/usu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences usawa- and usawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -N-ut- attach, be attached. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns. This root occurs with body parts, parts of plants, and parts of structures which, in their natural state, are attached to their hosts. The root also occurs in several bases which involve putting on particular pieces of clothing. Compare -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have. See .ahsa'kAslut- plus te- dualic, be frosty; .ahsi'tut- plus te- dualic, have feet; .ahuhtut- plus te- dualic, have an ear; -ashalut- tie someone up; -askut- be a built-on room, a porch or sun porch; .ata'khe'tslut- plus tedualic, put on skates; -ata'kohsutput on a skirt; .atkahlut- plus tedualic, be wearing glasses; .atlahti'tslut- plus te- dualic, put on socks; -atlihut- do a job, carry out

Oneida-Eriglish 759

official duties, get involved in; -atwAnutahkw- speak a language; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses; -atya'tut- put on a blouse; .a'alut- plus te- dualic, trim with lace; -hahut- be a side road or lane; -hna'tatslut- have a pocket; .hsinutplus te- dualic, have legs; -itahsuthave a tail; -kahkwA'tut- have a wheel; -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole; -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump; .nawilutu- plus te- dualic, have teeth; .na'kalut- plus te- dualic, have a horn, be the devil, be behaving badly; -nAhut- be a bud, attached; .nAtshut- plus te- dualic, have arms or sleeves; -nlahtut- be leaves, attached; -nuhsut- have a room; -nuskwalut- be unripe or green fruit, attached; -nuto'tslut- have a drawer; -nutsistut- have a head; .shnuhsut- plus te- dualic, have hands or fingers; .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic, tie a knot; -tsi'tsyut- for a flower to bloom; .wisut- plus tedualic, become icy; .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings; .'nekAhtalutakw- plus tedualic, remove strawberry tops; -'nhahtut- be a branch, attached; -'nyuhsut- have a nose; tehoti'kha lúte' Anglican; teyute'washalutákhwa 7 earring; teyuthnekutákhwa' saucer; tyonhúskwalut cow. uta-/u ta-/ute-/u te-/utu-/u tu- pref. Optative mode and cislocative. (Indefinite tense and cislocative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants ute- and u-te- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person

singular patient prefix. The alternants utu- and u tu- replace the sequences utawa- and utawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise uta- and utaoccur. u-ták N pail, a big pail with a handle, kettle, aku-ták my pail, lau-ták his pail, akau-ták her pail, au-ták her (z.) pail. -utat- pref. she or someone acts on her or someone else. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yutat-/yutate-/-utat/-utate-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. -utate- pref. she or someone acts on her or someone else. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yutat-/yutate-/-utat/-utate-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. ute-/u te- pref. Optative mode and cislocative. See uta-/u ta-/ute-/u te-/ utu-/utu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. utAhni'táhtu? V > N eclipse. COMPOSED OF: U- factual mode plus neuter agent, -Ahni't- moon, month, -ahtu-/-atya 7 tahtu-/-at-N-ahtu-

760

Oneida-English

get lost, vanish, disappear, - ? punctual. -utho- v.a. put into the fire, burn. kúthos I put something into the fire to burn, lúthos he keeps putting it in the fire, wakúthu I have put it in the fire, súthu you have put it in the fire. wa7kútho7 I put it in the fire, wahsútho7 you put it in the fire, wahlútho7 he put it in the fire, Akútho7 I will put it in the fire. With y- translocative: ya7sútho Put it in the fire over there! With yusatranslocative and repetitive: yusasútho Put it in the fire again! Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -yAtutho- put wood into the fire; -yu'kutho- burn tobacco. NOTE: Probably composed of a verb root -ut-, and the -ho- causative suffix. The root -ut- may be a component also in -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry; -atate'skuthu- burn oneself; -attsistut- furnish oneself with a light or fire; -tsistuthahs- furnish someone with a light or fire; -'skuta'- get burned; and -'skuthuburn someone. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -utsh- n. knee, útsha7 knee. With -ke locative clitic: kutshá-ke (on) my knee, sutshá-ke (on) your knee, lutshá-ke (on) his knee, yakutshá-ke (on) her knee. With -ate ? lholok-/ -ate ? lhol-/-at-N-olok-/-at-N-olcover up oneself, and te- dualic: tekatutsho-lóks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholú I have my knees covered, wa7tkatutsho-lóke7 I covered my knees. With -ate 7 lholokt-/-at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself: wa7katutsho-lókte7 I covered up my knees with it. With

.atya?k- plus te- dualic, become broken: wa7thatútshyahke7 he broke or skinned his knee. With -N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwak- hurt, ache: yakautshanú-waks her knees are aching. With -tsi'yoha- be unwell, be sickly: zvakutshatsi7yohá my knee is not right. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa7twakutshu-kó• I bumped my knee. DERIVED BASES: .utshanekA- plus tedualic, have the knees together; .utshot- plus te- dualic, be kneeling. .utshanekA- plus te- dualic, v.s. have the knees together. tekutshanekA I have my knees together, tehsutshanekA you have your knees together, tehlutshanekA he has his knees together, teyakutshanekA she has her knees together. Pre-pausal: teyakutshane-kA. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the -at- semireflexive, the noun base -utsh- knee, and a root -nekA- which occurs also in .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic, be neighbours, live side by side. .utshot- plus te- dualic, v.s. be kneeling. tekútshote 7 I'm kneeling, tehsútshote7 you're kneeling, tehlútshote7 he's kneeling, teyakútshote7 she's kneeling, teyútshote7 she (z.) is kneeling. Habitual past: tehlutsho-táhkwe7 he was kneeling (but now he's not). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -utshknee, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: .atutshot- plus tedualic, kneel down. -utskwe'n- n. chest, utskwé-na7 chest. With -ke locative clitic: kutskwe7ná-ke (on) my chest,

Oneida-Eriglish

sutskwe?ná-ke (on) your chest, lutskive?ná-ke (on) his chest, yakutskwe?ná-ke (on) her chest. NOTE: The ? of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -utst- use, wear. See -atst-/-utst-. utu-/u tu- pref. Optative mode and cislocative. See uta-/uta-/ute-/ute-/ utu-/utu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences utawa- and utawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. -uty- lose, leave, disperse. See -aty-/ -uty-. .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add. See .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus y- translocative or t- cislocative. .uty-/.utye- plus ísi ? over there, and ytranslocative, throw away, throw out. See .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus ísi ? over there, and y- translocative. .utyehs- plus ísi ? over there, and ytranslocative, go to throw away. See .atyehs-/.utyehs- plus ísi ? over there, and y- translocative. ú w a ? Temporal particle: now, then. -uwe clitic, genuine, authentic. Authentic clitic. DERIVED BASES: oyu'kwa'uwé Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco; Ukwehuwé Native; yunhe'uwé everlasting.

761

-u'nek-/-ya ? tu'nek- v.a. move something out of the way. wa?kú-neke? I moved it out of the way, wahiya?tú-neke7 I took him out of the way (e.g., a dog), sú-nek Move it! With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wahiyahsi?tú-neke? I moved his foot. With -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla 7 tsl- table: wa7katekhwahla?tslú-neke7 I moved the table. With -'slehtvehicle: wa?ke7slehtú-neke? I moved the car. DERIVED BASES: .atu'nek- plus tcislocative, move away from, become startled, become shocked; -at-N-u'nek- move something out of the way. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tu ? nekoccurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. The 7 of the ? n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. - u ' n e ' suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -u (other than bases that end in one of the dislocative suffixes) when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component -u and a component - ? ne ? , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, -u ? ne ? is always realized as -ú-ne ? . -u ? weskwani-/-u'weskwA- v.a. enjoy, like, take pleasure in. waku?wéskwanihe? I enjoy it, I take pleasure in it, yakau7wéskwanihe7 she enjoys it, lau?wéskwanihe7 he enjoys it, lonu7wéskwotiihe7 they

762

Oneida-English

(m.) enjoy it. waku^weskwaní-u I'm enjoying it, I'm feeling good, lonu7weskwanvu they (m.) are enjoying it. wahonu7wéskwA7 they (m.) enjoyed it, Ahonu7wéskwA7 they (m.) will enjoy it. Habitual past: lonu7weskwattihahkwe7 they used to enjoy it. With t- cislocative: twaku 7wéskwanihe 7 I enjoy it the most, thau7wéskwanihe7 he enjoys it the most, tyakau7wéskwanihe7 she enjoys it the most. With n- partitive: tsi7 nuku?wéskwA7 I really enjoyed it. With te ? - negative: yáh tehau7wéskwanihe7 he doesn't enjoy it, yáh tehau7weskwani-u he feels bad, he's not enjoying it. Aspect class: CI. • Tshiwahu-tiíse7 lonu7wéskwa7 7 nihe ahatiyAtakó-na kA-, tahnú• s kwi• kwahotokA tsi7 wahunakla-kóthó nyahunáklate7 tsi7 nú• nihotiyo 7tAsta7. A long time ago they enjoyed going to cut wood, and they would just pick up and move and live there where they worked. (M5) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -u'weskw- and the -ni-/-A- benefactive suffix. The root -u'weskw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -u'weskwa't- be

pleasant, be enjoyable. The alternant -u'weskwani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -u'weskwAoccurs in the punctual aspect. u'weskwa't- v.s. be pleasant, be enjoyable, yau^wéskwa^ it's pleasant. Often pronounced: ya7wéskwa7t. Pre-pausal: yau7wéskwaht or ya7wéskwaht. 7 Stative past: yau weskwa7tú-ne7 it used to be pleasant. With n- partitive: niyau7wéskwa7t it's so nice. With nis- partitive and repetitive: tsi7 nitsyau7wéskiva 7t it's so nice again. With te ? - negative: yáh te 7yau 7wéskwa 7t it's not nice, it's unpleasant. Aspect class: A. •Tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsliyó elhú-wa7 wakanitskwahla7tslayAtá-u, yau7wéskwa7t thó a-yúti7 tsi7 niyo7nétskA. It's a really nice chair that I recently purchased, it's nice to sit there, it's so soft. DERIVED BASES: -atu'weskwa'thave fun, have a good time. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -u'weskw- and the - ? t- causative suffix. The root -u ? weskw- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -u?weskwani-/-u'weskwA- enjoy, like, take pleasure in.

Oneida-Eriglish

763

w -w-/-ew-/-aw-/-u- v.a. arrive, i-kéws I keep arriving, flaws he keeps arriving, i-yúws she keeps arriving. wakú I have arrived, isú you have arrived, flu he has arrived, yakú she has arrived, iyú she (z.) or it has arrived, yúkyu we two have arrived. wá-kewe7 I arrived, wáhsewe7 you arrived, wá-lawe7 he arrived, wá-yuwe7 she arrived, u-wé- she (z.) or it arrived, wétnewe 7 you and I (incl.) arrived, wa7áknewe7 we two (excl.) arrived, wésnewe7 you two arrived, wá-newe7 the two (m.) arrived, wá-knewe7 the two (z.) arrived, wétwawe7 we (incl.) arrived, wa7ákwawe7 we (excl.) arrived, wéswawe7 you all arrived, wahA-néwe7 they (m.) arrived, wa7ku-néwe7 they (z.) arrived, A-lawe7 he will arrive, a-yúwe7 she should arrive. Stative past: lu-hnéhe had arrived (but left again). With s- repetitive: swakú I have arrived again, íshlu he has arrived again, he's home, tsyakú she has arrived again, sa-kéwe 7 I arrived again, sá-lawe7 he arrived again, sayáknewe7 we two (excl.) arrived again, sayákwawe7 we (excl.) arrived again, saku-néwe7 they (z.) have come back, Askewe 7 I will arrive again. With t- cislocative: tu-wé- she (z.) or it arrived there, tahA-néwe7 they (m.) arrived there, Atéswawe7 you all will arrive there. With y- translocative: yehA-néws they (m.) keep getting there (one after the other), yehé-lu he already got there, yahá-kewe7 I got there, yahá-lawe7 he arrived there, ya7áknewe7 we two (excl.) arrived

there, yAhA-kéwe7 I will get there, yAhAhsewe7 you will get there, y Ah A-lawe7 he will get there, yAtwawe 7 we (incl.) will get there, yAhA-néwe7 they (m.) will get there, ya-kéwe7 I should get there, yahu-wé- she (z.) or it should get there. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahá-yuwe7 how or where she arrived, nyahá-newe7 how or where the two (m.) arrived. With tsh- coincident: tshá-kewe7 when I arrived, tshá-lawe7 when he arrived, tshá-yuwe7 when she arrived, tshá-newe7 when the two (m.) arrived. With tshy- coincident and translocative: tshyahá-kewe7 when I got there, tshyaháhsewe7 when you got there, tshyahá-lawe7 when he got there. With tsha'tutacoincident, dualic and cislocative: tsha7tutahA-néwe7 when they (m.) arrived back there. Aspect class: A2. • Wahu-níse7 yahu-wé• aké-slet só-tsi7 teyo7kasha-yA. It took a long time to get there, my car is so slow. Né- s thikA thó wá-yuwe7 kA-, wa7utathlo-lí- kA- nále7 yo7nétskA knawí-ke UA thó akatnawilota-kó-. So she arrived there, she told her that my tooth is loose and it's close to the time for me to lose my tooth. (M14) DERIVED BASES: .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.uplus s- repetitive, arrive home. NOTE: The alternant -u- occurs in the stative aspect. The alternant -aw- occurs in the third person singular of the habitual and punctual aspects. The alternant -ew- occurs in the dual and the third person plural of the habitual and punctual aspects.

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Oneida-English

The first and second persons singular of the habitual and punctual aspects are consistent with both of the alternants -w- and -ew-, and the first and second persons plural are consistent with both of the alternants -w- and -aw-. In the third person singular of the stative aspect, this base irregularly takes agent rather than patient prefixes. ,w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u- plus s- repetitive, v.a. arrive home. íshlu he's home. sa-kéwe7

I g o t h o m e , sá-lawe?

he got

home, sayáknewe 7 we two (excl.) got home again, sayákwawe7 we (excl.) got home again, Ashlawe7 he will come home, nA thó usa-kéwe7 it's just about time for me to get home, UA thó usá-lawe7 it's just about time for him to get home. Future stative: Aswakúhake 7 I will be home again, Atsisúhake7 you will be home again. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayákwawe7 we (excl.) got home again. With yAs- translocative and repetitive: yAtsísnewe 7 you two will arrive home again. With tshyusacoincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusá-lawe7 when he got back home again, tshyusa-yúwe7 when she got back home again, tshyusá-newe7 when the two (m.) came home again, tshyusahA-néwe7 when they (m.) came home again. • "Né- thikA Atsyatste yAtsísnewe7

7

kA-, nA

Ayetshi7tanAWA-

"That's what you will use, when you two get home you will whip her." (M7) "Atsyók ok nA Aswakúhake7 kaló• tsyo7lé• nA 7 AI/ólhAne " "In just a little while I'll be home again, before morning." hsláli7."

(02)

COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -w-/ -ew-/-aw-/-u- arrive.

NOTE: For the distribution of the alternants, see the component base.

w- pref. she, it. Third person femininezoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/y-/ u-/-h-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. wa- pref. did. Factual mode. See wa?-/wa-/we-/u-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. -wah- road, path. See -hah-/-h-/ -wah-. -wahaksA- v.s. be a bad road. yowaháksA the road is bad. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - h a h - / - h - / - w a h -

road, path, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -wahiyo- v.s. be a good road. yowahiyó the road is good or nice. Pre-pausal: yowahi-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - h a h - / - h - / - w a h -

road, path, -N-iyo- be good. Wahsakayu té s e ' V > N April. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahsakayute- be thundering, - 7 se 7 habitual. wahsa ? ka ? tsláksA V > N tuberculosis. COMPOSED OF: W - neuter agent, -ahsa'k- cough, - ? tsl- nominalizer, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. wahsutaténi one night after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun root -ahsutnight; otherwise the composition is unclear.

Oneida-Eriglish

Wahsutés V > N December. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -ahsut- night, -es-/-us- be long. wáhta 7

N hard maple.

wahuníse 7 it's a long time ago. With n- partitive: niwahu-níse7 how it was a long time ago, tsi7 niwahu-níse7 it was such a long time ago. With tsh- coincident: tshiwahu-níse7 when it was a long time ago. •hlé- kwí• né- ka7ikA thó ni-yót tsi7 loslAhtáksAhsluhe7 tsi7 yahanitsklu-tí• thikA s wv spitóon kAS kwílatina7túkhwa7 tshiwahu-níse7. The way he was dreaming was that he spit it out into a spittoon, that's what they used to call it a long time ago. (M9) wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-/ukw- pref. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on first person singular. NOTE: The alternant wak- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. The alternant wakeoccurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternants uk-, uke- and ukw- replace the sequences wa 7 wak-, wa'wake-, and wa ? wakw-, where wa'- represents the factual mode. Similarly, auk-, auke-, and aukw- replace the sequences aawak-, aawake-, and aawakw-, where aa- is the optative mode. The alternant uk- occurs before bases that begin in the vowels i, o, and u, and most consonants. The alternant uke- occurs before bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternant ukw- occurs before

765

bases that begin in the vowels a, e, or A.

wakanhaténi7 seasons. See wakAnhaténi? / wakanhaténi7. wake- pref. me, I; she or it acts on me. First person singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See wak-/wake-/uk-/uke-/ ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. wakAnhaténi7 / wakanhaténi7 seasons. With tsi 7 particle: tsi7 wakAnhaténi7 such are the seasons. NOTE: Both words occur, depending on the speaker. They include the wneuter agent prefix, and the noun root -akAnh-/-akanh- season, spring, summer; otherwise the composition is unclear. walelA I walelú N frog. Pre-pausal: wale-lA or wale-lú. NOTE: Both forms are attested. Cf. Wisconsin: kwale-lé• or wale-lé (ACH). Wá-li proper name. Mary. wanekláksA V > N weeds. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. waneklalathAsta7 V > N grain elevator. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -anekl-/-Anekl- grass, straw, hay, weeds, -lathAst- get something up, -ha 7 habitual. Wani7kyAhtes proper name. Long Nellie. NOTE: Long Nellie was a woman who used to wear a black coat with a hood. You would see her only if you

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Oneida-English

were bad. If you saw her face-to-face, her face would be just a skeleton with empty eye sockets.

semireflexive, -hah-/-h-/-wahroad, path, -ket- scrape, grate, -as habitual.

waskóhu N bridge. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix, and the noun base -askwbridge, roof, shanty, hut; otherwise the composition is unclear.

wathAto líhe 7 V > N scarecrow. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atsemireflexive, -hAt- field, garden, -N-oli-/-N-oly- drive, -he 7 habitual.

watahsatálha 7 television, movie. See -atahsatalha 7 .

watlA-náyAhe? V > N praying mantis. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- pray, -he 7 habitual.

watahyalíhtu V > N preserves. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atahyaliht- preserve fruit, can fruit, -u stative. wataskwáhele 7 V > N convertible car. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahl- put up a roof or shanty, -e 7 stative. waté slehse' V > N sleigh, toboggan. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -ate 7 sle- crawl, - 7 se 7 habitual. watAnekli-yá ks V > N lawnmower, scythe. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atAnekliya'k- cut the grass, -s habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are yutAnekliyákta 7 and yunekliyákta 7 . watAnyote 7

V > N ceremony,

wedding. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atA?nyot-/-atA?nyotaksl- have a ceremony, -e 7 stative.

watA ? Ahlahláti ? V > N railing. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atA?Ahl- fence, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on, -tye- progressive, - 7 intentive. wathahake-tás V > N road grader. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -at-

watlA-náyA7 V > N church service. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- pray, - 7 stative. watliyó V > N war. Pre-pausal: watli-yá With tsi7 particle and tcislocative: tsi7 twatliyó there at the war. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atliyo- fight. wá tlu7 Numeral particle: nine. Prepausal: wá-telu7. wátlu 7 niwáshA ninety. COMPOSED OF: wátlu 7 nine; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. wá tlu7 tewA7nyáwelu7 nine hundred. wátlu 7 yawA-lé- nineteen. watná talute 7 V > N baked bread. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -na 7 tal- bread, cake, -ate 7 skut-/ -at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -e 7 stative. watnAstatákwas V > N popcorn. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -nAst- corn, -attatakw- pop, bounce, ricochet, -as habitual.

Oneida-Eriglish

watnA'ú kwas V > N rice. NOTE: Composed of the w- neuter agent prefix, the -at- semireflexive, a noun root -nA?-, a verb root -u7kw-, and -as habitual. The root -nA7- is probably also a component in -nA'utysnow in pellets, and the root -u 7 kw- is probably also a component in -attu'kwaht- swell, rise. watnuhsataliha'tákhwa' V > N furnace. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -nuhs- house, building, -at-N-taliha 7 t- heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'furnace' is kanuhsataliha 7 tákhwa 7 . wattsistolókta 7 V > N lampshade. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -tsist- fire, light, -ate 7 lholokt-/ -at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself, -ha 7 habitual. wá yat V > N pie. COMPOSED OF: w- neuter agent, -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry, -at-/-t-/-etbe in. NOTE: See also kawa'yatsláku 7 tasty pie. wa?-/wa-/we-/u- pref. did. Factual mode (aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant wa- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. According to Table 6 in Lounsbury (1953), wa- also occurs before prefixes beginning in sh- and marked with a superscript h. Our sources have wa 7 - in this environment. The alternant wa 7 -, instead of wa-, also occurs in our sources before the second person singular agent alternant s(rather than -hs-) with bases that begins in h plus n, 1, w, or y. The alternant we- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural

767

agent prefixes, second person dual and plural agent prefixes, and second person singular, dual, and plural patient prefixes. The alternant ureplaces the sequence wa 7 wa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise wa 7 - occurs. wa 7 kohseskó- V > N peacock. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -a'kohs- skirt, -es-/-us- be long, -kóaugmentative clitic. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: wa?kóhses (ACH). wa7t-/wa7te- pref. Factual mode and dualic (aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant wa 7 te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise wa 7 t- occurs. wa 7 te- pref. Factual mode and dualic. See wa 7 t-/wa 7 te-. NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. wa 7 tsínok Temporal particle: after a while. wa 7 tsyók Temporal particle: in a little while, after a while, soon. NOTE: See also atsyók. we- pref. did. Factual mode. See wa7-/wa-/we-/u-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent pre-

768

Oneida-English

fixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. wel- n. air, wind, ówela7 air, wind. With -at-/-t-/-et- be in: kawe-lát there's air in it (e.g., a tire). With -ateta 7 - get to be in, put into a container for oneself: yotwelátA7 it has gotten air in it, utwelátane7 it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper). With .atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic, be still, be quiet: teyotwelato-téthe wind or air is still. With -at-N-tahkw- for something to get out of something: yotwelatáhkwA the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. With -a?talih(A)-/ -N-talihA- be hot, be warm: yowelatalihA it's a warm wind. With -tahkw-/-etahkw- take out of a container, unload: kwelatáhkwas I'm taking the air out of it, I'm deflating it (e.g., a balloon, a tube), wa 7kwelatáhko7 I took the air out of it. With -ta ? -/-eta ? - put into a container: kweláta7as I'm filling it with air (e.g., I'm blowing up a balloon, putting air into a tire), wakwelátA7 I have filled it with air, wa 7kwelátane 7 I put air in it, Akwelátane7 I will fill it with air, swelátan Fill it up with air! With .ukoht- plus te- dualic, force through, penetrate: wa7tkawelwkóhte7 the wind came through (e.g., the walls), tákA7 takawelu-kót the wind shouldn't come through. With -wisto- be cold: yowelawísto it's a cold wind. With - ? shatste-/ -?shatstA- be strong, be forceful: kawela7shátste7 it's a strong wind. DERIVED BASES: - w e l a h a w i - f o r

winds to come; .welahkw- plus tedualic, for wind to pick up;

.welatase- plus te- dualic, swirl wind, be a tornado; -welut- become windy; -atewelal- get air for oneself; kawe lít balloon; owelóhkwa 7 floater; skawilo wáne 7 turkey; yewelalákhwa' lung. -welahawi- v.m. for winds to come. With t- cislocative: Atkawelaha-wíthe winds will come. • Khále7 kawelu-té-se7, Atkawelaha-wí• kawela7shátste7. And it will be windy, strong winds will come. (Al) COMPOSED OF: -wel- air, wind, -hawi- be the date, time or era, for the time to come. .welahkw- plus te- dualic, v.a. for wind to pick up. wa 7tkawélahkwe 7 the wind picked up. COMPOSED OF: -wel- air, wind, .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya 7 tahkw- plus tedualic, pick up. .welatase- plus te- dualic, v.a. swirl wind, be a tornado. tekawelata-séhe7 the wind keeps swirling around, (it's) a tornado. teyowelatasé the air or wind is going around. wa7tkawelata-sé• the wind swirled around. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -wel- air, wind, .hwatase-/.tase- plus te- dualic, wind around, whirl. -welut- v.a. become windy. kawelu-té-se7 it gets windy. yowelutú it's windy. wa7káwelute7 the wind started to pick up, Akáwelute7 it will get windy. With te ? ts- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyowelutú it's not blowing wind anymore. Aspect class: E4. •Tsi7 nitsyau7wéskwa7t átste7 7 na teyoto-té• kwáh yáh náhte7 te 7tsyowelu tú. It's so nice how it's still outside since the wind is not

Oneida-Eriglish

blowing any longer. NOTE: Includes the noun base -welair, wind; otherwise the composition is unclear. wé ni / wé ne Evidential particle: probably, it seems. With te 7 - negative: yáh te7wé-ni

or yáh

te7wé-ne

it's amazing. With th- contrastive: thiwé-ni it shows as. With thitcontrastive and cislocative: thitwé-ni it seems like, it looks like. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. This particle is related to the verb base -e ? ni?-/-e ? ne ? - become evident, show, and note that it can occur with prepronominal prefixes. wAhnislaténi one day after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -Ahnisl-/ -ahnisl- day, weather; otherwise the composition is unclear. wAhni'taténi one month after the other. NOTE: Includes the w- neuter agent prefix and the noun base -Ahni'tmoon, month; otherwise the composition is unclear. -wAn- n. voice, word. owA-ná- word. laowA-ná• his word. With -shuha collective clitic: 0WAtia7shúha words. With -es-/-us- be long: kawA-nés it's a long word. With -N-iyo- be good: yewAniyó she has a good voice. With -N-O1A ? -/ -at-N-olA?-/-ya ? tolA ? - find, discover: latwAno-lA-se7 he's always finding words, lotWAnolAu he has found a word (for something), wahatwAno-lAne7 he found a word. With , N - o ? t A - plus n- partitive, be a kind of: tsi7 nikwAnó-tA the kind of voice I have. DERIVED BASES:

-WAnahluk- hear of

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or about someone; -WAnahnot- read; .wAnake'toht- plus y- translocative, cry out; .wAnala7- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, speak to someone; -wAnanhihs- stutter; -wAnayAtele'recognize someone's voice; -wAnayAteli- know someone's voice; -wAninikA?- speak out finally; -wAnole'tskw- joke, be someone who jokes; .wAno'tA- plus n- partitive, be one's language; -atwAnahtu- lose one's voice; -atwAnakalatatinterpret; -atwAnalahkw- obey, pay attention, listen; -atwAnastohte7 be a tenor; -atwAnatakhe- for a call to come; .atwAnata'- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, telephone; .atwAnateny- plus te- dualic, for one's voice to change; -atwAnutahkwspeak a language; kawAnálha7 computer. NOTE: Possibly also a component in -atatwAniyo- be free. -WAnahluk- v.a. hear of or about someone. khewAnahlúkha 7 I hear of or about her. wa7khewAná-luke7 I heard of or about her. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -ahluk- hear about. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -WAnahnot- v.a. read. kwAnahnótha7 I read, lawAnahnótha7 he reads. wakwAná-note7 I'm reading, I have read it, lowAná-note7 he's reading, he has read it. wahawAnahno-tA he read, AyewAtiahno-tA• she will read, akwAtiahno-tA• I should read. swAtiahno-tA Read! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: - w A n a h n o t a k w -

read through entirely; -wAnahnotani-/-wAnahnothahsread to someone. NOTE: Composed of the noun base

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Oneida-English

-wAn- voice, word, and a verb root -ahnot-, which occurs also in -atlihwahnot- give a sermon. The root -ahnot- is probably related to -ahnotu- flood. The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wAnahnotakw- v.a. read through entirely. lawAnahnotákwas he finishes what he reads. wahawAnahnota-kó• he read it through entirely. COMPOSED OF: -wAnahnot- read, -kw- reversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -wAnahnotani-/-wAnahnothahs- v.a. read to someone. kuwAnahnota-níhe7 I'm reading to you. kuwAtiahnotaní I have read to you, lakwAnahnotaní he's reading to me. AhakivAnahnóthahse7 he will read to me, akuwAnahnóthahse7 I should read to you. Aspect class: Al. • Ka-áts Gavin akuwAnahnóth a hse7. Come over here Gavin, so that I can to read to you. COMPOSED OF: -WAnahnot- read, -ni-/-hahs- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant -wAnahnotani- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -WAnahnothahsoccurs in the punctual aspect. .WAnake'toht- plus y- translocative, v.a. cry out. yehowAnake7tótha7 he cries out (unintentionally). yehowAnake7tóhtu he has cried out. yahukwAnaké-tohte7 I cried out (I didn't mean for my voice to sound, or maybe I was asleep and dreaming, and I cried out and woke up). Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative, -wAn- voice, word, -ke'toht- appear,

show up, come into sight, arrive. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wAnala'- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. speak to someone. thakwA-nálahse7 he speaks to me. thakwAnalá-u he was speaking to me. takhewA-nálane7 I spoke to her, I answered her, ya7khewA-nálane7 I spoke at or to her, tahakwA-nálane7 he spoke to me, yahakwA-nálane7 he spoke at or to me. Aspect class: E3. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative or ytranslocative, -wAn- voice, word, -1be in or on, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels, and replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. -wAnanhihs- v.s. stutter. lowAnánhihse7 he stutters, yakoiVAnánhihse7 she stutters. Aspect class: F. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word; otherwise the composition is unclear. -wAnayAtele'- v.a. recognize someone's voice. wa7khewAnayA-télene7 I recognized her voice. COMPOSED OF: -WAn- voice, word, -yAtele'- acquire knowledge, discover, recognize, become familiar with. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -wAnayAteli- v.s. know someone's voice. khewAnayAtelí I know her voice. Pre-pausal: khewAnayAte-lí. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -wAn- voice, word, -yAteli- know about, be familiar with, have expertise in.

Oneida-Eriglish

-wAna't- v.a. give up. lozvAW-tha7 he gives up, he's giving up. lozvAná-tu he has given up. wahowA-ná-te7 he gave up. Aspect class: El. • NX ki7 wahowA-ná-te7 n latliyoskó-. The big fighter finally gave up. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wAninikA?- v.a. speak out finally. lawAnínikAhse7 he speaks out or up (he has been holding back ar d, finally, he speaks out). ivahawAnínikAne7 he spoke up, wa7ewAtiínikAne7 she spoke out. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -wAnole'tskw- v.s. joke, be someone who jokes. lowAnolé-tskwA he jokes, he likes to joke, yakoiVAtialé-tskwA she likes to joke. Aspect class: D. NOTE: Includes the noun base -wAnvoice, word, and the facilitative suffix -?tskwA; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the 'tskw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wAno'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be one's language. nitwawAnó-tA (it's) our (incl.) language, niyakwawAnó'tA (it's) our (excl.) language. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -WAn- voice, word, .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The "> of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -whyo'lh- elbow. See -hyo'lh-/ -Ihyo ? lh-/-whyo 7 lh-.

771

-whyuhkal- n. thumb, unit of measure. owhyúhkala7 thumb. With -ke locative clitic: kewhyuhkalá-ke (on) my thumb, sewhyuhkalá-ke (on) your thumb, lawhyuhkalá-ke (on) his thumb, yewhyuhkalá-ke (on) her thumb. With ,N-t-/.ya?tat- plus srepetitive, be one: tsyowhyúhkalat one thumb-measure (an inch). wí- Emphatic particle: so, too. -wihl- n. scar, owí-la7 scar. DERIVED BASES: -wihlal- have a scar. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wihlal- v.s. have a scar. wakwí-lale7 I have a scar, sawí-lale7 you have a scar, lowí-lale7 he has a scar, yakowí-lale 7 she has a scar. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -wihl- scar, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. wíhsu 7 N plum. -wil- n. baby, offspring, owi-lá• baby, offspring. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: lotiwilaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of children. With -khwatake something away from someone: wahuwatiwilákhwa7 she or someone took their children away from them (m.), Ashakotiivilákhwa 7 they (m.) will take her children away from her, a-shakowilákhwa7 he would take her child away from her, a-shakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) should take her child away from her. With -nAst(e)- treasure, value, care for: lotiwilanAste7 they (m.) treasure

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Oneida-English

their child. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: lowi-láyA7 he has a daughter, his little girl. And te- dualic: teyowi-láyA7 she (z.) has two daughters, tékni teyakowi-láyA 7 she has two children. And n- partitive: kayé niwakwi-láyA7 I have four children. With -yAta7- get, obtain: wa7akowilayA-táne7 she had a child (whether by birth or by adoption), wa7ukniwilayA-táne7 we two had a child or children. And srepetitive: oyá• sukwilayA-táne7 I got or had another baby. DERIVED BASES: - w i l a l a k h w a 7

womb; .wilá7 plus kA7 particle and npartitive, be a baby; -atwilalakwadopt a child; -atwilanun-/ -atwilanuhnawA- baby-sit; .atwilashnye- plus te- dualic, look after one's child; -atwilayA- give birth (an animal). -wilalakhwa 7 v.a. womb. kwilalákhwa 7 my womb, swilalákhwa 7 your womb, yewilalákhwa7 her womb. COMPOSED OF: -wil- baby, offspring, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. Wílam proper name. William. .wilá' plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, v.s. be a baby. kA7 nikawilá(it's a) baby. COMPOSED OF: -wil- baby, offspring, .á 7 plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be small. Wílo proper name. William. -wis- n. ice, glass, window, o-wíse7 ice, glass. With - 7 ke locative suffix: owisá-ke on the ice, on the window. With -ku locative suffix: owi-sáku in the glass. With -at-N-kalatatraise up, lift up for oneself:

yukwatwisakalatatú we have the window raised up, wa7katwisakala-táte7 I raised my window up. With -at-N-ohalenyuwash several for oneself: wa7utwisohaléni7 she washed the windows. And habitual past: yutwisohalenyúhahkzve7 she was washing windows. With -atuni-/ -atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: lutwisu-níhe7 they (m.) are making ice. With ,aty-/.atye-/ .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add: yewakwisúti I have added ice to it (e.g., to a drink). With -atya 7 tohale-/-at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: wa7utwisóhale7 she washed the window. With -atya 7 tokew-/ -at-N-okew- wipe oneself, wipe for oneself: wa7katwiso-kéwe7 I wiped my glasses, I wiped the window. With ,awi-/.u-/.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone: tahowi-sú• he handed him a glass. With ,a ? SA 7 -/.ya 7 tA 7 -/.A 7 plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height: takawi-sAne7 the glass fell, the window fell. With -a7SA7se/-a7SA7s-/-A7se-/-A7s- drop something: wahowisA-se7 he dropped the glass. With -halatat-/-kalatatraise up, lift up: wakwisakalatatú I have raised up the window, the sheet of glass, wa7kwisakala-táte7 I raised up the window or glass, swisakala-tát Put the window up! With .hli7- plus te- dualic, become broken into pieces: teyowisahlí-u the glass or window is broken. With .hli7s- plus te- dualic, break on someone: wa7twakwisá-lihse7 the glass broke on me. With -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have: kawi-sóte7 a glass is standing. With -kahlutat-

Oneida-Eriglish

make a hole: ahawisakahlu-táte7 he should make a hole in the ice. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: tekawi-sáke two glasses. With .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, be two at a time: tekawisakeháti7 there are two glasses at a time. With -lakew-/ -ya'tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7kwiso-kéwe7 I wiped the glass. With -lakewanyu-/-okewanyu- wipe several, and s- repetitive: sayewisokewáni7 she wiped the windows again. With -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale- wash: lawisóhalehe7 he washes windows, wa 7ewisóhale 7 she washed the glass. With .stalath(e)- plus tedualic, be shiny: teyowisastaláthe7 the glass is shiny. With .N-t-/ .ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive, be one: skawi-sát one glass. And te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7skawi-sát it doesn't have any glass any more (e.g., a window where all the glass is broken). With -talyu-/-etalyu- put several into containers: kawisatáli7 the windows are in. With ,yahya ? k/.iya?k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across: wa7tekwisi-yá-ke7 I crossed the ice. And ya'tusa- translocative, dualic and repetitive: ya7tusahawisi-yá-ke7 he went back across the ice. With - ? klunyu- float, several, and y- translocative: yeyowisa7klúnyuhe7 there are pieces of ice floating in it. DERIVED BASES: - w i s a k w A h t a l h o -

get covered in ice, become icy; -wisalbe icy; -wisanhotu- close a window; .wisAht- plus t- cislocative, lower or close a window; .wisut- plus te- dualic, become icy; -wisuty- freezing rain, hail; .atwisut- plus te- dualic, put on glasses.

773

-wisakwAhtalho- v.a. get covered in ice, become icy. yowisakwAhtálhu it's covered in ice. wa7kawisakwAhtálho7

it g o t all

icy.

COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -takwAhtalho-/-akwAhtalholay out flat. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix.

-wisal- v.s. be icy. yowi-sále7 it's icy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -wisalu- for several to be icy. -wisalu- v.s. for several to be icy. yowisa-lú• several things are icy. Aspect class: B. • Kwáh s yowisa-lú• yukwatna7tsyahlúni7 ohne-kánus tsi7 niyotho-lé• astéhtsi7. So all the water in the pails we had sitting was icy (frozen), it was so cold in the morning. (VI) COMPOSED OF: - w i s a l - b e i c y , - u -

distributive. -wisanhotu- v.a. close a window. kwisanho-túhe7 I'm closing the window. wa7ewisanho-tú• she closed the window. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -nhotu- close or lock (a door). DERIVED BASES: - w i s a n h o t u k w -

open a window; -wisanhotunyu- close several windows. -wisanhotukw- v.a. open a window. kwisanhotúkwas I'm opening the window. wakwisanhotúkwA I have opened the window. wa7kwisanhotu-kó• I opened the window. Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotu- close a window, -kw- reversative.

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Oneida-English

NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -wisanhotunyu- v.a. close several windows. wa7ewisanhotúni7 she closed all the windows (one at a time). COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotu- close a window, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES:

-wisanhotunyuhatye- close windows one after the other. NOTE: Many speakers have -wisanhotuni- before a final 7 . -wisanhotunyuhatye- v.m. close windows one after the other. yakowisanhotunyuháti7 she closed the windows one after the other. COMPOSED OF: -wisanhotunyu- close several windows, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -wisanhotunyuhati- before a final 7 . .wisAht- plus t- cislocative, v.a. lower or close a window. tekwisAtha 7 I'm lowering or closing the window. thowisAhtu he has closed the window. takwi-sAhte7 I closed the window, Atyewi-sAhte7 she will close the window. taswi-sAt Close the window! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, .a ? sAht-/.ya ? tAht-/.Ahtplus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down from a height, pvmch. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. wísk Numeral particle: five. wísk niwáshA fifty. COMPOSED OF: wísk five; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. wísk tewA'nyáwelu7 five hundred.

wísk yawA-lé- fifteen. wiskhatú thne fifth. COMPOSED OF: wísk five, -hatúthne ordinal number. wískhatu't Friday. Pre-pausal: wískhatuht. With oyá• another, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oyá- yAswískhatu7t next Friday. With tsh- coincident: tshiwískhatu7t last Friday. COMPOSED OF: wísk five, -hatu't day of the week. -wiskl- n. white, owískla7 white. Pre-pausal: owískela7 With -N-iyobe good: kawiskliyó it's a nice white colour. With -osku- all, most, the majority: owisklósku7 it's all white. DERIVED BASES: - a t w i s k l a l h o - p u t

on face powder; kaluhyawískla' light blue; kanikwAhtalawískla' pink. .wiskw- plus te- dualic, v.a. slip. tewakwískwas I'm slipping. wa 7twakwísko 7 I slipped, wa7tesawísko7 you slipped, wa 7tyakowísko 7 she slipped. tákA tAsawísko Don't slip! • TákA

7

tAsakwísko

tsi7

na

7

7teyo-

wískwa 7t átste7 Don't slip, it's really slippery outside. DERIVED BASES: . w i s k w a h t a n y u -

plus te- dualic, wipe something carelessly; .wiskwa't- plus te- dualic, be slippery; .atwiskwaht- plus te- dualic, slide. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .wiskwahtanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. wipe something carelessly. tehawiskwahtányuhe7 he's wiping it without effort, he's giving it just a few swipes. wa7thawiskwahtáni7 he wiped at it casually, without

Oneida-Eriglish

putting any real effort into it. COMPOSED OF: .wiskw- plus tedualic, slip, -ht- causative, -nyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .wiskwahtani- before a final 7 . .wiskwa't- plus te- dualic, v.s. be slippery. teyowískwa7t it's slippery. Pre-pausal: teyowískwaht. With npartitive: tsi7 na7teyowískwa7t it's really slippery. With -hah-/-h-/ -wah- road, path: teyohahawískiva7t the road is slippery. And n- partitive: tsi7 na7teyohahawískwa7t the road is very slippery. With -shu ? kalboard, floor: teyoshu7kalawískwa7t the board or the floor is slippery. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .wiskw- plus tedualic, slip, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES: .wiskwa?ta ? - plus te- dualic, become slippery. .wiskwa'ta'- plus te- dualic, v.a. become slippery, teyowiskwá-tahse7 it gets slippery. wa7tyowiskwá-tane7 it got slippery. •Ostúha wa7tyowiskwá-tane7 tsi7 takawístohte7 tahnú- tyokanol é-skwe7. It got a little slippery since it got cold and also it was raining. COMPOSED OF: .wiskwa't- plus tedualic, be slippery, inchoative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final 7 of the base is replaced by h or deleted in postaccented syllables. -wislat-/-wislatu- v.a. freeze. yowislátu7 it's frozen. wa 7kawíslate 7 it became frozen, Akawíslate7 it will freeze up. With s- repetitive: tsyowislátu7 it froze over again.

775

• Thó s kwí- thikA Atye ni kále7 thikA nA ya7káhewe7 ayakwatekhu-nv yowislátu7 ne7n akwatAná-tsli7. When it was noon and it came time for us to eat, my lunch would be frozen. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: - w i s l a t u ' u h a t y e -

be freezing up. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisl(e)- be icy; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -wislatu- occurs in the stative aspect, -wislat- occurs in the punctual aspect. -wislatu'uhatye- v.m. be freezing up. yowislatu7uháti7 it's freezing up. With t- cislocative: tayowislatu7uháti7 it's freezing up. COMPOSED OF: -wislat-/-wislatu-

freeze, - ? u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -wislatu ? uhati- before a final 7 . -wisl(e)- v.s. be icy. yowísle7 it's icy. Pre-pausal: yowísele7. Aspect class: B. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel probably occurs in -wislat-/-wislatu- freeze. -wistanawA- v.a. melt, thaw. kawistana-wA'se7 it keeps melting. yowistanawA-u it has melted. wa7kawistana-wA• it melted, Akawistana-wA• it will melt. With s- repetitive: sakawistana-wA• it thawed out again. Aspect class: C3. •TAhse7nhuhsá-lihte7 ne7 thó-ne7 nA nyAsa-tí• yowistanawA-u kA-yétá-thuni7 owistóhselP. Break the eggs and then add melted oil or butter. (R4) NOTE: May include the alternant

-nawA- of the base -na'nawA-/ -ya'tanawA-/-nawA- get wet; but the composition is unclear.

776

Oneida-English

-wisto- v.s. be cold, yowísto it's cold. Facilitative: wakwistó-tskwA I get cold easily, I'm easy to get cold. With -hnana ? t- potato: yohnana7tawísto the potatoes are cold. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: yohnekawísto the water is cold. With -khw- food: yokhwawísto the food is cold. With -wel- air, wind: yowelawísto it's a cold wind. With -wistohsl- butter: yowistohslawísto the butter is cold. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: -wistohsl- butter; -wistoht- cool something; -wisto'become cold; yoshe'lhawísto ice cream. NOTE: See also -wisto-/-wistoskbecome cold; -wisto'kwanAst- get really cold, freeze; and owistó kwa' something frozen. -wisto-/-wistosk- v.a. become cold. kwístohse7 I'm cold, yewístohse7 she's cold, wa 7kwístoske 7 I got cold, wahawístoske7 he got cold, wa 7ewístoske 7 she got cold, Akwístoske7 I will get cold. Habitual past: kwístoskwe7 I was cold. With n- partitive: nikwístohse7 I'm so cold. With te ? negative: yáh te7kwístohse7 I'm not cold. With tsh- coincident: tshikwístohse7 when I'm cold. DERIVED BASES: - n u t s i s t a w i s t o s k -

get a cold head; -'nyuhsawistosk- get a cold nose. NOTE: Related to -wisto- be cold; but the composition is unclear. The alternant -wisto- occurs in the habitual aspect, -wistosk- occurs in the punctual aspect. -wistohsl- v. > n. butter, owistóhsli7 butter. Pre-pausal: owistóhselP. With - ? ke locative suffix: owistohslá-ke in butter. With .at-N-lho- plus te- dualic, spread for

oneself: wa7thatwistohslálho7 he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), tAhatwistohslálho7 he will butter it. With -lho-/-elho- spread with, cover with: wahawistohslálho7 he spread butter on it. With -lhohslu-/-elhohsluspread or cover with all over: 7 he buttered wahawistohslalhóhslu them (e.g., all kinds of bread). And te- dualic: wa7thawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them. With -hnil- be hard, be solid: yowistohslahnilú the butter is hard. With -hninu'n- go to buy: wa7kwistohslahninú-na7 I'm on my way to buy butter, swistohslahninú-na Go buy butter! With -wisto- be cold: yowistohslawísto the butter is cold. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, -hslnominalizer. -wistoht- v.a. cool something. kwistótha 7 I'm cooling it. wakwistóhtu I have cooled it. wa7kwístohte7 I cooled it, Akawístohte7 it will cool off. With s- repetitive: tsyowistóhtu it has gotten cool (e.g., the weather), sakawístohte 7 it cooled off again. With t- cislocative: Atkawístohte7 it will get cool (as a result of something). With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa7khnekawístohte7 I cooled the water. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, -htcausative. DERIVED B A S E S : -atwistoht- cool off; kakhwawistótha? or kawistótha 7 refrigerator. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -wisto7- v.a. become cold. wa7kawístone7 it got cold. With -hnana 7 t- potato: wa 7kahnana 7tawístone 7 the

Oneida-Eriglish

potatoes got cold. With -hnekliquid, liquor: wa7kahnekawístone7 the water got cold. With -khw- food: wa7kakhwawístone7 the food got cold. COMPOSED OF: -wisto- be cold, - 7 inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -wisto'kwanAst- v.a. get really cold, freeze. loivisto7kwanAstu he's all frozen (e.g., a dog). wa7kwistó-kwanAste7 I froze, I'm freezing, wa7kawistó-kwanAste7 she (z.) or it froze, Akawistó-kivanAste7 it will freeze, ayakniwistó-kwanAste7 we two (excl.) should freeze. With te ? negative: yáh te7yotiwisto7kivanAstu they (e.g., the flowers) didn't freeze. With -ahsi ? t-/-ahsi- foot: wa7kahsi7tawistó-kwanAste7 my feet froze (e.g., my toes got frostbitten). NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -wisto- be cold, and the verb base -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big, plus the -st- causative suffix; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .wisut- plus te- dualic, v.a. become icy. tekawisútha7 it's icy. teyowi-súte7 it has become icy, it's just a sheet of ice. wa7tkawisu-tA• it became icy. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -wis- ice, glass, window, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .wisuta'n- plus tedualic, going to be freezing rain. wisuta'n- plus te- dualic, v.m. going to be freezing rain, tekawisutá-ne7 it's

777

going to be freezing rain. COMPOSED OF: .wisut- plus tedualic, become icy, -?n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -wisuty- v.a. freezing rain, hail. yowisúti it's freezing rain, it's hailing, it's an ice storm. With s- repetitive: sayowisu-tí• it's hailing again. COMPOSED OF: -wis- ice, glass, window, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. N O T E : Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -wyahutsh- wing. See -yahutsh-/ -wyahutsh-. .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings. See .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic. .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic, have wings. See .yahutshutu-/ .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic. .wyenhala'- plus te- dualic, get busy. See .yenhala 7 -/.wyenhala'- plus tedualic. -wyAnAta7- v.a. get something ready. kewyAHA-tá-se7 I'm getting something ready, lawyAUA-tá-se7 he's getting something ready. wakewyAriAtá-u I have gotten it ready. wa7kewyAnA-táne7 I got it ready, AkewyAHA-táne7 I will get it ready. Aspect class: E3. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e w y A n A t a 7 -

get oneself ready; -atewyAnAta'- get ready. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -N-Ata'- finish doing; otherwise the composition is unclear. The final 7

778

Oneida-English

of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -wyAteht- learn fast, learn easily. See -yAteht-/-wyAteht-. -wyAtehtahkw- be one's right hand. See -yAtehtahkw-/-wyAtehtahkw-. -wyAtehta'- learn. See -yAtehta 7 -/ -wyAtehta 7 -. -wyAtehta'uhatye- be learning. See -yAtehta'uhatye-/ -wyAtehta'uhatye-. -wyhuh- n. river, kawyhúha7 river. With -aktúti 7 locative suffix: kawyhuhaktúti7 along near the river. With .ati- plus na ? - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of: na7kawyhúhati7 it's a side of the river, kAh na7kawyhúhati7 it's on this side of the river, a 7é-

na7kawyhúhati7 it's on the other side of the river. DERIVED B A S E S : -wyhuhatatye- be a river, extending. NOTE: Although the basic noun form kawyhúha 7 exists, the usual way of referring to a river is with the derived base. -wyhuhatatye- v.m. be a river, extending, kawyhuhatáti7 along the river, (it's) a river, extending along. Habitual past: kawhyuhatátyehkwe7 it used to be along the river. With tsi ? particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tkawyhuhatáti7 at the river. COMPOSED OF: -wyhuh- river, -N-atatye- be extended along. NOTE: Many speakers have -wyhuhatati- before a final

Y y- pref. she, it. Third person femininezoic singular and neuter agent pronominal prefix. See ka-/kA-/w-/y-/ u-/-h-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. y- pref. the two (two males, or one male and one female). Third person masculine dual agent pronominal prefix. See ni-/n-/y-/-hni-/-hn-/ -hy-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a. y- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/yay/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel a.

ya- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See y a ? - / y a - / y a h e - / y a h u - / yaha-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. y a - / y a - / y a e - / y a u - pref. Translocative and optative mode (translocative and indefinite tense). NOTE: The alternant yae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yau- replaces the sequence yaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following

Oneida-Eriglish

a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ya- or ya-- occur, in free variation. ya-/y-/yA-/yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/ -hyay- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person masculine singular acting on second person singular. N O T E : The alternants ya-, y-, yA-, and yay- occur word-initially. The alternants -hya-, -hy-, -hyA-, and -hyay- occur after another prefix. The alternants ya- and -hya- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants y- and -hy- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants yA- and -hyA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yay- and -hyay- occur with bases that begin in e, A, O, or u. ya- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in i. ya- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-/ -o-/-aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. yae- pref. Translocative and optative mode. See ya-/ya--/yae-/yau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yáh Negative particle: not.

779

yáh kánike 7 not anyplace, not anywhere. • Tahnú• kwi- náhte7 yáh thau-túnáhte7 ayaí-lu7, yáh kánike7 te7kahyatúhslayA7 And she couldn't very well say anything, not anywhere was there a piece of paper. (02) yáh kátsha7 nowhere. yáh ki 7 newAtú never actually. yáh náhte 7 nothing. yáh newAtú never. yáh oh nahó tA? nothing. yáh se 7 no way. yáh te'wé ni / yáh te'wé ne it's amazing. NOTE: See wé-ni / wé-ne. yáh tha 7 tewa 7 alyáku virgin. COMPOSED OF: yáh negative particle; and th- contrastive, w- neuter agent, -a 7 al- net, lace, .ya 7 k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -u stative. yáh thyaya-wX- tsi 7 it has to be that, it's necessary. See .A- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative. yáh thyaya wAne7 tsi 7 it has to be that, it's necessary. See .A7- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative. yáh thyekaye-lí- someone who is silly, makes himself amusing, a jokester, comedian. NOTE: Composed of the yáh negative particle and thye- contrastive and translocative prefixes, ka- feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent, a verb root -yeli-, and - 7 stative. See note under .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right.

780

Oneida-English

yáh úhka' no one. yaha- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See y a ? - / y a - / y a h e - / y a h u - / yaha-. NOTE: Replaces ya ? - and ya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yahe- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See ya ? -/ya-/yahe-/yahu-/ yaha-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .yahsut- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a cross, tehayahsútha7 he's making a cross (e.g., the sign of the cross, or an X for his name), tewakyáhsute7 I have made the sign of the cross. wa7thayahsu-tA• he made the sign of the cross, wa7tyeyahsu-tA- she crossed herself. kA-tho tehsyahsu-tA Put your X on here! Sign your name! Aspect class: F. DERIVED BASES: tehatiyahsútha 7 Catholics; tehayahsútha 7 priest; tekutiyahsútha' nuns. yáhtA? Negative particle: not, no way. •Wa7ukli7wanwtú-se7 thó kA yAhA-ké-, wa7kí-lu7 "yáhtA 7." She asked me if I was going to go there, I said "no way." yahu- pref. Translocative and factual mode. See ya 7 -/ya-/yahe-/yahu-/ yaha-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yahawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

-yahutsh-/-wyahutsh- n. wing. oyahútsha7

o r owyahútsha7

wing.

DERIVED BASES: .yahutshut-/

.wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .yahutshut-/.wyahutshut- plus tedualic, v.s. have wings. tekayahútshute7 it has wings (e.g., a drop-leaf table). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yahutsh/-wyahutsh- wing, -N-ut- attach, be attached. DERIVED BASES: .yahutshutu-/ .wyahutshutu- plus te- dualic, have wings. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. .yahutshutu-/.wyahutshutu- plus tedualic, v.s. have wings. tehayahutshu-tú•

he has wings (on).

Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: .yahutshut-/ .wyahutshut- plus te- dualic, have wings, -u- distributive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker.

.yahya'k-/.iya'k- plus te- dualic, v.a. cross, go across. tehayá-ya7ks he goes across all the time. tehoyahyá-ku he has gone across. wa7thayá-yahke7 he went across. With -hAt- field, garden: wa?thahAti-yá-ke7

he crossed the

field, wa7tyehAti-yá-ke7 she crossed the field. And s- repetitive: tusahahAti-yá-ke7

he crossed the

field again. With -na ? tsl- ditch: wa7tekna7tsli-yá-ke7 I crossed the ditch, wa7tkana7tsli-yá-ke7 she (z.)

or it crossed the ditch. With -wisice, glass, window: wa7tekwisi-yá-ke7

I crossed the ice.

Oneida-Eriglish

And ya ? tusa- translocative, dualic and repetitive: ya?tusahawisi-yá-ke? he went back across the ice. Aspect class: E2. • 0h naha-yéle7 tsi7 wa7thayá-yahke7 How did he do it to get across? DERIVED BASES: .yahya'kh- plus tedualic, go to cross; .yahya'kuhatyeplus te- dualic, be going across; .ahahiya'k- plus te- dualic, cross a road; .ohsliya'k- plus te- dualic, be an age, have a birthday. NOTE: The numeral yá ya'k six is probably from this base. The alternant ,iya ? k- occurs with incorporated nouns. A component -iya ? k- without the te- dualic occurs also in -ohsliya'k- last someone through the winter, spend the winter. Note that .ahahiya 7 k- plus te- dualic is given as a derived base because of its irregular form; its meaning is regular. The h of the hy cluster of .yahya ? k- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of the ? k cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. yahya'kh- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to cross. wa7thayahyá-kha7 he's going to go across (e.g., the border). COMPOSED OF: . y a h y a ? k - / . i y a ? k -

plus te- dualic, cross, go across, -hdislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yahya'kuhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be going across. tehoyahya7kuháti7 he's going across. COMPOSED OF: . y a h y a ? k - / . i y a ? k -

plus te- dualic, cross, go across, -u stative, -hatye- progressive.

781

NOTE: Many speakers have ,yahya ? kuhati- before a final

yak- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/ yak-/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. yaka- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. yakaw- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Third person feminine-indefinite singular patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/ -ako-/-akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. .yakAhta'tsy- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, v.a. come or go out quickly. tahayakAhtá-tsi7 he came out in a hurry, ya7kyakAhtá-tsi7 I went out quickly, yahayakAhtá-tsi7 he went out quickly, ya?kniyakAhtá-tsi7

t h e t w o (z.)

went out quickly. DERIVED BASES: . y a k A h t a ' t s y a ' t -

plus y- translocative, go out quickly. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative or y- translocative prefix, a root -yakA-, the -ht- causative suffix, and the - ? tsy- accelerative suffix. The root -yakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -yakA?- go out, come out. The 7 of the 7 tsy cluster is replaced by length

782

Oneida-English

after accented vowels, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .yakAhta'tsya't- plus y- translocative, v.s. go out quickly. yehotiyakAhta7tsyá-tu they (m.) went out quickly. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: .yakAhta'tsy- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, come or go out quickly, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The ? of the final ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yákA? Evidential particle: so they say, reportedly. •SwatyelA s óni7 yákA 7 tóhka7 nahatya7tase7tslate-ní• tsi7 niwahsu-tés. Sometimes even, they say, he had several girlfriends during the night. (G2) COMPOSED OF: yak- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atu-/-A-/-ihlusay, stative. DERIVED BASES: y a k A ' s h ú h a

fiction. -yakA?- v.a. go out, come out. laya-kA-se7 he keeps going in and out, he goes out, yeya-kA-se7 she goes out, latiya-kA-se? they (m.) keep going out. loyakAu he has gone out. wa7kya-kAne7 I went out, wahsya-kAne7 you went out, wahaya-kAne7 he went out, Akya-kAne7 I will go out, Xhsya-kAne7 you will go out, akya-kAne7 I should go out, ahsya-kAne7 you should go out. tsya-kAn Go out! Habitual past: laya-kA-skwe7 he used to go out. Stative past: loyakA7ú-ne7 he has been out. With s- repetitive: shotiyakAu they (m.) have gone out again, sahaya-kAne7 he went out again, sayeya-kAne7 she went out

again, sahniya-kAne7 the two (m.) went out again, satsya-kAn Go out again! With t- cislocative: tkaya-kA-se7 it keeps coming out, takya-kAne7 I came out, Atkaya-kAne7 it will come out. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutakya-kAne7 I came back out again, tutahaya-kAne7 he came back out again, tutetwaya-kAne7 we (incl.) came back out again, tutatsya-kAn Come on back out! With y- translocative: yeya-kA-se7 she keeps going out, ya7kya-kAne7 I went out (from there). With tsh- coincident: tsha7kutiya-kAne7 when they (z.) came out. With th- contrastive: áhsu thakya-kAne7 I haven't gone out yet. Aspect class: E3. • LoyakA-u kA 7n ohkwa-lí. Did the bear go out? (Instead of talking about a groundhog on Groundhog Day, Oneidas talk about a bear coming out.) DERIVED BASES: -yakA'sl- intend to go out; -yakA'uhatye- be going or coming out. NOTE: Composed of a root -yakAand the inchoative suffix. The root -yakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also .yakAhta'tsy- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, come or go out quickly. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. yakA'shúha N fiction. COMPOSED OF: yákA? so they say, reportedly, -shuha collective clitic. -yakA?sl- v.m. intend to go out. kyakA-sle 7 I'm going out, latiyakA-sle7 they (m.) are going to go out, kutiyakA-sle7 they (z.) are going to go out. Pre-pausal: kutiyakA-sele7.

Oneida-Eriglish

•Ku-té• kwí• kutiyakA-sle7 tá-t Akutkwe-ní-. The girls say they're going to go out if they win. COMPOSED OF: -yakA?- go out, come out, -si- dislocative. NOTE: The

7

of the ? sl cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -yakA'uhatye- v.m. be going or coming out. loyákA 7uháti7 he's coming out. With t- cislocative: tayoyakA7uháti7 she (z.) or it is coming out, tahoyakA7uháti7 he's coming out, he's on his way out, tahotiyakA7uháti7 they (m.) are coming out. With tshyusa- coincident, translocative and repetitive: tshyusayukwayakA7uháti7 when we were going back out again. COMPOSED OF: -yakA?- go out, come out, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yakA?uhati- before a final 7 . yakhi-/yakhiy-/-akhi-/-akhiypref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person exclusive non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yakhi- and -akhi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yakhiy- and -akhiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. yakhiy- pref. we (she and I, he and I, or they and I) act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See y a k h i - / y a k h i y - / - a k h i - /

783

-akhiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i.

yakn- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-/ -akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/-akni-/-akn-/ -aky- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yakni- and -akni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakyand -aky- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. The alternants yaknand -akn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa ? factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. yako-/yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/-ako-/ -akaw-/-aka-/-akoy- pref. her, she; she or it acts on her or someone; she acts on them. Third person feminineindefinite singular patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on third person feminineindefinite singular, or third person feminine-zoic singular acting on third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yako- and -ako- occur with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternants yakaw- and -akaw- occur with bases that begin in e or A. The alternants yaka- and -aka- occur with bases

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Oneida-English

that begin in o or u. Note, however, that yaka- and -aka- are attested in our sources only as a patient prefix. When the prefix expresses an interactive relation, the forms yakoy- and -akoy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. yakohéhslalahse 7 V > N nettles. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: yakonéslalahse7 (ACH). yakohA tálahse 7 / yakohAtalahse7kóV > N poison ivy. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, -hAtala 7 get poison ivy, -se7 habitual. NOTE: The alternant yakohAtalahse ? kó- has the -kóaugmentative clitic. yakon- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yakoti-/yakon-/ -akoti-/-akon-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel.

begin in a vowel. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa 7 - factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. yakoy- pref. she or it acts on her or someone, she acts on them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yako-/ yakaw-/yaka-/yakoy-/-ako-/ -akaw-/-aka-/-akoy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. yakoya 7 takalényehse 7 V > N bus. COMPOSED OF: yako- neuter acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -kaleny-/-ya 7 takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport, -e 7 se 7 habitual. yakuhewá tha 7 V > N broom. akuhewá-tha7 my broom. COMPOSED OF: yak- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -uhewa 7 t- use to sweep with, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: In possessed forms the yakfeminine-indefinite prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes.

yakonyákta7 V > N wedding cake. COMPOSED OF: yako- feminineindefinite singular patient, -nyakget married, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual.

yakw- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

yakoti-/yakon-/-akoti-/-akon- pref. they (females) act on her, someone, or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular acting on third person feminineindefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yakoti- and -akoti- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakonand -akon- occur with bases that

yakwa-/yakw-/yakwA-/yaky-/ -akwa-/-akw-/-akwA-/-aky- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yakwa- and -akwa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yakwand -akw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants yakwAand -akwA- occur with bases that

Oneida-Eriglish

begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yaky- and -aky- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. yakwA- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. yakwA- pref. I act on you all, we two act on you all, we all act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See kwa-/ kw-/yakwA-/ky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. yaky- pref. we two (she and I, he and I, or someone and I). First person exclusive dual agent pronominal prefix. See yakni-/yakn-/yaky-/ -akni-/-akn-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. yaky- pref. we (they and I). First person exclusive plural agent pronominal prefix. See yakwa-/yakw-/ yakwA-/yaky-/-akwa-/-akw-/ -akwA-/-aky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. -yal- n. bag, sack, ka-yále7 bag, sack. With - ? ke locative suffix: kayalá-ke on the bag, on the tent. With -ku locative suffix: kaya-láku in the bag. With -ate ? lholok-/-ate ? lhol-/ -at-N-olok-/-at-N-ol- cover up oneself: wa7katyalo-lóke7 I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). With -ate ? lholokt-/

785

-at-N-olokt- use to cover up oneself: wa7katyalo-lókte7 I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself: wahatyalá-lA 7 he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). With -athnyot-/-at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself: lotyalóte7 he has a bag standing, wahatyalo-tA• he set the bag down. With -at-N-ik- fill up completely: wahatya-líke7 he filled up the bag. With -atkehtat- put a burden on one's back: latyalakéhtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatú he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakéhtate7 he put a bag on his back. With -atunyanyu- make several for oneself: yakotyalunyáni7 she has made bags. With -hnyot-/ -ot- stand something upright, have, and t- cislocative: tkaya-lóte7 there's a bag standing there. With -N-inyu?tanyu- bring in several, and t- cislocative: tahayalinyu7táni7 he brought in several bags. With .N-keplus n- partitive, be three or more of: tóhka7 nikaya-láke several bags. With -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/-olcover up: wa7kyalo-lóke7 I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it). With - ? sle-/-i ? sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone: layalísle7 he's dragging the bag, layalí-slehse7 he drags the bag, loyali7slenú he has dragged the bag, iva7kyalí-sle7 I dragged the bag. And t- cislocative: takyalí-sle7 I dragged the sack or bag this way. DERIVED BASES: - a t y a l o t - p u t u p a

tent; tehutya látuhe? circus people; yutyalakehtákhwa? backpack. -yan- n. track, oya-ná• track. DERIVED BASES: - y a n a h a - /

-yanahaw- follow, do as someone else

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Oneida-English

does; -yanahawi- follow, do as someone else does; -yanaksA- walk not right, have a bad walk; .yanal- plus te- dualic, have footprints; -yaniyowalk well; tsyoya nát a pair. -yanaha-/-yanahaw- v.a. follow, do as someone else does, né• wa7kyanáhawe7 that's what I went by or followed, wahetshyanáhawe7 you went by him, you did as he did, wa7shakoyanáhawe7 he followed her or them, Akuyanáhawe7 I will go by the way you do it, Askwayanáhawe 7 you will do as I do. With t- cislocative: twakyanáhA I went by it, tsi7 tyoyanáhA it goes according to the way, Atekyanáhawe7 I follow its track or guide, Atyakwayanáhawe7 we (excl.) will go by it. • Yáh kwí• thyaya-wAne7 tsi7 wa7shakoyanáhawe7 yáh se7 tehonúhte7 kátsha7 wá-le7. He has to follow them since he doesn't know where he's going. /• kwí Askwayanáhawe7 waklA7nhá-u ni7v. You can do as I do because I know how. NOTE: Composed of the noun base -yan- track, and a verb root -ha-/ -haw-, which occurs also in .ha-/ .haw-/.ya'taha-/.ya'tahaw- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along. The alternant -yanaha- occurs in the stative aspect, and the final a is deleted before the -A stative aspect. The alternant -yanahaw- occurs in the punctual aspect. -yanahawi- v.m. follow, do as someone else does, kyanaha-wí- I'm following directions or the lead, tsyanaha-wí• you're following directions, shakoyanaha wí• he's following her or them, he's doing as they say. shakoyanaha-wí-se7 he

follows her or them, he's following their footsteps. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -hawihave someone with one. -yanaksA- v.s. walk not right, have a bad walk. yeyanáksA she has a bad walk, she's not walking right, layanáksA he's not walking right. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. .yanal- plus te- dualic, v.s. have footprints, tekya-nále7 (it's) my footprint, tehaya-nále7 he has footprints, tekaya-nále7 she (z.) or it has footprints, teyeya-nále7 she or someone has footprints. With thcontrastive: yáh kátsha7 tha7tehaya-nále7 he doesn't have footprints anywhere. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yantrack, -1- be in or on. -yaniyo- v.s. walk well, yeyaniyó she walks well or nicely, layaniyó he walks well. Pre-pausal: yeyani-yó. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -yan- track, -N-iyobegood. DERIVED BASES: -yaniyo?- walk well again. -yaniyo?- v.a. walk well again. wahayani-yóne7 he's able to walk well now (e.g., upright). With srepetitive: sakyani-yóne7 I started to walk well again, sahayani-yóne 7 he walks well again. COMPOSED OF: -yaniyo- walk well, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -yanlatye- v.m. be coming or going along well, yoyanláti7 it's going

Oneida-Eriglish

along well. With t- cislocative: tayoyanláti7 it's coming along pretty well. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutayoyanláti7 it's getting better, it's improving. COMPOSED OF: - y a n l e - / - y a n l - /

-yanlA- be good, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yanlati- before a final 7 . -yanle-/-yanl-/-yanlA- v.s. be good. yoyánle 7 it's good. Pre-pausal: yoyánele7 Future stative: ayoyánleke7 it should be nice. With te ? - negative: yáh te7yoyánle7 it's not nice. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7tsyoyánle7 it's no good anymore. Aspect class: B. •Yoyánle7 tsi7 khehnutláti7, kwáh óksa 7 sakhe7sko-kó-. It's good that I followed her, right away I took her out of the water. (T2) DERIVED BASES: - y a n l a t y e - b e

coming or going along well; -yanlAhsl- law; -yanlA?- get better; -yanlA?s- come out good for one; .yanlA?se- plus t- cislocative, be coming along better; -atyanle- have one's things be nice. NOTE: The alternant -yanle- occurs in the stative aspect, -yanl- occurs before the -tye- progressive suffix, and -yanlA- occurs before derivational suffixes. -yanlAhsl- v. > n. law. kayanlAhsla7 law. Pre-pausal: kayanlAhsla7 COMPOSED OF: - y a n l e - / - y a n l - /

-yanlA- be good, -hsl- nominalizer. DERIVED BASES: . y a n l A h s l a h l i h t -

plus te- dualic, break the law; -yanlAhslayA- be laws. .yanlAhslahliht- plus te- dualic, v.a. break the law. tehayanlAhslahlítha7 he breaks the law. tehoyanlAhslahlíhtu he

787

has broken the law. wa?tehsyanlAhslá-lihte7 you broke the law. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -yanlAhsl- law,

.hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yanlAhslayA- v.s. be laws. kayanlAhslayA7 there are laws (about that). Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yanlAhsl- law, -yA-

/-yAt- lay down, place, have. -yanlA?- v.a. get better. wa7oyánlAne7 it got better, AyoyánlAne7 it will get better. With s- repetitive: AtsyoyánlAne7 it will get better again. COMPOSED OF: - y a n l e - / - y a n l - /

-yanlA- be good, inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -yanlA's- v.a. come out good for one. ukyánlAhse7 it came out good for me, AwakyánlAhse7 it will come out good for me, a-hoyánlAhse7 it should come out good for him. With n- partitive: na7ukniyánlAhse7 it came out so well for us. • Tehatnu7uslahyo7tsísta7 ne7n Dayton, aya-wA• s kzví• a-hoyánlAhse 7 nA 7ú-wa7 Dayton is making brine pickles, I hope they turn out well for him this time. COMPOSED OF: - y a n l e - / - y a n l - /

-yanlA- be good, - ? s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. .yanlA?se- plus t- cislocative, v.a. be coming along better. tayoyanlAse7

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Oneida-English

it's coming along better. NOTE: Includes the t- cislocative prefix and the alternant -yanlA- of the base -yanle-/-yanl-/-yanlA- be good; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yashe- plus te- dualic, v.s. be together, tetniyáshe you and I (incl.) are together, teyakniyáshe we two (excl.) are together, tehniyáshe the two (m.) are together, tekniyáshe the two (z.) are together, tetwayáshe we (incl.) are together, teyakwayáshe we (excl.) are together. Aspect class: A. • Né- s wi- n tshiwahu-níse7 ya-wét 7 ki uhte wí- kA7 tshitwakyAha kA-, tehniyáshe waknAskwayA-táhkwe7 é-lhal. A long time ago, like I guess when I was young, I had these two pet dogs. (M6) DERIVED BASES: .yashe 7 - plus tedualic, come to be together. NOTE: Possibly composed of a noun root -yash- and -N-e- exist. See also .yashAta7- plus te- dualic, come together, end up together. .yashe'- plus te- dualic, v.a. come to be together. wa7tyakniyáshene7 it came about that we two (excl.) were together, wa 7tyakwayáshene 7 it came about that we (excl.) were together. COMPOSED OF: .yashe- plus tedualic, be together, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. .yashAta'- plus te- dualic, v.a. come together, end up together. teyakniyashA-tá-se7 we two (excl.) keep coming together (e.g., every

weekend she visits). teyukniyashAtá-u we two have gotten together. wa7tyakniyashA-táne7 we two (excl.) ended up together, we got to be together (e.g., she moved in with me). Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Possibly composed of a noun root -yash- and -N-Ata 7 - finish doing. See also .yashe- plus te- dualic, be together. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yat- v.a. name, be named, yúkyats my name is (literally, they name me), yesa-yáts your name is (they name you), luwa-yáts his name is, yutátyats her name is, kuwa-yáts her (z.) name is, luwati-yáts their (m.) name is, kuwati-yáts their (z.) name is. Habitual past: luwa-yátskwe7 they used to call him. •Mercy ni- yúkyats. My name is Mercy. Karin kuna7túkhwa7 né-tsi7 yesa-yáts. Karin is what I call you because that's your name. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. Yá ts! Exclamation. Oh! Look 'it! Golly! yau- pref. Translocative and optative mode. See y a - / y a -/yae-/yau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yaawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. yautatokXhti / yautatokXhtu Sunday. See yawAtatokXhti/yawAtatokXhtu. yautAtá u Monday. See yawAtAtá u.

Oneida-Eriglish 789

yaw- pref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-/ -o-/-aw-/-a-/-oy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in e or A. yawelu'uháti? Oh, never mind it! See -elu'uhatye-. yawét Evidential particle: it's like. yawA thank you. Pre-pausal: ya-xvA. yawA-lé- Occurs after the numbers one through nine to form the numbers eleven through nineteen. For example: wísk yawA-lé• fifteen. yawAtatokXhti / yawAtatokXhtu Sunday. With oyá- another, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oyá• yASWAtatokAhti or yASWAtatokAhtu next Sunday. With tsh- coincident: tshawAtatokAhti or tshawAtatokAhtu last Sunday. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker, and often pronounced yautatokAhti or yautatokAhtu. Composed of the yawneuter patient prefix, the noun root -At- week, daylight, and a verbal component -tokAhti- or -tokAhtu-, which occurs also in kahyatuhslatokXhti Bible. yawAtAtá u Monday. With oyáanother, and yAs- translocative, future and repetitive: oyáyAsxvAtA-táne7 next Monday. With tsh- coincident: tshawAtA-táne? or tshautA-táne? last Monday. COMPOSED OF: yaw- neuter patient, -At- week, daylight, -N-Ata'- finish doing, -u stative. NOTE: Often pronounced yautAtá-u.

yay- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/ yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in e, A, O, or u. yá ya'k Numeral particle: six. Prepausal: yá-yahk. NOTE: Probably from .yahya'k-/ .iya'k- plus te- dualic, cross, go across. Yá ya'k Nihonuhutysaké Six Nations. Pre-pausal: Yá-ya?k Nihonuhutysa-ké. COMPOSED OF: y á y a ' k six; and nipartitive, -hon- masculine nonsingular patient, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy/-hwAtsy-/-hutsy- land, ground, earth, .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of. yá ya'k niwáshA sixty. COMPOSED OF: yáya'k six; and npartitive, w- neuter agent, .ashA plus te- dualic or n- partitive, be ten of. yá ya'k sílu seventy-five cents. yá ya'k tewA?nyáwelu? six hundred. yá ya'k yawA-lé- sixteen. y a ? - / y a - / y a h e - / y a h u - / y a h a - pref. Translocative and factual mode (translocative and aorist tense). NOTE: The alternant ya- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in h. The alternant yahe- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yahu- occurs in place of the sequence yahawa-, where the wa- is part of the first person singular patient prefix and interactive prefix, or the third person feminine-zoic singular and neuter prefix plus the

790 Oneida-Eriglish

initial vowel of a base. The alternant ya 7 - occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternant yahaoccurs in place of ya 7 - and ya- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -ya 7 ak-/-yA- v.a. throw a straight object at. khéya 7aks I'm throwing it (e.g., a spear, arrow, or snowsnake) at her, láya?aks he's throwing it, yéya7aks she's throwing it, latíya7aks they (m.) are throwing it, kutíya?aks they (z.) are throwing it, kúya 7aks I'm throwing it at you. wakúyA7 I have thrown it at you. wa 7kúya 7ake 7 I threw it at you, wahíya7ake7 I threw it at him, wahakéya7ake7 he threw it at me, wa 7shakóya 7ake 7 he threw it at her, wahóya ?ake 7 he threw it at him. Aspect class: B2. DERIVED BASES: -yAht- hit with an object, score; -hlanuhsaya 7 ak- slap someone in the face; -lihwaya'akoppose, disagree, disapprove; -nhohaya'ak-/-nhohayA- knock at a door; - 7 nahkwaya 7 ak-/- 7 nahkwayAbeat a drum. NOTE: The alternant -ya 7 ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -yA- occurs in the stative aspect and before the -ht- causative suffix. -ya 7 k- v.a. detach, sever, break, cut. íkya 7ks I'm detaching it by breaking it off or cutting it, íhsya 7ks you're cutting it, la-yá-ks he's cutting it. wakyá-ku I have cut it. wá-kyahke7 I cut it, Akyahke 7 I will cut it. With t- cislocative: tákyahke7 I was there and I broke it. With -itahs-/-itakstail: wahuwAtáhsyahke7 she cut off his tail. With -lut- tree, log: kalutyá-ku the tree was cut down, wahatilútyahke7 they (m.) cut down a tree, Ahslútyahke7 you will cut

down the tree. Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: .ya 7 k- plus tedualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two; - y a ' k h u - detach, sever, break, cut several; - a t - N - y a 7 k - detach, sever, break, cut for oneself; -anekliya ? k-/-Anekliya 7 k- cut the grass, mow the lawn; -kalya 7 k- pay, spend; -nahalya 7 khu- give someone heck; -nyalya 7 k- cut off or sever the neck. NOTE: T h e

7

o f t h e 7 k c l u s t e r is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. ,ya7k- plus te- dualic, v.a. detach, sever, break, cut in two. tékya 7ks I keep breaking it, I'm breaking one thing after another, téhsya7ks you're breaking it, teha-yá-ks he's breaking it. tewakyá-ku I have broken it. wa 7tékyahke 7 I broke it, wa7tha-yá-ke7 he broke it. tákA 7 tAhsyahk Don't break it! With -ahsliye-/-ahsliye7t-/-hsliye7tstring, thread, yarn: wa7teksliyé-tyahke7 I broke the thread (while I was sewing). With -lut- tree, log: wa7thalútyahke7 he cut down the tree. With -na 7 talbread, cake: tewakna7talyá-ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsná-talyahk Cut the bread in half! With -nu 7 usl- squash, cucumber, melon: teknu 7úslya ?ks I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu7úslyahke7 I will cut the squash. With -styA-/-styA 7 t- bone: wa7tekestyA-tyahke7 I broke a bone (e.g., a wishbone). Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya 7 kdetach, sever, break, cut. DERIVED BASES: .ya'khu- plus tedualic, break up, cut up; .ahsi 7 tya 7 kplus tet- dualic and cislocative, trip,

Oneida-Eriglish 791

stumble; .ahuhtya'k- plus te- dualic, get freezing cold ears; .athwistya'kplus te- dualic, go broke; .atya'kplus te- dualic, become broken; .atya'k- plus te- dualic, get tired; .a'nikuhlya'k- plus te- dualic, feel sad, feel troubled, give up; .hnya ? tsilya 7 k- plus te- dualic, choke someone; .shnuhsya'k- plus tedualic, get freezing cold hands; Tehati'nhúhsya'ks Easter; TewAhníslya'ks March; teyelutyá kta' cross-cut or long saw; teyeluwalyákta 7 pliers; teyeshu'kalyá kta? sawhorse; yáh tha'tewa'alyá ku virgin. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ya'kal- n. waist. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in .ya'kales- plus te- dualic, be long-waisted; and .ya'kalotalhoplus te- dualic, be draped over, be leaning over. .ya'kales- plus te- dualic, v.s. be longwaisted. tehayákales he's longwaisted, teyeyá-kales she's longwaisted. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya'kalwaist, -es-/-us- be long. DERIVED BASES: .ya'kalesha plus kA7 particle and na 7 te- partitive and dualic, be short-waisted. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya'kalesha plus kA7 particle and na 7 te- partitive and dualic, v.s. be short-waisted. kA 7 na ?tyeya 7kalésha she's shortwaisted. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .ya'kales- plus te-

dualic, be long-waisted, .ha plus kA7 particle and n- partitive, be smaller in some dimension. .ya'kalotalho- plus te- dualic, v.s. be draped over, be leaning over. tekya7kalotálhu I'm draped or leaning over (it), tehaya7kalotálhu he's draped over (it), teyeya7kalotálhu she's draped over (it). Aspect class: E.

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -ya'kalwaist, -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ya'khu- v.a. detach, sever, break, cut several, latiyá-khuhe7 they (m.) are cutting them all. wahayá-khu 7 he broke or cut them, wahatiyá-khu 7 they (m.) cut them all. With -luttree, log: wahatilutyá-khu7 they (m.) cut down trees. • Né- kwí• wahatilutyá-khu7 thikA wahutlutahslu-ní-. They cut down the trees, they trimmed them (took the branches off)- (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -ya?k- detach, sever, break, cut, -hu- distributive. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,ya 7 khu- plus te- dualic, v.a. break up, cut up. tekyá-khuhe7 I'm cutting it into several parts. wa7thayá-khu7 he cut them up. COMPOSED OF: .ya'k- plus te- dualic, detach, sever, break, cut in two, -hu- distributive. DERIVED BASES:

teyelutya'khúkhwa7 cross-cut or long saw. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

792 Oneida-Eriglish

,ya ? sel-/.ya 7 slu-/.?sel-/. 7 slu- plus tedualic, v.a. stack, pile. tehaya ?sélha 7 he's stacking or piling things, tehoyá-slu7 he has piled. wa7thayá-slu7 he stacked. With -nAy- stone: tehanAya7sélha? he stacks stones, he's a bricklayer, wa7thariAyá-slu7 he piled stones. DERIVED BASES: . y a ' s l u n y u - /

.'slunyu- plus te- dualic, stack several, pile several; .hsina'slu-/ .hsina'sel- plus te- dualic, have one's legs crossed; .nAtsha'slu-/ .nAtsha'sel- plus te- dualic, have one's arms crossed; .nAya'selha? plus te- dualic, be a bricklayer. NOTE: The alternants . ? sel- and ? . slu- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants .ya ? sel- and .ya ? sluare composed of an empty noun root -y- and a verb root - ? sel-/- ? slu-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants .ya ? seland .'sel- occur in the habitual aspect. The alternants .ya ? slu- and . ? slu- occur in the stative and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, and the 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,ya ? slunyu-/. 7 slunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. stack several, pile several. tehaya7slúnyuhe7 he's stacking or piling things on top of one another. tehoya7slúni7 he has piled them. wa7tekya7slúni7 I piled them, iva7tehsya7slúni7 you piled them, wa7thaya7slúni7 he piled them. With -ks- dish, plate, bowl: wa7tkeksa7slúni7 I stacked the dishes, tehseksa7slúni Stack the dishes! With -lut- tree, log: tekaluta7slúni7 the logs are piled up, wa7thatiluta7slúni7 they (m.) put the logs one on top of the other.

Aspect class: B l . COMPOSED OF: .ya ? sel-/.ya ? slu-/ .?sel-/. ? slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: The alternant . ? slunyuoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have .ya'sluni- and , ? slunibefore a final 7 . -ya?t- n. body, oyá-ta7 body, blouse, shirt, akyá-ta7 my blouse, sayá-ta7 your blouse, laoyá-ta7 his shM, akoyá-ta7 her blouse, aoyá-ta7 her (z.) or its blouse. With - é n e locative clitic: kya7té-ne (on) my body, tsya7té-ne (on) your body, laya7té-ne (on) his body, yeya 7té-ne (on) her body. With -ke locative clitic: kya ?tá-ke on my body, laya 7tá-ke on his body. With -ku locative suffix: layá'taku in his body, kayá-taku in her (z.) or its body. DERIVED BASES:

-atya'takwalihsyu- straighten oneself, stretch; -atya'takwalutat- get onto one's side; -atya'takwAhlalu- be spotted; -atya'tal- join in, participate; - a t y a ' t a l o h l o k - / - a t y a 7 t a l o h l gather together, congregate; -atya'tase'tslateny- change girlfriends; -atya'tatsha'- burn up, burn to death; -atya'tawakhu- shake; -atya?tawi ? t-/-atya?tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse; .atya 7 ta ? kt-/.atya 7 ta'ket- plus tedualic, bend to one side -atya ? tohlok-/-atya 7 tohl- carry someone under one's arm; .atya'tukoht- plus te- dualic, get diarrhea; -atya'tut- put on a blouse; -atya'tuty- grab at someone, reach out for someone; -atya'tyenAht- make oneself fall over; kayá-taku wateta'ásta 7 stuffing for fowl; kayá tale 7 picture; k a y a ' t á l h a ' camera; oya'takA-láte 7 lard, animal

Oneida-Eriglish 793

fat; Shukwaya'tísu' Creator; tekaya'takwXhtA7 bloodsucker; tsi 7 tyeya 7 tatáli 7 . See also most of the bases beginning in -ya ? t- that follow this one. NOTE: T h e

7

of the 7 t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. ya 7 t-/ya 7 te- pref. Translocative, factual mode and dualic (translocative, aorist tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant ya ? te- occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. Otherwise ya ? t- occurs. y a 7 t a - / y a 7 t a - / y a 7 t a e - / y a 7 t a u - pref. Translocative, optative mode and dualic (translocative, indefinite tense and dualic). NOTE: The alternant ya'tae- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant ya ? tau- replaces the sequence ya'taawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ya ? ta- or ya ? taoccur, in free variation. ya 7 tae- pref. Translocative, optative mode and dualic. See ya 7 ta-/ya 7 ta/ya 7 tae-/ya 7 tau-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix.

.ya 7 taha-/.ya 7 tahaw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative, take along, bring along. See .ha-/.haw-/ .ya 7 taha-/.ya 7 tahaw- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative. -ya 7 tahaw- hold in one's hands, have in one's possession. See -haw-/ -ya 7 tahaw-. -ya 7 tahawa 7 - v.a. take someone into one's arms. wahiya7táhawane7 I took him into my arms to hold him, Akheya7táhawane7 I will take her and hold her. sheya7táhawan Hold her! COMPOSED OF: -haw-/-ya 7 tahawhold in one's hands, have in one's possession, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ya 7 tahawi- carry in one's hands, take along. See -hawi-/-ya 7 tahawi-. .ya 7 tahawiht- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative, bring along, take along. See .hawiht-/.ya 7 tahawihtplus t- cislocative or y- translocative. .ya 7 tahkw- plus te- dualic, pick up. See .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya 7 tahkw- plus te- dualic. .ya 7 tahluhw- plus te- dualic, block. See .hluhw-/.ya 7 tahluhw- plus tedualic. .ya 7 tahluhwatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. get in the way. tekya7tahluhwátyehse7 I get in the way, tehaya7tahluhwátyehse7 he's getting in the way. Future habitual: tAhaya?tahluhwatyé-sheke? he will be in the way. With t- cislocative: tethaya7tahluhwátyehse7 he's getting in the way there. •Yáh kwí• thau-tú• náhte7

794 Oneida-Eriglish

ayakwatkátho7, laulhá• se7 tyotkutáhkwA ohAtú tethaya7tahluhwátyehse7 It's not possible for us to see anything, he's all the time getting in the way. COMPOSED OF: .hluhw-/ .ya'tahluhw- plus te- dualic, block, -tye- progressive. -ya'tahseht- hide something or someone. See -ahseht-/-ya'tahseht-. .ya'tahsihal- plus te- dualic, be jammed in, be wedged in. See .ahsihal-/.ya?tahsihal- plus tedualic. .ya'tahsihala'- plus te- dualic, get jammed in, get wedged in. See .ahsihala?-/.ya?tahsihala 7 - plus tedualic. -ya 7 tahsluni-/-ya'tahsluny- v.a. decorate, dress up, trim. kya7tahslu-níhe7 I'm decorating it (e.g., a Christmas tree). wakya7tahsluní I have decorated it, yukniya7tahsluní we two have decorated it. kaya7tahsluní it's decorated. Pre-pausal: kaya7tahslu-ní. wa7kya7tahslu-ní• I decorated it, wa7akniya7tahslu-ní• we two (excl.) decorated it, Akya7tahslu-ní• I will decorate it. Aspect class: Al. • N A sok kwí• né- thikA 7tahslu-níwa 7ákyatste7 wa7akniya yukyatlu-tóte7. So then that's just what we used to decorate our tree. (Mil) COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -hsluni/-hsluny- dress someone. DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a h s l u n y a ' t -

decorate or adorn with, use to dress up or trim; -atya'tahsluni-/ -atya'tahsluny- get all dressed up. NOTE: The alternant -ya'tahslunyoccurs before derivational suffixes.

-ya'tahslunya't- v.a. decorate or adorn with, use to dress up or trim. kya7tahslunyá-tha7 I'm using something to dress it up or trim it. wakya7tahslunyá-tu I have used it to dress it up. kaya7tahslunyá-tu she (z.) or it is decorated or adorned with something (e.g., a store window). • Né' ka7ikA kátsta7 kya7tahslunyá-tha7 This is what I use to decorate it. COMPOSED OF: -ya'tahsluni-/ -ya'tahsluny- decorate, dress up, trim, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the final ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya'takalati- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be one side of one's body, sky a 7takalati one side of my body, tsya 7takalatí one side of your body, shaya 7takalatí one side of his body, tsyeya 7takalatí one side of her body. Pre-pausal: tsyeya 7takala-tí. Aspect class: A. NOTE: May include a verb root -ati-, which occurs also in .ati- plus na 7 - partitive and factual mode, be on one side of. -ya'takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport. See -kaleny-/ -ya'takaleny-. -ya'takalAhlatye- v.m. go along waddling or listing to one side. kya7takalAhláti7 I'm waddling along, laya?takalAhláti7 he's going along leaning to one side, yeya7takalAhláti7 she's going along leaning to one side. With t- cislocative: takya7takalAhláti7 I came along this way waddling. With y7takalAhláti7 translocative: ya 7kya I went along that way waddling. COMPOSED OF: -ya'takalAhl(e)-/ -akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)- be leaning

Oneida-Eriglish 795

over to one side, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ya ? takalAhlati- before a final -ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/ -kalAhl(e)- v.s. be leaning over to one side. laya7takalA-le7 he's standing leaning over to one side, yeya7takalA-le7 she's standing leaning over to one side, wakalA'le 7 it's leaning or slanting (e.g., talking about a hilly road). Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a k a l A h l a t y e -

go along waddling or listing to one side; -kahkalAhle- be cross-eyed; -kalAhlakw- turn in, turn a corner; .latakalAhle- plus te- dualic, be walking on the outside of one's heels; -lihwakalAhl(e)- be disparaging, be negative. NOTE: Probably related to .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic, rock, teeter. The alternant -ya ? takalAhl(e)occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants, -akalAhl(e)- occurs after the neuter agent prefix w-, and -kalAhl(e)occurs with incorporated nouns. Alternants without the final vowel occur before derivational suffixes. The h of the hi cluster of all the alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'takenha- v.a. help someone. kheya 7takénhas I'm helping her or them, luwaya7takénhas they help him. kheya?takénhA I have helped her. wa 7kheya 7takénha 7 I helped her or them, wahoya7takénha7 he helped him, Asaya 7takénha 7 it will help you, Ayakoya 7takénha 7 it will help her, Akwaya 7takénha 7 I or we (excl.) will help you, Ahsya 7takénha 7 you will help out, akheyatakénha7 I should help her or them, ahiya7takénha7 I should

help him, ahoya7takénha7 he should help him, ayakoya 7takénha 7 it should help her. takya 7takénha Help me! With t- cislocative: tekya 7takénhas I help out, tekheya7takénhas I help them, Atekya7takénha7 I will help out. Aspect class: D2. • Waku7weskwaní-u kwi• tsi7 7 kheya takénhas luteyAtétha7 7 7 ahatiyAtéhtane tsi niyakwawAtió tA. I'm enjoying helping them practice to learn our language. DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a k e n h a ' - b e

helping someone out; -atatya 7 takenha- help oneself; .atatya'takenha- plus te- dualic, help one another. NOTE: Composed of the noun base -ya't- body, and a verb root -akenha-, which occurs also in tehalihwakénhas lawyer. The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -ya'takenha 7 - v.s. be helping someone out. kheya 7takenhá-u I help her out a lot. With te ? - negative: yah tehoya?takenhá-u it didn't help him. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -ya'takenha- help someone, inchoative. DERIVED BASES: . a t a t y a ' t a k e n h a ? -

plus te- dualic, be helping one another out. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya ? takAheyu-/-ya ? takAhey- v.a. become weak, become slow. wakya7takAheyú I'm weak, I'm slow, saya7takAheyú you're weak, loya7takAheyú he's weak, yakoya7takAheyú she's weak, lotiya7takAheyú they (m.) are weak. Pre-pausal: lotiya7takAhe-yú.

796 Oneida-Eriglish

wa 7kya 7takAheye 7 I became weak, wahaya 7takAheye 7 he became weak, Akya 7takAheye 7 I will be weak or slow. •Tahnú• s tsi7 nihakwattéhtanihe7 nále7 só-tsi7 wakya7tak/\heyú s tshutakatáhsawA7. And he really used to get after me (because) I was so slow when I started (working tobacco). ( 0 3 ) NOTE: Includes the noun base -ya 7 tbody and a component -kAheyu-/ -kAhey-, which is probably related to the base -iheyu-/-ihey-/-Aheyu-/ -Ahey- die. The alternant -ya'takAheyu- occurs in the stative aspect, -ya'takAhey- occurs in the punctual aspect. -ya'takla 7 - v.a. have a smelly body odor, kya 7táklahse 7 I have a smelly body odor, lay a 7táklahse 7 he has a smelly body odor. COMPOSED OF: -ya?t- body, -akla 7 -/ -kla'- smell, stink. DERIVED BASES: k a y a ' t á k l a h s e '

goat. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The final 7 of the base is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -ya'takste- be heavy. See -kst(e)-/ -ya'takste-. -ya'takwalut(e)- v.s. be lying on one's side. kya7takwalu-té• I'm lying on my side, laya7takwalu-té• he's lying on his side, yeya7takwalu-téshe's lying on her side. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - a t y a ' t a k w a l u t a t -

get onto one's side. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -tcausative-inchoative suffix. This base includes the noun base -ya'tbody, and a verbal component

-kwalut(e)-, which probably occurs also in áhsA n a ' t e y o t a k w a l u tétriangle; and k a y é na'teyotakwalu té square, baseball diamond. -ya'takwe'niyo- be the main one. See -N-kwe'niyo-/-ya'takwe ? niyo-. -ya'tal- v.s. be a member, be in a picture, kyá-tale7 I'm a member (of an organization), it's my picture, it's a picture of me, layá-tale7 he's a member, it's his picture, kayá-tale7 it has a picture of (something). Habitual p a s t : layá-talahkwe7 he was a member, kayá-talahkwe7 it was pictured. Future stative: Akyá-talake7 I will be a member, Akayá-talake7 it will be pictured. Optative stative: ayeyá-talake7 she or someone should be a member. With n- partitive: nihayá-tale7 how or where he's a member, niyakniyá-tale7 how or where we two (excl.) are joined in (with them). And habitual past: nikyá-talahkwe7 how or where I was a member. Aspect class: F. •A7é• nukwá• nyahA-nékaná-tslaku thó s thikA yahutyA-tú-, thó ki7 ni- wi- niyakniyá-tale7 f khále7 Gladys. Way over there they went to sit in the ditch, Gladys and I were there joining them. (PI) COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -1- be in or on. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'tal-/-ya ? talu- v.a. draw pictures, take pictures, laya 7tálha 7 he's drawing, he takes pictures, kaya7tálha7 it's pictured. loyá-talu7 he has drawn. wahoyá-talu7 he drew or took a

Oneida-Eriglish 797

picture of him, Akyá-talu7 I will draw. • Kwáh ké-yale7 tsi7 nikahyatuhsló'tA, otsí-nkwal ni-yót tahnúcherries kwáh kaya 7tálha7. I remember the kind of (wall)paper, it was yellow and besides it had pictures of cherries. (Ol) DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a l h a ? b e an

artist; -ya'talunyu- draw or take several pictures; kaya'tálha? camera. NOTE: Includes the noun base -ya'tbody; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -ya ? tal- occurs in the habitual aspect and before the -unyu- distributive suffix, -ya 7 taluoccurs in the stative and punctual aspects. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'talakw- choose. See -lakw-/ -ya'talakw-. -ya'talatye- go along, be among, accompany. See -latye-/ -ya'talatye-. -ya'talatyeht- go along with. See -latyeht-/-ya'talatyeht-. -ya'talha? v.a. be an artist. yeya7tálha7 (she's an) artist, laya7tálha7 (he's an) artist. COMPOSED OF: -ya?tal-/-ya?taludraw pictures, take pictures, -ha 7 habitual. -ya ? talih(A)- boil, come to a boil, get warm. See -lih(A)-/-ya ? talih(A)-/ -talih(A)-. -ya ? taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwA- get itchy on one's body. See -N-luhkwani-/-N-luhkwA-/ -ya ? taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwA-.

-ya'talunyu- v.a. draw or take several pictures. wahuwatiya7talúni7 they took several pictures of them (m.). • E-só• wahuwatiya7talúni7 thikA lotinyáku7. They took lots of pictures of the ones who got married. COMPOSED OF: -ya?tal-/-ya?taludraw pictures, take pictures, -unyudistributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ya 7 taluni- before a final 7 . -ya'talyo- v.a. feel out of sorts, listless, like not doing anything. wakya 7tályos I feel out of sorts, listless, discouraged, like I don't want to do anything (e.g., maybe because it's Monday morning). Awakya7táli7 I will feel out of sorts. COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -lyo-/ -liyo- beat, kill. DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a l y o h t - b e

discouraging. NOTE: Many speakers have -ya 7 tali- before a final 7 . -ya'talyoht- v.s. be discouraging. yoya7tályot it's discouraging, things are just not going right. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ya'talyo- feel out of sorts, listless, like not doing anything, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. .ya'tanahsut- plus te- dualic, fasten, button. See .nahsut-/.ya ? tanahsutplus te- dualic. -ya'tanawA- get wet. See -na'nawA-/ -ya ? tanawA-/-nawA-. .ya ? tanela?ak-/.ya ? tanel- plus tedualic, mistake for another. See .nela?ak-/.nel-/.ya7tanela?ak-/ .ya 7 tanel- plus te- dualic.

798 Oneida-Eriglish

-ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache. See -N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwak-. -ya'tase- v./n. be pretty, be nicelooking. yeya-tase7 she's a nicelooking girl. Optative stative: akya 7taséhake 7 I should be beautiful. With n- partitive: nikayá-tase7 she (z.) is so pretty. And secondary habitual: nikutiyá-tasehse7 they (z.) are so pretty. • Kaska-néks akya 7taséhake7. I wish I were beautiful. COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -ase- be new, be fresh. DERIVED BASES: - y a ' t a s e h a b e a

female adolescent; -ya 7 tase ? tslgirlfriend; -ya'tase'tslahel- be sitting pretty; -atya'tasetst- make oneself pretty. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'taseha v.s. be a female adolescent. yeya 7taséha she's in her late teens. With tsh- coincident: tshiyeya7taséha when she was a teen. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking, -ha diminutive clitic. -ya ? tase ? tsl- v. > n. girlfriend. akya7tasé-tsli7 my girlfriend, laoya7tasé-tsli7 his girlfriend. Prepausal: laoya?tasé-tshelP. With -oku/-o-kú- collective clitic: laotiya7tase7tsli7o-kú• their (m.) girlfriends. With -N-iyo- be good: loya 7tase 7tsliyó he has a goodlooking girlfriend. And t- cislocative: thoya 7tase 7tsliyó he has the best, the nicest-looking girlfriend. With -ka'^e)- be or have a lot of: loya7tase7tslaká-te7 he has a lot of girlfriends. And n- partitive:

nihoya7tase7tslaká-te7 he has so many girlfriends. With -N-O1A?-/ -at-N-olA ? -/-ya ? tolA?- find, discover: latya7tase7tslo-lA-se7 he's always finding a girlfriend, lotya7tase7tslolA-u he has found a girlfriend. And s- repetitive: sakatya7tase7tslo-lAne7 I found another girlfriend. With -yAta 7 - get, obtain: wahoya7tase7tslayA-táne7 he got a girlfriend. COMPOSED OF: -ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking, - ? tsl- nominalizer. DERIVED BASES:

.atya'tase'tslateny- change girlfriends. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'tase'tslahel- v.s. be sitting pretty, yeya 7tase 7tsláhele 7 she's sitting pretty. With tsh- coincident: tshikya7tase7tsláhele7 my prettiness has been sitting here all this time (e.g., when I'm waiting for you to get ready to leave). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ya'tase- be pretty, be nice-looking, - ? tsl- nominalizer, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. -ya ? tashnol(e)- v.s. be fast with a part of one's body. laya7tashno-léhe's doing something quickly (using his arms or legs, etc.), kaya7tashno-lé• it's fast, latiya7tashno-lé• they (m.) are fast. Habitual past: laya7tashno-léhkwe7 he was fast. Future stative: Ahaya7tashno-léke7 he will be fast. Aspect class: B. •Kaya7tashno-lé• thikA akahya-tú• thikA kawAnálha7. It's fast to write on the computer. COMPOSED OF: -ya ? t- body, -shnol(e)- be fast.

Oneida-Eriglish 799

DERIVED BASES: -atya 7 tashnolathurry up, do quickly. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before the -tcausative-inchoative suffix.

-ya 7 taskenha- fight over, compete for, be greedy. See -askenha-/ -ya'taskenha-. .ya'tat- plus s- repetitive, be one. See .N-t-/.ya 7 tat- plus s- repetitive. .ya 7 tat- plus tsha7- coincident and factual mode, be the same, match. See .t-/.ya 7 tat- plus tsha 7 - coincident and factual mode. -ya 7 tataliha 7 t- v.a. get a fever. wakya7tatalihá-tu I have a fever, yakoya7tatalihá-tu she has a fever, loya7tatalihá-tu he has a fever. ukya7tatalíhahte7 I got a fever. COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 t- body, -liha 7 t/-taliha 7 t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up. NOTE: The 7 of the final 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ya 7 tata 7 - v.a. bury someone. wa7shakotiya7tátane7 they (m.) buried her or someone, Ashakotiya 7tátane 7 they (m.) will bury her or someone, Ahuwaya7tátane7 someone or they will bury him, Ayutatya7tátane7 someone will bury her. With npartitive: tsi7 núnAshakotiya7tátane7 where they (m.) are going to bury her or someone. •Yáh náhte7 thusahutkAnísane7 tsyo7lé- Awatu-kóhte7 tsyo7léAhuwaya 7tátane7 tá-thuni7 Ayutatya 7tátane7 They won't have another meeting until (the time) has passed that they bury him or they

bury her. (M15) COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 t- body, -ta?-/ -eta 7 - put into a container. DERIVED BASES: -ya'tata'a'nh- go to bury someone. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ya 7 tata 7 a 7 nh- v.m. go to bury someone. wa7shakotiya7tata7á-nha7 they (m.) are going to bury her or someone, they're on their way to bury her, wahuwaya7tata7á-riha7 they're going to bury him. COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 tata 7 - bury someone, - 7 nh- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

of the 7 n h cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya'tate- plus th- contrastive, v.s. be a different person, thihayá-tate7 he's a different person, thiyeyá-tate7 she's a different person. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 t- body, .te- plus th- contrastive, be different. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya 7 tatilut- plus t- cislocative, pull. See .atilut-/.ya 7 tatilut- plus t- cislocative. ya 7 tau- pref. Translocative, optative mode and dualic. See ya 7 ta-/ya 7 ta/ya 7 tae-/ya 7 tau-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence ya 7 taawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

800

Oneida-Eriglish

y a ' t a ú t e 7 it's bound to. • Yáh kwi• na7 te7yonatkwéni 7 kwa ashu-té• tekuttsihkwá-ekskwe7 7 nók tsi yukwalha-lé• tsi7 Ayó-kalawe7 tiA ya7ta-ú-te7 tsi7 Akutkwe-nf. Well they didn't win the game last night but we're ready tonight (and) then they're bound to win. .ya'tawA- plus n- partitive, happen, take place. See .A-/.ya?tawA- plus npartitive. .ya'tawAhsl- plus n- partitive, be going to happen. See .Ahsl-/.ya ? tawAhslplus n- partitive. .ya'tawA 7 - plus n- partitive, happen, befall. See ,A?-/.ya ? tawA?- plus npartitive. -ya'tawi't- v.a. put a covering on something, put a dress on someone. wahatiyá-tawihte7 they (m.) put a covering on it (e.g., siding on a house), wa7kheyá-tawihte7 I put a dress on her. DERIVED BASES: - y a ? t a w i ? t a h s y u -

take a dress off someone; -ya'tawi'ta'n- go to put a covering on something; -atya ? tawi ? t- put on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse. NOTE: Includes the noun base -ya'tbody; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the first ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the 7 of the final ? t cluster is replaced by h in postaccented syllables. -ya'tawi'tahsyu- v.a. take a dress off someone. wa7kheya7tawi7táhsi7 I took the dress off her. COMPOSED OF: -ya?tawi?t- put a covering on something, put a dress on someone, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: Many speakers have -ya ? tawi ? tahsi- before a final 7 .

-ya'tawi'ta'n- v.m. go to put a covering on s o m e t h i n g ,

latiya 7tawi 7tá-ne

7

they (m.) are going to put a covering on (e.g., siding on a house). COMPOSED OF: - y a ' t a w i ' t - put a covering on something, put a dress on someone, - ? n- dislocative. NOTE: T h e

7

o f t h e ? n cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'tayesha'- v.a. have a stroke. yakoya7tayeshá-u she has had a stroke, loya7tayeshá-u he has had a stroke. wa7eya7tayéshane7 she had

a stroke. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect. -ya'tayAtatye- have along, bring along. See -yAtatye-/ -ya'tayAtatye-. - y a ? t a 7 k e l - / - y a 7 t a 7 k l - float, drift. See - ' k e l - / - 7 k l - / - y a ? t a ? k e l - / -ya'ta'kl-. -ya'ta'kla'ne- float by, drift by. See -7kla7ne-/-ya?ta?kla?ne-. -ya'ta'nikulhA- forget, leave something behind. See -'nikulhA-/ -ya'ta'nikulhA-. .ya'ta'slatyeha plus kA? particle and n- partitive, v.s. be slender. kA 7 nihaya7ta7slatyéha he's slender, kA7

niyeya7ta7slatyéha

she's

slender. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF-. -ya?t- body, .a'slatyeha plus kA? particle and npartitive, be narrow. ya'te- pref. Translocative and dualic. ya'te- pref. Translocative, factual mode and dualic. See ya ? t-/ya ? te-.

Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: Occurs before most consonant clusters, and before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. ya ? tes-/ya ? tets-/ya ? tetsi-/ya 7 tesepref. Translocative, dualic and repetitive (translocative, dualic and iterative). NOTE: The alternant ya ? tets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant ya ? tetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant ya ? tese- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise ya ? tes- occurs. ya'tese- pref. Translocative, dualic and repetitive. See ya ? tes-/ya ? tets-/ ya 7 tetsi-/ya ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. ya'tets- pref. Translocative, dualic and repetitive. See ya ? tes-/ya?tets-/ ya 7 tetsi-/ya ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. ya'tetsi- pref. Translocative, dualic and repetitive. See ya?tes-/ya?tets-/ ya?tetsi-/ya ? tese-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. ya'tA- pref. Translocative, future mode and dualic. .ya'tAht- plus t- cislocative, drop something, bring something down

801

from a height, punch. See .a'sAht-/ .ya ? tAht-/.Aht- plus t- cislocative. ya ? tAS-/ya 7 tAts-/ya ? tAtsi-/ya 7 tAsepref. Translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive (translocative, dualic, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant ya?tAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant ya'tAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant ya'tAse- occurs before some consonant clusters. Otherwise ya?tAs- occurs. ya'tAse- pref. Translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See ya ? tAs-/ya ? tAts-/ya ? tAtsi-/ya ? tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. ya'tAts- pref. Translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See ya ? tAs-/ya ? tAts-/ya ? tAtsi-/ya ? tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. ya'tAtsi- pref. Translocative, dualic, future mode and repetitive. See ya 7 tAs-/ya 7 tAts-/ya ? tAtsi-/ya ? tAse-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. .ya'tA?- plus t- cislocative, fall off, fall from a height. See .a'sA 7 -/ .ya ? tA?-/.A?- plus t- cislocative. .ya'tA?- plus y- translocative, fall in, fall down. See .a?sA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A?plus y- translocative. -ya'thew- v.a. bring someone. wahiyá-thewe7 I brought him,

802

Oneida-Eriglish

wa7kheyá-thewe7 I brought her or them, wa7kyá-thewe7 I brought her (z.), wa 7shakoyá-thewe7 he brought her or them. •Wa7utna7tsyá-lA7, kwáh s né• nók tsi7 thikA nú-wa7 nA wí- wa7shakoyá-thewe7 wa7elistahla-kó• ókhna7 thó yahuwatiya7titáli7 thikA tsi7 yotékha7. She would put the pot on, and then when he brought them (the squirrels), she would pick up the iron (the stove lid) and immediately put them over the flame. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 t- body, -hewfor the time to arrive, become the time. NOTE: The 7 of the 7th cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'tihal- v.s. be hanging. lay a 7tíhale 7 he's hanging, yeya7tíhale7 she's hanging. With n- partitive, and future stative: nAhsya7tiha-láke7 you will be hanging. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -hal-/ -ihal- hang up.

repetitive: ya7tusahotiyá-tiste7 they (m.) are all by themselves again. Aspect class: El. • Né- s kwt• né-n kahwa-tsíle7 nA ki7 ok kwí- néya7tusahotiyá-tiste7, tá-t na7 shekú thó U-né-se7 laonukwé-ta7 thó kwí• AhAné-sheke7 tsyo7lé- wa7ólhAne7 So then the family are all by themselves again, maybe their relatives are still there until it's daylight. (M15) DERIVED BASES: .atatya'tist- plus ya?te- translocative and dualic, try to do things on one's own. NOTE: T h e

7

o f the 7t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya'tit- be in. See -N-it-/-ya 7 tit-. -ya'titahkw- take someone or something out. See -N-itahkw-/ -ya'titahkw-.

-ya'tisak- look for, miss someone. See -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isak-.

-ya'titakhe- v.m. be in something moving, kya 7titákhe 7 I'm in something moving along (e.g., a car), I'm riding in it. With t- cislocative: tayeya7titákhe7 she's in something coming along. COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -takhe-/ -itakhe- run, move by running. DERIVED BASES: -ya'titakhenutyebe in something moving along.

.ya'tist- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, v.a. do all by oneself. ya7tewakya7tísta7 I'm always having to do it all by myself (without my intending it that way). ya7tewakya7tístu I'm all by myself, I have done it all by myself. ya7twakyá-tiste7 I had to do it all by myself, I did it alone, ya7thoyá-tiste7 he just had to do it on his own, ya7tAwakyá-tiste7 I will be all by myself, ya7tAsayá-tiste7 you will be doing it alone. With s-

-ya'titakhenutye- v.m. be in something moving along. Ahatiya7titakhenútye7 they (m.) will be riding along in it. With elók all over and s- repetitive: elók shatiya7titakhenúti7 they (m.) keep getting in something moving (e.g., rides at a fair). •Né- sA' thikA thó Akatákhe7 thó Ahatiya 7titakhenútye7 tAhonatunhahláti7 Also there it will be moving along, there they will be riding along in it in high spirits.

-ya'tinyu't- bring in. See -N-inyu ? t-/ -ya ? tinyu ? t-.

Oneida-Eriglish

(AL)

COMPOSED OF: -ya'titakhe- be in something moving, -nu stative, -tyeprogressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -ya ? titakhenuti- before a final 7 . -ya'titalyu- give several a ride, transport, put several into. See -N-italyu/-ya'titalyu-. -ya'tita 7 - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into. See -N-ita 7 -/ -ya'tita7-. .ya'tiyo- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, be half of. See .N-iyo-/ .ya'tiyo- plus tsha'te- coincident and dualic. - y a ' t o h a l e - wash. See -nohale-/ -ya ? tohale-/-ohale-. .ya'tohlalak- plus te- dualic, squeeze, squash. See .htohlalak-/ .ya 7 tohlalak-/.ohlalak- plus tedualic. -ya'tohslukw- rub (a part of the body). See -ohslukw-/-ya'tohslukw-. -ya'tohtalho- v.a. leave someone out, exclude someone. yukya7tohtálhos they leave me out of things, out of the picture, shakoya7tohtálhos he leaves her out. yukya7tohtálhu they have left me out. wa 7shakoya7tohtálho7 he left her out. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Includes the noun base -ya'tbody and a component -ohtalho-, which may be the same component that occurs in .ohtalho- plus tedualic, be tidy, be neat. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -ya'tokew- wipe, wipe off. See -lakew-/-ya 7 tokew-/-okew-.

803

.ya'toleht- plus te- dualic, v.a. judge someone, evaluate someone. tehuwaya7tolétha7 they're judging him, teshakoya 7tolétha 7 he judges her or them, tehaya7tolétha7 he judges her (z.). tehuwaya7toléhtu they have judged him. wa ?tkuya 7to-léhte 7 I judged you, wa7thu way a 7to-léhte7 they j udged him. Aspect class: El. •Khále7 onA nA skA-nA• sahAnu-níthikA tehati-tAhe7 khále7 kályo7 7 shutlihwahslu-ní• nA ka ikA wa 7thuwaya 7to-léhte7 ka7ikA 7 7 tsi kla wístal. And now those that fly and the wild animals made peace, they agreed that they would judge the bat. (RC) DERIVED BASES: .ya'toletha 7 plus te- dualic, be a judge. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. .ya'toletha 7 plus te- dualic, v.a. be a judge, teshakoya 7tolétha 7 or tehaya7tolétha7 (he's a) judge. COMPOSED OF: .ya'toleht- plus tedualic, judge someone, evaluate someone, -ha ? habitual. .ya'tolA- plus te- dualic, split. See .olA-/.ya ? tolA- plus te- dualic. -ya ? tolA ? - find, discover. See -N-O1A ? /-at-N-olA?-/-ya?tolA?-. -ya'totalho- drape over, hook, harness. See -otalho-/-ya 7 totalho-. .ya'to'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be the way someone looks, nihsya 7tó-tA the kind of body you have (also used as an exclamation: Look at you!), nihaya7tó-tA what he looks like, the kind of body he has, niyeya?tó-tA what she looks like, nikaya?tó-tA the way she (z.) looks, the kind of thing it is, nahatiya7tó-tA7 they (m.)

804

Oneida-Eriglish

are that kind (of species), naikutiyaitó-tA? they (z.) are that kind. Secondary habitual: nikutiya7tó-tAhse? they (z.) are that kind. Aspect class: A. • Kutinaskwi-yó-se? thikA kohsa-tAs akwekú o7swA-ta? nikutiya?tó-tAhsel. Those are nice horses, they're all black. COMPOSED OF: -ya ? t- body, .N-o'tAplus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The 7 of the last ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .ya'to'tA- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic, v.s. look alike, resemble. tsha?tekniya?tó-tA the two (z.) look alike, tsha7tehniya?tó-tA the two (m.) resemble each other, tsha?tehatiya?tó-tA they (m.) all look alike. Aspect class: A. • Kwáh tsha?tekniya?tó-tA thikA tekyatahnu-téleThose sisters look just exactly alike. COMPOSED OF: -ya?t- body, .N-o?tAplus tsha'te- coincident and dualic, be the same kind of. NOTE: The ? of the last ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -ya ? tuni-/-ya ? tunihsl- v. > n. doll. kaya7tuní doll. Pre-pausal: kaya?tu-ní. akya?tuní my doll, saya7tuní your doll, ukniya?tuní our (dual) doll. With -shuha collective clitic: kaya?tuni?shúha dolls. With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: Ahsya^tunihslakó-na7 you will go to pick up your doll. With -kw-/-ekwpick, harvest, and ny- partitive and translocative: nyAhsya ?tuníhslako 7 over there you will pick up your doll. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: kaya?tunihslayA? the doll is lying there. With -yAta?- get,

obtain: ukya?tunihslayA-táne? I got a doll. COMPOSED OF: -ya't- body, -uni-/ -uny- make, construct. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tunihsl-, with the -hsl- nominalizer suffix, is the incorporating form. ya 7 tusa-/ya ? tuse-/ya 7 tusu- pref. Translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive (translocative, dualic, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant ya ? tuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant ya ? tusu- replaces the sequence ya'tusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise ya ? tusa- occurs. ya?tusa-/ya?tusa-/ya?tuse-/ya?tuse-/ ya 7 tusu-/ya'tu-su- pref. Translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive (translocative, dualic, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants ya ? tuse- and ya ? tu-seoccur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants ya'tusu- and ya ? tu su- replace the sequences ya?tusawa- and ya ? tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel

Oneida-Eriglish

of a base. Otherwise ya'tusa- and ya?tu-sa- occur. ya'tuse- pref. Translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See ya 7 tusa-/ya 7 tuse-/ya 7 tusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. ya 7 tuse-/ya 7 tuse- pref. Translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See ya 7 tusa-/ya 7 tusa-/ya 7 tuse-/ ya 7 tuse-/ya 7 tusu-/ya 7 tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. ya 7 tusu- pref. Translocative, dualic, factual mode and repetitive. See ya 7 tusa-/ya 7 tuse-/ya 7 tusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence ya ? tusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. ya 7 tusu-/ya 7 tusu- pref. Translocative, dualic, optative mode and repetitive. See ya 7 tusa-/ya 7 tu-sa-/ya 7 tuse-/ ya 7 tuse-/ya 7 tusu-/ya 7 tusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences ya ? tusawa- and ya?tu-sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

805

-ya 7 tutawe 7 t- v.a. tremble, shake, quiver, shiver. loya7tutawé-tha7 he shakes, he quivers. wakya7tutawé-tu I'm trembling, loya7tutawé-tu he's shaking, yakoya7tutawé-tu she's shaking. Ahoya7tu-táwehte7 he will shake. Aspect class: El. NOTE: The 7 of the final 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -ya 7 tuty-/-ya 7 tutye- v.a. leave someone, beat someone at a contest. shakoya7tútyehse7 he beats her at a contest, he keeps leaving her. wahiya?tu-tí- I left him, I beat him at a contest. With s- repetitive: sahiya7tu-tí- I beat him again, I left him again, sashakoya7tu-tí• he left her again, sahuwaya?tu-tí• she left him again. With y- translocative: yeshakoya7tútyehse7 he leaves her behind. COMPOSED OF: -ya 7 t- body, -aty-/ -uty- lose, leave, disperse. DERIVED BASES: .ya 7 tutyeht- plus ytranslocative, leave someone behind. NOTE: The alternant -ya 7 tutyeoccurs before the -ht- causative suffix. The final y of -ya'tuty- is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. .ya 7 tutyeht- plus y- translocative, v.a. leave someone behind. yeshakoya7tutyétha7 he leaves her or them behind. yeshakoya7tutyéhtu he has left without her or them. yahiya7tútye'nte7 I left him behind (e.g., he wasn't here on time, so I left), ya7shakoya7tútyehte7 he left her or them behind. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-ya 7 tuty-/-ya 7 tutye- leave someone, beat someone at a contest, -ht- causative.

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Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -ya ? tu?nek- move something out of the way. See -u ? nek-/-ya ? tu ? nek-. ya'twatshXtho? sunset. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, .atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic, for the sun to set, - 7 punctual. -ya'tyenA?- v.a. fall over, pass out. laya7tye-nA-se7 he keeps falling over, he keeps passing out. Ioya7tyenA-u he has fallen over, he has passed out. wahaya7tye-nAne7 he fell over, he passed out. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Includes the noun base -ya'tbody, and a verbal component -yenA7-, which occurs also in -si Ah ty en A?- drop off to sleep. The component -yenA?- is itself composed of a root -yenA- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix, and the root -yenAoccurs also in -atya'tyenAht- make oneself fall over. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -ye- v.a. wake up. ivakyé-u I'm awake, lotiyé-u they (m.) are awake, wá-ki7 I woke up, waha-yéhe's just now waking up, wahni-yéthe two (m.) woke up, wa7akwa-yéwe (excl.) woke up, Aki7 I will be awake. íhsi Wake up! With srepetitive: shoyé-u he's awake again, sáki7 I woke up again, saye-yé• she woke up again, Aski7 I will wake up again, Aséhsye7 or Aséhsi7 you will wake up again. With tsh- coincident: tsha7akwa-yéwhen we (excl.) woke up. •Tá-t yáh kA7 tha-kitáklake7 nA Aséhsye7 tákA7 AsatétshA. If I'm not

lying here when you wake up again, don't be afraid. (02) DERIVED BASES: -yeht- wake someone up. NOTE: Many speakers replace -yewith -i- after a pronominal prefix that ends in a consonant and before a final 7 . For example, wá-kye7 is pronounced wá-ki7. ye-/yehe- pref. over there, that way. Translocative. NOTE: The alternant yehe- occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise ye- occurs. ye-/yu-/yak-/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/ -A- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent (subjective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t s y e - a n d -e-

occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yu- and -uoccur with bases that begin in the vowel a, with loss of the initial a of the base. The alternants yak- and -ak- occur with most bases that begin in e, A, o, or u. The alternants yA- and -A- occur with a few bases that begin in the vowel e, with loss of the initial e of the base. The alternant ya- occurs with a few bases that begin in the vowel i (and the initial i of the base is retained). Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. yehe- pref. over there, that way. Translocative. See ye-/yehe-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yehes- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See y e s - / y e t s - / y e t s i - / y e s e - /

Oneida-Eriglish

yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Replaces yes- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yehets- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-/ yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Replaces yets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yehlalákta? V > N

drill.

y e h n a n a ' t ó k h w a ' V > N potato pot. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnana'tpotato, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. yehnekataliha'tákhwa7 V > N kettle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -liha ? t-/-taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. yehnekihlá tha? V > N cup, glass. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnekil-/ -hnekihl- drink, - ? t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yehnekotsyAhtákhwa 7 V > N dipper. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil, -tsyAht- draw water, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. -yeht- v.a. wake someone up. liyétha7 I'm waking him up. liyéhtu I have woken him up. wahi-yéhte7 I woke him up, wa7úkyehte7 she woke me up. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -ye- wake up, -htcausative.

807

DERIVED BASES: -yehtanyu- wake up several. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -yehtanyu- v.a. wake up several. kheyehtányuhe7 I'm waking them up. kheyehtáni7 I have woken them up. wa7kheyehtáni7 I woke them up, Akheyehtáni7 I will wake them up, a-kheyehtáni7 I should wake them up. Aspect class: Bl. • 1-kélhe7 ta-katlakalé-laste7 7 a-kheyehtáni . I want to make noise so I can wake them up. COMPOSED OF: -yeht- wake someone up, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yehtani- before a final 7 . -yehwa-/-yehwha- v.a. be unable to find, wakyé-wahse7 I can't find it (because it's not available, or they're out of it), loyé-wahse7 he can't find it. ukyé-ivha7 I couldn't find it, wa7akoyé-wha7 she couldn't find it, Aivakyé-wha7 I won't be able to find it. With -nha ? tsl- hired work: wakenha7tslayé-wahse7 I can't find work, Awakenha 7tslayé-wha 7 I won't find work. With -nuhs- house, building: waknuhsayé-wahse7 I can't find a place to live, uknuhsayé-wha7 I couldn't find a place to live. With - ? wahl- meat: u>ake7wahlayé-wahse7 I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). With - ? sleht- vehicle: uke7slehtayé-wha7 I couldn't find a ride. DERIVED BASES: - l i h w a y e h w a - /

-lihwayehwha- be unable to find a way or reason. NOTE: The alternant -yehwaoccurs in the habitual aspect, -yehwha- occurs in the punctual aspect. The h of the hw cluster of

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Oneida-Eriglish

both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yehwat- v.s. be an early riser. kyé-wate7 I'm an early riser, tsyé-wate7 you're an early riser, yeyé-wate7 she's an early riser, layé-wate7 he's an early riser, latiyé-wate7 they (m.) are early risers. With tsh- coincident: tshiyeyé-wate7 when (since) she was an early riser. Aspect class: F. • Né-n astéhtsi7 thikA astéhtsi7 tshiyeyé-wate7 thikA tsi7 akaulhá7 7 7 wi- wa uteka tá-na astéhtsi7 So then early in the morning, since she was an early riser, she was the one who went to make the fire in the morning. (VI) NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yehwatasétha 7 V > N wrench. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwatase-/ -tase- turn, twist, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yehwa 7 ékta 7 V > N barn, thrasher. With the -ke locative clitic and the o- noun prefix in place of the yefeminine-indefinite singular prefix: ohwa 7ektá-ke at the barn. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwa'ek-/ - h w a 7 e - / - a 7 e k - / - a 7 e - strike, bat, thrash, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yehwistayAtákhwa 7 V > N bank. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hwist- metal, money, dollar, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'bank' is latihwistayAtákhwa 7 .

yehyatuhslayAtákhwa? V > N post office. With tsi 7 particle and tcislocative: tsi7 tyehyatuhslayAtákhwa7 at the post office. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -hyatuhslpaper, book, letter, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yehyatúkhwa 7 V > N pencil, pen. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -hyatu- write, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 9 habitual. yehyo'tsistalákhwa 7 V > N salt shaker. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -hyo 7 tsis-/ -hyo 7 tsist- salt, -1- be in or on, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yekalhathó-tha 7 V > N plow, egg turner, spatula. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, - ? t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yekalhatho 7 tákhwa 7 V > N egg turner, spatula. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -kalhatho- turn or knock over something low, plow, - 7 t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yekawe 7 tákhwa 7 V > N oar. NOTE: Composed of the ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a verb root -kawe-, the - 7 t- causative suffix, the -hkw- instrumental suffix, and -ha 7 habitual. The root -kawe- is given in ACH with the meaning 'paddle', but speakers we have consulted do not recognize it as a base. However, the root -kawe- is a compo-

Oneida-Eriglish

nent also in -kawe 7 t- fin of a fish, webbed feet; and .atenyAhtatkaweplus te- dualic, channel, force one's way through snow. Yekaye lík Behave! Be serious! NOTE: Composed of the ye- translocative prefix, ka- neuter agent, a verb root -yeli-, and the continuative suffix -k- (see, for example, note under the Future stative/Optative stative suffix -ke 7 ). See note under .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right. yekAhanyutákhwa 7 V > N curtain rod. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket, -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang, -hkw- instrumental, - h a 7 habitual. yekA 7 tehslútyehse 7 V > N someone who is going around flirting. 7tehslútyehse7 •Kátsha 7 yekA Where's that flirt going around flirting this time? NOTE: Can refer to either a man or a woman. Possibly composed of the kAfeminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix, a verb root -i 7 te-, the -hslnominalizer suffix, the alternant .uty- of the verb base .aty-/.atye-/ .uty-/.utye- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, throw, drop off, pour, add, and -e 7 se 7 habitual. See note under -i 7 tehsluni- flirt. yekhunyá tha 7 V > N kitchen. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyekhunyá-tha7 the kitchen there (e.g., at school). COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khunya 7 t- use something to cook with, -ha 7 habitual.

809

yekhunya 7 tákhwa 7 V > N pots, pans. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khunya 7 t- use something to cook with, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yeksayAtakhw-/yeksayAtakhwa 7 tslV > N cupboard. yeksayAtákhwa7 cupboard. With -ku locative suffix: yeksayAtákhwaku or yeksayAtakhwa?tslakú inside the cupboard. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -yAtahkw- where one keeps something. NOTE: The form yeksayAtakhwoccurs in yeksayAtákhwa 7 and in one of the forms with the -ku locative suffix. The ending -khwa 7 probably comes from -hkw-ha 7 , instrumental plus habitual aspect. The alternant yeksayAtakhwa 7 tsl-, with the - 7 tslnominalizer suffix, occurs in the second form with the -ku locative suffix. yeksokewátha 7 V > N dishtowel. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -lakew-/-ya 7 tokew-/-okewwipe, wipe off, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yekwe 7 talátha 7 V > N cutter. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -kwe 7 talu-/-kwe 7 tal- cut out a piece or chunk, - 7 tcausative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Refers to anything that cuts. .yel- plus n- partitive, v.a. do. nikyélha7 the way I'm doing it, nihsyélha 7 the way you're doing it, niyeyélha7 the way she's doing it, kA7 nihayélha7 this is the way he's doing it, nikayélha7 the way it's happening, niyakwayélha7 the way

810

Oneida-Eriglish

we (excl.) are doing it, nihatiyélha7 the way they (m.) are doing it. niyakoyelA the way she has done it. ná-kyele7 how I did it, kA7 ná-kyele7 this is the way I did it, náhsyele7 how you did it, naha-yéle7 how he did it, na 7e-yéle 7 how she did it, kA 7 nahati-yéle7 this is how they (m.) did it, nAkyele7 how I will do it, nAhsyele7 how you will do it, nAye-yéle7 how she or someone will do it, ná-kyele7 how I should do it. kA7 ná-tsyel Do it this way! Habitual past: nihatiyélhahkwe7 the way they used to do it. Future stative: nAsayelAhake7 the way that you will do it, nAkayelAhake7 the way that it will be done. With tcislocative: kA 7 nithayélha7 he's over here doing it this way. Aspect class: Dl. • Náhte7 kati7 ní• nAkyele7 tá-t yáh thahutahúhsatate7 But then what can I do if they won't listen. (Al) DERIVED BASES: .yel- p l u s kA 7 parti-

cle and n- partitive or ny- partitive and translocative, touch; .yelanyuplus kA? particle and n- partitive, do all over, touch all over; .yela'n- plus n- partitive, intend to do; .yela'se-/ .yela ? s- plus n- partitive, do to someone; .atyel- plus n- partitive, engage in doing something. NOTE: Composed of the n- partitive prefix and a verb root -yel-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See also .yel- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, be unable to help it; -yela'toverdo; .yela't- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, turn something in a direction, find a way.

yel- plus kA? particle and n- partitive or ny- partitive and translocative, v.a. touch. kA7 nyekyélha7 I'm touching it, kA7 nyehayélha7 he's touching it. kA7 nyahá-kyele7 I touched it, I gave it a touch (I touched it and then took my hand away again), kA7 nyaha-yéle7 he touched it, kA7 nya7ku-yéle7 I touched you, kA7 nyahi-yéle7 I touched him, kA7 nyahákyele7 he touched me, h 7 nyAhAkyele7 I will touch it. tákA 7 kA7 nyAhAhsyel Don't touch it! Habitual past: kA 7 nyekyélhahkwe 7 I was touching it. With t- cislocative: kA 7 nithakyélha7 he keeps touching me (there, as he passes by me), kA 7 nutahákyele7 he touched me (as he went by), kA7 nutayúkyele7 she touched me. With thy- contrastive and translocative (replacing nypartitive and translocative): kA 7 thyá-kyele7 I shouldn't touch it. COMPOSED OF: kA? particle, .yel-

plus n- partitive, do. ,yel- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative, v.a. be unable to help it. yáh thyawakyelA I couldn't help it, I had to (do it), yáh thyá-kyele7 I can't help it, yáh thyaha-yéle7 he can't help it. • NA kwí• yáh thyawakyelA yahá-ksane7 wa7katáyahte7. So then I couldn't help but finish going to school. ( G l ) Yáh thyá-kyele7 tsi7 wa 7khe-tAle7 I can't help but pity her. NOTE: Composed of the yáh negative particle, thy- contrastive and translocative prefixes, and a verb root -yel-, which is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or deri-

Oneida-Eriglish

vational suffixes. See also .yel- plus n- partitive, do. yelákhwa 7 V > N container (e.g., a pot or bowl). With -shuha collective clitic: yelakhwa7shúha containers. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. .yelanyu- plus kA? particle and npartitive, v.a. do all over, touch all over. kA7 na7kyeláni7 I'm touching it all over, the way I did it. • Wa 7katna 7talu-ní• thikA HA kwáh takateyA-tu7, kwáh waktsihkotúni7, kwáh kA7 na7kyeláni7 thi-kA. I really took care making the bread, I kneaded it, doing it like this (demonstrating how). (CI) COMPOSED OF: kA? particle, .yelplus n- partitive, do, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have .yelani- before a final 7 . yelathAstákhwa? V > N ladder. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -lathAst- get something up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. .yela'n- plus n- partitive, v.m. intend to do. nihayelá-ne7 he's going to do it. COMPOSED OF: .yel- plus n- partitive, do, - 7 n- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 n cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yela 7 se-/.yela 7 s- plus n- partitive, v.a. do to someone, nihakyelá-se how he does it to me, what he does to me, how he has done it to me. nukye-lá-se7 how or what she (z.) or it did to me, na 7ukye-lá-se 7 how or what she did to me.

811

COMPOSED OF: .yel- plus n- partitive, do, - 7 se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .yela 7 seoccurs in the stative aspect, .yela'soccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the 7 s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yela 7 t- v.a. overdo, kyelá-tha7 I overdo it, I push the limit. wakyelá-tu I have overdone it. wa7kye-lá-te7 I overdid it, wahaye-lá-te7 he overdid it, wahatiye-lá-te7 they (m) went too far, Ahsye-lá-te7 you will go overboard. Aspect class: El. • NA se7 uhte wí• né• ka7ikA lutto-kás kA- tsi7 wé-ne se7 tsi7 só-tsi7 HA wahatiye-lá-te7 ka7ikA, kwáh tsi7 nikú yo7kalá-u khále7 wa7thatihyatúhslayA 7. Then really I guess they perceived that evidently they had gone too far, it was every night they were playing cards. (M5) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -yeland the - 7 t- causative suffix. The root -yel- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See .yel- plus n- partitive, do. The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yela 7 t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative, v.a. turn something in a direction, find a way. kAh nukwá• nitekyelá-tha7 I turn it in this direction, nitwakyelá-tu I have turned it this way, a 7é• nukwáyewakyelá-tu I have turned it that direction. kAh nukwá• nutakye'lá-te7 I turned it this way, nutayeye-lá-te7 she turned it this way, she found a way, a7é• nukwá- ya7kye-lá-te7 I turned it that way, thó nutuye-lá-te7 it's in that position. Aspect class: El. •Thó s né- nutayeye'lá-te7 ayako-

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Oneida-Eriglish

hwistayA-táne7 That's the way that she found to make money. (VI) DERIVED BASES: .lihwayela't- plus nit- partitive and cislocative, do something a particular way due to some reasoning or direction. NOTE: Composed of the nit- partitive and cislocative prefixes or ytranslocative prefix, a verb root -yel-, and the - ? t- causative suffix. The root -yel- is attested only with prepronominal prefixes or derivational suffixes. See .yel- plus npartitive, do. A component -yela ? toccurs also in .atyela't- plus n- partitive, turn a direction, face a direction. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yeli- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be right. tkaye-lí• it's right. Habitual past: tkaye-líhkwe7 it was right. Future stative: tkaye-líke7 it will be right. Optative stative: utakaye-líke7 it should be right. With te ? - negative: yáh te7tkaye-lí• it's not right. With th- contrastive, and optative stative: yáh thutakaye-líke7 it won't be right. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: .yelit- plus t- cislocative, do right; .yelitst- plus tcislocative, make right, correct; .lihwayeli- plus t- cislocative, be a nice person, be decent, have integrity. NOTE: Composed of the t- cislocative prefix and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .yeli- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, fit, be enough; .'nikuhlayeli- plus ytranslocative, be serious; and the expressions yáh thyekaye lísomeone who is silly, makes himself amusing, a jokester, comedian; and Y e k a y e l í k Behave! Be serious!

.yeli- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, v.a. fit, be enough. ya7tekye-lí• it fits me (e.g., a dress), ya7thaye-lí• it fits him, ya7tyeye-lí7 it fits her. ya tAkye-lí• it will fit me, ya7tAhsye-lí kX will you fit it? thó ya?tAkaye-lí• that will be enough (so stop it). DERIVED BASES: . y e l i 7 s e - / . y e l i ? s -

plus ya'te- translocative and dualic, be enough for someone. NOTE: Composed of the ya 7 tetranslocative and dualic prefixes and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See also .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right, and the note under that base. yeliha'tákhwa 7 V > N cooking pot. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminineindefinite singular agent, -liha't-/ -taliha't- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yelistalhó t h a ' V > N iron. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -listalho- iron, - ? t- causative, - h a ? habitual. .yelit- plus t- cislocative, v.a. do right. tekye-líts I do it right, twakyelitú I have done it right, takye-líte7 I did it right, tahsye-líte7 you did it right, you're right, Atekye-líte7 I will do it right, Atetwaye-líte7 we (incl.) will do it right. With te 7 negative: yáh te7tyakniye-líts we two (excl.) are not doing it right. With th- contrastive: yáh thutayakniye-líte7 we two (excl.) weren't doing it right. Aspect class: E2. •NAki7 tahsye-líte7. Now you did it right. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus t- cisloc-

Oneida-Eriglish

ative, be right, -t- causative-inchoative. .yelitst- plus t- cislocative, v.a. make right, correct, thayelítsta7 he's making it right, tahaye-lítste7 he made it right, he corrected it. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus t- cislocative, be right, -tst- causative. .yeli 7 se-/.yeli ? s- plus ya 7 te- translocative and dualic, v.a. be enough for someone, thó ya7twakyelí-se that was enough for me. thó ya7tAwakye-lí-se7 tsi7 nikú that will be enough for me. COMPOSED OF: .yeli- plus ya?tetranslocative and dualic, fit, be enough, - 7 se-/- 7 s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant ,yeli ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, .yeli's- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yelu- v.a. deceive someone, kye-lúhe7 I'm deceiving her (z.) or it, laye-lúhe7 he's deceiving her (z.) or it, lakye-lúhe7 he keeps fooling me, shakoye-lúhe7 he's deceiving them, he's fooling them. DERIVED BASES: - a t y e l u ' s - g e t

fooled, have an accident; .yelunyuplus te- dualic, do something to, fool, trick, decorate. NOTE: See also -yelu- be unreliable. -yelu- v.s. be unreliable, laye-lú• he's unreliable, yeyelú- she's unreliable. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Possibly the stative aspect forms of -yelu- deceive someone (i.e., someone who has deceived is unreliable). -yeluni- v.a. show how to do, make known, trace, layelu-níhe7 he's showing the way of doing something,

813

he's blueprinting what he'll do. kayelunt it's shown, there's a trace. Pre-pausal: kayelu-ní. ivahayelu-nthe showed or spoke about how he'll do it, he made it known. With te'snegative and repetitive: yáh te7skayeluní there's no trace anymore. Aspect class: Al. • Kwáh ki7 yáh kátsha7 te ^kayelunt' kA- tsi7 thó kanuhso-táhkwe7. There isn't any trace that there was once a house standing there. (M10) DERIVED BASES: -yelunitst- show how to do, show one's intentions, demonstrate. -yelunitst- v.a. show how to do, show one's intentions, demonstrate. layelunítsta7 he's showing or demonstrating the way he'll do it. kayelunítstu it shows the way it's done, wahayelu-nítste7 he showed how he'll do it. Aspect class: El. • Wahayelu-nítste7 náhte7 nihayelá-ne7. He told of the way he's going to do it. COMPOSED OF: -yeluni- show how to do, make known, trace, -tst- causative. .yelunyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. do something to, fool, trick, decorate. tehayelúnyuhe7 he's doing something to it (e.g., to the room), he's decorating it, tehakyelúnyuhe7 he keeps tricking me. wa7tekheyelúni7 I fooled or tricked her, wa7thakyelúni7 he tricked me, wa7tyukwayelúni7 it fooled us. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yeludeceive someone, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES: .atyelunyu- plus tedualic, put on a show, entertain; .atkuhsayelunyu- plus te- dualic, make a face. NOTE: Many speakers have .yelunibefore a final 7 .

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Oneida-Eriglish

.yelutal- plus tes- dualic and repetitive, v.s. be almost identical, resemble, teskayelu-tále7 it's almost identical, it's almost a carbon copy. Aspect class: F. -yelu't- n. corpse, body, figure. oyelú-ta7 corpse. With -N-aks(A)be bad, be not the way it should be: yeyelu 7táksA she has a bad figure. With -N-aksA?- become bad: Akyelu 7táksAne7 I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu7táksAtie7 I should have a bad figure. With -N-iyo- be good: yeyelu7tiyó she has a nice figure. And future stative: Akyelu 7tiyóhake 7 I will have a nice figure. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihayelu7tó-tA the kind of body or figure he has. •Yáh té-kelhe7 akyelu 7táks A ne7 I don't want to get a bad-looking body, a bad figure. NOTE: The 7 of the 7t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yen- oil, grease, fat. See -iye-/-yen-. -yena- v.a. take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. kye-nás I take hold of it, wakye-nás it catches up with me, I'm getting fits, loye-nás it catches up with him, he's getting fits. wakyenA I have taken hold of it, I have received it. wa 7kye-ná• I grabbed hold of it, I grabbed her (z.), I received it, wahoye-ná- he caught him, he arrested him, Ayeye-ná• she or someone will receive it, Ashakoye-ná• he will hold onto her, Askwaye-ná• you all will take hold of me or us, Ahyaye-ná• he will take hold of you. tsye-ná Hold on to it! With -itsyfish: ahAtsyaye-ná• he should catch fish. Aspect class: D2.

DERIVED BASES: .yena- plus tedualic, do something together, work as a team; .yena- plus t- cislocative, catch; .yena- plus y- translocative, touch, feel, grab; -yenas be a policeman; .yena?se-/.yena 7 s- plus tedualic, make a profit; .atatyena- plus te- dualic, wrestle; kítkit yakoye nás chicken hawk; yeyenásta? handle. NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix.

.yena- plus te- dualic, v.a. do something together, work as a team. tetniye-nás you and I (incl.) are doing it together, teyakniye-nás we two (excl.) are doing it together, tehniye-nás the two (m.) are doing it together, tehatiyenás they (m.) work together. wa7tyakniye-ná- we two (excl.) worked together, wa7thniye-ná• the two (m.) worked together. • NA né- thikA ne7n aknulhá- sAwa7eyA-táko7 wa7thniye-ná• khále7 yuta7ahslu-níhe7 SA-. At that time my mother, she also cut wood (and) they (my mother and father) worked together, and she made baskets too. (VI)

COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. .yena- plus t- cislocative, v.a. catch. tekye-nás I'm catching it. twakyenA I have caught it. tyoyenA it was caught (stuck) onto it. Pre-pausal: tyoye-nA. takye-ná• I caught it, tahaye-ná• he caught it. tatsye-ná Catch it! Aspect class: D2. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. DERIVED BASES: .yenas plus t- cislocative, be a catcher.

Oneida-Eriglish 815

NOTE: The final a of the base is deleted before the -A stative suffix. .yena- plus y- translocative, v.a. touch, feel, grab, yekye-nás I touch it, I keep feeling it. yewakyenA I have touched it. ya 7kye-ná• I touched it, I felt it, ya 7shakoye-náhe caught hold of her. ya7tsye-ná Touch it! With n- partitive: nya7kye-náhow I touched it. Aspect class: D2. •Né-n kwáh ok ní• tha7katye-lAnAkhle7 tok náhte7 nya7kye-ná-, 7 takatihAtho . So then I was taken aback when I felt something, I jerked it towards me. (M10) COMPOSED OF: y- translocative,

-yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest. NOTE: The final a of the base, is deleted before the -A stative suffix. -yenal- v.s. have gas or oil in, be greasy, be oily, kaye-nále7 there's oil or gas in it, yoye-nále7 it's greasy, it's oily. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -iye-/-yen- oil,

grease, fat, -1- be in or on. -yenas v.a. be a policeman. shakoye-nás (he's a) policeman, yakoye-nás (she's a) policewoman. COMPOSED OF: -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -s habitual. .yenas plus t- cislocative, v.a. be a catcher, tekye-nás I'm the catcher, tehsye-nás you're catcher, thaye-nás he's catcher, tyeye-nás she's catcher. COMPOSED OF: .yena- plus t- cislocative, catch, -s habitual. .yenateny- plus te- dualic, v.a. change the oil. wa7thayenate-ní• he changed the oil, he had the oil changed, wa7thatiyenate-níthey (m.) changed the oil.

COMPOSED OF: -iye-/-yen- oil,

grease, fat, .teny-/.tenyu- plus tedualic, change something. NOTE: The final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -yenawa'k- v.s. be holding onto. wakyenawá-ku I'm holding onto it, loyenawá-ku he's holding onto it, kuyenawá-ku I'm holding onto you, liyenawá-ku I'm holding onto him, shakoyenawá-ku

h e h a s his a r m s

around her. Stative past: loyenawa7kú-ne7 he was holding o n t o it, liyenawa7kú-ne7

I was

holding onto him. Future stative: Ahiyenawa7kúhake7 I will be holding onto him. Aspect class: E. NOTE: May include a component -awa ? k-, which occurs also in -hnya'sawa'k- be holding someone around the neck. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yenawa ? se-/-yenawa?s- v.a. support someone, kuyenawá-se I have supported you (e.g., in an argument), lakyenawá-se he's supporting me. wahakye-náwahse7 he supported me, Xkuye-náwahse7 I will support you, Ashakoye-náivahse7 he will support her, Askye-náwahse7 you will support me. takye-náwahs Support me, back me up! NOTE: Possibly composed of a verb root -yenaw- and the - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive suffix. See also -atyenawasthold onto, keep, use up. The alternant -yenawa ? se- occurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant -yenawa'soccurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the 7 s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables.

816 Oneida-Eriglish

,yena?se-/.yena?s- plus te- dualic, v.a. make a profit, tewakyená-se I have made that much profit. wa7twakye-ná-se7 I made that much profit. With y- translocative: ya7twakye-ná-se7 that's how much I got for it. With ny- partitive and translocative: nya7thoye-ná-se7 he received that much in profit there. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yenatake hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -?se-/-?s- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant .yena?seoccurs in the stative aspect, .yena?soccurs in the punctual aspect. The ? of the ?s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. yena?tslunyátha? V > N spade. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -na?tsl- ditch, -uni-/-uny- make, construct, -?tcausative, -ha? habitual. yenAstaliha?tákhwa? V > N stove. NOTE: Composed of the ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -liha?t- of the verb base -liha?t-/ -taliha?t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, and -ha? habitual. See note under kanXstote? rafters. Another word for 'stove' is yonAstaliha?tákhwa?. See also the tongue twister teyenAstaliha?takhwa?tslahu?tsistalathe?tákhwa? black stove polish. .yenhala?-/.wyenhala?- plus te- dualic, v.a. get busy, tekeyenha-lá-se7 I get busy, tewakeyenhalá-u I'm busy, teyakoyenhalá-u she's busy, tehoyenhalá-u he's busy, teyukniyenhalá-u we two are busy. wa7tkeyenha-láne7 I got busy. With n- partitive: na7teyukwayenhalá-u

we're so busy. Aspect class: E3. • Náhte7 tehoyenhalá-u ka7ikA WAhnislaténih. What's he busy at these days? NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yenhusa? kin term, in-law of different generations, yukyenhúsa7 my mother-in-law, lakyenhúsa7 my father-in-law, kheyenhúsa7 my daughter-in-law, liyenhúsa7 my sonin-law, yesayenhúsa7 your motherin-law, yayenhúsa 7 your father-inlaw, luwayenhúsa 7 his mother-inlaw, or both his in-laws. yenohalenyu?tákhwa? V > N washtub. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nohalenyu-/ -ohalenyu- wash several, -?t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenuhkwa?tslalákhwa? V > N pepper shaker. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuhkwa?t-/ -nuhkwa?tsl- medicine, pepper, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenutakli?tslalákhwa? V > N sugar bowl. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nutakli-/ -nutakli?tsl- sugar, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha? habitual. yenuteksyá tha? V > N bottle opener. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -nuteksyu-/ -nuteksy- take the lid off, uncover, -?t- causative, -ha? habitual.

Oneida-Eriglish 817

yenu'tathe'tákhwa 7 V > N butter churn. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -nu'tathe'tchurn butter, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ? habitual. yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-/yehes-/ yehets- pref. Translocative and repetitive (translocative and iterative). NOTE: The alternant yets- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant yetsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yese- occurs before some consonant clusters. The alternant yesoccurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants yehes- and yehets- occur in place of yes- and yets- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yes- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/ -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A. yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/-es-/ -esA-/-esay- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminineindefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on second person singular. NOTE: The alternants yesa- and -esa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yes- and -es- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants yesA- and -esAoccur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of

the base. The alternants yesay- and -esay- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. -yesaht- v.a. put someone down. shakoyesátha 7 he puts or calls her down, liyesáhtu I have called him down, wahiye-sáhte7 I called him down. Aspect class: El. DERIVED BASES: - y e s a h t a n y u - p u t

someone down now and again. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -yesand the -ht- causative suffix. The root -yes- may be the same root that occurs in -atyes(A)- be cheap, be available, be willing. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -yesahtanyu- v.a. put someone down now and again, shakoyesahtányuhe7 he keeps putting her down. wahiyesahtáni7 I called him down (on different occasions), wahyayesahtáni7 he called you down. COMPOSED OF: -yesaht- put someone down, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yesahtani- before a final 7 . yesay- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yesa-/yes-/yesA-/yesay-/-esa-/ -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. yese- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-/ yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. yesA- pref. she, someone, or they act on you. Interactive pronominal prefix.

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Oneida-Eriglish

See y e s a - / y e s - / y e s A - / y e s a y - / - e s a - / -es-/-esA-/-esay-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i. -yeshu- v.a. smile, laugh. wakyéshuhe7 I'm smiling, yuktiiyéshuhe 7 we two are smiling, sniyéshuhe7 you two are smiling. ukyéshu 7 I smiled, wa7ukwayéshu7 we laughed, wahotiyéshu7 they (m.) laughed. With t- cislocative, and -kó- augmentative clitic: tahoyeshu7kó• he had a big laugh there. yeskAhá Adverbial particle: the last one, the last time. Pre-pausal: yeskA-há. .yest- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix, add in an item, tekyésta 7 I'm adding it in, I'm mixing it. teyakoyéstu she has mixed it. wa7tékyeste7 I mixed it, tAhsyeste7 you will mix it. tAhsyest Mix it! With y- translocative: ya7tAhsyeste7 you will mix them together and add them to something. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wa7tekhne-káyeste7 I mixed the fluids together. With -the ? tsl- flour: tekathe7tslayéstu it has flour mixed into it. Aspect class: EL. • Kwah ikA yohnekatalíhA Ahsatste7 tAhsyeste7 osahé-ta7 7 7 khále othé-tsheli Use really hot water (and) mix it into the beans and flour. (R2) DERIVED BASES: .yestanyu- plus tedualic, mix together; .yestAni- plus te- dualic, put a charm or bad medicine on someone; .athwatsilayestplus te- dualic, mix families, get married; .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic, compromise; .lihwayestahkwplus ya ? te- translocative and dualic, do two things at once.

.yestanyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. mix together. wa7tekyestáni7 I mixed it all together. With na ? tAs- partitive, dualic and repetitive: na7tAsehsyestáni7 how or when you will mix everything together again. • Thó nA Asehsatna7tsyá-lA7 ále7 thó UA na7tAsehsyestáni7 ka7ikA o-nAste7 osahé-ta7 khále7 o7wá-lu7. Then put the pot back (on the stove) again, and then mix in corn, beans, and meat. ( R l ) COMPOSED OF: .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -nyu- distributive. DERIVED BASES:

teyeyestanyu'tákhwa 7 átsi? mixing bowl. NOTE: Many speakers have .yestani- before a final 7 . .yestAni- plus te- dualic, v.s. put a charm or bad medicine on someone. teyutatyestAní someone has put a charm on her, she put some bad medicine on her, tehuwayestAní someone has put a hex on him. Prepausal: tehuwayestA-ní. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: .yest- plus te- dualic, mix, add in an item, -Ani- benefactive. NOTE: M.D. remarks that she also used to hear this when someone had a spouse or partner who was abusive or not good to them; then it was presumed that the spouse or partner put some sort of hold on them, perhaps as if mixing a potion for them. y e t h i - / y e t h i y - / - e t h i - / - e t h i y - pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. First person inclusive non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yethi- and

Oneida-Eriglish

-ethi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yethiyand -ethiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. yethiy- pref. you and I act on her, someone or them. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yethi-/yethiy-/ -ethi-/-ethiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. yeti 7 tslalákhwa 7 V > N tea canister. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -ti-/-ti 7 tsl- tea, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ' habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'tea canister' is yutti 7 tslalákhwa 7 . yets- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-/ yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. yetshi-/yetshiy-/-etshi-/-etshiypref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. Second person non-singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular, and third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on second person non-singular. NOTE: The alternants yetshi- and -etshi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yetshiy- and -etshiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y

819

occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. yetshiy- pref. you two or you all act on her, someone or them; she, someone, or they act on you two or you all. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yetshi-/yetshiy-/-etshi-/-etshiy-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. yetsi- pref. Translocative and repetitive. See yes-/yets-/yetsi-/yese-/ yehes-/yehets-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yetsistalákhwa 7 V > N lantern. COMPOSED OF: y e - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -tsist- fire, light, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. yetsistotákhwa 7 V > N lamp. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -tsistot- light, turn on a light, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ' habitual. yetsyAhtákhwa 7 V > N pail. COMPOSED OF: ye- f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -tsyAht- draw water, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yewatlihwatAnyétha 7 V > N fax machine. COMPOSED OF: W- neuter agent, -atsemireflexive, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, .atAnyeht- plus y- translocative or tcislocative, send, -ha' habitual. yewelalákhwa 7 V > N lung. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indef-

820

Oneida-Eriglish

inite singular agent, -wel- air, wind, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ? habitual. yeyenásta? V > N handle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -yena- take hold of, catch up with, get fits, receive, arrest, -st- causative, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Refers to anything used to hold onto something. YeyAthókwas V > N September. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -yAthokwharvest, pick plants, -as habitual. ye? Emphatic particle: really. NOTE: Frequently occurs after a factual form of the base -atu-/-A-/ -ihlu- say, and before direct speech (e.g., wahA-lu7 ye7 he said really). ye'nikhúkhwa 7 V > N sewing machine, sewing needle. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -'nikhu- sew, stitch, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. ye'nikhúkhwa 7 anishnuhsohlókta? thimble. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -'nikhu- sew, stitch, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual; and anishnuhsohlókta 7 ring. y e ' w a h l a k w e ' t a l á tha 7 V > N butcher knife. COMPOSED OF: ye- feminine-indefinite singular agent, - ' w a h l - meat, -kwe ? talu-/-kwe'tal- cut out a piece or chunk, -?t- causative, -ha ? habitual. .ye'wAta'- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get better, recover from an illness. tsyeye7WA-tá-se7 she gets better.

shoye7WAtá-u he's all better. sakye7WA-táne7 I got better. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base -N-Ata'- finish doing. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. •yA-/-yAt- v.a. lay down, place, have. íkyAhe 7 I'm laying or putting it down (e.g., on the floor), la-yAhe7 he's putting it down. wákyA 7 or wáki7 I have it in my possession, yakoyA she has it, yo-yA• she (z.) or it has it, yukni-yA• we two have it, yukwa-yAwe have it, loti-yA• they (m.) have it. ka-yA• it's lying there. wá-kyA7 I laid it down, waha-yA• he put it down, wa 7e-yA- she put it down. tTisi Put it down! Habitual past: kayA-táhkwe7 it was (lying) there, loyA-táhkwe7 he used to have possessions, yakoyA-táhkwe7 she or someone used to have possessions. Future stative: AsayA-táke7 you will have it. Optative stative: ayukwayA-táke7 we should have it. With t- cislocative: taha-yA• he put it down there, tka-yA• it's lying there. With n- partitive: nika-yAhow or where it's placed, na 7e-yA how or where she put it down. With te ? - negative: yáh te7ka-yA- it's not there, it's not available, yáh te?yo-yA• it doesn't have it, yáh te?yukwa-yA• w e don't have it, yáh tehoti-yA• they (m.) don't have it. With tsh- coincident: tshiyukwa-yAwhen we had it. With tshit- coincident and cislocative: tshitho-yAwhen he had it there. With -ahsohkw- colour: yakohsóhkwayA 7 she has colours or paints. With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla ? tsl- chair: lonanitskwahlá-tslayA7 they (m.)

Oneida-Eriglish

have chairs. With -ashe 7 nut-/ -ashe'nutsl- basket: sashe7nútslayA7 you have a basket. With -atehAhslshame, and te 7 - negative: yáh kA te7satehAhsla-yA• don't you have any shame? With -atAlo-/-atAlo 7 slfriend: wakatAló-slayA7 I have a friend. And optative stative: aesatAlo7slayA-táke? you should have a friend. With -atleha/-atle 7 /-atle 7 sl- grandchild: lonatlé-slay A7 they (m.) have a grandchild. With -atnutekt-/-atnutekta'tsl- lid, cover: yotnutektá-tslayA7 it has a cover or lid that goes with it. With -atya 7 tawi 7 t-/-atya 7 tawi ? tsl- dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse: wakatya7tawí-tslayA7 I have a dress. With -a'nyanawA-/ -a ? nyanawA?tsl- glove, mitten: sa7nyanawA-tslayA7 you have a mitten, lo7nyanawA-tslayA7 he has a mitten. With -hsAn- name, reputation, and te 7 - negative: yáh te7waksA-náyA7 I don't have a name. With -hul- gun: wakhu-láyA7 I have a gun. With -hwatsil- family: kahwatsi-láyA7 (there's) a family, yakwahwatsi-láyA7 we (excl.) are a family, lotihwatsi-láyA7 they (m.) have a family. And tsh- coincident: tshiwakhwatsi-láyA7 when I had a family. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: wakhwístayA 7 I have money, yakohzvístayA 7 she or someone has money. And te ? - negative: yáh te 7wakhwístayA 7 I don't have any money. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter: kahyatúhslayA7 the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor). And te 7 - negative: yáh te 7wakhyatúhslayA 7 I don't have papers, yáh kánike7 te7kahyatúhslayA7 there's no paper anywhere. With -ityohkw- group, crowd, and n- partitive: tóhka7

821

nikAtyóhkwayA7 there are several groups. With -naskw-/-nAskwdomestic animal, pet, slave: waknáskwayA7 I have a pet, sanáskwayA7 you have a pet, lonáskwayA 7 he has a pet, yakonáskwayA7 she has a pet, yukwanáskwayA 7 we have a pet, lotináskwayA7 they (m.) have a pet. And habitual past: waknAskwayA-táhkwe7 I used to have a pet. And optative stative: ahotinAskwayA-táke7 they (m.) should have animals. And te 7 - negative: yah tehotinAskwayA7 they (m.) don't have any animals. With -na ? tsy- pail, pot, kettle, and t- cislocative: tkaná-tsyayA 7 the pail is lying there. With -nuhs- house, building: waknúhsayA7 I have a house. With -nuto 7 tsl- box: kanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying. And t- cislocative: tkanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying there. With -tsist- fire, light, and te 7 - negative: yáh te 7yakotsístayA 7 she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). With -wil- baby, offspring: lowi-láyA 7 he has a daughter, his little girl. And te- dualic: teyowi-láyA7 she (z.) has two daughters, tékni teyakowi-láyA7 she has two children. And n- partitive: kayé nizvakwi-láyA7 I have four children. With -ya ? tuni-/ -ya'tunihsl- doll: kaya7tuníhslayA7 the doll is lying there. And future stative: Akaya7tunihslayA-táke7 the doll will be lying there. And habitual past: kaya7tunihslayA-táhkwe7 the doll was lying there. With - 7 slehtvehicle: ka7sléhtayA7 it's a vehicle, yako7sléhtayA7 she has a vehicle, loti?sléhtayA7 they (m.) owned a car. And te ? - negative: yáh

822 Oneida-Eriglish

te7wake7sléhtay A7 I don't have a car or ride, yáh te7ka7sléhtayA7 there's no car. And te ? s- negative and repetitive: te7tsyukni7sléhtayA7 we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. Aspect class: Bl. •Tahnú• s né-n tekyatahnu-téle7 yako7sléhtayA7 kAs buggy khále7 ponyha yakonXskwayA7 And besides her sister had a vehicle, a buggy, and a pet pony. (Ol) DERIVED BASES: .yA- p l u s s- repeti-

tive, be or have some left; .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game; -yAhn- take somewhere, deliver; -yAtahkw- where one keeps something; -yAtatye-/ -ya'tayAtatye- have along, bring along; -yAta?- get, obtain; -yAta 7 land; -yAtu- have several; -yA?ttake inside, bring inside; -ahsa'kAslayA-/ -ahsa'kAslayAtget a frost; -anityohkwayAht- gang up on, attack; -ani'tayA- have a bowel movement; -ate'shAnayAhave a chance; -atkalayAtahkwpawn; -atla'swayA- guarantee fortune or good luck; -atlAnayA-/-atlAnayAt- pray; -atnaktayA- be a bed or place set up; -atnutli'tayA- Slang: sit on it, shut up; -atnuwayA- settle to the bottom, become murky; .atshatayA-/ .atshatayAt- plus te- dualic, become foggy; -attokAhslayA- have sensations; -atwilayA- give birth (an animal); -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store; -ehkwayA-/-ehwayAt- be a small pond or island; -hetkA'tayA- Slang: never mind; -hAtayA- be a field, be a garden; -hlako'tayA- Slang: never mind, shut up; -hle'nayA- be a bundle, lying; -i'tsyuhkwayA- be lying curled up in a ball; -kalayAhave value, have worth;

-kuhletshayA- be a post, lying; -lhayA-/-lhayAt- be woods; -lihwayAni-MihwayAha's- give someone an assignment or part of a job; .lihwayAta's- plus te- dualic, make an agreement or appointment; -lutayA- be a tree or log, lying; -naktayA- be a bed; -natayA- be a town; -nawayA- be a swamp; -na'skwayA- be lying curled up; -nAyayA- be a stone, lying; -nhlayAhave a disease; .nusayA- plus tedualic, be squatting close to the ground; -nyatalayA- be a lake; -skawayA- be brush, bush, or scrub; -tsistotakhwa'tslayA- have lights, have lamps; -yanlAhslayA- be laws; .yu'kwalayA- plus te- dualic, be hazy; -?slehtayA- be parked in a vehicle; atslunyahkwayAtákhwa 7 dresser; latihelayAtákhwa? silo; yehyatuhslayAtákhwa' post office; yehwistayAtákhwa' or latihwistayAtákhwa? bank. NOTE: In the meaning 'lay down' or 'place', the affected object must be in a horizontal position; compare -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. In the stative aspect, with non-neuter (i.e., animate) pronominal prefixes, the base also indicates possession. The alternant -yA- occurs in the basic aspects and before the -hn- dislocative, -ni-/ -ha ? s- benefactive, -ht- causative, and - ? t- causative suffixes. The alternant -yAt- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the inchoative, -hkw- instrumental, -udistributive, - 7 s- benefactive, and -tye- progressive suffixes. See also tsi7 ka-yX- the one(s) that, which one; and the expressions Nya'snAwXhslayA and SatnAwXhslayA Oh be quiet!

Oneida-Eriglish

yA- plus s- repetitive, v.s. be or have some left. ska-yA• there's some left, tsyukwa-yA• we have some left. With te ? - negative: yáh te7ska-yAthere isn't any left, yáh náhte7 te7tsyukwa-yA• we don't have any left. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar, and te ? - negative: yáh náhte7 te7tsyukwahwístayA7 we don't have any money left. Aspect class: B. • Tahnú• kwák kók nikú ska-yAthikA othé-tsli7 kwah nók tsi7 úska Akateshe7lhu-nítsi7 ok nikú ska-yA-. And there's just enough flour left so that I can make dough this one time, there's just enough left. (CI) COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -yA-/ -yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .ukwe'tayA- plus srepetitive, be or have someone left. .yA- plus te- dualic, v.a. gamble, bet on the outcome of a game. tékyAhe7 I'm gambling, téhsyAhe7 you're gambling, tehni-yAhe7 the two (m.) are betting. tehoti-yA- they (m.) are gambling, wa 7thati-yA• they (m.) bet on the game. Aspect class: B l . • KwahotokA tsi7 tehoti-yA- kA-, 7 tsi ka-yA- Aho-tí• né• kwi- nók Awa-tú• AhayAtakó-na7 tá-thuni7 7 7 7 AhatsyA-na tá-thuni tsi ok wináhte7, tAhayAtá-lihte7 sA-. Certainly they were gambling, the one who lost was the one who had to get wood or go to get water or all kinds of things, split wood too. (M5) COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yA-/-yAtlay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: .yAhn- plus tedualic, go to gamble; .atlahwAhtayA- plus te- dualic, play the snowsnake; .hyatuhslayA- plus te- dualic, play cards; .nunyo'kwayAplus te- dualic, play pool; teka-yXgambling.

823

yA-/yAhA- pref. Translocative and future mode. NOTE: T h e alternant YAHA- o c c u r s

when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules, otherwise yA- occurs. yA- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with a few bases that begin in e. yA- pref. he acts on you. Interactive pronominal prefix. See ya-/y-/yA-/ yay-/-hya-/-hy-/-hyA-/-hyay-. NOTE: Occurs word-initially with bases that begin in the vowel i. -yA- throw a straight object at. See -ya?ak-/-yA-. -yAha kin term, child. liyAha my son, I have him as a son, khey Aha my daughter, etshyAha your son, sheyAha your daughter, luway Aha her son, utatyAha her daughter, kuwayAha her daughter (z.), loyAha his son, shakoy Aha his daughter. laky Aha my father, he's a father to me. With s- repetitive: tsyutatyAha again her daughter (her daughter's daughter), shoyAha again his son (his son's son). With -oku/-o-kúcollective clitic: kheyo7okúha my children, sheyo7okúha your children, akoyo7okúha her (z.) children, luwatiyo7okúha her children, shakoyo7okúha his children, yethiyo7okúha our children. • KheyAha khále7 nétsyutatyAha. My daughter and then again her daughter. DERIVED BASES: .yAha/.yA- plus KA? particle and nit- partitive and cislocative, young person; -atatyAha parent-child relation.

824 Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: Composed of a component -yA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant -oku of the collective clitic -oku/-o kú- occurs between the component -yA- and the diminutive clitic, and the vowel of -yA- assimilates to the initial vowel of the collective clitic. .yAha/.yA- plus kA? particle and nitpartitive and cislocative, v.s. young person. kA7 nithoyAha young man, kA 7 nityakoyAha young woman, kA 7 nithotiyAha young men. Secondary habitual: kA7 nitisniyA-sa7 you two young ones, kA 7 nithotiyA-sa 7 several young men or young people. With tshit- coincident and cislocative (replacing nit- partitive and cislocative): kA7 tshitwakyAha when I was a young person, kA7 tshithoyAha when he was a young man, kA 7 tshityakoyAha when she was a young woman. And habitual past: kA 7 nityakoyA 7Askwa 7 she was the youngest. Aspect class: A. •Lole7SA-hné• thikA lukwé sAha7 kA 7 tshithoyAha. He was fat, that man, when he was younger. COMPOSED OF: kA ? particle a n d nit-

partitive and cislocative, -yAha child. NOTE: Refers to a person who is approximately 25-30 years of age. The alternant .yAha probably includes the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant .yA-, without the diminutive, occurs in the secondary habitual and habitual past. yAhA- pref. Translocative and future mode. See yA-/yAhA-. NOTE: Occurs when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules.

yAhAs- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces yAs- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yAhAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAts-. NOTE: Replaces yAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. -yAhn- v.m. take somewhere, deliver. layA-hné• he's here and he brought it. layA-hné-se7 he takes it over there, he delivers it. loyA-hnú• he has gone to take it over there. wahayA-hná• he's on his way over to deliver it, AhayA-hnáhe will take it over. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: wahahnekayA-hnáhe's delivering water. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wahakAhayA-hnáhe's taking a blanket over. With -yAtwood, cord of wood: AhayAtayA-hnáhe will deliver wood. Aspect class: H.

COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hn- dislocative. DERIVED BASES: .yAhn- p l u s s-

repetitive, take back, return. .yAhn- plus s- repetitive, v.a. take back, return. sekyA-hné• I'm here to return it. sakyA-hná• I'm on my way to take it back, AsekyA-hná• I will take it back, usahsyA-hná• you should take it back. satsyA-hná Bring it back! Stative past: swakyAhnu-hné• I have taken it back. •Kwáh kA7 ná-ye7 nA wahA-lu7 "Tá-wet" wahA-lu7 "a-kúnhane7" wahA-lu7 "usahsyA-hná- ka7ikA yáh tha7tewakatuhutsyoní só-tsi7

Oneida-Eriglish 825

kano-lú•". In just a little while he said "Dave", he said, "I would hire you," he said, "to take it back, I don't want it, it's too expensive." (M3) COMPOSED OF: s- repetitive, -yAhntake somewhere, deliver. .yAhn- plus te- dualic, v.m. go to gamble. tekyA-hné-se7 I go to gamble (e.g., to the bingo). tehoyA-hnú• he has gone to gamble. wa7tekyA-hnáI'm on my way to gamble. Stative past: tewakyAhnu-hné• I went to gamble. Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: .yA- plus te- dualic, gamble, bet on the outcome of a game, -hn- dislocative. -yAht- v.a. hit with an object, score. liyXtha 7 I hit him with it. waha-yXhte7 he scored (e.g., in hockey), wahi-yXhte7 I hit him with it, waho-yXhte7 he hit him with it, wa7shako-yXhte7 he hit her with it, aho-yXhte7 he should hit him with it. With s- repetitive: sahi-yXhte7 I hit him with it again. COMPOSED OF: -ya?ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES: - y A h t a n y u - hit

repeatedly with something; .atatyAht- plus te- dualic, hit one another with an object. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h. -yAhtanyu- v.a. hit repeatedly with something. liyAhtányuhe7 I keep hitting him with it over and over. wahiyAhtáni7 I hit him with it more than once, wa7shakoyAhtáni7 he hit her several times with it. COMPOSED OF: -yAht- hit with an object, score, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yAhtani- before a final 7 .

-N-yAhu- v.s. be good at producing a product. NOTE: Attested only with incorporated nouns in -atAlo'slayAhu- be friendly; -khwayAhu- be a good cook; and -lAnayAhu- be a good singer. -yAniyo- v.s. keep things nice or spotless, be a good housekeeper. yeyAtiiyó she's a clean person, she's spotless, she has good habits (cleaning), she's a good housekeeper, layAniyó he's clean. Pre-pausal: layAni-yó. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -yAn-, and the base -N-iyo- be good. The root -yAn- occurs also in -yAnoka't- be rough, have a rough manner. -yAnoka't- v.s. be rough, have a rough manner. wakyAtio-ká-t I'm rough (e.g., when I play with my toys), loyAno-ká-t he's rough, yakoyAno-ká-t she's rough. Prepausal: yakoyAno-káht. Aspect class: A. NOTE: Composed of a noun root -yAn-, and the verb base -oka't- be rough. The root -yAn- occurs also in -yAniyo- keep things nice or spotless, be a good housekeeper. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. yAs-/yAts-/yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/ yAhAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive (translocative, future tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant yAts- occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. The alternant yAtsi- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yAse- occurs before

826 Oneida-Eriglish

some consonant clusters. The alternant yAs- occurs before all other pronominal prefixes. The alternants yAhAsand yAhAts- occur in place of yAs- and yAts- when the prefix falls within the domain of the accent rules. yAse- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before some consonant clusters. -yAsl-/-yAsel- v.a. skin something. shakoyAslus he's skinning them. shakoyAslu he has skinned them. ivahayA-séle7 he skinned it, wa7shakoyA-séle7 he skinned them, wahoyA-séle7 he skinned him. Aspect class: E6. • Ale7 lake7ntha wahoyA-séle7 thikA Atilú, wahatnehwahni-nú-. And my father skinned that raccoon, (and) he sold the pelt. (CI) NOTE: The alternant -yAsl- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, -yAsel- occurs in the punctual aspect. -yAt- n. wood, cord of wood. o-yAte7 wood. With -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: katyA-táyAhe7 I'm storing wood. With .hliht- plus te- dualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tAhayAtá-lihte7 he will cut wood, he will make kindling, tahayAtá-lihte7 he should cut wood. With -N-inyu ? t-/-ya ? tinyu ? t- bring in: AkyAtínyuhte7 I will bring wood in. With -N-itahkw-/-ya ? titahkwtake someone or something out, and srepetitive: AshayAtitáhko7 he will take the wood out again. With -kaleny-/-ya ? takaleny- get and carry away, haul, transport: layAtakalényehse7 he carries wood, loyAtakaléni he has carried away

the wood. With -ka ? tatye- have a lot of while going along: loyAtaka 7táti7 he has a lot of wood with him. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: loyAtaká-te7 he has lots of wood. And habitual past: loyAtaká-tehkwe7 he used to have lots of wood. And future habitual: AhoyAtaká-teke7 he will have lots of wood. With -ko ? n- go to get, fetch: latiyAtakó-ne7 they (m.) came to get wood, wahayAtakó-na7 he went to get wood, AhayAtakó-na7 he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtakó-na 7 they (m.) should get (cut) wood. And s- repetitive: sahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) went to get wood again. With -kw-/-ekwpick, harvest: latiyAtákwas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, wahayA-táko7 he harvested wood, wa7eyA-táko7 she harvested wood, AhayA-táko7 he will harvest wood. And n- partitive: tsi7 núnihatiyAtákwas where they (m.) are cutting wood. And tsh- coincident: tshihatiyAtákwas when they are cutting wood. With ,N-t-/.ya ? tatplus s- repetitive, be one: skayA-tát one cord of wood. With -tstenyes- be piled up, be heaped up: yoyAtatstényes there's a real heaping pile of wood. With -yAhntake somewhere, deliver: AhayAtayA-hná• he will deliver wood. DERIVED BASES: -yAtakwas be a woodcutter; .yAtot- plus te- dualic, pile wood; -yAtutho- put wood into the fire. -yAt- lay down, place, have. See -yA-/ -yAt-. -yAtahkw- v.a. where one keeps something. tsi7 kyAtákhwa7 where I

Oneida-Eriglish 827

keep it. Future stative: tsi7 AkyAtákhwake7 where I will keep it. With n- partitive: tsi7 nú• niyakwayAtákhwa7 where we (excl.) keep or store it. • Né• ya7áknewe7 kwiyutatlihunyAní-tha7 ostúha nétyonuhsatho-lé• wi• tsi7 nú- niyakwayAtákhwa7 ukwatAná-tsheli7. Then we would get to school (and) it would be quite cold in the room where we kept our lunch. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -hkw- instrumental. DERIVED BASES: yeksayAtakhw-/

yeksayAtakhwa'tsl- cupboard. NOTE: In the habitual aspect the combination hkw-ha ? is replaced by khwa 7 . This base is attested only in the habitual aspect. -yAtakwas v.a. be a woodcutter. layAtákwas (he's a) woodcutter, latiyAtákwas (they are) woodcutters. • Thó kwi- nú• yehoyo-té• lake7níha layAtákwas. There's where he worked, my father, cutting wood. (NI)

COMPOSED OF: -yAt- wood, cord of wood, -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest, -as habitual. NOTE: Although the literal meaning of this base is 'pick wood', the implied meaning is 'cut wood'. -yAtatye-/-ya'tayAtatye- v.m. have along, bring along. loyAtáti7 he has it along, he brings it along, loya?tayAtáti7 he has someone along with him. With nis- partitive and repetitive: tóhka7 nishoya7tayAtáti7 he brought back several with him. • A-lé• laksótha wahatolátha7, né• 7 7 ki thikA tóhka nishoya7tayAtáti7 tsikwilA-tu 7 Sometimes my grandfather would go hunting, he would

bring back several squirrels. (VI) COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -tye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -ya ? tayAtatye- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. Many speakers have -yAtati- and -ya ? tayAtati- before a final -yAta'- v.a. get, obtain. wakyA-tá-se7 I keep getting it, I keep obtaining it. wakyAtá-u I have gotten it. ukyA-táne7 I got it, wahoyA-táne7 he got it, wa?akoyA-táne7 she got it, wahotiyA-táne7 they (m.) got it, AwakyA-táne7 I will get it, AhotiyA-táne7 they (m.) will get it, AyotiyA-táne7 they (z.) will get it, aukyA-táne7 I should get it. With srepetitive: AswakyA-táne7 I will get it again, usayukwayA-táne7 we should get it again. With n- partitive: nukyA-táne7 how or where I got it. With -aht-/-ahtahkw- shoe: wakahtahkwayA-tá-se7 I keep getting shoes, ukwahtahkwayA-táne7 I got shoes (e.g., I got them given to me, or bought them myself). And s- repetitive: sukwahtahkwayA-táne7 I got shoes again (I got new shoes). With -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla'tsl- chair: wakanitskwahla7tslayAtá-u I got a chair. And s- repetitive: Aswakanitskwahla7tslayA-táne7 I will get a chair again. With -atAlo-/-atAlo ? sl- friend: ukwatAlo7slayA-táne7 I got or made a friend, wahotAlo7slayA-táne7 he got or made a friend, wa7akotAlo7slayA-táne7 she got or made a friend. With -atlahti-/ -atlahti 7 tsl- sock, stocking, and srepetitive: Ashotlahti7tslayA-táne7 he will get (new) socks again. With

828 Oneida-Eriglish

-atla'sw- luck, fortune: Atsyatla7swayA-táne7 you two will get luck. With -hsAn- name, reputation: lohsAnayA-tá-se7 he gets a name, lohsAnayAtá-u he has gotten a name, wahohsAtiayA-táne7 he got a name. With -hwist- metal, money, dollar: AwakhwistayA-táne7 I will get money, AsahwistayA-táne7 you will get money, AhotihwistayA-táne7 they (m.) will receive money, aesahwistayA'táne7 you should get money, ayakohwistayA-táne7 she should get money. And s- repetitive: AshotihwistayA-táne7 they (m.) will receive money again. And n- partitive: nukhwistayA-táne7 how I got money. With -nikAhtlA'tslboyfriend: uknikAhtlA?tslayA-táne7 I got a boyfriend. With -wil- baby, offspring: wa?akowilayA-táne7 she had a child (whether by birth or by adoption), wa?ukniwUayA-táne7 we two had a child or children. And srepetitive: oyá• sukwilayA-táne7 I got or had another baby. With -ya 7 tase 7 tsl- girlfriend: wahoya?tase?tslayA-táne7 he got a girlfriend. With -ya 7 tuni-/ -ya 7 tunihsl- doll: ukya?tunihslayA-táne7 I got a doll. With -'sleht- vehicle, and s- repetitive: sayako?slehtayA-táne? she got another car. Aspect class: E3. • Só'tsi7 kwa-nX-se7 akwáhta7 nók Awa tú• a sé• AswakyA-táne7. My shoes are too big, so I'll have to get new ones. Kayé nikú nukyA-táne7. I got four points (in a game). COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -yAta'sl- be going to get; -yAta'uhatye- go along getting; -ate'shAnayAta'- get a chance; .kahlayAta 7 - plus te- dualic, catch sight of, focus on something distant;

-'nikuhlayAta'- understand, grasp. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yAta 7 - v.a. land. kayA-tá-se7 it keeps landing. wa7kayA-táne7 it landed, AkayA-táne7 it will land. With y- translocative: ya7kayA-táne7 it landed there. With -lut- tree, log: wa?kalutayA-táne? the tree landed. With - ? s l e h t - vehicle: wa?ka?slehtayA-táne? the car landed. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, inchoative. DERIVED BASES: .itskwayAta'- plus te- dualic, land sitting. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -yAta'sl- v.m. be going to get. wakyAtá-sle7 I'm going to get it. Prepausal: wakyAtá-sele7 COMPOSED OF: -yAta 7 - get, obtain, -si- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yAta 7 uhatye- v.m. go along getting. loyAta ?uháti7 he's going along getting things. COMPOSED OF: -yAta 7 - get, obtain, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yAta ? uhati- before a final 7 . -yAteht-/-wyAteht- v.s. learn fast, learn easily. kyA-tét or kewyA-tét I learn fast, tsyA-tét you learn fast, you're smart, layA-tét he learns fast, yeyA-tét she learns fast, latiyA-tét they (m.) catch on easily. With te 7 negative: yáh tehatiyA-tét it's hard for them to learn. Aspect class: A.

Oneida-Eriglish 829

DERIVED BASES: -yAtehtahkw-/ -wyAtehtahkw- be one's right hand; -yAtehta ? -/-wyAtehta 7 - learn; -ateyAteht-/-atewyAteht- practice. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. -yAtehtahkw-/-wyAtehtahkw- v.s. be one's right hand. keyAtehtáhkwA my right hand, seyAtehtáhkwA your right hand, layAtehtáhkwA his right hand, yeyAtehtáhkwA her right hand. Aspect class: D. COMPOSED OF: -yAteht-/-wyAtehtlearn fast, learn easily, -hkw- instrumental. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. -yAtehta ? -/-wyAtehta 7 - v.a. learn. latiyAtéhta?as they (m.) learn. wakyAtehtá-u I have learned. wa7eyAtéhtane7 she or someone learned, wa ?akniyAtéhtane 7 we two (excl.) learned, wa?akwayAtéhtane7 we (excl.) learned, wahatiyAtéhtane7 they (m.) learned, AhsewyAtéhtane7 you will learn, ahatiyAtéhtane7 they (m.) should learn. With n- partitive: thó nú• na7eyAtéhtane7 right there she learned it. Aspect class: E5. • Tsi7 né• sók Awa-tú• Ayesahlolítsi7 niyolé• AhsewyAtéhtane7 náhte7 nihsatyélha 7. You have to be told before you will learn how to do something. ( 0 3 ) COMPOSED OF: -yAteht-/-wyAtehtlearn fast, learn easily, - 7 - inchoative. DERIVED BASES: -yAtehta'uhatye-/ -wyAtehta ? uhatye- be learning. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the

post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -yAtehta ? uhatye-/-wyAtehta ? uhatyev.m. be learning. wakyAtehta?uháti7 I'm learning, sayAtehta7uháti7 you're learning, lotiyAtehta7uháti7 they (m.) are learning. COMPOSED OF: -yAtehta?-/ -wyAtehta'- learn, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Both alternants occur, depending on the speaker. Many speakers have -yAtehta'uhati- or -wyAtehta ? uhati- before a final 7 . -yAtele'- v.a. acquire knowledge, discover, recognize, become familiar with. wakyAtelé-u I recognize it, it's familiar to me. wa7kyA-télene7 I recognize it, I got this knowledge, I discovered, wa7kheyA-télene7 I recognized her, AkyA-télene7 I will recognize, AkuyA-télene7 I will recognize you, AskyA-télene7 you will recognize me, akheyA-télene7 I should recognize her or someone. tsyA-télen Learn! Know it! sniyA-télen You two discover! • A 7é- úhka 7 ok ta-yA-, yah ki7 kwahotokA óksa7 ok te7yotú akheyA-télene7 úhka7 nahó-tA7 Way over there someone was coming this way, actually it wasn't immediately possible for me to recognize who it was. (NI) DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAtele 7 become educated; -wAnayAtele7recognize someone's voice. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels and deleted in the postaccented syllable of the punctual aspect.

830 Oneida-Eriglish

-yAteli- v.s. know about, be familiar with, have expertise in. kyAtelí I know about it, I'm familiar with it, I know the feeling, tsyAtelí you know about it, yeyAtelí she knows about it, layAtelí he knows about it, liyAtelí I know of him, etshyAtelí you know of him, yukhiyAtelí they know of us. Pre-pausal: yukhiyAte-lí. Secondary habitual: yukhiyAte-lí-se7 they, all kinds of people, knew of us. Habitual past: yeyAtelíhahkwe7 she used to be the kind of person who knows, who can see into the future. Stative past: kyAteli-hné- I was able to sense (at one time), I used to be familiar with it, tsyAteli-hnéyou were familiar with it, layAteli-hnéhe was able to sense it, latiyAteli-hné• they (m.) used to be familiar with it, yayAteli-hné• he knew you. AkyAtelíhake7 I will be able to sense it, I will be familiar with it. With t e ? - negative: yáh tehatiyAtelí they (m.) don't know about it. With te ? snegative and repetitive: yáh te?tsitwayAtelí we (incl.) don't know about it any longer. Aspect class: A. •Náhte 7 s uhte né- ni-yót thikA tsi7 latiyAteli-hné• tsiwahu-nise7, 7 akí-lu , ahuwAnátkAhse^. I wonder how they knew a long time ago, I'd say, to tell their fortune. ( 0 2 ) DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAteli-

have an education, be educated; -lihwayAteli- know about a matter; -wAnayAteli- know someone's voice. -yAtelu- v.s. have acquired knowledge, have recognized. wakyAtélu7 I have recognized, I have some knowledge, liyAtélu 7 I knew of him. With te?- negative: yáh te?kheyAtélu7 I didn't know her, I didn't make her acquaintance. Aspect class: B.

DERIVED BASES: -hyatuhslayAtelu-

have acquired education. -yAtho- v.a. plant. latiyAthos they (m.) plant. loyAthu he has planted, lotiyAthu they (m.) have planted. kayAthu it's planted. wa7akwayAtho7 we (excl.) planted, AhsyAtho 7 you will plant, AyakwayAtho7 we (excl.) will plant, AhatiyAtho7 they (m.) will plant, ayakway Atho 7 we (excl.) should plant, tsy At ho Plant! Stative past: loyAthú-ne7 he had planted. Future habitual: AhayAthóhseke7 he will be planting. Optative habitual: ahatiyAthóhseke7 they (m.) should be planting. With n- partitive: n Ayakway Atho 7 how or where we (excl.) will plant. With te 7 - negative: yáh tehayAthos he's not planting. With -hnana ? t- potato: wahahnana7tayAtho7 he planted potatoes. And s- repetitive: sayakwahnana7tayAtho7 we (excl.) planted potatoes again. With -luttree, log: salutayAthu you have planted a tree. With -nAst- corn: lanAStayAthos he's planting corn, kanAstayAthu the corn is planted. And t- cislocative: than Astay Athos he's planting corn there. And ytranslocative: yehariAstayAthos he's planting corn over there. And npartitive: nAhanAstayAtho7 how or where he will plant corn. And te ? negative: yáh tehanAstayAthos he's not planting corn. With -tsi ? tsyflower: waktsi7tsyayAthu I have planted flowers. With -yu'kwtobacco: latiyu7kwayAthos they (m.) plant tobacco. Aspect class: E2. •Lu-té• né• alá- e-só• lohutsyahni-nú• Awa-tú• kati7 e-sóAhayAthóhseke7. They say that's why he bought lots of land, so he can

Oneida-Eriglish

plant. DERIVED BASES: - y A t h o h s l - /

-yAthohs- go to plant; -yAthohsluplant several; -yAthokw- harvest, pick plants; LatiyXthos May. NOTE: The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -yAthohsl-/-yAthohs- v.m. go to plant. tsyAthóhsle7 you're going to plant. layAthóhslehse7 he goes to plant. loyAthóhsu he has gone to plant. wahayAthóhsla7 or wahayAthóhsa7 he's on his way to plant. With -nAst- corn: 7 he's on his wahanAstayAthóhsa way to plant corn, snAstayAthóhsa Go plant the corn! Aspect class: H. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -hsl-/ -hs- dislocative. NOTE: Both alternants of the dislocative are attested in inflected forms of this base. -yAthohslu- v.a. plant several. yukwayAthóhslu7 we planted things. AhatiyAthóhslu7 they (m.) will plant things. With srepetitive: usayakwayAthóhslu7 we (excl.) should plant things again. With n- partitive: tsi7 núniyukwayAthóhslu7 where we (excl.) have planted things. With -luttree, log, and s- repetitive: sholutayAthóhslu7 he planted trees again. • Né• yakyunhéhkwA tsi7 náhte7 yukwayAthóhslu7 tshikwa7akAnhe7. We lived on what we planted last summer. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -hsludistributive. -yAthokw- v.a. harvest, pick plants. kyAthókwas I'm picking or harvesting. wakyAthókwA I have picked. wahakyAtho-kóhe picked. Aspect

831

class: D3. COMPOSED OF: -yAtho- plant, -kwreversative. DERIVED BASES: Y e y A t h ó k w a s

September. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. .yAtot- plus te- dualic, v.a. pile wood. tehayAtótha7 he's piling wood. wa7thayAto-tA• he piled wood, tahayAto-tX• he should pile wood. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yAtwood, cord of wood, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have. yAts- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before pronominal prefixes that begin in y. yAtsi- pref. Translocative, future mode and repetitive. See yAs-/yAts-/ yAtsi-/yAse-/yAhAs-/yAhAts-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. -yAtu- v.s. have several. wakyA-tú• I have several of them. With - ? slehtvehicle: loti7slehtayA-tú• they (m.) all have cars. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, -u- distributive. -yAtutho- v.a. put wood into the fire. wa7kyAtútho7 I put wood into the fire. tsyAtútho Put wood into the fire! COMPOSED OF: -yAt- wood, cord of wood, -utho- put into the fire, burn. -yA't- v.a. take inside, bring inside. kyA-tha7 I take it inside. wakyA-tu I have taken it inside. wá-kyAhte7 I took it inside, Aky Ahte7 I will take

832

Oneida-Eriglish

it inside. With t- cislocative: tekyA-tha7 I bring it inside, twakyA-tu I have brought it inside, tákyAhte 7 I brought it inside, taha-yA-te7 he brought it inside. With y- translocative: yekyA-tha7 I take it inside there, yehayA-tha7 he's taking it inside there, yehoyA-tu he has taken it inside there, yahá-kyAhte7 I took it inside there. With -hyatuhsl- paper, book, letter, and y- translocative: yekhyatuhslayA-tha7 I take in the paper. With -khw- food, and ytranslocative: yekekhwayA-tha7 I take the food in. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have, - ? t- causative. DERIVED BASES: -yA'tanyu- take inside several, bring inside several. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -yA'tanyu- v.a. take inside several, bring inside several, wa 7kyA 7táni7 I took them all inside, wahayA7táni7 he took them all inside. With srepetitive: sahayA7táni7 he took them inside again. With t- cislocative: takyA7táni7 I brought them all inside. With tsh- coincident: tshihayA7tányuhe7 while he was taking it inside. • Wa7thaksá-lihte7 tshihayA77 tányuhe He broke the dish while he was taking it inside. SahayA?táni7 laowAshúha tsyo7lé7 7 nA tsha okA-nóle . He took his things inside again before it started to rain. COMPOSED OF: -yA?t- take inside, bring inside, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yA?tani- before a final

yo-/yaw-/ya-/yoy-/-o-/-aw-/-a-/-oypref. her, she, it; she or it acts on her. Third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on feminine-zoic singular. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t s y o - a n d -o-

occur with bases that begin in a consonant, a, or i, with loss of the initial a or i of the base. The alternants yawand -aw- occur with bases that begin in e or A. The alternants ya- and -aoccur with bases that begin in o or u. Note, however, that ya- and -a- are attested in our sources only as a patient prefix. When the prefix expresses an interactive relation, the forms yoy- and -oy- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the w a ' factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual. yohna'tátsles V > N kangaroo. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hna?tal-/-hna ? tatsl- purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket, -es-/-us- be long. yohslashetás V > N the count-year. • Náhte7 yohslashe-tás sanakla-tú. What year were you born? COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ohsl- year, winter, -ashet- count, figure out an amount, -as habitual. yohslaténi one year after the other. NOTE: Includes the y- neuter agent prefix and the noun root -ohsl- year, winter; otherwise the composition is unclear. yohsuhtaká lute 7 window. See -hsuhtakahlut-. yohtehlaténi 7 V > N tree root. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient,

Oneida-Eriglish

-htehl- root, -N-te- exist, -nyudistributive, stative. yohtu'tákhwa' V > N eraser. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -ahtu 7 t- make disappear, erase, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'eraser' is tetyuhtu'tákhwa'. yohutsyaké lu 7 V > N continent. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/-hwAtsy-/ -hutsy- land, ground, earth, -kehluput things here and there, - 7 stative. yóklote' N corn silk. yokwilahkaliyó V > N pussy willow. Pre-pausal: yokwilahkali-yó. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter patient prefix and the noun base -kwil- twig, whip; otherwise the composition is unclear. Another word for 'pussy willow' is teyothwalanekalákwA. yokwí tan it's cold. NOTE: This is an old word and not familiar to most speakers. yolakwáhtale' V > N callus. NOTE: M.D. suggests that this word may be related to olakwáhta 7 sole of a shoe. A possible composition is yoneuter patient, a noun root -lakwaht-, the verb base -1- be in or on, and -e ? stative. yolihwakayuhnéha V > N old ways. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -lihw- business, matter, word, affair, news, issue, -akayu- be old, -hneha characterizer clitic. yon- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic non-singular patient pronominal prefix. See yoti-/-yon-/ -oti-/-on-.

833

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel. yonahsa'kXslale7 V > N spruce. COMPOSED OF: y o n - f e m i n i n e - z o i c

non-singular patient, -ahsa ? kAslalhave frost on, -e ? stative. yona?talastáthA V > N cracker. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -na'tal- bread, cake, -astathA- be dry. yoneklahétshute' V > N handle. yonekwalahnilú V > N cheese. Prepausal: yonekwalahni-lú. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nekwal- curd, -hnil- be hard, be solid, -u stative. NOTE: Another word for 'cheese' is yonekwalátkAhse7. yonekwalátkAhse' V > N cheese. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nekwal- curd, -atkA- rot, spoil, - ? se ? habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'cheese' is yonekwalahnilú. yonAstaliha'tákhwa' V > N stove. NOTE: Composed of the yo- neuter patient prefix, a noun root -nAst-, the alternant -liha't- of the verb base -liha't-/-taliha ? t- bring to a boil, heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, and -ha ? habitual. See note under kanXstote' rafters. Another word for 'stove' is yenAstaliha'tákhwa'. yonhoká lute7 doorway. See -nhokahlut-. yonlahtu-tás N poplar. NOTE: Includes the yo- neuter patient prefix and the noun base -nlaht- leaf; otherwise the composition is unknown. Cf. Wisconsin:

834 Oneida-Eriglish

onlahtu-tás (ACH); Mohawk: onerahtón:ta? (GM). yonuhsawX lats V > N ante-ante-over. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nuhs- house, building, .awAhlatplus te- dualic, put something over something, -s habitual. NOTE: Ante-ante-over is a children's game which involves throwing a ball over a house. This word does not have the te- dualic, which is required of the component base .awAhlat- plus te- dualic. yonúhsute7 room. See-nuhsut-. yonuhwélhote 7 káhik V > N peach. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nuhwe'lhot- be covered in fuzz, be mouldy, -e 7 stative; and káhik fruit, berry. Yonutiyó V > N Queen. Pre-pausal: Yonuti-yá COMPOSED OF: yo- feminine-zoic singular patient, -nut- hill, little hill, mound, -N-iyo- be good. yonu 7 uslakétote 7 V > N squash. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nu'usl- squash, cucumber, melon, -ke'tot- be sticking out, be showing or peeking through, -e 7 stative. yonyAhtaló lu V > N snowdrift. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -nyAht- snow, -lohlok-/-lohlgather, -u stative. yoshe 7 lhawísto V > N ice cream. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -she'lh- dough, paste, cream, -wistobe cold. yoshnole 7 kékha 7 Adverbial particle: hurriedly. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -shnol(e)- be fast, -e 7 stative suffix,

-ke locative clitic, -kha 7 characterizer clitic. yóskute7 porch, sun porch. See -askut-. yostyA'tóta7 V > N guinea hen. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -styA-/-styA ? t- bone, -hnyot-/-otstand something upright, have, -a 7 noun suffix or -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Cf. Wisconsin: ostyA?tóta (ACH). yotahalá-nu it's shady. NOTE: Probably includes the noun root -atahal- sun; but the composition is unclear. -yote- be working. See -yo 7 te-/-yo 7 t-/ -yote-. -yotA- work. See -yo 7 tA-/-yotA-. yotA 7 Ahlakálute 7 V > N gate. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -atA7Ahl- fence, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole, -e 7 stative. yothnekahtXti V > N stream. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -at- semireflexive, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyu- leave, set out, go away. yothnekatasé V > N whirlpool. Prepausal: yothnekata-sé. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -athwatase-/ -at-N-tase- get twisted. yoti-/-yon-/-oti-/-on- pref. them, they. Third person feminine-zoic nonsingular patient (objective) pronominal prefix. NOTE: The alternants yoti- and -oti- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yon- and -on- occur with bases that begin in a vowel. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa 7 - factual prefix or

Oneida-Eriglish 835

prefix combinations that end in the -a7- factual. yotká t e ' Temporal particle: often. • Yotká-te7 JCAS WÍ• né• wakathlolí né• úhka? ok a-huwatika-látuhse7 7 latiksa shúha. I'm often talking about how people should tell these stories to the children. (Gl) COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -at- semireflexive, -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of, - 7 stative. yotle'slAtuhe 7 V > N greatgrandchild. COMPOSED OF: yo- feminine-zoic singular patient, - a t l e h a / - a t l e ' - / -atle'sl- grandchild, -hlA?tu-/-A ? tube attached, hanging, -he 7 habitual. yotnakalatasé V > N blue birch. Prepausal: yotnakalata-sé. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, - n a k a l - stick, -athwatase-/ -at-N-tase- get twisted. Yóts Exclamation. Look out! Watch it! NOTE: You might use this word if you bumped into someone. yotshe'tX tuhe 7 V > N pear. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -tshe-/-tshe ? t- bottle, jar, quart, -hlA?tu-/-A?tu- be attached, hanging, - h e 7 habitual. yotukóhtu it's past. With tsh- coincident: tshiyotukóhtu when it's past. •Oye-lí• minut yotukóhtu úska. It's ten minutes past one. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -atukoht- pass by or on, go or continue on, -u stative. NOTE: Used in telling time. yoy- pref. she or it acts on her. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yo-/ yaw-/ya-/yoy-/-o-/-aw-/-a-/-oy-.

NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u. yo'áwi N dew. yo'nowakwa lúte? V > N camel. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -'now- hump shape, dome shape, -kwalut- be a lump, be a hump, -e ? stative. yo?nukslanAtakú V > N bunion. Prepausal: yo?nukslatiAta-kú. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, -a ? nuk-/-'nuksl- onion, -la'nAtak-/ -la'nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAt- stick something on something, -u stative. yo ? slehtA ? tú ne ? V > N tow truck. COMPOSED OF: yo- neuter patient, - 7 sleht- vehicle, -hlA?tu?ne-/ -A?tu ? ne- tag along, follow around, - 7 intentive. -yo't- be working. See -yo ? te-/-yo't-/ -yote-. -yo'tat- v.a. be a bother, tsyó-tats you're a bother, layó-tats he's a bother, he's a bothersome person, yeyó-tats she's a bother. Ahayó-tate7 he will be a bother. NOTE: Related to -yo'tati- be bothersome, hold one back; but the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo'tati- v.a. be bothersome, hold one back. wakyo7ta-tíhe7 it's bothering me, it's bothersome to me, it's holding me back, sayo7ta-tíhe7 it's bothersome to you, it's holding you back. • Náhte7 sayo7ta-tíhe7 What's holding you back, what's stopping you? NOTE: Related to -yo'tat- be a bother; but the composition is unclear.

836 Oneida-Eriglish

-yo'tatye- v.m. go along working. ayakoyo7táti7 she should go along working. With elók all over and srepetitive: elók swakyo7tátyehse7 I'm working all over, in different places, élok swakyo 7táti7 I worked all over. With t- cislocative: tukyo7táti7 I worked as I was coming. * Tukyo 7táti7 tsi7 nA tá-keZ I worked along the way as I was coming this way. COMPOSED OF: -yo ? te-/-yo?t-/-yotebe working, -tye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yo ? tati- before a final 7 . -yo ? te-/-yo ? t-/-yote- v.s. be working. wakyo-té- I'm working, yakoyo-téshe's working, loyo té- he's working, yukwayo-té• we're working, swayo-té• you all are working, yotiyo-té• they (z.) are working. Prepausal: wakyo-té• I'm working. Habitual past: wakyó-tehkwe7 I was working, yukniyó-tehkwe7 we two were working. Optative stative: aukyó-teke7 I would be working. With t- cislocative: twakyo-té• I'm working there. With y- translocative: yehoyo-té• he's working over there. With n- partitive: sok núnihoyo-té• he's working someplace. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyeyukwayo-té• how we're working over there, nyehotiyo-téhow they (m.) are working over there. With te ? - negative: yáh te7wakyo-té• I'm not working, yáh tehoyo-té• he's not working. With tsh- coincident: tshiwakyo-té• when I'm working. Aspect class: B. • Oyú-kwa7 yukwayo-té• a7éSimcoe ákta7. We were working in tobacco, way over near Simcoe. (CI) LatkA7sé-ne7 náhte7 ni-yót tsi7 yotiyo-té\ He came to see how they

were working. (M2) DERIVED BASES: -yo'tatye- go along working; -yo'tenyu- be working, several or all over; -lihwayote- be working on a matter. NOTE: Related to the active base -yo'tA-/-yotA- work. The alternant -yote- occurs in the stative aspect, -yo ? te- occurs in the expanded aspects and before the -nyu- distributive suffix, and -yo ? t- occurs before the -tye- progressive suffix. The 7 of the ? t cluster of -yo?te- is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo'tenyu- v.s. be working, several or all over. lotiyo7téni7 they (m.) are working all around. With te ? - negative: yáh tehotiyo7téni7 they (m.) all are not working. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -yo?te-/-yo?t-/-yotebe working, -nyu- distributive. NOTE: Many speakers have -yo ? teni- before a final 7 . -yo'tA-/-yotA- v.a. work. wakyó-tAhse7 I work. wakyo7tA-u I have worked, loyo 7tA-u he has worked. ukyo-tA• I worked, wa7ukwayo-tA• we worked, Awakyo-tA• I will work, Asayo-tAyou will work, aukyo-tA• I should work, aesayo-tA you should work, ahoyo-tA• he should work, ayukniyo-tA• we two should work, ayukwayo-tA• we should work, ahotiyo-tA• they (m.) should work. sniyo-tA You two work! Habitual past: wakyó-tA7skwe7 I was working. Future habitual: Asayo7tAsheke7 you should be working. Optative habitual: ahotiyo7tA-sheke7 they (m.) should be working. Optative stative: aukyo7tA-uke7 I should have worked. With s- repetitive: ASwakyo-tA• I will work again, Atsyukwayo-tA• we will work again.

Oneida-Eriglish 837

With y- translocative: yehoyó-tAhse7 he's working over there, yewakyo7tA-u I was working over there, yahukyo-tA• I worked over there. With n- partitive: nukwayo-tA• how I worked. With ny- partitive and translocative: nyahukyo-tA- how I worked there. With nyusu- partitive, translocative and repetitive: nyusukyo-tA- how I worked there again. With te ? - negative, and habitual past: yáh tehotiyó-tAskwe7 they didn't used to work. With te ? s- negative and repetitive: yáh te7shoyó-tAhse7 he doesn't work anymore. With thcontrastive: yáh thahotiyo-tA• they (m.) won't work. Aspect class: C3. • Aswakyo-tA- kwáh nók nA Askata 7kalitáte7 I will work again as soon as I am well. DERIVED BASES: - y o ' t A h s e - /

-yo'tAhs- work for someone; -yo ? tAhsI-/-yo ? tAhs- go to work; -yo'tAhsI- work; -yo'tAst- make something work, make something start; .yo'tAst- plus t- cislocative, ytranslocative, or n- partitive, where one works; -lihwayo'tA-/ -lihwayotA- work on a matter. NOTE: Related to the stative base -yo ? te-/-yo?t-/-yote- be working. The alternant -yotA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The alternant -yo ? tAoccurs elsewhere, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. •yo ? tAhse-/-yo ? tAhs- v.a. work for someone, kuyo 7tAhsehe 7 I'm working for you, liyo ?tAhsehe 7 I'm working for him. wa7kuyó-tAhse7 I worked for you, wa7kheyó-tAhse7 I worked for her or them, wa7ukyó-tAhse7 she or they worked for me, Akuyó-tAhse7 I will work for you. With t- cisloca-

tive: tashakoyó-tAhse? he worked for them there. With y- translocative: yeshakoyo7tAhsehe7 he's working for them there, ya?shakoyó-tAhse? he worked for them while he was there. COMPOSED OF: -yo ? tA-/-yotA- work, -hse-/-hs- benefactive. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t y o ' t A h s e - /

-atatyo'tAhs- work for oneself. NOTE: The alternant -yo ? tAhseoccurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant -yo'tAhs- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yo ? tAhsl-/-yo ? tAhs- v.m. go to work. zvakyo 7tAhse 7 I'm here to work, sayo 7tAhsle 7 you're here to work. wakyo 7tAhslehse 7 I go there to work, sayo 7tAhslehse 7 you go to work, loyo 7tAhslehse 7 he goes to work. wakyo 7tAhsu I have gone to work, loyo7tAhsu he has gone to work. ukyo 7tAhsa 7 I'm going to work, I'm on my way to work, wahoyo 7tAhsa 7 he's on his way to work, wa 7akoyo 7tAhsa 7 she's going to work, wahotiyo7tAhsa7 they (m.) went there to work, Awakyo 7tAhsa 7 I will go to work, Ahoyo 7tAhsa 7 he will go to work, aukyo 7tAhsa 7 I should go to work, ahoyo 7tAhsa 7 he should go to work, ahotiyo7tAhsa7 they (m.) should go to work. Intentive past: wakyo7tAhslene7 I was going to work. Stative past: wakyo 7tAhsu-hné- I was gone to work, sayo7tAhsu-hné• you were gone to work, loyo7tAhsu-hné• he was gone to work. Future stative: Awakyo7tAhsúhake7 I will have gone to work. With s- repetitive: sukyo 7tAhsa 7 I went back to work. With t- cislocative:

838

Oneida-Eriglish

twakyo 7tAhslehse 7 I keep coming to work, Atwakyo7tAhsa7 I will come to work. With tsh- coincident: tshiwakyo7tAhsu when I was gone to work. Aspect class: H. •Tshiwahu-nise7 s wilonu7wéskwanihe7 ukwehuwé kwáh kwi• tsi7 náhte7 niyotyelA thó kwiwahotiyo7tAhsa7. A long time ago, native people used to enjoy going to work at just whatever was going on, there they went to work. (M2) COMPOSED OF: -yo ? tA-/-yotA- work,

-hsl-/-hs- dislocative. NOTE: Both alternants of the dislocative are attested in the inflected forms of this base. -yo'tAhsl- v. > n. work, akyo 7tAhsla7 my work, sayo 7tAhsla 7 your work. With -ka ? t(e)- be or have a lot of: wakyo7tAhslaká-te7 I have lots of work. With -kst(e)-/-ya ? takste- be heavy, and te ? - negative: yáh te7yoyo7tAhslákste7 the work is not heavy. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)be big: wakyo7tAhslowanA I have a big job. And n- partitive, and stative past: nikayo7tAhslowanA-ne7 it was such hard work. With .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of: nihoyo7tAhsló-tA the kind of job he has, na7kayo7tAhsló-tA7 the type of work it is. •Tsi7 nénikayo7tAhslowanA-ne7 ni- nikaha-wi• tshiyakwaksa7shúha. There was such a lot of work at the time when we were children. (Gl) tsi7

COMPOSED OF: -yo ? tA-/-yotA- work,

-hsl- nominalizer. -yo'tAst- v.a. make something work, make something start. kyo7tAsta7 I'm making it start, I'm trying to start it up, layo7tAsta7 he's making it start. wakyo7tAstu I have started it.

wa7kyó-tAste7 class: El.

I started it. Aspect

COMPOSED OF: -yo ? tA-/-yotA- work,

-st- causative. NOTE: The 7 of the ?t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yo'tAst- plus t- cislocative, y- translocative, or n- partitive, v.a. where one works, tsi7 twakyo7tAsta7 where I work, tsi7 núyehotiyo7tAsta7 wherever they (m.) work, kAh núniwakyo7tAsta7 this is where I work. Habitual past: tsi7 twakyo 7tAstahkwe 7 where I worked. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, ytranslocative, or n- partitive, -yo'tA/-yotA- work, -st- causative. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. yu- pref. she, someone. Third person feminine-indefinite singular agent pronominal prefix. See ye-/yu-/yak/yA-/ya-/-e-/-u-/-ak-/-A-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. yuhkwátsta? V > N covering, shawl. NOTE: Refers to any covering on the body, such as a shawl, and probably composed of the yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix, a root -ahkw-, the -tst- causative suffix, and -ha7 habitual. See note under -ahkwahsyu- take the covers off oneself. yuhlyohkawine'tákhwa7 V > N fishing pole. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahlyohkawinefish, - 7 t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, - h a ? habitual. yuhsókhwa' V > N colour, paint. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-Eriglish

inite singular agent, -ahso-/ -ahsohw- colour, paint, -hkwinstrumental, -ha ? habitual. yuhtsyohale'tákhwa? V > N wash basin. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtsyohalewash the hands, -'t- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. yuhtsyokewátha' V > N hand towel. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahtsyokewwipe the hands, -ht- causative, -ha ? habitual. yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/-ukwpref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on first person singular. NOTE: The alternants yuk- and -ukoccur with bases that begin in the vowels i, o, or u, and most consonants. The alternants yuke- and -uke- occur with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. The alternants yukw- and -ukw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. yuke- pref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. yukhi-/yukhiy-/-ukhi-/-ukhiy- pref. she, someone, or they act on us. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular or third person non-singular acting on first person non-singular.

839

NOTE: The alternants yukhi- and -ukhi- occur with bases that begin in a consonant or i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yukhiy- and -ukhiy- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than i. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a?factual. yukn- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. yukni-/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/ -uky- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter acting on first person dual. NOTE: The alternants yukni- and -ukni- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yukn- and -ukn- occur with bases that begin in a vowel other than a. The alternants yuky- and -uky- occur with bases that begin in the vowel a. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a'- factual. yukw- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/y ukwA-/yuky-/-uk wa-/-uk w/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

840 Oneida-Eriglish

yukw- pref. she, someone, or they act on me. Interactive pronominal prefix. See yuk-/yuke-/yukw-/-uk-/-uke-/ -ukw-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in a, e, or A.

pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in o or u.

yukwa-/yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa/-ukw-/-ukwA-/-uky- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient (objective) pronominal prefix, and interactive pronominal prefix with third person femininezoic singular or neuter acting on first person plural. NOTE: The alternants yukwa- and -ukwa- occur with bases that begin in a consonant. The alternants yukwand -ukw- occur with bases that begin in a, e, or A. The alternants yukwAand -ukwA- occur with bases that begin in the vowel i, with loss of the initial i of the base. The alternants yuky- and -uky- occur with bases that begin in o or u. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa'- factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a ? - factual.

yulahsi'tokewátha' V > N doormat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahsi't-/-ahsifoot, -atya 7 tokew-/-at-N-okewwipe oneself, wipe for oneself, -htcausative, -ha ? habitual.

yukwA- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukwa-/ yukw-/yukwA-/yuky-/-ukwa-/-ukw/-ukwA-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel i.

yunekliyá kta 7 V > N lawnmower, scythe. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -anekliya'k-/ -Anekliya'k- cut the grass, mow the lawn, -ht- causative, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are watAnekliyáks and yutAnekliyá kta'.

yuky- pref. us, we two; she or it acts on the two of us. First person dual patient pronominal prefix and interactive pronominal prefix. See yukni/yukn-/yuky-/-ukni-/-ukn-/-uky-. NOTE: Occurs with bases that begin in the vowel a. yuky- pref. us, we; she or it acts on all of us. First person plural patient

yulahsi'tokewa'tákhwa' V > N doormat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ahsi't-/-ahsifoot, -atya ? tokew-/-at-N-okewwipe oneself, wipe for oneself, - ? tcausative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. yuneklalohlókta 7 V > N rake. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -anekl-/ -Aneklgrass, straw, hay, weeds, -lohlok-/ -lohl- gather, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual.

yunhe'uwé V > N everlasting. Prepausal: yunhe?u-wé. COMPOSED OF: y- neuter agent, -unhe- live, be alive, stative, -uwe authentic clitic. yunihtyákta' V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-Eriglish

inite singular agent, -anihtyak- put on a scarf or tie, -ht- causative, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are anihtyákta 7 and yunihtyásta 7 . yunihtyásta 7 V > N scarf, tie, necklace. COMPOSED OF: y u - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -an- semireflexive, -ihty-/-ihtyak- have on a scarf or tie, -st- causative, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'scarf, tie, necklace' are yunihtyákta' and yunihtyásta 7 . yunitskalákhwa' V > N sheet. COMPOSED OF: y u - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -anitskal-/ -anitskalu- put down a sheet or cover for oneself, -hkw- instrumental, -ha7 habitual. yunitskwakA?slákhwa? V > N cushion, saddle. COMPOSED OF: y u - f e m i n i n e - i n d e f -

inite singular agent, -itskw- seat, part of the body one sits on, -atkA?slahkw- put something under oneself, -ha ? habitual. yusa-/yuse-/yusu- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive (translocative, aorist tense and iterative). NOTE: The alternant yuse- occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternant yusu- replaces the sequence yusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise yusa- occurs.

841

yusa-/yusa-/yuse-/yuse-/yusu-/yusupref. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive (translocative, indefinite tense and iterative). NOTE: Alternants with long vowels are in free variation with corresponding alternants with short vowels. The alternants yuse- and yu se- occur before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. The alternants yusu- and yu sureplace the sequences yusawa- and yu sawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base. Otherwise yusa- and yu-sa- occur. yuse- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yuse-/yusu-. NOTE: Occurs before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yuse-/yu se- pref. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yusa-/yuse-/yuse-/yusu-/yusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation before first person inclusive dual and plural agent prefixes, second person dual and plural prefixes, and the second person singular patient prefix. yusu- pref. Translocative, factual mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yuse-/yusu-. NOTE: Replaces the sequence yusawa-, where wa- belongs to the first person singular patient and

842 Oneida-Eriglish

interactive prefix, or w- is the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

/-lihunyA- teach someone, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: See also kanuhsate'kó school, high school.

yusu-/yusu- pref. Translocative, optative mode and repetitive. See yusa-/ yusa-/yuse-/yuse-/yusu-/yusu-. NOTE: These two alternants occur in free variation replacing the sequences yusawa- and yusawa-, where wabelongs to the first person singular patient and interactive prefix, or wis the third person feminine-zoic singular or neuter agent prefix and the following a is the initial vowel of a base.

yutawAstákhwa 7 V > N basin, tub. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atawAst- give someone a bath, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual.

y u t a t - / y u t a t e - / - u t a t - / - u t a t e - pref. she or someone acts on her or someone else. Interactive pronominal prefix. Third person feminine-indefinite singular acting on third person feminine-indefinite singular. NOTE: The alternants yutat- and -utat- occurs with bases that begin in a vowel and most consonants. The alternants yutate- and -utate- occur with bases that begin in 7 and most consonant clusters. Alternants without initial y occur after the wa 7 factual prefix or prefix combinations that end in the -a 7 - factual. yutatenhotúkhwa 7 V > N jail. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -nhotu- be in jail, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutatlihunyAnítha 7 V > N school. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyutatlihunyAní-tha7 at the school. COMPOSED OF: yutat- feminineindefinite singular acting on feminine-indefinite singular, -lihunyAni-

yutekhunyátha 7 V > N restaurant. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyutekhunyá-tha7 at the restaurant. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atekhuni/-atekhuny- eat a meal, - 7 tcausative, - h a 7 habitual. yutekhwahla 7 tslolókta 7 V > N tablecloth. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla 7 tsl- table, - 7 lholokt-/ -olokt- use to cover up with, -ha 7 habitual. YutékhwayAhe 7 V > N October. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -khw-' food, -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -he 7 habitual. yuteksahlákhwa 7 V > N dish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate- semireflexive, -ks- dish, plate, bowl, -hel-/-hlset on top of, place on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yuteshu 7 kalohale 7 tákhwa 7 V > N mop. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -shu 7 kal- board, floor, - a t y a 7 t o h a l e - / - a t - N - o h a l e wash oneself, wash for oneself, - 7 t-

Oneida-Eriglish

causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutestalo 7 kwanyákta 7 V > N necklace. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atestalo'kwanyak- put on a necklace, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yute'nyAtAstákhwa 7 V > N measurement. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate'nyAt-/ -ate'nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -st- causative, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yute'nyAtXsta? V > N ruler, tape measure. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate'nyAt-/ -ate'nyAtA- try, try out or on, measure, sample, -st- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yute 7 slehtayAtákhwa 7 V > N garage. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -ate'slehtayA-/ -ate'slehtayAt- park, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yute'wahlutákhwa' V > N roasting pan. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -'wahl- meat, -ate 7 skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutAhninúhe 7 V > N store. With tcislocative: tyutAhni-núhe? the store there. And tsi 7 particle: tsi7 tyutAhni-núhe7 at the store. And -kóaugmentative clitic: tyutAhninuhe?kó• at the big store. • Nya?tekanuto?tsláhele? thikA 7 tsi tyutAhni-núhe7 There's boxes

843

scattered all over there at the store. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atAhninu- sell, -he 7 habitual. yutAnekliyákta 7 V > N lawnmower, scythe. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atAnekliya'kcut the grass, -ht- causative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Other words for 'lawnmower, scythe' are watAnekliyáks and yunekliyákta 7 . yuthnekataliha 7 tákhwa 7 V > N teakettle. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -hnek- liquid, liquor, -at-N-taliha't- heat up, warm up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yuthnyotákhwa 7 V > N brooch. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -athnyot-/ -at-N-ot- stand something up for oneself, have on oneself, -hkwinstrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yuthwa 7 estákhwa 7 V > N bandage. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -hwa'est- have on a bandage, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutke 7 totákhwa 7 V > N mirror. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atke 7 tot- bring oneself into sight, look in or out, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutkAhakwAhtalhó tha 7 V > N rug, carpet, linoleum. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -kAhakwAhtalho- spread out a rug or cloth, lay linoleum, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual.

844

Oneida-Eriglish

yutku 7 slákhwa 7 N pillow. NOTE: See note under atku 7 slákhwa 7 , another word for 'pillow'. yutku 7 slolókta 7 V > N pillowcase. NOTE: Probably includes the verb base - 7 Iholokt-/-oIokt- use to cover up with, and -ha 7 habitual; but the composition is unclear. yutlAnayAtákhwa? V > N church. With tsi 7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tyutlAnayAtákhwa7 at church. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atlAnayA-/ -atlAnayAt- pray, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutlistakalehlásta 7 V > N bell. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atlistakalehlast- ring a bell, -ha 7 habitual. yutnawilanhutákhwa 7 V > N dentures, false teeth. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nawilanhut- have dentures, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutna 7 talutákhwa 7 V > N baking dish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -na 7 tal- bread, cake, -ate 7 skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutnikwAhtalalhó tha 7 V > N lipstick. akwatnikw Ahtalalhó-tha7 my lipstick, satnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 your lipstick, akotnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 her lipstick. •Náhte7 niwahsohkó-tA thikA satnikivAhtalalhó-tha7 tsi7 nikahsohkwanú-wehse7. What

colour is your lipstick, I really like the colour. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminineindefinite singular agent, -atnikwAhtalalho- put on lipstick, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: In the possessed forms the yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent prefix is replaced by possessive prefixes. yutnutékta 7 V > N lid, cover. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -nutek- cover with a lid, -htcausative, - h a 7 habitual. NOTE: See also -atnutekt-/ -atnutekta 7 tsl-. yutolishAtákhwa 7 V > N couch. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atolishA-/ -atolishAt- rest, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutsholyátha 7 V > N soup bowl. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atsholi-/ -atsholy- eat something soupy, slurp, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yutsta 7 shúha V > N tools. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atst-/-utst- use, wear, -ha 7 habitual, -shuha collective clitic. NOTE: Another word for 'tools' is atsta 7 shúha. yutti 7 tslalákhwa 7 V > N tea canister. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -ti-/-ti 7 tsl- tea, -1- be in or on, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: Another word for 'tea canister' is y e t i ' t s l a l á k h w a 7 . yutti 7 tslunyá t h a ? V > N teapot. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indef-

Oneida-Eriglish

inite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -ti-/-ti ? tsl- tea, -uni-/-unymake, construct, - ? t- causative, -ha7 habitual. yuttsye'elahsókhwa? V > N nail polish. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -tsye'el- fingernail, toenail, claw, -ahso-/-ahsohw- colour, paint, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutwAnata'ásta 7 V > N telephone. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, .atwAnata 7 - plus t- cislocative or y- translocative, telephone, -st- causative, -ha 7 habitual. NOTE: This word does not have the t- cislocative or y- translocative, one of which always occurs in the component base. yutwisklalhótha? V > N face powder. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atwisklalhoput on face powder, - 7 t- causative, -ha 7 habitual. yutyalakehtákhwa 7 V > N backpack. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -at- semireflexive, -yal- bag, sack, -keht(e)-/ -keht(u)- have a burden on one's back, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutya ? tawi ? tslihalákhwa ? V > N coat rack, coat hanger, coat hook. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atya?tawi ? t-/ - a t y a ' t a w i ' t s l - dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse, -hal-/-ihal- hang up, -hkw- instrumental, -ha 7 habitual. yutyAtákhwa' V > N bench, seat. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, -atyA-/-atyAt-

845

sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store, -hkw- instrumental, -ha ? habitual. NOTE: This word is also reported to mean 'afterbirth'. -yu'kutho- v.a. burn tobacco. layu7kúthos he burns tobacco. loyu Tkúthu he has burned tobacco. wahayu7kútho7 he burned tobacco, Ahayu 7kútho7 he will burn tobacco, ahayu7kútho7 he should burn tobacco. Aspect class: E2. • NA kwí• né- HA tshyusá-newe7 khále7kwí-, thó kwí• sA- ni-yót tsi7 luwatihlolí kA- tsi7 nók sA- Awa-túahayu7kútho7 thikA tsyo7lé• nA 7 A-latste thikA n áhsA nikakwi-láke kA- onikwAhtala7 nikakwiló-tA. So when they got home again, he told them they will have to burn tobacco before he uses those three red willow whips. (M7) COMPOSED OF: -yu'kw- tobacco, -utho- put into the fire, burn. NOTE: M.D. reminds us that, a long time ago, tobacco was burned as an offering by placing it directly into the fire, but nowadays, with electric stoves, the tobacco is also burned on top of an electric burner in an aluminum pie plate. The final o of the base is deleted before the -u stative suffix. -yu'kw- n. tobacco, oyú-kwa7 tobacco. With - ? ke locative suffix: oyu 7kwá-ke in tobacco (e.g., working in tobacco), on the tobacco. With -ku locative suffix: oyú-kwaku in the tobacco. With -hal-/-ihal- hang up: wahatiyu7kwiha-lA• they (m.) hung tobacco. With -kw-/-ekw- pick, harvest: latiyu7kwákwas they (m.) pick tobacco. With -yAtho- plant: latiyu7kwayAthos they (m.) plant tobacco. DERIVED BASES: - y u ' k w a k l i -

846 Oneida-Eriglish

tobacco juice; -yu'kwal- smoke; -yu'kwanhak- tie tobacco (leaves); -yu'kwanhut- have tobacco in one's mouth; -yu'kutho- burn tobacco; -atyu'kwanhuta'- put tobacco in one's mouth, chew tobacco; oyu'kwa'uwé Indian tobacco, sacred tobacco. NOTE: The 7 of the 7 kw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final w is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -yu'kwakli- v. > n. tobacco juice. oyu 7kivákli7 tobacco juice. Prepausal: oyu7kwákelP. • Thó né• ni-yót tsi7 wahoslAhtáksA7 ka7ikA tsi7 sok nú• yahanitsklu-tí• ka7ikA n oyu7kivákelP. The way he dreamed it was that he spit the tobacco juice someplace. (M9) COMPOSED OF: -yu'kw- tobacco, -N-kli- liquid product. -yu'kwal- n. smoke, oyú-kwala7 smoke. DERIVED BASES: .yu'kwalayA- plus te- dualic, be hazy; -yu'kwalot- be smoking, for smoke to rise; -atyu'kwaluni- become smoky; tewatyu'kwalokwashá- puffball. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -yu'kw- tobacco. The 7 of the ? k w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .yu'kwalayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be hazy, teyoyu 7kwala-yA• it's hazy. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -yu'kwalsmoke, -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have.

-yu'kwalot- v.s. be smoking, for smoke to rise, yoyú-kwalote7 it's smoking (and the smoke is going straight up). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -yu'kwal- smoke, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The 7 of the ? k w cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -yu'kwanhak- v.a. tie tobacco (leaves), kyu 7kwánhaks I tie tobacco, yeyu 7kwánhaks she ties tobacco, latiyu 7kwánhaks they (m.) tie tobacco, kutiyu7kwánhaks they (z.) tie tobacco. wahatiyu7kwánhake7 they (m.) tied tobacco. COMPOSED OF: - y u ' k w - tobacco, -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nhtie. -yu'kwanhut- v.s. have tobacco in one's mouth, loyu 7kwánhute7 he has tobacco in his mouth, yakoyu7kwánhute7 she has tobacco in her mouth. Aspect class: F. •Tahnú• ki7 uhte wi• thó ni-yót 7, ka 7ikA tshahotá-wha 7 7 loyu kwánhute . And so that's the way I guess it actually was when he went to bed, he had a mouthful of tobacco. (M9) COMPOSED OF: - y u ' k w - tobacco, -nhut- have in one's mouth. yu'kwátsta' V > N shovel. COMPOSED OF: yu- feminine-indefinite singular agent, - a ' k w a t - dig, -st- causative, -ha? habitual.

Oneida-Eriglish 847

? suf. become. Inchoative. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels, and it is replaced by h or deleted in post-accented syllables. Because of this, the inchoative is most often realized as h, vowel length, or zero (i.e., no overt marking). suf. Punctual aspect. NOTE: Occurs after bases that end in a vowel. The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length when it follows an accented vowel. In that case the mark of the punctual aspect is the vowel length. - 7 suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases than end in a vowel. The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length when it follows an accented vowel. In that case the mark of the stative aspect is the vowel length. -'ashA- v.a. stab someone. shako 7ághAhe7 he's stabbing her or them. wahi?áshA7 I stabbed him, wa 7shako 7áshA 7 he stabbed her or them, wa7ukwáshA7 they stabbed me, waho 7áshA 7 he stabbed him. ,'kaht- plus te- dualic, v.s. be fastmoving. teyó-kat it's fast, tewaké-kat I'm fast (e.g., a fast runner), teyakó-kat she's fast, tehó-kat he's fast. Future stative: tAyo7kahtúhake7 it will be fastmoving. With -huwey-/-huw- black ash, boat: teyohuwá-kat it's a fast boat. With -'sleht- vehicle: teyo7slehtá-kat it's a fast-moving

vehicle. Aspect class: A. DERIVED BASES: .'kahta?- plus tedualic, become fast-moving; t s y o ' s l e h t á kat train. NOTE: The 7 of the ' k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. ' k a h t a ' - plus te- dualic, v.a. become fast-moving. wa7tyo7káhtane7 it became faster, it picked up speed, tAyo7káhtane7 it will become faster. COMPOSED OF: .'kaht- plus te- dualic, be fast-moving, inchoative. DERIVED BASES: . ' k a h t a ' s l - plus tet- dualic and cislocative, be getting faster. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. ' k a h t a ' s l - plus tet- dualic and cislocative, v.m. be getting faster. tutayo7kahtá-sle7 it's becoming faster, it's coming faster. Pre-pausal: tutayo7kahtá-sele7. COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, .'kahta 7 - plus te- dualic, become fast-moving, -si- dislocative. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'kashayA- plus te- dualic, v.s. be slow. tewake7kashayA I'm slow, tesa7kashayA you're slow, teho7kashayA he's slow, teyako7kashayX she's slow, teyo 7kashayA she (z.) or it is slow. Pre-pausal: teyo7kasha-yX. Future stative: tAyo 7kashayAhake 7 it will be slow. With t- cislocative: nétetyo7kashayA it's the slowest, t-

848 Oneida-Eriglish

tetwake7kashayA I'm the slowest. And stative past: né• tetyo7kashay A-hné- it used to be the slowest. With n- partitive: tsi7 na ?teyo 7kashayA she (z.) or it is so slow. Aspect class: A. •Wahu-níse7 yahu-wé• aké-slet só-tsi7 teyo 7kasha-yA. It took a long time to get there, my car is too slow. - 7 ke suf. on. Locative. NOTE: The 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?kel-/-?kl-/-ya?ta?kel-/-ya?ta?klv.a. float, drift. yo7kélha7 it's floating, wakya7ta7kélha7 I'm floating, loya7ta7kélha7 he's floating, yakoya7ta7kélha7 she's floating. Habitual past: yo7kélhahkwe7 it was floating. Future habitual: Ayo7kélhake7 it will float. With ytranslocative: yeyo7kélha7 it's floating there. With -huwey-/-huwblack ash, boat: lohuwa 7kélha 7 he's in a boat and he's floating in it. And habitual past: lohuwa7kélhahkwe7 he was floating in the boat. With -nlaht- leaf, and y- translocative: yeyonlahta7kélha7 the leaves are floating in it. • Tok náhte7 thó yo7kélha7. Something is floating there (e.g., in my glass). DERIVED BASES: - ' k l a ' n e - /

- y a ' t a ' k l a ' n e - float by, drift by; -'klunyu- float, several; -atyena'klahkwAni-/ -atyena'klahkwA- burp a greasy burp. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. The alternants -ya ? ta ? keland -ya ? ta ? kl- occur with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The alternants -ya ? ta ? kl- and - ? kl- occur before derivational suffixes.

- 7 kAha/-'kA- kin term, sibling. khe7kAha my younger sister, I have her as a sibling, yuke 7kAha my older sister, she has m e as a sibling, li 7kAha my younger brother, lake7kAha my older brother, she 7kAha your younger sister, yesa 7kAha your older sister, etshe 7kAha your younger brother, ya 7kAha your older brother, shako 7kAha his younger sister, luwa7kAha her younger brother. With -shX- collective clitic: wake7kA-shA- I have younger siblings. tó• nikú sa 7kA-shA• how many brothers and sisters do you have? And te- dualic: tékni tewake7kA-shA• I have two younger siblings. And npartitive: wísk niho7kA-shAhe has five younger siblings. With -oku/ -o-kú- collective clitic: khe7ko7okúha my younger siblings. • Thó nA tekní tewake7kA-shAtehnukwé. Now I have two younger brothers. ( H I ) NOTE: The alternant - ? kAha is composed of a component -?kA- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant - ? kA-, without the diminutive, occurs before the -shX- collective clitic. The alternant - ? kA- occurs also before the -oku/-o kú- collective clitic, and the collective clitic is followed by the diminutive clitic. In that case, the vowel of - ? kA- assimilates to the initial vowel of the following collective clitic. - ' k h a l - n. slip, skirt, ká-khale7 slip, skirt, aké-khale7 my slip, sá-khale7 your slip, akó-khale7 her slip, aó'khale7 her (z.) or its slip. DERIVED BASES: .'khalatihA- plus te- dualic, for one's slip to show; -ate'khal- put on a slip or skirt; tehoti?kha-lúte ? Anglican.

Oneida-Eriglish

NOTE: T h e

7

of the ' k h cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. See also -'tsyu'khal- diaper. .'khalatihA- plus te- dualic, v.s. for one's slip to show. tesa7khalatíhA your slip is showing, teyako7khalatíhA her slip is showing, teyo?khalatíhA her (z.) slip is showing. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'khal- slip, skirt, .tih(A)- plus te- dualic, care. -'kl- float, drift. See -?kel-/-?kl-/ -ya?ta?kel-/-ya?ta?kl-. - 7 kla 7 ne-/-ya?ta 7 kla ? ne- v.m. float by, drift by. loya7ta7klá-ne7 he's floating by, yo7klá-ne7 it's drifting or floating. yo7klá-nehse7 it's floating around, xvakya7ta7klá-nehse7 I'm floating around. a7é• iva7o7klá-ne7 it's floating away from me, a 7éwahoya7ta7klá-ne7 he went floating by. COMPOSED OF: - ' k e l - / - ' k l - /

- y a 7 t a ' k e l - / - y a ' t a ? k l - float, drift, - 7 ne- ambulative. NOTE: T h e a l t e r n a n t

-ya 7 ta 7 kla 7 ne- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate participants. The 7 of the 7 n cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'klunyu- v.a. float, several. yo7klúnyuhe7 several things are floating. With -lut- tree, log: yoluta7klúnyuhe7 logs are floating. With -nlaht- leaf: yonlahta7klúnyuhe7 leaves are floating. With -tsi'tsy- flower: yotsi7tsya7klúnyuhe7 flowers are floating. With -wis- ice, glass, window, and y- translocative: yeyowisa7klúnyuhe7 there are pieces of ice floating in it. COMPOSED OF: - 7 k e l - / - 7 k l - /

849

- y a 7 t a 7 k e l - / - y a 7 t a 7 k l - float, drift, -unyu- distributive. NOTE: Attested only in the habitual aspect. -'lhenyAht- v.a. knock over something tall, ke 7lhenyAtha 7 I knock it over. wake7lhenyAhtu I have knocked it over. wa7ke7lhe-nyAhte7 I knocked it over. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of an incorporated root - 7 lheny-, a verb root -A-, and the -ht- causative suffix. The root - 7 lheny- occurs also in -'lhenyA 7 - fall over, something tall. See note under -a 7 sA?-/-A 7 - fall. The final ht of the base becomes t before h. Note that the ny cluster of this base is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. - 7 lhenyA 7 - v.a. fall over, something tall. ka7lhe-nyA-se7 it falls over. yo 7lhenyA-u it has fallen over. wa7ka7lhe-nyAne7 it fell over. Aspect class: E3. •Yuteshu?kalohale7tákhwa7 thó kana-kálote7 né-n wa7ka7lhe-nyAne7 thó ya7tyau-kó\ A mop was standing there, so then it fell over, it landed (bumped) there. (Dl) NOTE: Composed of an incorporated root - ? lheny-, a verb root -A-, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The root - ? lheny- occurs also in -'lhenyAhtknock over something tall. See note under -a'sA?-/-A 7 - fall. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. Note that the ny cluster of this base is treated as a single consonant by the vowel lengthening rules of Oneida. - 7 lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/-ol- v.a. cover up. ke7lho-lóks I'm covering it up, la 7lho-lóks he's covering it up, tni7lho-lóks you and I (incl.) are cov-

850 Oneida-Eriglish

ering it up, twa 7lholóks we (incl.) are covering it up, khe7lho-lóks I'm covering her (from head to toe). wake 7lholú I have covered it up. ka7lholú it's covered. Pre-pausal: ka7lho-lú. wa7ke7lho-lóke7 I covered it up, wa7shako7lho-lóke7 he covered her up, wa7khe7lho-lóke7 7 I covered her up, Ake lho-lóke7 I will cover it up. Future habitual: Ake 7lholókseke 7 I will be covering it. With t- cislocative: Atyo7lholóke7 there it will get covered up. With -kAh- cloth, fabric, blanket: wa7kkAho-lóke7 I put a blanket over her (z.) or it, wa?khekAho-lóke7 I covered her with a blanket. And tcislocative: tayekAho-lóke7 there she covered it up with a blanket. With -yal- bag, sack: wa7kyalo-lóke7 I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it). Aspect class: E2. DERIVED BASES: -'lholoksyu- uncover; -?lholokt-/-olokt- use to cover up with; -ate 7 lholok-/-ate?lhol-/ -at-N-olok-/-at-N-ol- cover up oneself; -a'klol- be covered with snow; .a'nhuskwa'lholok-/ .a'nhuskwa'lhol- plus te- dualic, put on pants. NOTE: The alternants -olok- and -ol- occur with incorporated nouns. The alternants - ? lholok- and - ? lholare composed of an empty noun root - ? lh- and a verb root -olok-/-ol-, which is attested only with incorporated nouns. The alternants -'lholokand -olok- occur in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -'lhol- and -ol- occur in the stative aspect. The alternant -ol- may also be a component in tsyonisklolú snail; -itAhtehslol- look poorly; -kAnolehslol- look like rain; -li'waksAhslol- look angry; and

-tsina'tol- look smart, handsome, or dapper. -'lholoksyu- v.a. uncover. ke7lholóksyus I'm uncovering it. lo7lholóksi he has uncovered it. wa7ke7lholóksi7 I uncovered it. Aspect class: A2. COMPOSED OF: -?lholok-/-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol- cover up, -hsyu- reversative. NOTE: This base is composed of the alternant - ? lholok- of the component base plus the -hsyu- reversative suffix and the resulting khsy cluster is replaced by ksy. Many speakers have -?lholoksi- word-finally and before a final - ? lholokt-/-olokt- v.a. use to cover up with, ke 7lholókta 7 I use it to cover up something, it's the thing I use to cover something up with. wake 7lholóktu I have used it to cover it up. wa7ke7lho-lókte7 I used it to cover it up. With -she ? lhdough, paste, cream: yakoshe7lholóktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa7keshe7lho-lókte7 I covered it with dough. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -?lholok-/-?lhol-/ -olok-/-ol- cover up, -ht- causative. DERIVED BASES:

yutekhwahla'tslolókta 7 tablecloth; yutku'slolókta? pillowcase. NOTE: When the -ht- causative suffix is added to the alternants -?lholok-/-olok- of the component base, the resulting kht cluster is replaced by kt. The alternant -oloktoccurs with incorporated nouns. - ? n- n. genitals, vagina, penis, ó-na7 genitals. With -ke locative clitic: ke7ná-ke my genitals, se7ná ke your genitals, la7ná-ke his genitals,

Oneida-Eriglish

ye7ná-ke

her genitals.

DERIVED BASES: -'nohlok- insert one's penis, copulate. NOTE: The 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. - ? n- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect class: H. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. This suffix is replaced by the alternant -hn- in the stative past. -'nahkw- n. tub, barrel, drum. ka ?náhkwa 7 tub, barrel, drum (both the container and the musical instrument). With -oku locative suffix: ka 7nahkokú under the barrel, the bottom of the barrel. Pre-pausal: ka 7nahkokú. With -athel-/-athlset down for oneself: wa7kate7nahkwá-lA7

I p u t the tub

on. And t- cislocative: tayute?nahkwá-lA?

she p u t the tub

on there. With -atyA-/-atyAt- sit down, set or put down, stay, save up, store: wa7kate7náhkwayA7 I put my tub down. With -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have, and tcislocative: tka7náhkote7 there's a barrel standing there. With -hnyotu/-otu- be standing upright, several, and t- cislocative: tka7nahko-túthere are barrels standing there. With -la ? nAtak-/-la ? nAt-/-nAtak-/ -nAt- stick something on something: yo7nahkwanAtakú

it's stuck to the

pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans burn onto the bottom of the pot). And t- cislocative: tyo7nahkwanA-táks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo7nahkwanAtakú it's stuck there on the pot or tub. •Thó kwi• tka?nahko-tú• Ahayenát ane7. There are barrels standing

851

there for him to fill in the oil. (Gl) DERIVED BASES: -'nahkwaya'ak-/ -'nahkwayA- beat a drum; lanutakli 7 tsla?nahkwatáhkwas Tongue twister: he's getting the sugar right from the bottom of the barrel. NOTE: The final w of the base is deleted before bases that begin in o or u. -'nahkwaya ? ak-/-'nahkwayA- v.a. beat a drum, ke 7nahkwáya 7aks I beat a drum, wake 7nahkwáyA 7 I have beaten a drum, lo 7nahkwáyA 7 he has beaten the drum. wa 7ke 7nahkwáya 7ake 7 I beat the drum, Ake7nahkwáya7ake7 I will beat the drum. Aspect class: B2. COMPOSED OF: -'nahkw- tub, barrel, drum, -ya'ak-/-yA- throw a straight object at. NOTE: The alternant -7nahkwaya7ak- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -?nahkwayA- occurs in the stative aspect. - 7 ne- suf. going. Ambulative. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nehtal- n. fish eggs, gravel. o7néhtala7 fish eggs, gravel. NOTE: See also otsi'néhtala 7 small beads, nits; tehati'nehtawXlyehe 7 school of fish. -'nek- v.a. beg, ask for. ke 7nékha 7 I ask for. wa 7khe 7ne-kA• I begged her for it. DERIVED BASES: -lihwa'nek- beg or ask for information. -'nekAhtal- n. eyelash, strawberry top. o7nekAhtala7 eyelash, strawberry top. With -es-/-us- be long, and te- dualic: tewake7nekAhtales I

852

Oneida-Eriglish

have long eyelashes, teho7nekAhtales he has long eyelashes, teyako7nekAhtales she has long eyelashes. DERIVED BASES: . ' n e k A h t a l u t a k w -

plus te- dualic, remove strawberry tops. .'nekAhtalutakw- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove strawberry tops. teha7nekAhtalutákwas he's removing the strawberry tops. teho7nekAhtalutákwA he has removed the strawberry tops. wa7tha7nekAhtaluta-kó• he removed the strawberry tops. tehse7nekAhtaluta-kó Remove the tops from the strawberries! Aspect class: D3. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -'nekAhtal- eyelash, strawberry top, -N-ut- attach, be attached, -kwreversative. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -'netskaht- v.a. loosen something. ke7netskátha7 I loosen it (e.g., the lid on a jar). wake7netskáhtu I have loosened it. wa7ke7nétskahte7 I loosened it. se 7nétskat Loosen it! Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -'netskU)- be loose, be soft, -ht- causative. NOTE: The final ht of the base becomes t before h and word-finally. -'netska'- v.a. become loose, become soft, wa 7o 7nétskane 7 it became loose or soft. With -hnana't- potato: wa7ohnana7ta7nétskane7

the

potatoes became soft (e.g., they're cooked or they're going bad). With -nAst- corn: AyonAsta 7nétskane 7 the corn will become tender (cooked). • NA ki7 wa 7o 7nétskane 7, nA ki7 Awa-tú• Aknutéksi7. Now it has come

loose, I can open it. Kayé tá-thuni7 wísk nAkahwistá-eke7 kA- tsi7 ná-ye7 AtyolíhA7 tsi7 niyo-lé• AyonAsta7nétskane7. It should boil for four or five hours until the corn is tender. (Rl) COMPOSED OF: -'netskU)- be loose, be soft, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -'netsk(A)- v.s. be loose, be soft. yo 7nétskA it's loose, it's soft. Optative stative: ayo7netskAhake7 it should be soft. With n- partitive: tsi7 niyo7nétskA it's so soft. With -ahy-/-hi- fruit, berry: yohya 7nétskA the fruit is soft. Aspect class: A. • NA ki7 yohya7nétskA nA kati7 wíyohya-lí. The fruit is soft now, so it's ripe. DERIVED BASES: - ? netskaht- loosen something; -'netska'- become loose, become soft; -ahkala'netskA- be a softwood; -hneka'netskA- be soft water. NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs before derivational suffixes. - ? ne? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that have the stative aspect suffix - 7 or zero (i.e., no overt marking) and when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix - 7 . This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, - ? ne ? is always realized as - ' n e 7 . - ? nh- suf. go somewhere to do something, intend to do something. Dislocative (purposive). Aspect

Oneida-Eriglish

class: H.

NOTE: Occurs after a few bases that

end in 7 . The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nhaht- n. branch, limb, ó-nhahte7 branch. With - ? ke locative suffix: o7nhahtá-ke on the branch. With -a?SA?-/-A?- fall: wa7ka7nháhtAne7 the limb fell. With -lohlok-/-lohlgather: wa7ke7nhahtaló-loke7 I gathered up the branches. DERIVED BASES: -'nhahtot- have a branch; -'nhahtut- be a branch, attached. NOTE: T h e

7

of the ? n h cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nhahtot- v.s. have a branch. yo7nháhtote7 it has a branch, ka?nháhtote7 there's a branch (on the tree). Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'nhaht- branch, limb, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. DERIVED BASES: -'nhahtotu- have branches. -'nhahtotu- v.s. have branches. yo7nhahto-tú• it has several branches. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: -'nhahtot- have a branch, -u- distributive. -'nhahtut- v.s. be a branch, attached. yo7nháhtute7 the branch (is) attached. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'nhaht- branch, limb, -N-ut- attach, be attached. - ? nheks-/-'nhehs- n. ribbon, strap. ká-nheks ribbon, strap. DERIVED BASES: -ate'nheksot- put on a ribbon; .'nheksek- plus tedualic, give someone the strap; -'nheksot- put a ribbon on someone; ka 7 nheksatXsha taffeta;

853

ka ? nhehsatXsha silk, taffeta. NOTE: The alternant - ? nhehsoccurs in ka'nhehsatXsha silk, taffeta. The alternant -'heks- occurs elsewhere. The 7 of - ? nheks- is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'nheksek- plus te- dualic, v.a. give someone the strap. teshako7nhékseks he gives her or someone the strap. teshako7nheksekú he has given her or someone the strap. wa7tekhe7nhékseke7 I gave her or someone the strap, wa 7teshako 7nhékseke 7 he gave her or someone the strap. Aspect class: E2. NOTE: Includes the te- dualic prefix and the noun base -?nheks-/-?nhehsribbon, strap; otherwise the composition is unknown.

-'nheksot- v.a. put a ribbon on someone. wa7khe7nhekso-tA• I put a ribbon on her. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: - ? n h e k s - / - ? n h e h s -

ribbon, strap, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. - ? nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhs- n. egg. o7nhúhsa7 egg. With -shuha collective clitic: o 7nhuhsa 7shúha eggs. With -ate?skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wa7ute7nhuhsu-tAshe fried eggs. With .hliht- plus tedualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: tAhse7nhuhsá-lihte? you will break the eggs. With -nut-/-nutu- feed someone something, put something into someone's mouth: wahi7nhúhsanute7 I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wa 7ke 7nhúhso 7 I boiled an egg, se 7nhúhso Boil an egg!

854

Oneida-English

DERIVED BASES: -ani'nhuhso- lay eggs; .ani'nhuhsya'k- plus te- dualic, hatch an egg; ka?nhuhsó-lu egg sandwich; Tehati'nhúhsya'ks Easter. NOTE: The alternant -i'nhuhsoccurs after the -an- semireflexive.

-'nhyal- v.s. be a rainbow. yó-nhyale7 (it's) a rainbow. Habitual past: yó-nhyalahkwe7 there was a rainbow. Aspect class: F. NOTE: The initial 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. - ? niha/-?ni- kin term, father. lake7ntha my father, ya7níha your father, lo7níha his father, shukwa7níha our father(s), shako7ntha their father(s). Lake Father! With -kX decessive clitic: lake7nihkA my late father, lo7nihkA his late father. NOTE: The alternant -'niha is composed of a component -?ni- and the diminutive clitic -ha. The alternant - ? ni-, without the diminutive, occurs before the decessive clitic. -'nikhu- v.a. sew, stitch. ke7ntkhuhe7 I'm sewing. wake7ttíkhu 7 I have sewed. waha7níkhu7 he sewed, Ake 7níkhu 7 I will sew, aye 7ttíkhu 7 she should sew. Aspect class: Bl. DERIVED BASES: . ' n i k h u - plus s-

repetitive, get or have stitches; -'nikhu's- sew for someone; -kAha'nikhu- sew cloth; ye'nikhúkhwa 7 sewing machine, sewing needle; ye'nikhúkhwa' anishnuhsohlókta 7 thimble. .'nikhu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. get or have stitches. tsyuke7níkhu7 I have stitches, someone has stitched me, shuwa7ntkhu7 he has stitches, shoti7ntkhu7 they (m.) have

stitches, they stitched it. ska7níkhu7 it's stitched, sayuke 7níkhu7 I got stitches. • Shoti7níkhu 7 ktiAtshá-ke. They've stitched my arm. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, -'nikhu- sew, stitch. -'nikhu's- v.a. sew for someone. wa7utate7níkhuhse7 she sewed for someone, Aku7ntkhuhse7 I will sew for you. COMPOSED OF: -'nikhu- sew, stitch, -7s- benefactive. NOTE: The 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -'nikuhketskw- v.a. raise someone's spirits or hopes. lake7nikuhkétskwas he raises my hopes or spirits, he makes me feel good. lake7nikuhkétskwA he has lifted up my spirits. wa7khe7nikuhkétsko7 I raised her hopes or spirits, wa7she7nikuhkétsko7 you raised someone's spirits, wahi7nikuhkétsko7 I raised his hopes or spirits, wahake7nikuhkétsko7 he raised my spirits. Aspect class: D3. •Né- s thikA nA yakotla7swaksá-tu ókhna7 thó kwí• wáhsehte7 wa7she7nikuhkétsko7 kwáh tsi7 na7skwe-ní-kA-. So when someone has had misfortune (i.e., when someone they know has died), you will go there to raise their spirits as much as you can. (M15) NOTE: Probably composed of a variant of the noun base -'nikuhlmind, spirit, and the verb base -ketskw- raise up to a vertical position, put on an affair. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect.

Oneida-Eriglish

-'nikuhl- n. mind, spirit. o7nikú-la7 mind. With ,N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: ska7nikú-lat one mind. DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e ? n i k u h l i s a ? -

make oneself make up one's mind; -atA'nikuhlakwenyest- be picky, be choosy, be very particular; -atA'nikuhlattok- be smart, talk like an older person, be precocious; .atA'nikuhlawe'est- plus te- dualic, set one's mind to it; -atA'nikuhlisa?decide; -atA'nikuhlolA?- discover a way; .a'nikuhlokw- plus te- dualic, for one's mind to become scattered, become undecided; .a'nikuhlya'kplus te- dualic, feel sad, feel troubled, give up; ka7nikuhlaló-loks computer; ka 7 nikuhliyóstak spirit; la ? nikuhláksA devil; the exclamation o'nikú la' uhte Gee!, and probably -atA?nikuhkatstat- make oneself strong mentally. See also most of the bases beginning in -?nikuhl- that follow this one. NOTE: Both the semireflexive alternants -atA- and -a- occur with this base. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-'nikuhlahtu- v.s. be unconscious. wake7nikuhlahtú-u I'm unconscious, Io7nikuhlahtú-u he's unconscious, yako7nikuhlahtú-u she's unconscious. Aspect class: C. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtu- get lost, vanish, disappear. . 7 nikuhlahtuni-/.?nikuhlahtu?s- plus y- translocative, v.a. lose consciousness. yeho7nikuhlahtu-níhe7 he keeps losing consciousness. ya7ako7nikuhláhtuhse7 she lost consciousness, yaho7nikuhláhtuhse7

855

he lost consciousness. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .ahtuni-/.ahtu?s- plus ytranslocative, faint, lose consciousness. NOTE: The alternant .'nikuhlahtuni- occurs in the habitual aspect. The alternant .?nikuhlahtu?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. -?nikuhlahtu7t- v.a. make someone unconscious, yuke 7nikuhlahtú-tha 7 they keep putting me under (e.g., they give me an anesthetic before surgery), wa 7uke 7nikuhláhtuhte 7 they put me under, wahuwa7nikuhláhtuhte7 they put him under. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -ahtu't- make disappear, erase. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .'nikuhlake- plus te- dualic, v.s. be of two minds, be undecided. teho7nikú-lake he's of two minds, he's undecided. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'nikuhlakAny- plus te- dualic, v.a. persuade, make up someone's mind. tehake7nikuhlakAnyehse7 he keeps persuading me, he makes up my mind forme. tehake7nikuhlakAni he has persuaded me. wa7thake7nikuhlakA-ní• he per-

856

Oneida-English

suaded me, tAku 7nikuhlakA-tií• I will persuade or convince you. Aspect class: E4. • Tá-thni7

ú-iva7

tAku7nikuhlakA-nf.

akkwe-ní-

Maybe I can

persuade you. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, the noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, and a verb root -kAny-, which occurs also in .atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus te- dualic, compete, go to a fair. Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -'nikuhlaksa't- v.a. make someone feel bad, hurt someone's feelings. lo7nikuhlaksá-tha7 something comes along to make him feel bad. lake7nikuhlaksá-tu he has made me feel bad (intentionally). waho7nikuhláksahte7 he made him feel bad, he hurt his feelings, wa7khe7nikuhláksahte7 I made her feel bad. Aspect class: El. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be, - ? t- causative. NOTE: The

7

of the 7t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. -'nikuhlaksA- v.a. grieve, mourn. wake?nikuhláksAhse7 I'm grieving, I'm in mourning,

lo7nikuhláksAhse7

he's grieving. uke7nikuhláksA7 I grieved, I was saddened, waho7tiikuhláksA7 he grieved, Ayako7nikuhláksA7

she or someone

will grieve. NOTE: Composed of -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, and a verbal component -aksA-, which occurs also in -slAhtaksA- dream, and may be

related to the stative base -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. -'nikuhlal- v.s. look after, mind, take care. ke7nikú-lale7 I take care, I'm careful, I'm looking after it, ye7nikú-lale7 she's careful, khe7nikú-lale7 I'm minding or looking after her or them, I'm watching over her or them, li7nikú-lale7 I'm looking after him, wake7nikúlale7 she (z.) is looking after me, yuke7nikú-lale7

she or someone is

looking after me, shako7nikú-lale7 he's minding her or someone, yakhi7nikú-lale7 we (excl.) are looking after her or them. se7nikú-lalak Watch out, be careful! Habitual past: khe7nikú-lalahkwe7

I was

looking after her or them. Future stative: Akhe7nikú-lalake7 I will be minding her or them. Optative stative: ayuke7nikú-lalake7 she or someone should be looking after me. Aspect class: F. •Wa7uthlo-H• kwí• tsi7 yakoyo-tétahnú• yako-yA• úhka7 ayuke7nikú-lalake7 She said that she's working and so she has someone who should be looking after me. (VI) Se7nikú-lalak thikA kahne-kó- yáh te7kanute-kú. Mind the well, it's not covered. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind,

spirit, -1- be in or on. DERIVED BASES: -atA'nikuhlal- look after someone. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. - ? nikuhlanuhlya ? k- v.a. hurt someone's feelings. shako7nikuhlanú-lya7ks he hurts her or someone's feelings. wahi7nikuhlanú-lyahke7 I hurt his

Oneida-Eriglish 857

feelings. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -nuhlya'k- get hurt, hurt someone. NOTE: The h of the hiy cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the ? of the ? k cluster is replaced by h in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -'nikuhlanuhwak- v.a. feel bothered by something, feel worried or disturbed. wake7nikuhlanú-waks I'm bothered by something, I'm worried. wake7nikuhlanuhwakú I have been bothered or worried, lo7nikuhlanuhwakú he has felt worried or disturbed. uke7nikuhlanú-wake7 I got bothered by it, I stewed over it, Awake?nikuhlanú-wake7 I will be bothered by something. Habitual past: wake7nikuhlanú-wakskwe7 I was bothered or disturbed. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwakhurt, ache. NOTE: The h of the hw cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nikuhlat- v.s. have brains, be brainy. lo7nikú-lat he has brains, he's brainy, yako7nikú-lat she's brainy. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -at-/-t-/-et- be in. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nikuhlatshahniht- v.s. be strongwilled. wake7nikuhlatshá-nit I'm strong-willed, lo7nikuhlatshá-nit he's strong-willed, yako7nikuhlatshá-nit she's strong-

willed. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -tshahniht- be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker, be smart. NOTE: The h of the hn cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base becomes t word-finally. . ? nikuhlawi-/.'nikuhlawA- plus tcislocative, v.a. get an idea. twake7nikuhla-wíhe7 I get the idea all the time, twake 7tiikuhlawí it has given me an idea. tuke?nikú-lawA7 it gave me an idea, Atwake7nikú-lawA7 it will give me an idea. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .awi-/.u-/.A- plus t- cislocative, give or hand something to someone. NOTE: The alternant .'nikuhlawioccurs in the habitual and stative aspects. The alternant .'nikuhlawAoccurs in the punctual aspect, and the h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'nikuhlayeli- plus y- translocative, v.s. be serious. yeke7nikuhlaye-liI'm serious, yeha7nikuhlaye-lí• he's serious, yeye7nikuhlaye-lt• she's serious. Ya 7se 7tiikuhlaye-lík Behave! Be serious! Aspect class: B. NOTE: Composed of the y- translocative prefix, the noun base -'nikuhlmind, spirit, and a verb root -yeli-, which occurs only with prepronominal prefixes. See note under .yeliplus t- cislocative, be right. -'nikuhlayAta'- v.a. understand, grasp. wake?nikuhlayA-tá-se7 I understand, yako7nikuhlayA-tá-se7 she understands. wake?nikuhlayAtá-u I have understood it, lo7tiikuhlayAtá-u he has

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Oneida-English

understood a lot of things (and so he's a smart guy). uke7nikuhlayA-táne7 I grasped it, Awake7nikuhlayA-táne7

I

will understand. Habitual past: wake7nikuhlayA-tá-skwe7 I used to understand. Aspect class: E3. •NA kwi- né- ka7ikA tsyeyá-tat tsi7ka-yA• yako7nikuhlayA-tá-se7 n o 7sluni7ké-ne wa7í-lu 7 ye7 thikA, tsyutathlo-líhe7 onatA-ló-, "Yá-ts tehanahalawAlyehe7 thikA la7slu-ní-, í-lelhe7 né• a-hatkátho7 kA- tninikwA 7té-ne." So then this one lady who understand English, she said, she's telling her friend, "Geez he's crazy that white man, he wants to see our bellies." (M2) COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -yAta 7 - get, obtain. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. 'nikuhlA?- plus t- cislocative, v.s. have low spirits, feel down, feel sad. twake7nikuhlA-u I'm sad, my spirits are low, tesa7nikuhlA-u you're sad, tho7nikuhlA-u his spirit is down, tyako7nikuhlAu her spirit is down. Aspect class: E. •Náhte7 alá• só-tsi7 tesa7nikuhlAu. Why are you so sad? (Tl) COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, .a ? sA?-/.ya ? tA?-/.A?- plus tcislocative, fall off, fall from a height. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,'nikuhliyo- plus t- cislocative, v.s. be satisfied, be content, be pleased. twake 7nikuhliyó I'm satisfied, I'm content or pleased, tisa7nikuhliyó you're satisfied, tho7nikuhliyó he's satisfied, tyako7nikuhliyó she's satisfied. Pre-pausal:

tyako7nikuhli-yó. With te ? - nega7 7 tive: yáh te twake nikuhliyó I'm not satisfied, yáh te7tisa7nikuhliyó you're not content. Aspect class: A. • "A-hetshlo-lí- kA- tsi7 yáh te7tisa7nikuhliyó tsi7 náhte7 yA-nihe7 " "You should tell him that you're not content with how he's calling you down." (Ml) COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative,

-'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: .'nikuhliyo'- plus t- cislocative, become satisfied, become content. -'nikuhliyost- v.s. have a good mind. lo7nikuhliyóstu he has a good mind, yako7nikuhliyóstu she has a good mind. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-iyo- be good, -stcausative. .'nikuhliyo'- plus t- cislocative, v.a. become satisfied, become content. tuke7nikuhli-yóne7 I became satisfied, tayako7nikuhli-yóne7 she became satisfied, taho7nikuhli-yóne7 he became satisfied. With thcontrastive: yáh thutayako7nikuhli-yóne7 she won't become satisfied. COMPOSED OF: .'nikuhliyo- plus tcislocative, be satisfied, be content, be pleased, - 7 - inchoative. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted after accented vowels. -'nikuhloht- v.a. become conscious or aware, come to. lo7nikuhlóhtu he has become conscious or aware (e.g., of the consequences of his actions). uke7nikú-lohte7 I became conscious or aware of something, waho7nikú-lohte7 he became conscious or aware, he came to (from a

Oneida-Eriglish

coma), wa7ako7nikú-lohte7 she became conscious or aware, she came to. With s- repetitive: suke7nikú-lohte7 I started to know things, remembering things that were around me. With t- cislocative: twake7nikuhlóhtu I became conscious or aware of things there. With tshcoincident: tshuke7nikú-lohte7 when I became aware of it. •Thó se7 ní- nú- ya-wét twake7nikuhlóhtu. As for me, it's where, like, I became aware of my beliefs. (PI) NOTE: Includes the noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unknown. The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nikuhloli-/-'nikuhloly- v.a. amuse, entertain. shako7nikuhlo-líhe7 he's amusing her or them, lake7nikuhlo-líhe7 he entertains me, shukwa7nikuhlo-líhe7 he entertains us. shako 7nikuhlolí he has amused her or them, shukwa7nikuhlolí he has entertained us. wa7shako7nikuhlo-lí• he amused her or them, Aku7nikuhlolí• I will entertain you. Aspect class: Al. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -N-oli-/-N-oly- drive. DERIVED BASES: -'nikuhlolya't- be amusing, be entertaining; -atate'nikuhloli- amuse oneself, entertain oneself. NOTE: The alternant - ? nikuhlolyoccurs before derivational suffixes. -'nikuhlolya't- v.s. be amusing, be entertaining. lo7nikuhlólya7t he's amusing, yako7nikuhlólya7t she's amusing. Pre-pausal: yako 7nikuhlólyaht. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhloli-/

-'nikuhloly- amuse, entertain, -'tcausative.

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-'nikuhlot- v.s. have something on one's mind. ke7nikú-lote7 I have this on my mind, la7nikú-lote7 he has something on his mind, ye7nikú-lote7 she has something on her mind. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind,

spirit, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nikuhlowanA- v.s. have a great mind. yako7nikuhlowanA she has a great mind, she thinks of ways to do things, lo7nikuhlowanA he has a great mind. Pre-pausal: lo7nikuhlowa-nA. Secondary habitual: loti7nikuhlowa-nA-se7 they (m.) have a great mind, the wise men. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind,

spirit, -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big. .'nikuhlo'tA- plus n- partitive, v.s. be the state of one's mind, have a view or opinion, tsi7 niwake?nikuhló-tA what my feelings are, the state of my mind, náhte7 nisa7nikuhló-tA what you feel about things, what your view or opinion is. Aspect class: A. • Thó ki7 nv niivake7nikuhló-tA ka 7i kA. This is how I feel about it, this is my opinion. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind,

spirit, .N-o'tA- plus n- partitive, be a kind of. NOTE: The ' of the ' t cluster is

replaced by length after accented vowels. .'nikulhal- plus te- dualic, v.a. bother, pester. teha7nikulhálha7 he's a bothersome person, tewake7nikulhálha7 she (z.) or it bothers me, tekhe 7nikulhálha7 I

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bother her or them. teho7nikúlhale7 it's bothering him, teyuke7nikúlhale7 she's bothering me, tehake7nikúlhale7 he's bothering me. wa7twake7nikulha-lA• it bothered me, wa7tho7nikulha-lA• it bothered him, wa7tyuke7nikulha-lA• she or someone bothered me, wa7twake7nikulha-lA• she (z.) or it bothered me, tAioake7nikulha-lA• it will bother me, tAhoti7nikulhalA• it will bother them (m.). tákA 7 tAske7nikulha-lA Don't bother me! Habitual past: teyuke7nikúlhalahkwe7 she has bothered me. Aspect class: F. • NA uhte ale7 wi- ka7ikA n Kastes teho7nikúlhale7, só-tsi7 wahonehla-kó• só-tsi7 kano-lú• ka7ikA n kóskos onu-tsí. Now it seems that it bothered Kastes, it amazed him so much that the pig head was so expensive. (M3) DERIVED BASES: . a t a t e ' n i k u l h a l -

plus te- dualic, bother with, do something about. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear. -'nikulha't- v.a. cheat. la7nikulhá-tha7 he's a cheat, he's cheating. lo7nikulhá-tu he has cheated. waha7nikúlhahte7 he cheated. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. - ? nikulhA-/-ya?ta'nikulhA- v.a. forget, leave something behind. liya7ta7nikúlhAhse7 I keep forgetting him, shakoya7ta7nikúlhAhse7 he keeps forgetting her.

uke7nikúlhA7 I forgot. tákA7 Asa7nikúlhA Don't forget! With srepetitive: swake7nikúlhAhse7 I keep forgetting, swake7nikulhA-u I have forgotten, suke7nikúlhA7 I forgot, sayukwa7nikúlhA7 we forgot, Atsisa7nikúlhA7 you will forget, sahiya7ta7nikúlhA7 I forgot him, sashakoya 7ta 7nikúlhA7 he forgot her, tákA 7 Atsisa 7nikúlhA Don't forget! And facilitative: swake7nikulhA-tskwA I'm forgetful, sho7nikulhA-tskwA he's forgetful, tsyako7nikulhA-tskwA she's forgetful. With t- cislocative: twake7nikulhA-u I left it there, I forgot it there. Aspect class: C3. •Ostúha uke7nikúlhA 7 ka7ikA tsi7 niwakkaló-tA. I forgot a little bit of my story. (M8) Thó kA tka-yA akhná-tal, thó uhte i-kélhe7 7 tivake nikulhA-u. Is my purse there? I think I left it there. DERIVED BASES: .'nikulhAhslu- plus s- repetitive, forget much or lots; .?nikulhA?se-/.?nikulhA?s- plus srepetitive, forgive. NOTE: Probably includes the noun base -'nikuhl- mind, spirit; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant -ya ? ta ? nikulhA- occurs with pronominal prefixes that refer to animate patient participants. 'nikulhAhslu- plus s- repetitive, v.a. forget much or lots. swake7nikulhAhslu7 I have forgotten much. •Tahnú• kAs lotikalaká-te7, 7 7 s kwi- ni- thikA swake nikulhAhslu 7 náhte nihotikaló-tAhse^. And they used to have lots of stories, I've forgotten many of those stories that they had. (M9) COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive,

- ? nikulhA-/-ya'ta ? nikulhA- forget,

Oneida-Eriglish

leave something behind, -hsludistributive. .?nikulhA?se-/.?nikulhA?s- plus srepetitive, v.a. forgive. seshako7nikulhA-se he forgives her. sashako7nikúlhAhse7 he forgave her, sahake7nikúlhAhse7 he forgave me. COMPOSED OF: S- repetitive, - ? nikulhA-/-ya'ta ? nikulhA- forget, leave something behind, -7se-/-7sbenefactive. NOTE: The alternant .?nikulhA?seoccurs in the stative aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The alternant ,?nikulhA?s- occurs in the punctual aspect, and the 7 of the ? s cluster is replaced by h in post-accented syllables. - ? niskw-/- ? niskwA?- v.a. be late. lo7nískwas he's always late. lo7niskwA-u he's (already) late. uke7nískwA7 or uke7nísku 7 I was late, waho7nískwA7 he was late. With t- cislocative: taho7nískwA7 he's over there and he's late. Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: -?niskwA?uhatye-

be coming along late; -'niskwahtAni/-'niskwahtA- make someone late; -atA'niskwaht- do late, do slowly, be behind schedule. NOTE: Related to the stative base -'niskwA- be late. The alternant -?niskw- occurs in the habitual and punctual aspects and before derivational suffixes, -?niskwA?- occurs in the stative aspect. The final 7 of -?niskwA?- is replaced by length after accented vowels. Many speakers replace the final -WA 7 in the punctual aspect with -u 7, as in uke7nísku 7 I was late.

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- ? niskwahtAni-/-?niskwahtA- v.a. make someone late. yuke7niskwahtA-níhe7 she makes me late. wa7uke7niskwáhtA7 she made me late, uke7niskwáhtA7 it made me late. COMPOSED OF: -?niskw-/-?niskwA?be late, -ht- causative, -Ani-/-Abenefactive. NOTE: The alternant -?niskwahtAni- occurs in the habitual aspect, -'niskwahtA- occurs in the punctual aspect. -'niskwA- v.s. be late. yo7nískwA7 or yo7nísku7 it's late. Aspect class: B. NOTE: Related to the active base - ? niskw-/- ? niskwA ? - be late. Normally the final -WA 7 in the stative aspect is replaced by -u 7. -'niskwA'uhatye- v.m. be coming along late. yo7niskwA7uháti7 or yo7nisku7uháti7 it's getting late, lo7niskwA7uháti7 he's late. Aho7niskwA7uháti7 he will come late. With t- cislocative: tuke7niskwA7uháti7 I'm coming late, tayako7niskwA7uháti7 she's coming late, Atwake7niskwA7uháti7 I will arrive late, Atho7niskwA7uháti7 he will be late. With n- partitive: niwake7niskwA7uháti7 I was coming along so late. COMPOSED OF: -?niskw-/-?niskwA?be late, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: The sequence skwA 7 of this base is often pronounced sku 7, as in yo7nisku7uháti7 it's getting late. Also, many speakers have -?niskwA?uhati- before a final 7 . -'nist- n. stem of a plant, o 7nísta 7 stem. DERIVED BASES: -'nistot- be a stem of a plant, attached.

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Oneida-English

.'nistika't- plus te- dualic, v.a. tickle. tehake7nistiká-tha7 he's tickling me (either physically or by amusing me), tekhe7nistiká-tha7 I'm tickling her. wa7tekhe7nístikahte7 I tickled her, wa7thake7nístikahte7 he tickled me, wa7twake7nístikahte7 it tickled me (e.g., I got this sensation when I went over a bump), wa7tho7nístikahte7 he tickled him. DERIVED BASES: . ' n i s t i k a ' t a n i - /

,'nistika'tA- plus te- dualic, get tickled. NOTE: The ' of the ' t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. .'nistika'tani-/.'nistika'tA- plus tedualic, v.a. get tickled. tewake?nistiká'tanihe? it's tickling my funny bone, it gets to me so that I'm tickled. wa7twake7nistiká-tA7 I got tickled, it tickled my funny bone, wa?tho?nistiká-tA7 he got tickled. • Wa7tho7nistiká-tA7 ohkwalí la7nyú-ke né- tsi7 otsi7nowA thó lAtskwáhele7 The bear's nose got tickled because the mouse perched there. (T3) COMPOSED OF: .'nistika't- plus tedualic, tickle, -ni-/-A- benefactive. NOTE: The alternant . ? nistika ? tanioccurs in the habitual aspect, .?nistika?tA- occurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ? t cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nistot- v.s. be a stem of a plant, attached. ka7nístote7 there's a stem, still attached (e.g., the stem of an apple), yo7nístote7 it has a stem. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'nist- stem of a plant, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

-'nikuhlotakw- v.a. remove someone's spirit. wa7shako7nikuhlota-kó• he removed her or someone's spirit, wahuwa7nikuhlota-kó• they removed his spirit. COMPOSED OF: -'nikuhl- mind, spirit, -hnyotakw-/-otakw- remove from an upright position, pull out, pick up. NOTE: This base is used in the context of someone dying, and people going to the location of the death in order to instruct that person's spirit to leave his or her body so that the spirit will be at rest. This might refer to the situation where someone has died in a car accident. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. -'nohlok- v.a. insert one's penis, copulate, i-kélhe7 aku7nó-loke7 I want to have sex with you, wa7shako7nó-loke7 he inserted his penis into her. COMPOSED OF: -'n- genitals, vagina, penis, -ohlok-/-ohl- insert. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'notst- n. scab. o7nótsta7 scab. DERIVED BASES: -'notstal- have a scab. -'notstal- v.s. have a scab. wake7nótstale7 I have a scab, sa7nótstale7 you have a scab, yako7nótstale7 she has a scab, lo7nótstale7 he has a scab. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'notst- scab, -1- be in or on. -'now- n. hump shape, dome shape. o7no-wá• padlock. DERIVED BASES: - ' n o w a h e l - /

-'nowahl- sit stooped, hunched, or

Oneida-Eriglish

bent over; -?nowanyut-/-?nowaniyutattach a padlock; ,'nowa'kt-/ .'nowa'ket- plus te- dualic, be stooped over; -'noyot- be stooped; a'no wál turtle; o'no wá wahsliye'tatáti' string instrument; o'nowa'shúha ladybug; yo'nowakwalúte? camel. NOTE: The final w of the base is replaced by y before bases that begin in o or u. See also otsi'nowX mouse. -?nowahel-/-?nowahl- v.s. sit stooped, hunched, or bent over. kA 7 ke 7nowáhele 7 here I am sitting bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap), la7nowáhele7 he's sitting hunched over, ye 7nowáhele 7 she's sitting bent over. With t- cislocative: tha7nowáhele7 he's sitting there hunched over. With y- translocative: a7é- yeha7nowáhele7 he's sitting way over there hunched over. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'now- hump shape, dome shape, -hel-/-hl- set on top of, place on. DERIVED BASES: -ate'nowahl- stoop

over, hunch over. NOTE: The alternant -'nowaheloccurs in the stative aspect, - ? nowahl- occurs in the derived base. - ? nowanyut-/-'nowaniyut- v.a. attach a padlock. ke7nowanyútha7 I'm putting a padlock on it. wake7nowani-yúte7 I have padlocked it. ka7nowani-yúte7 it has a padlock on it. wa7ke7nowanywtA• I put a padlock on it. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'now- hump shape, dome shape, -nyut-/-niyut- suspend, hang. NOTE: The alternant -'nowanyutoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -'nowaniyut- occurs in the stative aspect.

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. ? nowa 7 kt-/. ? nowa'ket- plus te- dualic, v.s. be stooped over. teho7nowá-ktu he's stooped over, teyako7nowá-ktu she's stooped over. Aspect class: E. COMPOSED OF: -'now- hump shape, dome shape, .hsa ? kt-/.hsa 7 ket-/ .a ? kt-/.a'ket- plus te- dualic, fold over, bend something. DERIVED BASES: . a t e ' n o w a ' k t - /

.ate'nowa'ket- plus te- dualic, stoop over. NOTE: The alternant .'nowa'ktoccurs in the stative aspect, . ? nowa ? ket- occurs in the derived base. The 7 of the ? k cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'noyot- v.s. be stooped. wake7no-yóte7 I'm stooped (I'm in that position as a result of something that has happened to me, perhaps I was injured), lo7no-yóte7 he's stooped, yako7no-yóte7 she's stooped. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'now- hump shape, dome shape, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. -'nuhkw- n. bottom of a container. o7núhkwa7 bottom of a container (e.g., a basket or barrel). With -oku locative suffix: o7nuhkokú under the bottom of the container. Pre-pausal: o7nuhko-kú. With -atuni-/-atunymake, fix, or prepare for oneself: wa7kate7nuhku-nv I made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate7nuhku-ní Make the bottom! With -la?nAtak-/-la?nAt-/-nAtak-/ -nAt- stick something on something, and t- cislocative: tyo7nuhkivanA-táks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). • 07swA-ta7 ni-yót o7nuhko kú. It's black underneath it (the pot). NOTE: The final w of the base is

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deleted before the -oku locative suffix and bases that begin in o or u. -'nuksl- onion. See -a'nuk-/- ? nuksl-. - ? nun- n. black ash splints. o7nu-náblack ash splints. With -es-/-us- be long, n- partitive, and secondary habitual: kók nika7nune-sú-se7 they're strips of just such a length, they're short strips. With -N-iyo- be good: ka7nuniyó it's a good splint. NOTE: Prepared strips of black ash are used to make splint baskets. - ? nutanhak-/- ? nutanh- v.a. blame someone, be guilty. ku7nutánhaks I keep blaming you, khe?nutánhaks I blame her, shako7nutánhaks he's blaming her. wake7nutánhA I'm guilty, lo7nutánhA he's guilty, shako?nutánhA he has blamed her. wa 7ku 7nutánhake7 I blamed you, wa7ske7nutánhake7 you blamed me, uke7nutánhake7 it got blamed onto me, wa7shako7nutánhake7 he blamed her. With te ? - negative: yáh te^wake^utánhA I'm not guilty. With tsh- coincident: tsha7teyukwa7nutánhA when we are to blame. Aspect class: D2. •Kwáh kati7 wí• akwekú tsha7teyukwa7nutánhA ki7 uhte wísó-tsi7 akwekú yukwatkAhlá-tu tsi7 niyukwaliho 7tA-hné-. Really when we are all to blame, maybe we have completely stopped living according to the way we used to. (M7) DERIVED BASES: - a t a t e ' n u t a n h a k - /

-atate'nutanh- blame oneself, admit one's guilt; .atate'nutanhak-/ .atate'nutanh- plus te- dualic, blame one another. NOTE: The alternant -'nutanhakoccurs in the habitual and punctual aspects, -'nutanh- occurs in the stative aspect. This base may include the

base -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/ -nh- tie; but the composition is unclear. -'nyakA7- v.a. run away from. ke7nya-kA-se7 I run away from something or somewhere, se7nya-kA-se7 you run away from. lo7nyakA-u he has run away. wa7ke7nya-kAne7 I ran away. With s- repetitive: saha7nya-kAne7 he ran away again, he escaped again. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Composed of a verb root -?nyakA- and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. The root -?nyakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -?nyakA?se-/-'nyakA?s- run away from someone, get away from one, lose control. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. - ? nyakA?se-/- ? nyakA ? s- v.a. run away from someone, get away from one, lose control. wake7nyakA-se she runs away from me or from my control, luwa7nyakA-se she gets away from him. uke7nya-kA-se7 it got away from me, I lost control of it, wa7ako7nya-kA-se7 it got away from her, she lost control of it, wahi7nya-kA-se7 I ran away from him, I got out from under his control. •Né-n thó né• wa7ako7nya-kA-se7 thikA waté-slehse7 tahnú- thó kya7titákhe7. So then the sleigh got away on her and there I was riding in it. (VI) NOTE: Composed of a verb root -?nyakA- and the - ? se-/- ? s- benefactive suffix. The root -?nyakA- is attested only with derivational suffixes. See also -'nyakA?- run away from. The alternant -?nyakA?seoccurs in the stative aspect, -?nyakA?s- occurs in the punctual

Oneida-Eriglish

aspect. The 7 of the ? s cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. ?nyalha ? t(e)- plus te- dualic, v.s. touch everything. tewake7nyalhá-te7 I touch everything, teho7nyalhá-te7 he touches everything (e.g., a little child who just can't keep his fingers off things), teyako7nyalhá-te7 she touches everything. Stative past: teho7nyalha7tú-ne7 he was touching everything, into everything. Future stative: tAho7nyalha7túhake7 he will be touching everything. Aspect class: B. • Thó kati7 wv thikA né- s kwv né-n yeksá• tsi7 teyako7nyalhá-te7 khále7 7 7 tok náhte i-yélhe ayakoto-kA-se7 7 náhte ni-yót. So there's this little girl who's touching everything (into everything) and she wants to find out about what everything is like. (M10) NOTE: An alternant without the final vowel occurs in the expanded aspects. The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. ,'nyotalho- plus te- dualic, v.a. drape or hook a stick over. tetni7nyotálhos you and I (incl.) are draping or hooking our sticks over something (we're facing off in hockey), tehni7nyotálhos the two (m.) are draping their sticks over, they're facing off. wa7thni7nyotálho7 the two (m.) faced off. • Tehniyáshe tehni7nyotálhos 7 kátsha ka-yA• tAhni7nyotalíhsi7. The two of them have their sticks draped over (the puck, they're facing off), where one will unwrap the stick (get to the puck first). (Tl) NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root - ? ny-, and the

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alternant -otalho- of the verb base -otalho-/-ya?totalho- drape over, hook, harness. The root - ? ny- occurs also in .'nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, remove a stick from it's being hooked over. . ? nyotalihsyu- plus te- dualic, v.a. remove a stick from it's being hooked over. tehni7nyotalíhsyus the two (m.) are removing their sticks from a position where they're draped over something (e.g., a hockey puck). tAhni7nyotalíhsi7 the two (m.) will unwrap the puck. NOTE: Composed of the te- dualic prefix, a noun root - ? ny-, and -otalihsyu- unhook The root - ? nyoccurs also in .'nyotalho- plus tedualic, drape or hook a stick over. Many speakers have . ? nyotalihsibefore a final 7 . -'nyu- nose. See - ? nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/ -i ? nyuhs-/-i ? nyu-. -'nyuhl- n. chimney, lamp globe, lamp chimney, stovepipe. o7nyú-la7 lamp globe or chimney, stovepipe. With -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew- wipe, wipe off: wa7ke7nyuhlo-kéwe7 I wiped the lamp globe, se7nyuhlo-kéw Clean the lamp globe! DERIVED BASES: - ' n y u h l o t - b e a

chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nyuhlot- v.s. be a chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing. ka7nyú-lote7 (it's a) chimney, lamp globe, stovepipe. With tsi7 particle and t- cislocative: tsi7 tka7nyú-lote7 the chimney is there. With te ? negative: áhsu te7ka7nyú-lote7 it doesn't have a chimney yet. Aspect

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class: F. COMPOSED OF: -'nyuhl- chimney, lamp globe, lamp chimney, stovepipe, -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?nyuhs-/-7nyu-/-i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- n. nose. o7nyúhsa7 nose. With-'-ke locative clitic: ke7nyú-ke my nose, se7nyú-ke your nose, la7nyú-ke his nose, ye7nyú-ke her nose. With .atsha ? kt-/.atsha ? ket-/.at-N-a ? kt-/ .at-N-a ? ket- plus te- dualic, bend over, become crooked: tehote7nyuhsá-ktu he has a crooked nose. With ,atya ? k- plus te- dualic, become broken: teyakote7nyuhsyá-ku she broke her nose (e.g., in a car accident), wa7thate7nyúhsyahke7 he broke his nose. With -es-/-us- be long: la 7nyúhses he has a long nose. With -hyo ? thiy(e)-/-o'thiy(e)- be sharp, be pointy: lo7nyuhso7thi-yéhe has a long, pointy nose, yako 7nyuhso 7thi-yé• she has a long, pointy nose. With -N-luhkwani-/ -N-luhkwA-/-ya 7 taluhkwani-/ -ya?taluhkwA- get itchy on one's body: wake7nyuhsalúhkwanihe7 my nose is itchy. With -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwak- hurt, ache: lo7nyuhsanú-waks his nose hurts. DERIVED BASES: .'nyuhsakahlutplus te- dualic, have nostrils; -'nyuhsawistosk- get a cold nose; -'nyuhsut- have a nose; ska'nyúhsa 7 moose; .'nyukal- plus te- dualic, snort; .'nyukwek- plus te- dualic, get a stuffy nose; .ani'nyuhsohlok-/ .ani'nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative, stick one's nose into someone else's business, interfere; -anPnyuklik-/ -ani'nyukli- wrinkle up one's nose.

NOTE: The alternant - ? nyuhs- occurs in the basic noun form and in the first four derived bases. The alternant -?nyu- occurs before the - '-ke locative clitic and in the next two bases. It is possibly also a component in ka'nyúkel moccasin; tsi ? nyu kále ? mole; and .'nyukha- plus te- dualic, have a nosebleed. The alternant -i?nyuhs- occurs after the -ansemireflexive in ,ani ? nyuhsohlok-/ ,ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative. The alternant -i 7 nyu- occurs after the -an- semireflexive in -anPnyuklik-/ -ani'nyukli-. .'nyuhsakahlut- plus te- dualic, v.s. have nostrils. teke?nyuhsaká-lute7 my nostrils, tehse7nyuhsaká-lute7 your nostrils, teha7nyuhsaká-lute7 his nostrils, teye7nyuhsaká-lute7 her nostrils. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -'nyuhs-/ -?nyu-/-i7nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose, -kahlut- be an opening, be a hole. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'nyuhsawistosk- v.a. get a cold nose. wa7ke7nyuhsaivístoske7 my nose got cold. COMPOSED OF: -?nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/

-i'nyuhs-/-i'nyu- nose, -wisto-/ -wistosk- become cold. -'nyuhsut- v.s. have a nose. la7nyúhsute7 he has a nose, ye7nyúhsute7 she has a nose. Aspect class: F. COMPOSED OF: -?nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/

-i ? nyuhs-/-i'nyu- nose, -N-utattach, be attached. .'nyukal- plus te- dualic, v.a. snort. teha7nyu-kálhe7 he's snorting. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -'nyuhs-/ -?nyu-/-i?nyuhs-/-i?nyu- nose,

Oneida-Eriglish

-lakal-/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- for a noise to sound. .'nyukha- plus te- dualic, v.a. have a nosebleed. tewake7nyukhá-u my nose is bleeding, teho7nyukhá-u he has a nosebleed, teyako7nyukhá-u she has a nosebleed, wa 7tha 7nyúkha 7 he got a nosebleed, tAha 7nyúkha 7 his nose will bleed. Stative past: teho7nyukha7ú-ne7 he had a nosebleed. NOTE: May include the alternant - ? nyu- of the base - ? nyuhs-/- 7 nyu-/ -i?nyuhs-/-i ? nyu- nose; but the composition is unclear. .'nyukwek- plus te- dualic, v.a. get a stuffy nose. teke7nyu-kwéks my nose gets stuffed up or blocked. teke 7nyukwekú my nose is stuffed up. wa7tke7nyu-kwéke7 I got a stuffy nose. Aspect class: E2. COMPOSED OF: te- dualic, -'nyuhs-/ - ? nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/-i'nyu- nose, -N-kwek- close. -?s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -Ani/-* s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. - ? s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See -ni/-? s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. - ? s- suf. for, to. Benefactive. See - ? se/-? s-. NOTE: Alternant that occurs in the punctual aspect. - ? sa ? suf. Secondary habitual. NOTE: The initial 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables.

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-7se-/-7s- suf. for, to. Benefactive (dative). Aspect class: Al. NOTE: The alternant - ? se- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, - ? soccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of - ? se- is replaced by length after accented vowels. The 7 of - ? s- is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. . ? sel- plus te- dualic, stack, pile. See .ya 7 sel-/.ya ? slu-/. ? sel-/. 7 slu- plus tedualic. - 7 se 7 suf. Habitual (serial) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with bases that end in u or A, and some bases that end in e. The initial 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. - 7 se 7 suf. Secondary habitual (perfective plural). NOTE: The initial 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels, and by h in post-accented syllables. - ? shatste-/-'shatstA- v.s. be strong, be forceful, ke 7shátste 7 I'm strong, la7shátste7 he's strong, ye7shátste7 she's strong, ka7shátste7 she (z.) is strong, yo7shátste 7 it's strong. Habitual past: ke7shátstehkwe7 I was strong. Future stative: Ake7shátsteke7 I will be strong, Aha7shátsteke7 he will be strong. With n- partitive: niha7shátste7 how strong he is, niyo7shátste7 it's so strong. With -asl-/-sl- smell, odor: wasla7shátste7 it's a strong smell. With -hnek- liquid, liquor: kahneka7shátste7 it's strong liquid (e.g., liquor). With -nuhkwa't-/ -nuhkwa ? tsl- medicine, pepper: kanuhkwa7tsla7shátste7 it's strong medicine or pepper. With -wel- air,

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Oneida-English

wind: kawela7shátste7 it's a strong wind. Aspect class: B. DERIVED BASES: - ' s h a t s t A h s l u t y -

lose one's strength; -'shatstA?become strong; .hwi'shatste- plus tedualic, have willpower. NOTE: The alternant -'shatstAoccurs before derivational suffixes. -'shatstAhsluty- v.a. lose one's strength, yako7shatstAhslútyehse7 she loses her strength. yako?shatstAhslúti she has lost her strength, wa 7ako 7shatstAhslu-tíshe lost her strength. Aspect class: E4. COMPOSED OF: - ? s h a t s t e - / - ? s h a t s t A -

be strong, be forceful, -hsl- nominalizer, -aty-/-uty- lose, leave, disperse. NOTE: Word-finally in the stative aspect the final y of the base plus the -u stative suffix is realized as i, and the final y of the base is replaced by i in the punctual aspect. -'shatstA7- v.a. become strong. waha ?shátstAne 7 he became strong or stronger, Ake7shátstAne7 I will become strong. COMPOSED OF: - ? s h a t s t e - / - ' s h a t s t A -

be strong, be forceful, inchoative. DERIVED BASES: 'shatstA'sl- plus tcislocative, be getting stronger. NOTE: The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. . ? shatstA ? sl- plus t- cislocative, v.m. be getting stronger. taha7shatstA-sle7 he's becoming strong, taye7shatstX-sle7 she's becoming strong. Pre-pausal: taye

7shatstA-sele7.

COMPOSED OF: t- cislocative, -'shatstA?- become strong, -si- dislocative.

NOTE: The ? of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'sheke' suf. Future habitual/ Optative habitual. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix - ? se 7 . The future habitual/optative habitual ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component - ? she-, a component -k-, which is called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'shAn- n. aim, chance. NOTE: Attested as an incorporated root in -ate'shAnawi-/-ate ? shAnAgive someone a chance; -ate'shAnayA- have a chance, -ate'shAnayAta 7 - get a chance; -ate'shAnuni- take aim; -'shAnaksAhave a bad aim; -'shAniyo- have a good aim; and possibly .'shAnayAta7plus te- dualic, reach for, stretch over to reach for. -'shAnaksA- v.s. have a bad aim. la7shAnáksA

h e h a s a b a d aim, he's

a bad shot. Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: - ? shAn- aim, chance, -N-aks(A)- be bad, be not the way it should be. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s h A n a k s U ) -

feel uneasy. .'shAnayAta'- plus te- dualic, v.a. reach for, stretch over to reach for. teke7shAnayA-tá-se7 I keep reaching for it. tewake7shAnayAtá-u I have reached for it. wa7tke7shAnayA-táne7 I reached for it. With y- translocative: ya7tke7shAnayA-táne7 I reached over for it. Aspect class: E3.

Oneida-Eriglish

DERIVED BASES:

.'shAnayAta'uhatye- plus te- dualic, be reaching for something. NOTE: May include the norm base -'shAn- aim, chance. The final 7 of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. .'shAnayAta'uhatye- plus te- dualic, v.m. be reaching for something. teho7shAnayAta7uháti7 he's reaching for it. COMPOSED OF: .'shAnayAta'- plus

te- dualic, reach for, stretch over to reach for, -u stative, -hatye- progressive. NOTE: Many speakers have ,?shAnayAta?uhati- before a final 7 . -'shAniyo- v.s. have a good aim. la 7shAniyó he has a good aim, he's a good shot. Pre-pausal: la7shAni-yá Aspect class: A. COMPOSED OF: -'shAn- aim, chance,

-N-iyo- be good. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s h A n i y o - b e

convenient, be opportune. -'skoht- v.a. immerse in water, baptize someone, li 7skóiha 7 I'm baptizing him. li7skóhtu I have baptized him. wa7uké-skohte7 they baptized me. Aspect class: El. NOTE: Composed of an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -ht- causative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The final ht of the base becomes t before h, and the 7 of the ? sk cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'skohw- v.a. put in water, drown something, wa 7ké-skowe 7 I put it in the water, I drowned it (e.g., a dog), wahá-skowe7 he drowned it. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s k o h w - /

-at-N-ohw- go into water.

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NOTE: Composed of an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -hw- causative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The 7 of the ? sk cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the h of the hw cluster is deleted in post-accented syllables.

.'skokw- plus s- repetitive, v.a. retrieve someone out of water. sekhe7skókwas I'm retrieving her out of the water, sekhe 7skókwA I have retrieved her out of the water. sakhe7sko-kó• I retrieved her out of the water. Aspect class: D3. NOTE: Composed of the s- repetitive prefix, an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the -kw- reversative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. A component - ? skokwoccurs without the s- repetitive in -ate ? skokw-/-at-N-okw- get out of water. The final w of the base is replaced by o in the punctual aspect. - ? sko ? - v.a. fall in water, drown. ké-sko 7s I keep drowning. wa7ké-skone7 I fell in the water, I drowned. With te 7 - negative: yah te7yako7skó-u she didn't drown. Aspect class: E2. • SayakyahtA-tíí- khále7 Katlí-n, yukyatshanuniháti7 tsi7 yáh te7yako7skó-u. The two of us went home again, me and Katlin, we're going along being happy because she didn't drown. (T2) DERIVED BASES: shakotí s k o ' s

Baptists. NOTE: Composed of an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -o- be in water, and the - 7 - inchoative suffix. See note under -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil. The 7 of the ? sk cluster is replaced by length after accented

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vowels, and the final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect. -'skuta 7 - v.a. get burned. ke7sku-tá-se7 I keep getting burned, la7sku-tá-se7 he keeps getting burned. wake7skutá-u I have gotten burned, lo7skutá-u he has gotten burned. wa^e^ku-táne 7 I got burned, waha7sku-táne7 he got burned. Aspect class: E3. NOTE: Composed of an empty noun root - ? sk-, a verb root -ut-, and the inchoative suffix. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. The final ? of the base is replaced by length or deleted after accented vowels. -'skuthu- v.a. burn someone. li7skúthus I'm burning him. li7skúthu I have burned him. wahi7skúthu 7 I burned him, wahake7skúthu 7 he burned me. Aspect class: A2. DERIVED BASES: -atate'skuthu- burn oneself. NOTE: Includes an empty noun root - ? sk-, and a verb root -ut-. See note under -utho- put into the fire, burn. -'skwe' suf. Habitual past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the habitual aspect suffix - ? se ? . The habitual past ending replaces the habitual suffix. It is composed of a habitual aspect component - ? s- and a component -kwe called the former past in Lounsbury (1953). The initial ? of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -?sle-/-i 7 sle- v.m. drag, ride, drive, trick someone, lá-sle7 he's dragging it, waké-sle7 I'm driving, ló-sle7 it's dragging him, he's (in a car) driving, yuknísle7 we two are driving,

yukwá-sle7 we're driving. Prepausal: yukwá-sele7. ké-slehse7 I drag it. ivake7slenú I have dragged it. wa 7ké-sle 7 I'm dragging it, I'm driving it, wahó-sle7 he's tricking him into doing something, he's giving him a ride in something, he's driving it, wa7ukwá-sle7 we rode, wa7uké-sle7 she tricked me into it, she's giving me a ride in something (e.g., a wagon), Ahsé-sle7 you will drag it, Ahotí-sle 7 they (m.) will ride. Pre-pausal: Ahotísele7 Stative past: wake7slenu-hnéI had dragged it. With t- cislocative: tyé-slehse7 she's dragging it around there, také-sle7 I'm dragging it this way, tayukwá-sle7 we came riding this way. With tuta- dualic and cislocative: tutahá-sle7 he dragged it this way again. With -huwey-/-huwblack ash, boat: wa7khuwí-sle7 I'm riding along in the boat. And t- cislocative: takhuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat this way. And y- translocative: ya7khuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat that way. With -nakt- bed, place, space, and elók all over and s- repetitive: elók seknaktí-sle7 I'm dragging the bed all over the place, I'm in the bed and it's going all over the place. With -yal- bag, sack: layalí-sle7 he's dragging the bag, layalí-slehse7 he drags the bag, loyali7slenú he has dragged the bag, wa7kyalí-sle7 I dragged the bag. And t- cislocative: takyalí-sle7 I dragged the sack or bag this way. Aspect class: Gl. • Ká'slet buggy tayukwá-sle7, kwáh kAs tayonAWAhslályo7 thikA Audrey ponyha kók ní-la7kA-. The buggy is what we came riding in, Audrey would just whip that little pony. (Ol) Né- s thikA nA wa7káwelute7 kwáh tsi7 uhte elók níseknaktí-sele7. So then it got windy

Oneida-Eriglish

(and) it seemed like I was in the bed going all over the place. (PI) DERIVED BASES: -'slehsu- drag several, ride around; -'slehtvehicle; - 7 slenutye-/-i ? slenutye- be going along dragging or riding in something; .alahsi ? ti ? sle- plus tedualic, drag one's feet; -ate'slecrawl; -listi'sle'se' be a surveyor. NOTE: The alternant -i ? sle- occurs with incorporated nouns. The 7 of the ? sl cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. 'slehsu- v.a. drag several, ride around. la7sléhsuhe7 he's going all over dragging things. waho7sléhsu7 7 he drove about, Aha sléhsu 7 he will drag things around. COMPOSED OF: -?sle-/-i?sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -hsudistributive. v. > n. vehicle, ká-slet vehicle, car. aké-slet my vehicle, my car, laó-slet his car, ukwá-slet our car, laotí-slet their (m.) cars. With - ? ke locative suffix: ka7slehtá-ke on the car. With-ku locative suffix: ka7sléhtaku in the car. And -shu ? collective clitic: ake7slehtakúshu 7 all over the inside of my car. With -oku locative suffix: ka7slehtokú under the car. Prepausal: ka7slehto-kú. With ,ahkwatase-/.at-N-tase- plus tedualic, go completely around: wa7tkate7slehtata-sé• I went around the car. With -akayu- be old: o7slehtakayú old car. With

? sleht-

- N - a k s ( A ) - b e b a d , b e n o t the w a y it

should be: ka7slehtáksA the car is bad (mechanically). With -N-aksA7- become bad: wa7ka7slehtáksAne7 the car got worse (mechanically). With

871

.anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic, be dirty, and n- partitive: tsi7 na7teho7slehtanú-yanit is his car ever dirty. With -ase- be new, be fresh: o7sléhtase7 new car. With -atehsak-/-at-N-isak- look for something for oneself: late7slehti-sáks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). With -atehsakh-/-at-N-isakh- go to look for something for oneself: wa7kate7slehtisákha7 I'm going to look for a car. With -atAhninu- sell: wa7kate7slehtahni-nú• I sold a car. With -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu ? s- sell for or to someone: wahiyate7slehtahni-nú-se7 I sold him a car. With -atAniha- borrow: wa7kate7slehtaníha7 I borrowed a car. With -atAniha ? se-/-atAniha ? sborrow from: wahiyate7slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from him, wa7kheyate7slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from her. With -athel-/-athl- set down for oneself: lote7slehtáhele7 he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). With -at-N-ikfill up completely: wahate7sléhtike7 he has a earful (e.g., of people). With ,atilut-/.ya ? tatilut- plus tcislocative, pull: taha7slehtatilu-tAhe pulled the car. With ,at-N-inyu ? t- plus t- cislocative, bring in with oneself: tahate7slehtínyuhte7 he brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage). With -at-N-iyostmake something good for oneself: wa7kate7slehti-yóste7 I made my car nice. And t- cislocative: takate7slehti-yóste7 I made the nicest car. With -atkalhatho- turn over, tip over, flip over: ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 I got

872

Oneida-English

turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa7ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 we turned over in our vehicle. And tcislocative: tayukwate7slehtakalhátho7 there our vehicle turned over. With -at-N-ohale ? n- go to wash something for oneself: wa7kate7slehtohalé-na7 I'm going there to wash my car. With -at-N-ohale's- wash for someone: wahiyate7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. With -atte- be at the edge, be at the end: tsi7 yote7sléhtate7 it's at the end of the car. With -atuni-/-atuny- make, fix, or prepare for oneself: kate7slehtu-níhe7 I'm fixing the car. With -at-N-u ? nek- move something out of the way: wa7kate7slehtú-neke7 I moved my car. With -aty-/-utylose, leave, disperse: waho?slehiu-tíhe lost his car. With -atya'tohale-/ -at-N-ohale- wash oneself, wash for oneself: kate7slehtóhalehe7 I'm washing the car, wa7ute7slehtóhale7 she washed the car. With -es-/-usbe long: ka 7sléhtes it's a long car, a limousine. And n- partitive: a 7énaka 7sléhtes it's a really long car. With -halatat-/-kalatat- raise up, lift up: wa7ke7slehtakala-táte7 I raised up the car. With .hlek- plus tcislocative or y- translocative, push, shove: yeha7slehtá-leks he's pushing the car. With -hninu- buy, buy from: wa7ke7slehtahni-núI bought a car, wahi7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car from him. And t- cislocative: tho7slehtahni-nú• he bought a car there. With -hninu'se-/ -hninu ? sbuy for someone: waho7slehtahninú-se7 he bought a car for him. With -N-ita 7 -/ -ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into:

wa7ke7slehtítane7 I put a wagon or car in it (e.g., in a truck or van). With -N-iyo- be good: ka7slehtiyó a good or nice car, lo7slehtiyó his car is good. And secondary habitual: ka7slehti-yó-se7 nice cars. And future stative: Aka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be a good car, Aho7slehtiyóhake7 his car will be nice. And stative past: ka7slehtiyo-hné• the car was nice, lo7slehtiyo-hné• his car was nice. And s- repetitive: ska7slehtiyó it's a nice car again. And t- cislocative: tka7slehtiyó the nicest car, laulhátho 7slehtiyó his car is the nicest. And t- cislocative, and future stative: né- Atka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be the best car. And t- cislocative, and stative past: tho7slehtiyo-hné• he had the best car (at one time). And tcislocative and -kó- augmentative clitic: né• kwi• tho7slehtiyohkóhe thinks he has the best car. And npartitive: niwake7slehtiyó I have such a nice vehicle. And n- partitive, and secondary habitual: niyukwa7slehti-yó-se7 we have such nice cars. With -N-iyo 7 - become good: Aka7slehti-yóne7 the car will become nice, waho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice. And s- repetitive: saho7slehti-yóne'7 his car became nice again. And t- cislocative: nétaho7slehti-yóne7 he had the best car. With .N-ke- plus te- dualic, be two of: teka7sléhtake two cars. With .N-ke- plus n- partitive, be three or more of: áhsA nika7sléhtake three cars. With .N-ke- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic or nya ? tepartitive, translocative and dualic, every, different: nya7teka7sléhtake (there are) all different kinds of cars. With .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic, be two at a time: teka7slehtakeháti7 there are two cars at a time. With

Oneida-Eriglish

-kehlu- put things here and there: ka7slehtaké-lu7 cars are scattered around. With -khwa- take something away from someone: wa7shako7slehtákhwa7 he took the car away from her or them. With -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)- be big: lo7slehtowanX his car is big. With -la?nAtak-/-la';,nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAtstick something on something: wa7o7slehtanA-táke7 the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). With -nahn- fill: ka7slehtaná-nu it's filled with cars. With -nakl(e)- live, dwell, reside, be plentiful: ka7slehtanákle7 there are lots of cars to be had. And te ? - negative: yáh te7ka7slehtanákle7 there aren't many cars. With -na'nawA-/ -ya?tanawA-/-nawA- get wet: yo7slehtanawA the car is wet. With -nAskw- steal, steal from: wa7ke7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car, wa7khe7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car from her. With -niha- lend to someone: wahake7slehtaníha7 he lent me a car, wa7khe7slehtaníha7 I lent her a car. With -nohale-/-ya ? tohale-/ -ohale- wash: ke7slehtóhalehe7 I wash cars, wa7ke7slehtóhale7 I washed the car. With -nohale ? n-/ -ohale'n- go to wash: la7slehtohalé-ne7 he's going to wash the car, la7slehtohalé-nehse7 he goes to wash cars, lo7slehtohalé-nu he has gone to wash the car, waha7slehtohalé-na7 he's on his way to wash the car. With -nohale ? se-/-nohale ? s-/-ohale ? se-/ -ohale's- wash for someone: wa7ku7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for you, wahi7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. With -nolube expensive: ka7slehtano-lú- the car is expensive. With -nyut-/-niyutsuspend, hang: ke7slehtanyútha7 I'm

873

attaching a car (e.g., with a chain to another car). With -nyutatye- go along suspended or hanging: ka7slehtanyutáti7 a car is going along hanging. With ,N-o?tA- plus npartitive, be a kind of: niho7slehtó-tA he has that kind of car. With .N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus srepetitive, be one: ska7sléhtat one car. With .ta ? - plus te- dualic, stand up, stop, stand still: wa7tka7sléhtatane7 the car stopped (running). With .te- plus thcontrastive, be different: thika7sléhtate7 it's a different car. With .ukw- plus te- dualic, bump, bump into: wa7twake7slehtu-kó• Iran into a car. With -u ? nek-/-ya ? tu ? nekmove something out of the way: wa7ke7slehtú-neke7 I moved the car. With -yehwa-/-yehwha- be unable to find: uke7slehtayé-wha7 I couldn't find a ride. With -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have: ka7sléhtayA7 it's a vehicle, yako7sléhtayA7 she has a vehicle, loti7sléhtayA7 they (m.) owned a car. And te ? - negative: yáh te7wake7sléhtayA7 I don't have a car or ride, yáh te7ka7sléhtayA7 there's no car. And te ? s- negative and repetitive: te7tsyukni7sléhtayA7 we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. With -yAta7- get, obtain, and srepetitive: sayako7slehtayA-táne 7 she got another car. With -yAta?land: wa7ka7slehtayA-táne7 the car landed. With -yAtu- have several: loti7slehtayA-tú• they (m.) all have cars. With . ? kaht- plus te- dualic, be fast-moving: teyo7slehtá-kat it's a fast-moving vehicle. COMPOSED OF: -?sle-/-i ? sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -htcausative. DERIVED BASES: - ' s l e h t a k a l e l - b e

the sound of a vehicle; -'slehtayA- be

874

Oneida-English

parked in a vehicle; - 7 slehtoka 7 t- be a rough car, be a rough ride; .ate 7 slehtahel-/.ate 7 slehtahl- plus te- dualic, go downhill in a sled; .ate'slehtitakhe- plus t- cislocative, be coming along in a vehicle; -ate'slehtunihe' be a mechanic; ka'sléhtes limousine; tsi' tyute'slehtunyá tha' at the garage; tsyo'slehtá kat train; yo 7 slehtA 7 túne 7 tow truck. NOTE: The 7 of the ? sl cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels, and the final ht of the base become t word-finally. -'slehtakalel- v.a. be the sound of a vehicle. wa7o7slehta-kálele7 there was the noise of a car. With t- cislocative: Atyo7slehta-kálele7 the car will make noise, utayo7slehta-kálele7 the car would make a noise. •Tahnú• lonanúhte7 ka7ikA tsi7 kwáh yah kátsha7 tehonathu-téutayo7slehta-kélele7. And besides they knew that they didn't hear any sound of a vehicle. (M5) COMPOSED OF: - 7 sleht- vehicle, -lakal-/-lakalel-/-lakalehl-/-kal-/ -kalel-/-kalehl- for a noise to sound. -'slehtayA- v.s. be parked in a vehicle. la7sléhtayA7 he's parked (he's inside the car and parked), ye7sléhtayA7 she's parked. Aspect class: B. COMPOSED OF: - 7 sleht- vehicle, -yA/-yAt- lay down, place, have. DERIVED BASES: - a t e ' s l e h t a y A - /

-ate'slehtayAt- park. - 7 slehtoka 7 t- v.s. be a rough car, be a rough ride. yo7slehto-ká-t it's a rough vehicle (e.g., a car or truck), it's rough riding in it. Pre-pausal: yo7slehto-káht. Aspect class: A.

COMPOSED OF: -'sleht- vehicle, -oka't- be rough. NOTE: The 7 of the ? t cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels.

-7slenutye-/-i7slenutye- v.m. be going along dragging or riding in something. ke7slenúti7 I'm dragging it along, ka7slenúti7 it's dragging along (e.g., there's a bunch of cars going by), loti7slenúti7 they (m.) are riding along (in cars). • Né- na7 n kA7 wa7káhewe7 kwáh loti7slenúti7 thó wahutitahkoha-túlatiksa 7shúha, tahatitakhenúti7. Now the time has come when they just come riding along (and) the children all get out, they come running. (M12) COMPOSED OF: - 7 sle-/-i 7 sle- drag, ride, drive, trick someone, -nu stative, -tye- progressive. NOTE: The alternant -i 7 slenutyeoccurs with incorporated nouns. Many speakers have - 7 slenuti- and -i7slenuti- before a final 1 . .'slu- plus te- dualic, stack, pile. See .ya 7 sel-/.ya'slu-/. 7 sel-/. 7 slu- plus tedualic. .'slunyu- plus te- dualic, stack several, pile several. See .ya'slunyu-/ .'slunyu- plus te- dualic. - 7 t- suf. cause, make, use for. Causative (Instrumental I). Aspect class: El. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels and by h in post-accented syllables. - ? tala 7 ek-/- 7 tala ? e- v.a. take too far. lo7talá-e he has carried things too far. waha7talá-eke7 he went too far (with what he was doing). •Yo7shátste7 waha7talá-eke7 He

Oneida-Eriglish

really took things too far. NOTE: The alternant - ? tala ? eoccurs in the stative aspect, - ? tala ? ek- occurs in the punctual aspect. The last 7 of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'tsha 7 - plus te- dualic, v.a. get beaten, get stumped. tewaké-tsha7as I'm always getting stumped. tewaké-tshu7 it has beat me, tesní-tshu 7 you two are stumped, it has you two beat. wa7twaké-tshane7 it stumped me. Stative past: tewake7tshu7ú-ne7 it got me stumped (at one time). Aspect class: E5. DERIVED BASES: .atA'tsha'- plus tedualic, earn, win. NOTE: The 7 of the ? tsh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. The final 7 of the base is deleted in the post-accented syllable of the punctual aspect, and in the stative aspect the combination -a ? -u is replaced by -u ? . -'tskwA suf. easily. Facilitative. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'tsl- suf. Nominalizer. NOTE: Suffixed to verb roots or verb bases to derive a noun base. The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'tsy- suf. quickly. Accelerative. NOTE: The 7 of the suffix is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'tsyu'khal- n. diaper. diaper.

o7tsyú-khale7

DERIVED BASES: . ' t s y u ' k h a l - /

.'tsyu'khalu- plus te- dualic, diaper someone.

875

NOTE: Possibly related to -'khalslip, skirt. The 7 of the ? kh cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. .'tsyu?khal-/. ? tsyu ? khalu- plus tedualic, v.a. diaper someone. tehi7tsyu7khálha7 I diaper him. tekhe7tsyú-khale7 I have diapered her. wa7thi7tsyu7kha-lú• I put a diaper on him, wa7tekhe7tsyu7kha-lú• I diapered her. NOTE: Includes the noun base -'tsyu'khal- diaper; otherwise the composition is unclear. The alternant . ? tsyu ? khal- occurs in the habitual and stative aspects, ,?tsyu ? khaluoccurs in the punctual aspect. The 7 of the ?kh cluster of both alternants is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'tuhkw- flame. See -i'tuhkw-/ -'tuhkw-. .'tukhwal- plus te- dualic, be hot. .i?tukhwal-/.?tukhwal- plus tedualic. - ? u suf. Stative (perfective) aspect. NOTE: Occurs with some bases that end in a vowel. The 7 is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'uhake' suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix - ? u. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative suffix. According to Lounsbury (1953), it is composed of a stative aspect component - ? u, a habitual aspect component -ha-, a component -k-, called the continuative, and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? .

876

Oneida-English

- ' u k e ' suf. Future stative/Optative stative. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix - 7 u. The future stative/optative stative ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component - ? u, a component -k-, called the continuative in Lounsbury (1953), and the punctual aspect suffix -e ? . - 7 u ? ne ? suf. Stative past. NOTE: Occurs with bases that take the stative aspect suffix -?u and when the accent is on the penultimate syllable in the stative aspect form. The stative past ending replaces the stative aspect suffix. It is composed of a stative aspect component - ? u and a component - ? ne ? , which is called the remote past in Lounsbury (1953). This suffix always occurs word-finally, and with the accent rules of Oneida, - ? u ? ne ? is always realized as - ? ú-ne ? . -'wahl- n. meat. o?wá-lu? meat. With -ate ? skut-/-at-N-ut- put in the oven, roast, bake, fry: wakate7wá-lute7 I'm frying meat, wa7ute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat, Akate7wahlu-tA- I will fry meat, sate7wahlu-tA Fry the meat! And tcislocative: tayute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat there. With -ate ? skutakw-/-at-N-utakw- take out from roasting, baking, or frying: kate7wahlutákwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. With -atAhninusell, and t- cislocative: thute7wahlahni-núhe? they (m.) sell meat there. With -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hsluny- dress, prepare, trim, fix up: kate7wahlahslu-níhe7 I'm preparing the meat. With -atkA- rot, spoil: yo?wahlátkAhse7 the meat is spoiling, yo7wahlatkA-u the meat

has spoiled. With -atsha ? Ani-/ -atsha 7 a ? s-/-at-N-atsha ? Ani-/ -at-N-atsha ? a ? s- burn on one: ukwate7wahlátsha7ahse7 the meat burned on me. With -eku-/-eku?u-/ -ku-/-ku?u- taste good, and n- partitive: tsi? nika7zvahláku7 it's really good meat. With .hliht- plus tedualic, break or cut into pieces, smash, chop, grind: teke7wahlahlítha7 I'm cutting up (slicing) the meat, wa7tha7wahlá-lihte7 he ground the meat, tehse7wahlá-lit Slice the meat! With -N-ita ? -/-ya ? tita ? - give someone a ride, transport someone, put into: wa7ke7zvahlítane7 I put meat in it. With -k-/-ek-/-ak- eat: Atwa?wá-lake7 we (incl.) will eat meat, aetwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) should eat meat, ayakwa7wá-lake7 we (excl.) should eat meat. With -kwe'talukw- cut up into pieces or chunks: ke7wahlakwe7talúkwas I'm slicing the meat, se7wahlakwe7talu-kó Slice the meat! With -li- become ripe, become cooked: yo7wá-lali the meat is cooked, wa?ka7wá-lali7 the meat became cooked. With -N-o- be in water, cook in water, boil: wa7e7wá-lo7 she boiled meat. With -shw- smell, get a whiff of: Ake7wahláshwA7 I will smell meat. With yehwa-/-yehwha- be unable to find: wake7wahlayé-wahse7 I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). •NA ki7 Ake?wahláshwA7 thikA skawilo-wáne7. Now I will start to smell that turkey. DERIVED BASES: á t s t e ?

wate'wá lute' barbecue; ka'wahló lu meat sandwich; o'wahlakáhtu' raw meat; teye'wahlahlihtákhwa 7 meat grinder; teyo'wahlahyó tsis salt

Oneida-Eriglish

pork; y e ' w a h l a k w e ' t a l á t h a 7 butcher knife; yute'wahlutákhwa 7 roasting pan. NOTE: The h of the hi cluster is replaced by length after accented vowels. -'washal- n. earring. o7wáshale? earring. NOTE: Another word for 'earring' is teyute'washalutákhwa?. -'wesA- v.s. be fun. yo huesA it's fun. Pre-pausal: yo?we-sA. Aspect class: A.

877

NOTE: Possibly related to -u?weskwani-/-u'weskwA- enjoy, like, take pleasure in.

'whalot- v.s. be hollow. yo?wha-lóte? it's hollow, it's the hollow part of something (a tree, a tooth). Aspect class: F. NOTE: Probably composed of a noun root -?whal-, which does not occur elsewhere, and the alternant -ot- of the verb base -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have.

Guide to English-Oneida Entries

The English-Oneida dictionary consists of entries that are alphabetized by English glosses. It has entries for all of the verb and noun bases given in the Oneida-English dictionary, as well as entries for most of the particles. The entries include as subentries all of the forms that are given as subentries in the Oneida-English dictionary, but without any technical information, such as the aspect class, or the identity of prepronominal prefixes and incorporated nouns. The glosses that occur at the head of entries are generally the same glosses that appear in the Oneida-English entries after the category designation. In some cases we have simplified the glosses when the head of the entry became too long. Some of the entries have just two parts: the English at the beginning of the entry in boldface, followed by an Oneida word in italics. For example: bowl, soup bowl

yutsholyá-tha?.

Most of the entries with just one Oneida word as a subentry are whole word bases, which usually have the category designation N (for 'noun') or V > N (for

'verbal noun') in the Oneida-English dictionary. Usually the user can find more information about the Oneida word, such as its composition, under the Oneida-English entry. The whole word will be at the head of the entry, in boldface. Sometimes the Oneida word is followed by its pre-pausal form, the form that is pronounced when the word is spoken by itself with no other words following it, or when the word occurs before a significant break in an extended stretch of speech (almost like at the end of a short paragraph). Pre-pausal forms are given whenever the prepausal pronunciation involves more than just the devoicing, or whispering, of the final syllable. An example of an entry that has a pre-pausal form is: bluebird talulolú. Pre-pausal: talulo-lú. Some entries have just one Oneida word as a subentry, but a cross-reference to a base is also given: braid olátskA Base: -latskA-/-latskA?t-

880 Guide to English-Oneida Entries

When there is a cross-reference to a base, as in this case, the user can turn to the base, which will be in boldface, in the Oneida-English dictionary. Another example is: bundle, be standing kahlé-note7 (it's) a bundle. Base: -hle ? notA cross-reference to a base means usually one of two things: the Oneida base occurs as a component in other bases; or it is itself complex, including another base as a component, in which case the structure of the base is given in the Oneida-English entry (in the part labelled COMPOSED OF). A great many entries have more than one Oneida form as subentries since most noun and verb bases in Oneida must have a prefix and a suffix in order to be used as a word. The subentries are followed by an English gloss. The Oneida base is given at the end of the entry after all the subentries so that anyone can turn to the base in the Oneida-English part for additional information: to see an example sentence, learn the composition of the base, find out if there are any related bases, or check exactly which prepronominal prefixes or incorporated nouns occur in the subentries. The following is the partial entry for buy, which has many subentries. buy shni-núhe7 you are buying it, snihni-núhe 7 you two are buying it. wakhni-nú• I have bought it. wa 7khni-nú• I bought it, wa 7shni-núyou bought it, wahahni-nú• he bought it, wa7ehni-nú• she bought it, wesnihni-nú• you two bought it, wahihni-nú• I bought it from him, wahakhni-nú• he bought it from me,

Ahahni-nú•

he will buy it, Ashtti-nú-

you will buy it, Asnihni-nw you two

will buy it, ashni-nú- you should buy it, akutihni-núthey (z.) should buy it. lahninúhahkwe7 he was buying it. tAthatihni-nú• there they (m.) will buy again, yahahni-nú• he bought it when he was over there. yáh thashni-nú• you won't buy it. wa7ksliye7tahni-nú• I bought thread. usahahtahkwahni-nú• he should buy shoes again. wa7kAhetshahni-nú• I

bought some sausage.

wahatihnekahni-núthey (m.) bought a drink. wa7khulahni-núI bought a gun. wahinuhsahní-núI bought a house from him. wa7knutakli7tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. lohwAtsyahni-nú• he has bought land. wa7ke7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car, wahi?slehtahni-nú• I bought a car from him.

Base: -hninuThis entry includes forms in the different aspects with various pronominal prefixes, forms with prepronominal prefixes, and forms with incorporated nouns. The following is the partial entry for box; it also has many subentries, including forms with locative suffixes, a possessed form, and forms where the noun is incorporated into a verb. box kanutó-tsli7 box. Pre-pausal: kanutó-tsheli7 kanuto7tslá-ke on the box. kanutó-tslaku in the box. laonuto7tsli7shúha his boxes. a7é7 nikanutó-tsla it's a great big box. wa7katnuto7ts!isákha7 I'm going to look for a box. kAh na7kanutó-tslati7 it's on this side of the box. taknuto7tslatilu-tA• I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer.

Guide to English-Oneida Entries 881

wa7knuto7tslakala-táte7 I raised up the box. nya7tekanuto7tsláhele7 where there are boxes sitting all over. wa7teknuto7tsló-íalake7 I squished the box. wa7knuto7tslakalhátho7 I turned over the box. knuto7tslaká'tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa7knuto7tslaká-tshi7 I took the box apart, tekanutó-tslake two boxes. tkanuto7tslaké-lu7 there are boxes lying around there, skanutó-tslat one box. tkanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying there. Base: -nuto'tslEach Oneida base in the Oneida-English dictionary has a unique entry in the English-Oneida dictionary, even when two Oneida bases have the same English gloss. The following partial entries illustrate this point. basket ashé-nute7 basket, a basket with a handle (e.g., a picnic basket). ashe7nútslaku in the basket. yakotashe7nutslaké-lu7 she has baskets spread around. yutashe7nutslu-níhe7 she makes baskets. washe7nutsliyó it's a nice basket. sashe7nútslayA7 you have a basket. Base: -ashe 7 nut-/-ashe ? nutsl-

a basket, ayuta7ahslu-ní• she should make baskets, Ahsata7ahsluníheke7 you will be making baskets. wa7akyata7áhslayA7 we two (excl.) put our baskets down. Base: -a'ahslAs can be seen from these two partial entries, the English word basket is expressed by two different bases in Oneida, and so there are two different entries for basket. (Thus, the EnglishOneida is really a reverse dictionary, rather than a truly bilingual dictionary, since a bilingual dictionary would probably give the forms of both entries in a single entry under basket.) A different type of entry is a very simple one which directs the user to another entry. This is necessary because, in a great many cases, the meaning of an Oneida base cannot be conveyed adequately with just a singleword English translation. For this reason, many entries have more than one English word or term at the beginning of the entry. The entry is alphabetized according to the first English word, but any additional words have a separate "simple entry," which consists solely of a cross-reference to the primary entry, under which all the Oneida forms are given. An example is: bath, take See swim; bathe

basket a7áhsli7 basket. Pre-pausal: a7áhseliZ a7áhslaku in the basket. Ayuta7ahslahni-nú• she will sell baskets. yuta7ahslahninúni7 she sold baskets all over. wa7akyata7ahslahninú-na7 we two (excl.) went to sell baskets. wahata7áhslike7 he filled up the basket. yuta7ahslu-níhe7 she makes baskets, wa7uta7ahslu-níshe made

As is evident from the glosses of the subentries, both the action of swimming and taking a bath are expressed by the same forms in Oneida: swim; bathe kata-wAhe7 I'm taking a bath, I'm swimming. lotawA he has taken a bath, he has swum. wahata-wA• he took a bath, he took

882 Guide to English-Oneida Entries

a swim, yáh thahata-wX- he won't take a bath.

Base: -atawA-

Another type of case for which it is useful is to have simple entries is that quite often an Oneida base can be rendered into English equally well by two different words (synonyms). For example, the Oneida base -yal- can be glossed either 'sack' or 'bag'. Thus: bag; sack ka-yále7 bag, sack. kayalá-ke on the bag, on the tent. kaya-láku in the bag. wa7katyalo-lóke7 I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). wa7katyalo-lókte7 I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. wahatyalá-lA 7 he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). lotya-lóte7 he has a bag standing, wahatyalo-tX• he set the bag down. wahatya-líke7 he filled up the bag. latyalakéhtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatú he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakéhtate7 he put a bag on his back. yakotyalunyáni7 she has made bags. tkaya-lóte7 there's a bag standing there. tahayalinyu7táni7 he brought in several bags, tóhka7 nikaya-láke several bags. wa7kyalo-lóke7 I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it), layalí-sle7 he's dragging the bag, layalí-slehse7 he drags the bag, loyali7slenú he has

dragged dragged dragged Base:

the bag, wa7kyalí-sle7 I the bag, takyalí-sle7 I the sack or bag this way. -yal-

The simple entry is: sack See bag; sack Another type of case where a singleword English translation is simply not possible is when the Oneida base consists of an incorporated noun plus a verb. In this case the entry in the English-Oneida dictionary is an English phrase. Typical examples are bases that have to do with putting on clothing, such as put on shoes. In this case all the forms are given as subentries under the phrase that begins with the verb (put on shoes): put on shoes tekaláhta 7as I'm putting my shoes on. wa 7tkaláhtane7 I put my shoes on, tAkaláhtane7 I will put my shoes on, takaláhtane7 I should put shoes on. tehsaláhtan Put your shoes on! teskaláhta7as I'm putting my shoes on again, tusakaláhtane7 I put my shoes back on again. Base: .alahta 7 - plus te- dualic The translation that begins with the noun (shoes, put on) is a simple entry: shoes, put on See put on shoes

ENGLISH-ONEIDA DICTIONARY

English-Oneida

885

A abdomen See belly able, be able to; beat at lakwényehse7 he's able to do it. lokwéni he was able to, he can do it. wa 7kkwe-níI'm able to do it (and I did it), wahakwe-ní• he's able, wa7ekwe-níshe's able, wahatikwe-níthey (m.) were able, wa7kkwe-ní• I beat her (z.) or it at something, wa7kukwe-níI beat you at it, Akkwe-ní- I will be able, Askwe-ní• you will be able, Ahakwe-ní- he will be able, Akakwe-ní- she (z.) or it will be able, a-hakwe-ní- he should be able. a-yokwényuke7 it should have been able to. shotikwéni they (m.) were able again, sahuwatikwe-ní' they beat them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). nihotikwéni how or where they (m.) were able, na 7kkwe-nf how I was able, I was really able to do it, na7skwe-ní- how you were able, yáh tha-kkwe-ní• I can't, yáh thahakwe-ni• he can't, yáh thayekwe-ní• she can't, yáh tha-kakwe-ní• it won't do, yáh thahnikwe-ní- the two (m.) can't, yáh thaetwakwe-ní• we (incl.) can't, yáh thahatikwe-ní• they (m.) can't. Base: -kweny-/-kwenyA-/ -kwenyeabove; up é-nik or é-nike. abundant, be See live; reside; be plentiful abuse; make a slave of shakonasku-níhe7 he's abusing her. shakonaskuní he has made a slave of her, yakotinaskuní they (z.) have made a slave of her.

Base: -naskuniabuse; mistreat lakkAhla?slu-n{he? he's mistreating or abusing me, shakokAhla7slu-níhe? he mistreats or abuses her. wa?kkAhla?slu-ní- she (z.) mistreated me. tayukkAhla?slu-ní• there she treated me mean. Base: -kAhla?sluniabuse; mistreat lokAhlu-níhe? he's mean or abusive to him. wahikAhlu-ní• I was mean to him, AshakokAhlu-ní• he will be mean to her or them. lokAhluníhahkwe 7 he was abusive to him. Base: -kAhluniaccident, have an accident; get fooled ukwatye-lú-se7 I got into an accident, I got fooled, wahotye-lú-se? he got into an accident, he got fooled, wa?akotye-lú-se7 she got into an accident, she got fooled. Base: -atyelu'saccompany See go along; be among accordion teyehna 7tatslatilútha

7.

accumulate; get enough of katye7nítha7 I keep accumulating enough. wakatye7níhtu I have accumulated enough. wa7katyé-nihte7 I accumulated enough, wa7utyé-nihte7 she accumulated enough, Akatyé-nihte 7 I will save enough. Base: -atye ? nihtaccuse laklihwálhos he accuses me, shakolihwálhos he accuses her. laklihwálhu he has accused me. Ashakolihwálho7 he will accuse her

886

English-Orieida

or them. Base: -lihwalhoache See hurt; ache achieve something; get a promotion lathala-táts he gets promotions. lothalatatú he has gotten a promotion, he achieved something. wa7kathala-táte7 I got a promotion, Ahathala-táte7 he will achieve something. Base: -athalatatacknowledge See honour; acknowledge; appreciate acquainted, become teyakyatatlA7nhá-u we two (excl.) are acquainted, tehyatatlA7nhá-u the two (m.) have become acquainted, they got to know each other. wa7thyatatlA-nha7 the two (m.) became acquainted, tAhyatatlA-nha7 the two (m.) will become acquainted. Base: .atatU'nha- plus te- dualic

add to tekawAhtats I add to it. iva7tkawAhtate? I added to it, takawAhtate7 I should add to it. tetkawAhtats I add to it (e.g., I pay an extra or additional amount, that much more than I was originally charged), tetwakawAhtatú I have added to it, tutakawAhtate7 I added to it, tAtkawAhtate7 I will add to it. Base: .awAhtat- plus te- dualic add up See count several; add up admire See like; admire adolescent, female yeya7taséha she's in her late teens. tshiyeya7taséha when she was a teen. Base: -ya'taseha adolescent, male lanikAhtlAha he's a person in his late teens. Base: -nikAhtlAha/-nikAhtlA-

across; the other side elA.

adopt a child latwilalákwas he adopts children. yakotwilalákwA she has adopted a child. wahatwilala-kóhe adopted a child. Base: -atwilalakw-

act, how one acts See lifestyle, be

adults, be See grown-ups, be

actor; movie; theatre katahsatálha7 I'm an actor or actress, lutahsatálha7 they (m.) are actors, watahsatálha 7 (it's) a movie, a theater. watahsatálhahkwe7 there was a show or movie, lutahsatálhahkwe7 they (m.) were acting. Base: -atahsatalha?

advise See talk to; advise

acre ékel.

actually; as a matter of fact ki7. Adam's apple onyá-kwa7. Base: -nya'kwadd See throw; drop off; pour; add

afford kkalakwényehse7 I can afford it. lokalakwéni he affords it. wahakalakwe-ní• he afforded it, wa7ekalakwe-ní• she afforded it, Akkalakwe-ní- I will afford it. yáh thakkalakwe-ní• I can't afford it, yáh thaskalakwe-níyou can't afford it, yáh thahakalakwe-níhe can't afford it. Base: -kalakwenyafraid, be See scared, be scared; be cowardly

English-Oneida

afraid of, be See scared, be scared of; be afraid of afterbirth See bench; seat; afterbirth afternoon See evening, early evening; late afternoon again ále7 or nále7. age, be See old, be so many years old; be an age; have a birthday age, be a certain nitwakenú my age, tónitisenú how old are you? tónithawenú how old is he? tónithonenú how old are they (m.)? Pre-pausal: tó- nithone-nú. nityone-nú-se7 how old they (z.) are. tshityukwe-nú-se7 when we were at that age. Base: .enu plus nit- partitive and cislocative age, be the same tsha7tetyuknenú we two are the same age, tsha7tetisnenú you two are the same age, tsha7tethonenú the two (m.) are the same age, tsha7tetyonenú the two (z.) are the same age. Pre-pausal: tsha 7tetyone-nú. Base: .enu plus tsha'tet- coincident, dualic and cislocative aggressive, be aggressive, industrious, or cocky ke-tsín I'm industrious, determined, aggressive, se-tsín you're aggressive, la-tsín he's cocky, ye-tsín she's industrious, tehni-tsín the two (m.) have spunk. Base: -tsinagree fully See approve; agree fully; confirm agree; make an agreement or appointment iva7twaklihivayA-tá-se7 I made an

887

appointment (e.g., with a doctor), wa7tyuknilihwayA-tá-se7 we two agreed, wa7thotilihwayA-tá-se7 they (m.) agreed. Base: .lihwayAta7- plus te- dualic agree; talk over; commit oneself yatlihwísa7as the two (m.) are talking it over, they're dating one another. lonatlihwísu7 they (m.) agreed, they have a date, wa 7katlihwísane 7 I committed myself to it, wahyatlihwísane7 the two (m.) agreed, Akatlihwísane7 I will agree. thyatlihwísa7as there the two (m.) are talking over the matter. Base: -atlihwisa 7 agree to; allow; give one's consent kathu-táts I agree to it. wakathutatú I have allowed it. wa7kathu-táte7 I allow it, wahuthu-táte7 they (m.) agreed to it, Akathu-táte7 I will give my permission, yáh tehothutatú he didn't allow it. yáh thakathu-táte7 I won't allow it, yáh thahathu-táte7 he wouldn't consent to it, yáh thayuthu-táte7 she or someone wouldn't allow it, yáh thahuthu-táte7 they (m.) won't allow it. yáh thusahuthu-táte7 they (m.) won't ever agree to it again. Base:

-athutat-

ahead ohAtú. Pre-pausal: ohA-tú. ahead, go See first, go first; lead aim, have bad See bad aim, have aim, have good See good aim, have aim, take late7shAnu-níhe7 he takes aim. wakate7shAnuní I have taken aim. wahate7shAnu-ní• he took aim. Base: -ate'shAnuni-

888

English-Orieida

air See wind; air

all over elók.

air, get air for oneself; be a breeze wakatewelálha 7 I get some fresh air. yotewe-lále7 there's a breeze. ukwatewela-lA• I'm getting air, ayakotewela-lA• she should get air. Base: -atewelal-

all over the place tsi7 ok nú-.

airplane

allow See agree to; allow; give one's consent

almost

alibi, give See excuse, give an excuse or alibi alike, look alike See resemble; look alike alive, be See live; be alive Pre-pausal:

ni-kú.

allow See permission, give someone permission or an opportunity

tekatAhe7.

alcohol See liquid; liquor

all akwekú.

all, that's all n o w nAki7thó

akwe-kú.

all, b e all t o g e t h e r tnikwekú

you and I

(incl.) are together, yaknikwekú we two (excl.) are together, snikwekú you two are together, nikwekú the two (m.) are together, twakwekú all of us (incl.) are together, yakwakwekú all of us (excl.) are together, swakwekú all of you are together, latikwekú all of them (m.) are together. Pre-pausal: latikive-kú. Base: -kwekuall; most; majority aósku 7 the majority, most of it, aósku 7 káhik the majority of it is fruit, it's mostly fruit. ohtsi7klósku7 it's all cloudy. o 7kAhlósku 7 it has dirt, sand, or ashes all in it. o7swA7tósku7 it's all black. onawa7tstósku7 it's all muddy. otiAyósku 7 it's all stone (e.g., talking about a stone house). onikwAhsósku 7 it has blood all over, it's all bloody. oskA 7lhósku 7 it's all rusty, owisklósku7 it's all white. Base: -osku-

thóha.

almost there, be swakatahsawáti7 I'm almost there, I'm on my way, shotahsawáti7 he's almost there, tsyakotahsawáti7 she's almost there. Base: .atahsawatye- plus s- repetitive alone, do alone See do by oneself already then

nAkhle7.

also óni7 also; too sA. always tyótkut or tyotkutáhkwA

or

otkutáhkwA.

amazed, become amazed; become awestruck; become surprised waknehlákwas I keep being amazed, it amazes me, I'm surprised, yakonehlákwas she's surprised, lonehlákwas he's surprised. waknehlakwA-u or zvaknehlakú-u I'm shocked, I'm surprised, lonehlakú-u he's amazed, yakonehlakú-u she's amazed, yukwanehlakú-u we're amazed, lotinehlakú-u they (m.) are amazed. uknehla-kó- I became amazed, wahonehla-kó• he became amazed, Awaknehla-kó• I will be surprised, Ayakonehla-kó• she will be

English-Oneida

surprised, sahotinehla-kó• they (m.) became amazed or awestruck again, Asanehla-kó• you will be surprised again, nuknehla-kó• I became so surprised, na 7akonehla-kó- she became so surprised, nisanehlakú-u you became so surprised. Base: -nehlakw-/-nehlakwA?amazed, several become amazed lotinehlakoha-túhe7 they (m.) all are amazed or surprised. wahotinehlakoha-túthey (m.) all became amazed or surprised. Base: -nehlakohatuamazing, be amazing; be awesome; be surprising yonehlákwa 7t it's awesome. Pre-pausal: yonehlákwaht. Ayonehlakwa7túhake7 it will be surprising, tsi7 niyonehlákwa7t it's so awesome. Base: -nehlakwa'tamazing, it's amazing yah te^é-ni yáh te7wé-ne. America; United States American

or

Ostohlonú-ke.

Ostohlonu7keha-ká-.

among, be See go along; be among amount nikú. Pre-pausal: ni-kú. amount, be See many, be that many amount, shorten See shorten the amount; do halfheartedly amuse; entertain shako7nikuhlo-líhe7 he's amusing her or them, lake7nikuhlo-líhe7 he entertains me, shukwa7nikuhlo-líhe7 he entertains us. shako 7nikuhlolí he has amused her or them, shukwa7nikuhlolí he has entertained us. wa7shako7nikuhlo-lí• he amused her

889

or them, Aku 7nikuhlo-lí• I will entertain you. Base: - ? nikuhloli-/- 7 nikuhlolyamuse oneself; entertain oneself katate7nikuhlo-líhe7 I amuse myself, I do things to entertain myself. ivakatate7nikuhlolí I'm amusing myself, I'm doing things to entertain myself. tyatate7nikuhlo-lf Let's you and I (incl.) amuse ourselves! Base: -atate ? nikuhloliamusing, be nya7teholí-wake he's amusing, nya7teyakolí-wake she's amusing. Base: .lihwake- plus nya'tepartitive, translocative and dualic amusing, be See funny, be funny; be amusing amusing, be amusing; be entertaining lo7nikuhlólya7t he's amusing, yako7nikuhlólya7t she's amusing. Pre-pausal: yako7nikuhlólyaht. Base: - ? nikuhlolya ? tamusing, be amusing to someone uklihwi-yó-se7 it was amusing to me, wahotilihwi-yó-se7 they (m.) found it amusing. Base: -lihwiyo'sancestor See family, be descended from and khále7

or

ókhale7.

and besides; and so tahnú-. angels

latiluhya7kehlo-lú-.

anger, get over swakna7kwAtá-u I have gotten over my anger, shona7kwAtá-u he has gotten over his anger. sahona?kwA-táne7 he got over his anger, Ashona?kwA-táne7 he will get over his anger.

890

English-Orieida

Base: .na ? kwAta ? - plus s- repetitive Anglican

tehoti7kha-lúte7.

angry, become angry; become cross lotna?kolyA-níhe7 he's becoming angry or cross, he's becoming unruly (e.g., a child). wahotna?kóli7 he got angry. Base: -atna'kolyAni-/ -atna'kolyAangry, get See mad, get angry, look angry loW^waksAhslolú he looks angry, yakoli?waksAhslolú she looks angry. Pre-pausal: 7waksAhslo-lú. yakoli Base: -li ? waksAhslolanimal, domestic animal; pet kanaskwáksA the pet is misbehaving. shakonaskwa-wíhe7 he gives her or them a pet, wahaknásku 7 he gave me a pet. kanaskwiyó it's a nice pet, kutinaskwi-yó-se7 they (z.) are really nice animals, tsi7 nihonaskwi-yó-se7 he has such nice animals, lotinaskwaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of animals. niyakonaskwanAste7 she cares for her pet so much, wa 7katnasko-lAne7 I found a pet. waknáskwayA 7 I have a pet, sanáskwayA 7 you have a pet, lonáskwayA 7 he has a pet, yakonáskwayA 7 she has a pet, yukwanáskwayA7 we have a pet, lotináskwayA 7 they (m.) have a pet, waktiAskwayA-táhkwe7 I used to have a pet, ahotinAskwayA-táke7 they (m.) should have animals, yáh tehotinXskwayA7 they (m.) don't have any animals. Base: -naskw-/-nAskw-

animal, domestic animal; pet katshe-nA- domestic animal, pet, kutitshe-nA• several animals. akitshe-nA• my animal, satshe-nAyour animal, akotshe-nA- her animal, laotshe-nA• his animal, uknitshe-nA• our (dual) animal or animals, ukwatshe-nA• our animal or animals, laotitshe-nA- their (m.) animals, aotitshe-nA• their (z.) animals. katshenA7shúha animals, kutitshenA7shúha a variety or' different kinds of animals, livestock, akitshenA7shúha my animals, laotshenA7shúha his animals. Base: -tshenA-/-itshenAanimal, wild animal kályo7 wild animal, kutílyo7 wild animals. kutilyo7shúha animals. ankle ohsinikó-ta7 ankle. ksiniko7tá-ke (on) my ankle, tshiniko7tá-ke (on) your ankle, yehsiniko7tá-ke (on) her ankle, lahsiniko7tá-ke (on) his ankle. waksiniko7tanú-waks my ankle hurts. Base: -hsiniko ? tankle, turn See turn one's ankle announce; make a big issue of klihowanátha7 I announce it, lalihowanátha7 he's a person that tells everybody about something that's happening, he's informing people, yelihowanátha7 she makes a big issue out of it. lotilihowanáhtu they (m.) are making a big issue of it. wa7kliho-wánahte7 I announced it. Base: -lihowanahtannoying, find See resentful, become resentful or dissatisfied; find annoying

English-Oneida

another oyá-. answer See speak up; answer answer See respond; answer ant tsi7nhutstókhwi7 tsi7nhutstókhwa 7. ante-ante-over

or

yonuhsawA-lats.

antler See horn anus See behind, the crack in one's behind; anus anxious, feel See startled, become startled repeatedly; feel anxious or nervous anxious, feel anxious; get upset tewakateiyA-thale7 I'm anxious, I feel like I'm in a turmoil, teyakotely A-thale7 she's in a turmoil. tAyutelyA-thalA 7 she will get upset, tewakateiy A-thalahkwe7 I was anxious. Base: ,atelyA?thal- plus te- dualic apart, be See between, be between; be so far apart apart, be See interval, be an interval; be a certain distance apart apart, come apart; come undone; separate tewatekháhsyus it's coming apart, it's becoming unravelled, tetwatekháhsyus we (incl.) are dispersing, we're splitting up. tehonatekháhsi they (m.) are separated. wa7twatekháhsi7 it came apart or undone, wa7thyatekháhsi7 the two (m.) separated, wa7tetwatekháhsi7 we (incl.) separated, we took leave from one another (some of us went one way, the others went the other way).

891

tusahyatekháhsi7 the two (m.) separated again, tAswatekháhsi7 it will come apart again. Base: .atekhahsyu- plus te- dualic apart, come apart completely; come undone completely tewatekhahsyúkwas it's coming apart (into many parts). wa7twatekhahsyu-kóit came apart. yáh tha7teyotekhahsyúkwA it didn't come apart at all. yáh tha7tusutekhahsyu-kóthey won't come apart again. Base: .atekhahsyukw- plus tedualic apart, come apart on one; come undone on one wa7twakatekháhsyuhse7 it came undone on me, wa7thotekháhsyuhse7 it came apart on him, wa7tyakotekháhsyuhse7 it came apart on her. Base: .atekhahsyu's- plus tedualic apart, take apart See undo; take apart appear; arrive; show up loke7tótha7 he appears, he shows up. loke7tóhtu he has appeared, he has arrived. ukké-tohte7 I showed up, wahoké-tohte7 he showed up, wa7oké-tohte7 she (z.) showed up, wahotiké-tohte7 they (m.) showed up, ayotiké-tohte7 they (z.) should appear, sahoké-tohte7 he appeared again, sayoké-tohte7 she (z.) or it appeared again, usahotiké-tohte7 they (m.) should appear again. tahoké-tohte7 he appeared there (towards me), tayoké-tohte7 she (z.) or it appeared there, tayukwaké-tohte7 we came into sight there, tayotiké-tohte7 they (z.) appeared there, tutahoké-tohte7 he appeared there again.

892

English-Orieida

yahoké-tohte7 over there he appeared, ya?oké-tohte? over there she (z.) or it appeared, yahotiké-tohte7 over there they (m.) appeared. nyahotiké-tohte? how they (m.) showed up over there, yáh tehoke?tóhtu he didn't show up. thokuhsake?tótha7 his face keeps appearing, tahokuhsaké-tohte7 his face appeared (e.g., if he's looking around a corner). Base: -ke'tohtappear, make appear; make look in or out thake?totátsta7 he makes it look in or out (towards me or my direction, where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on different sides of whatever is being looked through), yehake?totátsta? he makes it look in or out (he and I, or some other reference point, are located on the same side of whatever is being looked through). thoke?totátstu he's making it look in or out, yehoke?totátstu he's making it look in or out. thake?to-tátste? he made it look in. Base: .ke ? totatst- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative appear suddenly See emerge; appear suddenly apple

swahyo-wáne7

apply oneself See try one's best; apply oneself appreciate See honour; acknowledge; appreciate approve; agree fully; confirm klihwahni-láts I approve it, I fully agree, waklihwahnilatú I have fully agreed, lolihwahnilatú he has strengthened his agreement.

wa7klihwahni-láte7 I'm in full agreement, wahalihwahni-láte7 confirmed it. Base: -lihwahnilatApril

Wahsakayu-té-se7

apron

atkAhanyutákhwa7.

he

argue tehyatlihwakAnyehse7 the two (m.) argue, tekyatlihwakAnyehse7 the two (z.) argue. tehonatlihwakAni they (m.) are arguing, wa ?tkatlihwakA-ní- I argued, wa?thyatlihwakA-níthe two (m.) argued. Base: .atlihwakAny- plus tedualic argue See feud; argue argue; debate; dispute teklihwaskénhas I debate, I argue a point. tewaklihwaskénhA I'm arguing. tAklihwaskénha7 I will debate or argue, yáh tha?teholihwaskénha? he didn't argue about it. Base: .lihwaskenha- plus tedualic argue for oneself; defend oneself tekatatlihwaskenhá-sehe7 I'm arguing for myself, I'm defending myself, tehotatlihwaskenhá-se he has argued for himself. wa?tkatatlihwaskénhahse? I argued for myself. Base: ,atatlihwaskenha 7 se-/ .atatlihwaskenha ? s- plus te- dualic arm, be hooked over tehanAtshotálhu he has his arm through something, it's hooked over his arm (e.g., he has on handcuffs), teyenAtshotálhu she has her arm through something. Base: .nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic

English-Oneida

arm, be raised knAtshote7 I have my arm raised, lanXtshote7 he has his arm raised, yenXtshote7 she has her arm raised. knAtsho-táhkwe7 I had my arm raised. AknAtsho-táke7 I will have my arm raised. Base: -nAtshotarm, have arms or sleeves tekanXtshute7 it has an arm, it has sleeves. Base: .nAtshut- plus te- dualic arm, hook through See hook one's arm through arm; sleeve onXtsha7 arm. kanXtsha7 a detached arm, a sleeve. aknXtsha7 my sleeve. knAtshá-ke (on) my arm, snAtshá-ke (on) your arm, lanAtshá-ke (on) his arm, yenAtshá-ke (on) her arm, twanAtshá-ke (on) our (incl.) arms. snAtsha7késhu7 along your arm, tioanAtsha7késhu 7 all over our (incl.) arms. wahaknXtsha7 he took me by my arm, wa 7shakonXtsha 7 he took her by her arm, tashakonXtsha7 there (or then) he took her by her arm. wa7tkatriAtshá-lA7 I put my arm up on it. ya7katnAtshítane7 I put my arm in it (e.g., when I checked my blood pressure at the drugstore). katnAtshakétskwas I'm putting my arm up, wakatnAtshakétskwA I have my arm up, wa7katnAtshakétsko7 I raised my arm, tsi7núna7utnAtshakétsko 7 whenever she raised her arm. katnAtshake7tótha7 I keep sticking my arm out, wa7tkatnAtshake7to-tX• I stuck my arm out. wakatnXtsho7 my arm is swollen. ya7katnAtshó-loke7 I inserted my arm into it. wa7katnAtshátshane7 I burned my arm. thó ya7tewakatnXtshate7 my

893

arm is extended, there I had my arm out. ya7tkatnXlshatate7 I extended my arm, ya7tyutnXtshatate7 she extended her arm, ya7tAkatnXtshatate7 I will extend my arm. tewakatnAtshyá-ku I have a broken arm. tekanAtshes it has long sleeves. kA7 na7teyonAtshésha it has short sleeves. wa7sknAtshata-sé• you twisted my arm. wakriAtshaké-tote7 my arm is peeking through (e.g., a hole in my shirt). lonAtshanuhlyá-ku he hurt his arm. waknAtshanú-waks my arm hurts. thó tehonAtshúkwas he bumps his arm there, wa7twaknAtshu-kó• I bumped my arm. Base: -nAtsharmpit See underarm; armpit arms, cross See cross one's arms arrange; prepare kkwatákwas I'm arranging a matter, yekwatákwas she's preparing it. wakkwatákwA I have prepared it. kakwatákwA it's arranged. wa7kkwata-kó• I prepared it, iva7ekwata-kóshe arranged it, Akkwata-kó' I will arrange it. skwata-kó Arrange it! thó tkakwatákwA it's set up or arranged there. Base: -kwatakwarrest See hold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest arrive i-kéws I keep arriving, í-laws he keeps arriving, i-yúws she keeps arriving, wakú I have arrived, isú you have arrived, í-lu he has arrived, yakú she has arrived, iyú she (z.) or it has arrived, yúkyu we two have arrived, wá-kewe7 I arrived, wáhsewe7 you arrived, wá-lawe7 he arrived, wá-yuwe7 she arrived, u-wé-

894

English-Orieida

she (z.) or it arrived, wétnewe 7 you and I (incl.) arrived, wa7áknewe7 we two (excl.) arrived, wésnewe7 you two arrived, wá-newe7 the two (m.) arrived, wá-knewe7 the two (z.) arrived, wétwawe7 we (incl.) arrived, wa7ákwawe7 we (excl.) arrived, wéswaive7 you all arrived, wahA-néwe7 they (m.) arrived, wa7ku-néwe7 they (z.) arrived, A-lawe7 he will arrive, a-yúwe7 she should arrive, lu-hné• he had arrived (but left again), swakú I have arrived again, íshlu he has arrived again, he's home, tsyakú she has arrived again, sa-kéwe7 I arrived again, sá-lawe7 he arrived again, sayáknewe 7 we two (excl.) arrived again, sayákwawe7 we (excl.) arrived again, saku-néwe7 they (z.) have come back, Askewe 7 I will arrive again, tu-wé• she (z.) or it arrived there, tahA-néwe7 they (m.) arrived there, Atéswawe7 you all will arrive there. yehA-néws they (m.) keep getting there (one after the other), yehé-lu he already got there, yahá-kewe7 I got there, yahá-lawe7 he arrived there, ya7áknewe7 we two (excl.) arrived there, yAhA-kéwe7 I will get there, yAhAhsewe7 you will get there, y Ah A-lawe7 he will get there, yAtwawe7 we (incl.) will get there, yAhA-néwe7 they (m.) will get there, ya-kéwe7 I should get there, yahu-wé- she (z.) or it should get there, nyahá-yuwe7 how or where she arrived, nyahá-newe7 how or where the two (m.) arrived. tshá-kewe7 when I arrived, tshá-lawe7 when he arrived, tshá-yuwe7 when she arrived, tshá-newe7 when the two (m.) arrived, tshyahá-kewe 7 when I got there, tshyaháhsewe7 when you got

there, tshyahá-lawe7 when he got there. tsha7tutahA-néwe7 when they (m.) arrived back there. Base: -w-/-ew-/-aw-/-uarrive home t'shlu he's home. sa-kéwe7 I got home, sá-lawe7 he got home, sayáknewe7 we two (excl.) got home again, sayákwawe 7 we (excl.) got home again, Ashlawe7 he will come home, UA thó usa-kéwe7 it's just about time for me to get home, HA thó usá-lawe7 it's just about time for him to get home. Aswakúhake7 I will be home again, Atsisúhake7 you will be home again, tutayákwawe7 we (excl.) got home again. yAtsísnewe7 you two will arrive home again. tshyusá-lawe 7 when he got back home again, tshyusa-yúwe7 when she got back home again, tshyusá-newe7 when the two (m.) came home again, tshyusahA-néwe7 when they (m.) came home again. Base: .w-/.ew-/.aw-/.u-plus srepetitive arrow

kayu-kwtle7.

artist yeya 7tálha 7 (she's an) artist, laya7tálha7 (he's an) artist. Base: -ya ? talha ? ash, black ash; boat kahuwe-yá- black ash, boat, kahu-wáku in the boat. wahothuwakalhátho7 he tipped over in the boat, wa7ukwathuwakalhátho7 we tipped over in the boat. teyohuwakalA-luhe7 the boat is rocking, tekahu-wáke two boats. teyohuwá-kat it's a fast boat. lohuwa 7kélha 7 he's in a boat and he's floating in it, lohuwa 7kélhahkwe7 he was floating in the boat, wa 7khuwí-sle 7 I'm riding along in the boat, takhuwí-sle7

English-Oneida

I dragged the boat this way, ya7khuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat that way. Base: -huwey-/-huwash, white kánlu 7. ashamed, feel ashamed; become embarrassed latéhAhse7 he feels ashamed. lotehA-u he's feeling ashamed. wa?katéhA7 I felt ashamed, wahatéhA7 he felt ashamed, wa7utéhA7 she became embarrassed. Base: -atehAashes See dirt; dust; ashes; soil ask kli7wanútha7 I keep asking, I'm asking, latili7wanútha7 they (m.) are asking, salí'ivanute7 you have asked. wa7kli7wanu-tA- I asked, iuahali7wanu-tA• he asked, wa7kheli7wanu-tA• I asked for her, ioahakli7wanu-tA• he asked for me, Aholi7wanu-tA• he will ask for him. wakli7wanutú-tskwA I like to ask questions, loli^wanutú-tskwA he likes to ask questions. Base: -li ? wanut-/-li ? wanutuask someone yukli^wanutú-sehe7 she or someone asks me. kuW^wanutú-se I have asked you, yukli7wanutú-se they have asked me. watyulifyanu-tú-se7 I asked you, wa7kheli7wanu-tú-se'7 I asked her or someone, wahili7wanu-tú-se7 I asked him, zva7ukli7wanu-tú-se7 she or someone asked me, wahakli7wanu-tú-se7 he asked me, zva7shakoli7wanu-tú-se7 he asked her or them, wa7esali7ivanu-tú-se7 they asked you, ivahuwali7wanwtú-se7 they asked him, akheli7wanu-tú-se7 I should ask her or someone, ayukli7wanwtú-se7

895

she or someone should ask me, ayutatli7wanu-tú-se7 she or someone should ask her or someone. tyukli7wanutú-se they have asked me then, yáh te7yukli7wanutú-se they haven't asked me. Base: -li'wanutu'se-Z-lPwanutu'sask someone to do something See hire someone; ask or tell someone to do something asleep, for a part of the body to fall asleep ivakahsíthAhse7 some part of my body keeps falling asleep. lohsithA-u some part of his body is asleep. ukwahsíthA 7 some part of my body fell asleep, AwakahsíthA 7 a part of my body will fall asleep. Base: -ahsithAassign someone a job khelihzvayA-níhe7 I give her a part of the job, I give her an assignment or responsibility, lolihxvayA-níhe7 he gives him part of the job. wa7uklihwayA-há-se7 she left me this assignment. Base: -lihwayAni-/-lihwayAha ? sattach See connect; join; plug in attach See put over the tip of; insert the tip attach See stick something on something; attach attack See gang up on; attack attend to See obey; pay attention; listen auction, at tsi7

thatitsihkwAtha7.

August OnAstase7. aunt See mother; aunt; uncle; mother's brother

896

English-Orieida

aunt See niece; nephew; aunt; uncle aunt; father's sister teyuknuhelatúkhzva7 my aunt, tekhenuhelatúkhwa7 my niece, I'm her aunt. Base: .nuhelatukhwa7 /.nuhwelatukhwa7 plus te- dualic autumn See fall available, be See cheap, be cheap; be available; be willing avoid katlihwaté-kwas I'm avoiding it, I don't want to talk about it. ivahatlihwaté-ko7 he avoided it. Base: -atlihwate ? kwavoid looking at yutahlútyehse7 she doesn't look (someone, me) straight in the eye, she avoids looking. yakotahlúti she isn't looking (someone, me) straight in the eye. wa7utahlu-tí• she can't look (someone, me) straight in the eye. Base: -atahlutyawake, become See wake up awake, keep someone awake; get woken up yukeslAhto-Iíhe7 she keeps me awake. lakeslAhtolí he has kept me awake. ukeslAhto-lf it woke me up, wa7ukeslAhto-lí• she woke me up out of my sleep. Base: -slAhtoli-

awake, try to stay awake latateslAhto-líhe7 he tries to keep himself awake. lotateslAhtolí he's trying to keep himself awake. AkatateslAhto-líI will try to stay awake. Base: -atateslAhtoliaware, become See conscious, become conscious; become aware; come to aware, become aware; come into existence wa7kutehyá-lu7 they (z.) became aware, they came into existence. tsha7katehyá-lu7 when I started to remember things (as a child) so that it's when I started to exist, tsha7kutehyá-lu7 when they (z.) became aware. Base: -atehyahluawesome, be See amazing, be amazing; be awesome; be surprising awful, be awful; be a mess teyotanú-yanit it's a mess, it's awful (e.g., the weather). Base: .atanuhyaniht- plus tedualic awful, going to become tewatanuhyanihtá-ne7 it's going to be really awful out (e.g., that's the weather forecast). Base: ,atanuhyanihta ? n- plus tedualic axe ato-kA' axe. laoto-kX- his axe.

English-Oneida

897

B baby, be kA 7 nikaxvilá• (it's a) baby. Base: .wilá? plus kA? particle and n- partitive baby bottle See nipple; baby bottle baby; offspring owi-lá• baby, offspring. lotiwilaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of children, wahuwatiwilákhwa7 she or someone took their children away from them (m.), Ashakotiwilákhwa 7 they (m.) will take her children away from her, a-shakowilákhwa7 he would take her child away from her, a-shakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) should take her child away from her. lotiwilanAste7 they (m.) treasure their child. lowi-láyA7 he has a daughter, his little girl, teyowi-láyA7 she (z.) has two daughters, tékni teyakowi-láyA7 she has two children, kayé niwakwi-láyA 7 I have four children. wa7akowilayA-táne7 she had a child (whether by birth or by adoption), wa7ukniwilayA-táne7 we two had a child or children, oyásukwilayA-táne7 I got or had another baby. Base: -wilbaby-sit kativilanúnha7 I'm babysitting her (z.), latwilanúnha7 he baby-sits, yutwilanúnha7 she babysits. wahatwilanú-nawA7 he babysat, Akatwilanú-naivA7 I will babysit. katwilanúnhahkwe7 I baby-sat, yutwilanúnhahkwe7 she baby-sat. Base: -atwilanun-/ -atwilanuhnawAback óshwa7 back. keshwA-ne7 or keshú-ne7 my back, seshwA-ne7 your

back, lashwA-ne7 his back, yeshwA-ne7 her back, loteshwáhele7 he has his back on it, wahateshwá-lA7 he put his back up on it (e.g., on a board). wakeshwanú-waks my back hurts, Akeshwanú-wake7 I will have a sore back, yáh thayakoshwanú-wake7 she or someone won't have a sore back. Base: -shw-/-shwA-/-shuback, in back of; behind ohná-kA 7. back, put a burden on See burden, put on one's back back someone up; support someone tahishwanétane7 I backed him up, Atkushwanétane7 I will back you up, utayesashwanétane7 she or someone should back you up. Base: .shwaneta7- plus t- cislocative back up See bring back; back up backpack

yutyalakehtákhwa7.

bad aim, have la 7sliAnáksA he has a bad aim, he's a bad shot. Base: -?shAnaksAbad, be See broken down, be broken down; be in poor condition; be bad bad, be bad; be not the way it should be wahsatáksA it's a bad movie or show. wahsohkwáksAhse7 they are ugly colours. wahsutáksA it's a bad night. wakahtahkwáksAhse7 I have bad shoes. kesláksA I smell bad, lasláksA he smells bad, wasláksA it (n.) smells bad.

898

English-Orieida

kahnana?táksA the potatoes are rotten, tsi7 nikahna7tatsláksA it's such an awful suitcase or purse. lohsAnáksA he has a bad name. yekhwáksA she has bad food. tsi7 niholAtiáksA he has such a bad song. kanaskzváksA the pet is misbehaving. kana?taláksA the bread is bad (e.g., mouldy). tyukwanuhsáksA our house there is bad, niyukwanuhsáksA we have such a bad house. yeyelu ?táksA she has a bad figure. ka7slehtáksA the car is bad (mechanically). Base: -N-aks(A)bad, become the chair became bad. ivahohsAnáksAtie7 he got a bad reputation, wa?akohsAnáksAne? she got a bad reputation. Akyelu 7táksAne 7 I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu 7táksAne 7 I should have a bad figure. iva7ka7slehtáksAne7 the car got worse (mechanically). Base: -N-aksA?unitskwahla7tsláksAne7

bad child, be keksa 7táksA I'm a bad child, yeksa?táksA she's a bad child, laksa7táksA he's a bad child. latiksa7táksAhse7 they (m.) are bad children, tsi7 nikeksa7táksA I'm such a bad child. Base: -ksa ? taks(A)bad child, become kateksa7taksá-tha7 I'm becoming a bad girl, I'm starting to misbehave. loteksa7taksá-tu he's being mischievous. wahateksa7táksahte7 he became bad or mischievous. Base: -ateksa ? taksa ? tb a d d a y , b e WAhnisláksA

it's a b a d

day (either the day is not going right or it's bad weather). Base: - A h n i s l a k s ( A ) -

bad day, become uhnisláksahte7 it became a bad day (either the kind of day or the weather), AWAhnisláksahte7 it will become a bad day. Base: -Ahnislaksa ? tbad eyesight, become wa7kkahláksAne7 my eyesight is getting bad, wahakahláksAne7 his eyesight is getting bad, iva7ekahláksAne7 her eyesight is getting bad. Base: -kahlaksA 7 bad eyesight, have lakahláksA his eyesight is bad, yekahláksA her eyesight is bad. Base: -kahlaksAbad, feel bad or disappointed; regret kenha-tA-se7 I'm feeling bad, lanha-tA-se7 he's feeling bad (e.g., that he can't do anything about it). lonhatA-u he has felt bad. wa7kenha-tA• I regret it, wahanha-tA• he felt bad, Ahanha-tA- he will feel bad. lanha-tA-skive7 he used to feel bad. tsi7 nahanha-tA• he was so disappointed, so regretful. Base: -nhatAbad, go bad See rot; spoil bad hearing, become wa7kahuhsáksAne7 my hearing is going bad, sAha7 ivahahuhsáksAne7 his hearing is getting worse, wa7uhuhsáksAne7 her hearing is going bad. Base: -ahuhsaksA?bad hearing, have kahuhsáksA I have poor hearing, lahuhsáksA his hearing is bad, yuhuhsáksA her hearing

English-Oneida

is bad. Base:

-ahuhsaksA-

badluck, have See unlucky, be bad luck, undergo satla 7szvaksá-tu you have had or undergone bad luck or misfortune (e.g., someone in your family has died), yakotla7szvaksá-tu she or someone has had bad luck, lonatla7swaksá-tu they (m.) have had misfortune. zvesatla?swáksahte7 you had bad luck, yáh te7satla7szvaksá-tu you didn't undergo the misfortune. Base: -atla ? swaksa ? tbad road, be yozvaháksA bad. Base: -wahaksA-

the road is

bad-tempered, be See cross, be cross; be bad-tempered badger ona7kAtkó-. bag; sack ka-yále7 bag, sack. kayalá-ke on the bag, on the tent. kaya-láku in the bag. zva7katyalo-lóke7 I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). wa7katyalo-lókte7 I used a bag to cover up (my head) with. ivahatyalá-lA7 he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). lotya-lóte7 he has a bag standing, zvahatyalo-tA• he set the bag down. wahatya-líke7 he filled up the bag. latyalakéhtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatú he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakéhtate7 he put a bag on his back. yakotyalunyáni7 she has made bags. tkaya-lóte7 there's a bag standing there. tahayalinyu7táni7 he brought in several bags, tóhka 7 nikaya'láke several bags. wa7kyalo-lóke7 I

899

covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it), layalísle7 he's dragging the bag, layalí-slehse7 he drags the bag, loyali7slenú he has dragged the bag, wa7kyalí-sle7 I dragged the bag, takyalí-sle7 I dragged the sack or bag this way. Base: -yalbake See roast; bake; fry baker lana7talu-níhe7 (he's a) baker, kna7talu-níhe7 I'm a baker. Base: -na ? talunihe ? baking dish

yutna7talutákhwa7.

bald head ónutste7 a bald head. áknutste7 (I'm a) bald head, laónutste7 (he's a) bald head, akónutste7 she's bald, uknínutste7 we two are bald, laotínutste7 they (m.) are bald, aotímitste7 they (z.) are bald. Base: -nutstebale (hay) tekanekló-lalaks I'm baling (e.g., hay), tewakaneklohlalakú I have baled. wa7thanekló-lalake7 he baled. Base: .aneklohlalak- plus tedualic baler

tewanekló-lalaks.

ball ahtá-nawA7 ball, kók nizvahta7nazvA-tsla7 the ball is this size, kók niswahta7nawA-tsla7 the ball is only this size (only this big). kók niwahta7nawA-tslatAs the ball is this thick, kók niszvahta7nawA-tslatAS the ball is only this thick. Base: -ahta'nawA-/ -ahta ? nawA ? tslball, play See play ball

900

English-Orieida

balloon ballpark

kawe-lít. tehuttsihkwa7ékta7.

ballplayer tekattsihkwá-eks I'm a ballplayer, tehattsihkwá-eks he's a ballplayer, teyuttsihkwá-eks she's a ballplayer. Base: .attsihkwa ? eks plus tedualic banana bandage

teyotahyá-ktu. yuthwa7estákhwa7.

bandage, have on khwa 7éstu I have a bandage on, yehwa7éstu she has a bandage on, lahwa7éstu he has a bandage on, latihwa 7éstu they (m.) have bandages on. khwa7estú-ne7 I had a bandage on. Akhwa7estúhake7 I will have a bandage on. Base: -hwa ? estbandage oneself katathwa7ésta7 I'm bandaging myself. Akatathwa7éstA7 I will bandage myself. satathwa7éstA Put a bandage on! Base: -atathwa ? estbandage someone khehwa7estA-níhe7 I'm putting a bandage on her. khehwa?estAní I have put a bandage on her. wahihwa 7éstA 7 I put a bandage on him. shehwa 7éstA Put a bandage on her! Base: -hwa?estAni-/-hwa?estAbandanna See headband; bandanna; kerchief bank yehivistayAtákhiva7 7. latihwistayAtákhwa Baptists

or

shakotí-sko7s.

baptize; immerse in water IPskótha7 I'm baptizing him. li7skóhtu I have

baptized him. wa7uké-skohte7 baptized me. Base: - ? skoht-

they

baptize; sprinkle with water luwahnekóslas they're sprinkling him with water, they're baptizing him. luwahnekóslu they have sprinkled him with water. wahuwahnekóslawe7 they sprinkled him with water, wahakhnekóslawe7 he splashed me. Base: -hnekosl-/-hnekoslawbarbecue átste7

wate7wá-lute7.

bare, be See naked, be barefoot, be zvakaskáivehsu7 I'm barefoot, loskáwehsu 7 he's barefoot, yakoskáwehsu7 she's barefoot. Base: -askawehsubarefoot, be standing tewaskawé-tote7 she (z.) or it is standing barefoot, tehaskawé-tote7 he's standing barefoot, teyuskawé-tote7 she's standing barefoot. Base: ,askawe ? tot- plus te- dualic barefoot, ride in tekaskawe7titákhe7 I'm barefoot and I'm riding in something, tehaskawe7titákhe7 he's barefoot riding in something (e.g., a car, a buggy), tewaskawe7titákhe7 she (z.) is barefoot riding in something. Base: ,askawe ? titakhe- plus tedualic barefoot, ride in going along tewaskawe7titakhenúti7 they're all riding barefoot. Base: .askawe ? titakhenutye- plus te- dualic barefoot, walk along tekaskawe7totáti7 I'm walking along

English-Oneida

barefoot. tekaskawe7totátyehse7 I'm walking around barefoot, tewaskawe7totátyehse7 she (z.) or it is walking around barefoot, tehaskawe7totátyehse7 he's walking around barefoot, teyuskawe7totátyehse7 she or someone is walking around barefoot. Base: .askawe?totatye- plus tedualic bark lahnyányuhe7 he's barking, kahnyányuhe7 she (z.) or it is barking, wahahnyáni7 he barked, wa7kahnyányu 7 she (z.) or it barked, wahatihnyáni7 they (m.) barked. Base: -hnyanyubark (of a tree)

o^a-tsíste7.

barn; thrasher yehwa7ékta7 barn, thrasher. ohwa7ektá-ke at the barn. barrel See tub; barrel; drum base, be at tyotyelAhtu teha-tá-se7 he's at first base, tyotyelAhtu teye-tá-se7 she's at first base. teknihatú-thne teha-tá-se7 he's at second base, teknihatú-thne teye-tá-se7 she's at second base. Base: .ta'se' plus te- dualic

901

basket. sashe7nútslayA7 you have a basket. Base: -ashe ? nut-/-ashe ? nutslbasket a7áhsli7 basket. Pre-pausal: a7áhseh'7. a7áhslaku in the basket. Ayuta7ahslahni-núshe will sell baskets. yuta7ahslahninúni7 she sold baskets all over. wa7akyata7ahslahninú-na7 we two (excl.) went to sell baskets. wahata7áhslike7 he filled up the basket. yuta7ahslu-níhe7 she makes baskets, wa7uta7ahslu-ní• she made a basket, ayuta7ahslu-ní- she should make baskets, Ahsata7ahsluníheke7 you will be making baskets. wa7akyata7áhslayA7 we two (excl.) put our baskets down. Base: -a ? ahslbasswood

oho-séla7.

bat ká-nhyA7 or ká-nhi7. Pre-pausal: ká-nhi7. bat (animal)

tsi7kla7wístal.

bat See strike; bat bath, take See swim; bathe

basement ohutsyakú. Pre-pausal: ohutsya-kú.

bathe someone kheyatawAsta7 I'm giving her a bath, liyatawAsta7 I'm giving him a bath. liyatawAstu I have given him a bath. wahiyata-wAste7 I gave him a bath. Base: -atawAst-

basin; tub

bathroom átste7

baseball diamond See square; baseball diamond

yutaivAstákhwa7.

basket ashé-nute7 basket, a basket with a handle (e.g., a picnic basket). ashe7nútslaku in the basket. yakotashe7nutslaké-lu7 she has baskets spread around. yutashe7nutslu-níhe7 she makes baskets. washe7nutsliyó it's a nice

yAhtákhwa7.

bathroom, be able to go usaka-tú• I should be able to go to the bathroom, usayu-tú• she should be able to go to the bathroom. Base: .atu- plus s- repetitive

902

English-Orieida

bathroom, go to the bathroom tetyanusotá-na Let's you and I (incl.) go squat down, let's go to the bathroom! Base: .nusota?n- plus te- dualic

waksahé-to7 I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa7ksahé-to7 I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahé-to7 I will boil beans. Base: -sahe ? t-

be kAhak Let there be! kA-hné- it used to be. AkAhake 7 it will be. thikAhak HA 7Ú •WA7 Calm down! Just let it be now! Base: -kA-

bean soup osahé-ta7 pausal: osahé-ta7

be so far; have covered a certain amount ya7tekAníhale7 it went that far. Base: .inihal- plus ya'te- translocative and dualic

bear ohkwalí. Pre-pausal:

be somewhere See walk; go; be somewhere beads, small beads; nits

otsi7néhtala7.

beads, string See necklace; string of beads beak laotsiyA-tá- his beak, aotsiyA-táher (z.) or its beak, aktsiyA-tá- my beak. Base: -tsiyAtbean osahé-ta7 bean. osahe7ta7shúha 7 7 beans. losahe tútyehse he drops in beans (e.g., when planting), waksahe7túti I have dropped in beans, uksahe7tu-tí- I dropped in beans, Awaksahe7tu-tí• I will drop in beans, Ayukwasahe?tu-tíwe will drop in beans, tsi7rtúnyukwasahe7tu-tíwhere we dispersed beans. yahuksahe7tu-tí- I put beans in, I added beans. ksahe7tákhe7 I'm here to pick beans. ksahe7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch beans. laksahe7takwA-níhe7 he's picking beans for me. wa7ksahe7tana-wAhte7 I soaked beans, ksahé-tohe7 I boil beans,

ohnekákli7. Preohnekákeli?.

bean, string bean; July ohyótsli7. Prepausal: ohyótshelP.

Bear clan

ohkwa-lí.

Ohkivalihné-ke.

Bear clan lotiskle-iuáku Bear clan. Base: -sklewak-

(they are the)

beard, grow a beard or mustache tehotkustu 7lhalátstu he has grown a beard or mustache. wa?thatkustú-lhalatste7 he grew a beard or mustache. Base: ,atkustu ? lhalatst- plus tedualic beard, have a beard or mustache tewakkustú-lhale7 I have a beard or mustache, tehokustú-lhale7 he has a beard or mustache. Base: .kustu'lhal- plus te- dualic beard; mustache okusticlha7 beard, mustache, tehokustú-lhes he has a long beard, a7é- na7tehokustú'lhes he has such a long beard. Base: -kustu ? lhbeat a drum ke7nahkwáya7aks I beat a drum, wake 7nahkwáyA 7 I have beaten a drum, lo7nahkwáyA7 he has beaten the drum. wa 7ke 7nahkwáya 7ake 7 I beat the drum, Ake7nahkwáya 7ake7 I will beat the drum.

English-Oneida

Base: -'nahkwaya'ak-/ -'nahkwayAbeat at See able, be able to; beat at beat at a contest See leave someone; beat at a contest beat, get beaten; get stumped tewaké-tsha7as I'm always getting stumped, tewaké-tshu 7 it has beat me, tesní-tshu 7 you two are stumped, it has you two beat. wa7twaké-tshane7 it stumped me. teivake7tshu 7ú-ne7 it got me stumped (at one time). Base: .'tsha 7 - plus te- dualic beat; kill kli-yós I'm beating it, I'm killing it, khélyos I'm beating her, lilyos I'm beating him, lályos he's beating her (z.) or it, lólyos he's beating him, she (z.) is beating him. wakliyó I have killed it, khélyo I have killed her, lályo he has killed her (z.) or it. toa 7kli-yó• I beat it, I killed it, wahályo7 or waháli7 he beat her (z.) or it, wa 7khélyo 7 or wa7khéli7 I beat her, wahakli-yóhe beat me, wa 7shakólyo 7 or wa7shakóli7 he beat her or someone, wahuwáli7 they killed him, Ayakólyo7 or Ayakóli7 it will kill her or someone, ya 7sli-yó (Go) kill it over there! Base:

-lyo-/-liyo-

beat up See whip; beat someone up beat with the íist See hit; beat with the fist beauty salon teyutatnuhklistákhwa7 beauty salon, tsi7 tetyutatnuhklistákhwa7 at the beauty salon. beaver tsyoní-tu7.

903

because né- tsi7. bed, be kanáktayA 7 there's a bed. Base: -naktayAbed, crawl in with ukna7skó-kwate7 it crawled in with me (e.g., under the covers, into my sleeping bag), Awakna7skó-kwate7 it will crawl in with me, Ahotina7skó-kwate7 it will crawl in with them (m.), Ashakona7skó-kwate7 he will crawl in with her or them, Ayukna7skó-kwate7 she will crawl in with me. Base: -na'sko'kwatbed, finish making See finish making up a bed bed, get ready for katna7skwahslu-níhe7 I'm getting ready for bed. lotna7skwahsluní he's bedded down. wa 7katna7skwahslu-níI got ready for bed. Base: -atna'skwahslunibed, get someone ready for wahina7skwahslu-ní• I got him ready for bed, I bedded him down. Base: -na'skwahslunibed, go to bed See lie down; curl up; snuggle under the covers bed, go to bed See sleep, go to sleep; go to bed bed, go to bed See sleep over; go to bed bed, have set up yukwatnáktayA bed is set up. Base: -atnaktayAbed, make up See make up a bed

7

our

904

English-Orieida

bed; place; space ka-nákte7 bed. sa-nákte7 your bed. kanaktá-ke on the bed. kanaktokú under the bed. Pre-pausal: kanaktokú. akonaktúti7 alongside her bed. thó niyonákta7 there's that much room, there's enough room, kók nikanákta7 the bed is this size, yáh te7yonákta7 there's not enough room. tyukwatnaktahlúni7 we have beds put there, katnaktahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up the bed, tsha7katnaktahslu-níwhen I finished fixing up the bed. usetzvatnaktu-ní• we (incl.) should fix the bed again, lotnaktunyáni7 he has made or constructed beds. kA 7 nikanaktá- it's a small bed. uknáktAne7 my bed fell through, wa7ukwanáktAne7 our bed fell through (i.e., the bed broke and we fell through to the floor). tehanaktakalA-luhe7 he rocks the bed, teyonaktakalA-luhe7 it's rocking the bed, the bed is rocking, zva 7thanaktakalA-lu 7 he rocked the bed, zva7tkanaktakalA-lu7 she (z.) rocked the bed. nikanaktaké-lu7 how or where the beds are placed all around. knakto-lA-se7 I (always) find room, I keep finding room, waknaktolA-u I have found room, wa7knakto-lAne7 I found room, elók seknaktí-sle7 I'm dragging the bed all over the place, I'm in the bed and it's going all over the place. Base: -naktbed, wet See wet the bed bedbug

kasehtáklahse7.

bedbugs, have lotiséhtale7 they (m.) are infested with bedbugs. Base: -sehtal-

bedridden, become lonaktanAtáktu he's sick in bed, yakonaktanAtáktu she's sick in bed. wa7akonaktanA-tákte7 she became bedridden, she took to her bed. Base: -naktanAtaktbedroom See sleep somewhere; be someone's bedroom bedroom See sleep, where one sleeps; bedroom bedspread; comforter; blanket teyutkAhaneta

7ásta 7.

bee tsyonuhnéhklis beech

or

tsinuhnéhklis.

o7ne-yál.

beet onikwAhtala7

nikahtehló-tA.

befall See happen; befall before kaló-. before (used 7in telling time) tyono-lúhe . beg See plead beg; ask for ke 7nékha 7 I ask ior. wa7khe7ne-kA- I begged her for it. Base: -'nekbeg or ask for information klihwa7nékha7 I'm asking about it or for it (e.g., for permission, about information), lilihwa7nékha7 I'm begging or asking him (e.g., I'm praying for something). wa7klihwa7ne-kA• I begged or asked for it. Base: -lihwa ? nekbeg or ask someone for information lilihwa7nekA-níhe7 I'm asking him for something. wahilihzva7ne-kA• I asked him about something.

English-Oneida

Base: -lihwa ? nekAni-/ -lihwa'nekAbeg someone linAskwayAhe7 I'm begging him. linAskwayA 7 I begged him. wahinXskivayA7 I beg him, wa7khenAskwayA7 I beg her. tshihinXskwayA7 since I have been begging him. Base: -nAskwayAbegin See start behave, how one behaves See lifestyle, be behind See buttock; behind; small stool behind, have one's behind up kesló-khote7 I'm in a position such that I have my behind up, lasló-khote7 he has his behind up, yesló-khote7 she has her behind up. Base: -slo ? khot-/-islo ? khotbehind; in back of ohná-kA7. behind, put one's behind up lanislo7khótha7 he gets into a position so that his behind is up. yakonisló-khote7 she has gotten her behind up. wahanislo7kho-tA• he got his behind up. Base: -anislo'khotbehind, the crack in one's behind; anus otnutlí-ta 7. Base: -atnutli ? tbelch See burp believe tkehtákhwa7 I'm believing (in) it, thlehtákhwa7 he believes it. twakehtáhkivA I believe it, tisehtáhkwA you believe it, tyakawehtáhkwA she believes it, thonehtáhkwA they (m.) believe it. takéhtahkwe7 I believe it,

905

tahléhtahkwe7 he believes it, tayakéhtahkwe7 she believes it. taséhtak Believe it! utayukwehtahkwAhake7 we should be believing it. yáh thutayakéhtahkwe7 she wouldn't believe it, yáh thutahAnéhtahkwe7 they (m.) wouldn't believe it. Base: .ehtahkw- plus t- cislocative belittle someone shakokA-luhe7 he belittles her, he knocks her ideas down, he doesn't think too highly of her, lokA-luhe7 he doesn't think too much of him. wa 7shakokA-lu 7 he didn't think too much of her. Base: -kAhlubell

yutlistakalehlásta7.

bell, ring See ring, a bell belly onikwA-ta7 belly. knikwA7té-ne my belly, snikwA7té-ne your belly, lanikwA7té-ne his belly, yenikwA7té-ne her belly, tninikwA 7té-ne your and my, our (incl.) bellies. waknikwA7tanú-waks I have a bellyache. Base: -nikwA?tbellybutton onh'-tsta7 bellybutton. kenli7tstá-ke my bellybutton, senli7tstá-ke your bellybutton, lanli7tstá-ke his bellybutton, yenli7tstá-ke her bellybutton. Base: -nli'tstbelonging akwawA mine, saw A yours, laowA his, akowA hers or someone's, aowA hers (z.) or its, ukyawA ours (dual), tsyawA yours (dual), ukwawA ours (plural), swawA yours (plural), laonawA theirs (m.), aonawA theirs (z.). Pre-pausal: akwa-wA mine. laowAshúha his belongings, laonawAshúha their (m.) belongings.

906

English-Orieida

laowAhkX his former belongings. Base: -awAbelow; down ehtá-ke. belt atu7kwánha7 belt. akwatu7kwánha7 my belt, satu7kwánha7 your belt, laotu 7kwánha 7 his belt, akotu7kwánha7 her belt, aotu7kwánha7 her (z.) or its belt. belt, put on See put on a belt bench; seat; afterbirth

yutyAtákhwa7.

bend See fold over; bend something bend in the road teyothahá-ktu (there's) a bend or curve in the road. tsi7 tetyothahá-ktu at the bend in the road. Base: .athaha'kt- plus te- dualic bend over; become crooked tekatshá-ktus I keep bending over. tewakatshá-ktu I'm bending over, I'm bent over, tehotshá-ktu he's bent over, teyotshá-ktu it's bent or crooked. wa7tkatshá-kete7 I bent over, tehsatshá-ket Bend over! tehotshiná-ktu he has a crooked leg. teyotnakalá-ktu it's a bent stick. tehote7nyuhsá-ktu he has a crooked nose. Base: .atsha ? kt-/.atsha ? ket-/ ,at-N-a ? kt-/.at-N-a ? ket- plus tedualic bend to one side tehatya7tá-ktus he can bend over (to the right or to the left), tehotya 7tá-ktu he has bent to one side. iva7thatya7tá-kete7 he bent over to one side. Base: .atya ? ta ? kt-/.atya ? ta ? ketplus te- dualic berry See fruit; berry

bet See gamble; bet better, get wa7oyártlAne7 it got better, AyoyánlAne7 it will get better. AtsyoyánlAne7 it will get better again. Base: -yanlA 7 better, get better coming along tayoyanlA-se7 it's coming along better. Base: .yanlA ? se- plus t- cislocative better, get better; recover tsyeye7WA-tá-se7 she gets better. shoye7WAtá-u he's all better. sakye7WA-táne7 I got better. Base: .ye ? wAta ? - plus s- repetitive better oneself See work to exceed oneself between, be between; be so far apart tsi7 na7tetyátle7 it's between you and me (incl.), you and I (incl.) are so far apart, na7teyakyátle7 we two (excl.) are that far apart, na7tehyátle7 it's between the two (m.), na7tekyátle7 it's between the two (z.), na7tetwátle7 it's between all of us (incl.), na7teyakwátle7 we'(excl.) are that far apart. Pre-pausal: na 7teyakivátele7. Base: .atl(e)- plus na ? te- partitive and dualic between, be between several na7tekutlúni7 it's between several things, they (z.) are that far apart. Base: .atlunyu- plus na ? te- partitive and dualic bewitch See medicine, use bad medicine on someone; bewitch someone Bible

kahyatuhslatokAhti.

English-Oneida

bicycle tékni

teyokahkwA-tute7.

big, be kwanA it's big, yekwanA she's big, lakwanA he's big. Pre-pausal: lakwa-nA. teknikwanA the two (z.) are big, the two are the oldest. sAha 7 yekwanA she's bigger. kwa-nA-se7 they are big. shakwanA he's big again. tyekwanA she's the biggest or oldest, thakwanA he's the biggest or oldest. tsha7tehnikwanA when the two (m.) were big, tsha7teknikwanA when the two (z.) were big. tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has big feet, teyuhsi7towa-nA-se7 she has big feet, na7tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has such big feet. tehahuhtowa-nA-se7 he has big ears. wahyowa-nA-se7 the berries are big. wana7alo7tslowanA it's a big hat. watA7nyotakslowanA it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. watokwa7tslowanA it's a large spoon, a tablespoon. kahna7tatslowanA it's a big purse or suitcase. teyehnitshowa-nA-se7 she has big thighs. lahsAnowanA he has a big name, he's well-known, yehsAnowanA she's well-known, latihsAnowanA they (m.) are wellknown. lahwatsilowanA he has a big family. nikAtsyowanA it's such a big fish. kAtyohkowanA it's a large crowd, yukwAtyohkowanA there are a lot of us, swAtyohkowanA there are a lot of you, lonityohkowanA they (m.) are a large crowd, kAtyohkowanA-ne7 it was a big crowd, nikAtyohkowanA it's a really large crowd, niyukwAtyohkowanA we're such a large crowd, tshiyukwAtyohkowanA when there were so many of us. kaksowanA it's a big dish, laku 7kwalowanA he has a big forehead. kalutowanA it's a big tree, kalutowa-nA-se7 the trees are big. kanakalowanA it's a big stick.

907

kana7tsyowanA it's a large pot. kenhoskowanA I have a big mouthful, lanhoskowanA he has a big mouthful. yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house, tkanuhsowa-nA-se7 there are big buildings there. lanutsistowanA he has a big head. wakyo7tAhslowanA I have a big job, nikayo7tAhslowanA-ne7 it was such hard work. lo7slehtowanA his car is big. Base: -kwan(A)-/-owan(A)big, become lokwanhá-u he has gotten big. wahakwánhA7 he got big, wa 7ekwánhA

7

she got big,

he will get big. sahakwánhA7 he got big again. wahatihsAnowánhA7 they (m.) became big names or well-known, AhatihsAnowánhA7 they will become well-known. Base: -kwanha-/-kwanhA-/ -owanha- / -owanhAAhakwánhA7

big lump, be yokwa-lés it's a big lump. niyokwa-lés is it ever a big lump. Base: -kwalesbig mouth, have; talk a lot tshakahlowanA you talk a lot, lahsakahlowanA he has a big mouth, he talks lots. Pre-pausal: lahsakahlowa-nA. Base: -hsakahlowanAbig window, be yohsuhtakahlowanA it's a big window. Pre-pausal: yohsuhtakahlowa-nA. Base: -hsuhtakahlowanAbind, be in a bind wakatAnolustAní I'm in this predicament where there's no one to care for me or help me, I'm in a bind, I'm at my wit's end, yakotAnolustAní she's in a bind.

908

English-Orieida

ukwatAnolústA 7 I can't get anyone to help me, wahotAnolústA7 there's no one to care for him. Base: -atAnolustAni-/-atAnolustAbirch

tekala?wistá-lu.

birch, blue yotnakalatasé. yotnakalata-sé. birch, white

Pre-pausal:

ohnakwAhsa7

bird otsi?tAha bird. Pre-pausal: otsi7tA-ha. otsi?tAha?shúha birds. nikatsi?tAhsló-tA kA What kind of a bird is it? na?katsi?tAhsló-tA7 the species of bird it is, yáh thó te7katsi7tAhsló-tA it's not that kind of bird. Base: -tsi7tA-/-tsi?tAhslbirth, give birth wa7utéwehte? bore a child. Base: -ateweht-

she

birth, give birth (an animal) utwi-láyA7 she (z.) or it gave birth (e.g., a dog had puppies), Aivatwi'láyA 7 she (z.) or it will give birth. Base: -atwilayAbirthday, have See old, be so many years old; be an age; have a birthday bit, a little bit ostúha. bite khekályas I bite her, shakokályas he keeps biting her. khekáli I have bitten her or someone, ivakkáli it's biting me. wa ?ka-lí- I bit it, wa ?kheka-lí- I bit her, wahoka-lí• he bit him, wahaka-lí• he bit her (z.) or it, wa?shakoka-lí• he bit her, wahuwaka-lí• she bit him, wa ?utatka-lí• she bit her, Awakka-lí- it will bite me, Asaka-lí-

it will bite you, Asheka-líbite her or someone. Base: -kaly-

you will

bite into; take a bite katekhwákwas I'm taking bites, wakatekhwákwA I'm biting into it, lotekhwákwA he's biting into it, yonatekhwákwA they (z.) are biting into it. wahatekhwa-kó• he bit into it, Ahsatekhwa-kó• you will bite into it. takutekhwa-kó• there they (z.) bit into it, utakutekhwa-kóthey (z.) should take a bite there. Base: -atekhwakwbitter, be bitter; be sharp; be sour teyotska-lá't it's bitter or sharp (e.g., radishes), it's sour (e.g., a lemon). Pre-pausal: teyotska-láht. teyotska!a?tú-ne? it was bitter. Base: ,atskala ? t- plus te- dualic black o?swA-ta? black. o^swA^tósku7 it's all black. Base: -a ? swA?tblack ash See ash, black ash; boat black ash splints See splints, black ash black, be lahú-tsi? he's black, he's a black person, yehú-tsi? she's black, kahú-tsi7 she (z.) or it is black. Base: -hu ? tsiblack eye, have tekkahlahú-tsi7 I have a black eye, tehakahlahú-tsi? he has a black eye, teyekahlahú-tsi7 she has a black eye. Base: .kahlahu'tsi- plus te- dualic black, have on wakata?swA-tale7 I have black on me. tyota?swA-taIe? there's a black shape there. Base: -ata ? swA?tal-

English-Oneida

black out See dark, get dark; become night black stove polish (a tongue twister) teyenAstaliha 7takhwa 7tslahu 7tsistalathe 7tákhwa 7. blackberry See thimbleberry; blackberry blackcap; black raspberry teyothutá-ktu. bladder kenhAhalákhwa7 my bladder, lanhAhalákhwa 7 his bladder, yenhAhalákhwa7 her bladder. Base: -nhAhalakhwa 7 blame one another teyakyatate7nutánhaks we two (excl.) keep blaming one another. teyukyatate7nutánhA we two blamed one another, tehonatate7nutánliA they (m.) blamed one another. tAyakyatate7nutánhake7 we two (excl.) will blame one another. Base: .atate'nutanhak-/ .atate'nutanh- plus te- dualic blame oneself; admit one's guilt katate7nutánhaks I blame myself, I admit my guilt. wakatate7nutánhA I'm taking the blame. wa7katate7nutánhake7 I blamed myself. Base: -atate'nutanhak-/ -atate'nutanhblame someone; be guilty ku7nutánhaks I keep blaming you, khe7nutánhaks I blame her, shako7nutánhaks he's blaming her. wake7nutánhA I'm guilty, lo7nutánhA he's guilty, shako7nutánhA he has blamed her. wa 7ku 7nutánhake 7 I blamed you, wa7ske7nutánhake7 you blamed me, uke7nutánhake7 it got blamed onto

909

me, wa7shako7nutánhake7 he blamed her. yáh te7wake7nutánhA I'm not guilty. tsha7teyukwa7nutánhA when we are to blame. Base: - ? nutanhak-/- ? nutanhblanket See cloth; fabric; blanket blanket See bedspread; comforter; blanket bleed yonekhwá-u she (z.) or it is bleeding, yakonekhwá-u she's bleeding, lonekhwá-u he's bleeding. wa 7kanékhwa 7 it bled, Akanékhwa 7 it will bleed. Base: -nekhwableed, have a nosebleed See nosebleed, have blind, go tehakáhkweks he's going blind, tekkahkwekú I'm blind, tehakahkwekú he's blind, teyekahkwekú she's blind. Prepausal: teyekahkwe-kú. wa 7tekkáhkweke7 I went blind, wa 7thakáhkweke 7 he went blind. Base: .kahkwek- plus te- dualic blink tekatkahkwílo7oks I blink. wa7tkatkahkwílo7oke7 I blinked, tAkatkahkwílo7oke7 I will blink. Base: .atkahkwilo'ok- plus tedualic blink off and on tekatkahkwilo7ókhuhe7 I'm blinking, tewatkahkwilo7ókhuhe7 it's blinking. Base: .atkahkwilo ? okhu- plus tedualic blister, form yonéhkwAte7 a blister has formed, there's a blister (e.g., I burned myself and so a blister formed). wa7kanehkwA-tA• a blister

910

English-Orieida

formed, AkanehkwA-tA- a blister will form. Base: -nehkwAtblister on the hand, get úksyohke 7 I got a blister on my hand (e.g., because I was working at something, such as using a hoe), wesáhsyohke 7 you got a blister, wahóhsyohke7 he got a blister, wa 7akóhsyohke 7 she got a blister. Base: -hsyohkblizzard See snow, be swirling bloated, be bloated; be constipated wakanitshehwX-kwA7 I'm bloated (e.g., because I have gas in my stomach), I'm all bound up, I'm constipated, lonitshehwA-kwA7 he's constipated, yakonitshehwA-kwA 7 she's constipated. Base: -anitshehwA?kwA-

bloodsucker

tekaya7takwAhtA7.

bloom See flower, bloom blouse See dress; shirt; jacket; coatblouse blouse See body blouse, put on See put on a blouse blow one's nose kattsi7nyuhklútyehse7 I'm blowing my nose. wa7kattsi7nyuhklwtí• I blew my nose, wahattsi7nyuhklu-tí• he blew his nose. sattsi7nyuhklwtf Blow your nose! Base: -attsi'nyuhklutyblue olú-ya7 blue. Base: -luhyblue baby

okwAhtala7.

block teká-luwe7 it (an obstacle or barrier) is put across, it's in the way, tehaya7tá-luwe7 he's blocking (e.g., an entrance or view), he's in the way. tehaya7tahlú-wahkwe7 he was in the way. tAkahlú-wake7 it will be in the way. Base: ,hluhw-/.ya ? tahluhw- plus te- dualic

blue birch See birch, blue blue, light blue kaluhyawískla7. pausal: kaluhyawískela7.

blood onikwAhsa7 blood. lonikwAhsa-ká-se7 he likes the taste of blood, he's a vampire. onikwAhsósku7 it has blood all over, it's all bloody. Base: -nikwAhs-

blush See force through; penetrate

blood, have on yonikwAhsale7 it has blood on it, lonikwAhsale7 he has blood on him. Base: -nikwAhsalbloodroot

tewatnikwAhtálya7ks.

Pre-

blue jay klíkli. blueberry

otstókhwi7.

bluebird talulolú. Pre-pausal: talulo'lú.

board; floor oshú-kale7 board. oshu7kalá-ke on the floor. wa7uteshu7kalohaléni7 she washed the floor. wa7kheyateshu7kalóhalehse7 I washed the floor for her. wa?uteshu7kalóhale7 she washed the floor, kashú-kales it's a long board, a7é- nikashú-kales the board is really long. nya7tekashú-kalake (there are) all different kinds of

English-Oneida

boards, wa7keshu7kalóhale7 I washed the floor. wa7kheshu7kalóhalehse7 I washed the floor for her. thikashú-kalate7 it's a different board. kashú-kalatAS the board is thick. skashu7kalátshu7 one board at a time. teyoshu7kalawískwa7t the board or the floor is slippery. Base: -shu'kalboard, provide room and board tekhekhwáshnyehe 7 I put up boarders. wa7tekhwáshni7 I gave them room and board, wa7thuwatikhwáshni7 she gave them (m.) room and board, she boarded them. Base: .khwashnye- plus te- dualic boat See ash, black ash; boat boating, go lathuweyá-tha7 he's out there on the water in a boat moving around (either paddling or rowing, or just drifting), lothuweyá-tu he's boating. wa7kathuwe-yá-te7 I was boating. Base: -athuweya'tboating, go boating; go somewhere in a boat yúthuweya7tá-ne7 she's going to go boating or canoeing. yuthuweya7tá-nehse7 she goes boating. yakothuweya7tá-nu she has gone boating, wa7uthuweya7tá-na7 she's going boating. Base: -athuweya ? ta ? nbobbin

olhyóhkwala7.

bobolink tsyó-kwalis. bobsled See wagon; bobsled bobwhite; quail

kohkwáe.

911

body oyá-ta7 body, blouse, shirt. akyá-ta7 my blouse, sayá-ta 7 your blouse, laoyá-ta7 his shirt, akoyá-ta7 her blouse, aoyá-ta 7 her (z.) or its blouse, kya 7té-ne (on) my body, tsya 7té-ne (on) your body, laya7té-ne (on) his body, yeya7té-ne (on) her body. kya7tá-ke on my body, laya7tá-ke on his body, layá-taku in his body, kayá-taku in her (z.) or its body. Base: -ya ? tbody See corpse; body; figure boil See cook in water; boil boil See steam; boil boil, bring to a boil; heat up klihá-tha7 I warm it up, I bring it to a boil. waklihá-tu I'm heating it up. wa7klíhahte7 I warmed it up, wa7elíhahte7 she warmed it up, Aklíhahte7 I will warm it up, I will boil it. slíhaht Boil it! saklíhahte7 I warmed it up again, I boiled it again. Base: -liha?t-/-taliha?tboil, come to a boil; get warm yolíhAhse7 it's boiling. yolihX-u it has boiled, wa 7OWIA 7 it boiled. usahoya7tatalíhA7 he got warmed up again. tyolíhAhse7 it's boiling, tyolihA-u it has boiled, tayolíhA 7 it started to boil, AtyolíhA7 it will boil, tyolíhA7skwe7 it has boiled, AtyolihA-sheke7 it will be boiling. tutayolíhA7 it should boil again. yohnekatalihA-u the water has boiled, wa7ohnekatalíhA7 the water came to a boil, tyohnekatalíhAhse7 the water is boiling, utayohnekatalíhA7 the water should come to a boil. wa7onuhsatalíhA7 the house

912

English-Orieida

warmed up, yáh thayonuhsatalíhA the house wouldn't warm up. Base: -lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)-/

7

-talih(A)-

boil, have yakotkahlo7takwa-lúte7 she has a boil, lotkahlo7takwa-lúte7 he has a boil. Base: -atkahlo'takwalutboil something klítha7 I'm boiling it. waklíhtu I have boiled it. kalíhtu it's boiled. wá-klihte7 I boiled it, wáhslihte7 you boiled it, wa7e-líhte7 she boiled it, waha-líhte7 he boiled it, Ahslihte7 you will boil it, Aye-líhte7 she will boil it. Base: -lihtbone óstyA7 bone. Pre-pausal: ósti. kestyA?tá-ke my bones, lastyA?tá-ke his bones, yestyA?tá-ke her bones. yahukestyA?tu-tí• I threw a bone. wa7tekestyA-tyahke7 I broke a bone (e.g., a wishbone). Base: -styA-/-styA?tbone, get stuck in one's throat ukestyA7to-tá-se7 I got a bone stuck in my throat, wahostyA7to-tá-se7 he got a bone stuck in his throat, wa7akostyA7to-tá-se7 she got a bone stuck in her throat. Base: -styA?tota?sbones See skeleton book See paper; book; letter boots, put on See put on overshoes bored, get See lazy, be lazy; tire of; become done in born, be born; move wakanaklatú I was born, sanaklatú you were born, lonaklatú

he was born,

yakonaklatú

she was born. wa7unáklate7 she was (just) born, she moved, wahanáklate7 he was (just) born, wahunáklate7 they (m.) relocated, Akanáklate7 I will move, twakanaklatú I was born there, Atwanáklate7 she (z.) or it will live there. ya7akwanáklate7 we (excl.) moved over there, yAhyanáklate7 the two (m.) will move over there, nyahunáklate7 over there where they (m.) relocated. tshahanáklate7 when he was born, tsha7akivanáklate7 when we (excl.) moved. Base: -anaklatborrow katAtiíhas I keep borrowing it. ivakatAníhA I have borrowed it. wa?katAníha7 I borrowed it, wahsatAníha 7 you borrowed it. yakothyatuhslaníhA she has borrowed a book. wa7kate7slehtaníha7 I borrowed a car. Base: -atAnihaborrow from lakwatAnihá-se he keeps borrowing it from me. AkuyatAníhahse7 I will borrow it from you. wahiyate7slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from him, wa7kheyate7slehtaníhahse7

I

borrowed a car from her. Base: -atAniha ? se-/-atAniha ? sboth tetsyalú. Pre-pausal: tetsya-lú. both, be tetnitsyalú you and I, both of us (incl.), teyaknitsyalú both of us (excl.), tesnitsyalú both of you, tehnitsyalú both of them (m.), teknitsyalú both of them (z.). Prepausal: teknitsya-lú. Base: .tsyalu plus te- dualic both sides tetsyalúhkwA

nukwá-.

English-Oneida 913

bother, be a bother tsyó-tats you're a bother, layó-tats he's a bother, he's a bothersome person, yeyó-tats she's a bother. Ahayó-tate7 he will be a bother. Base: -yo ? tatbother, be bothersome; hold one back wakyo7ta-tíhe7 it's bothering me, it's bothersome to me, it's holding me back, sayo7ta-tíhe7 it's bothersome to you, it's holding you back. Base: -yo'tatibother someone; pester someone teha7nikulhálha 7 he's a bothersome person, tewake7nikulhálha7 she (z.) or it bothers me, tekhe7nikulhálha7 I bother her or them. teho7nikúlhale7 it's bothering him, teyuke7nikúlhale7 she's bothering me, tehake7nikúlhale7 he's bothering me. wa7twake7nikulha-lA• it bothered me, wa7tho7nikulha-lAit bothered him, wa7tyuke7nikulha-lAshe or someone bothered me, wa7twake7nikulha-lA• she (z.) or it bothered me, tAwake7nikulha-lA• it will bother me, tAhoti7nikulha-lA• it will bother them (m.). tákA 7 tAske 7n.ikulha-lA Don't bother me! teyuke7nikúlhalahkwe7 she has bothered me. Base: .'nikulhal- plus te- dualic bother with; do something about tekatate7nikulhálha7 I do something about something. wa7tkatate7nikulha-lA• I did something about it. tehsatate7nikulha-lA Do something about it! Base: .atate'nikulhal- plus tedualic bother with one's business tsi7nikú wa7klí-waku7 I have bothered you with this many things, thó nikú

wahalí-waku 7 that's enough of his business, of his talk. Base: -lihwakubothered, feel bothered, worried, or disturbed wake7nikuhlanú-waks I'm bothered by something, I'm worried. wake7nikuhlanuhwakú I have been bothered or worried, lo7nikuhlanuhwakú he has felt worried or disturbed. uke7nikuhlanú-wake7 I got bothered by it, I stewed over it, Awake7nikuhlanú-wake7 I will be bothered by something. wake7nikuhlanú-wakskwe7 I was bothered or disturbed. Base: - ? nikuhlanuhwakbottle; jar; quart kátshe7 bottle, jar. katshe7shúha bottles, jars. nikatshé-ta7 the size of the jar. yakotetshe 7také-lu 7 she has jars or bottles spread around. yakotshé-tote7 she has a bottle standing, satshé-tote 7 you have a jar standing, wa7etshe7to-tA• she stood up the bottle. ya-ketshe7tota-kó• I should pick up a jar there, ya7setshe7tota-kó Take down the jar over there! tkatshe7to-tú• there are jars standing there. ketshe7totúnyuhe7 I'm setting up the jars, wa7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars, setshe7totúni Set up the jars! ya7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars over there, wa 7ketshe 7titáli7 I put the bottles in something, wa7etshe7tatáli7 she put the jars in it. wa 7ketshe 7títane 7 I put the bottle or bottles in it. skatshé-tat one jar or bottle, one quart. Base: -tshe-/-tshe ? tbottle opener

yenuteksyá-tha7.

914 English-Orieida

bottom of a container o 7núhkwa 7 bottom of a container (e.g., a basket or barrel). o7nuhkokú under the bottom of the container. Pre-pausal: o7nuhko-kú. wa7kate7nuhku-ní• I made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate7nuhku-ní Make the bottom! tyo7nuhkwanA-táks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). Base: -'nuhkwbounce; pop; ricochet ivattatákivas it's popping, it's hitting against something and bouncing back off again. yottatákwA it has bounced. uttata-kó• it bounced off, it ricocheted. Base: -attatakwbounce; pop;ricochet;make bounce or ricochet kattatakwátha7 I'm bouncing it, I'm making it ricochet. lottatakwáhtu he's bouncing it. Ahattatákwahte7 he will make it ricochet. Base: -attatakwahtbow a7A-ná-. bowel movement, have laní-tayAhe7 he's having a bowel movement. loní-tayA7 he has had a bowel movement. wa7kam'-tayA7 I had a bowel movement, wahaní-tayA7 he had a bowel movement, wa7uní-tayA7 she had a bowel movement. Base: -ani'tayAbowl See dish; plate; bowl bowl, mixing bowl teyeyestanyu7tákhwa7 bowl, soup bowl

átsi7.

yutsholyá-tha7.

bowlegged, be See knees, have the knees apart; be bowlegged

box kanutó-tsli7 box. Pre-pausal: kanutó-tsheli7. kanuto7tslá-ke on the box. kanutó-tslaku in the box. laonuto7tsli7shúha his boxes. a7é7 nikanuló-tsla it's a great big box. wa7katnuto7tslisákha7 I'm going to look for a box. kAh na7kanutó-tslati7 it's on this side of the box. wahatnutó-tslike7 he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries). taknuto7tslatilu-tA• I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. wahatnuto7tslakéhtate7 he put a box on his back. thihotnuto7tslunyáni7 he just made boxes. kA7 nikanuto7tsláit's a small box. tahanutó-tslAhte7 he brought down the box. yehanuto7tslAtha7 he's lowering the box. zva7knuto7tslakala-táte7 I raised up the box. nya7tekanuto7tsláhele7 where there are boxes sitting all over. ya7snuto7tslahla-kó Take down that box! zva7teknuto7tsló-lalake7 I squished the box. tahanuto7tslínyuhte7 he brought in boxes. tahanuto7tslinyu7táni7 he brought in all the boxes. wa7knuto7tslítane7 I put the box in it. iva7knuto7tslakalhátho7 I turned over the box. knuto7tslaká-tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa7knuto7tslaká-tshi7 I took the box apart, snuto7tslaká-tshi Open the box! tekanutó-tslake two boxes, tónikanutó-tslake how many boxes are there? tkanuto7tslaké-lu7 there are boxes lying around there. taknuto7tslótshyahte7 I yanked out the box. knuto7tslótshyus I'm pulling out the box. skanutó-tslat one box. kanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying, tkanutó-tsIayA 7 the box is lying there. Base: -nuto ? tsl-

English-Oneida 915

Box Social, have wa?thutnuto?tslakA-ní• they (m.) had a Box Social. Base: .atnuto?tslak.Any- plus tedualic boy See child boyfriend akonikAhtlA-tsli? her boyfriend. Pre-pausal: akonik Ahtl á- tshelP. uknikAhtlA?tslayA-táne? I got a boyfriend. Base: -nikAhtlA?tslbra bracelet

teyutnu?tohlalákta7 teyutnAtshanhásta7

brag See vain, be vain; be cocky brag; show off yukzvatriAyustA-níhe7 she brags to me and tries to make me jealous, shakotnAyustA-níhe7 he brags to her or them. wa?shakotnAyústA 7 he bragged to her or them. Base: -atnAyustAni-/-atnAyustAbraid olátskA7 Base: -latskA-/-latskA?tbraid, make lilatskA?tu-níhe7 I'm braiding him (his hair). wa7elatskA7tu-ní• she braided it (e.g., the corn), ivahuwalatskA?tu-níshe braided him. Base: -latskA?tunibrainy, be lo?nikú-lat he has brains, he's brainy, yako7nikú-lat she's brainy. Base: -'nikuhlatbrake, put on brakes tekkahkivA7tó-Ialaks I'm braking. tewakkahkwA?tohlalakú I have braked. wa?thakahkwA?tó-lalake?

he braked, tAkkahkwA?tó-lalake? I will brake. teskahkwA ?tó-lalak Put on the brakes! Base: .kahkwA?tohlalak- plus tedualic branch, attached yo7nháhtute? branch (is) attached. Base: - ? nhahtut-

the

branch, have yo7nháhtote? it has a branch, ka?nháhtote7 there's a branch (on the tree). Base: - ? nhahtotbranch, have several yo?nhahto-tú• has several branches. Base: -'nhahtotu-

it

branch; limb ó-nhahte7 branch. o7nhahtá-ke on the branch. wa?ka?nháhtAne7 the limb fell. wa?ke?nhahtaló-loke7 I gathered up the branches. Base: - ? nhahtbread, baked

watná-talute7

bread; cake kaná-talok bread, cake. akná-talok my bread, akoná-talok her cake. kana?taláksA the bread is bad (e.g., mouldy). tehana?talakalenyá-tha'? he distributes or delivers bread, zva?thana?talakalényahte7 he distributed bread, oná-talase7 fresh bread, yáh te?yoná-talase? it's not fresh bread. yona?talastáthA the bread is dry. katna?talútha? I bake bread, yutna?talútha? she's baking bread, wakatná-talute7 I'm baking bread, yakotná-talute7 she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watná-talute7 the bread is baked or fried, iva?utna7talu-tX• she baked the bread, wahutna7talu-tXthey (m.) baked bread, wa7kutna?talu-tA•

916 English-Orieida

they (z.) baked bread, Akatna7talu-tA• I will bake bread, Ayutna7talu-tA• she will bake bread, akatna7talu-tA• I should bake bread, satna7talutA Put the bread in the oven! katna7talu-táhkwe7 I have baked bread, Askatna7talu-tA- I will fry bread again, usakatna7talu-tA- I should bake bread again, tayutna7talu-tA• she baked bread there. yutna7talutá-ne7 she's going to bake bread. Ahsatna7talutúni7 you will fry several breads. ukwatna7talátsha7ahse7 the bread burned on me. wa7katna7talu-ní- I made bread, wahatna7talu-ní- he made bread. wakna7tala-ká-se7 I like the taste of bread. yAkna7taláhawe7 I will take the bread. kna7talaha-wí• I'm carrying bread, tekna 7talahlítha 7 I'm breaking the bread into pieces, I'm cutting up the bread, pie, or cake, tewakna7talahlíhtu I have cut up the bread, wa7tekna7talá-lihte7 I cut up the bread, tAkna7talá-lihte7 I will cut up the bread. sahana7talahlu-kó• he picked up bread crumbs, yona 7talahnilú the bread is hard. yona7talahnilhá-u the bread has become hard, wa 7ona 7talahnílhA 7 the bread got hard. Askna7talahninú-na7 I will go to buy bread again. wahana7talitáhko7 he took the bread out. wa7kna7talítane7 I put bread in it (e.g., a bag, a dish, a cart at the grocery), kná-talaks I'm eating bread, wakna 7talakú I have eaten bread, Akná-talake7 I will eat bread, nikaná-talake that many breads (loaves or cakes). wahakna?talákhwa7 he took the bread away from me. sna 7talakwé talu Tear or slice up the bread! yoná-talali the bread is

cooked, wa7kana7tala-lí• the bread became cooked. lina7talanu-túhe7 I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa 7ukná-talanute7 she gave me some bread or cake to eat, tayukná-talanute7 she gave me cake there, wakná-talo7 I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings. wakna 7taláshwas I smell bread. wakatna7talastathá-tu I have dried the bread, Akatna 7talastáthahte 7 I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing). skaná-talat one loaf of bread, one cake of cornbread. kna7talatáhkwas I'm taking bread out of it. sna7talu-níhe7 you're forming the bread. ahsna7talunyáni7 you should make several breads. ahina7talúni7 I should make bread for him. tewakna7talyá-ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsná-talyahk Cut the bread in half! Base: -na ? talbread crust

o7nuwa-tsíste7

bread, finish making See finish making bread bread, fried kAyé-ke

watná-talute7.

break, become broken tewátya 7ks it breaks, teyotyá-ku it's broken. wa7twátyahke7 it broke. wa7twatsliyé-tyahke7 the thread broke, tehotshinyá-ku he has broken his leg, he has gotten a broken leg. tewakatnAtshyá-ku I have a broken arm. wa7tkatenhuskályahke7 I broke my hip. wa7thatútshyahke7 he broke or skinned his knee. teyakote7nyuhsyá-ku she broke her nose (e.g., in a car accident), wa7thate7nyúhsyahke7 he broke his nose. Base: .atya ? k- plus te- dualic

English-Oneida 917

break, become broken into pieces teká-lihse7 it breaks, teyohlí-u it got broken, it's broken, wa 7tká-Iine7 it broke, teyoksahlí-u the dish is broken, wa7tkaksá-line7 the dish broke, teyonhohahlí-u the door is broken, teyowisahlí-u the glass or window is broken. Base: .hli7- plus te- dualic break; break down; become spoiled or ruined wahétkAhse 7 it keeps spoiling, it keeps becoming bad. yohetkA-u it has broken down, it's spoiled. AwahétkAne7 it will spoil. Base: -ahetkA?break; cut tkya 7ks I'm detaching it by breaking it off or cutting it, íhsya 7ks you're cutting it, la-yá-ks he's cutting it. wakyá'ku I have cut it. wá-kyahke7 I cut it, Akyahke 7 I will cut it. tákyahke7 I was there and I broke it. wahuwAtáhsyahke7 she cut off his tail, kalutyá-ku the tree was cut down, wahatilútyahke7 they (m.) cut down a tree, Ahslútyahke7 you will cut down the tree. Base: -ya ? kbreak for oneself; cut for oneself wahyatkwílyahke7 the two (m.) broke off a whip, Atsyatkwílyahke7 you two will break off a whip. Base: -at-N-ya ? kbreak in two; cut in two tékya 7ks I keep breaking it, I'm breaking one thing after another, téhsya7ks you're breaking it, teha-yá-ks he's breaking it. tewakyá-ku I have broken it. wa 7tékyahke 7 I broke it, wa7tha-yá-ke7 he broke it. tákA 7 tAhsyahk Don't break it! wa7teksliyé-tyahke7 I broke the thread (while I was sewing).

wa7thalútyahke7 he cut down the tree. tewakna7talyá-ku I have cut or broken the bread in half, tehsná-talyahk Cut the bread in half! teknu7úslya7ks I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu7úslyahke7 I will cut the squash. wa7tekestyA-tyahke7 I broke a bone (e.g., a wishbone). Base: .ya'k- plus te- dualic break into pieces; cut; smash; chop; grind tekhlítha 7 I'm breaking or chopping it up into pieces. tewakhlíhtu I have broken it into pieces, tekahlíhtu it has been smashed. wa7tékhlihte7 I broke it, wa7téshlihte7 you broke it, wa7thá-lihte7 he broke it, tAshlihte7 you will break it. tákA7 tXshlit Don't break it! wa7tkahyá-lihte7 I cut up fruit. wa7tka7alá-lihte7 I broke the net, lace, or screen. tekahnana7tahlíhtu the potatoes are cut up into pieces, wa7thahnana7tá-lihte7 he cut potatoes into pieces, tehoksahlíhtu he has broken the dishes, wa7thaksá-lihte7 he broke the dish. teknakalahlítha 7 I'm breaking up sticks. tekna7talahlítha7 I'm breaking the bread into pieces, I'm cutting up the bread, pie, or cake, tewakna7talahlíhtu I have cut up the bread, wa7tekna7talá-lihte7 I cut up the bread, tAkna?talá-lihte7 I will cut up the bread. wa7tyenAstá-lihte7 she or someone pounded the corn, wa7thanAStá-lihte7 he ground the corn, tAhsnAstá-lihte7 you will grind the corn. teknu7uslahlítha7 I'm cutting squash, cucumber, or melon into pieces. tAhayAtá-lihte7 he will cut wood, he will make kindling, tahayAtá-lihte7 he should cut wood.

918 English-Orieida

tAhse7nhuhsá-lihte7 you will break the eggs. teke?ivahlahlítha7 I'm cutting up (slicing) the meat, wa7tha7wahlá-lihte7 he ground the meat, tehse7wahlá-lit Slice the meat! Base: .hliht- plus te- dualic break into pieces on someone wa7twákhlihse7 it broke on me, wa7thó-lihse7 it broke on him, wa7tyakólihse7 it broke on her. wa7twakeksá-lihse7 the dish broke on me. wa7twakwisá-lihse7 the glass broke on me. Base: .hli ? s- plus te- dualic break into pieces several tekhlihtányuhe7 I'm breaking up several things, tewakhlihtáni7 I have broken them up. iva7thahlihtáni7 he broke it all up. Base: .hlihtanyu- plus te- dualic break several; cut several latiyá-khuhe7 they (m.) are cutting them all. wahayá-khu7 he broke or cut them, wahatiyá-khu7 they (m.) cut them all. wahatilutyá-khu7 they (m.) cut down trees. Base: -ya ? khubreak several up; cut up several tekyá-khuhe7 I'm cutting it into several parts. wa7thayá-khu7 he cut them up. Base: ,ya ? khu- plus te- dualic break, take See rest repeatedly; take a break break the law tehayanlAhslahlítha7 he breaks the law. tehoyanlAhslahlíhtu he has broken the law. wa?tehsyanlAhslá-lihte7 you broke the law.

Base: dualic

.yanlAhslahliht- plus te-

break up a marriage tehanahkwahlítha7 he breaks up marriages, teyenahkwahlítha7 she breaks up marriages. tehonahkwahlíhtu he has broken up 7thanahkwá-lihte7 the couple, wa he broke up the marriage, tAhanahkwá-lihte7 he will break up the couple. Base: .nahkwahliht- plus tedualic break up the ground; disk teka7kAhlahlítha7 I'm breaking up the ground, I'm disking. tewaka7kAhlahlíhtu I have disked. wa7tha7kAhlá-lihte7 he disked, taha?kAhlá-lihte7 he should break up the ground. tAsha7kAhlá-lihte7 he will break up the ground again. tAtyakwa7kAhlá-lihte7 we (excl.) will break up the ground there. Base: .a ? kAhlahliht- plus tedualic breast See milk; breast breast-feed khenu7kehlá-tu I'm breast-feeding her. wa7khenu7ké-lahte7 I breast-fed her, wahinu7ké-lahte7 I breast-fed him. Base: -nu ? kehla ? tbreath, be out of breath; pant wakolishA-u I'm out of breath, I'm panting, laolishA-u he's out of breath, yakaolishA-u she's out of breath. ukolíshA7 I panted, I got out of breath. Base: -olishAbreathe katúlyehse7 I'm breathing, latúlyehse7 he's breathing,

English-Oneida 919

yutúlyehse7 she's breathing. wahatu-lí• he started to breathe (e.g., a newborn baby), he's taking a breath. Base: -atulybreeze, be See air, get air for oneself; be a breeze brick house

kanAyalíhtu.

brick over See place stones around; brick over bricklayer tehanAya7sélha7 (he's a) bricklayer. Base: .nAya'selha 7 plus te- dualic bridge

waskóhu.

bridge; roof áskwa7 roof, askwá-ke on the bridge. Base: -askwbridle kohsa-tAs thotakwalihsyá-tha

7.

bright, be teyoshwáthe7 it's bright. Base: .shwathe- plus te- dualic bright, become wa7tyoshiváthene7 it got bright. tsha7tyoshwáthene7 when it got bright out. Base: .shwathe 7 - plus te- dualic bright colour, be yohsóshwatet bright colour. Base: -ahsoshwatet-

it's a

brim of a hat ota-lá• brim of a hat. otalá-ke on the brim. a7éna7teyota-Iá• the brim of her hat is really broad, teyota-láke two brims. Base: -talbring all; take all teksa 7átha 7 I bring it all, yehahsa7átha7 he's always taking it all. twaksa7áhtu I have brought it all, yewaksa7áhtu I have

taken it all. táksa7ahte7 I brought it all, taháhsa7ahte7 he brought it all, yahá-ksa7ahte7 I took it all, yaháhsa7ahte7 he took it all, yAhatíhsa7ahte7 they (m.) will take it all, they will use it all up. Base: .hsa'aht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative bring along See carry in one's hands; take along bring along See take along; bring along bring along; take along takha-wíhte7 I brought it along, Atekha-wíhte7 I will bring it along, ya?kha-zvíhte7 I took it along, yAkha-wíhte7 I will take it along, takheya7taha-wíhte7 I brought her along (with me), tahiya7taha-wíhte7 I brought him along, ya7kheya7taha-wíhte7 I took her along, yahiya7taha-wíhte7 I took him along, wa7ukya7taha-wíhte7 they took me along, yAknutsistaha-wíhte7 I will take the (pig) head along. Base: .hawiht-/.ya'tahawihtplus t- cislocative or y- translocative bring along; take along for someone yekhehawihtA-níhe7 I keep taking it for her. yekhehawihtAní I have taken it for her. takhehawíhtA7 I brought it for her, tahakhawíhtA 7 he brought it for me, yahakhawíhtA 7 he took it for me, AthyahawíhtA 7 he will bring it for you, yAkhehawíhtA 7 I will take it for her. utahakhyatuhslahawíhtA7 he should bring me a newspaper. tashakolutahawíhtA7 he brought 7 her a log. tahaknutsistahawíhtA he brought me a (pig) head, takunutsistahawíhtA7 I brought you a head, tasknutsistahawíhtA7 you brought me a head,

920 English-Orieida

AtkunutsistahawíhtA7 I will bring you a head, AtesknutsistahawíhtA 7 you will bring me a head, utasknutsistahawíhtA7 you should bring me a head. Base: .hawihtAni-/.hawihtA- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative bring back; back up shaktá-tha7 he keeps bringing it back, he backs it up (e.g., the car), shoktá-tu he has backed it up. sakáktahte7 I backed it up, sahuwAnáktahte7 they brought them (m.) by, they pushed them (m.) back (e.g., in a fight). Base: .akta't- plus s- repetitive bring by laktá-tha7 he brings it by. loktá-tu he has brought it by. waháktahte7 he brought it by. Base: -akta ? tbring down from a height See drop something; bring down from a height; punch bring in tashakoya7tínyuhte7 he brought her in (e.g., into the house), takheya7tínyuhte7 I brought her or someone in. wahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) tracked mud in, Ashatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will take mud in again, thatinawa7tstinyú-tha7 they (m.) are bringing mud in, thotinawa7tstinyú-tu they (m.) have brought mud in, tahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in, tutahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in again, tAthatinawa?tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will bring mud in again, yahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took mud in, yusahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took the mud in again.

tahanuto7tslínyuhte7 he brought in boxes, takanyAhtínyuhte7 the snow came in. AkyAtínyuhte7 I will bring wood in. Base: -N-inyu 7 t-/-ya ? tinyu ? tbring in a little at a time tahotinawa 7tstinyu 7tuháti7 they (m.) are bringing in mud (either tracking it on their feet, or taking it . inside). Base: -N-inyu ? tuhatyebring in several tahanuto7tslinyu7táni7 he brought in all the boxes. tahayalinyu7táni7 he brought in several bags. Base: -N-inyu ? tanyubring in with oneself thathwatsilinyú-tha7 he's bringing in his family, tahathwatsilínyuhte7 he brought in his family. tahatenyAhtínyuhte7 he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. tahate7slehtínyuhte7 he brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage). Base: ,at-N-inyu ? t- plus t- cislocative bring inside See take inside; bring inside bring someone wahiyá-thewe7 I brought him, wa?kheyá-thewe7 I brought her or them, wa7kyá-thewe7 I brought her (z.), wa7shakoyá-thewe7 he brought her or them. Base: -ya ? thewbring up a child See raise a child broke, go tewakathwistyá-ku broke. wa7tkathwístyahke7

I'm I went

English-Oneida

broke. Base: .athwistya'k- plus te- dualic broken down, be broken down; be in poor condition; be bad wahétkA 7 it's broken down, it's in poor condition, it's bad or evil, yáh te7wahétkA7 it's not broken down. Base: -ahetkAbrooch

yuthnyotákhwa7.

921

latnawilóhalehe7 he's brushing his teeth, yakotnawilóhale she has brushed her teeth. wa7katnawilóhale7 I brushed my teeth, Akatnawilóhale7 I will brush my teeth, satnawilóhale Brush your teeth! Base: -atnawilohalebuds

otsi7néhkwala7.

broom yakuhewá-tha7 broom. akuhewá-tha7 my broom.

buds, attached yonXhute7 (there are) buds. Base: -nAhut-

broth, cornbread See cornbread broth

buffalo

broth; watery soup ohnekákli7 broth, watery soup. Pre-pausal: ohnekákelP. wakathnekakli7tsluní I have made soup. Base: -hnekakli-/-hnekakli ? tsl-

bug; worm otsi7nu-wá• bug. otsi7nuwa7shúha bugs. katsi7nu-wés it's a long worm. Base: -tsi'nuw-

brother See sibling brother-in-law ukyatyóha my brother-in-law, lonatyóha his or her brother-in-law. Pre-pausal: lonatyo-ha. Base: -atyoha-

tsyotekliyá-ku.

build See make building See house; building bully See go after; bully; kill off; punish

brush; bush; scrub oska-wáku in the brush or bush. Base: -skaw-

bump; bump into tewakúkwas I bump into it. tewakúkwA I have bumped into it. wa7twaku-kó- I bumped into it, tAwaku-kó• I will bump into it. ya7tyau-kó- it bumped (landed) there. wa7twaklutu-kó• I ran into a tree, thó tehonAtshúkwas he bumps his arm there, wa7twaknAtshu-kó- I bumped my arm. iva7tivaknuhsu-kó• I ran or bumped into the house. wa7twaknutsistu-kó• I bumped my head. iva7tivakeshnuhsu-kó• I bumped my hand. wa7twakutshwkóI bumped my knee. wa7twake7slehtu-kó• I ran into a car. Base: .ukw- plus te- dualic

brush one's teeth yutnawilóhalehe7 she's brushing her teeth,

bump; bump into head first wa7twakna7alu-kó• I ran into some-

brown

athéhsa7.

bruise, have tewakatahsa-tú- I have a bruise, tehotahsa-tú- he has a bruise, teyakotahsa-túshe has a bruise. Base: .atahsatu- plus te- dualic brush, be brush, bush, or scrub kaskci'iuáyA7 (there's) brush, bush, or scrub. Base: -skawayA-

922

English-Orieida

thing head first, wa7tyakona7alu-kóshe bumped into something, wa7thona7alu-kó- he bumped into something. Base: .na'alukw- plus te- dualic bump into forcefully; run into shakohlésta7 he runs into her or them (on foot), he bumps into her or them (in a vehicle), wakhlésta7 it keeps bumping into me. shakohléstu he has run into her or them. wa7kú-leste7 I ran into you, wa7khé-leste7 I bumped into her or them (so that I knocked her or them over), wa 7shakó-leste7 he bumped into her or them, úkhleste7 I got bumped into, it ran into me. Base: -hlestbump into several forcefully shakohlestányuhe7 he runs over them all. wa7shakohlestáni7 he ran over them (and they're all lying there, knocked over). Base: -hlestanyubump on the head shakottia7alútyehse7 he keeps bumping her on the head. wa7shakotna7alu-tí• he bumped her on the head, wahotna7alu-tí- he bumped him, she (z.) or it bumped him on the head. Base: -atna ? aluty-/-atna ? alutyebump on the head repeatedly shakotna7alutyéhsluhe7 he's continuously bumping her on the head. wa7shakotna7alutyéhslu7 he bumped her on the head a few times. Base: -atna ? alutyehslubundle kahlé-na7 bundle (e.g., of one's belongings), nihohlé-na7 his bundle is that size. wa7kathle7nítane7 I put the package in something (e.g., the

trunk of a car), wa7akyathle7nítane7 we two (excl.) put our bundle in it. wahathle7nakéhtate7 he put a bundle (his belongings) on his back. nitsyakohle7naka7táti7 she has such a bundle along with her again. wa7khle7naká-tshi7 I took apart the bundle. tayakohle7nakéhtu7 she's carrying a bundle on her back. Base: -hle ? nbundle See parcel; bundle; package bundle, be lying kahlé-nayA7 there's a bundle or package lying (e.g., of someone's belongings). kA 7 tkahlé-nayA 7 the bundle or package is lying right here. Base: -hle ? nayAbundle, be standing kahlé-note7 bundle. Base: -hle ? not-

(it's) a

bundle, make See wrap into a package or bundle bundle; pouch kanóhkwa 7 a small bundle or pouch (e.g., a tobacco pouch). Base: -nohkwbundle, tie See tie a bundle of cloth bunion yo7nukslariAtakú. yo7nukslanAta-kú. bunk beds

Pre-pausal:

tekanaktanetáli7.

burden, have on one's back wakkéhte7 or wakkéhtu 7 I have a burden on my back, lokéhtu7 he has a burden on his back. tayakohle7nakéhtu7 she's carrying a bundle on her back. Base: -keht(e)-/-keht(u)burden, put on one's back latkéh tats he puts a burden on his back, lotkehtatú he has a burden on his back.

English-Oneida

wahatkéhtate7 he put a burden on his back. wahathle7nakéhtate7 he put a bundle (his belongings) on his back. wahatnuto7tslakéhtate7 he put a box on his back, latyalakéhtats he puts a bag on his back, lotyalakehtatú he has put a bag on his back, wahatyalakéhtate7 he put a bag on his back. Base: -atkehtatburden, relieve someone of AkuhwishAhta-kó• I will take the burden off you. Base: -hwishAhtakwburden someone kuhwishXtha 7 I keep putting a heavy load on you. wa7kuhwíshAhte7 I put a heavy load on you, wa7shakohwíshAhte7 he put a heavy load on her. kuhwishAhtú-ne7 I had put a heavy load on you. Base: -hwishAhtburden, take over latlihwakéhtats he takes over the burden. wahatlihwakéhtate7 he took over the burden. Base: -atlihwakehtatburdensome, become wakhwíshAhe7 I get discouraged, it gets me down. wakhwishá-u it was too heavy for me. ukhwíshA7 it became too heavy or too much for me, it got to me, I got tired, wesahwíshA7 you buckled under the load, wa7akohwíshA7 it got too heavy for her, AwakhwíshA 7 it will be too heavy for me. Base: -hwishA-/-hwishaburdock

olhohte7kó-.

burn wátsha 7as it's burning, yótshu 7 it has burned, útshane7 it burned, Awátshane7 it will burn.

923

wa7katku7kwalátshane7 I got a burn on my forehead. wa7katnAtshátshane7 I burned my arm. Base: -atsha ? -/-at-N-atsha ? bum down See fire, set fire to; burn down burn, get burned ke7skwtá-se7 I keep getting burned, la7sku-tá-se7 he keeps getting burned. wake7skutá-u I have gotten burned, lo7skutá-u he has gotten burned. wa7ke7sku-táne7 I got burned, waha7skwtáne7 he got burned. Base: - ? skuta ? burn; go up in flames yotékha 7 it's in flames, it's burning. yotékA it has gone up in flames, it's burnt. wa7o-téke7 it burned, Ayo-téke7 it will burn, yáh te7yotékha7 there's no fire going. Base: -atekburn on one wakatsha7A-níhe7 it burns on me. ukwátsha 7ahse 7 it burned on me. ukwatna7talátsha7ahse7 the bread burned on me. ukwate7wahlátsha7ahse7 the meat burned on me. Base: -atsha ? Ani-/-atsha ? a ? s-/ -at-N-atsha ? Ani-/-at-N-atsha ? a ? sburn oneself lotate7skúthu he has burned himself. wa7katate7skúthu7 burned myself. Base: -atate'skuthuburn several katsha7ahtányuhe7 I'm burning things. wakatsha7ahtáni7 I have burned things. wa7katsha7ahtáni7 I burned things, Akatsha7ahtáni7 I will burn things. Base: -atsha'ahtanyu-

I

924 English-Orieida

burn someone li7skúthus I'm burning him. li7skúthu I have burned him. wahi7skúthu7 I burned him, wahake7skúthu7 he burned me. Base: -'skuthuburn something katsha7átha7 I'm burning it. wakatsha7áhtu I have burned it. wa7kátsha7ahte7 I burned it, Akátsha?ahte? I will burn it. Awakatsha7ahtúhake7 I will have burned it. wa7katna7tsyátsha7ahte7 I burned the pot. Base: -atsha ? aht-/ -at-N-atsha ? ahtbum something for or on someone kuyatsha7ahtA-níhe7 I keep burning it on you. wa7kuyatsha7áhtA7 I burned it for you, wa7ukwatsha7áhtA7 she or someone burned it on me. Base: -atsha ? ahtAni-/ -atsha ? ahtAburn tobacco layu7kúthos he burns tobacco. loyu?kúthu he has burned tobacco. wahayu7kútho7 he burned tobacco, Ahayu 7kútho7 he will burn tobacco, ahayu7kútho7 he should burn tobacco. Base: -yu'kuthoburn up; burn to death wahatya7tátshane7 he burned up, he burned to death, wa7utya7tátshane7 she burned to death. Base: -atya'tatsha 7 burp twakenya 7kwátha 7 I burp, thonya 7kwátha 7 he keeps burping. tukenyá-kwahte7 I burped, tahonyá-kwahte7 he burped, tayakonyá-kwahte7 she burped, Athonyá-kwahte7 he will burp. Base: .nya'kwaht- plus t- cislocative

burp a greasy burp xvakatyena7klahkwA-níhe7 I keep getting greasy burps, ukwatyena?kláhkwA7 I burped a greasy burp, wahotyena7kláhkwA7 he burped a greasy burp, wa7akotyena7kláhkwA7 she burped a greasy burp, Aivakatyena7kláhkwA7 I will burp a greasy burp. Base: -atyena ? klahkwAni-/ -atyena ? klahkwAburr

ólhohte7.

burst; explode tewatla7ne-kálus it explodes. teyotla7nekalú it has exploded. wa7twatla7ne-kálu7 it burst open, it exploded (e.g., a firecracker), tAwatla7ne-kálu7 it will explode. Base: .atla ? nekal(u)-/ .at-N-nekalu- plus te- dualic burst, flowers burst into bloom teyottsi7tsyanekalú the flower is blooming, wa 7twattsi 7tsyane-kálu 7 the flowers burst into bloom. Base: ,attsi ? tsyanekalu- plus tedualic burst, leaves burst open wa7twanlahtane-kálu7 the leaves opened. Base: .anlahtanekalu- plus tedualic burst, make burst; make explode tekatla7nekalátha7 I'm bursting it. wa7tkatla7ne-kálahte7 I burst it, I exploded it (e.g., a firecracker). Base: ,atla ? nekalaht- plus tedualic burst something; explode something tekla7ne-kálus I'm exploding it. tewakla7nekalú I have exploded it. wa7tekla7ne-kálu7 I exploded it

English-Oneida

(e.g., a pimple), tehsla 7ne-kálu Explode it! Base: .la ? nekalu- plus te- dualic bury food in the ground I'm burying it in the ground (to store or preserve it), wakatshatú I have buried it in the ground. wa7katsha-tú- I buried it in the ground, zvahutsha-tú- they (m.) buried it in the ground, Ahsatsha-túyou will bury it in the ground, Ahatsha-tú- he will bury it in the ground, satsha-tú Bury it! lutshatúhahkwe7 they (m.) used to bury it. Awatsha-túke7 it will be buried. Base: -atshatukatshatúhe7

bury someone wa7shakotiya7tátane7 they (m.) buried her or someone, Ashakotiya7tátane7 they (m.) will bury her or someone. tsi7núnAshakotiya7tátane7 where they (m.) are going to bury her or someone. Base: -ya ? tata ? bury someone, go to bury someone wa7shakotiya7tata7á-nha7 they (m.) are going to bury her or someone, they're on their way to bury her, wahuwaya7tata7á-nha7 they're going to bury him. Base: -ya ? tata ? a ? nhbus

yakoya7takalényehse7.

bush See brush; bush; scrub bush, be standing kahu-tóte7 (it's) a bush. Base: -hutotbusiness, be someone's katstelistákhwa7 it's my business, satstelistákhwa7 it's your business. yáh tehsatstelistákhwa7 it's not

925

your business. Base: -atstelistahkwbusiness; matter; news; issue olí-iva 7 business, matter, aklí-wa 7 my fault, salí-wa 7 your fault, snilí-wa7 your (dual) fault, ukwalí-wa7 our fault. laolihwá-ke his matter, about him, akolihwá-ke about her. Base: -lihwbusy, get tekeyenha-lá-se7 I get busy. tewakeyenhalá-u I'm busy, teyakoyenhalá-u she's busy, tehoyenhalá-u he's busy, teyukniyenhalá-u we two are busy. wa7tkeyenha-láne7 I got busy. na7teyukwayenhalá-u we're so busy. Base: ,yenhala 7 -/.wyenhala ? plus te- dualic busybody, be See talkative, be but nók tsi7. butter owistóhsli7 butter. Pre-pausal: oivistóhselP. owistohslá-ke in butter. wa7thatwistohslálho7 he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), tAhatwistohslálho7 he will butter it. wahawistohslálho7 he spread butter on it. wahawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them (e.g., all kinds of bread), wa7thawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them, yoivistohslahnilú the butter is hard. wa7kwistohslahninú-na7 I'm on my way to buy butter, swistohslahninú-na Go buy butter! yowistohslawísto the butter is cold. Base: -wistohslbutter churn

yenu7tathe7tákhu>a7.

butter, churn butter See churn butter butterfly kana-wA-.

926

English-Orieida

buttermilk butternut

kanu7tathé-tu. tsyohsó-kwes.

buttock; behind; small stool ohná-tsha 7 buttock, behind, small stool (e.g., a milking stool). khna7tshí-ne my buttock, my behind, shna7tshí-ne your behind, lahna7tshí-ne his behind, yehna7tshí-ne her behind. Base: -hna ? tshbutton See fasten; button button; fist; knuckle; turnip otsíhkwa 7. Base: -tsihkwbutton, put on ktsihkótha 7 I'm putting a button on. wahatsihko-tA• he put a button on. Base: -tsihkotbutton, put on several; knead dough ktsihkotúnyuhe 7 I'm kneading it, I'm putting buttons on. waktsihkotúni7 I have kneaded it, I have put buttons on. wahatsihkotúni7 he kneaded it. Base: -tsihkotunyubuy you are buying it, snihni-núhe7 you two are buying it. wakhni-nú- I have bought it. wa7khni-nú- I bought it, wa7shni-núyou bought it, wahahni-nú• he bought it, wa7ehní-nú• she bought it, wesnihni-nú• you two bought it, wahihni-nú• I bought it from him, wahakhni-nú• he bought it from me, Ahahni-nú• he will buy it, Ashni-núyou will buy it, Asnihni nú- you two will buy it, ashni-nú- you should buy it, akutihni-nú• they (z.) should buy it. lahninúhahkwe7 he was buying it, lohni-núhkwe7 he had bought it at one time, lohninu-hné• he had bought it. ahohninúhake7 he will have bought it. ahohni-núke7 he shni-núhe7

should have bought it. thohni-núhkwe7 there he had bought it. tAthatihni-nú- there they (m.) will buy again, yahahni-nú- he bought it when he was over there. yáh thashni-nú• you won't buy it. wa7ksliye7tahni-núI bought thread. usahahtahkwahni-nú' he should buy shoes again. wa7katya7tawi7tslahni-núI bought a dress, wa7utya7tawi7tslahni-nú• she bought a dress. iva7kAhetshahni-nú- I bought some sausage, wahatihnekahni-núthey (m.) bought a drink. wa7khulahni-nú• I bought a gun. wahinuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from him, wa 7khenuhsahni-nú- I bought a house from her. wa7knutakli7tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. lohwAtsyahni-nú• he has bought land. wa7ke7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car, wahi7slehtahni-núI bought a car from him, tho7slehtahni-nú• he bought a car there. Base: -hninubuy for someone kuhninú-sehe7 I'm buying it for you, lakhninú-sehe7 he's buying it for me. kuhninú-se I have bought it for you. wa7kuhni-nú-se7 I bought it for you, wahakhni-nú-se7 he bought it for me, Ahakhni-nú-se7 he will buy it for me, Ahihni-nú-se7 I will buy it for him, askhnvnwse7 you should buy it for me. wahiyatslunyahkwahni-nú-se7 I bought clothes for him. wahinuhsahni-nú-se7 I bought him a house. waho7slehtahni-nú-se7 he bought a car for him. Base: -hninu ? se-/-hninu ? sbuy, go along buying lohninúti7 he's going along buying, shohninúti7 he's

English-Oneida

going along buying again. Base: -hninutyebuy, go along buying for someone tsyukhninu7seháti7 they went along buying it for me. Base: -hninu ? sehatyebuy, go to buy shninú-ne7 you're going to buy it, lahninú-ne7 he's here to buy it, he's going to buy it, lohninú-ne7 he's going to buy it from him. khninú-nehse7 I go to buy it. lohninú-nu he has gone to buy it. wahahninú-na7 he's on his way to buy it, he's going to buy it. shninú-na Go buy it! lohninu 7nu-hné• he went to buy it (and now he's back). sahahninú-na7 he went to buy again. AhutAna?tslahninú-na7 they (m.) will go to buy groceries.

927

Askna7talahninú-na7 I will go to buy bread again. lanuhkwa7tslahninú-nehse7 he goes to buy medicine. wa7kwistohslahninú-na7 I'm on my way to buy butter, swistohslahninú-na Go buy butter! Base: -hninu'nbuy, go to buy for someone skhninu 7sé-ne7 you're going to buy it for me. Base: -hninu ? se ? nbuy several shninúnyuhe7 you're buying things, you're shopping, lahninúnyuhe7 he's buying things. a-hatihninúni7 they (m.) should buy things. Base: -hninunyu-

c cabbage See head; cabbage cage, be See fence, be a fence; be a cage cake See bread; cake cake, wedding cake

yakonyákta7.

calf of the leg ohsiná-kala7 calf. ksina7kalá-ke (on) my calf, tshina7kalá-ke (on) your calf, yehsina7kalá-ke (on) her calf, lahsina7kalá-ke (on) his calf. ksina 7kalokú the underside or back of my calf. Pre-pausal: ksina 7kalo-kú. Base: -hsina ? kalcalico See dot; print; star call by a name latina7túkhwa7 they (m.) call it, kuna7túkhwa7 I call you,

yukna7túkhwa7 she calls me, yakhina 7túkhwa 7 we two or we all (excl.) call her, shakwana7túkhioa7 we all (excl.) call him, luwana7túkhwa7 they call him. Ayesaná-tuhkwe7 they will call you, Ahuwaná-tuhkwe7 they will call him. luwana7túkhwahkwe7 they used to call him, shakotina7túkhwahkzve7 they (m.) used to call her. Base: -na'tuhkwcall, for a call to come watwAnatákhe7 a call came from far away. Base: -atwAnatakhecall out to someone thakhAlha7 he's calling me, yekuhAlha7 I'm calling out to you, thuwahAlha7 she's calling him (towards her),

928

English-Orieida

yehuwahAlha7 she's calling out to him. tayúkhAle7 she called me to her, tashukwáhAle7 he called us to him, ya7utáthAle7 she called over to her, she notified her. tethakhAlha7 he's calling me back, tutahákhAle7 he called me back. yusahuwáhAle7 she called him back again, yAshuwáhAle7 she will call him back again, yusakúhAle7 I should call you again. tshyusakúhAle7 when I called you again, yáh thyeshuwahAlú she or someone didn't call him back again. Base: .hAl- plus t- cislocative or ytranslocative call out to someone; summon someone yehiná-tuhe7 I'm calling out to him, I'm summoning him, yehuwaná-tuhe7 she's calling out to him. yehuwaná-tu7 she has called out to him. ya7khená-tu7 I summoned her. yusahuwaná-tu7 she called over to him again. Base: ,na ? tu- plus y- translocative call several; mention lana7túnyuhe7 he's calling it, he's mentioning it. lona7túni7 he has mentioned it. wahana7túni7 he mentioned about things. Base: -na'tunyucall someone down yX-nihe7 he's calling you down, he's saying things to you that indicate he doesn't think too much of you, lakzvA-nihe7 he's calling me down, liyA-nihe7 I call him down. wahiyAhahse7 I called him down, ivahakwAhahse7 he called me down, wahyayAhahse7 he called you down, wahetshAhahse7 you called him down, AkuyAhahse7 I will call you down. lakwAhni-hné-

he has called me down. Base: -Ahni-/-Aha ? scallus

yolakxváhtale7.

calm, be See still, be still; be quiet camel

yo7nowakwa-lúte7.

camera

kaya7tálha?.

can fruit See preserve fruit Canada candle

Kolahkozvánhne. ohaká-ta7.

candle wick See soot; candle wick candy See sweets cane atA-nis. Base: -atA'nis-Z-atA'nitslcane, use a cane or crutches katA7nítslote7 I'm using a cane or crutches, latA^nítslote7 he's on crutches, yutA7nítslote7 she's on crutches. Base: -atA ? nitslotcanker sores, have wakanitshó-khwale7 I have canker sores, lonitshó-khivale7 he has canker sores, yakonitshó-khwale7 she has canker sores. Base: -anitsho'khwalcanoe See ash, black ash; boat capable, be Iokwenya7tsíhA capable, yakokwcnya7tsíhA

he's she's

capable.

Base: -kwenya ? tsihAcar See vehicle car, be rough See rough ride, be car, convertible car

wataskwáhele7.

English-Oneida

car, park See park a vehicle car, sound of See noise, sound of a vehicle carcass okalyA-ta7 okalyA7ta7shúha carcasses.

carcass. dead things,

Base: -kalyA?tcardinal

onikwAhtalá-.

cards, play See play cards care tewaktíhA I care, tehotíhA he cares, teyakotíhA she cares. tewaktihA-hné• I used to care. tAwaktihXhake7 I will care, yáh tha 7tewaktíhA I don't care, yáh tha 7tehotitíhA they (m.) don't care, tá-t yáh tha7tauktíhake7 if I didn't care, yáh tha7teswaktíhA I don't care anymore. Base: .tih(A)- plus te- dualic care for See treasure; value care, take care doing tyakoteyA-tu she took care doing it, she's nice about doing it. takateyA-tu7 I took special care doing it, AtehsateyA-tu7 you will take care doing it. Base: ,ateyA?tu-/.atewyA?tu- plus t- cislocative careful, be See look after; mind; be careful carpenter lanuhsu-níhe7 carpenter. Base: -nuhsunihe7

(he's a)

carpet See rug; carpet; linoleum carrot otsí-nkwala7

nikahtehló-tA.

carry in one's hands; take along kha-wí- I'm carrying it, I'm taking it along, sha-wí- you're taking it along,

929

laha-wí• he's carrying it, yeha-wíshe's carrying it, sniha-wí- you two are carrying it, twaha-wí- we (incl.) are carrying it, latiha-wí- they (m.) are carrying it, kheya7taha-wf I'm carrying her, I'm bringing her along, Uya7taha-wí• I'm carrying him, I'm bringing him along, shakoya7taha-wí• he's carrying her or them, he's bringing her or them along, kha-wí-se7 I'm carrying it around, kheya7taha-wí-se7 I'm moving around as I'm holding her. khawíne7 I carried it, I brought it along, laha-wíne7 he carried it, he brought it along, kha-wí-skwe7 I was carrying it around. Akhawí-sheke7 I will be carrying it around, sekha-wíI'm carrying or bringing it back again, shaha-wí- he's carrying it again. yáh tehuwaya7taha-wí• they aren't taking him. yutAna7tslaha-wí• she's bringing (carrying) her lunch. khna7tatslaha-wí• I'm carrying a purse or suitcase. kna7talaha-iuí- I'm carrying bread, yena 7tsyaha-zvíshe's carrying a pail. Base:

-hawi-/-ya ? tahawi-

carry several khawinúti7 I have all kinds of things I'm carrying, a 7éwa7khawinúti7 way over there I'm taking that stuff, sekhawinúti7 I brought back several things, tsyehaivinúti7 she brought back several things, elók sekhawinútyehse7 all over the place I'm going around carrying things, takhawinúti7 I'm coming over there taking all this stuff along. Base: -hawinutyecarry someone under one's arm katya7tó-loks I'm carrying someone under my arm (e.g., a small child). wakatya7tó-lu I have carried some-

930

English-Orieida

one under my arm. wa7katya7tó-loke7 I carried someone under my arm. Base: -atya ? tohlok-/-atya ? tohlcat takó-s cat. Pre-pausal: takóhs. tako7skó- big cat. catch tekye-nás I'm catching it. twakyenA I have caught it. tyoyenA it was caught (stuck) onto it. Prepausal: tyoye-nA. takye-ná- I caught it, tahaye-ná• he caught it. tatsye-ná Catch it! Base: .yena- plus t- cislocative

Catholics

tehatiyahsútha7.

cautious, be See look after; mind; be careful cave See hole, be a hole in the rock; a cave cave See hole, be a hole in the ground; a cave or tunnel cease See let go of; stop doing; quit; leave someone cedar tekanA7takwAhtA7.

catch a cold See cold, catch a cold

ceiling tsi7

catch fire See fire, catch fire catch someone at kukahkAnyehse7 I catch you at it, I see what you're up to. wa7kukahkA-ní• I caught you at it, wahuwakahkA-níthey caught onto what he was up to. Base: -kahkAny-

celery

catch up to someone lakhnútlahse7 he catches up to me. lakhnutlá-u he has caught up to me. wahakhnútlane7 he caught up to me, wahihnútlane7 I caught up to him, wa7shakohnútlane7 he caught up to her or them. Base: -hnutla 7 catch up with See hold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest catcher (softball) tekye-nás I'm the catcher, tehsye-nás you're catcher, thaye-nás he's catcher, tyeye-nás she's catcher. Base: .yenas plus t- cislocative caterpillar

onhwalá-ne7.

catfish ka7nkwilokA. ka 7nkwilo-kA.

Pre-pausal:

tkanAstíhale7.

ostawina7shúha.

cemetery tsi7

tyeya?tatáli7.

ceremony, go to katA7nyotakó-nehse7 I keep going to ceremonies. wa7katA7nyotakó-na7 I'm going to a wedding. Base: -atA'nyotako'nceremony, go to katA7nyotá-ne7 I'm going to have a ceremony (for me). katA7nyotá-nehse7 I keep going there to have a ceremony. wa7katA7nyotá-na7 I'm on my way to a wedding, AtzvatA 7nyotá-na7 we (incl.) are going to a wedding. Base: -atA ? nyota ? nceremony, have katA7nyótha7 I'm having a ceremony (e.g., a wedding). iva7katA7nyo-tA• I had a ceremony. yukyatA7nyo-táhkwe7 we two had a ceremony. watA7nyotakslowanA it's a big ceremony, a big wedding. Base: -atA?nyot-/-atA?nyotakslceremony, have for someone yukhíyatA7nyotA-níhe7 she's putting on a ceremony for us. wa 7ukhiyatA 7nyóthahse 7 she made

English-Oneida

a big do for us. Base: -atA?nyotAni-/ -atA ? nyothahsceremony; wedding ivatA-nyote7 certain, become See truth, become known; become certain certainly olihwiyó. Pre-pausal: olihivi-yá chain

tekanuwalotálhu.

chair anitskwahlákhwa7 chair. anitskwahlakhwá-ke on the chair. unitskwahla7tsláksAne7 the chair became bad. katanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahlá-tslote7 he has a chair standing. kanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting up a chair, wakanitskwahlá-tslote7 I have set up the chair, wa7kanitskwahla7tslo-tAI set up a 7tslotúni7 chair, sayakwanitskwahla we (excl.) set up the chairs again. tsi7 nizvanitskwahla7tsliyó it's a really nice chair, tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsli-yó-se7 are the chairs ever nice. áhsA niwanitskwahlá-tslake three chairs, swanitskwahlá-tslat one chair. lanitskwahla7tslu-níhe7 he's making a chair, lonitskwahla7tsluní he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla7tslu-ní• he made a chair. lonanitskwahlá-tslayA7 they (m.) have chairs. wakanitskwahla7tslayAtá-u I got a chair, Aswakanitskwahla7tslayA-táne7 I will get a chair again. Base: -anitskwahlakhw-/ -anitskwahla ? tsl-

chalk dust

931

ohsawé-ta7.

chance, get lote7shAnayA-tá-se7 he gets chances. lote7shAnayAtá-u he has gotten a chance. wahote7shAtiayA-táne7 he got a chance. Base: -ate ? shAnayAta ? chance, give someone kuyate7shAna-wíhe7 I'm giving you chances, lakwate7shAna-wíhe7 he gives me chances. iva7kuyate7shA-nAI gave you a chance, wa7kheyate7shA-nA• I gave her a chance, wahote7shA-nA• he gave him a chance. takwate7shA-nA Give me a chance! yáh thayesate7shA-nA• they won't give you a chance. Base: -ate ? shAnawi-/-ate ? shAnAchance, have wakate7shA-náyA7 I have a chance, lote7shA-náyA7 he has a chance, yakote7shA-náyA7 she has a chance. Base: -ate?shAnayAchange tehattényehse7 he changes (e.g., his mood, his clothes), tewattényehse7 it's changing. tehotténi he has changed, teyotténi she (z.) or it has changed. wa7thatte-ní• he changed, wa7twatte-ní• she (z.) or it changed, tAivatte-nf she (z.) or it will change. tASwatte-ní- it will change again. na7tewakatténi how I have changed. Base: .atteny-/.attenyu- plus tedualic change a tire tehohnakwalaténi he has changed the tire. wa7thahnakwalate-ní• he changed the tire. Base: .hnakwalateny- plus tedualic

932

English-Orieida

change clothes wa7tkatslunyahkwate-ní• I changed my clothes. tusakatslunyahkwate-níI changed my clothes again. Base: .atslunyahkwateny- plus tedualic change, for one's voice to change tehatwAnatényehse7 his voice is changing (because he's going through puberty). tehotwAnaténi his voice has changed. wa7thatwAnate-ní- his voice changed. Base: .atwAnateny- plus te- dualic change girlfriends tóhka7 nahatya7tase7tslate-níhe changed several girlfriends, he changed girlfriends several times. Base: -atya ? tase ? tslatenychange, go along changing teyottenyuháti7 it's going along changing. na7teyottenyuháti7 how it's going along changing. Base: .attenyuhatye- plus tedualic change oil wa7thayenate-ní- he changed the oil, he had the oil changed, wa7thatiyenate-ní• they (m.) changed the oil. Base: .yenateny- plus te- dualic change one's mind teswakatlihwatenyA-níhe7 I'm of two minds about something. teswakatlihwateny Ani I have changed my mind. tusukwatlihwaténi7 I changed my mind, tusahotlihwaténi7 he changed his mind. Base: .atlihwatenyAni-/ .atlihwatenyA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive

change one's ways tewakattenyá-u I have changed, tehottenyá-u he has changed, teyottenyá-u she (z.) or it has changed. Base: .attenya 7 - plus te- dualic change, repeatedly or several tewattenyúkwas it keeps changing. teyottenyúkwA it has changed. wa7twattenyu-kó• it changed several times, quite a few things changed. Base: .attenyukw- plus te- dualic change several tehatenyúkwas he's changing all of them. tehotenyúkwA he has changed them all. wa7thatenywkó• he changed them all. Base: .tenyukw- plus te- dualic change something tektényehse7 I'm changing it, tehatényehse7 he changes it. tewakténí I have changed it, tehoténi he has changed it. wa 7tekte-ní- I changed it, I'm changing it, wa 7thate-ní• he changed it, he's changing it, tAkte-nf I will change it. tusakte-ní• I changed it again, tusahate-ní• he changed it again, tAtsítwate-ní- we (incl.) will change it again. Base: .teny-/.tenyu- plus te- dualic change something, go to change something tehatenyú-ne7 he's going to change it. wa7thatenyú-na7 he's on his way someplace to change it. Base: .tenyu ? n- plus te- dualic chapped skin, have chapped or dry skin tewaklúkwas I have dry, chapped skin, teyakolúkwas she has dry skin, teholúkwas he has dry skin. Base: .lukwas plus te- dualic

English-Oneida

charge, take charge; look after katstelísta7 I look after things. lotstelístu he's looking after it, he's in charge. wa7katste-liste7 I looked after it, Akatste-liste7 I will look after it, it will be my matter, tákA 7 ahutste-list they (m.) shouldn't take it over, they shouldn't touch it. shonatstelistu they (m.) are in charge again. Base: -atstelistcharge, take charge of someone's affairs liyatlihwatstelísta7 I'm taking charge of his business or affairs (e.g., I assume power-ofattorney), I'm his advocate, shakotlihwatstelísta7 he takes charge of her business. Base: -atlihwatstelistcharge, take charge of someone's affairs for them liyatlihwatstelistA-nihe7 I'm in complete charge of his business, his matters, liyatlihwatstelistAni I have taken charge of his matters. wahiyatlihwatstelistA7 I took charge of his matters. Base: -atlihwatstelistAni-/ -atlihwatstelistAchase; follow khéhsle7 I'm chasing her or them, shakóhsle7 he's following her or them, láhsle7 he's chasing her (z.) or it, lóhsle 7 he's chasing him, she (z.) or it is chasing him. Prepausal: lóhsele7 shakóhslehse7 he keeps following her (used also when a boy is after a girl), shakwáhslehse7 we (excl.) are chasing him, luwáhslehse7 they're chasing him. shakwahslenA we (excl.) have chased him, shakohslenA he has followed her or them, lahslenA he has chased her

933

(z.) or it, lohslenA he has chased him. wa 7khéhsle 7 I chased her or them, wa7shakóhsle7 he followed her or them, waháhsle7 he chased her (z.) or it, wahóhsle7 he chased him, wa7óhsle7 she (z.) chased her (z.), Ashakóhsle7 he will follow her or them. Pre-pausal: Ashakóhsele7. lahslenA-hné• he chased her (z.) or it (at one time). AhohslenAhake7 he will have chased him. elók sekhéhsle 7 I'm chasing her or them around all over the place, yahóhsle7 he chased him towards there, yaháhsle7 he chased her (z.) or it towards there. Base: -hslechase someone away; shoo someone away kuyate7kwátha7 I'm shooing you away. yukwate7kwáhtu she has chased me away. wa7shakoté-kwahte7 he shooed her away, wahiyaté-kwahte7 I sent him away, wahuwaté-kwahte7 they chased him away. tashakoté-kwahte7 he sent her away, yáh te7yukwate7kwáhtu she didn't shoo me away. Base: -ate ? kwahtcheap, be cheap; be available; be willing watyesA it's cheap, lotyesA he's available, he's willing, yakotyesA she's willing. Pre-pausal: yakotye-sA. Base: -atyes(A)cheat la7nikulhá-tha7 he's a cheat, he's cheating. lo7nikulhá-tu he has cheated. waha7nikúlhahte7 he cheated. Base: - ? nikulha ? tcheek onhó-kwa7 cheek. kenho7kwá-ke (on) my cheeks, senho7kwá-ke (on) your cheeks,

934

English-Orieida

yenho7kwá-ke (on) her cheeks, lanho7kwá-ke (on) his cheeks. onho7kwa7shúha cheeks, buttocks. a7é• na7tehanhó-kwahse7 he has such big cheeks. na7teyenho7kó-tAhse7 the kind of cheeks she has. Base: -nho ? kwcheese yonekwalahnilú or yonekivalátkAhse7. Pre-pausal: yonekwalahni-lú.

cherry e lí-. cherry, wild elikkó-. chest utskwé-na7 chest. kutskwe7ná-ke (on) my chest, sutskwe7ná-ke (on) your chest, lutskwe7ná-ke (on) his chest, yakutskwe7ná-ke (on) her chest. Base: -utskwe 7 nchew tekatská-huhe7 I keep chewing. tewakatská-hu7 I'm chewing. wa7tkatská-hu7 I chewed, tAhsatská-hu7 you will chew. tekatskahúhahkwe7 I was chewing. Base: .atskahu- plus te- dualic

chief, remove as chief wahuwana 7kalahla kó- they removed him from being chief. tusahuwana7kalahla-kó• they took back again his position as chief. Base: ,na ? kalahlakw- plus tedualic child keksá- I'm a child, laksá- boy, yeksá- girl. Pre-pausal: yeksá\ tekniksá- two girls, tehniksá• two boys, two children. yakwaksa7shúha we (excl.) children, latiksa7shúha boys, children, kutiksa7shúha girls, ukwaksa7shúha our children, yáh laksá- té-kA he's not a boy, yáh tehaksá• he's not a child, he's no child, tshikeksá• when I was a child, tshiyeksá• when she was a child, tshiyakwaksa7shúha when we (excl.) were children. nihaksa7tó-tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa7tó-tA the kind of child she is, nihatiksa7tó-tAhse7 the way the children are. Base: -ksa ? -/-ksa ? tchild, adopt See adopt a child child, be bad See bad child, be

chew tobacco See put tobacco in one's mouth; chew tobacco

child, be good See good child, be

chickadee

child, look after See look after one's child

chicken

tsiktsile-lé-.

kítkit.

chicken feet kítkit 7shúha. laohyakivila chicken hawk kítkit yakoye-nás or kítkit teyakoya7tákhwa7. chief, be tehana7kaláhele7 (he's a) chief, he has horns on him. Base: .na ? kalahel-/.na' ? kalahlplus te- dualic

child, raise See raise a child child; son; daughter liyAha my son, I have him as a son, kheyAha my daughter, etshyAha your son, sheyAha your daughter, luwayAha her son, utatyAha her daughter, kuway Aha her daughter (z.), loyAha his son, shakoyAha his daughter. lakyAha my father, he's a father to me. tsyutatyAha again her daughter

English-Oneida

(her daughter's daughter), shoyAha again his son (his son's son). kheyo7okúha my children, sheyo?okúha your children, akoyo7okúha her (z.) children, luwatiyo7okúha her children, shakoyo?okúha his children, yethiyo?okúha our children. Base: -yAha child, spoil See spoil a child child-parent relation See parent-child relation chimney, be a chimney, lamp globe, or stovepipe, standing ka7nyú-lote7 (it's a) chimney, lamp globe, stovepipe. tsi7 tka7nyú-lote7 the chimney is there, áhsu te7ka7nyú-lote7 it doesn't have a chimney yet. Base: - ? nyuhlotchimney; lamp globe; stovepipe o7nyú-la7 lamp globe or chimney, stovepipe. wa7ke7nyuhlo-kéwe7 I wiped the lamp globe, se7nyuhlo-kéw Clean the lamp globe! Base: -'nyuhl-

935

a Chippewa, he's a non-Oneida Indian, latitwa7kánha7 they (m.) are Chippewas, kutitwa7kánha7 they (z.) are Chippewas. choke ukéstine7 I choked (usually referring to liquids going down the wrong tube). Base: -sti ? choke on fluid or liquid lohnekástihse7 he keeps choking, lohnekastí-u he's choking, ukhnekástine7 water went down the wrong way on me, I choked. Base: -hnekasti7choke on food tewakenya7tha-lá-se7 I choke, tehonya7tha-lá-se7 he keeps choking. tewakenya7thalá-u I have choked, tehonya7thalá-u he has choked, he's choking. wa7twakenya7tha-láne7 it went down the wrong way, I choked, wa7thonya7tha-láne7 he choked, wa7tyakonya7tha-láne7 she choked. ? ? Base: .nya thala - plus te- dualic

chin ohyó-tsha7 chin. kehyo7tshé-ne my chin, shyo 7tshé-ne your chin, lahyo7tshé-ne his chin, yehyo7tshé-ne her chin. lohyo 7tsho 7thi-yé• he has a pointy chin. Base: -hyo'tsh-

choke someone teshakohnya7tsílya7ks he chokes her. teshakohnya7tsilyá-ku he's choking her, he has choked her. wa7teshakohnya7tsílyahke7 he choked her, wa7thakhnya7tsílyahke7 he choked me. Base: .hnya'tsilya'k- plus tedualic

chipmunk

chokecherry teyakonya 7thalahtá-ne 7.

tsyolhyóhkwa7.

Chippewa; non-Oneida Indian twa7kánha7 or twa7kAnha7 Chippewa, non-Oneida Indian. twa7kAnhá ke on the Chippewa side, at the Chippewa reserve on the other side of the river from Oneidaof-the-Thames. lativa7kánha7 he's

choose klákwas I'm choosing it. waklákwA I have chosen it. kalákwA it's chosen. wa7kla-kó- I chose it, wahsla-kó• you chose it, wa7kheya7tala-kó• I chose her, wahiya7tala-kó• I chose him. Base: -lakw-/-ya ? talakw-

936

English-Orieida

choosy, be See picky, be picky; be choosy chop See break into pieces; cut; smash; chop; grind chop with an axe kélo7oks or íklo ?oks I'm chopping, lálo?oks he's chopping, yélo 7oks she's chopping, kálo7oks she (z.) is chopping, tnílo7oks you and I (incl.) are chopping, twálo 7oks we (incl.) are chopping, yakwálo7oks we (excl.) are chopping, latílo7oks they (m.) are chopping, kutílo7oks they (z.) are chopping. wakélo7o or wakélu?u I have chopped, lólo 7o or lolo 7okú he has chopped, wa 7kélo 7oke 7 I chopped, I started to chop, Akélo7oke7 I will chop, Ahálo7oke7 he will chop. Ahalo?ókseke7 he will be chopping. Base: -lo?ok-/-lo ? oChristian, be Christian; be religious lolihwiyóstu (he's a) Christian, yakolihwiyóstu (she's a) Christian. lolihwiyostú-ne7 he was Christian. aesalihwiyostúhake7 you should be a Christian. Base: -lihwiyostChristianity

kalihwiyóstak.

Christmas concert kalu-tóte7.

wa7enu7táthehte7 she churned the butter. Base: -nu ? tathe ? t-

cicada tsikskó-. cigarette ohlóhkwa7 cigarette. wahohlohku-tíhe lost his cigarettes. khlohkwanwwáks I'm craving tobacco. Base: -hlohkwcircle, be See round, be round; be a circle circle, get into See tie completely; get into a circle circus people city people

tehutya-látuhe7. latinata7kehlo-nú-.

claim; keep for oneself katlákwas I keep taking it and keeping it. wakatlákwA I have claimed it. wa7katla-kó• I claimed it, I kept it for myself. Base: -atlakwclam

ata-kA-.

clan, be

niwaki7taló-tA

náhte7nisé•

nesA7taló-tA7

it's my clan, what is that's the

your clan? nuki7taló-tA7 kind of clan I am. Base: .i'talo'tA- plus n- partitive

church, go to See pray, go to pray; go to church

clap one's hands tekahtsyále7eks I'm clapping, tewakahtsyále7 I have clapped. wa7tkahtsyále7eke7 I clapped. Base: .ahtsyale 7 ek-/.ahtsyaleplus te- dualic

church service watlA-náyA7.

claw See fingernail; toenail; claw

churn butter knu 7tathé-tha 7 I'm churning butter, yenu7tathé-tha7 she's churning butter, waknu 7tathé-tu I have churned the butter.

clean See tidy up

church tsi7 tyutlAnayAtákhwa7

yutlAnayAtákhwa7

church. at church.

clean, keep clean or spotless yeyAniyó she's a clean person, she's spotless,

English-Oneida

she has good habits (cleaning), she's a good housekeeper, layAtiiyó he's clean. Pre-pausal: layAni-yó. Base: -yAniyoclimb, be climbing; walk on something high up kla-té- I'm climbing, lala-téhe's climbing, lola-té• it's climbing on him. kla-té-se7 I have gone to the top and I'm walking around up there, lala-té-se7 he's climbing around up there, ivahala-té• he's walking or climbing (either vertically or horizontally) going that way. thala-té-se7 he's climbing around there, tahala-té- he's coming up, climbing this way. yekla-té-se7 I'm up there walking around, yehala-té-se7 he's up there walking around, yekla-téskwe7 I was upstairs walking around, yAklaté-sheke 7 I will be up there walking around, nikutila-té- how or where they (z.) are climbing. Base:

-late-

climb up kláthAS I keep climbing up, laláthAs he keeps climbing up. wakláthA I have climbed up, loláthA he has climbed up. wa?kláthA7 I climbed up, wahaláthA7 he climbed up, waholáthA 7 it climbed up on him, wahotiláthA 7 it climbed up on them (m.), AkláthA 7 I will climb up, 7 AhsláthA you will climb up. sláthA Climb up! tahalátliA7 he climbed up (towards me), tayeláthA7 she climbed up. yahaláthA7 he climbed up (away from me). Base:

-lathA-

climb up, be on one's way up waklathAháti7 I'm climbing up, lolathAháti7 he's climbing up. waholathAháti7 he on his way

937

climbing up. Base: -lathAhatyecling lotskwanAtakú he's clinging on to it (e.g., a bug on a tree, a tick on a person or animal). wahotskwanA-táke7 he clung onto it. lotskwanAtakú-ne7 he was stuck on it. Base: -itskwanAtak-/-itskwanAtcling to someone See stick close to someone clock kahwista7ékta7 clock. akhwista7ékta7 my clock. close a door kenho-túhe7 I'm closing the door, wakenho-tú- I have closed the door, lonho-tú• he has closed the door. wa7kenho-tú- I closed the door, wahanho-tú• he closed the door, Ahsenho-tú- you will close the door, Ayenho-tú• she will close the door. senho-tú Close the door! yáh te7kanho-tú• the door isn't closed. Base: -nhotuclose a door, go to close a door kenhotú-ne7 I came here to close the door. wa7kenhotú-na7 I'm going there to close the door, skenhotú-ne7 I'm going to close the door again. Base: -nhotu'nclose a gate wa7katA7Ahlanho-túI closed the gate. satA7Ahlanho-tú Close the gate! Base: -atA?Ahlanhotuclose a window kwisanho-túhe7 I'm closing the window. wa7ewisanho-túshe closed the window. Base: -wisanhotuclose a window; lower a window tekwisAtha 7 I'm lowering or closing the window. thowisAhtu he has closed the window. takwi-sAhte7 I

938

English-Orieida

closed the window, Atyewi-sAhte7 she will close the window. taswi-sAt Close the window! Base: .wisAht- plus t- cislocative close doors wa7kenhotúni7 the doors, wa7enhotúni7 the doors. Base: -nhotunyu-

I closed all she closed

close doors, go along closing doors wakenhotunyuháti7 I'm closing the doors one after the other. Base: -nhotunyuhatyeclose, for a door to close; close a door for oneself watenho-túhe7 the door closes, yotenho-tú• the door has closed, wahatenho-tú• he closed or locked the door for himself, utenho-tú• the door closed or locked. Base: -atenhotuclose, for a door to close on someone wakatenhotu-níhe7 the door keeps closing on me. ukwatenho-tú-se7 the door closed on me (e.g., I went to the store and the door closed just before I got there). Base: -atenhotuni-/-atenhotu?sclose; near ákta7. close one's eyes tekatkáhkweks I keep closing my eyes, tewakatkahkwekú I have closed my eyes. wa 7tkatkáhkweke 7 I closed my eyes. tehsatkáhkwek Close your eyes! Base: .atkahkwek- plus te- dualic close one's hand See hand, bunch up close one's mouth wa7kátskweke7 I closed my mouth, wahátskweke7 he closed his mouth, wa7útskweke7 she closed her mouth. Base: -atskwek-

close windows, go along closing windows yakowisanhotunyuháti7 she closed the windows one after the other. Base: -wisanhotunyuhatyeclose windows, several wa7ewisanhotúni7 she closed all the windows (one at a time). Base: -wisanhotunyuclose with a lid See cover; close with a lid closed eyes, have tewakatkahkwékhu7 my eyes are closed, tehotkahkwékhu7 his eyes are closed, teyakotkahkwékhu7 her eyes are closed. Base: .atkahkwekhu- plus tedualic cloth; fabric; blanket okAha7 cloth, fabric, blanket. okAhokú under the cloth or blanket. Pre-pausal: okAho-kú. yokAhastáthA the blanket is dry. wa7katkAho-lóke7 I covered myself with a blanket, wa?akyatkAho-lóke7 we two (excl.) covered ourselves with a blanket. wakatkAhani-yúte7 I have an apron on, I have curtains up, yakotkAhani-yúte7 she has an apron on, satkAhanyu-tA Put on an apron! yutkAhu-níhe7 she's making a quilt or blanket, wa7katkAhu-ní• I made quilts, ayutkAhu-ní• she should make quilts. wa7utkAhúnyahte7 she made quilts from (them). AwakkAhu-tí• I will lose my blanket. lakkAhawí he has given me a blanket, wa 7ukkAhu 7 they gave me a blanket. kakAhes it's a long cloth or blanket. wa7thikAhaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped him in a blanket, I wrapped the blanket around him, wa7tekhekAhaha7úwe7eke7 I

English-Oneida

wrapped her in a blanket. ya 7skAhahla-kó Take the blanket down! wa7tekkAha7ktáni7 I folded the blanket. tekhekAhata-séhe7 I wrap her up in a blanket (e.g., a baby), wa7tekhekAhata-séI wrapped her up in a blanket. kakAhiyó it's nice material, a nice blanket. yukwakAhaká-te7 we have lots of blankets, tyukwakAhaká-te7 we have so many blankets there, yáh te?tyukwakAhaká-te7 we don't have too many blankets there. yokAhákste7 it's heavy cloth. wahakkAhanAsko7

he stole the

blanket from me, sahikAhanAsko7 I stole the blanket from him again. kakAhani-yúte7 curtains are hanging. kakAhanyu-tú• there's material (e.g., curtains) hanging in several places (e.g., on several windows). kakAhatAs it's thick material, cotton, tsi7 nikakAhatAs it's such a thick blanket. wahakAhayA-hnáhe's taking a blanket over. wa7kkAho-lóke7 I put a blanket over her (z.) or it, wa7khekAho-lóke7

I

covered her with a blanket, tayekAho-lóke7 there she covered it up with a blanket. Base: -kAhcloth, hem See hem cloth cloth, piece of cloth; rag o-hná- piece of cloth, rag. ohna 7shúha rags. Base: -ihn-/-hncloth, sew See sew cloth cloth, shake out or unfurl See shake out or unfurl cloth cloth, spread out See spread out cloth or a rug; put down linoleum

clothes atslunyákhwa7

939

clothes.

akwatslunyákhwa7 my clothes, satslunyákhwa7 your clothes, akotslunyákhwa7 her clothes, laotslunyákhwa7 his clothes, swatslunyákhwa7 your (plural) clothes, laonatslunyákhwa7 their

(m.) clothes.

I

wahiyatslunyahkwahni-nú-se7

bought clothes for him. she

luwAnatslunyahkunyA-níhe7

made clothes for them. Base: -atslunyakhw-/ -atslunyahkwclothes, change See change clothes clothes, put on See dressed, get dressed; put on clothes clothes, wring out See wring out clothes cloud ohtsí-kla7 ohtsí-kela7

cloud. Pre-pausal: it's all

ohtsi7klósku7

cloudy. Base: -ahtsPklcloud over; become cloudy uhtsí-klate7 it got cloudy, Awahtsí-klate7 it will get cloudy, suhtsí-klate7

it got

cloudy again. Base: -ahtsi'klatclouds, come or go wa7ohtsi7kláti7 clouds went by. tayohtsi7kláti7 getting cloudy. Base: -ahtsi'klatye-

the it's

clouds form; become cloudy wa7ohtsíklane7

it got cloudy,

suddenly there were clouds. Base: -ahtsi ? kla ? cloudy, be yohtsfkle7 it's cloudy. Prepausal: yohtsíkele7. Base: -ahtsi'kl(e)c l o w n otsistohkwá-

940

coal

English-Orieida

ÓSWA7. Pre-pausal: Base: -a'swA-

Ó-SWA7.

coat See dress; shirt; jacket; coat; blouse coat rack; coat hanger; coat hook 7. yutya 7tawi7tslihalákhwa cobweb tsina 7tsyakéhtu teyota 7a-lúte7.

7

cocky, be See vain, be vain; be cocky cocky, be See aggressive, be aggressive, industrious, or cocky coffee khófe coffee. wa7kekhofe7tslahnekí-la7 I drank coffee. Base: -khofe-/-khofe ? tslcold otholyáhsla7

a cold.

cold, be yotho-lé• it's cold. yotho-léhkwe7 it was cold. Ayotho-léke7 it will be cold. tsyotho-lé- it's cold again, tyotho-léit's cold there, niyotho-lé• it's so cold, thó niyotho-léhkwe7 it was cold enough, tyonuhsatho-lé• the building there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho-lé• our house there is cold. Base: -athol(e)cold, be yowísto it's cold. wakwistó-tskwA I get cold easily, I'm easy to get cold. yohnana7tawísto the potatoes are cold, yohnekawísto the water is cold, yokhwawísto the food is cold. yowelawísto it's a cold wind. yowistohslawísto the butter is cold. Base: -wistocold, become watho-láts it gets cold. utho-láte7 it got cold, ukwatholáte7

it got cold on me, wa7ukwatho-láte7 it got cold on us. sutho-láte7 it got cold again. Base: -atholatcold, become kzvístohse7 I'm cold, yewístohse7 she's cold. wa7kwístoske7 I got cold, wahawístoske7 he got cold, wa 7ewístoske 7 she got cold, Akwístoske 7 I will get cold. kwístoskwe7 I was cold. nikwístohse7 I'm so cold, yáh te7kwístohse7 I'm not cold. tshikwístohse7 when I'm cold. Base: -wisto-/-wistoskcold, become wa7kawístone7 it got cold. wa7kahnana7tawístone7 the potatoes got cold. wa7kahnekawístone7 the water got cold. xva7kakhwawístone7 the food got cold. Base: -wisto 7 cold, catch a cold wakatholyahslú-se I have a cold, satholyahslú-se you have a cold, lotholyahslú-se he has a cold, yakotholyahslú-se she has a cold, wahotholyáhsluhse7 he caught a cold, Ahotholyáhsluhse7 he will have a cold, aukwatholyáhsluhse7 I should get a cold. Base: -atholyahslu ? se-/ -atholyahslu ? scold, come tayotholáti7 cold is coming. Base: .atholatye- plus t- cislocative cold ears, get tewakahúhtya7ks my ears are freezing, tehohúhtya7ks his ears are freezing, teyakohúhtya7ks her ears are freezing. wa7twakahúhtyahke7 my ears got

English-Oneida

cold. Base: .ahuhtya'k- plus te- dualic cold feet, get tewakahsAní-taks my feet are freezing cold, tesahsAní-taks your feet are cold. wa?twakahsAm'-take? I got cold feet, wa7thohsAtií-take7 he got cold feet, wa?tyakohsAní-take7 she got cold feet. Base: .ahsAni?tak- plus te- dualic cold, get really cold; freeze lowisto?kwanAstu he's all frozen (e.g., a dog). wa?kwistó-kivariASte? froze, I'm freezing, wa?kawistókwanAste?

I

s h e (z.) or it

froze, Akawistó-kwanAste7 it will freeze, ayakniwistó-kwanAste7 we two (excl.) should freeze, yáh te?yotiwisto?kwanAstu they (e.g., the flowers) didn't freeze. wa?kahsi?tawistó-kwanAste?

my

feet froze (e.g., my toes got frostbitten). Base: -wisto'kwanAstcold, going to get watholáthe7 going to get cold. Base: -atholath-

it's

cold hands, get tewakeshnúhsya?ks my hands are cold. wa?twakeshnúhsyahke? my hands got cold. Base: .shnuhsya'k- plus te- dualic cold head, get wa?knutsistawístoske? my head got cold, wahanutsistawístoske7 his head got cold. Base: -nutsistawistoskcold, it's cold yokwí-tan.

941

cold nose, get wa?ke?nyuhsawístoske? my nose got cold. Base: - ? nyuhsawistoskcollar See neck, nape of the neck; collar collar, have tekahnya?sáhele? there's a collar on it (e.g., on the dress). Base: .hnya'sahel- plus te- dualic collect See fix; put away; save colour ohsóhkwa7 colour. ohsohkwa?shúha colours. wahsohkwáksAhse7 they are ugly colours, wahsohkwiyó it's a nice colour, wahsohkwi-yó-se7 they are nice colours. nya7tewahsóhkwake all colours, every colour. nikahsohkwanú-wehse7 I really like that colour. niwahsohkó-tA the kind of colour it is, kwáh tsi7 ok niwahsohkó-tA they're all different colours, niwahsohkó-tAhse7 the kinds of colours they are, niwahsohko?tA-hné• it was that kind of colour. tsha?tewahsohkó-tA it's the same colour. yakohsóhkwayA 7 she has colours or paints. Base: -ahsohkwcolour, be bright See bright colour, be colour, be dark See dark colour, be colour, fade See fade, for colour to fade colour; paint yuhsókhwa7 colour; paint káhsos I'm colouring or painting, yúhsos she's colouring, kuyáhsos I'm putting paint on you. wakahsóhu I have coloured. waháhsowe7 he coloured, wa ?kuyáhsowe 7 I put paint on you, Akáhsowe 7 I will colour, aetwáhsowe7 we (incl.) should

942 English-Orieida

colour, sáhsow Colour! Base: -ahso-/-ahsohwcolour several; paint several kahsohwányuhe7 I'm colouring several things. wa7kahsohwáni7 coloured several things. Base: -ahsohwanyu-

he came after her or them, Ashakó-nuke7 he will go after her or them. Base: -ihnukI

column, be See line, be a line or column comb kanathálho7 my comb.

comb,

aknathálho7

comb of a rooster onláhsa 7 comb one's hair tehatnathálhos he's combing his hair, tehotnathálhu he has combed his hair. wa7thatnathálho7 he combed his hair, teshatnathálhos he's combing his hair again, tusahatnathálho7 he combed his hair again. Base: .atnathalho- plus te- dualic comb someone's hair tekunathálhu I have combed your hair. wa 7tkunathálho 7 I combed your hair, tAkunathálho7 I will comb your hair, tutaknathálho Comb my hair! Base: .nathalho- plus te- dualic combine (machine) kahwá-eks. come See walk; go; be somewhere come about; be possible wa-tú-se7 it could happen, u-tú- it came about. Awa-tú- it's possible, yáh te7yotú-u it didn't become possible, yáh thau-tú• it's not possible. Base: -atucome after; go after lakí-nuks he comes after me to get me, yukwA-nuks I'm coming after all of you. lakihnukú he has come after me. wahakí-nuke7 he came after me, wa7shakó-nuke7

come after; go to get shakohnúkse7 he has come after her, he's here for her. lakihnúksehse7 he comes to get me. shakohnúksu he has gone to pick her or them up. wa7khehnúksa7 I'm going after her, Ahihnúksa7 I will go after him, Akuhnúksa 7 I will go to get you, Ashakohnúksa7 he will go to get them, takihnúksa Come after me! seshakohnúkse7 he has come back after her again, shuwAhnúksu she has gone after him again, sahihnúksa7 I'm going after him again, Askuhnúksa7 I will go back after you again, tutashakohnúksa7 he came back after her again, yáh te7tyukihnúksu they didn't come after me. Base: -ihnukscome back to life shonatunhetú they (m.) have come back to life. sahutúnhete7 they (m.) came back to life. Base: .atunhet- plus s- repetitive come back; turn back skáktus I come back again, I start to come around (visit) again, tsyúktus she comes back around here, swakáktu I have turned back, sakáhkete7 I turned back, sayúhkete7 she came back, sayakwáhkete 7 we (excl.) went back. yáh te7skáktus I don't come (or go) around anymore. Base: .akt-/.ahket- plus s- repetitive come by a route kA-tho lakwáthos he comes here by this way every time. kA-tho lokwáthu he has come by this route. kA-tho Ahakwátho7 he will

English-Oneida 943

come by this way. Base: -kwathocome by; drop in yúktus she comes by here, wakáktu I was here, I came and now I have gone, lóktu he came by, lonáktu they (m.) came by. wa 7káhkete 7 I came by, I dropped in, waháhkete 7 he came by, wa 7úhkete 7 she or someone came by, Ahúhkete7 they (m.) will come by. Base: -akt-/-ahketcome by; drop in on someone shakoktA-níhe7 he keeps dropping in on them, wa 7shakóktahse 7 he dropped in on them, Ayukwáktahse7 they will come to visit me. Base: -aktAni-/-akta ? scomedown See go down; descend Come here! ka-áts. come in See enter; come in; go in Come on! hányo7 or háo7 come or go through See force through; penetrate come out See go out; come out come somewhere from somewhere thó takáhkete7 I came there, thó taháhkete7 he came there. Base: .akt-/.ahket- plus t- cislocative come to See conscious, become conscious; become aware; come to

comfortable, make oneself latnaktiyósta7 he's making himself comfortable, lotnaktiyóstu he has made himself comfortable. wa7katnakti-yóste7 I made myself comfortable. Base: -atnaktiyostcomforter See bedspread; comforter; blanket commit a crime See crime, commit a crime; do something inappropriate commit adultery See sin; swear commit oneself See agree; talk over; commit oneself compassionate, be wakatAnitAlú I'm compassionate, yakotAnitAlú she's compassionate, lotAnitAlú he's compassionate. Pre-pausal: lotAnitA-lú. yáh te7yakotAnitAlú she has no compassion, she has no feelings. Base: -atAnitAlcompete for See fight over; compete for; be greedy compete; go to a fair tehatkAnyehse7 he competes, tetwatkAnyehse7 we (incl.) are going to the fair, tehutkAnyehse7 they (m.) compete. tehotkAni he has competed. wa?thatkA-ní• he competed, tAtwatkA-ní• we (incl.) will compete, we will go to the fair. Base: ,atkAny-/.atkAnye- plus tedualic

comfort someone See console someone

complain See find fault; find out about; complain

comfortable, be waknaktiyó I'm comfortable, lonaktiyó he's comfortable, yakonaktiyó she's comfortable. Prepausal: yakonakti-yó. Base: -naktiyo-

compromise tehutlihwayésta7 they compromise. wa7thutlí-wayeste7 they (m.) compromised. tetyatlí-wayest Let's you and I

944

English-Orieida

(incl.) compromise! Base: .atlihwayest- plus te- dualic computer kawAtiálha7 or 7nikuhlaló-loks. ka concentrate See think over; think intensely conduct business katlihwahtAtyé-tha7 I conduct meetings. wakatlihwahtAtyé-tu I'm conducting the meeting, yukwatlihwahtAtyé-tu we're conducting ourselves or our affairs, lonatlihwahtAtyé-tu they (m.) are conducting their affairs. AkatlihwahtAtyehte7 I will conduct or start the meeting, ayutlihwahtAtyehte7 they (people) should conduct their affairs. shonatlihwahtAtyé-tu they (m.) are conducting their affairs again. Base: -atlihwahtAtye ? tconduct business going along yukwatlihwahtAtye7tuháti7 we're going along conducting our affairs. Base: -atlihwahtAtye ? tuhatyeconfirm See approve; agree fully; confirm confuse See mix up; confuse congregate See gather together; congregate connect; join; plug in tekahsutélha7 I'm connecting it, I'm plugging it in. tewakahsu-téle7 I have connected it. tewahsu-téle7 it's connected, it's plugged in. wa 7tkahsútlA 7 I connected it, tAkahsútlA7 I will connect it, tAhsahsútlA 7 you will connect it. tehsahsútelA Plug it in, connect it! tAtkahsútlA7 over there I will connect it. ya7tAyuhsútlA7 she or someone will connect it (when she

gets there). Base: .ahsutel-/.ahsutl- plus tedualic connect several tekahsutlúnyuhe7 I'm connecting or attaching several things. wa7tkahsutlúni7 I connected several things. Base: .ahsutlunyu- plus te- dualic connect something for someone tehakwahsutlA-níhe7 he connects it forme. wa7tkuyahsútlahse7 I connected it for you. Base: .ahsutlAni-/.ahsutla ? s- plus te- dualic conscious, become conscious; become aware; come to lo7nikuhlóhtu he has become conscious or aware (e.g., of the consequences of his actions). uke7nikúlohte7 I became conscious or aware of something, waho7nikú-lohte7 he became conscious or aware, he came to (from a coma), wa7ako7nikú-lohte7 she became conscious or aware, she came to. suke7nikú-lohte7 I started to know things, remembering things that were around me. twake7nikuhlóhtu I became conscious or aware of things there. tshuke7nikú-lohte7 when I became aware of it. Base: - ? nikuhlohtconsciousness, lose See lose consdousness consent, give See agree to; allow; give one's consent consequently kati7. console someone tekheyalhó-tha7 I'm consoling her (e.g., because she has been crying). wa7tekheyalhó-tA7 I

English-Oneida 945

consoled her, wa7tkuyalhó-tA7 I consoled you, tAkuyalhó-tA7 I will console you. tesheyalhó-jA Comfort her! Base: .alho ? t- plus te- dualic constipated, be See bloated, be bloated; be constipated construct See make container yelákhwa yelakhwa7shúha

container. containers.

7

content, be See satisfied, be satisfied; be content continent

yohutsyaké-lu7

continue on See pass by; go or continue on control, have control over; steer tkanuhtu-níhe7 I'm steering it in a certain direction, thiyanuhtu-níhe7 I control him. tahiyanúhtuhse7 Icontrolled him. yáh

te7tkanuhtu-níhe7

I have no control over her (z.) or it, yáh te7thiyanuhtu-níhe7 I have no control over him. Base: ,anuhtuni-/.anuhtu?s- plus tcislocative convenient, be convenient; be opportune wakate7shAniyó it's convenient for me, lote7shAniyó it's convenient for him, yakote 7shAniyó it's convenient

for her. Pre-pausal: yakote7shAni-yó. Base: -ate?shAniyoconverse See talk; converse convince someone See persuade someone cook kekhu-níhe7 I'm cooking, sekhu-nthe7 you're cooking, yekhu-níhe7 she's cooking, lakhu-nthe7 he's cooking. wakekhuní I have prepared it for

cooking (and it's cooking), yakokhunt' she has cooked, lokhuní he has

cooked. wa7kekhu-ní•

I cooked,

wa 7ekhu-ní• she cooked,

wa7kutikhu-ní• they (z.) cooked, Akekhu-ní• I will cook, Ayekhu-níshe will cook, Akutikhu-nv they (z.) will cook, ayekhu-ní• she should cook, yekhuníhahkwe7 she used to cook, wakekhuni-hné• I have cooked it, yakokhuni-hné• she cooked it. ayekhuníheke7 she should be cooking. Ayakokhuníhake7 she will be cooking, skakhuní the food is cooked, tsyakokhuní she has cooked again, sayekhu-ní• she cooked again, usayekhu-ní• she should cook again, usukekhuníhake7 I should be cooking again. Base: -khuni-/-khunycook lakhu-níhe7 (he's a) cook, yekhu-níhe7 (she's a) cook. Base: -khunihe 7 cook for each other tetyatatekhunyA-níhe7

you and I

(incl.) cook for each other. tAtyatatekhúni7

you and I (incl.)

will cook for each other. Base: .atatekhunyAni-/ .atatekhunyA- plus te- dualic cook for someone kukhunyA-nthe7 cooking for you,

I'm

khekhunyA-níhe7

I'm cooking for her or someone. wa7kukhúni7 I cooked for you, wahokhúni7 he or she (z.) cooked for him, wa7utatekhúni7 she cooked for her, Ahuwakhúni7 she will cook for him, ahuwakhúni7 she should cook for him, ahuwatikhúni7 she should cook for them. Base: -khunyAni-/-khunyAcook, go along cooking lokhuniháti7 he's going along cooking.

946 English-Orieida

lokhunihátyehse7 he's busy at cooking, he's walking around getting things ready to cook. Base: -khunihatyecook,good See good cook, be cook in water; boil waká-yo7 I have cooked the fruit, wa 7ká-yo 7 I cooked the fruit. wa7khnaná-to7 I put potatoes in water to cook, shnaná-to Cook potatoes! wakítsyo7 I'm boiling fish, wa 7kítsyo 7 I cooked fish. wakná-talo7 I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings, ksahé-tohe7 I boil beans, waksahé-to7 I'm boiling or I have boiled beans, wa7ksahé-to7 I just put the beans on to boil, Aksahé-to7 I will boil beans. wa7ke7nhúhso7 I boiled an egg, se7nhúhso Boil an egg! wa7e7wá-lo7 she boiled meat. Base: -N-ocook, intend to cook lakhunyá-ne7 he's going to cook. Base: -khunya'ncook, use to cook with kekhunyá-tha 7 I'm using this to cook with. wakekhunyá-tu I have used it to cook with, ayakwakhúnyahte7 we (excl.) should use it to cook with. Base: -khunya ? tcooked, become cooked; become ripe yolí it's cooked. Pre-pausal: yo lí. wa 7ka-lí• it became cooked, Aka-lí• it will cook. Ayolíhake7 it will be cooked. Atka-lí• it will get cooked. yohyalí the berries are ripe. yoná-talali the bread is cooked, wa7kana7tala-lí• the bread became cooked. yo7wá-lali the meat is cooked, wa7ka7wá-lali7 the meat became cooked. Base: -li-

cookie

kheksu-wé-.

cooking pot

yeliha7tákhwa7.

cool evening, be yohsutanawAstu it's a cool evening. Base: -ahsutanawAstcool off katwistótha7 I cool myself, latwistótha7 he cools off. wakatwistóhtu I have cooled myself. Akatwístohte7 I will cool off. Base: -atwistohtcool something kwistótha7 I'm cooling it. wakwistóhtu I have cooled it. wa7kwístohte7 I cooled it, Akawístohte7 it will cool off. tsyowistóhtu it has gotten cool (e.g., the weather), sakawístohte7 it cooled off again. Atkawístohte7 it will get cool (as a result of something). wa7khnekawístohte7 I cooled the water. Base: -wistohtcopier

tekahna7netáhkwas.

copulate See insert one's penis; copulate copulate See sex, have sex copy See imitate; copy someone copy, make tekhna7netáhkwas I'm making a copy. tewakhna7netáhkwA I have made a copy. tAkhna 7netáhko 7 I will make a copy. teshna 7netáhko Make a copy! ? Base: ,hna netahkw- plus tedualic copycat, be twakatna7kelA I'm a copycat, tyakotna7kelA she's a copycat, thotna 7kelA he's a copycat. Pre-pausal: thotna7ke-lA. Base: ,atna ? kel- plus t- cislocative

English-Oneida 947

cord of wood See wood

corn, husk See husk corn

core of a fruit ohá-ta 7 core (e.g., apple core, pear core). Base: -ha ? t-

corn kernels, dried kanAhX-ta7.

corn o-nXste7 corn. onXstase7 new corn. ayakwatnAstahni-nú• we (excl.) should sell corn. yukwanAstu-tf we dispersed corn, AyukwanAstu-tv we will drop in corn. katiAstáku7 the corn tastes good, tsi7 nikariAstáku 7 the corn is really tasty. wa7tyenAstá-lihte7 she or someone pounded the corn, wa7thanAstá lihte7 he ground the corn, tAhsriAstá-lihte7 you will grind the corn. wa7knXstake7 I ate the corn. krtAstakó-ne7 I'm here to pick up corn. knAStákwas I'm picking corn. iva7kriAstohalé-na7 I'm going to wash corn. wakatnAstathá-tu I have dried the corn, AkatriAStáthahte 7 I will dry corn, AhsatnAstáthahte7 you will dry corn. lariAstayXthos he's planting corn, kanAstayXthu the corn is planted, thanAstayXthos he's planting corn there, yehanAstayXthos he's planting corn over there, nAhanAstayXtho7 how or where he will plant corn, yáh tehanAStayXthos he's not planting corn, wahanAstayAthóhsa7 he's on his way to plant corn, snAstayAthóhsa Go plant the corn! AyonAsta7nétskane7 the corn will become tender (cooked).

corn silk yóklote7.

Base: -nAstcorn, ground corn ono 7ókhwa 7 corn, have a corn on the foot xvakatnXstate7 I have a corn (on my foot), yakotnXstate7 she has a corn, lotnAstate7 he has a corn. Base: -atnAstat-

corn mush, baked green okahsló-ta 7

corn soup ola-ná• corn soup. katlanu-níhe7 I'm making corn soup, twatlanu-ní Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! kalanáku 7 it's goodtasting corn soup. Base: -lancornbread

kanAstóhale.

cornbread broth ona7talákli7. Prepausal: ona7talákelP. Base: -na ? talaklicornbread paddle atkólya 7t. Prepausal: atkólyaht. corncob ohláhta7. Base: -hlahtcorner, at tsi7 yotkalAhlákwA corner. Base: -atkaLvhlakw-

at the

corner, at the corner of a house tsi7 tyotnuhsakal Ahlákw A. cornhusk ohwáskA7. cornhusk mat See mat, cornhusk mat or nig cornmeal mush

osekwá-lha7.

cornstalk óheli7 cornstalk, ohe-láku among the cornstalks, in the corn fields, kahelaké-lu7 cornstalks are lying around. Base: -helcornstalks, be several standing kahelo-tú- the cornstalks are stand-

948 English-Orieida

ing. Base: -helotucorpse; body; figure oyelú-ta7 corpse. yeyelu 7táksA she has a bad figure. Akyelu?táksAtie? I will have a bad figure or shape, akyelu7táksAne7 I should have a bad figure. yeyelu 7tiyó she has a nice figure, Akyelu7tiyóhake7 I will have a nice figure. nihayelu?tó-tA the kind of body or figure he has. Base: -yelu ? tcorrect See right, make right; correct correctly, do See right, do cost See value; worth cost a certain amount niyokaláhtu such was the cost. nAkaka-láhte7 it will cost. Base: .kalaht- plus n- partitive cotton

kakAhatXsha.

cotton batting See fuzz; furry hair; wool; cotton batting couch

yutolishAtákhwa7.

cough kahsá-kha7 I'm coughing, lahsá-kha7 he's coughing, yuhsá-kha7 she's coughing, lohsá-ku he has coughed, waháhsahke7 he started to cough, he gave a single cough, Aháhsahke 7 he will cough. yáh te7shahsá-kha7 he's not coughing anymore. Base: -ahsa ? kcoughing attack, get wakatahsa7ka7tslolyA-níhe7

I'm

getting a coughing attack. ukwatahsa7ka7tslóli7 I started to get a coughing attack, wahotahsa7ka7tslóli7

he got a

coughing attack. Base: -atahsa ? ka ? tslolyAni-/ -atahsa ? ka ? tslolyAcouncil building latihashAtákhwa 7 council building, tsi7 thatihashAtákhwa7 at the Band Office. council, hold latiháshAhe7 they (m.) hold council. lotiháshA7 they (m.) are discussing at a council. Base: -hashA-/-hashAtcouncil member laháshAhe7 (he's a) council member, latiháshAhe7 they (m.) are council members. Base: -hashAhe 7 count kashe-tás I'm counting. wakashetú I have counted. wa 7kuyáshete 7 I counted you in, I included you, Akáshete7 I will count, Ayúshete7 she will count, Aháshete7 he will count, sáshet Count! twáshet Let's all (incl.) count! Atyúshete7 there she will add it up. Base: -ashetcount money lathwistashe-tás he counts money, lothwistashetú he has counted money, wahathwistáshete7 he counted money, Akathwistáshete7 I will count money. Base: -athwistashetcount on See depend on; count on count several; add up kashetányuhe7 I add things up, I count them all. wakashetáni7 I added them all up. sashetáni Add them up! twakashetáni7 I have counted them all up there, tasashetáni Add them all up here! Base: -ashetanyu-

English-Oneida 949

count together; live together wa7tyakyatáshete7 we two (excl.) ended up together, tAyakyatáshete7 we two (excl.) will be counted together, we will live together, tAtsyatáshete7 you two will live together. Base: .atashet- plus te- dualic couple See married couple cousin ukyalá-se7 my cousin, yukyalá-se7 my female cousin, tsyalá-se7 your cousin, lonaláse7 they (m.) are cousins, his cousin. Kyáhse Cousin! Base: -ala'se-Aa'secover See lid; cover cover; close with a lid knu-téks I'm closing it. waknutekú I have covered it. wa7knu-téke7 I closed it, Aknu-téke7 I will close it. snu-ték Cover it! yáh te7kanutekú it has no cover on it. Base: -nutekcover for someone See stick up for someone; cover for someone cover, go to cover or close with a lid knutékhe7 I'm going to close it. wa7knutékha7 I'm on my way to cover it. waknutekhu-hné- I went to cover it. saknutékha7 I'm going to close it again. Base: -nutekhcover, have a cover or lid on yotnutekú it's covered, it has a cover on it. Prepausal: yotnute-kú. Base: -atnutekcover oneself latathla-níhe7 he's covering himself, lotathlaní he has covered himself, wahatáthlahse7

he covered himself. Base: -atathlani-/-atathla ? scover or close several waknutékhu have closed them, yakonutékhu7 or someone has covered them. Base: -nutekhu-

7

I she

cover, put on oneself wakahkwasA I have covered up (e.g., with a blanket or shawl). wa7káhkwase7 I covered up, Akáhkwase 7 I will cover up. sáhkwas Cover up! Base: -ahkwascover, put on someone wa7shakóhkwahse7 he covered her or them (e.g., he put a blanket on them), Ashakóhkwahse7 he will cover her or them. Base: -ahkwa'scover up ke7lho-lóks I'm covering it up, la 7lho-lóks he's covering it up, tni7lho-lóks you and I (incl.) are covering it up, twa 7lho-lóks we (incl.) are covering it up, khe7lho-lóks I'm covering her (from head to toe). wake 7lholú I have covered it up. ka7lholú it's covered. Pre-pausal: ka7lho-lú. wa7ke7lho-lóke7 I covered it up, wa7shako7lho-lóke7 he covered her up, wa7khe7lho-lóke7 I covered her up, Ake7lho-lóke7 I will cover it up. Ake 7lholókseke7 I will be covering it. Atyo7lho-lóke7 there it will get covered up. wa7kkAho-lóke7 I put a blanket over her (z.) or it, wa7khekAho-lóke7 I covered her with a blanket, tayekAho-lóke7 there she covered it up with a blanket. wa7kyalo-lóke7 I covered it with a bag (e.g., with a plastic bag to protect it). Base: -?lholok-/-?lhol-/-olok-/ -ol-

950 English-Orieida

cover up oneself late7lho-lóks he covers himself up (so that even his head is covered). wa7kate7lholóke7 7 I covered up. wa katkAho-lóke7 I covered myself with a blanket, wa?akyatkAho-lóke7 we two (excl.) covered ourselves with a blanket. katkuhso-lóks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolú I have my face covered, wa7katkuhso-lóke7 I covered my face, tekatutsho-lóks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholú I have my knees covered, wa7tkatutsho-lóke7 I covered my knees. wa7katyalo-lóke7 I covered up (my head) with a bag (e.g., a paper bag). Base: -ate ? lholok-/-ate ? lhol-/ -at-N-olok-/-at-N-ol-

cow, milk cow kanú-tat.

cover up oneself, use to kate7lholókta7 I use it to cover myself up with, it's that item that I use to cover up with. lote 7lholóktu he has used it to cover himself. wa7kate7lho-lókte7 I used it to cover myself. wa7katutsho-lókte7 I covered up my knees with it. Base: -ate?lholokt-/-at-N-olokt-

crane

cover up, use to ke 7lholókta 7 I use it to cover up something, it's the thing I use to cover something up with. wake7lholóktu I have used it to cover it up. wa7ke7lho-lókte7 I used it to cover it up. yakoshe7lholóktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa?keshe7lho-lókte7 I covered it with dough. Base: -?lholokt-/-oloktcovering on the body cow

tyonhúskwalut.

yuhkwátsta7.

cowardly, be See scared, be scared; be cowardly crab; lobster; crayfish tsye7elolú. Prepausal: tsye7elo-lú. crack, be See crevice, be cracker

yona7talastáthA.

cradleboard kálhu 7. cram in See jam in; wedge in cramp, get uksiná-kalaste7 I got a cramp in my leg, wahohsiná-kalaste7 he got a cramp in his leg, wa7akohsiná-kalaste7 she got a cramp in her leg. Base: -hsina ? kalasttekahsineskó-.

crave knu-wáks I'm hungry for something, I crave it. iva7knu-wáke7 I got hungry for it, ivahanu-wáke7 he got hungry for it, wa7enu-wáke7 she craved it, Ahanu-wáke7 he will be hungry for it. wa7kahyanu-wáke7 I got a craving for fruit, tsi7 nikahyanu-iváks I'm so hungry for berries or fruit, khlohkwanu-wáks I'm craving tobacco. wa7khnana7tanu-wáke7 I got a craving for potatoes, lakhivanu-wáks he's wishing for food, wahakhwanu-iváke7 he wished for food. Base: -nuwakcrawl katé-sle7 I'm crawling, laté-sle7 he's crawling, waté-sle7 she (z.) or it is crawling. Pre-pausal: waté-sele7 laté-slehse7 he's crawling around, waté-slehse7 she (z.) or it is crawling around. wa7katé-sle7 I went off

English-Oneida 951

crawling, wahaté-sle7 he went off crawling, Ahsaté-sle7 you will crawl, Ayakwaté-sle7 we (excl.) will crawl, akaté-sle7 I should crawl. Prepausal: akaté-sele7. sasaté-sele Crawl back again! tyakyaté-slehse7 we two (excl.) are crawling or rolling around there, tahaté-sle7 he came crawling, yáh thahsaté-sle7 you won't crawl. Base: -ate'slecrawl in or underneath See insert oneself crazy, go tekanahalawAlyehe7 I'm crazy, tehanahalawAlyehe7 he's crazy, teyunahalawAlyehe7 she's crazy, tewanahalawAlyehe7 she (z.) or it is crazy. wa7tkanahalawAlye7 I went crazy, tAkanahalawAlye7 I will go crazy. tAwanahalawAlyéheke7 she (z.) or it will be crazy. Base: .anahalawAlye- plus tedualic crazy, have gone tewakanahalawAlyé u I have gone crazy, I have gone nuts (e.g., everything's happening at once and it's driving me nuts). Base: .anahalawAlye7- plus tedualic crazy, make someone tewakanahalawAlyé-tha7 it makes me crazy. tewakanahalawAlyé-tu it has made me crazy. wa7twakanahalawAlyehte7 it made me crazy, wa7thakwanahalawAlyehte7 he made me crazy, wa7tkunahalawAlyehte7 I drove you crazy. Base: .anahalawAlye't- plus tedualic

cream See dough; paste; cream Creator

Shukwaya7tísu7.

credit, get tekatkalákhwa7 I get credit. tewakatkaláhkwA I have gotten credit, wa 7tkatka-láhkwe7 I got credit, tAkatka-láhkwe7 I will get credit. Base: .atkalahkw- plus te- dualic credit, give khekalota-níhe7 I give credit to her or them, khekalotaní I have given her or them credit (and so she or they owe me), kukalotaní I have given you credit. Akhekalóthahse7 I will give her or them credit, takkalóthas Give me credit! Base: -kalotani-/-kalothahscreek See stream creep See crawl crevice, be teyoluhwA-té- (it's) a crevice, crack, or opening. Base: .luhwAte- plus te- dualic crevice, be extending tsi7 teyohluwatáti7 (it's) a crevice, valley, or crack. Base: .hluwatatye- plus te- dualic cricket

slíkslik.

crime, commit a crime; do something inappropriate skatlihwate 7wátha I commit crimes. swakatlihwate7wáhtu I have committed a crime. sakatlihwaté7wahte7 I did something inappropriate. Base: ,atlihwate ? waht- plus srepetitive crochet See lace, make lace; crochet

7

952 English-Orieida

crooked, become See bend over; become crooked crooked road; winding road teyothaha7ktáni7 the road is crooked or winding, tsi7 na7teyothaha7ktáni7 is the road ever crooked. Base: .athaha'ktanyu- plus tedualic cross See go across cross, be yukwe 7táksA she's cross, lukwe?táksA he's cross. Base: -ukwe?taks(A)cross, be cross; be bad-tempered wakli^wáksA I'm cross, I'm badtempered, I'm easy to anger, yakoli7wáksA she's cross, loli7wáksA 7 he's cross, yoli wáksA she (z.) or it is cross. wakWhvaksA-hné- I was cross. Awakli7waksAhake7 I will be cross. Base: -li ? waks(A)cross, become See angry, become angry; become cross cross, become cross; become badtempered ukli^wáksAne7 I just got cross, Awakli7wáksAne7 I will become cross. Base: -li ? waksA ? cross, get cross; get upset latli7waksá-tha7 he keeps getting angry or mad, he gets upset, he throws tantrums. lotli7waksá-tu he's upset (e.g., when a baby is crying). wahatU7wáksahte7 he got angry or upset, he threw a tantrum. sahatli7wáksahte7 he got upset again. Base: -atli ? waksa ? tcross, make tehayahsútha7 he's making a cross (e.g., the sign of the cross,

or an X for his name), tewakyáhsute7 I have made the sign of the cross. wa7thayahsu-tA• he made the sign of the cross, wa7tyeyahsu-tA• she crossed herself. kA-tho tehsyahsu-tA Put your X on here! Sign your name! Base: .yahsut- plus te- dualic cross one's arms tekatnAtsha 7sélha 7 I'm crossing my arms. wa7tyutnAtshá-slu7 she crossed her arms. Pre-pausal: wa 7tyutnAtshá-selu7 Base: .atnAtsha ? sel-/ .atnAtsha?slu- plus te- dualic cross one's legs tekatshina7sélha7 I'm crossing my legs, I'm putting one leg over the other. wa7tkatshiná-slu7 I crossed my legs, wa7thatshiná-slu7 he crossed his legs, wa7tyutshiná-slu7 she crossed her legs, tAkatshiná-slu7 I will cross my legs, tAhatshiná-slu7 he will cross his legs. Pre-pausal: tAhatshiná-selu7. teswatshiná-selu All of you, cross your legs! Base: .atshina ? sel-/ .atshina'sluplus te- dualic cross-eyed, be yekahkalA-le7 she's cross-eyed, IakahkalA-le7 he's crosseyed. Base: -kahkalAhlecrossed arms, have teyenAtshá-siu7 her arms are crossed, tehanAtshá-slu7 his arms are crossed. Pre-pausal: tehanAtshá-selu7 Base: ,nAtsha ? slu-/.nAtsha ? selplus te- dualic crossed arms, have teyenAtsha7slúni7 she has her arms crossed, tehanAtsha7slúni7 he has his arms crossed. Base: .nAtsha?slunyu- plus tedualic

English-Oneida 953

crossed legs, have teksiná-slu7 I'm sitting with my legs crossed, teyehsiná-slu7 her legs are crossed, tehahsiná-slu7 his legs are crossed. Pre-pausal: tehahsiná-selu7. Base: .hsina ? slu-/.hsina ? sel- plus te- dualic crossed legs, have teksina7slúni7 I have my legs crossed (e.g., I'm sitting on a chair, and I have one leg over the other), tehahsina7slúni7 he has his legs crossed, teyehsina7slúni7 she has her legs crossed. Base: .hsina'slunyu- plus te- dualic crossroads teyohahá-sle7 crossroads. Pre-pausal: teyohahá-sele7. tsi7 7 tetyohahá-sle at the crossroads. crotch

onikwí-tsya7.

crouch See squat; crouch crow

ká-ka7.

crowd See group; crowd crowd kanX-la7. Base: -nAhlcrowd, for a crowd to form yonXlote7 there's a crowd. wa7onAhlo-tXpeople gathered together and formed a crowd. sayonAhlo-tX- a crowd formed, AtsyonAhlo-tX- a crowd will form. Base: -nAhlotcrush See squeeze; squash crushed, be See wrinkled, be wrinkled; be crushed crust See bread crust crutches, use See cane, use a cane or crutches

cry tekashXthos I'm crying, teyushXthos she's crying, tehashXthos he's crying. tewakashXthu I have cried, tehoshXthu he has cried. wa 7tkashXtho 7 I started to cry, wa 7thashXtho 7 he started to cry, wa7tyushXtho7 she started to cry. Base: .ashAtho- plus te- dualic cry, go around crying tewashAthóhslehse7 she (z.) or it goes around weeping, teyushAthóhslehse7 she goes around crying, tehashAthóhslehse7 he goes around crying. Base: .ashAthohsl- plus te- dualic cry out yehowAnake7tótha7 he cries out (unintentionally). yehowAnake7tóhtu he has cried out. yahukwAnaké-tohte7 I cried out (I didn't mean for my voice to sound, or maybe I was asleep and dreaming, and I cried out and woke up). Base: .WAnake'toht- plus y- translocative crybaby tsí-tawis. crybaby, be waktsi7tá-lu I'm a crybaby, lotsi7tá-lu he's a crybaby, yakotsi7tá-lu she's a crybaby, yotsi7tá-lu she (z.) is a crybaby. yakotsi7tahlu-hné• she used to cry a lot. Ayakotsi7tahlúhake7 she will cry a lot. Base: -tsi'tahlucucumber See squash; cucumber; melon cup káp cup. skakápslat or skatikápslat one cup. tekakápslake or tekatikápslake two cups. áhsA nikakápslake or áhsA nikatikápslake three cups. Base: -kap-/-kapsl-/-tikapsl-

954 English-Orieida

cup; glass

yehnekihlá-tha7.

cupboard yeksayAtákhwa7 cupboard. yeksayAtákhwaku or yeksayAtakhwa?tslakú inside the cupboard. Base: yeksayAtakhw-/ yeksayAtakhwa'tslcurd one-kivála7. Base: -nekwalcure someone wa7shakótsyAhte7 he treated her and she got better, he cured her, wahuivátsyAhte7 she treated him and he's better. sayukétsyAhte7 she treated me (and I got well again), sayutatétsyAhte7 she or someone cured her. Base: -tsyA?tcurl one's hair tekatatnuhklísta7 I'm curling my hair, tewakatatnuhklístu I have curled my hair. wa7tkatatnúhkliste7 I curled my hair, tAkatatnúhkliste7 I will curl my hair, tewakatatnuhklistú-ne7 I curled my hair. Base: .atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic curl one's hair, intend to tekatatnuhklistá-ne7 I'm going to curl my hair, I intend to curl my hair. Base: .atatnuhklista'n- plus tedualic curl someone's hair tekunuhklísta7 I'm curling your hair, tekunuhklístu I have curled your hair, tekhenuhklístu I have curled her hair, teyuknuhklístu she or someone has curled my hair. wa7tyuknúhkliste7 she or someone curled my hair, wa7tekhenúhkliste7 I curled her hair, tAkunúhkliste7 I will curl your hair. Base: .nuhklist- plus te- dualic

curl up See lie down; curl up; snuggle under the covers curled-up body oná-skwa 7 curled-up body, yakwana 7skwá-ke on top of us as we (excl.) are lying curled up. Base: -na ? skwcurly hair, have teyakonúhkli she has curly hair. Pre-pausal: teyakonúhkeli. teyakonuhkli-hnéher hair was curly. Base: .nuhkli-/.nuhklik- plus tedualic curly hair, have all over teyakonuhklíkhu 7 her hair is really curly, full of tight little curls (generally said only if someone has short hair), tehonuhklíkhu7 his hair is curly. Base: .nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic curse See sin; swear curtain

kakAhaniyúte7.

curtain rod

yekAhanyutákhwa7.

cushion; saddle yunitskwakA

7slákhwa

7.

custom, be See lifestyle, be customarily kAs. cut See break; cut cut grass kanekli-yá-ks I'm cutting the grass, lunekli yá ks they (m.) are cutting the grass, wahanekli-yá-ke7 he cut the grass. Base: -anekliya?k-/-Anekliya';>kcut grass lutAnekli-yá-ks they (m.) are cutting grass. Base: -atAnekliya'k-

English-Oneida 955

cut hair lonúhkwalus he or she (z.) cut his hair, lonuhkwalú he has cut his hair, wahaknúhkwalu7 he cut my hair. Base: -nuhkwalucut into khle-nás I'm cutting into it. wakhlenA I have cut it. wá-khlene7 I cut it, wá-shlene7 you cut it, wahá-lene7 he cut it, úkhlene7 it cut me, I got a cut. Base: -hlencut oneself katathle-nás I keep cutting myself. wakatathlenA I have cut myself, wa 7katáthlene 7 I cut myself. Base: -atathlencut or sever the neck kenyálya 7ks I severed its neck, I cut if off at the neck (e.g., killing a chicken). wakenyalyá-ku I have cut it off at the neck, wa 7kenyályahke 7 I cut it off at the neck. Base: -nyalya ? kcut out a piece or chunk kkwé-talus I'm cutting out chunks or pieces with some implement (e.g., scissors), lakwé-talus he's cutting out pieces. lokwé talu he has cut out pieces. wahakwé-talu7 he cut out pieces, Ahakwé-talu7 he will cut out pieces.

sna 7talakwé-talu Tear or slice up the bread! Base: -kwe ? talu-/-kwe ? talcut out a piece or chunk for someone kukwe7talA'tiíhe7 I'm cutting out a piece for you. wa7kukwé-talahse7 I cut out a piece for you, Akukwé-talahse7 I will cut out a piece for you. Base: -kwe'talAniV-kwe'tala'scut out, get yotkwé-talu a chunk, piece or chip has gotten removed. Base: -atkwe'talucut up into pieces sakwe7talúkwA you have cut it into pieces. wahakwe7talu-kó• he cut it up, Askwe7talu-kó• you will cut it up. ke7wahlakwe7talúkwas I'm slicing the meat, se7wahlakwe7talu-kó Slice the meat! Base: -kwe ? talukwcutter, anything that cuts yekwe 7talá-tha 7. cylinder; pipe oholó-ta7 cylinder, pipe, kaholó-tes it's a long pipe. wa7kholo7tu-ní• I made it into a cylinder (e.g., I rolled up the rug). Base: -holo ? t-

956

English-Orieida

D dam

ukwatnunyóli7 this feeling of wanting to dance came over me. Base: -atnunyolyAni-/ -atnunyolyA-

kahnekanho-tú-.

damage; ruin; spoil khetkXtha7 I damage it. wakhetkXhtu I have damaged it, I have ruined it. wa7khétkAhte7 I damaged it, I ruined it. Base: -hetkAht-

dance, finish dancing See finish dancing dance, go along dancing tewakatkwAháti7 I go along dancing. Base: .atkwAhatye- plus te- dualic

damp, be yotshatX-u it's damp. Base: -atshatA7dampen yakotshatXhtu she has dampened it. wa7katsha-tXhte7 dampened it. Base: -atshatAht-

I

dampen several yutshatAhtányuhe7 she's dampening things (e.g., clothes). yakotshatAhtáni7 she has dampened them. wa7katshatAhtáni7 I dampened them. Base: -atshatAhtanyudance tekátkwa7 I dance, tehátkwa7 he dances, teyútkwa7 she dances. tewakátkwA I'm dancing, tehótkwA he's dancing, teyakótkwA she's dancing, tekátkxvahkwe7 I used to dance, tehútkwahkwe7 they (m.) were dancing. tewakatkwX-ne7 I have danced. Base: .atkw- plus te- dualic dance wa7teknúnyahkwe7 I danced, wa7thatinúnyahkwe7 they (m.) danced, tehsnúnyak Dance! yáh tha7taknúnyahkwe7 I wouldn't dance. Base: .nunyahkw- plus te- dualic dance, feel like dancing wakatnunyolyA-níhe7 I'm getting this feeling of wanting to dance.

dance, go to dance teyutkwá-ne7 she's going to dance, tehutkwá-ne7 they (m.) are going to dance. iva?tyutkzvá-na7 she's on her way to dance, tAyutkwá-na7 she will go to dance. Base: .atkwa'n- plus te- dualic dancer teyútkwa7 (she's a) dancer, tehátkwa7 (he's a) dancer. Base: .atkwa? plus te- dualic dangerous, be See hazardous, be dangerous, be See scary, be dapper, look dapper yotsina7tolú he looks smart, handsome, dapper. Prepausal: yotsina7to-lú. yotsina7to-lú-se7 there are several smart-looking boys or young men. Base: -tsina'toldapper young man aktsiná-ta7 my handsome little man (e.g., a mother talking about her little boy). Base: -tsina'tdark, be getting tayo7kala7uháti7 it's becoming dark. tutayo7kala7uháti7 it's getting dark again. Base: .a ? kala 7 uhatye- plus t- cislocative

English-Oneida

dark colour, be tetyohsohkwá-kalas it's a dark colour. Base: .ahsohkwa ? kala- plus tetdualic and cislocative dark complexion, have tetyakohná-kalahse7 her skin is dark, she has a dark complexion, tethohná-kalahse7 his skin is dark, he has a dark complexion. Base: .ihna ? kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative dark, get dark; become night yo7kalá-u it's dark, it's evening or night. iva7ó-kalawe7 it got dark, ukivá-kalawe 7 it got dark on me, wahó-kalawe7 it got dark on him, Ayó-kalawe7 it will get dark. sayó-kalawe7 it got dark again, tsi7 7 tsyo kalá-u it had gotten dark again, it was late at night, tetyó-kalas it's dark, tutayó-kalawe7 it got dark again, tutukwá-kalawe7 it got dark on me, my mind went blank, I blacked out, tutahó-kalaive7 it got dark on him, his mind went blank, tAtyó-kalawe7 it will get dark again. nityo7kalá-u late at night. oyá- tshityó-kalas the other night. Base:

-a ? kala-/-a ? kalaw-

date someone See agree; talk over; commit oneself date someone See go here and there together; date daughter See child; son; daughter daughter-in-law See in-law of different generations dawn

teyowAtá-lu.

day awAhnísla7 day. teyotAhnislato-téit's a still day, tha7teyotAhnislato-té• it's just a still

957

day, it's an unexpectedly still day. WAhnísles it's a long day, WAhnislc-sú-se7 the days are long, tsi7 niwAhnisle-sú-se7 the days are really long, tsi7 niwAhnísles during the day. kA7 niwahnislésha the day is short. tewAhnislaké two days. áhsA niivAhnislaké three days, tóhka7 niwAhnislaké several days. ya7tewAhnislaké everyday. wa7kAhnis!ó-ktA7 I ended the day, sakAhnisló-ktA7 I ended another day. niwAhnisló-tA the kind of day it is. swAhníslat one day. Base: -Ahnisl-/-ahnislday, all day

kwa7Atáti7.

day, be a particular ka7ikA wAhnisla-té- or ka7ikA wahnisla-tétoday, this day. AtwAhnisla-téke7 it will come a day, twAhnisla-téhkwe7 it used to be in those days. Base: -Ahnislateday, be bad See bad day, be day, be good See good day, be day, one after the other WAhnislaténi. daylight, be becoming daylight or morning yolhA7uháti7 it's just becoming daylight. tayolhA7uháti7 it's becoming morning. tshutayolhA7uháti7 when it was becoming morning. Base: -lhA?uhatyedaylight, be daylight; be light wA-téit's daylight, it's light out. tWA-téit's light there. ycwA-té- it shone there. niwA-té- it's so bright, yáh te7WA-té• there's no light or illumination. Base: -Ate-

958

English-Orieida

daylight, become daylight; become light zva7WA-téne7 it became daylight, it became bright, AWA-téne7 it will get bright. tawA-téne7 it became daylight there. tsha7wA-téne7 when it became daylight, yáh thazvA-téne7 it didn't get light. Base: -Ate?daylight, become daylight; become morning yolhA-u it has become daylight, it's light. wa7ólhAne7 it became morning or daylight, AyólliAne7 it will be morning, tomorrow. sayólhAne7 it became daylight again, the next day. yusayólhAtie7 it became morning there again. tshyusayólhAne7 when it was the next morning. Base: -lhA?daytime

kwa?Até-ke.

Dead Feast ohki-ivé-. Dead Feast, perform tehutahki-ivéhe7 they (m.) are performing a Dead Feast. wa7thutáhkiwe7 they (m.) performed a Dead Feast. Base: .atahkiwe- plus te- dualic Dead Feast, perform, go to perform tehutahkiwé-ne7 they (m.) are going to perform a Dead Feast. tehonatahkiwé-nu they (m.) have gone to perform a Dead Feast. iva7thutahkiwé-na7 they (m.) are on their way to perform a Dead Feast. Base: .atahkiwe ? n- plus te- dualic dead thing See carcass deaf, go tehahúhtakweks he's going deaf, tehahuhtakwekú he's deaf, teyuhuhtakwekú she's deaf. Prepausal: teyuhuhtakwe-kú. iva7thahúhtakweke7 he became

deaf. Base: .ahuhtakwek- plus tedualic deal See trade; deal; swap debate See argue; debate; dispute debt, be in tekatkalí-se I'm always in debt (e.g., I owe on an Eaton's card), tehatkalí-se he's in debt, teyutkalí-se she's in debt. Base: .atkali'se- plus te- dualic decay See rot; spoil deceive kye-lúhe7 I'm deceiving her (z.) or it, laye-lúhe7 he's deceiving her (z.) or it, lakye lúhe7 he keeps fooling me, shakoye-lúhe7 he's deceiving them, he's fooling them. Base: -yeluDecember

Wahsu-tés.

decent, be See nice, be nice or decent; have integrity decide latA7nikuhlísa7as he's deciding to do it, he's on the verge of doing it. lotA7nikuhlísu7 he has decided. wahatA7nikuhlísane? he decided, iva7utA7nikuhlísane7 she decided. Base: -atA ? nikuhlisa ? decide lalihwAtha7 he makes up his mind. waklihzvAhtu I have made up my mind. xva7klí"WAhte7 I made up my mind, wahalí-WAhte7 he made up his mind. Base: -lihwAhtdecide, make oneself katate7nikuhlísa7as I'm trying to make up my mind. wakatate7nikuhlísu7 I have made up my mind. wa7katate7nikuhlísane7 I made up my mind,

English-Oneida

Akatate?nikuhlísane? I will make up my mind. Base: -atate ? nikuhlisa ? decorate kya7tahslu-nihe7 I'm decorating it (e.g., a Christmas tree). wakya7tahsluní I have decorated it, yukniya7tahsluní we two have decorated it. kaya7tahsluní it's decorated. Pre-pausal: kaya7tahslu-ní. wa7kya7tahslu-níI decorated it, iva7akniya7tahslu-níwe two (excl.) decorated it, Akya7tahslu-ní- I will decorate it. Base: -ya ? tahsluni-/-ya ? tahslunydecorate See do something to; fool; trick; decorate decorate with kya7tahslunyá-tha7 I'm using something to dress it up or trim it. wakya7tahslunyá-tu I have used it to dress it up. kaya7tahslunyá-tu she (z.) or it is decorated or adorned with something (e.g., a store window). Base: -ya ? tahslunya ? tdeed, great See great deed or matter deep ditch, be teyoná-tsles it's a deep ditch. tsi7 na7teyoná-tsles it's a really deep ditch. Base: .na?tsles- plus te- dualic deep hole, be yoshu-wés it's a deep hole. a7é• niyoshu-wés it's a really big hole. Base: -shuwesdeep liquid, be yohno-tés it's deep (anything that has liquid in it, e.g., a swimming pool), kók niyohno-tés it's just this deep (and so it's shallow). Base: -ahnotesdeep opening, be teyohlu-wés it's deep (referring to an opening in the ground,

959

such as a hole), teyohluwesú-ne7 it was deep, né- tetyohlu-wés it's the deepest, tó• na?tAyohluwesúhake7 how deep will it be? Base: .hluwes- plus te- dualic deep snow, be yonyAhtahno-tés it's deep snow. Base: -nyAhtahnotesdeer oskanu-tú- or oskAnu-tú-. defeat See able, be able to; beat at defecate See bowel movement, have defend oneself See argue for oneself; defend oneself definite, become See truth, become known; become certain deliver See take somewhere; deliver demanding, be demanding; be hard on the nerves tewakatelyA7takályat I'm demanding, I have a lot of needs, tehotelyA7takályat he's misbehaving, he's hard on the nerves (usually said of children), he's demanding (said of an older person who needs a lot of care), teyakotelyA7taká!yat she's demanding. tehotelyA7takalyahtú-ne7 he was misbehaving or demanding. tAhotelyA7takalyahtúhake7 he will be misbehaving or demanding. Base: .atelyA'takalyaht- plus tedualic demonstrate See show how to do; demonstrate dented, be yottakwaláshA7 dented. Base: -attakwalashA-

it's

960

English-Orieida

(he's

dentist shakonawilahslu-níhe7 a) dentist. Base: -nawilahslunihe? dentist shakonawilotákiuas dentist. Base: -nawilotakwas

(he's a)

dentures See false teeth dentures, have lonawilánhute7 he has dentures, yakonawilánhute7 she has dentures. Base: -nawilanhutdentures, put in See put in one's dentures dentures, take out See take out one's dentures deny tehatwa7kAnyehse7 he denies it. tewakatwa7kAni I have denied it. iva7tkativa7kA-níI denied it. Base: .atwa'kAny- plus te- dualic depart See leave; go away; set out depend on; count on kenyahesA I can count on it, lanyahesA he can count on it, kunyahesA I can count on you (you're dependable). Pre-pausal: kunyahe-sA. wa7kenyáhese7 I counted on her (z.) or it, wa7khenyáhese7 I counted on her, wahinyáhese7 I counted on him, ahuivanyáhese7 someone should count on him. AkenyahesAhake7 I will count on it. Base: -nyahesdependable, be See reliable, be reliable; be dependable descend See go down; descend descended from, be See family, be descended from

desirable, be yoskAne-kát it looks so good that one wants to have it, it's enviable. Base: -skAnekatdesire; envy kaska-néks I'm envious, I want it, laska-néks he's envious, he desires something. wa7kaska-néke7 I envied, wahaska-néke7 he desired it. Base: -askanekdespise someone See dislike someone detach See break; cut determine; exert one's will; take the lead tkanúhtuhe7 I determine it, I control it, I take the lead. twakanuhtú-u I have determined it, I'm the leader, takanúhtu7 I had my way, Atkanúhtu 7 I will have my way, it'll be up to me, Atehsanúhtu7 you will determine it, Atyunúhtu7 she or someone will determine it, utakanúhtu7 I should determine it, I want to have my way. yáh te7tkanúhtahe7 I don't get my way, yáh te7twakanuhtú-u I didn't get my way, I couldn't help it. yáh 7 thutakam'ihtu I won't get my way, yáh thutasanúhtu 7 you won't get your way. Base: .anuhtu- plus t- cislocative devil onishuhlo-lú• devil, evil snake. kwa7nyó sanishuhlo-lú- you seem to be the devil, you devil. Base: -anishuhlolu 7 devil

la7nikuhláksA.

devil, be See horn, have a horn; be the devil devil, have in one lonishuhlonú-tslat he has the devil in him, yakonishuhlonú-tslat she has the

English-Oneida 961

devil in her. Base: -anishuhlonu ? tslatdew

yo7áwi.

diaper o7tsyú-khale7. Base: - ? tsyu ? khaldiaper someone tehi7tsyu7khálha7 I diaper him. tekhe7tsyú-khale7 I have diapered her. wa7thi7tsyu7kha-lú• I put a diaper on him, wa 7tekhe7tsyu 7kha-lú- I diapered her. Base: . ? tsyu ? khal-/. ? tsyu' ? khaluplus te- dualic diarrhea, get tewakatya7tukótha7 I have diarrhea, tehotya7tukótha7 he has diarrhea, teyakotya7tukótha7 she has diarrhea. wa7twakatya7tu-kóhte7 I got diarrhea. Base: .atya?tukoht- plus te- dualic die yaihe-yú-se7 she's dying, lAhe-yú-se7 he's dying, nihe-yú-se7 the two (m.) are dying, lAnihe-yú-se7 they (m.) are dying, wakiheyú I have died (in a dream I dreamed this), yakawAheyú she has died, she's dead, lawAheyú he has died, yuknAheyú we two have died, yukwAheyú we have died, lonAheyú they (m.) have died, yoriAheyú they (z.) have died. wa7yaíheye7 she died, wahlAheye7 he died, wahAníheye7 they (m.) died, Ayaíheye7 she will die. sayaíheye7 7 7 she died. wa tetníheye you and I (incl.) died (e.g., in my dream), wa7tyakníheye7 we two (excl.) died, wa7thníheye7 the two (m.) died, wa7tkníheye7 the two (z.) died, wetwAheye7 we (incl.) died. tyakawAheyú there she has died, thawAheyú there he has died,

tahlAheye7

there he died.

tshiyakawAheyú

when she had

already died, tshihawAheyú when he had died, tsha7yaíheye7 when she died, tshahlAheye7 when he died. Base: -iheyu-/-ihey-/-Aheyu-/ -Aheydie See pass by; go or continue on die off lu7WA-lá-se7 they (m.) all die (as a result of an epidemic or a natural disaster such as a flood or tornado). lona^Atá-u they have died. wahu7wA-táne7 they died. Base: -a?WAta?different

ákte7.

different See every; different different, be thika-té• it's a different one, lhiye-té- she's different, thiha-té- he's different, thitwa-téwe (incl.) are different, thihati-téthey (m.) are different. tha7tetwa-téwe (incl.) are really different (from them), tha7tehati-téthey (m.) are really different. thikalu-táte7 it's a different tree. thikanláhtate7 it's a different leaf. thikashú-kalate7 it's a different board. thika7sléhtate7 it's a different car. Base: .te- plus th- contrastive different, be a different person thihayá-tate7 he's a different person, thiyeyá-tate7 she's a different person. Base: ,ya?tate- plus th- contrastive different, be different from one another tekyattíliA it's different, the two (z.) are different, tetyattíhA you and

I (incl.) are different, tehuttíhA

they

962

English-Orieida

(m.) are all different. na?tekyattíhA it's so different, the two (z.) are different in such a way. Base: .attihA- plus te- dualic different things akté-shu7. difficult, be difficult; be hard to please iVAto-lé• it's difficult or hard, kAto-lé• I'm hard to please, yakAto-lé• she's hard to please, lAto-lé• he's hard to please, yáh te?WAto-léit's not difficult (it's easy). Base: -Atol(e)difficult, be difficult for someone wakAtolá-sehe7 it's difficult for me. ukwAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for me, wahawAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for him, wa 7akawAto-lá-se7 it was difficult for her. Base: -Atola ? se-/-Atola ? sdifficult, be difficult going along; be hard times WAtoláti7 it's going along pretty hard, it's hard times. niwAtoláti7 it's going along really hard. Base: -Atolatyedifficult, become wa'huAto-láne7 it became difficult, AWAto-láne7 it will become difficult, tsi7 na7wAto-láne7 it became really difficult. Base: -Atola7dig ká-kivats I'm digging, lá-kwats he's digging, lú-kwats they (m.) are digging. waka7kwatú I have dug, lo7kwatú he has dug, lona 7kwatú they (m.) have dug. wa7ká-kwate7 I dug, wahú-kwate7 they (m.) dug, Aká-kwate7 I will dig, Ahá-kwate7 he will dig, Ahú-kwate7 they (m.) will dig. Base: -a'kwat-

dig a well lathneku-nihe7 he's making (digging) a well, wahathneku-ní- he dug a well. Base: -athnekunidig for oneself katá-kwats I'm digging, lutá-kwats they (m.) are digging. wakata7kwatú I have dug. wa7katá-kwate7 I dug, wahatá-kwate7 he dug, Ahsatá-kwate7 you will dig. Base: -ata ? kwatdig in one's pocket katathna7tatsló-kwats I'm digging around in my pocket. wakatathna7tatslo7kwatú I have dug around in my pocket. wahatathna7tatsló-kwate7 he dug around in his pocket. Base: -atathna ? tatslo ? kwatdig in several pockets kataihna7tatslo7kwáthuhe7 I'm digging around in several pockets. Base: -atathna ? tatslo ? kwathudig up; burrow kató-kwats I dig. wakato7kwatú I have dug it up. wa?kató-kwate7 I dug it up. Base: -ato ? kwatdimple, have yakonho7kwaká-lute7 she has a dimple, lonho7kwaká-lute7 he has a dimple. Base: -nho ? kwakahlutdimples, have yakonho7kwakahlu-túshe has dimples. Base: -nho 7 kwakahlutudingball dinosaur dipper

tekahlahtanáhsute7. kaya7kwáhele7. yehnekotsyAhtákhwa7.

English-Oneida

direction nukwá- direction, kA7 nukwá• this direction, here it is. kAh nukwá• this direction, thó nukwáthat direction. a7é- nukwá- that direction, way over there, el A nukivá• over to that side. direction, face See turn or face a direction dirt; dust; ashes; soil o7kAla7 dirt, dust, ashes, soil, teyota 7kAhlókwA there's dust scattered around, it's dusty, wa7twata7kAhlo-kó• the dust just went flying. tekata?kAhlokwátha7 I'm scattering dirt or dust, wa7tkata7kAhlókwahte7 I scattered dirt or dust. Aiisa7kAhlu-tí• you will throw dirt, hitayukwa7kAhlu-tv we threw soil on it again, teka 7kAhlákhwa 7 I'm picking up dirt (either in my hand or with something, such as a shovel), tewaka?kAhláhkwA I have picked up the dirt, wa7tha7kA-lahkive7 he picked up the dirt. wa7kA-lit there's dirt in it. wa 7kAhliyó it's good soil. la7kAhloke-wás he's wiping off the dirt, he's dusting, yu 7kAhloke-wás she's dusting, waka7kAhlokewX I have dusted, yako7kAhlokewA she has dusted, wa7ka7kAhlo-kéwe? I wiped the dirt off, I dusted, Aka7kAhlo-kéwe7 I will wipe off the dust. o ?kAhlósku7 it has dirt, sand, or ashes all in it. yo7kAhlatstényes there's a real heaping pile of dirt. yo7kAhlatstényote7 it's a pile of dirt. Base: -a ? kAhldirt, have in or on wa7kA-lale7 there's some dirt in something, yo7kA-lale7 it has dust or dirt on it, it's dirty or dusty. Base: -a ? kAhlal-

963

dirt, shake out See shake out dirt dirty, be teyonú-yanit it's dirty. teyonuhyanihtú-ne7 it was dirty. lAyonuhyanihtúhake7 it will be dirty, né- tetyonú-yanit it's the dirtiest, tsi7 na7teyonú-yanit it's so dirty, teyakonuhsanú-yanit her house is dirty, tsi7 na7teho7slehtanú-yanit is his car ever dirty. Base: .anuhyaniht- plus te- dualic dirty, be yonitsta-kwálale7 it's dirty (e.g., laundry). yonitsta-kwálalahkwe7 it was dirty. Ayonitsta-kwálalake7 it will be dirty. Base: -nitstakwalaldirty, become uknitsta-kwálalane7 I got dirty, wahonitsta-kwálalane7 he got dirty, wa7akonitsta-kwálalane? she got dirty. Base: -nitstakwalala?dirty face, have tewaknisku-wále7 I have a dirty face, tehonisku-wále7 he has a dirty face, teyakonisku-wále7 she has a dirty face, tehonisku-wálahkwe7 he had a dirty face. tAhonisku-wálake7 he will have a dirty face. Base: .niskuwal- plus te- dualic dirty laundry, gather up See gather up dirty laundry dirty, make dirty; make a mess tekatanuhyanítha7 I keep dirtying it, I keep making a mess. tewakatanuhyaníhtu I have made a big mess, teyotanuhyaníhtu it's awful (e.g., the weather). wa7tkatanú-yanihte7 I dirtied it, wa7twatanú-yanihte7 it got really bad, tAyutanú-yanihte7 she will

964

English-Orieida

make a big mess. tAyotanuhyanihtúhake7 it will be awful. Base: .atanuhyaniht- plus tedualic dirty one's face tekatniskuwalu-níhe7 I'm making my face dirty, tehatniskuwalu-níhe7 he's making his face dirty, teyutniskuwalu-níhe7 she's making her face dirty. tewakatniskuwaluní I have dirtied my face. wa7thatniskuwalu-ní• he dirtied his face. Base: .atniskuwaluni- plus tedualic dirty oneself katnitstakwalálhos I'm getting dirty, wakatnitstakwalálhu I have gotten dirty, lotnitstakwalálhu he has gotten dirty. wa7katnitstakwalálho7 I got dirty, wahatnitstakwalálho7 he got dirty, wa7utnitstakwalálho7 she got 7 dirty, Akatnitstakwalálho I will get dirty. Base: -atnitstakwalalhodirty someone kunitstakwalálhos I get you dirty, kunitstakwalálhu I have gotten you dirty. wa7kunitstakwalálho7 I got you dirty, wa7khenitstakwalá!ho7 I got her dirty, wahaknitstakwalálho7 he got me dirty. Base: -nitstakwalalhodirty things onitsta-kwála7 dirty clothes. knitstakwalanawAtha7 I'm soaking dirty clothes. Base: -nitstakwaldisagree See oppose; disagree; disapprove disappear See go out of sight; disappear

disappear See lost, get lost; disappear disappear See wipe, get wiped off; fade; disappear disappear, make disappear; erase waháhtuhte7 he made it disappear, he erased it, Aháhtuhte7 he will erase it. skahtú-tha7 I'm erasing it (so that it's clean again), saháhtuhte7 he erased it again, Askáhtuhte7 I will erase it again. Base: -ahtu'tdisappear, make oneself katahtú-tha7 I disappear (because I don't want to be seen), lotahtú-tu he has disappeared. wa7katáhtuhte7 I disappeared, I made myself scarce. Base: -atahtu ? tdisappointed, feel See bad, feel bad or disappointed; regret disapproval, mention See mention one's concern or disapproval disapprove See oppose; disagree; disapprove disbelieve See doubt; not really believe disconnect tekahsutlákwas I'm disconnecting it. tewakahsutlákiVA I have disconnected it. wa7tkahsutla-kó• I disconnected it. Base: .ahsutlakw- plus te- dualic discouraged, become See burdensome, become discouraged, feel See listless, feel discouraging, be yoya 7tályot it's discouraging, things are just not going right. Base: -ya ? talyoht-

English-Oneida 965

discover See find or discover someone or something

disgusted, become See frustrated, become frustrated; become irritated

discover See knowledge, acquire knowledge; discover; recognize

dish

discover a way I discovered a way, I came up with the idea, wa7utA7nikuhlo-lAne7 she thought of a way. Base: -atA?nikuhlolA?-

wa7katA7nikuhlo-lAne7

disease kánhla7. Base: -nhldisease, be long-lasting kánhles it's a disease or sickness (e.g., a cold) that's hanging on a long time. Base: -nhlesdisease, give someone lakenhlálhos he keeps giving me his germs. lakenhlálhu he has given me a disease. wa7kunhlálho7 I gave you my germs or a disease, Askenhlálho7 you will give me your germs. Base: -nhlalhodisease, have wakénhlayA7 I have a disease, lónhlayA 7 he has a disease, yakónhlayA 7 she has a disease. Base: -nhlayAdisease, sexually-transmitted disease kanhláksA. disfigured, be lotye-lú• he's disfigured, yakotye-lú- she's disfigured. Base: -atyeludisgraceful, be yokA-lat it's disgraceful. Base: -kAhlatdisguise oneself See make oneself into something; disguise oneself

yuteksahlákhwa7.

dish; plate; bowl átsi7 or kátsi7 dish. laótsi7 his dish. atsyA7shúha or katsyA7shúha dishes. Base: -atsyA-/-tsyAdish; plate; bowl kaksá-ke on the outside of the dish, káksaku in the dish or bowl, on the plate, kaksokú under the dish. Pre-pausal: kakso-kú. yukyateksáhele7 we have a container set up, wa7kateksá-lA7 I put down the dish, Ahsateksá-lA7 you will put down a dish, Asateksá-lake7 you will have a dish set down for yourself, niyukyateksáhele7 where we had containers set up. yukeksawí she has given me a dish. takáksAne 7 the dish fell. ya7káksAne7 the dish fell down or in. ukéksAhse 7 I dropped the dish, kaksáhele7 the dish is set down, tehoksahlíhtu he has broken the dishes, wa7thaksá-lihte7 he broke the dish. teyoksahlí-u the dish is broken, wa7tkaksá-line7 the dish broke. wa7twakeksá-lihse7 the dish broke on me. keksahlúnyuhe7 I'm setting the table, wa7akwaksahlúni7 we (excl.) set out the dishes. Ashaksitáhko7 he will take a dish out again, wa 7keksítane7 I put dishes in it. kaksowanA it's a big dish. wa7kekso-kéwe7 I wiped the dish, keksokewányuhe7 I'm wiping dishes, wa 7keksokewáni7 I wiped the dishes, tayeksokewáni7 she wiped the dishes there, keksaló-loks I'm gathering up dishes, I'm clearing the table, wa7akwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes, wa7eksaló-loke7 she gathered up the

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English-Orieida

dishes, sayeksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes again, tayakwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes there. wa7keksóhale7 I washed the dish. keksohalényuhe7 I'm washing dishes, saksohaléni7 you have washed the dishes, wa7eksohaléni7 she washed the dishes, Akeksohaléni7 I will wash the dishes, sayeksohaléni7 she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaléni7 she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaléni7 they (z.) should wash the dishes again, tayeksohaléni7 there she washed the dishes, Alyeksohaléni7 there she will wash the dishes. wa7keksohalé-na7 I'm going to wash the dish, skáksat one dish, só-tsi7 é-nik tayéksatate7 she had the dish too high, keksáta 7as I'm putting plates in there. wa7tkeksa7slúni7 I stacked the dishes, tehseksa7slúni Stack the dishes! Base: -ksdishtowel disk

yeksokewátha7. tewa7kAhlahlihtákhwa7.

dislike oneself; hate oneself katatéshwAhse7 I hate myself (when I do that). AkatatéshwA7 will hate myself. Base: -atateshwA-

I

dislike someone shakotahkwáshwAhse7 he dislikes her or them, liyatahkwáshwAhse7 I dislike him. liyatahkwashwA-u I have come to dislike him. AhiyatahkwáshwA7 I will dislike him. Base: -atahkwashwA-

dislike someone shakóshwAhse7 he dislikes her. iva7khéshwA7 I dislike her, AkhéshwA7 I will dislike her. Base: -shwAdisparaging, be disparaging; be negative yelihwakalA-le7 she's very negative when she talks about something or someone, she's disparaging (e.g., if she said about someone "he's better off dead"), lalihwakalA-le7 he's negative. Base: -lihwakalAhl(e)disparaging, become disparaging; become negative lalihwakalA-lats he keeps becoming negative in the way he talks. lolihwakalAhlatú he has become disparaging. wahalihwakalA-late7 he became negative. Base: -lihwakalAhlatdisperse tetsyakwalényehse7 we (excl.) are dispersing, we're each going our separate ways, teshulényehse7 they (m.) are dispersing, teshonaléni they (m.) have dispersed, tusayakwale-ní• we (excl.) dispersed, tusahule-ní- they (m.) dispersed. Base: .aleny- plus tes- dualic and repetitive disperse See lose; leave; disperse disperse See scatter; disperse dispute See argue; debate; dispute disruptive, be lanuskályas he's being disruptive, he's throwing a tantrum. waknuskáli I have raised heck, lonuskáli he's really disruptive. wahanuska-lí• he raised heck, Aknuska-lí• I will cause trouble. Base: -nuskaly-

English-Oneida 967

dissatisfied, become See resentful, become resentful or dissatisfied; find annoying distance, be yo-lé• it's far, niyo-lé- it's that far. tó- niyo-lé- how far is it? thó niyo-lé- it's that far. tok niyo-lé' it's so far. kók tiiyo-lé- it's just a short distance, a 7é- niyo-lé- it's very far. tsi7 niyo-lé• until, tóniyo-léhkwe7 how far was it? thó niyo-léhkwe7 it used to be that far. tó• nAyo-léke7 how far will it be? yáh thó te7yo-lé• it was never a time. Base: -ledistress, cause See trouble, cause trouble or distress distribute tekalenyá-tha7 I'm distributing things, tehalenyá-tha7 he's distributing things, tewakalenyá-tu I have distributed them, teholenyá-tu he has distributed them. wa7tkalényahte7 I distributed them, tAhalényahte7 he will distribute them. tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha7 he distributes papers, wa7thahyatuhslakalényahte7 he distributed the papers. tehA7takalenyá-tha7 he's distributing or spreading manure, wa7thA7takalényahte7 he distributed manure. tehana7talakalenyá-tha7 he distributes or delivers bread, wa7thana7talakalényahte7 he distributed bread. tehanu7takalenyá-tha7 he distributes the milk, wa7thanu7takalényahte7 he distributed milk. Base: ,alenya ? t-/.kalenya ? t- plus te- dualic

disturbed, feel See bothered, feel bothered, worried, or disturbed ditch kaná-tsli7 ditch. Pre-pausal: kaná-tsheli7. kaná-tslaku in the ditch, kana7tslakúshu7 along the ditches, kana 7tslákta 7 near the ditch. kana7tslaktúti7 close along the ditch. kAh na7kaná-tslati7 it's on this side of the ditch, a 7éna7kaná-tslati7 it's way over on the other side of the ditch. wa7tekna7tsli-yá-ke7 I crossed the ditch, wa7tkana7tsli-yá-ke7 she (z.) or it crossed the ditch. Base: -na'tslditch, be along tsi7 kana7tslatáti7 (it's) a ditch, extending along. Base: -na'tslatatyeditch, be deep See deep ditch, be divide See separate; divide; share dizzy, become waktsihalatényehse7 I'm dizzy, lotsihalatényehse7 he's dizzy, yakotsihalatényehse7 she's dizzy, waktsihalaténi I was dizzy. uktsihalate-ní- I got dizzy, Awaktsihalate-ní• I will get dizzy. lotsihalaténye7skwe7 he was dizzy. Ahotsihalatenyé-sheke7 he will be dizzy. Base: -tsihalatenydo a job; do officially; get involved wakatlíhute7 this is the kind of job I do, I'm an official, satlíhute7 this is the job you do, lotlíhute7 this is the job he does, yakotlíhute7 she has a position. Akatlihu-tX• I will become involved in it (e.g., an organization). thotlihu-táhkwe7 that's what he used to do as a job. tsha7katlihu-tAwhen I got the position. Base: -atlihut-

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do a job; do officially; get involved in things katlihutúnyuhe7 I become involved in things. Ahsatlihutúni7 you will become involved in things. Base: -atlihutunyudo a particular way thó nithatilihwayelá-tha7 that's the way or reasoning or direction they (m.) use to carry out something, thó nutahatilihwaye-lá-te7 they (m.) carried it out according to some reasoning. Base: .lihwayela't- plus nitpartitive and cislocative do all over; touch all over kA 7 na7kyeláni7 I'm touching it all over, the way I did it. Base: .yelanyu- plus kA7 particle and n- partitive do by oneself ya7tewakya7tísta7 I'm always having to do it all by myself (without my intending it that way). ya 7tewakya 7tístu I'm all by myself, I have done it all by myself. ya7twakyá-tiste7 I had to do it all by myself, I did it alone, ya7thoyá-tiste7 he just had to do it on his own, ya7tAwakyá-tiste7 I will be all by myself, ya7tAsayá-tiste7 you will be doing it alone. ya7tusahotiyá-tiste7 they (m.) are all by themselves again. Base: .ya?tist- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic do, engage in doing tsi7 nikatyélha 7 what I do, what I'm doing, tsi7 nihatyélha7 what he's doing, tsi7 niyutyélha7 what she's doing, tsi7 nihutyélha7 what they (m.) are doing. niwakatyelA what I'm doing, niyotyelA it's going on. nahsátyele7 you did it, nahátyele7 he did it, nahútyele7 they (m.) did it,

nAkátyele7 I will do it, nAhsátyele7 you will do it, nAhátyele7 he will do it, nahsátyele7 you should do it, nahútyele7 they (m.) should do it. niwakatyelA-hné• I did do it (at one time), niyotyelA-hné• it was going on. nAyotyelAhake7 it will be going on. tsi7 náhte7 nityotyelA whatever is going on there, yáh náhte7 thahsátyele7 you won't do anything, yáh thayútyele7 she won't do it, yáh náhte7 thahútyele7 they (m.) won't do anything. Base: .atyel- plus n- partitive do for someone nihakwatyelá-se he does it for me. nahakwatye-lá-se7 he did it for me, nakuyatye-lá-se7 I should do it for you. Base: .atyela'se-Aatyela's- plus n- partitive do halfheartedly See shorten the amount; do halfheartedly do, how or the way nikyélha7 the way I'm doing it, nihsyélha7 the way you're doing it, niyeyélha7 the way she's doing it, kA7 nihayélha7 this is the way he's doing it, nikayélha7 the way it's happening, niyakwayélha7 the way we (excl.) are doing it, nihatiyélha7 the way they (m.) are doing it. niyakoyelA the way she has done it. ná kyele7 how I did it, kA7 ná-kyele7 this is the way I did it, náhsyele7 how you did it, naha-yéle7 how he did it, na 7e-yéle 7 how she did it, kA 7 nahati-yéle7 this is how they (m.) did it, nAkyele7 how I will do it, nAhsyele7 how you will do it, nAye-yéle 7 how she or someone will do it, ná-kyele 7 how I should do it. kA 7 ná-tsyel Do it this way! nihatiyélhahkwe7 the way they

English-Oneida 969

used to do it. nAsayelXhake7 the way that you will do it, nAkayelAhake7 the way that it will be done. kA7 nithayélha7 he's over here doing it this way. Base: .yel- plus n- partitive do, intend to do nihyatyelá-ne7 the two (m.) are going to do it. Base: .atyela'n- plus n- partitive do, intend to do nihayelá-ne7 he's going to do it. Base: .yela'n- plus n- partitive do intensely See try hard; do intensely; struggle do on purpose katelyA7tu-níhe7 I'm doing it on purpose. lotelyA7tuní he has done it on purpose. wahatelyA7tu-níhe did it on purpose, wa7katelyA7tu-ní• I meant to do it. yah te7wakatelyA7tuní I didn't do it on purpose, I didn't mean to do it. Base: -atelyA?tunido quickly See fast, do fast; do quickly do right See right, do do right by someone See treat someone right do slowly See late, do late; do slowly; lag behind do something about See bother with; do something about do something inappropriate See crime, commit a crime; do something inappropriate do something that's a cause of something yakostu-tás she does something (wrong) so that it's the cause of something that happens to

her, lostu-tás he does something (wrong), ukéstute7 I did something so that it happened to me, wa7akóstute7 she did something so that it happened to her. Base: -stutdo something to; fool; trick; decorate tehayelúnyuhe7 he's doing something to it (e.g., to the room), he's decorating it, tehakyelúnyuhe7 he keeps tricking me. wa7tekheyelúni7 I fooled or tricked her, wa7thakyelúni7 he tricked me, wa7tyukwayelúni7 it fooled us. Base: .yelunyu- plus te- dualic do to someone nihakyelá-se how he does it to me, what he does to me, how he has done it to me. nukye-lá-se7 how or what she (z.) or it did to me, na7ukye-lá-se7 how or what she did to me. Base: .yela ? se-/.yela ? s- plus npartitive do two things at once ya7tehalihwayestákhwa7 he does two things at once, he does something while he's doing something else. ya7tewaklihwayestáhkwA I have done two things at once. ya7teklihwayéstahkwe7 I did two things at once. ya7tehslihwayéstak Do something else besides! Base: .lihwayestahkw- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic do what one wants Akanúhtu 7 I can do what I want, Ahunúhtu 7 they (m.) will do what they want. thiwakanuhtú-u I just do things my own way. Base: -anuhtu-

970 English-Orieida

doctor latéts\)A?ts (he's a) doctor, yutétsyA 7ts (she's a) doctor. Base: -atetsyA?ts doctor; treat someone for an illness wahatétsyAhte7 he doctored, wa?shakotétsyAhte7 he doctored her, he treated her for an illness, wahuwatétsyAhte? she or they doctored him. Base: -atetsyA?tdog

é-lhal.

doll kaya?tuní doll. Pre-pausal: kaya7tu-ní. akya7tuní my doll, saya7tuní your doll, ukniya7tuní our (dual) doll. kaya7tuni7shúha dolls. Ahsya?tunihslakó-na? you will go to pick up your doll. nyAhsya7tuníhslako? over there you will pick up your doll. kaya?tuníhslayA7 the doll is lying there. ukya7tunihslayA-táne7 I got a doll. Base: -ya ? tuni-/-ya ? tunihsldollar See money; dollar don't; shouldn't tákA7. donate See let go of; give out donate, intend to donate tkatkAhla7tá-ne7 I'm going to donate it. Base: .atkAhla?ta?n- plus t- cislocative donkey tewahúhtes. door kanhóha7 or kánhohe7 door. kanhohá-ke on the door. a7éna7kanhóhati7 it's on the other side of the door, kanhóhes the door is long, teyonhohahlí-u the door is broken. wa7kenhoho-kéwe7 I wiped the door. wahanhohanA-tákte7 he

put the door up against it. kanhohani-yúte7 the door is hanging, wahanhohanyu-tX• he hung the door. Base: -nhohdoor, burst through thanhoho7kátha7 he comes in bursting through the door, yehanhoho7kátha 7 he goes in bursting through the door. yewakenhoho7káhtu I have gone in bursting through the door. ya7kenhohó-kahte7 I went in bursting through the door, yahanhohó-kahte7 he went in bursting through the door. Base: .nhoho ? kaht- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative door, close See close a door door, have yonhoká-lute7 it has a door, (it's) a doorway. tyonhoká-lute7 the doorway there, tsi7 tyonhoká-lute7 at the door. Base: -nhokahlutdoor, have several yonhokahlu-tú• it has doors, yáh te7yonhokahlu-tú• it doesn't have doors, yáh te7tsyonhokahlu-túit doesn't have doors anymore. Base: -nhokahlutudoor, knock at See knock at the door door, open See open a door door, sound at See noise, sound at a door doormat yulahsi7tokewátha7 yulahsi 7tokewa 7tákhwa 7.

or

doorway See door, have dot; print; star otsistóhkwa7 stars, dots, printed fabric, calico. katsistohkzviyó it's nice printed

English-Oneida

fabric. Base: -tsistohkwdouble tekhna7néta7as I'm putting something on top of something, I'm doubling it (e.g., putting up insulation, shingles, or interior walls), lahna7néta7as or tehahna7néta7as he's doubling it (e.g., insulating it). tewakhna 7nétA 7 I have doubled it. wa7thahna7nétane7 he put it on top of it. wa7tkatlahti7tslanétane7 I put on two pairs of socks. wa7tkatya7tawi7tslanétane7 I put on two shirts, one on top of the other. Base: .hna ? neta ? -/.neta ? - plus tedualic double; insulate lahna7netályuhe7 he's insulating it. lohna 7netáli7 he has insulated it. Base: -hna'netalyudoubled, be doubled; be insulated tekahná-net it's insulated, it's doubled. tekahna7ne-táhkwe7 it used to be insulated. tAkahna7ne-táke7 it will be insulated, yáh tha7tekahná-net it's not insulated. Base: ,hna?net-/.net- plus tedualic doubt; not really believe katanowAtha7 I doubt it, I don't really believe it. wakatanowAhtu I had already doubted it. wa7katano-wAhte7 I had doubts, I didn't believe it. Base: -atanowAhtdough, knead See button, put on several; knead dough dough; paste; cream oshé-lha7 dough, paste, cream. Akateshe7lhu-ní- I will make the dough.

971

yoshe7lhatiA-táks the dough is sticky. keshe7lhálhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). yakoshe7lholóktu she has covered it with dough (e.g., she put the pie crust on), wa7keshe7lho-lókte7 I covered it with dough. Base: -she ? lhdough, roll out See roll out dough doughy, be yoshé-lhale7 doughy. Base: -she'lhal-

it's all

doughy, become wa7oshé-lhalane7 got doughy. Base: -she ? lhala ? -

it

down; below; downstairs ehtá-ke. downhill, go See go downhill drag; drive; ride; trick someone lá-sle7 he's dragging it, waké-sle7 I'm driving, ló-sle 7 it's dragging him, he's (in a car) driving, yuknvsle7 we two are driving, yukwá-sle7 we're driving. Pre-pausal: yukwá-sele7. ké-slehse7 I drag it. wake7slenú I have dragged it. wa 7ké-sle 7 I'm dragging it, I'm driving it, wahó-sle7 he's tricking him into doing something, he's giving him a ride in something, he's driving it, wa7ukwá-sle7 we rode, wa7uké'sle? she tricked me into it, she's giving me a ride in something (e.g., a wagon), Ahsé-sle7 you will drag it, Ahotí-sle7 they (m.) will ride. Pre-pausal: Ahotí-sele7 wake7slenu-hné- I had dragged it. tyé-slehse7 she's dragging it around there, také-sle7 I'm dragging it this way, tayukwá-sle7 we came riding this way. tutahá-sle7 he dragged it this way again. wa7khuwí-sle7 I'm

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English-Orieida

riding along in the boat, takhuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat this way, ya7khuwí-sle7 I dragged the boat that way. elók seknaktí-sle7 I'm dragging the bed all over the place, I'm in the bed and it's going all over the place, layalí-sle7 he's dragging the bag, layalí-slehse7 he drags the bag, loyali7slenú he has dragged the bag, wa7kyalí-sle7 I dragged the bag, takyalí-sle7 I dragged the sack or bag this way. Base: - ? sle-/-i ? sledrag, go along dragging or riding ke7slenúti7 I'm dragging it along, ka7slenúti7 it's dragging along (e.g., there's a bunch of cars going by), loti7slenúti7 they (m.) are riding along (in cars). Base: - ? slenutye-/-i ? slenutyedrag one's feet tekalahsi7tí-sle7 I'm dragging my feet. Pre-pausal: tekalahsi7tísele7. wa7thalahsi7tí-sle7 he dragged his feet, wa7tyulahsi7tí-sle7 she dragged her feet. Pre-pausal: wa 7tyulahsi 7tí-sele7. Base: ,alahsi ? ti ? sle- plus tedualic drag one's feet going along tehalahsi7ti?slenúti7 he's going along dragging his feet, teyulahsi7ti7slenúti7 she's going along dragging her feet. Base: ,alahsi ? ti ? slenutye- plus tedualic drag several; ride around la7sléhsuhe7 he's going all over dragging things. waho7sléhsu7 he drove about, Aha 7sléhsu 7 he will drag things around. Base: - ? slehsu-

drain See strain; drain drape over See hook; drape over; harness draped, be draped over; be leaning over tekya7kalotálhu I'm draped or leaning over (it), tehaya7kalotálhu he's draped over (it), teyeya7kalotálhu she's draped over (it). Base: .ya'kalotalho- plus tedualic draw pictures See pictures, draw or take draw up one's legs wahatshinóklike7 he drew up his legs. tahatshinóklike7 he drew up his legs (e.g., in order to avoid something, such as the vacuum cleaner), tayutshinóklike7 she drew up her legs. Base: -atshinoklikdrawer, have yonutó-tslute7 drawer. Base: -nuto ? tslut-

it has a

drawer, have several yonuto7tslu-tú• it has drawers. Base: -nuto ? tslutudream oslAhta7 dream. laoslXhta7 his dream, akoslXhta 7 her dream. akeslAhtaku in my dream. Base: -sLvhtdream, be dreaming wakeslAhtaksXhsluhe7 I'm dreaming, loslAhtaksXhsluhe7 he's dreaming, yakoslAhtaksXhsluhe7 she's dreaming. Base: -slAhtaksAhsludream, be nice kaslAhtiyó it's a nice dream. Pre-pausal: kaslAhti-yá tsi7

English-Oneida 973

nikaslAhtiyó it's such a nice dream. Base: -slAhtiyodream, have wakeslAhtáksAhse7 I'm dreaming, I have a dream. wakeslAhtaksX-u I have dreamed. ukeslAhtáksA7 I dreamed, wesaslAhtáksA7 you dreamed, wahoslAhtáksA7 he dreamed, wa 7kuslAhtáksA 7 I dreamed about you, AwakeslAhtáksA7 I will dream. nahoslAhtáksA7 how or where he dreamed. Base: -slAhtaksAdreamer See seer; dreamer; fortuneteller dress, get dressed katslu-níhe7 I'm getting dressed, wakatsluní I'm dressed, lotsluní he's dressed, yakotsluní she's dressed. Pre-pausal: yakotslu-ní. wa7katslu-ní• I got dressed, satslu-ní Get dressed! Base: -atsluni-/-atslunydress, get dressed; put on clothes latahkwahslu-níhe7 he's getting dressed, he's putting on his clothes. lotahkwahsluní he has gotten dressed, wahatahkwahslu-ní• he got dressed, Ahatahkwahslu-ní• he will get dressed. Base: -atahkwahslunidress, get dressed up katya7tahslu-níhe7 I'm getting all dressed up. lotya7tahsluní he's all dressed up. ahsatya7tahslu-ní• you should dress up. niyakotya7tahsluní how nicely she's dressed. Base: -atya'tahsluni-/ -atya'tahslunydress, get dressed up with wakatya7tahslunyá-tu I'm all dressed up, I'm adorned with

something. Base: -atya ? tahslunya 7 tdress; prepare; fix up lathAtahslu-níhe7 he's preparing the land (for planting). wahutlutahslu-ní• they (m.) trimmed the trees, prepared the logs. katnaktahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up the bed, tsha7katnaktahslu-ní• when I finished fixing up the bed. katnatahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up my place. latuhwAtsyahslu-níhe7 he's caring for the field, garden or lawn (making it look real nice). kate7wahlahslu-níhe7 I'm preparing the meat. Base: -at-N-hsluni-/ -at-N-hslunydress; prepare; fix up several wahathAtahslunyáni7 he prepared several fields for planting. Base: -at-N-hslunyanyudress, put on See put on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse dress; put on an outfit yutslunyá-tha7 she regularly puts on this outfit. yakotslunyá-tu the way she's dressed, she has this outfit on, lotslunyá-tu the way he's dressed, yotslunyá-tu the way she (z.) is dressed, oyá- wahatslúnyahte7 he put on something different. Base: -atslunya ? tdress; shirt; jacket; coat; blouse atyá-tawi7t dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse. Pre-pausal: atyá-tawiht. akwatyá-tawi7t my dress, satyá-tawi7t your dress, laotyá-tawi7t his coat or jacket, akotyá-tawi7t her dress, aotyá-tawi7t her (z.) or its dress, aonatyá-tawi7t their (z.) dresses.

974 English-Orieida

atya7tawi7tho-kú• atya7tawi7thokúha otya7tawi7tslakayú otya7tawí-tslase7

dresses, etc. dresses, etc. old dress. new dress.

watya7tawi7tsliha-Iú•

the dresses

are hanging. I put on

wa7tkatya7taivi7tslanétane7

two shirts, one on top of the other. wa7katya7tawi7tslahni-nú• I bought a dress, wa7utya7tawi7tslahni-núshe bought a dress. tayakotya7tawi7tsli-yóne7 she got the best dress. tewatya7tawí-tslake two dresses. satya7tawi7tslu-níhe7

you're making a dress, yutya7tawi7tslu-níhe7

she makes

dresses. kheyatya

7tawi 7tslunyA-níhe

making a dress for her. wakatya7tawí-tslayA7

dress. Base: -atya ? tawi ? t-/ -atya ? tawi ? tsl-

7

I'm

I have a

dress someone khehslu-níhe7 I'm dressing her or them, kslwnthe7 I'm dressing her (z.) or it. khehsluní I have dressed her or them. Akhehslu-ní• I will dress her or them. Base: -hsluni-/-hslunydress, take off See take off a dress dress up something See decorate dressed up, be ksA-ná• I'm dressed up, lahsA-ná• he's dressed up, yehsA-ná-

she's dressed up, latihsA-ná• they (m.) are dressed up. niyehsA-ná-

she's really dressed up, nihahsA-náhe's really dressed up. Base: -hsAnadresser

atslunyahkwayAtákhwa7.

I'm

dressmaker katya7tawi7tslu-níhe7

a dressmaker. Base: -atya ? tawi ? tslunihe ? drift See float drill

yehlalákta7.

drink khnekílha7 I'm drinking, kutihnekílha7 they (z.) are drinking. wakhnekí-lu I have drunk, lohnekí-Iu he has drunk, lotihnekí-lu they (m.) have drunk. wa7khnekí-la7 I drank, wahahnekí-la7 he drank, wahatihnekí-la7 they (m.) drank, Ayehnekí-la7 she will drink. shnekí-Ja Drink! ayehnekílhake7 she would drink, tsi7 niwakhnekihlú-ne7

how or where I

was drinking, yáh te7yukwahnekí-lu we have not drunk, luhyahnekílha 7 they (m.) are drinking fruit juice, wa7kahyahnekí-la7 I drank fruit juice. lanu7tahnekílha7 he's drinking milk, wahanu7tahnekí-la7

he

drank milk. wa7kekhofe7tslahnekí-la7

I drank

coffee. wa7kti7tslahnekí-la7 I drank tea. Base: -hnekil-/-hnekihldrink alone lotathnekihlá-se he's drinking while he's alone, yakotathnekihlá-se she's drinking alone. Ahatathnekí-lahse7 he will drink all alone. Base: -atathnekihla ? se-/ -atathnekihla ? sdrink, give someone See water something; give someone a drink drip watshá-nhuhe7 it's dripping. yotshá-nhu7 it has dripped. utshá-nhu7 it dripped,

English-Oneida 975

Awatshá-nhu7 it will drip. Base: -atsha'nhudrive See drag; drive; ride; trick someone drive; drive away katólyehse7 I drive, latólyehse7 he drives, kheyato-líhe7 I'm driving them away (e.g., cows, flies), kheyatolí I have driven them away, wa 7kato-líI'm driving, I drove, wahato-lí• he drove, wa7kheyato-lí• I drove them away, wa7shakoto-lí• he drove them away, ahato-lí• he should drive. Base: -atoli-/-atolydrive in a nail or pin I'm driving (hammering) a nail in there. kanu-wálote7 it has a nail or pin in it. wa7knuwalo-tA• I drove a nail in there, I put a pin in there (e.g., pinning up drapes). Base: -nuwalotknuwalótha7

drive in a wood chip; tap a tree lahkalótha7 he's tapping trees (e.g., for maple syrup), he's driving in a little stick or wedge, luhkalótha7 they (m.) are tapping trees. wakahka-lóte7 I have tapped trees. wa7kahkalo-tA• I tapped trees, Akahkalo-tX- I will tap trees. Base: -ahkalotdrive in nails or pins here and there knuwalotúnyuhe7 I'm putting nails or pins in all over the place. wa7knuwalotúni7 I put nails or pins in. Base: -nuwalotunyudriver latólyehse7 (he's a) driver. Base: -atolyehse 7 drizzle; mist yawAhawinú it's a light drizzle, it's misting. Pre-pausal:

yawAhawi-nú. Base: -Ahawinudrool See smack one's lips; drool drop osta-lá• drop. teyotestalókwA it's spraying (e.g., out of a spray bottle), droplets are dispersing. wa7kasta-lAne7 there was a drop, a drop fell, skasta-lát one drop. Base: -staldrop, for drops to land wa7kastalá-lane7 the drop landed. Base: -stalahla 7 drop in See come by; drop in drop off something See throw; drop off; pour; add drop out latya7talákwas he keeps dropping out of it (e.g., a membership). lotya 7talákwA he has dropped out. wa7katya7tala-kó• I dropped out. Base: -atya ? talakwdrop something waka 7sAsehe 7 I keep dropping it. waka7sA-se I have dropped it. ukwá-sAhse7 I dropped it, wesásAhse7 you dropped it, wahósAhse7 he dropped it, Awaká-SAhse7 I will drop it, Ahó-SAhse7 he will drop it. sukwásAhse7 I dropped it again. ukwatokwá-tslAhse7 I dropped the spoon. ukwa7sha-lAse7 I dropped the knife. ukhnaná-tAhse7 I dropped the potato. ukéksAhse7 I dropped the dish. wahowi-sA-se7 he dropped the glass. Base: -a?sA?se-/-a?SA?s-/-A?se-/ -A?Sdrop something; bring down from a height; punch tka 7sAtha 7 I keep bringing or knocking it down, I drop it,

976 English-Orieida

tyu 7sAtha 7 she keeps bringing it down, tha 7sAtha 7 he brings it down. twaka 7sAhtu I have brought it down. taká-SAhte7 I brought it down, I punched someone (I dropped my hand), tahá-SAhte7 he brought it down, he punched (someone), tayú-SAhte7 she brought it down, tahiyá-tAhte7 I dropped him. tasásAt Bring it down! tutaká-SAhte7 I knocked it off again. tahaná-tsyAhte7 he brought down the pot. tahanutó-tslAhte7 he brought down the box. Base: .a?SAht-/.ya?tAht-/.Ahtplus t- cislocative drown See fall in water; drown drown something See put in water; drown something drowsy, become See sleepy, become drum See tub; barrel; drum drunk, get waknahalahtú-u I have gotten drunk, I'm drunk, lotinahalahtú-u they (m.) are drunk. wahotinahaláhtu7 they (m.) got drunk. Base: -nahalahtudrunk, someone who has had a few drinks tkatsí-tsyat. dry, be yostáthA it's dry. yokAhastáthA the blanket is dry. yona7talastáthA the bread is dry. Base: -astathAdry, become wastáthAhse7 it becomes dry. yostathA-u it has become dry. ustáthA7 it dried, AwastáthA7 it will become dry. Base: -astathA-

dry, go dry; evaporate yostésku it has evaporated, it has gone dry (e.g., when water boils away), ústeske7 it boiled dry, Awásteske7 it will become dry. Base: -asteskdry skin, have See chapped skin, have chapped or dry skin dry something kestathá-tha7 I dry it, wa7estathá-tha7 she dries it. wakestathá-tu I'm drying it. wa?kestáthahte7 I dried it, wa7estáthahte7 she dried it, Akestáthahte7 I will dry it. wakestatha7tú-ne7 I had dried it. wakatna7talastathá-tu I have dried the bread, Akatna 7talastáthahte 7 I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing). wakatnAstathá-tu I have dried the corn, AkatnAstáthahte7 I will dry corn, AhsatnAstáthahte7 you will dry corn. Base: -statha?t-/-at-N-statha?tdryer kastathá-tha7 kastatha 7tákhwa

or 7.

duck talu7kó\ due, be due payment, reward, or thanks tekatlihwat A-tsha7as that's the thanks I get. tewakatlihwatA-tshu7 that's what was owed to me in the way of reward. wa7tkatlihwatA-tshane7 that's how much thanks I got. Base: .atlihwatA ? tsha ? - plus tedualic dull, become teyothyó-ktu it has become dull, it's dull. wa7twathyó-kete7 it became dull, tAwathyó-kete7 it will become dull. teyothyo7ktú-ne7 it was dull. tAyothyo7ktúhake7 it will be dull.

English-Oneida 977

né- tetyothyó-ktu it's the dullest one. Base: .athyo ? kt-/.athyo 7 ket- plus te- dualic dull, make tekhyóktus I'm making it dull. wa7tekhyó-kete7 I made it dull. Base: .hyo 7 kt-/.hyo ? ket- plus tedualic dump tsi7 yeyakotyehtákhwa7 dump. tsi7 tyakotyehtákhwa7 at the dump. dump, where one dumps something kA7 yewakatyehtákhwa7 here is where I dump it, thó yeyakotyehtákhwa7 there is where she or someone dumps it. Base: .atyehtahkw- plus y- translocative durable, be durable; be everlasting yakaunhakátste7 she's durable, her life is everlasting, launhakátste7 he's durable. Base: -unhakatste-

during; a duration in time tsi7 niwahsu-tés during the night. tsi7 niwAhnísles during the day. tsi7 niwAhní-tes during the month. tsi7 niwA-tés during the week, tsi7 nitiVAtesú-ne7 here it was such a long week, tsi7 niyóhsles during the year. Base: .N-es- plus tsi7 particle and n- partitive during; since tsi7náhe7

or

tsi7ná-ye7

dust See dirt; dust; ashes; soil dustpan

teyu7kAhlahkwá-tha7.

Dutchman's breeches a 7nhuskwa 7lha 7shúha. duties, have See do a job; do officially; get involved dwell See live; reside; be plentiful

E eagle

atu-nyote7.

ear ohúhta7 ear. kahuhtá-ke my ear, sahuhtá-ke your ear, lahuhtá-ke his ear, yuhuhtá-ke her ear. kahúhtaku in my ear, yuhúhtaku in her ear. tehahuhtowa-nA-se7 he has big ears. ivakahuhtanú-waks I have an earache. Base: -ahuhtear, get cold See cold ears, get ear, have tewahúhtute7 it has an ear. Base: .ahuhtut- plus te- dualic

ear, have ears tewahuhtu-tú• it has ears. Base: .ahuhtutu- plus te- dualic ear, pierce See pierce the ears ear wax See syrup; gum; sap; honey early riser, be kyé-wate7 I'm an early riser, tsyé-wate7 you're an early riser, yeyé-wate7 she's an early riser, layé-wate7 he's an early riser, latiyé-wate7 they (m.) are early risers, tshiyeyé-wate7 when (since) she was an early riser. Base: -yehwat-

978 English-Orieida

earn; win tekatAtsha7as I earn, I'm a winner. tewakatA-tshu7 I have earned, I have won, tetsyatA-tshu7 you two have earned. wa7tkatAtshane7 I earned, I won, wa7tetsyatA-tshane7 you two won at something or earned it, tAkatA-tshane7 I will earn, tAhsatA-tshane7 you will earn, tayutAtshane7 she or someone should earn. tewakatA7tshu7ú-ne7 I had won. Base: .atA?tsha?- plus te- dualic earn; win; go along earning or winning tewakatA7tshu7uháti7 I'm earning something (e.g., at work). Base: .atA?tshu?uhatye- plus tedualic earring o'huáshale7 or teyute 7washalutákhwa Base: -'washal-

7.

earth See land; ground; earth earthquake wa 7tyauhwAtsíshuhkwe 7 or wa7tyohutsíshuhkwe7 there was an earthquake, wa7tyukwahutsíshuhkwe7 we had an earthquake. Base: .uhwAtsishuhkw-/ .hutsishuhkw- plus te- dualic earthquakes, several tutayohutsishuhkwáni7 there were earthquakes someplace. Base: .uhwAtsishuhkwanyu-/ .hutsishuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic earthworm east tsi7 Easter

otsi7nuwahé-ta7. tkaké-tohse7.

Tehati7nhúhsya7ks.

easy, be See difficult, be difficult; be hard to please

eat i-kéks I'm eating, íhseks you're eating, í-laks he's eating, i-yéks she's eating, i-wáks she (z.) or it is eating, ítneks you and I (incl.) are eating, yákneks we two (excl.) are eating, ísneks you two are eating, í-neks the two (m.) are eating, íkneks the two (z.) are eating, ítwaks we (incl.) are eating, yákwaks we (excl.) are eating, íswaks you all are eating, lA-néks they (m.) are eating, ku-néks they (z.) are eating, wakekú I have eaten, sekú you have eaten, lawekú he has eaten, yakawekú she has eaten, yawekú she (z.) or it has eaten, yuknekú we two have eaten, yukwekú we have eaten, swekú you all have eaten, lonekú they (m.) have eaten, wá-keke7 I ate it, iváhseke7 you ate it, wá-lake7 he ate it,, wá-yeke7 she ate it, wá-weke7 she (z.) or it ate it, wétneke7 you and I (incl.) ate it, wa7ákneke7 we two (excl.) ate it, wétwake7 we (incl.) ate it, wa 7ákwake 7 we (excl.) ate it, wéswake7 you all ate it, wahA-néke7 they (m.) ate it, wa7ku-néke7 they (z.) ate it, Ahseke 7 you will eat it, A-lake7 he will eat it, A-wáke 7 she (z.) or it will eat it, Ayákwake7 we (excl.) will eat it, á-lake7 he should eat it. íhsek Eat! Awakekúhake7 I will have eaten it, Ahaiuekúhake7 he will have eaten it, Ayakawekúhake7 she will have eaten it, Ayukwekúhake7 we will have eaten it, Aswekúhake7 you all will have eaten it, Ahonekúhake7 they (m.) will have eaten it. yáh te7wakekú I haven't eaten it. yáh thusa-kéke7 I won't eat it again. ká-yaks I'm eating fruit, wakahyakú I have eaten fruit, wahá-yake7 he ate fruit, Aká-yake7 I will eat fruit. kAhétshaks I'm eating sausage. Ayakwahnaná-take7 we (excl.) will

English-Oneida 979

eat potatoes, kítsyaks I'm eating fish, wakitsyakú I have eaten fish, Akítsyake 7 I will eat fish, ahAtsyake7 he should eat fish. kná-talaks I'm eating bread, wakna 7talakú I have eaten bread, Akná-talake7 I will eat bread. wa7knAstake7 I ate the corn. knu7úslaks I'm eating squash, waknu 7uslakú I have eaten squash, Aknu7úslake7 I will eat squash. Atwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) will eat meat, aetwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) should eat meat, ayakwa7wá-lake7 we (excl.) should eat meat. Base: -k-/-ek-/-akeat a meal latekhu-níhe7 he's eating, twatekhu-níhe7 we (incl.) are eating, yakwatekhu-níhe7 we (excl.) are eating, lotekhuní he has eaten, he's eating, yukwatekhuní we have eaten, we're eating, wahatekhu-níhe ate, wa7akyatekhu-níwe two (excl.) ate, wa7akwatekhu-níwe (excl.) ate, wahutekhu-níthey (m.) ate, Ahatekhu-ní• he will eat, Ayutekhu-ní• she will eat, Atwatekhu-ní• we (incl.) will eat, Ahutekhu-ní- they (m.) will eat, ahsatekhu-ní• you should eat, ayutekhu-m'• she should eat, ayakwatekhu-níwe (excl.) should eat, ahutekhu-ní- they (m.) should eat. satekhu-ní Eat! twatekhu-ní Let's all (incl.) eat! katekhuníhahkwe7 I was eating. wakatekhuni-hné• I had eaten. Ahatekhuníheke7 he will be eating. Ahotekhuníhake7 he will have eaten, sayakwatekhu-ní• we (excl.) ate again, Ashutekhu-ní- they (m.) will eat again, yáh te7shatekhu-níhe7 he's not eating anymore. Base:

-atekhuni-/-atekhuny-

eat, finish eating See finish eating eat, get enough to eat See full, become full; get enough to eat eat, go to eat kékhe 7 I'm here to eat. 7 AtWAtsyákha we (incl.) will go and eat fish. Base: -kheat something soupy; slurp katsho-líhe7 I eat something soupy, I'm slurping, wakatsholí I'm eating something soupy, wahatsho-lí- he ate something soupy, satsho-lí Eat it! (e.g., your soup or cereal). Base: -atsholi-/-atsholyeat together tehya-túts the two (m.) are eating together. wa7thya-túte7 the two (m.) ate together, wa7thu-túte7 they (m.) ate together, tAtya-túte7 you and I (incl.) will eat together, tetya-tút Let's you and I (incl.) eat together! tetwa-tút Let's all eat together! tusahu-túte7 they (m.) ate together again. Base: .atut- plus te- dualic eat up See finish eating; eat up eclipse

utAhni7táhtu7.

edge, be at the edge or end yótte 7 it's at the edge or at the end. tsi7 yeholahsí-tate7 it's at the end of his foot, tsi7 yothA-táte7 it's at the end of the field or garden, tsi7 yotna-táte7 it's at the end of town. tsi7 yotnúhsate7 it's at the end of the house, tsi7 yehotnutsístate7 it's at the end of his head, tsi7 yehonishnúhsate7 it's at the end of his hand, tsi7 yotuhútsyate7 it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff, tsi7 yote7sléhtate7 it's at the end of the car.

980 English-Orieida

Base:

-atte-

educated, become wakhyatuhslayAtelé-u I have become educated. nakhyatuhslayA-télene7 I should get an education, yáh te?wakhyatiihslayAtelé'U I didn't learn anything, I didn't get any education. Base: -hyatuhslayAtele 7 education, have lahyatuhslayAtelí he's educated, he has book learning. Pre-pausal: lahyatuhslayAte-lí. AhsyatuhsIayAtelíhake7 you will be 7 educated, akhyatuhslayAtelíhake I should have an education, ahahyatuhslayAtelíhake7 he should have an education, yáh te?khyatuhslayAtelí I don't have an education, yáh te7yehyatuhslayAtelí she doesn't have an education, yáh tehahyatuhslayAtelí he doesn't have an education. Base: -hyatuhslayAtelieducation, have acquired wakhyatuhslayAtélu7 I have gotten an education, some book learning. Base: -hyatuhslayAtelueffect, have an effect; have enough of yakotú-se it has an effect on her. ukwa-tú-se7 it had an effect on me, I had enough of it (so that I don't want anymore, I'm tired or bored with it), Ayako-tú-se7 it will have an effect on her. Base: -atu ? se-/-atu ? segg o7nhúhsa7 egg. o7nhuhsa7shúha eggs. wa7ute?nhuhsu-tA• she fried eggs. tAhse?nhuhsá-lihte7 you will break the eggs. wahi7nhúhsanute7 I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs.

wa7ke7nhúhso7 I boiled an egg, se7nhúhso Boil an egg! Base: - ? nhuhs-/-i ? nhuhsegg, hatch wa7twani7nhúhsyahke7 the egg hatched. Base: ,ani ? nhuhsya ? k- plus tedualic egg, lay wani7nhúhsohe7 (e.g., a hen). Base: -ani'nhuhsoegg sandwich

ka7nhuhsó-lu.

egg turner; spatula yekalhatho7tákhwa7 7. yekalhathó-tha eggshell eight

it lays eggs

or

ókta7.

téklu7.

Pre-pausal:

tékelu7

eight hundred téklu7 teu>A7nyáwelu7. eighteen téklu

7

yawA-lé-.

eighty téklu 7 niwáshA. elbow ohyó-lha7 or olhyó-lha7 or owhyó-lha7 elbow. kehyo7lhá-ke or 7 kelhyo lhá-ke or kewhyo 7lhá-ke (on) my elbow, sehyo7lhá-ke (on) your elbow, lahyo7lhá'ke (on) his elbow, yehyo7Ihá-ke (on) her elbow. Base: -hyo?lh-/-lhyo?lh-/ -whyo'lhelderberries, remove the stem from lahyokA-yús he's removing the stem from the elderberry plant, yuhyokA-yús she's removing the stem. AhsahyokA-yú- you will remove the stem. Base: -ahyokAyuelderberry

ala-sék.

elect See vote; elect

English-Oneida

election

tehAnityohkwakXnyehse7.

elephant ohna7kwalohsa7kó• or ohnakwalohsa

7kó-.

981

shehletsya-lú Encourage her! kuhletsyalúhahkwe7 I was encouraging you. Base: -hletsyalu-

eleven úska yawA-lé-.

end See run out of; end

embarrassed, become See ashamed, feel ashamed; become embarrassed

end, be at the end See edge, be at the edge or end

embedded, become See stuck, become stuck or embedded

end; finish wako7ktá-u I have finished it. wa7kó-ktA7 I finished it, Akó-ktA 7 I will come to the end of it. wa7kAhnisló-ktA7 I ended the day, sakAhnisló-ktA 7 I ended another day. wa 7kAtó-ktA 7 I ended the week, sakAtó-ktA 7 I ended another week. wa7kohsló-ktA7 I ended the year, sakohsló-ktA 7 I ended the year again. Base: -o ? kta-/-o ? ktA-

embrace See stand, be standing with the arms around each other's neck emerge; appear suddenly wa7katotáhsi7 I emerged from hiding, utotáhsi7 she (z.) or it suddenly appeared. Base: -atotahsyuempty kkalhatényehse7 I'm emptying it (from one container into another), I'm pouring it out, lakalhatényehse7 he's emptying it. lokalhaténi he has emptied it. wa 7kkalhate-ní- I emptied it, wa?aknikalhate-ní• we two (excl.) emptied it, Atnikalhate-ní• you and I (incl.) will empty it. kA-tho skalhate-ní Empty or pour it in here! Base: -kalhatenyencourage khletsyaiúhe7 I encourage (it), latihletsya-lúhe7 they (m.) encourage, kuhletsya-lúhe7 I'm encouraging you, khehletsya-lúhe7 I encourage her. wakhletsyalú I have encouraged (it). wa7kuhletsya-lú• I encouraged you, wa7khehletsya-lú• I encouraged her or them, wahihletsya-lú• I encouraged him, Akhletsya-lú• I will encourage (it), akuhletsya-lú• I would encourage you, aknihletsya-lú• I would encoura g e the t w o o f y o u ,

akwahletsya-lú-

I would encourage all of you.

end; finish completely wa7tkó-ktA7 I finished it, I ended it. ya 7tkó-ktA 7 I came to the end of it there, I finished it out. Base: ,o ? kta-/.o ? ktA- plus tedualic end for someone wakato 7ktaní it has ended for me. ukwató-ktahse7 it ended for me, Awakató-ktahse7 it will end for me. Base: -ato ? ktani-/-ato ? kta ? send somewhere See go so far; cover a certain amount; end somewhere end talking on a subject wa7klihó-ktA7 I finished talking on that subject, wahalihó-ktA 7 he ended discussing it. tnilihó-ktA Let's you and I drop it! Base: -liho?ktAend, the month utAhni7tó-ktA7 the month ended. usutAhni7tó-ktA7 the month should end again, the month

982

English-Orieida

should run out. Base: -atAhni?to?ktA-

unpleasant. Base: -u ? weskwa ? t-

endure See strong, make oneself strong mentally

enough, be See fit; be enough

endure hardship See tough, be tough; be able to endure hardship

enough, be enough for someone thó ya7tivakyelí-se that was enough for

energetic, be See industrious, be industrious; be energetic; be a hard worker

that will be enough for me. Base: .yeli ? se-/.yeli ? s- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic enough, have See effect, have an effect; have enough of

English language o7sluni7ké-ne. enjoy; like waku7wéskwanihe7 I enjoy it, I take pleasure in it, yakau7wéskwanihe7 she enjoys it, lau7wéskwanihe7 he enjoys it, lonu7wéskwatiihe7 they (m.) enjoy it. waku 7weskwaní-u I'm enjoying it, I'm feeling good, lonu7weskwaní-u they (m.) are enjoying it. wahonu 7wéskwA 7 they (m.) enjoyed it, Ahonu7wéskwA7 they (m.) will enjoy it.

lonu7weskwaníhahkwe7

they used to enjoy it. I enjoy it the

twaku7wéskwanihe7

most, thau7wéskwanihe7

he enjoys it

the most, tyakau7ivéskwanihe7

she

enjoys it the most, tsi7 nuku 7wésku>A 7 I really enjoyed it. yáh tehau7wéskwanihe7 he doesn't enjoy it, yáh tehau7weskwaní-u

he feels

bad, he's not enjoying it. Base: -u?weskwani-/-u?weskwAenjoyable, be enjoyable; be pleasant yau7wéskwa7t it's pleasant. Often pronounced: ya 7wéskwa 7t. Prepausal: yau7wéskwaht or yau7weskwa7tú-ne7 it used to be pleasant, niyau 7wéskwa 7t it's s o nice, tsi7 nitsyau huéskwa 7t

ya7wéskwaht.

it's so nice again, yáh te7yau7wéskwa7t

it's not nice, it's

me.

thó ya7tAwakye-lí-se7

tsi7

nikú

enter; come in; go in tkatayá-lha7 I enter, thutayá-tha7 they (m.) enter. thotayá-tu he has entered. tahatáyahte7 he came in, tahyatáyahte7 the two (m.) came in, ya7katáyahte7 I went in, yahatáyahte7 he went in, yahyatáyahte7 the two (m.) went in, Atyutáyahte7 she will come in, yAhsatáyahte7 you will go in, utahatáyahte7 he should come in, ututáyahte7 she (z.) or it should come in, utahutáyahte7 they (m.) should come in, utakutáyahte7 they (z.) should come in. tasatáwyaht Come in! ya7satáyaht Go in! tutahatáyahte7 he came back in again, tututáyahte7 she (z.) or it came back in again, yusahatáyahte7 he went back in again. nyahatáyahte7

how or where he

entered, tshutahatáyahte7 came in.

when he

Base: .ataya ? t-/.atawya ? t- plus tcislocative or y- translocative enter; come in; go in; be coming or going in tahotaya7tuháti7 he's coming in, tayonataya?tuháti7 they (z.) are coming in, yahotaya7tuháti7 he's going in there. tshithotaya7tuháti7 as he is coming in.

English-Oneida 983

Base: ,ataya ? tuhatye-/ ,atawya ? tuhatye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative enter; come in; go in; come or go in by tahatayá-tahkwe7 he came in that way, yahatayá-tahkwe7 he went in that way. Base: .ataya ? tahkw-/ .atawya'tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative enter; come in; go in; several come or go in thutaya7tányuhe7 they (m.) are coming in, yehutaya7tányuhe7 they (m.) are going in there. tahutaya7táni7 they (m.) came in. tutahutawya7táni7 they (m.) all came back in again. Base: .ataya 7 tanyu-/ ,atawya ? tanyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative entertain tehatyelúnyuhe7 he's putting on a show, he's entertaining (e.g., he's doing somersaults). Base: .atyelunyu- plus te- dualic entertain See amuse; entertain envy See desire; envy erase See disappear, make disappear; erase eraser yohtu7tákhiva7 tetyuhtu 7tákhwa 7.

or

erection, get lotathíklote7 he has an erection. wahatathiklo'tA- he got an erection, yáh thau-túahatathiklo-tA• he couldn't get an erection. Base: -atathikloterror, make See wrong, do wrong; make a mistake

escape See run away from Europe; the old country ohutsyakayú-ke. evaporate See dry, go dry; evaporate even úni7. even, be See straight, be straight; be level; have good posture evening, early evening; late afternoon yo7kaláshu it's evening (it could still be light out, 4 or 5 p.m.). tshiyo7kaláshu when it was evening. Base: -a'kalashuevergreen; pine

ohnéhta7.

everlasting yunhe7uivé. Pre-pausal: yunhe7u-wé. every kzváh tsi7 nikú. every; different nya7tewahsóhkwake all colours, every colour. ya7tewahsu-táke every night. ya7tewAhnislaké every day. ya7teiVA-táke every week. nya7tekanláhtake (there are) all different kinds of leaves. nya 7teyohslaké every year. nya7tekashú-kalake (there are) all different kinds of boards. nya7teka7sléhtake (there are) all different kinds of cars. Base: .N-ke- plus plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic or nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic evident, be evident in intervals yokwAhlalú it's evident here and there (e.g., after a snowfall, some of the snow goes away, but there is still snow in patches here in there, and these are noticeable or evident). Pre-

984 English-Orieida

pausal: yokwAhla-lú. Base: -kwAhlaluevident, become See show; become evident examine; look through here and there katkA?sényuhe7 I'm looking at these things (e.g., in a catalogue), yutkA?sényuhe7 she's looking through it. wakatkA7séni7 I have looked through it, I have examined it. wa7utkA7séni7 she looked through it. Base: -atkA?senyuexamine; look to find out; tell the future katkA-sehe7 I'm examining it, shakotkA-sehe7 he examines her or them, he tells their fortune. wa7kátkAhse7 I examined it, wahátkAhse7 he's looking to find what's wrong, wa?shakótkAhse7 he's examining her, AkátkAhse7 I will look, akátkAhse7 I should look, ashakótkAhse7 he should examine her or them, ahuwAnátkAhse7 she or someone should examine them (m.). kátkAhs Let me see, let me examine it! Base: -atkA?se-/-atkA?sexceed See work to exceed oneself exchange See trade with someone; exchange exclude someone See leave someone out; exclude someone excrement ó-ta7 excrement. tehA7takalenyá-tha7

he's

distributing or spreading manure, wa7thA7takalényahte7

distributed manure. Base: -i?t-

he

excuse, give an excuse or alibi klihwakA7slákhiva7 I give excuses, lalihwakA7slákhwa7 he gives excuses. ivaklihwakA7sláhkwA I'm using an excuse, lolihwakA7sláhkwA he has made an excuse. wa7klihwakA-slahkwe7 I gave an excuse, ivahalihwakA-slahkwe7 he gave an excuse. Base: -lihwakA ? slahkwexhausted, become See tired, become dead-tired existence, come into See aware, become aware; come into existence expect See wait expect, be expecting See ready, be ready; be expecting; be pregnant expensive, be kano-lú- it's expensive. kano-lú-se7 they're expensive. nikano-lú• it costs so much, it's so expensive, nikano-lú-se7 it's all so expensive. kahna7tatslano-lúthe purse or suitcase is expensive. kanuhsano-lú• the house is expensive. ka7slehtano-lúthe car is expensive. Base: -noluexplain tekalihwathé-tha7 explains. Base: -lihwathe ? t-

it

explode See burst; explode extend ya7tkalahsí-tatate7 I extended my foot, ya 7tAkalahsí-tatate7 I will extend my foot. ya7tkatnAtshatate7 I extended my arm, ya7tyutnAtskatate7 she extended her arm, ya7tAkatnAtshatate7 I will extend my arm. Base: .at-N-tat- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic

English-Oneida

extend; make longer wa7katli-létste7 I extended it, I made it longer (e.g., a clothesline). Base: -atliletstextended along, be wahsliye7tatáti7 the thread is going along. watA?Ahlatáti? the fence is extended along. wa7nhalukslatáti7 there's a rope extended along (e.g., to keep people off the street). Base: -N-atatyeextended, be thó

ya7tewakalahsí-tate7

there my foot is extended or stuck out. thó ya7tewakatshi-náte7

there my

leg is extended or stuck out. thó ya7teivakatnAtshate7

m y a r m is

extended, there I had my arm out. Base: .at-N-t- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic extinguish a fire; turn off lights ka 7swátha 7 I put out fires, I turn off the lights. waka7swáhtu I have put out the fire. Aká-swahte7 I will put out the fire, sá-swat Turn off the light! Base: -a'swahteye, black See black eye, have eye, get something in ukká-lise7 I got

something in my eye, wahoká-lise7 he got something in his eye, wa7akoká-lise7

she got something in

her eye. Base: -kahlis-

sakahlanú-waks your eye hurts. Base: -kahleye mucus okahtsyó-ta7 crusty dried mucus that comes from sleeping. Base: -kahtsyo'teye mucus, have large tewakkahtsyó-tes I have large crusty sleep in my eyes, tesakahtsyó-tes you have large crusty sleep, tehokahtsyó-tes he has large crusty sleep, teyakokahtsyó-tes she has large crusty sleep. na7tehokahtsyó-tes he has such crusty sleep. Base: ,kahtsyo?tes- plus te- dualic eye, twitch See twitch, one's eye eyeball

okahlókwa7.

Base: -kahlo'kweyebrow ona7wa-sá- or ona'hva-SA• or ona7wa-sé• eyebrow. kna7wasé-ne my eyebrow, yena ^wasé-ne her eyebrow, lana7wasé-ne his eyebrow. Base: -na ? was-/-na ? wase-/ -na'wasAeyeglasses See glasses eyelash; strawberry top o7nekAhtala7 eyelash, strawberry top. tewake7nekAhtales I have long eyelashes, teho7nekAhtales he has long eyelashes, teyako7nekXhtales

she

has long eyelashes. Base: -'nekAhtal-

eye; hole oká-la7 eye. kkahlá-ke my eye, skahlá-ke your eye, lakahlá-ke his e y e , yekahlá-ke

985

her e y e ,

latikahlá-ke their (m.) eyes, kutikahlá-ke their (z.) eyes. ská-laku in your eye. thó niyoká-la7 the hole is that size.

eyelid

okahkwilo7ókta7.

eyes, close See close one's eyes eyes, open See open one's eyes eyesight, have bad See bad eyesight, have

986 English-Orieida

F fabric See cloth; fabric; blanket face, dirty one's See dirty one's face face, fall on See fall on one's face face, have dirty See dirty face, have face, make a face tehatkuhsayelúnyuhe7 he's making faces, tehotkuhsayelúni7 he's making a face, teyakotkuhsayelúni7 she's making a face. Base: .atkuhsayelunyu- plus tedualic face; mask face, mask. laokúhsa7 his mask, kúksne on my face, skúksne on your face, lakúksne on his face, yekúksne on her face. katkuhso-lóks I cover my face (e.g., at Hallowe'en), wakatkuhsolú I have my face covered, wa7katkuhso-lóke7 I covered my face, katkuhsóhalehe7 I'm washing my face, wakatkuhsóhale I have washed my face, satkuhsóhale Wash your face! wa7katkuhso-kéioe7 I wiped my face, lakúhses he has a long face, nihakúhses he has such a long face. thokuhsake7tótha7 his face keeps appearing, tahokuhsaké-tohte7 his face appeared (e.g., if he's looking around a corner), lokuhsaké-tote7 his face is sticking out. thokuhsaké-tote7 his face is showing through (e.g., an opening), wahikuhso-kéwe7 I wiped his face, wahikuhsóhale7 I washed his face, wa7khekuhsóhale7 I washed her face, wa7kkuhsóhale7 I washed her (z.) or its face. okúhsa7

Base: -kuhs-/-kuks-

face off (in hockey) See hook a stick over fade See wipe, get wiped off; fade; disappear fade, for colour to fade utahso-kéive7 the colour faded out of it. Base: -atahsokew-

.

fail See unable, be unable to do; fail in an attempt faint See lose consciousness; faint fair tethutkAnyehse7 fair, tsi7 7 tethutkAnyehse at the fair. fair, go to See compete; go to a fair fairgrounds tethutkAnyé-tha7 fairgrounds, tsi7 tethutkAnyé-tha7 at the fairgrounds. fall katiAná-ke fall, autumn. tshikanAná-ke last fall. fall wá-SAhse7 it falls. yo7sA-u it has fallen. ú-SAne7 it fell. ú-yAne7 the fruit fell (e.g., apples from a tree). uknáktAne 7 my bed fell through, wa7ukwanáktAne7 our bed fell through (i.e., the bed broke and we fell through to the floor). yonlahlA-u the leaves are falling, wa7kanláhtAne7 the leaves fell, akanláhtAne7 the leaves should fall. wa7kasta-lAne7 there was a drop, a drop fell. zva7ka7nháhtAne7 the limb fell. Base: -a ? sA ? -/-A?fall back loshatá-u he has fallen backwards. zva7kesha-táne7 I fell flat on my back (unintentionally),

English-Oneida

he fell back. I fell backwards, flat on my back, thó tahasha-táne7 there is where he fell back, yahasha-táne7 he's over there (facing me) and he fell back that way. Base: -shata 7 wahasha-táne7 takesha-táne7

fall back, be falling back lashatáti7 he's falling back (accidentally, perhaps bracing himself not to fall but he does fall), yeshatáti7 she's falling back. Base: -shatatyefall down yetáklahse7 she keeps falling down, wa 7kitáklane 7 I fell down (e.g., while I was walking), wahAtáklane7 he fell down, wetnitáklane7 you and I (incl.) fell down, wa7aknitáklane7 we two (excl.) fell down, wesnitáklane7 the two of you fell down, wetWAtáklane7 we (incl.) fell down, wahatitáklane7 they (m.) fell down, tahatitáklane7 they (m.) fell there. ya7akwAláklane7 over there we (excl.) fell down. Base: -itakla 7 fall in yewa-tá-se7 it falls in and hits the bottom, yeyotá-u it has fallen in, it has landed, yahu-táne7 it fell in, it landed. Base: ,ata ? - plus y- translocative fall in; fall down yewá-SAhse7 it keeps falling, yekyá-tAhse7 I keep falling into something, yehayá-tAhse7 he keeps falling in. yeyo7sA-u it has fallen, yewakya7tA-u I have fallen in, yehoya 7tA-u he has fallen in. yahú-SAne7

it fell, ya7kyá-tAne7

fell in, yahayá-tAite7 he fell in, ya7eyá-tAne7 she fell in, yAkyá-tAne7 I will fall in, yAwá-SAne7 it will fall.

I

987

ya7káksAtie7 the dish fell down or in. Base: .a?SA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A?- plus ytranslocative fall in water; drown ké-sko 7s I keep drowning, wa 7ké-skone 7 I fell in the water, I drowned, yáh te7yako7skó-u she didn't drown. Base: -?sko ? fall off; fall down twásAhse7 it keeps falling down, thayá-tAhse7 he keeps falling off (from something high). tyo7sA-u it has fallen. tú-SAne7 it fell, takyá-tAne7 I fell off, tahayá-tAne7 he fell off, Atwá-SAne7 it will fall. takahyatúhslAne7 the paper fell. takáksAne7 the dish fell. takawi-sAne7 the glass fell, the window fell. Base: .a?SA?-/.ya?tA?-/.A?- plus tcislocative fall on one's face yehakuhso-tá-se7 he falls right on his face. yehokuhsotá-u he has fallen right on his face, yahakuhso-táne7 he fell right on his face. Base: .kuhsota7- plus y- translocative fall on one's stomach tekhyeskwAhtalahse7 on my stomach.

I keep falling

tewakhyeskwAhtalá-u I have fallen on my stomach. wa7tekhyeskwAhtalane7 I fell flat on my stomach, wa7thahyeskwAhtalane7 he fell flat on his stomach, wa7tyehyeskwAhtalane7 she fell flat on her stomach. ya7tyaknihyeskwAhtalane7 there we two (excl.) fell flat on our stomachs. Base: .hyeskwAhtala7- plus tedualic

988

English-Orieida

fall on someone accidentally wa7kheyatAnítskalahkwe7 I fell on her, wa 7sheyatAnítskalahkwe7 you fell on her. Base: -atAnitskalahkwfall over ka7lhe-nyA-se7 it falls over. yo7lhenyA-u it has fallen over. wa7ka7lhe-nyAne7 it fell over. ? ? Base: - lhenyA fall over, make oneself wahatya7tye-nAhte7 he made himself fall over, he knocked himself over. Base: -atya ? tyenAhtfall over; pass out laya7tye-nA-se7 he keeps falling over, he keeps passing out. loya7tyenA-u he has fallen over, he has passed out. wahaya7tye-nAne7 he fell over, he passed out. Base: -ya'tyenA 7 fall through with one's foot ya7kahsí-tAtie7 my foot fell through (accidentally, because I stepped there), yahahsí-tAne7 his foot fell through, ya7uhsí-tAne7 her foot fell through. Base: .ahsi?tA?- plus y- translocative falltime false teeth

kanAna7ké-ne. yutnawilanhutákhwa7.

familiar with, be See know about; be familiar with family kahwa-tsíle7 family. akhwa-tsíle7 my family, sahwa-tsíle7 your family, laohwa-tsíle7 his family, akohwa-tsíle7 her family, laotihwa-tsíle7 their (m.) family. thathwatsilinyú-tha7 he's bringing

in his family, tahathwatsilínyuhte7 he brought in his family. lahwatsilowanA he has a big family. kahwatsi-láyA7 (there's) a family, yakwahwatsi-láyA7 we (excl.) are a family, lotihwatsi-IáyA7 they (m.) have a family, tshiwakhwatsi-láyA7 when I had a family. Base: -hwatsilfamily, be descended from takhwatsilatáti7 I'm descended from, my family is from, tahahwatsilatáti7 his family is from, tayehwatsilatáti7 her family is from, takahwatsilatáti7 her (z.) family is from. Base: .hwatsilatatye- plus t- cislocative family, be from nitwakathwatsilinú my family is from there, nityakothwatsilinú her family is from there, nithothwatsilinú his family is from there. Pre-pausal: nithothwatsili-nú. Base: .athwatsilinu- plus nitpartitive and cislocative family, have Ahuthwatsilu-níthey (m.) will have a family. nAhuthwatsilu-níhow they (m.) will have a family. Base: -athwatsilunifamily, look after See look after one's family far inú. far. yáh te7winú it's not far. yáh te7swinú it's not far anymore. far, be See distance, be farmer

lahAta7kehlo-lú-.

fart wa7kani7te-níI farted, wahani7te-níhe farted,

English-Oneida

wa 7uni7te-nv she fa rted, Ahani?te-ní• he will fart. tshahani7te-níwhen he farted. Base: -ani ? teny-/-ani ? tenyufart repeatedly lani7tenyúkwas he keeps farting. wahani7tenyu-kóhe farted repeatedly. Base: -ani ? tenyukwfast, be keshno-lé- I'm fast at what I do, seshno-lé- you're fast, yeshno-léshe's fast, lashno-lé- he's fast, yoshno-lé• it's fast, tsi7 niyjshno-léit's so fast. Base: -shnol(e)fast, be fast with a part of one's body laya7tashno-lé- he's doing something quickly (using his arms or legs, etc.), kaya7tashno-léit's fast, latiya7tashno-léthey (m.) are fast. laya7tashno-léhkwe7 he was fast. Ahaya7tashno-léke7 he will be fast. Base: -ya ? tashnol(e)fast, be growing fast loteshno-lé• he's growing fast, yakoteshno-lé- she's growing fast. Base: -ateshnol(e)fast, be growing up fast yakoteshnoláti7 she's growing up fast, loteshnoláti7 he's growing up fast, tsi7 nihoteshnoláti7 he's growing so fast. Base: -ateshnolatyefast, do fast; do quickly wakateshnolatú I'm working as fast as I can. wa7kateshno-láte7 I went fast, Akateshno-láte7 I will do it quickly, sateshno-lát Hurry it up! Base: -ateshnolatfast, do fast; do quickly katya7tashno-láts I hurry up, I do it

989

quickly. wakatya7tashnolatú I'm hurrying. wa7katya7tashno-láte7 I hurried up, I did it quickly, Ahsatya7tashno-láte7 you will do it quickly. Base: -atya ? tashnolatfast, go along fast yoshnoláti7 it's going fast. wa7oshnoláti7 it continued to go by really fast. nusayoshnoláti7 there it hurried back along, yáh te7yoshnoláti7 it's not moving fast. Base: -shnolatyefast, go faster; speed up wa7oshno-lAne7 it speeded up. Base: -shnoU 7 fast-moving, be teyó-kat it's fast, tewaké-kat I'm fast (e.g., a fast runner), teyakó-kat she's fast, tehó-kat he's fast. tAyo7kahtúhake7 it will be fast-moving, teyohuwá-kat it's a fast boat. teyo7slehtá-kat it's a fast-moving vehicle. Base: . ? kaht- plus te- dualic fast-moving, be getting faster tutayo7kahtá-sle7 it's becoming faster, it's coming faster. Pre-pausal: 7kahtá-sele7 tutayo ? Base: . kahta ? sl- plus tet- dualic and cislocative fast-moving, become wa7tyo7káhtane7 it became faster, it picked up speed, tAyo7káhtane7 it will become faster. Base: . ? kahta''- plus te- dualic fasten; button teknahsútha7 I'm fastening it to it, I'm buttoning it (e.g., a shirt before I fold it). tewaknáhsute7 I have fastened it. tekanáhsute7 it's fastened to something. wa7teknahsu-tA• I fastened it, wa7tekheya7tanahsu-tA• I fastened

990

English-Orieida

her to it (e.g., a child to a walking harness). Base: .nahsut-/.ya?tanahsut- plus te- dualic fasten oneself; button oneself tekatnahsútha7 I'm buttoning it up (e.g., my shirt), tewakatnáhsute7 I have buttoned it up. wa7tekatnahsu-tA- I buttoned it up. Base: .atnahsut- plus te- dualic fasten several; button several wa7teknahsutúni7 I buttoned all of them. Base: .nahsutunyu- plus te- dualic fastened, go along fastened together tekanahsutátyehse7 it's going along fastened together. Base: .nahsutatye- plus te- dualic fat See oil; grease; fat; gasoline; gravy fat, animal fat See lard; animal fat fat, be getting lole7SA7uháti7 he's getting fat, yakole7SA7uháti7 she's getting fat. Base: -ale ? sA ? uhatyefat, get wakálehsA7 I'm fat, lólehsA 7 he's fat, yakólehsA7 she's fat. wa7kálehsA7 I got fat, AhálehsA7 he will get fat. lole7SA-hné• he used to be fat. sayúlehsA7 she got fat again. né- thólehsA7 he's the fattest, tsi7 niyakólehsA7 is she ever fat. Base: -ale'sAfather lake7níha my father, ya 7níha your father, lo7níha his father, shukwa7níha our father(s), shako7tiíha their father(s). Láke Father! lake7nihkX my late father, lo7nihkA his late father. Base: - ? niha/- ? ni-

father-in-law See in-law of different generations fatten up yesale7SAhslu-níhe7 they're fattening you up. wahole7SAhslu-nv he fattened him up, wahuwale7sAhslu-níshe fattened him up. Base: -ale ? sAhslunifault, find See find fault; find out about; complain fault, someone's See business; matter; news; issue fault, someone's See reason, be the reason or way favour one over the other; treat unequally tewaktihá-tu I'm favouring one side over the other, I'm favouring someone (e.g., one child over another), I'm not treating them equally, tehotihá-tu he's favouring one over the other, teyakotihá-tu she's favouring one over the other. wa?tektíhahte7 I favoured something. Base: .tiha ? t- plus te- dualic fax machine

yewatlihwatAnyétha7.

Feast for the Dead See Dead Feast feast, have yutehlákhuhe7 she's having a feast (ceremonial). wa7utehlákhu7 she had a feast, wahatehlákhu7 he had a feast. Base: -atehlakhufeather ostó-sli7 feather. Pre-pausal: ostó-seli7. tekastó-slake two feathers. kasto7slaná-nu it's full of feathers. Base: -sto ? sl-

English-Oneida

feather, have several lotistó-slote7 they (m.) have feathers. Base: -sto ? slotFebruary See Midwinter; February feces See excrement feed oneself katatnu-túhe7 I'm putting it into my mouth, wakatatnutú I have fed myself. wa7katátnute7 I fed myself, Akatátnute7 I will feed myself. Base: -atatnut-/-atatnutufeed oneself food katatekhwanu-túhe7 I'm feeding myself, I'm eating. wakatatekhwanutú I have fed myself. wa7katatekhwánute7 I fed myself, wa7utatekhwánute7 she fed herself, Ahatatekhwánute 7 he will feed himself. Base: -atatekhwanut-/ -atatekhwanutufeed someone linu-túhe7 I'm feeding him (e.g., I'm feeding an invalid or a baby, I'm giving him something to put in his mouth, such as food or medicine). linutú I have fed him, khenutú I have fed her or them, I have given her or them something to eat, yuknutú she has fed me. wahi-núte7 I fed him, ivá-knute7 I fed her (z.) or it, wa7khe-núte7 I fed her or them, waho-núte7 he fed him, wa7utátnute7 she fed her, Ayúknute7 she will feed me. táknut Feed it to me, give it to me to eat! takni-nút Give it to the two of us to eat! takwa-nút Give it to us all to eat! Ashukwá-yanute7 he will give us fruit to eat. lina7talanu-túhe7 I'm feeding him bread, I'm offering him bread, wa7ukná-talanute7 she gave me some bread or cake to eat, tayukná-talanute7 she gave me cake

991

there. wahi7nhúhsanute7 I gave him eggs to eat, I fed him eggs. Base: -nut-/-nutufeed someone food likhwanu-túhe7 I'm feeding him. likhwanutú I have fed him.

ivahikhwánute7

wa7khekhwánute7

I fed I fed

him,

her,

someone or they fed them (m.). Base: -khwanut-/-khwanutuwahuwatikhwánute7

feed someone, go to feed someone khenutú-ne7 I'm going to feed her or them, khenutú-nehse7 I go to feed her or them. wa7khenutú-na7 I'm on my way to feed her or them, wa7shakonutú-na7 he's going to feed her or them. Base: -nutu?nfeel See touch; feel by touching feet, drag See drag one's feet feet, get cold See cold feet, get feet, have teyohsí-tute7 it has feet. Base: ,ahsi?tut- plus te- dualic feet, place See put one's foot on; step onto feet, soles of See soles of the feet feet, webbed See fin of a fish; webbed feet fence atA7X-la7 fence. atA7Ahlá-ke on the fence. ivatA7Ahlatáti7 the fence is extended along. watA7Ahluní the fence is made, wahatA7Ahlu-ní• he made a fence. Base: -atA?Ahlfence, be a fence; be a cage teivatA7A-late7 (there's) a fence,

992

English-Orieida

cage, or pen (e.g., a pigpen). Base: ,atA?Ahlat- plus te- dualic fence, go over See go over a fence fetch See come after; go to get feud; argue tewaklihwáksAhse7 I get into arguments. tewaklihwaksA'U I have gotten into an argument, teyuknilihwaksA-u we two argued, tehotilihwaksA-u they (m.) are feuding, they're mad at one another, teyotilihwaksA-u they (z.) are feuding. wa7twaklihwáksAne7 I argued, iva?tyuknilihwáksAne7 we two feuded, wa7tyotilihwáksAne7 they (z.) feuded. Base: .lihwaksA7- plus te- dualic feud, several wa 7thotilihwaksA-slu 7 they (m.) all feuded amongst themselves. Base: .lihwaksA?slu- plus tedualic fever, get wakya 7tatalihá-tu I have a fever, yakoya7tatalihá-tu she has a fever, loya7tatalíhá-tu he has a fever. ukya7tatalíhahte7 I got a fever. Base: -ya ? tataliha ? tfew tóhka7 nikú. Pre-pausal: tóhka7 ni-kú. fiction

yakA7shúha.

field, be a field; be a garden kahA-táyA7 (there's) a field or garden. Base: -hAtayAfield; garden kahAtá-ke in the fields or garden. ohAtakúshu7 meadow, through the fields. a7éniyukwahA-tá- we have a big field. lathAtahslu-níhe7 he's preparing

the land (for planting). wahathAtahslunyáni7 he prepared several fields for planting, tsi7 yothA-táte7 it's at the end of the field or garden. wa7thahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field, wa7tyehAti-yá-ke7 she crossed the field, tusahahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field again. Base: -hAtfifteen wísk yawA-lé\ fifth

wiskhatú-thne.

fifty wísk

niwáshA.

fifty cents kayé silu. fight katli-yós I fight, I'm a fighter, latli-yós he fights, wakatliyó I'm fighting, lotliyó he's fighting, swatliyó you all are fighting. ioa7katli-yóI fought, wahutli-yóthey (m.) fought, Akatli-yó• I will fight, tahyatli-yóthe two (m.) fought there. Base: -atliyofight, go to fight katliyóhse7 I'm going to fight. wa7katliyóhsa7 I'm going to go there and fight. Base: -atliyohsfight over; compete for; be greedy kaskénhas I try to take something away from someone, I'm greedy, yakyaskénhas we two (excl.) fight over it. wakaskénhA I'm fighting over it, yukyaskénhA we two are fighting over it, lonaskénhA they (m.) are fighting over it, lotiya7taskénhA they (m.) are competing for someone, yukniya7taskénhA we two are competing for someone, yukhiya7taskénhA they're fighting

English-Oneida

over us, shakniya7taskénhA we two (excl.) are fighting over him. wa 7akyaskénha 7 we two (excl.) fought over it, Akaskénha 7 1 will fight over it. Base: -askenha-/-ya 7 taskenhafight over, several luskenhányuhe7 they (m.) are greedy and they're fighting over it. wahuskenháni7 they (m.) fought over it. Base: -askenhanyufigure See corpse; body; figure fill wakná-nu I have filled it, yoná-nu she (z.) or it filled it. kaná-nu it's full, wá-knane7 I filled it, waha-náne7 he filled it, wa7e-náne7 she filled it, wa7ka-náne7 it got filled, Aknane7 I will fill it. tsi7 niyakwaná-nu we (excl.) really fill it (e.g., a room), nihatiná-nu they (m.) really fill it. kahnekaná-nu it's filled with water, wa7khne-kánane7 I filled it with water, kakhwaná-nu it's full of food. katiAyaná-nu it's full of stones, kashestanámu it's full of syrup, gum or wax, kashestaná-nu kahuhtá-ke my ears are full of wax. kasto7slaná-nu it's full of feathers. ka7slehtaná-nu it's filled with cars. Base: -nahnfill, come along filled it's coming this way all filled up, tayonahnuháti7 as it comes this way it's becoming filled up. tutakanahnuhátí7 it came back this way all filled up. tsi7 nihatinahnuhátí7 they're so filled up with people (m.) as they're coming along. Base: -nahnuhatyetakanahnuháti7

fill for oneself lotná-nu he has filled it up, yotná-nu it's filled up, it has

993

become fulfilled (e.g., predictions about the future). wa7kátnane7 I filled it up, wahátnane7 he filled it up, útnane7 she (z.) or it filled it up. yáh thaútnane7 it wouldn't get filled upBase: -atnahnfill several lanánhuhe7 he's filling them, lonánhu7 he has filled them. kanánhu7 they're all filled up. wa7knánhu7 I filled them, Ahanánhu 7 he will fill them. Base: -nanhufill up wahata7áhslike7 he filled up the basket, wahatná-tsike7 he filled up the pail, wahatnutó-tslike7 he filled up the box (e.g., picking berries), wahatya-líke7 he filled up the bag. wahate7sléhtike7 he has a earful (e.g., of people). Base: -at-N-ikfill up a tobacco kiln we (excl.) filled the kiln, Ayakwatnúhsike7 we (excl.) will fill the kiln, ayakwatnúhsike7 we (excl.) should fill the kiln. na7akwatnúhsike7 how we (excl.) filled the kiln. Base: -atnuhsikwa7akwatnúhsike7

fin of a fish; webbed feet okawé-ta 7 fin of a fish, webbed feet (of a duck). laokawé-ta7 his fin. Base: -kawe ? tfind ketshAlyehse7 I find. waketshAli 1 have found it, lotshAli he has found it. wa7ketshA-lí- I found it, wahatshA-lí• he found it. waketshAlyú-ne7 I found it at one time (but it's lost again). shotshAli he has found it again, saketshA-lí• I found it again, sahatshA-lí• he found it again, usahatshA-lí• he should

994

English-Orieida

find it again. yusahatshA-lí• he found it there again, yáh thusaketshA-lí- I won't find it anymore, yáh thusahatshA-lí- he won't find it anymore. Base: -tshAlyfind fault; find out about; complain lalihwatshAlyehse7 he complains, he finds faults all the time. lolihzvatshAli he has found out about it, he has found fault with. zva7klihzvatshA-lí• I found out about it, zvahalihzvatsliA-lí• he complained, he found fault with. lolihwatsliAlyé-tskiVA he's always finding fault, no matter what. Base: -lihwatshAlyfind fault with someone lolihwatshAlyá-sehe7 he finds faults with him. khelihzvatsliAlyá-se I'm finding faults with her or them. zva7khelihwatshAlyahse7 I found faults with her or them. Base: -lihwatshAlya'se-/ -lihwatshAlya'sfind for oneself; get found iua7katetshA-lí• I found it for myself, utetshA-li- it got found. Base: -atetshAlyfind for someone litshAlyá-sehe7 I'm finding some things for him. litshAlyá-se I'm finding it for him. zvahitshAlyahse7 I found it for him, wa7khetshXlyahse7 I found it for her.

shakotsyapslatshAlyá-se

he

finds jobs for them. Base: -tshAlya'seV-tshAlya'sfind information for someone kheyatlihwatshAlyá-sehe7 I'm digging up information for her or them, liyatlihzuatshAlyá-sehe7 I'm

digging up information for him. wa7kheyatlihwatshXlyahse7 I found out information for her or them. Base: -atlihwatshAlya ? se-/ -atlihwatshAlya'sfind or discover a way or idea latliho-lA-se7 he finds or comes up with a way or with ideas. zvakatliholA-u I have come up with a way. zvahatliho-lAne7 he found or came up with it, ayutliho-lAne7 she or someone should get the idea. sakatliho-lAne7 I came up with ideas again. Base: -atliholA?find or discover someone or something wa7kheya7to-lXne7 I found her, wahiya7to-lXne7 I found him, wa7utatya7to-lXne7 she found her, ivahuwaya7to-lXne7 she found him. sahuzvaya?to-lXne7 she found him again, sayukya7to-lXne7 they found me again. nyahuzvaya7to-lAne7 how they found him there. wahathzvisto-lAne7 he found some money. zvahatluto-lAne7 he found a tree. yakonahkolA-u she has found a mate, zva7enahko-lAne7 she found a mate, aknahko-lAne7 I should find a mate. knakto-lA-se7 I (always) find room, I keep finding room, zvaknaktolA-u I have found room, zva7knakto-lAne7 I found room. zva7katnasko-lAne7 I found a pet. kenha7tslo-lA-se7 I keep finding someone to work, wakenha7tslolA-u I have found work, I have found someone to work, zva7kenha7tslo-lAne7 I found work, I found someone to work, zua7katenha7tslo-lAne7 I found somebody to work or hire. latzvAno-lA-se7 he's always finding words, lotzvAnolXu he has found a word (for something),

English-Oneida

wahatwAtio-lAne7 he found a word. latya7tase7tslo-lA-se7 he's always finding a girlfriend, lotya7tase7tslolA-u he has found a girlfriend, sakatya7tase7tslo-lAne7 I found another girlfriend. Base: -N-olA?-/-at-N-olA?-/ -ya'tolA 7 find out about zvakanuhtA-u I have found out about it. ukwanúhtAne7 I found out, AivakanúhtAne7 I will find out, AhonanúhtAne7 they (m.) will find out. sukwanúhtAne7 I found out about it again, yáh thayukwanúhtAne7 we won't find out about it. Base: -anuhtA?find out about; hear about ukto-kA-se 7 I heard or found out about it, ivesato-kA-se7 you found out about it, wahoto-kA-se 7 he found out about it, Awakto-kA-se7 I will find out about it, aukto-kA-se7 I should hear about it, ayakoto-kA-se7 she should find out about it. Aswakto-kA-se 7 I will hear about it again. Base: -tokA?sfinger See hand; fingers fingernail; toenail; claw otsye7e-láfingernail, toenail, claw. ktsye7elá-ke my fingernail, stsye7elá-ke your fingernail, latsye7elá-ke his fingernail, yetsye7elá-ke her fingernail. na7tehatsye7ele-sú-se7 he has such long nails, na7teyetsye7ele-sú-se7 she has such long nails. Base: -tsye ? elfinish íksa7as I'm finishing it, ítsha7as you're finishing it, láhsa7as he's finishing it, yéhsa7as she's finishing it, káhsa 7as she (z.) or it is

995

finishing it, tníhsa7as you and I (incl.) are finishing it, latíhsa 7as they (m.) are finishing it. zváksu7 I have finished it, lóhsu7 he has finished it, yakóhsu7 she has finished it, yukwáhsu 7 we have finished it. wá-ksane7 I finished it, zvá-tshane7 you finished it, waháhsane7 he finished it, wa7éhsane7 she finished it, wa7akníhsane7 we two (excl.) finished it, wa7akzváhsane7 we (excl.) finished it, wahatíhsane7 they (m.) finished it, Aksane7 I will finish it, Ahatíhsane7 they (m.) will finish it, áksane7 I should finish it, aetwáhsane7 we (incl.) should finish it. ítshan Finish it! Awaksu7úhake7 I will be finished with it. sátshane7 you finished it again, Aséksane7 I will finish it again, yahá-ksane7 I finished it over there, yahá-tshan Finish it there! nyahá-ksane7 I went on and finished it. tshaháhsane7 when he finished it, tsha7éhsane7 when she finished it. Base: -hsa ? -/-isa ? finish See end; finish finish building a house lanuhsísa7as he's putting the finishing touches on the house, he's just on the verge of finishing building the house. lonuhsísu7 he has finished building the house, kanuhsísu7 the house is finished, zvahanuhsísane7 he finished building the house, Ahanuhsísane7 he will finish building the house. kanuhsisu7úhake7 the house will be finished, tkanuhsísu7 there or then the house was finished, Atkanuhsisu7úhake7 there the house will be finished, tkanuhsisu7ú-ne7 there the house was finished. Base: -nuhsisa 7 -

996

English-Orieida

finish dancing waknunyo7ktá-u I have finished dancing, wa 7knunyóktA 7 I finished dancing. Base: -nunyo?kta-/-nunyo?ktAfinish eating yukwakhwAtá-u we have finished eating. wahatikhwA-táne7 they (m.) finished eating, AhatikhwA-táne7 they (m.) will finish eating. tshusahnikhwA-táne7 when the two (m.) had finished eating again. Base: -khwAta7finish eating; eat up lotekhwísu7 he has eaten it up. wa7katekhwísane7 I finished eating a meal, satekhwísan Eat up! Base: -atekhwisa 7 finish for oneself; get finished watéhsa7as it gets finished. wakatéhsu7 this is what I finished (e.g., what I made), lotéhsu7 this is what he finished, yotéhsu7 it's finished. Awatéhsane7 it will get finished, yáh te7yotéhsu7 it's not finished, tshyahutéhsane7 when it got finished there. Base: -atehsa 7 finish growing watunísa 7as it's finishing growing, yotunísu 7 it has finished growing, utunísane7 it finished growing, Awatunísane7 it will be finished growing. Base: -atunisa 7 finish making bread wa7katna7talísane7 I finished making bread. swakatna7talísu7 I have finished making bread again. Base: -atna ? talisa ? finish making up a bed wa7katnaktahslísane7 I finished fixing up or preparing a bed,

Akatnaktahslísane7 I will finish making up the bed. tsha7katnaktahslísane7 when I finished fixing up the bed. Base: -atnaktahslisa 7 finish preparing a meal wakekhwísu I have finished preparing a meal. wa7kekhwísane7 I finished preparing a meal, wa7ekhwísane7 she finished preparing a meal. Base: -khwisa 7 -

7

finish working in the garden wakathAtísu7 I finished (clearing, planting) the garden. AhathAtísane7 he will finish working in the garden. Base: -athAtisa 7 fire, catch fire yotsyalX-u it was on fire, yukwatsyalX-u our place was on fire, we had a fire. uketsya-lXne7 I had a fire, my place caught fire, wahotsya-lXne7 he had a fire, it caught fire on him, wa7otsya-lXne7 there was a fire. Base: -tsyalA?fire, extinguish See extinguish a fire; turn off lights fire, go to make lateka7tá-ne7 he's here to make a fire. loteka7tá-nu he has gone to make a fire, lonateka7tá-nu they (m.) have gone to make a fire. wahateka7tá-na7 he's on his way somewhere to make a fire, wa7uteka7tá-na7 she's going to make a fire. Base: -ateka ? ta ? nfire; light o tsíste7 light. a7é• nikatsísta7 it's a big light. yakottsistiyóstu she has made a good fire, wahattsisti-yóste7 he made a good fire, takattsisti-yóste7 made a good fire there,

I

English-Oneida

tayuttsisti-yóste7 she made a good fire there, nihottsistiyóstu he's making such a good fire. kattsistanyútha7 I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). katsistiyó it's a good fire, yáh te?yakotsístayA? she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). Base: -tsistfire, make kateká-tha7 I make fire, lateká-tha7 he makes fire, wateká-tha7 it is used to make a fire. wakateká-tu I have made a fire, loteká-tu he has made a fire, he's making a fire. wa7kate-ká-te7 I made a fire, wahate-ká-te7 he made a fire, ute-ká-te7 she (z.) made a fire, it got used to make a fire, ahate-ká-te7 he should make a fire, ayute-ká-te7 she should make a fire. wakateka7tú-ne7 I had made a fire. a 7é• tyukwateká-tu we have made a fire way over there, takate-ká te7 I made a fire there. Base: -ateka ? tfire, make for someone lakwateka7tA-níhe7 he makes a fire forme. wahakwateká-tA7 he made a fire for me. Base: -ateka ? tAni-/-ateka ? tAfire, set fire to; burn down shakotsyalAtha 7 he burns her or someone's place down. shakotsyalAhtu he has burnt her or someone's place down. wa7khetsya-lAhte7 I burned her or someone's place down, wa7shakotsya-lAhte7 he burned her or someone's place down. Base: -tsyalAhtfire, spark up teyo7tuhkwákhwa7 a fire sparks or starts up. iva7tyo7túhkwahkwe7 fire will

997

spark up. Base: .i'tuhkwahkw- plus tedualic fire, use to make yuteka7tákhiva7 she or someone uses it to make a fire. Ahuteká-tahkwe7 they (m.) will use it to make a fire. Base: -ateka ? tahkwfirefly; lightning bug

tsistoka7tá-ne7.

fireman la7swátha7 (he's a) fireman, lu 7sivátha 7 (they are) firemen. Base: -a ? swatha ? fireplace kahsúhtaku yuteka 7tákhwa 7. first, go first; lead khA-té- I'm the head one, I'm the leader, lahA-téhe's a leader, he's at the head (e.g., of a line). waháhAte7 he led, AháhAte7 he will be at the head. lahA-téhkwe7 he was first, he used to be at the head. Base: -hAtefirst, go first; start tkatyelAtha7 I go first, I start. tyotyelAhtu the first, twakatyelXhtu I have started. takatye-lAhte7 I went first, I started, tutye-lAhte7 it was the first (time), Atkatye-lXhte7 I will start, Atwatye-lXhte7 it will be the first, taswatye-lAhte7 you all should be the first ones. tasatye-lAt Start! tshututye-lAhte7 when it was the first time. Base: .atyelAht- plus t- cislocative fish kahlyohkawi-né-se7 I'm fishing, lahlyohkawi-né-se7 he's fishing. wahahlyóhkawine7 he fished. lahlyohkawi-né-skzve7 he was fishing. Base: -ahlyohkawine-

998

English-Orieida

fish kXtsi7 fish. kAtsyA7shúha fish. kanitsyútha7 I'm frying fish. kA7 nikAtsyá' it's a small fish. wakitsya-ká-se7 I like to eat fish, yáh te7wakitsya-ká-se7 I don't like fish. lAtsihálha7 he hangs up a fish (e.g., on a stick), lotsíhale7 he has hung up a fish, wahAtsiha-lA• he hung up the fish. wahAtsihalúni7 he hung up several fish. wa7kitsyá-lA7 I set down the fish. yotsyA7tunyú-ne7 the fish is hanging along, yotsyA7tunyú-nehse7 the fish keep hanging. nikAtsiyó it's a really nice fish, nikAtsi-yó-se7 how nice the fish are. kítsyaks I'm eating fish, wakitsyakú I have eaten fish, Akítsyake7 I will eat fish, ahXtsyake7 he should eat fish. nisAtsyaka7táti7 what a lot of fish you have got with you, nihotsyaka7táti7 he has such a lot of fish with him. lotsyaká-te7 he has lots of fish. AtwAtsyákha7 we (incl.) will go and eat fish. nikAtsyowanX it's such a big fish. wahotsyanXsko7 he stole fish from him. wakítsyo 7 I'm boiling fish, wa 7kítsyo 7 I cooked fish, kitsyókwas I'm taking the fish out of the water, lotsyókwA he has taken the fish out of the water, wahAtsyo-kó• he took the fish out of the water, wakitsyáshwas I'm smelling fish, ukitsyáshwA7 I smelled fish, kitsyatáhkwas I'm taking the fish out of it. kitsyáta7as I'm putting fish into it. ahAtsyaye-ná• he should catch fish. Base: -itsyfish eggs See gravel; fish eggs fish, go to fish lahlyohkawinéhse7 he's going to go fishing. lahlyohkawinéhsehse7 he goes fishing. lohlyohkawinéhsu he has gone

fishing, wa 7kahlyohkawinéhsa I'm going fishing. Base: -ahlyohkawinehsfish, hunt fish lanitsyato-láts fishing. Base: -anitsyatolat-

7

he's

fish scales ótsta7. Base: -itstfish scales, remove See remove fish scales fish, school of fish tehati7nehtawXlyehe

7.

fisherman lanitsyato-láts (he's a) fisherman, lunitsyato-láts (they are) fishermen. Base: -anitsyatolats fishing pole yuhlyohkawine

7tákhwa

7.

fist See button; fist; knuckle; turnip fist, bang ktsihkwAtha7 I'm banging my fist. iva7ktsíhkwAhte7 I banged my fist, wahatsíhkwAhte7 he banged his fist. Base: -tsihkwAhtfist, make ktsihkwakwe7nu-níhe7 I'm making a fist. waktsihkwakwe7nuní I have made a fist. wa7ktsihkwakwe7nu-ní• I made a fist, wahatsihkwakwe7nu-ní• he made a fist. Base: -tsihkwakwe'nunifit; be enough ya 7tekye-lí- it fits me (e.g., a dress), ya 7thaye-lí- it fits him, ya7tyeye-lí• it fits her. ya7tAkye-lí- it will fit me, ya7tAhsye-lí- kX will you fit it? thó ya7tAkaye-lí• that will be enough (so stop it).

English-Oneida

Base: .yeli- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic fit, not fit See outgrow; not fit something fits, get See hold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest five wísk. five hundred wísk

tewA7nyáioelu7.

fix, go along fixing; find one's way loteyA7túti7 he's sneaking up, dodging closer so as not to be seen. yahoteyA7túti7 he's sneaking up bit by bit. tsi7 niyakoteyA7túti7 how or where she's going around fixing things up. Base: -ateyA?tutye-/ -atewyA ? tutyefix matters; negotiate; make a deal lalihwahslu-níhe7 he's negotiating, he's making a good deal. lolihzvahsluní he has negotiated. wahalihwahslu-ní• he negotiated. Base: -lihwahslunifix oneself up; make oneself look presentable katateyX-tuhe7 I look after myself, I make myself presentable. yáh thahutateyX-tu7 they (m.) don't make themselves presentable. Base: -atateyA ? tu-/-atatewyA ? tufix; put away; save kateyX-tuhe7 I'm fixing it, I'm putting it away, I'm saving it (for later use), lateyX-tuhe7 he's putting it away. wakatey X-tu I have fixed it, I have put it away, lonateyX-tu they (m.) have fixed it. wa7kateyX-tu 7 I fixed it, I put it away, wahateyX-tu 7 he put it away, wa 7uteyX-tu 7 she put it away. sateyX-tu Put it away, save it! kateyA7túhahkwe7 I used to save

999

(it), I was fixing it (and then I left it), wakateyX-tuhkwe7 I fixed it (but now it's broken), I had it put away, wakatey A7tú-ne7 I had fixed it, I had put it away. skateyX-tuhe7 I'm putting it away again, I'm fixing it (again), swakateyX-tu I have fixed it, AskateyX-tu7 I will fix it, AsehsateyX-tu 7 you will fix it. yekateyX-tuhe7 I'm over there putting it away. yakotnu7tatewyX-tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. Base: -ateyA^tu-Z-at-N-ateyA'tu-/ -atewyA?tu-/-at-N-atewyA ? tufix; put away; save for someone lakwateyA7tu-níhe7 he fixes it for me, he saves it for me. lakwateyA 7tuní he has fixed it for me, he has saved it for me. wahakwateyX-tuhse7 he fixed it for me, he saved it for me. Base: -ateyA ? tuni-/-ateyA ? tu ? s-/ -atewyA ? tuni-/-atewyA ? tu ? sfix; put away; save several kateyA7túnyuhe7 I'm putting things away, I'm fixing things. wakateyA7túni7 I have fixed things. wa7kateyA7túni7 I put them away, wahateyA7túni7 he put them away. skateyA7túnyuhe7 I'm putting them away (again), sahateyA7túni7 he fixed them, he arranged them, sayuteyA7túni7 she put them away, she fixed them, sayakwateyA7túni7 we (excl.) put them away, AtsyuteyA7túni7 she will put them away. tshihateyA7túnyuhe7 when he was putting it away. Base: -ateyA?tunyu-/ -atewyA?tunyufix; put away; save several for someone wa7kheyateyA7túnyuhse7 I put

1000

English-Orieida

things away for her. Base: -ateyA?tunyu?s-/ -atewyA?tunyu?sfix up See dress; prepare; fix up flame o7túhkwa7 flame. yo7túhkwes it's a long flame (e.g., the flame of a kerosene lamp). Base: -i ? tuhkw-/- ? tuhkwflames, go up in See burn; go up in flames flap teyotteníhA it's flapping (e.g., a loose shingle). Base: .attenihA- plus te- dualic flat, be tewatakwAhtA7 it's flat. Base: .atakwAhtA-/.takwAhtA-/ .akwAhtA- plus te- dualic flat, become teyotakwAhtX-u it has gone flat. wa7twatakw Aht Arte7 it went flat. Base: .atakwAhtA7- plus te- dualic flat, lay out flat ktakwAhtálhos I'm laying it out flat, latakwAhtálhos he's laying it out flat. lotakwAhtálhu he has lain it out flat. wa?ktakwAhtálho7 I laid it out flat, wahatakwAhtálho7 he laid it out flat. stakwAhtálho Lay it out flat! Base: -takwAhtalho-/ -akwAhtalhoflat tire, get wa7twakhnakwalá-lihse7 I got a flat tire, wa7thohnakwalá-lihse7 he got a flat tire. Base: .hnakwalahli's- plus tedualic flatten tektakw Aht Atha7 I'm flattening it. tewaktakwAhtAhtu I have flattened it. wa7tektakw Aht Ahte7 I

flattened it, wa7tyetakw Aht Ahte7 she flattened it, iva7thatakw Aht Ahte7 he flattened it. Base: ,takwAhtAht-/.akwAhtAhtplus te- dualic flax óskale7 flax, latiskalákwas they (m.) are picking or harvesting flax. Base: -skalflea

tawé-l.

flee See run away; flee flick one's finger against someone wa7tyukkú-toke7 she flicked her finger against me, wa7thikú-toke7 I flicked my finger against him, wa7tekhekú-toke7 I flicked my finger against her. Base: .ku ? tok- plus te- dualic flicker; woodpecker

lalutasto7okshá-.

flip over See turn over; tip over flip over; get upside down tekani7taketskwátha7 I'm flipping over. tewakani7taketskwáhtu I have flipped over, I'm hanging upside down. wa7thani7takétskwahte7 he flipped over, tAhsani7takétskwahte7 you will get upside down. Base: .ani'taketskwaht- plus tedualic flirt yoti7tehá-u they (z.) are flirting. wahoti7téhane7 they (m.) flirted, they did things to try and attract the opposite sex, they want attention from the opposite sex. Base: -i ? teha ? flirt khe7tehslu-níhe7 I'm a flirt, lo7tehslu-níhe7 he's flirting with

English-Oneida

someone, he knows how to turn someone on, shako 7tehslu-níhe7 he's flirting with her, he's trying to attract her.

shako7tehsluníhahkwe7

he was flirting with her. Base: -i ? tehslunilo7téha

flirt, someone who goes around flirting yekA

7tehslútyehse7.

float yo7kélha7 ivakya 7ta 7kélha

it's floating, I'm floating,

7

loya 7ta 7kélha 7 yakoya7ta7kélha7

he's floating, she's floating.

yo7kélhahkwe7

it was floating.

Ayo 7kélhake 7 it will float. yeyo 7kélha 7 it's floating there. lohuwa 7kélha 7 he's in a boat and

he's floating in it, lohuwa

7kélhahkwe

ing in the boat.

7

he was float-

yeyonlahta7kélha7

the leaves are floating in it. Base: -?kel-/-?kl-/-ya?ta?kel~/ -ya?ta?klfloat by loya7ta7klá-ne7 he's floating by, yo7klá-ne7 it's drifting or floating. yo7klá-nehse7 it's floating around, wakya7ta7klá-nehse7 I'm floating around. a7é• wa7o7klá'ne7 it's floating away from me, a 7é• wahoya7ta7klá-ne7 he went floating by. Base: -'kla'ne-Z-ya'ta'kla'nefloat, several yo7klúnyuhe7 several things are floating. yoluta7klúnyuhe7 logs are floating. yonlahta7klúnyuhe7 leaves are floating. yotsi7tsya7klúnyuhe7 flowers are floating.

owelóhkwa7.

flood yohno-tú• it's flooded. Awahno-tú- it will flood. Base: -ahnotufloor See board; floor

flirt, be I'm a flirt, he's a flirt, yako 7téha she's a flirt. Base: -i'tehawaki7téha

floater

1001

yeyowisa7klúnyuhe7

there are pieces of ice floating in it. Base: - ? klunyu-

floors, be many floors or stories tekanaktanetáli7 teyonaktanetáli7

or

(there are) a lot of

floors or stories. Base: .naktanetalyu- plus tedualic

floors, be two or more floors or stories teyonáktanet two floors. na 7teyonáktanet that many floors, tóhka7 na7teyonáktanet

several

floors. Base: .naktanet- plus te- dualic flour othé-tsli7 othé-tshelP.

flour. Pre-pausal: satethe7tslu-níhe7

you're making flour, Ahsatethe7tslu-ní• you will make flour. yAsathe7tslu-tí• you will add flour. tekathe7tslayéstu it has flour mixed into it. Base: -the?tslflour, have on flour or something powdery yothé-tslale7 it has flour, on it, it has something powdery on it. Base: -the ? tslalflower otsftsi7 Pre-pausal:

or otsftsya7

flower.

otsftsi7.

otsi 7tsya 7shúha flowers. yottsi7tsyuní there are flowers growing. kA7 nikatsi7tsyá• it's a little

flower.

wa7tektsi7tsyó-lalake7

I

pressed the flowers (e.g., to preserve them). yakotsi7tsyaká-te7 she has lots of flowers. wa7ktsi7tsyaló-loke7 I gathered up the flowers. tsha7tekatsi7tsyó-tA it's the same

1002

English-Orieida

kind of flower. waktsi7tsyayAthu I have planted flowers. yotsi7tsya7klúnyuhe7 flowers are floating. Base: -tsi'tsyflower, bloom yotsí-tsyute7 (it's) a blooming flower. Akatsi7tsyu-tA• the flower will bloom, akatsi7tsyu-tAthe flowers should bloom. Base: -tsi'tsyutflower, bloom several yotsi7tsyu-túflowers are blooming. Base: -tsi'tsyutuflower, burst into bloom See burst, flowers burst into bloom fly See housefly fly teki-tAhe7 I fly, teha-tAhe7 he flies, teka-tAhe7 she (z.) or it flies, tehati-tAhe7 they (m.) fly. tewaki-tA- I have flown, teho-tA• he has flown, teyako-tA• she has flown, teyo-tA• she (z.) or it has flown. wa7tki-tA• I flew, wa7tha-tA- he flew, wa7tye-tA- she flew, wa7tka-tA• she (z.) or it flew, wa 7tetni-tA• you and I (incl.) flew, wa7thati-tA- they (m.) flew, tAki-tAI will fly, tAha-tA• he will fly, tAka-tA- she (z.) or it will fly, tAtwa-tA- we (incl.) will fly, tAyakwa-tA- we (excl.) will fly, tAhati-tA• they (m.) will fly, tahati-tA- they (m.) should fly. tekatXhahkwe 7 she (z.) or it used to fly. Base: .tA-/.itA- plus te- dualic fly, be flying kítye7 I'm flying, látye7 he's flying, kátye7 she (z.) or it is flying. Pre-pausal: káti7. kítyehse7 I fly around, látyehse7 he flies around, yétyehse7 she flies around,

kátyehse 7 she (z.) or it flies around, latítyehse7 they (m.) fly around, kutítyehse7 they (z.) are flying around. wa7kíti7 I'm flying away, waháti7 he's flying away, wa7éti7 she's flying away, wa7káti7 she (z.) or it is flying away, wetwáti7 we (incl.) are flying away, elók shatíti7 they (m.) are flying around, taháti7 he came flying, tutakíti7 I flew back again, nishátye7 where he's flying back again. Base: -tye-/-ityefly, be flying all over kutityenúti7 they (z.) flew all over. ya7kutityenúti7 they (z.) went flying all over. Base: -tyenutye-/-ityenutyefoam ohwA-tsta7. Base: -hwA ? tstfocus one's sight; stare lotkahliyóstu he's trying to see the best way he can, he's trying to focus on something, he's staring, yakotkahliyóstu she's trying to focus. wahatkahli-yóste7 he .focused, Ahatkahli-yóste7 he will focus. Base: -atkahliyostfoggy, become teyotsha-táyA7 it's foggy. wa7twatsha-táyA7 it got foggy. teyotshatayA-táhkwe7 it was foggy. tAyotshatayA-táke7 it will be foggy. Base: ,atshatayA-/.atshatayAtplus te- dualic foggy, going to become tewatshatayA-hnéit's going to become foggy. Base: .atshatayAhn- plus tedualic fold over; bend something teksá-ktus I'm folding it, I'm bending it.

English-Oneida

tewaksá-ktu I have folded it, I have bent it. wa7teksá-kete7 I folded it, I bent it, tAksá-kete7 I will fold it, I will bend it. tetshá-ket Fold it over, bend it! tewaksa7ktú-ne7 I folded it (but now it's crumpled again). testshá-ket Fold it again! wa7tekhyatuhslá-kete7 I folded the paper over once. Base: ,hsa?kt-/.hsa?ket-/.a?kt-/ ,a ? ket- plus te- dualic fold several things or into several folds teksa 7ktányuhe 7 I'm folding things (e.g., laundry). wa7teksa7ktáni7 I folded things, wa7tyehsa7ktáni7 she folded things, iva7thahsa7ktáni7 he folded things, tAksa7ktáni7 I will fold things. wa7tekhyatuhsla7ktáni7 I folded the paper this way and that way. wa7tekkAha7ktáni7 I folded the blanket. Base: ,hsa ? ktanyu-/.a ? ktanyuplus te- dualic follow See chase; follow follow a pattern; note how something is done tehatAna7kelátha7 he's making note of it, he's watching how it's done, tehotAna7keláhtu he has made note of it, he has gone by a pattern (e.g., he did it the way you did it). wa7tkatAna7ke-láhte7 I made a note of it, I followed the pattern. tehsatAna 7ke-lát Make sure you do it, make note of it, watch the way it's done, be mindful of it! Base: .atAna?kelaht- plus tedualic follow around See tag along; follow around follow; do as someone else does néwa7kyanáhawe7 that's what I went

1003

by or followed, wahetshyanáhawe7 you went by him, you did as he did, ioa7shakoyanáhawe7 he followed her or them, Akuyanáhawe7 I will go by the way you do it, Askwayanáhawe7 you will do as I do. twakyanáhA I went by it, tsi7 tyoyanáhA it goes according to the way, Atekyanáhawe7 I follow its track or guide, Atyakwayanáhawe 7 we (excl.) will go by it. Base: -yanaha-/-yanahawfollow; do as someone else does kyanaha-wí- I'm following directions or the lead, tsyariaha-wv you're following directions, shakoyanaha-wí• he's following her or them, he's doing as they say. shakoyanaha-wí-se7 he follows her or them, he's following their footsteps. Base: -yanahawifollow someone khehnutláti7 I'm following her or them, shakohnutláti7 he's following her or them, lakhnutláti7 he's following me. shakohnutlátyehse7 he keeps following her or them. iua7khehnutláti7 I'm following her or them, wa7shakohnutláti7 he's following her or them, wa7utathnutláti7 she's following her. Base: -hnutlatyefood kákhiva7 food, akókhwa7 her food, laókhwa7 his food. kakhwakA-lé• food is scarce. yekhwáksA she has bad food. latekhwi-sáks he's searching for food. katekhó-ktAs I run out of food, wakatekho7ktá-u I have run out of food, ivahatekhó-ktA7 he ran out of food, Akatekhó-ktA 7 I will run out of food, s a k a t e k h w a t a l í h a h t e 7 I

1004

English-Orieida

heated up the food again. latékhwayAhe7 he's storing food, lutékhwayAhe7 they (m.) are storing food, wa 7katékhwayA 7 I stored food, wahatékhwayA7 he stored food. kekhwahélha 7 I'm putting food on it (the table), kakhwiyó it's good food, yekhwiyó she has good food. nitsyuknikhwaka7táti7 we two have all this food along with us again. kakhwaná-nu it's full of food. lakhwanu-wáks he's wishing for food, wahakhwanu-wáke7 he wished for food. nikakhó-tA the kind of food it is, tsi7 nitwakhó-tAhse7 the kind of foods we (incl.) have, yáh thó te7kakhó-tA it's not the kind of food. wa7kekhwátane7 I put some food in it. yokhwawísto the food is cold. wa7kakhwawístone7 the food got cold. yekekhwayA-tha7 I take the food in. Base: -khwfood, junk See junk food fool See deceive fool See do something to; fool; trick; decorate fool around See playful, be playful; be fooling around fool, get fooled See accident, have an accident; get fooled foolish, be See informed, be wellinformed; be wise; be stingy foot ohsí-ta7 foot, kahsí-ke (on) my foot, sahsí-ke (on) your foot, yuhsí-ke (on) her foot, lahsí-ke (on) his foot, tyahsí-ke (on) our feet (incl. dual), swahsí-ke (on) all your feet. kahsi 7tokú under my feet. Pre-

pausal: kahsi7to-kú. tehohsi7tahsihalá-u his foot is stuck, wa7tkahsi7tahsíhalane7 his foot got stuck. tehahsi7táklahse7 his feet stink, tewahsi7táklahse7 it's smelly feet, it's smelly footwear. wa7kalahsi7táhsehte7 I hid my feet, salahsi7táhset Hide your feet! ya7tkalahsí-towe7 I put part of my foot (my toes) in the water. tekalahsi7tahélha7 I keep putting my feet up, tewakalahsi7táhele? I have my feet up, wa7tkalahsi7tá-lA7 I put my foot up on it, tewakalahsi 7tá-lahkwe7 my feet were up (but now they're down). ya7thalahsi7títane7 he got his feet into there. wa7kalahsi7takétsko7 I raised my foot. wa7kalahsi7take7to-tAI stuck my foot out. wakalahsí-to7 my foot is swollen, Akalahsí-to 7 my foot will swell. ya7kalahsi7tó-loke7 I inserted my foot into it (e.g., shoes, slippers), thó ya7tewakalahsí-tate7 there my foot is extended or stuck out. ya7tkalahsí-tatate7 I extended my foot, ya7tAkalahsi-tatate7 I will extend my foot, tsi7 yeholahsí-tate7 it's at the end of his foot. wa7kalahsi7tú-neke7 I moved my foot. wa7kalahsi7tóhale7 I washed my feet. kalahsi7toke-wás I'm wiping my feet, salahsi7tO'kéw Wipe your feet! tehahsi7ti-yó-se7 he has nice feet, teyuhsi7ti-yó-se7 she has nice feet, teyohsí-take two feet (of measure). yá-ya7k niyohsí-take six feet. lohsi7také-tote7 his foot is sticking out, tehohsi7také-tote7 (both) his feet are sticking out. tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has big feet, teyuhsi7towa-nA-se7 she has big feet, na7tehahsi7towa-nA-se7 he has such big feet. wakahsi7talúhkwanihe7 I have an itchy foot.

English-Oneida 1005

wa7kheyahsi7tóhale7 I washed her feet, wahiyahsi7tóhale7 I washed his feet. lohsi7tanuhlyá-ku he hurt his foot. ivakahsi7tanú-waks my feet hurt. lahsi7toha-láse7 he keeps getting a sliver in his foot, lohsi7tohalá-u he has gotten a sliver in his foot, wa7kahsi7toha-láne7 I got a sliver in my foot, tsyohsí-tat one foot (of measure). tsyohsi7tátshu7 one foot at a time, each one foot. lohsi7tatsi7yohá his foot is not right, wahiyahsi 7tú-neke7 I moved his foot. wa7kahsi7taivistó-kwariAste7 my feet froze (e.g., my toes got frostbitten). Base: -ahsi ? t-/-ahsifoot, fall through with See fall through with one's foot foot, have one's foot on something íklate7 I have my foot on it. Base: -latfoot, have one's foot or feet on something here and there klatáti7 my feet are on the ground, I'm stepping here and there, yáh thahatilatáti7 their (m.) feet won't be touching the ground, yáh thyahalatáti7 his feet will not touch the ground, yáh thyahatilatáti7 their (m.) feet will not touch the ground. Base: -latatyefootprint; track oya-ná-. Base: -yanfootprints, have tekya-nále7 (it's) my footprint, tehaya-nále7 he has footprints, tekaya-nále7 she (z.) or it has footprints, teyeya-nále7 she or someone has footprints, yáh kátsha7 tha 7tehaya-nále7 he doesn't have

footprints anywhere. Base: .yanal- plus te- dualic footstool

teyulahsi7tahlákhwa7.

forbid; put a stop to katahlísta7 I'm making it stop. wa7katá-liste7 I put a stop to it, I stopped it (e.g., a machine), wahatá-liste7 he forbade it, ahatá liste7 he should put a stop to it. Base: -atahlistforbid someone; put a stop to kheyahlísta7 I tell her or them not to do it, liyahlísta7 I forbid him to do it. kheyahlístu I have forbidden her or them to do it, liyahlístu I have told him not to do it. wa7kuyá-liste7 I told you not to do it, wahiyá-liste7 I told him not to do it, wa7ká-liste7 I told her (z.) or it not to do it, I shut it down (e.g., a radio), wahakwá-liste7 he told me not to do it, Akuyá-liste7 I will forbid you, asheyá-liste7 you should forbid her or them, ahetshá-liste7 you should forbid him. takwá-list (You) forbid me! sá'list Put a stop to it! kuyahlístahkwe7 I was telling you not to do it. Base:

-ahlist-

forbidden, be yolihwástu it's forbidden. Base: -lihwastforce through; penetrate teyukótha7 it's coming through (e.g., water is coming through a hole in the roof), tekukótha 7 I'm putting it through something (e.g., clothes through an old-fashioned wringer-washer, liquid through a sieve), tewakukóhtu it has gone through me (e.g., I got soaked by rain). wa7tku-kóhte7 I put it through, I see it carried out,

1006 English-Orieida

wa?tyu-kóhte? it went through, wa?twaku-kóhte? it went through me, tAku-kóhte? I will put it through, yáh tha7tayu-kóhte? it won't come through. tekahnekukótha 7 water is coming through, it's leaking. wa?thanikwAhtalu-kóhte? he turned red, he blushed, wa?tyenikwAhtalu-kóhte7 she turned red. wa?tkawelu-kóhte? the wind came through (e.g., the walls), tákA? takawelu-kót the wind shouldn't come through. Base: .ukoht- plus te- dualic forceful, be See strong, be forcefully, do See try hard; do intensely; struggle

forget! swake?nikulhX-tskwA I'm forgetful, sho?nikulhA-tskwA he's forgetful, tsyako ?nikulhA-tskwA she's forgetful, twake ?nikulhA-u I left it there, I forgot it there. Base: - ? nikulhA-/-ya ? ta ? nikulhAforget much swake?nikulhAhslu? I have forgotten much. Base: .'nikulhAhslu- plus s- repetitive forgive seshako?nikulhA-se he forgives her. sashako?nikúlhAhse7 he forgave her, sahake?nikúlhAhse7 he forgave me. Base: . ? nikulhA ? se-/. ? nikulhA ? splus s- repetitive fork

áshekwe7.

forehead okú-kwala? forehead. kku?kwalá-ke (on) my forehead, sku ? kwalá-ke (on) your forehead, laku7kwalá-ke (on) his forehead, yeku ?kwalá-ke (on) her forehead. wa ?katku ?kwalátshane? I got a burn on my forehead. laku?kwalowanA he has a big forehead. Base: -ku ? kwal-

fork in the road teyothahokA fork in the road. Pre-pausal: teyothaho-kA. tsi? teyothahokA at the fork.

forest; trees kélhite

fountain See water, come out; a fountain

forget; leave behind liya7ta?nikúlhAhse? I keep forgetting him, shakoya?ta?nikúlhAhse? he keeps forgetting her. uke?nikúlhA? I forgot. tákA 7 Asa?nikúlhA Don't forget! swake?nikúlhAhse? I keep forgetting, swake?nikulhA-u I have forgotten, suke?nikúlhA? I forgot, sayukwa7nikúlhA? we forgot, Atsisa?nikúlhA? you will forget, sahiya?ta?nikúlhA? I forgot him, sashakoya?ta?nikúlhA? he forgot her, lákA? Atsisa7nikúlhA Don't

fortune See luck; fortune fortuneteller See seer; dreamer; fortuneteller forty kayé

niwáshA.

four kayé. Pre-pausal: kayé-. four at a time; four each kayelíshu four hundred kayé

tewA?nyáwelu7.

fourteen kayé yawA-lé-. fourth

kayelihatú-thne.

fox skAhnáksA7. freckles, have. See spot, have spots, freckles, or moles

English-Oneida 1007

free, be katatwAni-yó- I'm free, latatWAni-yóhe's free, yutatWAni-yó• she's free. latatWAtii-yóhkwe7 he used to be free. AhatatwAniyóhake7 he will be free. Base: -atatwAniyofree, get wa 7katatw Ani-yóne7 I got free (of a situation or physical restraint), aetsyatatwAni-yóne7 you two should get away. swakatatwAniyó-u I have gotten free again, sahatatWAni-yóne7 he got free again. Base: -atatwAniyo7freeze yowislátu 7 it's frozen. wa7kawíslate7 it became frozen, Akawíslate7 it will freeze up. tsyowislátu 7 it froze over again. Base: -wislat-/-wislatufreeze See cold, get really cold; freeze freeze, be freezing up yowislatu7uháti7 it's freezing up. tayowis!atu7uháti7 it's freezing up. Base: -wislatu ? uhatyefreezing rain; hail; be an ice storm yowisúti it's freezing rain, it's hailing, it's an ice storm, sayowisu-tí• it's hailing again. Base: -wisutyfreezing rain; hail; going to be freezing rain or hail tekawisutá-ne7 it's going to be freezing rain. Base: .wisuta?n- plus te- dualic fresh, be See new, be new; be fresh fret See bothered, feel bothered, worried, or disturbed Friday wískhatu 7t Friday. Prepausal: wískhatuht. oyá-

yASwískhatu7t tshiwískhatu7t

next Friday. last Friday.

fried bread See bread, fried friend ukyatA-ló- the two of us are friends, my friend, ukwatA-ló• all of us are friends, my friends, onatA-lóthey (z.) are friends, her friend, lonatA-ló• they (m.) are friends, his friend. akwatAló-sla7 my friend, laotAló-sla7 his friend, akotAló-sla7 her friend, ukyatAló-sla7 our (dual) friend, ukwatAló-sla 7 our friend. laotAlo7sla7shúha all his friends. KyatA Friend! tyatA-ló• you and I (incl.) are friends, yakyatA-ló• we two (excl.) are friends, tsyatA-ló• you two are friends, yatA-ló• the two (m.) are friends, twatA-ló• we (incl.) are friends, yakwatA-ló• we (excl.) are friends, kutA-ló- they (z.) are friends. yukyatA-lóhkwe7 we used to be friends. AyukyatA-lóke7 we will be friends, yáh te7yukyatA-ló• we two are not friends, yáh né- tehonatA-lóthikA they (m.) are not friends, yah né• te7yonatA-ló• thikA they (z.) are not friends. wakatAlo7slaká-te7 I have many friends, yakotAlo7slaká-te7 she has many friends, lotAlo7slaká-te7 he has many friends. wakatAló-slayA7 I have a friend, aesatAlo7slayA-táke7 you should have a friend. ukwatAlo7slayA-táne7 I got or made a friend, wahotAlo7slayA-táne7 he got or made a friend, wa7akotAlo7slayA-táne7

she g o t or

made a friend. Base: -atAlo-/-atAlo ? slfriendly, be latAlo7slayAhu he's friendly, yutAlo7slayAhu she's friendly. Base: -atAlo?slayAhu-

1008 English-Orieida

friendly, be lotukwe7tátwekt he's friendly, he'll just talk to anybody, yakotukwe7tátwekt she's friendly. Base: -atukwe ? tatwektfriends, make with someone yukwatAlo?slunyA-nihe7 she's making friends with me. lakwatAlo?slunyAní he has made friends with me. wahiyatAlo7slúni7 I made friends with him, wa7kheyatAlo7slúni7 I made friends with her. Base: -atAlo'slunyAni-/ -atAlo'slunyAfrighten someone See scare someone; frighten someone frightened, become See scared, become scared; become frightened frog walelA or walelú. Pre-pausal: wale-lA or wale-lú. frog, spring frog to-tís. front, in front; ahead ohAtú. Prepausal: ohA-tú. frost, get yohsa7kAsla-yA• (there's) a frost. uhsa7kAsla-yA• it got a frost. yohsa?kAslayA-táhkive7 there was a frost. Base: -ahsa'kAslayA-/ -ahsa'kAslayAtfrost, have yohsa 7kAslale 7 it has frost on it. tsi7 niyohsa7kXslale7 is it ever frosty. Base: -ahsa'kAslalfrosty, be teyohsa 7kAslute 7 it's frosty (e.g., if you look around outside and things are all frosty). Base: .ahsa'kAslut- plus te- dualic frothy substance; phlegm ohwAlya 7

frown, be frowning tewakatku 7klAhtu I'm frowning, tehotku 7klAhtu he's frowning, teyakotku7klAhtu she's frowning. Base: ,atku?klAhtu- plus te- dualic frozen, something frozen owistó-kwa 7. fruit; berry káhik fruit, berries. laóhik his fruit, kahikhokúha all kinds of fruit, ó-yase7 fresh fruit. wa7katahyáhsehte7 I hid the berries (so someone else couldn't have them), katahyútha7 I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), wakatá-yute7 I'm baking fruit, watá-yute7 (it's) baked fruit, katahyutá-ne7 I'm going to fry fruit. wa7katahyá-lA7 I put fruit down (close by me). wa7katahyó-ktA7 I ran out of fruit. yotahyuní the berries are growing. ú-yAne7 the fruit fell (e.g., apples from a tree), wakahya-ká-se7 I like the taste of fruit. wa7kahyá-lA7 I set down the fruit. yohyA-tuhe7 the fruit is hanging (on the vine or tree). wa7tkahyá-lihte7 I cut up fruit. luhyahnekílha7 they (m.) are drinking fruit juice, u>a7kahyahnekí-la7 I drank fruit juice. wa7tkahyó-lalake7 I squeezed the fruit, wá-it there's fruit in it. wa7kahitane7 I put the container of fruit in it. wahiyó it's nice fruit, ká-yaks I'm eating fruit, wakahyakú I have eaten fruit, wahá-yake7 he ate fruit, Aká-yake7 I will eat fruit, tewá-yake two fruits. teyuhyakAslus she's peeling fruit, tehuhyakAslus they (m.) are peeling fruit, wa7tkahyakA-séle7 I peeled fruit, wa7tyuhyakA-séle7 she peeled fruit, kahyákhe7 I'm here to pick fruit or berries, yuhyákhehse7 she goes to pick berries, wa 7kyahyákha 7 the two (z.) went to pick berries, Akahyákha 7 I will go

English-Oneida 1009

to pick berries, Ayuhyákha 7 she will go to pick berries, a-yuhyákha7 she or someone should go to pick berries, ahuhyákha7 they (m.) should go to pick berries, kahyakó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the berries, kahyákwas I'm picking berries, wahyákwas she (z.) is picking berries, tsyahyákwas you two are picking berries, kyahyákwas the two (z.) are picking berries, luhyákwas they (m.) are picking berries, sá-yako Pick the berries! wahyowa-nA-se7 the berries are big. uhyowánhA7 the berries got big. lakwahyakwA-níhe7 he's picking berries for me. yohyalí the berries are ripe, wa 7uhyóhale 7 she washed the fruit. wa7kheyahyóhalehse7 I washed the fruit for her. Ashukwá-yanute7 he will give us fruit to eat. wa7kahyanu-wáke7 I got a craving for fruit, tsi7 nikahyanu-wáks I'm so hungry for berries or fruit, waká-yo 7 I have cooked the fruit, wa7ká-yo7 I cooked the fruit. niwahyó-tA the kind of fruit or berry it is. wakahyáshwas I smell fruit, swá-yat one berry. kahyatáhkwas I'm taking fruit out of it. kahyáta 7as I'm putting fruit into it, wa 7kahyátane 7 I put the fruit into it (e.g., filled it into a jar). yohya 7nétskA the fruit is soft. Base:

-ahy-/-hi-

fruit drink ohyákli7. Pre-pausal: ohyákelP. Base: -ahyaklifruit, preserve See preserve fruit fruit, unripe or green fruit onúskwali7. Base: -nuskwalfruit, unripe or green fruit attached yonúskwalute7 (it's) unripe fruit,

still attached to the branch or vine. Base: -nuskwalutfrustrated, become frustrated; become irritated tekatelyA 7takályas I keep becoming frustrated or irritated (e.g., because I had to wait), I keep getting thwarted. tewakatelyA7takáli I'm frustrated. wa7tkatelyA7taka-líI became disgusted. Base: .atelyA?takaly- plus tedualic fry See roast; bake; fry frying pan ate7skutákhwa7 frying pan. wa 7kate 7skutakhwa 7tslá-lA 7 I set down the frying pan. Base: -ate ? skutakhw-/ -ate ? skutakhwa ? tslfull, become full; get enough to eat wakáhtu7 I'm full, sáhtu 7 you're full, yakóhtu 7 she's full, lóhtu 7 he's full, ukwáhtane7 I got enough to eat, wesáhtane 7 you got enough to eat, wa7ukwáhtane7 we got enough to eat, wa7onáhtane7 they (z.) got enough to eat, Awakáhtane7 I will have enough to eat, Ahonáhtane7 they (m.) will have enough to eat. Base: -ahta ? fun, be yo 7wesA it's fun. Pre-pausal: yo 7we -sA. Base: -?wesAfun, have wakatu 7weskwá-tu I'm having fun, I'm having a good time, lotu7weskwá-tu he's having a good time, yakotu 7weskwá-tu she's having a good time. nihonatu7weskwá-tu they (m.) are having so much fun, na7akwatu7wéskwahte7 we (excl.) had so much fun. Base: -atu ? weskwa ? t-

1010 English-Orieida

funny, be funny; be amusing yoste-líst it's funny, loste-líst he's funny, yakoste-líst she's funny, lotiste-líst they (m.) are funny, lostelistú-ne7 he used to be funny. Ahostelistúhake7 he will be funny, nihotiste-líst they (m.) are so funny. Base: -stelistfunny person, be laukwe7taste-líst he's a funny person, yakaukwe7taste-líst she's a funny person. Base: -ukwe'tastelistfur ónhwale7 fur. laónhwale7 Base: -nhwal-

his fur.

fur, have wakenhwa-lóte7 I have fur, lonhwa-lóte7 he has fur. Base: -nhwalot-

fur, shed See shed fur furnace kanuhsataliha7tákhwa7 7tákhwa 7. watnuhsataliha

or

furry hair See fuzz; furry hair; wool; cotton batting future, tell See examine; look to find out; tell the future fuzz, be covered in fuzz; be mouldy yonuhwé-lhote7 it's covered in fuzz, it's mouldy. Base: -nuhwe'lhotfuzz; furry hair; wool; cotton batting onuhwé-lha 7. Base: -nuhwe'lh-

G gamble; bet tékyAhe7 I'm gambling, téhsyAhe7 you're gambling, tehni-yAhe 7 the two (m.) are betting. tehoti-yA- they (m.) are gambling. wa ?thati-yA- they (m.) bet on the game. Base: .yA- plus te- dualic gamble, go to gamble tekyA-hné-se7 I go to gamble (e.g., to the bingo). tehoyA-hnú- he has gone to gamble. wa7tekyA-hná- I'm on my way to gamble. tewakyAhnu-hné- I went to gamble. Base: .yAhn- plus te- dualic gambling

teka-yA.

gang, have tewakanityóhkwAte7 have a gang, tehonityóhkwAte7 has a gang, teyakonityóhkwAte7 has a gang.

I he she

Base: .anityohkwAt- plus tedualic gang, have going along tehonityohkwAtátyehse7 he has a gang going along. Base: .anityohkwAtatye- plus tedualic gang up on; attack yakhiyanityohkwayAtha7 we (excl.) gang up on her or them. wa7akhiyanityóhkwayAhte7 we (excl.) ganged up on her or them. Base: -anityohkwayAhtgang up on someone yakhiyanityohkwayAthohtA-níhe we keep ganging up on her. wa7ukwanityohkwayAthóhtA7 ganged up on me, wahuwanityohkwayAthóhtA7

7

they they

English-Oneida

ganged up on him, 7 we wa 7akhíyanityohkwayAthóhtA ganged up on her. Base: -anityohkwayAthohtAni-/ -anityohkwayAthohtAgang up on someone tehuwatA-tíhe 7 they keep ganging up on him. teyukwatAtí they have ganged up on me (either in a fight, or if they were trying to change my mind), tehuwatAtí they have ganged up on him, they're ganging up on him. wa7tyukwa-tAtshe7 they ganged up on me, wa 7thuwa-tAtshe7 they ganged up on him, wa7teshakwa-tAtshe7 we (excl.) ganged up on him. Base: .atA ti-/.atA tsh- plus tedualic garage

yute?slehtayAtákhwa7.

garage, at the garage tsi7 tyute 7slehtunyá-tha 7. garden See field; garden garden, finish working in See finish working in the garden garter

atshínha7.

gasoline See oil; grease; fat; gasoline; gravy gasp for air after crying tyakoslatihAthos she's gasping for air, she's making a noise after crying really hard. tahoslatihAtho7 he gasped after crying. Base: .slatihAtho- plus t- cislocative gate

yotA7Ahlaká-lute7.

gate, close See close a gate

1011

gather kló-loks I gather, kaló-loks she (z.) gathers, wakló-lu I have gathered, yakoló-lu she or someone has gathered. wa7kló-loke7 I gathered, wahatiló-loke7 they (m.) gathered, Akló'loke7 I will gather. waklohlú-ne7 I had gathered. swakló-lu I have gathered again, sahaló-loke7 he gathered again. wa7khyatuhslaló-loke7 I gathered up the books or papers, keksaló-loks I'm gathering up dishes, I'm clearing the table, wa7akwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes, wa7eksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes, sayeksaló-loke7 she gathered up the dishes again, tayakwaksaló-loke7 we (excl.) gathered up the dishes there. wa7ktsi7tsyaló-loke7 I gathered up the flowers. wa7ke7nhahtaló-loke7 I gathered up the branches. Base:

-lohlok-/-lohl-

gather together; congregate yakwatya7taló-loks we (excl.) gather together. yukwatya7taló-lu we have congregated. wa7akwatya7taló-loke7 we (excl.) congregated, we gathered together. Base: -atya ? talohlok-/ -atya ? talohlgather up dirty laundry yenitstakwaló-loks she's gathering up dirty laundry. yakonitstakwaló-lu she has gathered up dirty laundry. wa7enitstakwaló-loke7 she gathered up the dirty laundry. Base: -nitstakwalohlok-/ -nitstakwalohlgear See section; piece; gear; second gear, put in wakhi7kalotálhu I have put it in gear. Akhi7kalotálho7 I

1012 English-Orieida

will put it in gear. shi7kalotálho it in gear! Base: -hi'kalotalho-

Put

genitals ó-na7 genitals. ke7ná-ke my genitals, se7ná-ke your genitals, la 7ná-ke his genitals, ye 7ná-ke her genitals. Base: - ? ngerms, give someone See disease, give someone get and carry away; haul; transport kkalényehse 7 I'm picking things up and carrying them away, and then I'm coming back to pick up more things and carry them away, lakalényehse7 he's transporting things, tekheya?takalényehse7 I transport them, lokaléni he has gotten and carried them away. wa7kkale-ní• I transported things, Akkale-nt• I will transport things, Ahakale-ní• he will transport things, wa7kheya7takale-ní• I transported them, Akwaya 7takale-ní- I will transport you all. wa 7ehnekakale-níshe carried water. lanu7takalényehse7 he's carrying milk back and forth. layAtakalényehse7 he carries wood, loyAtakaléni he has carried away the wood. Base:

-kaleny-/-ya ? takaleny-

get away from one See run away from someone; get away from one; lose control get away from somewhere takáthi7 I got away from there, Atkáthi7 I will get away from there, tehsáthi Get away! Base: .athi- plus t- cislocative

get away on one See turn on one; get away on one get enough of See accumulate; get enough of get, go to get; fetch lakó-ne7 he's here to pick something up and take it away, lakó-nehse7 he keeps going to get it. lokó-nu he has gone to fetch it. wa 7kkó-na 7 I'm going to get it, wahakó-na7 he's on his way to fetch it. skó-na Go get it! saskó-na Go get it again! kahyakó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the berries. wahsatAna7tslakó-na7 you're going to get groceries. khnana7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the potatoes, sakhnana7takó-na7 I went to go get potatoes again, aetnilutakó-na7 you and I (incl.) should go to get a tree. knAstakó-ne7 I'm here to pick up corn. ksahe7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch beans. Ahsya7tunihslakó-na7 you will go to pick up your doll. latiyAtakó-ne7 they (m.) came to get wood, wahayAtakó-na7 he went to get wood, AhayAtakó-na7 he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) should get (cut) wood, sahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) went to get wood again. Base: -ko ? nget, go to get for someone wa 7kukoní-na 7 I'm going to go get it for you, wahikoní-na7 I'm going to go get it for him. takkoní-na Go get it forme! takhnekakoní-na Go get me some water! Base: -koni ? nget in, go to get in katita7á-nhe7 I'm going to get in, latita7á-nhe7 he's going to get in. wa7katita7á-nha7 I'm

English-Oneida 1013

have gotten it.

going there to get in. Base: -atita ? a ? nhget in; put into a container katíta7as

I'm getting in (e.g., a car, a ride at the fair), I keep getting in, satíta 7as you're getting in, lutíta7as they (m.) are getting in. wakatítA7 I was in it. wa 7katítane

7

I g o t in, wa 7utítane

7

she or someone got in, wa7akyatítane7 we two (excl.) got in, wa7akwatítane7 we (excl.) got in,

they (m.) got in, Akatítane7 I will get in, Ayutítane7 she or someone will get in. satítan Get in! latíta 7askwe 7 he used to get in. wakatitA7X-ne7 I got in a while wahutítane7

a g o ( b u t n o w I ' m o u t ) , sutítane7

she

(z.) or it got in again. we two (excl.) got back in again there, yahatítane7 there he got into it, yAhatítane 7 he will get into it there. tutayakyatítane7

the t w o (m.) got

nyusahyatítane7

back in there again.

he got his feet 7 I put into there. wa7kathle7nítane the package in something (e.g., the

ya7thalahsi7títane7

trunk of a car),

wa7akyathle7nítane7

we two (excl.) put our bundle in it. wa7katyenítane

7

I put (a container

of) gas in the car (e.g., in the trunk). ya7katnAtshítane7

I p u t m y a r m i n it

(e.g., when I checked my blood pressure at the drugstore). Base:

-atita ? -

get in, several katitályuhe7

I'm

getting into them (e.g., all these rides at the fair). wa7katitáli7 I got into them, Ahutitáli7 they (m.) will all get in (one at a time). Base: -atitalyuget; obtain wakyA-tá-se7 I keep getting it, I keep obtaining it. wakyAtá-u I

I got it,

ukyA-táne7 h e g o t it,

wahoyA-táne7 wa7akoyA-táne7

s h e g o t it,

they (m.) got it, AwakyA-táne7 I will get it, AhotiyA-táne7 they (m.) will get it, AyotiyA-táne7 they (z.) will get it, aukyA-táne7 I should get it. ASwakyA-táne7 I will get it again, usayukwayA-táne7 we should get it again. nukyA-táne7 how or where I wahotiyA-táne7

g o t it.

I

wakahtahkwayA-tá-se7

keep getting shoes, ukwahtahkwayA-táne7

I got shoes

(e.g., I got them given to me, or bought them myself), sukwahtahkwayA-táne7

I got shoes

again (I got new shoes). I got a

wakanitskwahla7tslayAtá-u

chair, I

ASwakanitskwahla7tslayA-táne7

will get a chair again. ukwatAlo7slayA-táne7 I got or made a friend, wahotAlo7slayA-táne7

he got

or made a friend, wa7akotAlo7slayA-táne7

she got or

made a friend. Ashotlahti7tslayA-táne7

(new) socks again.

he will get

you two will get luck. lohsAnayA-tá-se7 he gets a name, lohsAnayAtá-u he has gotten a Atsyatla7swayA-táne7

name, wahohsAnayA-táne7

name.

he got a

I will

AwakhwistayA-táne7

g e t money,

Asahwistaya-táne

7

you

will get money, AhotihwistayA-táne7 they (m.) will receive money, aesahwistayA-táne7 you should get money, ayakohwistayA-táne7 she should get money, AshotihwistayA-táne7 they (m.) will receive money again, nukhwistayA-táne7 how I got money. uknikAhtlA7tslayA-táne7 I got a boyfriend. wa7akowilayA-táne7 she

had a child (whether by birth or by

1014 English-Orieida

adoption), wa7ukniwilayA-táne7 we two had a child or children, oyásukwilay A-táne7 I got or had another baby. wahoya7tase7tslayA-táne7 he got a girlfriend. ukya7tunihslay A-táne7 I got a doll. sayako7slehtayA-táne7 she got another car. Base: -yAta7get; obtain; be going to get or obtain wakyAtá-sle7 I'm going to get it. Prepausal: wakyAtá-sele7 Base: -yAta'slget; obtain; go along getting or obtaining loyAta7uháti7 he's going along getting things. Base: -yAta'uhatyeget out katitáhkwas I'm getting out (e.g., of a vehicle), latitáhkwas he's getting out, lutitáhkwas they (m.) are getting out. wakatitáhkwA I have gotten out, lotitáhkwA he has gotten out. wahatitáhko 7 he got out, Akatitáhko 7 I will get out, Ayakwatitáhko7 we (excl.) will get out, Ahutitáhko7 they (m.) will get out. shatitáhkwas he's getting back out, sakatitáhko 7 I got out again, sahatitáhko7 he got out again. nya7akyatitáhko7 that's where we two (excl.) got out. Base: -atitahkwget out, be getting out lotitahkwAháti7 he's on his way getting out. wahotitahkwAháti7 he's getting out. shotitahkwAháti7 he's getting back out again. Base: -atitahkwAhatyeget out, for something to get out of something yotwelatáhkwA the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. Base: -at-N-tahkw-

get out, go to get out katitahkóne7 I'm going to get out. tshihatitahkó-ne7 when he's going to get out. Base: -atitahko ? nget out of water wakate7skókwA I have gotten out of the water. wa7kate7sko-kóI g o t o u t of the water, skate 7skókwas I'm getting

back out of the water again, swakate7skókwA I have gotten back out of the water again, sakate7sko-kóI got back out of the water again, sahate7sko-kóhe got out of the water again. tahanitahso-kó• he pulled his tail out of the water. Base: -ate ? skokw-/-at-N-okwget out, several lutitahkoha-túhe7 they (m.) are getting out (one at a time), wahutitahkoha-túthey (m.) all got out, Ayakwatitahkoha-tú• we (excl.) will get out, Ahutitahkoha-túthey (m.) will all get out. Base: -atitahkohatuget unexpected news waklihwahlá-u I have heard about this news (something enlightening or amazing). uklihwá-lane7 I heard about some news, I just got wind of this news (something that took me by surprise), waholihwá-lane7 he heard about it. Base: -lihwahla 7 get up katkétskwas I keep getting up, latkétskwas he gets up. wakatkétskwA I have gotten up, I'm up, lotkétskwA he has gotten up. wa7katkétsko7

I got up,

wahatkétsko7

he got up,

wa7utkétsko7

she got up,

wa7akyatkétsko7 we two (excl.) got up, ivahyatkétsko7 the two (m.) got up, wa7kyatkétsko7

up, wa 7akwatkétsko

the t w o (z.) got 7

we (excl.) got

English-Oneida 1015

up, Akatkétsko

7

girlfriend. Pre-pausal:

I will get up,

akatkétsko7 I should get up. satkétsko G e t u p ! sayutkétsko7 she got back up again, tsha 7katkétsko 7 when I got up. yáh thahatkétsko7

he didn't get up.

I raised my foot, katnAtshakétskwas I'm putting my arm up, wakatnAtshakétskwA I have my arm up, wa?katnAtshakétsko7 I raised my wa7kalahsi7takétsko7

a r m , tsi7 nú-

na7utnAtshakétsko7

whenever she raised her arm. Base: -atketskwget up from a seat See remove oneself from a seat; get up get up quickly tyutketskwátha7 she jumps up. tayutkétskwahte7 she got up quickly. Base: .atketskwaht- plus t- cislocative

ghost, see a ghost loskA-nálahse7 he sees ghosts. ukeskA-nálane7 I saw a ghost, wahoskAmálane7 he saw a ghost. Base: -skAnala7-

ginseng tekalA7tokA. Pre-pausal: tekalA 7to-kX. girdle

teyutya7tohlalákta7.

girdle, put on See put on a girdle girl See child girlfriend akya7tasé-tsli7 my girlfriend, laoya7tasé-tsli7 his

7tasé-tshelP.

laotiya7tase7tsli7o-kú• their (m.) girlfriends. loya7tase7tsliyó he has a good-looking girlfriend, thoya7tase7tsliyó he has the best, the nicest-looking girlfriend. loya7tase7tslaká-te7 girlfriends, nihoya

h e h a s a lot o f 7tase 7tslaká-te

7

he has so many girlfriends. latya7tase7tslo-lA-se7 he's always finding a girlfriend, lotya7tase7tslolA-u he has found a girlfriend, sakatya7tase7tslo-lAne7 I found another girlfriend. wahoya7tase7tslayA-táne7

he got a

girlfriend. Base: -ya ? tase ? tslgive in thilihwashnyé-sehe7 I'm always giving in to him. tahilihwáshnyehse7 I gave in to h i m , utahuwalihwáshnyehse7

she

should give in to him. Base: ,lihwashnye ? se-/ .lihwashnye ? s- plus t- cislocative

ghost atyanlúhsla7. Base: -atyanluhsl-

giant, immense giant; monster atnAyálho7 giant. AtnAyálho7 Darn it!

laoya

úhte.

give out See let go of; give out give out laká-wahse7 he's giving out things. Ahaká-wA 7 he will give out things. Base: -ka ? wa-/-ka ? wAgive out going along loka 'huAháti7 he's going around giving out things. Base: -ka ? WAhatyegive some up See spare some; give some UP give someone something kuya-wíhe7 I give it to you. luwawí she or they have given it to him, shakowí he has given it to her or someone. wa 7ku-yú• I gave it to you, wa 7khe-yú• I gave it to her or

1016 English-Orieida

someone, waha-kú• he gave it to me, wa 7uta-tú- she or someone gave it to her, wa7ako-yú• she gave it to her or someone, wa 7o-yú• she (z.) gave it to her (z.), Aku-yú• I will give it to you. tá ku Give it to me! yekuyawí we were over there and I was giving it to you, ya 7ku-yú• over there I gave it to you. yáh thahya-yú- he won't give it to you. thihuwatAna?tsla-wíhe7 they just give him groceries. yakotla7swa-wíhe7 she gives luck to someone or them, Akheyatlá-swA7 I will give her luck, Askyatlá-swA 7 you will give us two luck. luwahsAna-wíhe7 they're giving him a name, luwahsAnawí they have given him a name, wahuwahsA'tiA• they gave him a name, kuhwista-wíhe7 I give you money, yesahwista-wíhe7 they give you money, wa 7kuhwístu 7 I gave you money, wa 7ukhwístu 7 she or someone gave me money, Akuhwístu 7 I will give you money, Askwístu 7 you will give me money, takhwístu Give me money! thiyesahwista-wíhe7 they just give you money, etshyatuhslawí you have given him a book. lakkAhawí he has given me a blanket, wa 7ukkXhu 7 they gave me a blanket, yukeksawt she has given me a dish, shakortaskwa-wíhe7 he gives her or them a pet, wahaknásku 7 he gave me a pet. Base: -awi-/-u-/-Agive someone something; hand someone something tkuya-wíhe7 I'm handing it to y o u , thuwAtia-wíhe7

she or

someone gives it to them (m.). tkuyawí I have given it or handed it to you, thakwawi he has handed it to me, teshukwawí he has given it to us. taku-yú• I handed it to you, takhe-yú• I handed it to her,

taha-kú- he handed me something, tayu-kú• she handed it to me, tayesa-yú• she handed it to you, tayuta-tú• she or someone gave it to her, taho-yú• he handed it to him, tahuwa-yú• she or they gave it to

him, tayethi-yú• you and I (incl.) handed it to her or them, tayakhi-yú• we two (excl.) handed it to her or them, Atku-yú• I will give it to you, Atésku 7 you will hand it to me, utaho-yú• he should hand it to him. thithuwAnawihkó• someone just gives it to them (m.) without question, tahowvsú• he handed him a glass. Base: .awi-/.u-/.A- plus t- cislocative give up lowAtiá-tha7 he gives up, he's giving up. lowAná-tu he has given up. wahowA-ná-te7 he gave up. Base: -wAna'tgive up See sad, feel sad; feel troubled; give up give up waiting; become impatient waknúhtu 7ks I'm getting tired of waiting, I'm getting impatient. waknuhtú-ku I have given up waiting, uknúhtuhke7 I gave up waiting, I became impatient, wahonúhtuhke7 he gave up waiting, Aknúhtuhke7 I will give up waiting, ahonúhtuhke7 he should give up waiting. Base: -nuhtu'kgizzard

onikwAnó-ta7.

glad, get See happy, get glass See ice; glass; window glass, drinking glass See cup; glass glasses

teyutwisutákhwa7.

English-Oneida 1017

glasses, be wearing tewakatká-lute7 I'm wearing glasses, teyakotká-lute7 she's wearing glasses, tehotká-lute7 he's wearing glasses. Base: .atkahlut- plus te- dualic glasses, put on See put on glasses glasses, take off See take off glasses glove; mitten a7nya-náwA7 glove, mitten. akwa7nya-náwA7 my glove, sa?nya-náwA7 your glove, lao7nya-náwA7 his glove, ako7nya-náwA7 her glove, ao7nya-náwA7 her (z.) or its glove. a7nyanawA-tslaku in the mitten. a7nyanawA7shúha mittens. lo7nyanawA7tslúti he has lost his mitten, waho7nyanawA7tslu-tv he lost his mitten. yako7nyanawA7tsluní she has made the mitten. ahuwa7nyanawA7tslúni7 she should make a mitten for him. sa7nyanawA-tslayA7 you have a mitten, lo7nyanawX-tslayA7 he has a mitten. Base: -a ? nyanawA-/ ? -a nyanawA ? tslgloves or mittens, put on See put on gloves or mittens gloves or mittens, take off See take off gloves or mittens glue

teyekhAtákhwa7.

gnats; picnic bugs

latislanú-wehse7.

go See walk; go; be somewhere go across tehayá'ya7ks he goes across all the time, tehoyahyá-ku he has gone across. wa7thayá-yahke7 he went across. wa7thahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field, wa?tyehAti-yá-ke7 she crossed the field,

tusahahAti-yá-ke7 he crossed the field again. wa7tekna7tsli-yá-ke7 I crossed the ditch, wa7tkana7tsli-yá-ke7 she (z.) or it crossed the ditch. wa7tekwisi-yá-ke7 I crossed the ice, ya7tusahawisi-yá-ke7 he went back across the ice. Base: .yahya ? k-/.iya ? k- plus tedualic go across a road tekahahi-yá-ks I keep crossing the road, tehahahi-yá ks he keeps crossing the road. wa7tkahahi-yá-ke7 I crossed the road, wa7thahahi-yá-ke7 he went across the road, wa7tyakyahahi-yá-ke7 we two (excl.) went across the road, zva7tyakwahahi-yá-ke7 we (excl.) went across the road, tAtyahahi-yá-ke7 you and I (incl.) will cross the road. Base: .ahahiya ? k- plus te- dualic go across a road, be going across a road tewakahahiya7kuháti7 I'm crossing the road. Base: .ahahiya ? kuhatye- plus tedualic go across a road, intend to cross a road tekahahiyá-khe7 I'm going to cross the road. Base: .ahahiya'kh- plus te- dualic go across, be going across tehoyahya7kuháti7 he's going across. Base: .yahya ? kuhatye- plus tedualic go across, go to cross wa7thayahyá-kha7 he's going to go across (e.g., the border). Base: .yahya ? kh- plus te- dualic

1018 English-Orieida

go after; bully; kill off; punish lata7wAthos he's getting after (someone), he's being a bully, yuta7w Athos she's a bully. lota^wAthu he has gone after • (someone), wahata 7wAtho 7 he killed (them) off, he punished (them). Base: -ata?WAthogo along; be among yeya7taláti7 she's with (them). kya7talátyehse7 I'm amongst (them), I'm with (them), laya7talátyehse7 he's with them. wa7kaláti7 it went along, wa 7kya 7taláti7 I went along (but it wasn't necessarily my intention to go along). tekya7talátyehse7 over there I'm along, thaya7talátyehse7 over there he's along, tehsya7talátye7skwe 7 you used to be amongst (them). Base: -latye-/-ya ? talatyego along with kya 7talatyétha 7 I go along with (them) (but it's not my intention necessarily), kalatyétha7 it goes with it. yolatyéhtu it has gone with it. wa7kya7talátyehte7 I went along with (them), wa7kalátyehte7 it went along. tyolatyéhtu it has come with it, takalátyehte7 it came with it. ya7kalátyehte7 it went with it. Base: -latyeht-/-ya ? talatyehtgo around kahkwata-séhe7 I'm going around it. wa7kahkwata-sé• I went around it, wa7uhkwata-sé• she went around it, Akahkwata-sé• I will go around it. takahkwata-sé- I came this way around it. ya7kahkwata-sé I went that way around it. a 7énukwá• nahahkwata-sé• over there he went around it. Base: -ahkwatase-

go around completely tekahkwata-séhe7 I'm going all around it. wa7tkahkwata-sé• I went all around it, wa7tyuhkwata-séshe went all around it, wa7thahkwata-sé• he went all around it. tóhka7 na7tehahkwata-séhe went all the way around it several times, tewatnuhsata-séhe7 she (z.) or it is going around the house, wa7tkatnuhsata-sé• I went around the house, wa 7thatnuhsata-sé- he went around the house. wa?tkate7slehtata-séI went around the car. Base: ,ahkwatase-/.at-N-taseplus te- dualic go around completely, be going around tewakahkwataseháti7 I'm going around it. teyakotnuhsataseháti7 she's going around the house. Base: .ahkwatasehatye-/ .at-N-tasehatye- plus te- dualic go away See leave; go away; set out go down; descend kahkwe7nAtha7 I descend, I go down. wakahkwe7nAhtu I have gone down. Ahahkwé-nAhte7 he will go down. sahkwé-nAt Get down! thahkwe7nAtha7 he keeps getting down, tahahkwé-nAhte7 he came down, takuhkwé-nAhte7 they (z.) came down. tutahahkwé-nAhte7 he came down again. yahahkwé-riAhle7 he went down. nyusakahkwé-nAhte7 I went back down there again. Base: -ahkwe ? nAhtgo down; descend; be descending wakahkwe7nAhtuháti7 I'm on my way down. Base: -ahkwe'nAhtuhatye-

English-Oneida 1019

go downhill kanutahalolAtha7 I go downhill. wakanutahalolAhtu I have gone downhill, I'm at the bottom of the hill, yonutahalolAhtu there are hills, it's hilly. wa7kanutahalo-lAhte7 I went downhill. Base: -anutahalolAhtgo downhill, be on one's way downhill ukwanutahalolAhtuháti7 I'm going downhill. Base: -anutahalolAhtuhatyego first See first, go first; lead go here and there together; date wa 7aknéhslu 7 we two (excl.) went together, we're boyfriend and girlfriend, wahnéhslu 7 the two (m.) went together as a couple. Base: -ehslugo in See enter; come in; go in go, intend to go wa7kehtá-ne7 I'm going to go (do it), wahlehtá-ne7 he's going to go (do it). Base: -ehta ? ngo into water katé-skos I get into the water. wa7katé-skowe7 I got into the water, I immersed myself, wahaté-skowe7 he went into the water, yahuté-skowe7 they (m.) went into the water. ya7tkalahsí-towe7 I put part of my foot (my toes) in the water. ya7kanishnúhsowe7 I put part of my hand (my fingers) in the water, thó nya7tAhsanishnúhsowe7 you will put your hands in the water there. Base: -ate ? skohw-/-at-N-ohwgo on See pass by; go or continue on go on by yehatukohtákhwa 7 he goes right by. yehotukohtáhkwA he has

gone by. yAhatukóhtahkwe7 he will go right by. Base: .atukohtahkw- plus y- translocative go on, keep going on yehatkutákhwa7 he just keeps going on. yehotkutáhkwA he has just kept going on. yahatku-táhkwe7 he just kept going on. Base: .atkutahkw- plus y- translocative go or leave for good; pass on ya7thatku-tA• he has gone for good (and he's not coming back), he died. Base: .atkut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic go out; come out laya-kA-se7 he keeps going in and out, he goes out, yeya-kA-se7 she goes out, latiya-kA-se7 they (m.) keep going out. loyakA-u he has gone out. wa7kya-kAne7 I went out, wahsya-kAne7 you went out, wahaya-kAne7 he went out, Akya-kAne7 I will go out, Ahsya-kAne7 you will go out, akya-kAne7 I should go out, ahsya-kAne7 you should go out. tsya-kAn Go out! laya-kA-skwe7 he used to go out. loyakA7ú-ne7 he has been out. shotiyakA-u they (m.) have gone out again, sahaya-kAne7 he went out again, sayeya-kAne7 she went out again, sahniya-kAne7 the two (m.) went out again, satsya-kAn Go out again! tkaya-kAse7 it keeps coming out, takya kAne7 I came out, Atkaya-kAne7 it will come out. tutakya-kAne7 I came back out again, tutahaya-kAne7 he came back out again, tutetwaya-kAne7 we (incl.) came back out again, tutatsya-kAn Come on back out! yeya-kA-se7 she

1020 English-Orieida

keeps going out, ya7kya-kAne7 I went out (from there). tsha7kutiya-kAne7 when they (z.) came out. áhsu thakya-kAne7 I haven't gone out yet. Base: -yakA7-

out of sight, it disappeared. nyahonuwi-léhte7 that's how or where he disappeared. Base: .nuwileht- plus y- translocative

go out; come out; be on the way out loyakA?uháti7 he's coming out. tayoyakA7uháti7 she (z.) or it is coming out, tahoyakA7uháti7 he's coming out, he's on his way out, tahotiyakA7uháti7 they (m.) are coming out. tshyusayukwayakA 7uháti7 when we were going back out again. Base: -yakA ? uhatye-

go over a fence tehatA 7AhlawA-lats he's going over the fence. wa7thatA7AhlawA-late7 he went over the fence (using his feet and one leg), iva7tyutA7Ah1awAlate7 she went over the fence. Base: ,atA?AhlawAhlat- plus tedualic

go out; come out; go or come out quickly tahayakAhtá-tsi7 he came out in a hurry, ya7kyakAhtá-tsi7 I went out quickly, yahayakAhtá-tsi7 he went out quickly, ya7kniyakAhtá-tsi7 the two (z.) went out quickly. Base: ,yakAhta?tsy- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative go ou^ come out; go or come out quickly yehotíyakAhta7tsyá-tu they (m.) went out quickly. Base: .yakAhta ? tsya ? t- plus ytranslocative go out; come out; intend to go or come out kyakAsle7 I'm going out, latiyakA-sle7 they (m.) are going to go out, kutiyakA-sle7 they (z.) are going to go out. Pre-pausal: kutiyakA-sele7. Base: -yakA?slgo out of sight; disappear yehonuwiíéhtu he has gone out of sight, he's out of sight. yahonuwi-léhte7 he went out of sight, he disappeared, ya7akonuwi-léhte7 she went out of sight, ya?onuwi-léhte7 she (z.) went

go over an obstacle tekatawA-lats I'm going over it (e.g., a fence). tewakatawAhlatú I have gone over it. wa7tyutawA-iate7 she went over it, wa7thatawA-late7 he went over it. Base: .atawAhlat- plus te- dualic go so far; cover a certain amount; end somewhere yehatinihálhos that's how far they (m.) go, that's what they cover or where they end (e.g., working rows in a tobacco field). yehotinihálhu they (m.) have gone that far. ya7thatinihálho7 they (m.) covered that much, ya7tAtninihálho7 that's as far as you and I (incl.) will go. Base: .inihalho- plus y- translocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic go so far; cover a certain amount; end somewhere; quit tekAníhalahse7 it keeps quitting, teyonihalá-u it has quit. wa7tkAníhalane7 it quit, AkAtiíhalane7 it will stop, ya7thatiníhalane7 that's how much they (m.) covered. nya7kAníhalane7 that's how or where it ended. Base: .inihala 7 - plus te- dualic

English-Oneida

go somewhere and back yekáktus I keep going there, I keep dropping in there, yeháktus he goes there. yeyukwáktu we have gone there. ya ?káhkete 7 I went there (and now I'm back), yaháhkete7 he went there and back, ya 7úhkete 7 she went there and back, yAkáhkete7 I will go there and back, yAhsáhkete7 you will go there and back, yAháhkete7 he will go there and back, ya-káhkete7 I should go there and back, ya 7sáhket Go there and back! nyaetyáhkete7 you and I (incl.) should go there and back, nyaukwáktuke7 I should go there and back. Base: .akt-/.ahket- plus y- translocative go somewhere, be going somewhere ukwehtuháti7 I'm on my way somewhere, ivahawehtuháti7 he's on his way somewhere, wahonehtuháti7 they (m.) are on their way somewhere. Base: -ehtuhatyego through a lot tekatukohtányuhe7 I'm going through a lot. tewakatukohtáni7 I have gone through a lot. wa7tkatukohtáni7 I went through a lot, wa7tyakyatukohtáni7 we two (excl.) went through so much. Base: .atukohtanyu- plus te- dualic go through an experience tewakatukohtuháti7 I'm going through (some experience), tesatukohtuháti7 you're going through it. wa7thotukohtuháti7 he's going through something. Base: .atukohtuhatye- plus tedualic go through stages of a lifetime tekatunhatényehse7 I'm going or

1021

changing from one stage of my life to another (e.g., from a child to an adolescent), tewakatunhaténi I have changed, wa 7tkatunhatení• I went through this stage. Base: .atunhateny- plus te- dualic go to school katayá-tha7 I go to school, satayá-tha7 you go to school, swatayá-tha7 you all go to school, lutayá-tha7 they (m.) go to school. wa7katáyahte7 I went to school, ivahatáyahte7 he went to school, Ahsatáyahte7 you will go to school, ahsatáyahte7 you should go to school, ayutáyahte7 she should go to school, sayakyatáyahte7 we two (excl.) went back to school again. thutayá-tha7 there they (m.) go to school, yewakatayá-tu I have gone to school there, ya7katáyahte7 I went to school there, kátsha7 nú• nisatayá-tu Where did you go to school? tsi7 nú- nihutayá-tha7 where they (m.) go to school, yáh te7satawyá-tu you haven't gone to school, tshiyutayá-tha7 when she's going to school, tshyeyutawyá-tha7 when she goes to school there, yáh thakatáyahte7 I won't go to school. Base:

-ataya ? t-/-atawya ? t-

go to school; go into a building kataya7tá-ne7 I'm going to go into it (e.g., the school building, or the hospital for an appointment), sataya7tá-ne7 you're going to go in. kataya?tá-nehse7 I go to school. wakataya7tá-nu I have gone to school. wa7kataya7tá-na7 I'm going to school, I went to school, wahataya7tá-na7 he's going to school, wa7utaya7tá-na7 she's going to school, wa7akyataya7tá-na7 we two (excl.) are going to school, wahutaya7tá-na7 they (m.) are going

1022

English-Orieida

to school, Ahutaya7tá-na7 they (m.) will go to school, akataya7tá'tia7 I should go to school, ahsataya 7tá-na 7 you should go to school, ayutaya 7tá-na 7 she should go to school, ahataya7tá-na7 he should go to school, ahutaya7tá-na7 they (m.) should go to school. wakataya7tahnu-hné• I went to school, yukyataya7tahnu-hnéwe two went to school. sakataya7tá-na7 I'm going back to school. takataya7tána7 I'm coming to school, yáh thahsatawya7tá-na7 you won't go to school, yáh thayutawya7tá-na7 she or someone won't go to school, yáh thahutawya7tá-na7 they (m.) won't go to school. Base: -ataya ? ta ? n-/-atawya ? ta ? ngo uphill I go uphill, lanutá-lahse7 he goes up the hill. wakanutahlá-u I have gone uphill, I'm at the top of the hill, yakonutahlá'u she has climbed uphill. wa7kanutá-lane7 I got to the top of the hill, wahanutá-lane7 he got to the top of the hill, Ahanutá-lane7 he will get to the top of the hill. Base: -anutahla 7 kanutá-lahse7

go uphill, be on one's way uphill lonutahla7uháti7 he's on his way climbing up the hill. ukwanutahla7uháti7 I'm going uphill. Base: -anutahla ? uhatyego, where one goes kehtákhwa7 that's where I go, sehtákhwa7 where you go, yAhtákhwa 7 where she or someone goes. Base: -ehtahkw-

go with a purpose kétha 7 I go there, létha7 he goes there, laivéhtu he has gone there, wá-kehte7 I'm going there, thó wáhsehte7 there is where you went, thó wá-lehte7 that's where he went, wa7áknehte7 we two (excl.) went there, wá-nehte7 the two (m.) went there, wahA-néhte7 they (m.) went there, a-kéhte7 I should go there, wakehtú-ne7 I went (and I'm back), sehtú-ne7 you went, lazvehtú-ne7 he went, lonehtú-ne7 they (m.) went, ta-kéhte7 I'm coming back here. ya7káhkete7 I went there, yAhX-lehte7 he's going to go there. nyAhX-lehte7 how he's going to go there, tshá-kehte7 when I went there. Base: -ehtgoalie goat

tehatenhohótha7. kaya7táklahse7.

going on, be wa7ohtuháti7 it's going along, it's a continuous thing. tayohtuháti7 it has been coming along, niyohtuháti7 how it's going on, na7ohtuháti7 that's the way it has been going along, that's what has been going on. Base: -htuhatyegold; silver goldfinch

ohwistano-lú-. otsi7nkwalá\

good aim, have la 7shAtiiyó he has a good aim, he's a good shot. Prepausal: la7shAtii-yá Base: - ? shAniyogood, be wahsatiyó it's a good movie or show. tehahsi7ti-yó-se7 he has nice feet, teyuhsi7ti-yó-se7 she has nice feet, wahsohkzviyó it's a nice colour, ivahsohkwi-yó-se7 they are

English-Oneida

nice colours, wahsutiyó it's a nice night, wahiyó it's nice fruit, tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsliyó it's a really nice chair, tsi7 niwanitskwahla7tsli-yó-se7 are the chairs ever nice. washe7nutsliyó it's a nice basket, kesliyó I smell good, kasliyó she (z.) smells good, wasliyó it (n.) smells good. wata7khe7tsliyó (they are) nice skates. wa7kAhliyó it's good soil, kahnekiyó it's good water. nikAtsiyó it's a really nice fish, nikAtsi-yó-se7 how nice the fish are. kAtyohkwiyó it's a good group, kAtyohkwiyo-hné• it was a good group, yáh te7kakali-yó-se7 there aren't any good stories, tahotikali-yó-se7 their (m.) stories were amusing. kakAhiyó it's nice material, a nice blanket, kakhwiyó it's good food, yekhwiyó she has good food. lotilAniyó they (m.) have nice songs, nikalAniyó it's such a nice song, kalutiyó it's a nice tree, loluti-yó-se7 he has nice trees, niyuknilutiyó we two have such a nice tree, kanaskwiyó it's a nice pet, kutinaskwi-yó-se7 they (z.) are really nice animals, tsi7 nihonaskwi-yó-se7 he has such nice animals, kanawiliyó it's a nice tooth, lanawili-yó-se7 he has nice teeth, tehanawili-yó-se7 he has such nice teeth. kanikwAhtaliyó it's a pretty red, nikanikwAhtaliyó it's such a pretty red. kanuhsiyó it's a nice house, kanuhsiyo-hné• it was a nice house at one time, lotinuhsi-yó-se7 they (m.) have nice houses, tsi7 nikanuhsi-yó-se7 they're such nice houses, tsi7 nithotinuhsiyó they (m.) have such a nice building there, lashnuhsi-yó-se7 he has nice hands, yeshnuhsi-yó-se7 she has nice hands, katsistiyó it's a good fire. katsistohkwiyó it's a nice printed

1023

fabric. yewAniyó she has a good voice, kawiskliyó it's a nice white colour. loya7tase7tsliyó he has a good-looking girlfriend, thoya7tase7tsliyó he has the best, the nicest-looking girlfriend. yeyelu 7tiyó she has a nice figure, Akyelu 7tiyóhake 7 I will have a nice figure. ka7nuniyó it's a good splint. ka7slehtiyó (it's) a good or nice car, lo7slehtiyó his car is good, ka7slehti-yó-se7 nice cars, Aka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be a good car, Aho7slehtiyóhake7 his car will be nice, ka7slehtiyo-hné• the car was nice, lo7slehtiyo-hné• his car was nice, ska7slehtiyó it's a nice car again, tka7slehtiyó the nicest car, laulhá• tho7slehtiyó his car is the nicest, né- Atka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be the best car, tho7slehtiyo-hné• he had the best car (at one time), né- kwitho7slehtiyohkó• he thinks he has the best car, niwake7slehtiyó I have such a nice vehicle, niyukwa7slehti-yó'se7 we have such nice cars. Base: -N-iyogood, be yoyánle7 it's good. Prepausal: yoyánele7. ayoyánleke7 it should be nice, yáh te7yoyánle7 it's not nice, yáh te7tsyoyánle7 it's no good anymore. Base: -yanle-/-yanl-/-yanlAgood, be coming or going along well yoyanláti7 it's going along well. tayoyanláti7 it's coming along pretty well, tutayoyanláti7 it's getting better, it's improving. Base: -yanlatyegood, become tayakotya7tawi7tsli-yóne7

she got

1024

English-Orieida

the best dress, tahonuhsi-yóne7 he got the best house. Aka7slehti-yóne7 the car will become nice, waho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice, saho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice again, nétaho7slehti-yóne7 he had the best car. Base: -N-iyo ? good child, be keksa7tiyó I'm a good child, yeksa 7tiyó she's a good girl, laksa 7tiyó he's a good boy. Prepausal: laksa7ti-yó. niyeksa7tiyó she's such a good girl, ahseksa 7tiyóhake 7 you should be a good child, ayeksa7tiyóhake7 she should be a good girl. Base: -ksa'tiyogood child, become lateksa7tiyósta7 he's trying to be a good child. loteksa7tiyóstu he's a good child, he's on his best behaviour. wahateksa7ti-yóste7 he became a good child, sateksa 7ti-yóst Be a good child! Base: -ateksa'tiyostgood, come out good ukyánUhse7 it came out good for me, AwakyánlAhse7 it will come out good for me, a-hoyánlAhse7 it should come out good for him. na7ukniyánlAhse7 it came out so well for us. Base: -yanlA?sgood cook, be yekhwayAhu she's a good cook, kutikhwayAhu they (z.) are good cooks. niyekhwayAhu she's such a good cook, yáh te7yekhwayAhu she's not a good cook. Base: -khwayAhugood day, be wAhnisliyo it's a nice day. Pre-pausal: WAhnisli-yó. tsi7

it's such a nice day. Base: -Ahnisliyo-

niwAhnisliyó

good day, become AWAhnisli-yóste7 it will become a nice day (either the kind of day or the weather). suhnisli-yóste7 it became a nice day again. Base: -Ahnisliyostgood hearing, have kahuhsiyó I have good hearing, yuhuhsiyó she hears well, lahuhsiyó he hears well. Prepausal: lahuhsi-yá Base: -ahuhsiyogood in one's heart, have yakawelyahsiyó she has good in her heart, lawelyahsiyó he has good in his heart. Pre-pausal: lawelyahsi-yá Base: -elyahsiyogood light, be wAtehsliyó it's a good light. Pre-pausal: wAtehsli-yá Base: -Atehsliyogood luck, have See lucky, be good, make good for oneself lonatnu7uhliyóstu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. yakottsistiyóstu she has made a good fire, wahattsisti-yóste7 he made a good fire, takattsisti-yóste7 I made a good fire there, tayuttsisti-yóste7 she made a good fire there, nihottsistiyóstu he's making such a good fire. wa7kate7slehti-yóste7 I made my car nice, takate7slehti-yóste7 I made the nicest car. Base: -at-N-iyostgood, make someone feel good See raise someone's spirits or hopes

English-Oneida

1025

good mind, have lo7nikuhliyóstu he has a good mind, yako7nikuhliyóstu she has a good mind. Base: -'nikuhliyost-

goose, wild káhuk or onahsakAlatkó-

good person, be lukwe7tiyó he's a good person, yakukwe7tiyó she's a good person, yukwe 7tiyó she (z.) is a good person. Pre-pausal: yukwe7ti-yá sukwe7tiyóhak Be kind! niyukwe7tiyó she's a really good person. thihlukwe7tiyó he's just such a nice person. Base: -ukwe'tiyo-

gossip See spread news; gossip

good road, be yowahiyó the road is good or nice. Pre-pausal: yowahi-yó. Base: -wahiyogood singer, be latilAnayXhu they (m.) are good singers. Base: -LvnayAhugood singing voice, have laha 7tiyó he has a really good singing voice, yeha 7tiyó she has a really good voice. Pre-pausal: yeha7ti-yó. Base: -ha'tiyogood-natured, be good-natured; be wellbehaved yakoli7wiyó she's wellbehaved, she's well-mannered, loli7wiyó he's good-natured. Prepausal: loh7wi-yá sali7wiyóhak Be well-behaved, be polite! Asali?wiyóhake7 you will be wellbehaved. niyakoli7wiyó she's so well-behaved. Base: -li'wiyogood-bye

nAki7wáh.

good-bye! 'bye, keep it up! setsya-kA. goose onahsakA-láte7 nahsakA-láte7.

or

or

gorilla

nahsakAlatkó-.

tsikawihsakiha7kó-.

grab at someone shakotya?tútyehse7 he's grabbing at her. Akuyatya7tu-tí• I will grab you. thakwatya7tútyehse7 he keeps grabbing at me, tahakwatya7tu-tíhe grabbed at me, tayukwatya7tu-tí• she grabbed at me, tashakotya7tu-tíhe grabbed her. yahatya7tu-tí\ he reached out for her (z.) or it, ya7shakotya7tu-tí• he grabbed at her. Base: -atya'tutygrab off from hanging thahalakwátha 7 he grabs it off of something (e.g., a hook or nail), unhanging it. thohalakwáhtu he has grabbed it off. tahahalákwahte7 he grabbed it off. Base: .halakwaht- plus t- cislocative grain See seed; grain; oats grain elevator ivaneklalathAsta

7.

grain, hang up See hang up grain grain, stand up See stand up grain in shocks grain, tie See tie grain grandchild kheyatléha my granddaughter, I have her as a grandchild, Hyatléha my grandson, sheyatléha your granddaughter, etshatléha your grandson, utatatléha her granddaughter, luwatléha her grandson, shakotléha his granddaughter, yethiyatléha our granddaughter,

1026

English-Orieida

yetshiyatléha your (plural) granddaughter. Kwáte Grandchild! kheyatlo7okúha my grandchildren, sheyatle7okúha your grandchildren, shakotlo7okúha his grandchildren, yethiyatle7okúha our grandchildren. wakatle-shA- I have grandchildren, lonatle 7s laká-te 7 they (m.) have many grandchildren. lonatlé-slayA7 they (m.) have a grandchild. Base: -atleha/-atle ? -/-atle ? slgrandparent aksótha my grandmother, laksótha my grandfather, sahsótha your grandmother, yahsótha your grandfather, lohsótha his grandmother, ohsótha her grandmother, shukwahsótha our grandfather, lotihsótha their (m.) grandfather. Aksot Grandmother! Láksot Grandfather! aksothné-ke at my grandmother's place, laksothné-ke at my grandfather's place. aksotkA my late grandmother, laksotkA my late grandfather, yahsotkA your late grandfather. yukhihsotha7shúha or ukhihsotha7shúha our grandparents, our elders. Base: grape

-hsotha/-hsoto7nAhalhkó\

grasp See hold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest grass, cut See cut grass grass; straw; hay; weeds onékli7 grass, straw, hay, weeds. Pre-pausal: onékeli7. yotanekluní grass is growing, yonékles it's long grass. Ayakwaneklota-kó• we (excl.) will remove weeds, kaneklákwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding. kaneklótshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakaneklótshi I have weeded,

wahaneklótshi7 he weeded, Ahsaneklótshi7 you will weed, saneklótshi Weed! Base: -anekl-/-Aneklgrasshopper

tsístalak.

grate See scrape; grate gravel; fish eggs o7néhtala7. Base: - ? nehtalgravy See oil; grease; fat; gasoline; gravy gray

ata7kA-la7.

gray hair, have wakenhlá-tA7 I have gray hair, lonhlá-tA7 he has gray hair, yakonhlá-tA7 she has gray hair. Base: -nhla?tAgrease See oil; grease; fat; gasoline; gravy greasy, be See oil, have oil or gas in; be oily or greasy great deed or matter niyolihowanA such a great deed. Pre-pausal: niyolihowa-nA. Base: -lihowanA-

it's

great mind, have yako7nikuhloivanA she has a great mind, she thinks of ways to do things, lo7nikuhlowanA he has a great mind. Pre-pausal: Io7nikuhlowa-nA. loti7nikuhlowa-nA-se7 they (m.) have a great mind, the wise men. Base: -?nikuhlowanAgreat-grandchild yotle 7slA-tuhe 7. greedy, be See fight over; compete for; be greedy green awA-lá-.

English-Oneida 1027

greet someone; thank someone wa7tkunuhela-tú- I greet you, I thank you, wa 7teshakonuhela-tú- he thanked her or them. Base: .nuhelatu-/.nuhwelatu- plus te- dualic grieve; mourn wake7nikuhláksAhse7 I'm grieving, I'm in mourning, lo7nikuhláksAhse7 he's grieving. uke7nikuhláksA7 I grieved, I was saddened, waho7nikuhláksA7 he grieved, Ayako7nikuhláksA7 she or someone will grieve. Base: - ? nikuhlaksAgrind See break into pieces; cut; smash; chop; grind grind one's teeth teknó-kalhe7 I'm grinding my teeth, tehsnó-kalhe7 you're grinding your teeth, tehanó-kalhe7 he's grinding his teeth, teyenó-kalhe7 she's grinding her teeth. Base: ,no?kal- plus te- dualic groan wakunhénha7 I'm groaning, launhénha7 he's groaning, yakaunhénha7 she's groaning. Base: -unhengroceries; lunch atAná-tsli7 groceries, lunch. Pre-pausal: atAná-tsheli7. akwatAná-tsli7 my lunch, laotAná-tsli7 his lunch, ukyatAná-tsli7 our lunch. thihuwatAna7tsla-wíhe7 they just give him groceries. ya7katAna7tsláhawe7 I took lunch there. yutAna?tslaha-wí- she's bringing (carrying) her lunch. AhutAna7tslahninú-na7 they (m.) will go to buy groceries. wahsatAna7tslakó-na7 you're going to get groceries. latAna7tslu-níhe7 he's making lunch, watAna7tsluní

lunch is prepared or ready, wa7katAna7tslu-ní- I made lunch, AkatAna7tshi-nv I will make lunch. yukhiyatAna7tslunyA-riíhe7 she makes lunch for us, wa7kheyatAna7tslúni7 I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna7tslúní7 she (z.) made lunch for him, wa7ukhiyatAna7tslúni7 she made lunch for us, AshuwatAna7tslúni7 she will make lunch for him again. Base: -atAna'tslground See land; ground; earth groundhog oná-kAt. group; crowd kAtyóhkwa 7 group, crowd. wa7twanityohko-kóthe crowd dispersed, tusunityohko-kóthe crowd dispersed again. kAtyohkwiyó it's a good group, kAtyohkwiyo-hné- it was a good group, niyotityóhkwake there are so many crowds. kAtyohkwaké-lu7 there are groups here and there. kAtyohkowanA it's a large crowd, yukwAtyohkowanA there are a lot of us, swAtyohkowanX there are a lot of you, lonityohkowanA they (m.) are a large crowd, kAtyohkowanX-ne7 it was a big crowd, nikAtyohkowanX it's a really large crowd, niyukwAtyohkowanX we're such a large crowd, tshiyukwAtyohkowanA when there were so many of us. skAtyóhkwat one group, tóhka7 nikAtyóhkwayA7 there are several groups. Base:

-ityohkw-

group, form kanityohku-níhe7 I'm forming or getting together a group. wakanityohkuní I have formed a group, wahanityohku-ní• he got together a group, Akanityohku-ní• I will form a group.

1028

English-Orieida

Base: -anityohkuni-/ -anityohkuny-

thahatótyake7 he will never grow up, he will never mature (even if he's an old man). Base: -atotyak-/-atotynewAtú

group, form for someone yukwanityohkunyA-níhe7 she's forming a group for me, kheyanityohkunyA-níhe7 I'm getting together a group for her. wa7shakonityohkúni7 he formed a group for her or them. Base: -anityohkunyAni-/ -anityohkunyA-

grow up, be growing up wakatotyAháti7 I'm growing up, lototyAháti7 he's growing up, yakototyAháti7 she's growing up, lonatotyAháti7 they (m.) are growing up. Base: -atotyAhatyegrowl, one's stomach wa7tkenlAha-kálele7 my stomach growled, wa7thanlAha-kálele7 his stomach growled, wa7tyenlAha-kálele7 her stomach growled. Base: .nlAhakalel- plus te- dualic

grouse; partridge ohkwe-sA-. grow yotuní it's growing. Pre-pausal: yotu-ní. tyotuní it's growing there. yotahyuní berries are growing. yotanekluní grass is growing. yotlutuní there are trees growing, tyotlutuní there are trees growing there. yottsi7tsyuní there are flowers growing. Base: -atuni-

growl; snarl lotelyatéhtu he's snarling or growling (e.g., a dog). wahatelyatéhtu7 he snarled. Base: -atelyateht-

grow along yotuniháti7 they are growing along (you're walking along and all these things are growing along where you walk). Base: -atunihatye-

grown-ups, be yukwatotyákhu 7 we are grown-ups, lonatotyákhu7 they (m.) are grown-ups. Base: -atotyakhu-

grow, finish growing See finish growing

guard someone See look after; mind; be careful

g r o w u p wakatotyáku7

or wakatóti

I

have grown up, I'm grown up, lonatóti they (m.) are grown up. wa7katótyake7 I grew up, wahatótyake7 he grew up, wa7utótyake7 she grew up, Akatótyake 7 I will grow up, Ahatótyake7 he will grow up, Ayutótyake7 she will grow up. twakatotyáku 7 there I grew up. nisatotyáku 7 how or where you grew up. tsha7katótyake7 when I grew up, when I was growing up. yáh né-

guilty, be See blame someone; be guilty guinea hen yostyA7tóta7. gully; valley ohlu-wáku Base: -hluw-

gully, valley.

gum See syrup; gum; sap; honey gums ohyAhta7 gums. khyAhtá-ke my gums, shyAhtá-ke your gums, lahyAhtá-ke his gums, yehyAhtá-ke her gums. wakhyAhtanú-waks my

English-Oneida

gums are sore. Base: -hyAht-

have a gun. Base: -hulgun, load See load a gun

g u n káhule 7 gun. laóhule 7 his gun. kahu-lés it's a long gun. wa7khulahni-nú• I bought a gun.

nyahahulotákwahte7

1029

guts; innards; intestines Base: -kahlost-

he quickly

took down a gun. wahahulitáhko he took the gun out. wakhu-láyA7

7

I

okahlósta7.

guts, remove See remove guts

H hail See freezing rain; hail; be an ice storm hair onúhkwis hair, aknúhkwis hair, sanúhkwis your hair, akonúhkwis

her hair,

my

laonúhkwis

his hair, ukninúhkwis our (dual) hair, sninúhkwis your (dual) hair, ukwanúhkivis our (plural) hair, swanúhkwis your (plural) hair, laotinúhkwis their (m.) hair, aotinúhkwis their (z.) hair. yakonuhkwísles she has long hair, lonuhkwísles he has long hair, niyakonuhkwísles she has such long hair, nikanuhkwísles it's such long hair. kA7 nihonuhkwislésha

he has

short hair, yakonuhkwislaká-te7 she has lots of hair. Base: -nuhkwis-/-nuhkwislhair, comb See comb one's hair hair, curl See curl one's hair hair, cut See cut hair hair, fall out latnuhkwislAtha7 his hair is falling out. lotnuhkwislAhtu his hair has fallen out. wahatnuhkwíslAhte7 his hair fell out, AhatnuhkwíslAhte7 his hair will fall out.

Base:

-atnuhkwislAht-

hair, have yonuhkwíslote7

she (z.) or

it has hair, yakonuhkwíslote7 she has hair, lonuhkwíslote7 he has

hair. Base: -nuhkwislothair, have curly See curly hair, have hair, have gray See gray hair, have hair, have long See long hair, have hair, lose See lose one's hair hairdresser teyakonuhklísta7

(she's

a) hairdresser, tekhenuhklísta7 I'm a hairdresser, teshakonuhklísta7

(he's a) hairdresser. oye-lí• niyohslaké tsha 7tekhenuhklístahkwe7

for ten

years I was a hairdresser. Base: .nuhklista7 plus te- dualic half of, be tsha 7tekya 7tíyó half of my body. Pre-pausal: tsha7tekya7ti-yá 7 tsha tewahsutiyó half the night. tsha7tewatekhwahla7tsliyó

middle of the table.

in the

half a spoon. in the middle of the house, one half of the house. tsha 7tewatokwa tsha7tekanuhsiyó

7tsliyó

1030

English-Orieida

Base: .N-iyo-/.ya?tiyo- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic halfway, be See middle, be in the middle or halfway

bumped my hand. Base: -shnuhs-/-ishnuhs-/-shnuhand, get cold See cold hands, get

hammock See rocking chair; swing; hammock

hand, have hands or fingers tekashnúhsute7 it has hands or fingers, tehashnúhsute7 he has hands or fingers. Base: .shnuhsut- plus te- dualic

hand, bunch up kahtsyakwe7nu-níhe7 I'm closing or bunching up my hand (e.g., when I'm crumpling up a piece of paper). wa7kahtsyakwe7nu-níI closed or bunched up my hand. Base: -ahtsyakwe'nuni-

hand, left hand seknekwatí my left hand, sehsnekwatí your left hand, shanekwatí his left hand, tsyenekwatí her left hand. Prepausal: tsyenekwa-tí. Base: .nekwati- plus s- repetitive

hand; fingers oshnúhsa 7 hand, fingers. keshnú-ke my hand, seshnú'ke your hand, lashnú-ke his hand, yeshnú-ke her hand, yakwashnú-ke7 our (excl.) hands. wa7shakoshnúhsa7 he took hold of her hand. wa7tkeshnuhsahsíhalane7 my finger or hand got stuck. ya 7kanishnúhsowe7 I put part of my hand (my fingers) in the water, thó nya7tAhsanishnúhsoive7 you will put your hands in the water there. ya7kanishnúhsAhte7 I put my hand into it. wakanishnúhso7 my hand is swollen, tsi7 yehonishnúhsate7 it's at the end of his hand. kA 7 na7tekeshnuhsáI have small hands. teyeshnúhses she has long hands. lashnuhsi-yó-se7 he has nice hands, yeshnuhsi-yó-se7 she has nice hands. loshnuhsaké-tote7 his hand is sticking out. wakeshnuhsalúhkwanihe7 my hand is itchy, ukeshnuhsalúhkiVA7 my hand got itchy. wa7kheshnuhsóhale7 I washed her hand, loshnuhsanú-waks his hand is hurting. wa 7keshnuhsoha-láne7 I got a sliver in my hand. wa7twakeshnuhsu-kóI

hand, right hand keyAtehtáhkwA my right hand, seyAtehtáhkwA your right hand, layAtehtáhkwA his right hand, yeyAtehtáhkwA her right hand. Base: -yAtehtahkw-/ -wyAtehtahkw-

hammer

a7nikuhlésta7.

hand, shake hands See shake hands hand someone leaves (tobacco) tekhenlahta-wíhe7 I'm handing tobacco leaves to her or them. tahinláhtu7 I handed tobacco leaves to him, Atyakhinláhtu 7 we two or we all (excl.) will hand leaves to her or them, utakhenláhtu7 I should hand leaves to someone, utashenláhtu7 you should hand leaves to someone, utayakonláhtu7 she (z.) should hand leaves to someone. Base: .nlahtawi-/.nlahtu- plus tcislocative hand someone something See give someone something; hand someone something

English-Oneida

hand something by extending one's hand ehtá-ke Astate7 you will hand it too low. só-tsi7 é-nik táktate7 I handed it at too high a level, só-tsi7 é-nik taye-táte7 she handed it too high, só-tsi7 é-nik taha-táte7 he handed it too high, só-tsi7 ehtá-ke táktate7 it's too low that I handed it. yahá-ktate7 I handed it. nAtéstate7 how you will hand it at that level, só-tsi7 é-nik tayéksatate7 she had the dish too high. Base: -tathand towel

yuhtsyokewátha7.

hand, wash See wash the hands hand, wipe See wipe the hands handful ohtsyá-na7 handful. tewahtsyá-nake two handfuls. swahtsyá-nat one handful. Base: -ahtsya ? nhandful, get tekahtsya7nákhwa7 I'm getting a handful of something (e.g., I'm digging my hand into a bag of flour and taking out a handful). tewakahtsya7náhkwA I have taken out a handful. wa7tkahtsyá-nahkwe7 I got a handful. Base: .ahtsya'nahkw- plus tedualic handkerchief

atkAhányaks.

handle yeyenásta7 yoneklahétshute

or 7.

handsome, be I'm nicelooking (a male speaking), lanikAhtle7 he's nice-looking. Pre-pausal: lanikAhtele7. Base: -nikAhtleknikAhtle7

hang See suspend; hang

1031

hang, be attached hanging yohlA-tuhe7 it's hanging. AyohlA7túheke7 it will be hanging. yohsliye7tA-tuhe7 the string is hanging. yohyA-tuhe7 the fruit is hanging (on the vine or tree). yo7nhalukslA-tuhe7 the rope is hanging. Base: -hlA?tu-/-A?tuhang, be attached hanging and moving along yohlA7tunyú-ne7 it's moving along and it's hanging. yotsyA7tunyú-ne7 the fish is hanging along, yotsyA7tunyú-nehse7 the fish keep hanging. Base: -hlA'tunyu'ne-Z-A'tunyu'nehang, for several to be attached hanging yohlA7túnyuhe7 several of them are hanging. yohsliye7tA7túnyuhe7 the string is hanging here and there (e.g., as in a fringe). Base: -hlA?tunyu-/-A?tunyuhang, for someone to be hanging laya7tíhale7 he's hanging, yeya7tíhale7 she's hanging. nAhsya7tiha-Iáke7 you will be hanging. Base: -ya'tihalhang someone by the neck luwahnya7síhale7 they have hung him. wahuwahnya7siha-lA• they hung him, he got hung. Base: -hnya'sihalhang someone, intend to hang someone luwahnya7sihalá-ne7 they're going to hang him. Base: -hnya' ? sihala ? nhang up khálha7 I'm hanging it up. wákhale7 I have hung it up. káhale7 it's hanging up. wa7kha-lA-

1032

English-Orieida

I hung it up, wa7eha-lA- she hung it up, Akha-IA- I will hang it up, Asha lA- you will hang it up. sha-lA Hang it up! tkáhale 7 it's hanging up there. kahna7tatslíhale7 the purse is hanging up. lAtsihálha7 he hangs up a fish (e.g., on a stick), lotsíhale7 he has hung up a fish, wahAtsiha-lAhe hung up the fish. wahatiyu7kwiha-lAthey (m.) hung tobacco. Base: -hal-/-ihalhang up, for several to be hanging up kaha-lú• several things are hanging up. tkaha-lú• several things are hanging there. watya7tawi7tsliha-lúthe dresses are hanging. Base: -halu-/-ihaluhang up for someone kuhala-níhe7 I'm hanging it up for you. kuhalaní I have hung it up for you. wa 7kuhálhahse 7 I hung it up for you, Akuhálhahse7 I will hang it up for you. wa7kuyatlahti7tslihálhahse7 I hung up a stocking for you (e.g., at Christmas). Base: -halani-/-halhahs-/ -ihalani-/-ihalhahshang up grain lAthohkwihálha7 he's hanging up grain. wakithohkwíhale7 I have hung up grain. wahAthohkwiha-lAhe hung up grain. Base: -ithohkwihalhang up several khalúnyuhe7 I'm hanging things up (e.g., laundry). yakohalúni7 she has hung them up. wa7khalúni7 I hung them up, Ashalúni7 you will hang them up. wahAtsihalúni7 he hung up several fish. Base: -halunyu-/-ihalunyu-

hang up several, go to hang up several wa7khalunyú-na7 I'm on my way to hang things up, wa7ehalunyú-na7 she went to hang them up. shalunyú na Go hang them up! Base: -halunyu ? nhangover, have wakhnekályos I have a hangover, lohnekályos he has a hangover. Awakhnekáli7 I will have a hangover. wakhnekályoskwe7 I had a hangover. Base: -hnekalyohappen a time yotlátstu it happened. úska útlatste7 it happened once (once upon a time), tékni útlatste7 it happened twice, áhsA útlatste7 it happened three times, yotlatstú-ne7 it used to happen, tóhka 7 niyotlátstu or tóhka7 nútlatste7 several times. Base: -atlatsthappen; befall thó niya-wA-se7 it's the way it happens, niyakoyá-tawAhse7 what's befalling her. niyawA-u how it happened, niwakya7tawA-u what happened to me, nisaya7tawA-u what happened to you, nihoya7tawA-u what happened to him, niyakoya7tawA-u what happened to her, niyukwaya7tawA-u what happened to us, nihotiya7tawA-u what happened to them (m.). na7a-wAne7 it happened, nAya-wAne7 it will happen. na7tetyukwaya7tawA-u how things happened to us there, yáh thó te7yawA-u that didn't happen, yáh náhte7 te7saya 7tawA-u nothing has happened to you. yáh newAtú thó te7tsyawA-u it never happened. Base: .A ? -/.ya ? tawA ? - plus npartitive

English-Oneida

happen, go along happening niyawA?uháti? that's what's going along happening. tayawA7uháti7 that's what's going to be happening. Base: ,A?uhatye- plus n- partitive happen, going to happen niyawAhsle7 what's going to happen, nihoya7tawAhsle7 what's going to happen to him. Base: .Ahsl-/.ya?tawAhsl- plus npartitive happen; take place na7a-wA• it happened, nukyá'tawA? what happened to me, nahoyá-tawA7 what happened to him, na7akoyá-tawA7 what happened to her, nAya-wA- how it will happen. naya-wAke7 it would have happened. nusaya-wA- it should happen again. Base: .A-/.ya?tawA- plus n- partitive happen the same way tsha7teyawA-u it happened the same way. Base: .A?- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic happen the same way going along tsha7teyawA7uháti7 it's going along the same way. Base: ,A?uhatye- plus tsha'tecoincident and dualic happiness Base: -atshanunyahsl-

atshanunyáhsla7.

happiness, cause for yotshanúnya7t it's cause for happiness. Pre-pausal: yotshanúnyaht. Base: -atshanunya ? thappy, get wakatshanuní I'm happy, yakotshanuní she's happy, lotshanuní he's happy. Pre-pausal: lotshanu-ní. wa7katshanu-ní• I got

1033

happy, wahsatshanu-ní• you got happy, wa7utshanu-ní- she got happy, wahatshanu-ní- he got happy, wahutshanu-ní• they (m.) got happy, Akatshanu-ní- I will get happy. yakotshanuníhahkwe7 she used to be happy, wakatshanuni-hné• I was happy, yakotshanuni-hnéshe was happy, sahatshanu-ní• he got happy again. na7katshanu-ní• I got so happy, nahatshanu-ní- he got so happy, na7utshanu-ní• she got so happy, yah te7wakatshanuní I'm not happy, yáh te7satshanuní you're not happy, yáh te7yakotshanuní she's not happy, yáh tehotshanuní he's not happy, yáh te7yukwatshanuní we're not happy. Base: -atshanuni-/-atshanunyhappy, get happy; get overjoyed wakatunháhele7 I'm overjoyed, satunháhele7 you're overjoyed, lotunháhele7 he's overjoyed, yakotunháhele7 she's overjoyed, yonatunháhele7 they (z.) are overjoyed. wa7katunhá-lA7 I became happy or high-spirited, Akatunhá-lA7 I will become happy. wakatunhá-lahkwe7 I was happy. Aivakatunhá-lake7 I will feel good. Base: -atunhahel-/-atunhahlhappy, go along being happy wakatshanuniháti7 I go along being happy, yakotshanuniháti7 she goes along being happy, yukyatshanuniháti7 we two are going along being happy. niswakatshanuniháti7 I'm going along so happy again, nishotshanuniháti7 he's going along so happy again. Base: -atshanunihatye-

1034

English-Orieida

happy, go along being happy or overjoyed lonatunhahláti7 they (m.) are going along in high spirits. Ahonatunhahláti? they (m.) will go along in high spirits. Base: -atunhahlatyehappy, make someone ukwatshanunyáhtA? it made me happy, it made me feel good. Base: -atshanunyahtAhard, be hard; be solid yohnilú it's hard, it's solid. Pre-pausal: yohni-lú. Ayohnilúhake7 it will be hard. yotekhwahla7tslahni!ú it's a solid or sturdy table. yona7talahnilú the bread is hard, tsi7 niyonuhsahnilú it's a good solid house. yowistohslahnilú the butter is hard. Base: -hnilhard, become yohnilhá-u it has gotten hard. wa7ohnílhA7 it got hard. niyohnilhá-u it became so hard. yona7talahnílhá-u the bread has become hard, wa7ona7talahnílhA7 the bread got hard. Base: -hnilha-/-hnilhAhard to please, be See difficult, be difficult; be hard to please hard water, be yohnekahnilú hard water. Pre-pausal: yohnekahni-lú. Base: -hnekahnilhardly

(it's)

atya7totalhósta7.

harness something See hook; drape over; harness harrow tehu7kAshlo-lAs they (m.) are harrowing. tahu7kAshlo'lA- they (m.) should harrow. Base: . a ' k A s h l o l A - plus te- dualic harvest See pick; harvest hat aná-lole7 hat. akwaná-lole7 my hat, saná-lole7 your hat, laoná-lole7 his hat, akoná-lole7 her hat, aoná-lole7 her (z.) or its hat. kA7 niwana7alo7tslá• it's a small hat. wa7kana7alo7tslihala-kó• I took the hat down from hanging, sakana7alo7tslihala-kóI took the hat back down. wana7alo7tslowanA it's a big hat. Base: -ana ? alol-/-ana ? alo ? tslhat, put on See put on a hat hat, take off See take off a hat hat, top hat See top hat hatch, an egg See egg, hatch hate oneself See dislike oneself; hate oneself hate someone See dislike someone haul See get and carry away; haul; transport

slAhké-ne7.

hardwood, be yohkalahnilú hardwood. Pre-pausal: yohkalahni-lú. Base: -ahkalahnil-

harness

(it's) a

harm someone See hurt, get hurt; hurt someone

haunted, get wakatyánluhse7 I get haunted, yukivatyánluhse7 we get haunted, zvakatyanlú-u I have gotten haunted, ukwatyánlune7 I got haunted. Base: -atyanlu 7 have along; bring along loyAtáti7 he has it along, he brings it along,

English-Oneida

loya7tayAtáti7 he has someone along with him. tóhka7 nishoya7tayAtáti7 he brought back several with him. Base: -yAtatye-/-ya ? tayAtatye-

1035

he; himself; as for him laulhá-.

have; own See lay down something; have or own

head back, have one's head back kha 7kwáwelu 7 I'm looking up with my head back and my throat facing upwards, laha 7kiváwelu 7 he has his head back and he's looking up, yeha 7kwáwelu 7 she has her head back and she's looking up. Base: -ha ? kwawelu-

have several wakyA-tú- I have several of them. loti7slehtayA-túthey (m.) all have cars. Base: -yAtu-

head, be standing on yelú-tote7 she's standing on her head, lalú-tote7 he's standing on his head. Base: -lu ? tot-

have someone with one kuha-wf I have you with me, liha-wt• I have him with me, kheha-wí• I have her with me, loha-wí- he has him with him. Base: -hawi-

head, be standing on, several yakwalu7to-tú• we (excl.) are standing on our heads. Base: -lu ? totu-

have on oneself See stand something upright; have on oneself

have to be yáh thyaya-wA• tsi7 it has to be. Base: .A- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative have to be yáh thyaya-wAne7 tsi7 it has to be. Base: .A7- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative hawk

kalhakúha.

hay See grass; straw; hay; weeds hazardous, be teyotelyA7tha-Iákt it's hazardous (so that one has to be aware of the consequences). Base: ,atelyA?thalakt- plus tedualic hazy, be teyoyu7kwala-yAit's hazy. Base: .yu'kwalayA- plus te- dualic

head, bump on See bump on the head head; cabbage onutsí head, cabbage. Pre-pausal: onu-tsí. knutsí-ne my head, snutsí-ne your head, lanutsvne his head, yenutsí-ne her head, tsi7 yehotnutsístate7 it's at the end of his head. yAknutsistáhawe7 I will take the (pig) head. yAknutsistaha-wíhte7 I will take the (pig) head along. tahaknutsistahawíhtA7 he brought me a (pig) head, takunutsistahawíhtA7 I brought you a head, tasknutsistahawíhtA7 you brought me a head, AtkunutsistahawíhtA7 I will bring you a head, AtesknutsistahawíhtA 7 you will bring me a head, utasknutsistahawíhtA7 you should bring me a head. lanutsistowanA he has a big head, waknutsistanú-waks I have a headache. nihonutsistó-tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsistó-tA7 their (m.) heads

1036

English-Orieida

are that kind (e.g., hair colour). wa7twaknutsistu-kó- I bumped my head. Base: -nutsi-/-nutsisthead, get cold See cold head, get head, have lonutsístute7 he has a head (implying that he's still alive), thó thyehonutsístute7 he still has a head attached (contrary to what you might expect). Base: -nutsistuthead, have lying or propped up tsi7 nukwá• kkA-hX• the side I have my head on (while I'm lying down), where I have my head propped up, tsi7 nukwá• nikA-hA• the side where the two (m.) have their heads, tsi7 nukwá• yakwakA-hX• the side where we (excl.) have our heads. Base: -kAhAhead, have something in sana7alátslat you have something in your head, you have a mind, yáh te7sana7alátslat you don't have a mind. Base: -na'alatslathead, insides ona7alatslakú the insides of the head. Pre-pausal: ona 7alatsla-kú. Base: -na'alatslhead of the house, be lanuhsakwe7niyó he's the head of the house, yenuhsakwe7niyó she's the head of the house. Pre-pausal: yenuhsakwe 7n i-yó. Base: -nuhsakwe'niyohead, put back See put one's head back head; skull ona7a-lá- head, skull. kna 7alakú inside my head, sna 7alakú inside your head, yena7alakú inside her head,

lana7alakú inside his head. Prepausal: lana7ala-kú. Base: -na ? alhead, stand on See stand on one's head head, swell See swell, get a swelled head; become a know-it-all headband; bandanna; kerchief atna7alanhásta7 or teyutna 7alanhásta 7. headband, put on See put on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief heal swanihnu-níhe7 it (a wound) is healing over, tsyonihnuní it has healed, sunihnu-ní• it healed, Aswanihnu-ní• it will heal. Base: .anihnuni- plus s- repetitive healthy, be See well, feel or be well heap up See pile up; heap up hear ukwathu-táne7 I heard it, wahothu-táne7 he heard it, Awakathu-táne7 I will hear it, Asathu-táne7 you will hear it, Ahothu-táne7 he will hear it, Ayakothu-táne7 she or someone will hear it. Base: -athuta 7 hear about kahlu-kás I hear about it. wakahlukú I have heard about it. wa7ká-luke7 I heard about it. khehsAnahlúkha7 I hear about her, waksAnahlukú I have heard of her (z.) or its name, wahihsAná-luke7 I heard about him. wakkalahlukú I have heard the story, Ahakalá-luke7 he will hear the story. Base: -ahlukhear about news lolihwahlukú heard about (the news).

he has

English-Oneida 1037

wa7klihwá-luke7 I heard about it, wahslihwá-luke7 you heard about it, wahalihwá-luke7 he heard about it. tsha7klihwá-luke7 when I heard about it. Base: -lihwahlukhear about someone khewAnahlúkha7 I hear of or about her. wa7kheivAná-luke7 I heard of or about her. Base: -wAnahlukhear, be hearing ivakathu-té• I hear it, sathu-té• you hear it, lothu-té• he hears it, yakothu-téshe hears it, yukxvathu-té• we hear it, lonathu-téthey (m.) hear it. wakathu-téhkwe7 I used to hear it, lothu-téhkwe7 he has heard it. Awakathu-téke7 I will be hearing, aukwathu-téke7 I should be hearing. Aswakathu-téke7 again I'll be hearing it. yáh te7wakathu-té• I don't hear, yáh te7yakothu-téshe doesn't hear, yáh tehonathu-té• they (m.) don't hear. Base:

-athut(e)-

hear unexpectedly lothute?tsíhA he heard something you didn't think he was going to hear but he could hear you anyway, yakothute7tsíhA she heard it anyway. Base: -athute ? tsihAhear wrong See mishear hearing, have bad See bad hearing, have hearing, have good See good hearing, have heart awe-lá• heart, akwelyá-ne my heart, selyá-ne your heart, lawelyá-ne his heart, akawelyá-ne her heart. yakawelyahsatsi7yohá

her heart is not well. Base: -el-/-ely-/-elyahsheart attack, have teivakelyahsishúkhwa7 my heart is thumping, I'm having a heart attack, tehawelyahsishúkhwa7 he's having a heart attack. wa7twakelyahsíshuhkive7 I had a heart attack, wa7thawelyahsíshuhkwe7 he had a heart attack, wa7tyakawelyahsíshuhkwe7 she had a heart attack. Base: .elyahsishuhkw- plus tedualic heart, beat tewakelyákhwa7 my heart is beating, tehawelyákhwa7 his heart is beating, 7 her heart is teyakawelyákhwa beating. Base: .elyahkw- plus te- dualic heart, have good in See good in one's heart, have heartburn, have tewakenya7to-lAs I have heartburn, tehonya7to-lAs he has heartburn, teyakonya7to-lAs she has heartburn. Base: .nya'tolA- plus te- dualic heat up See boil, bring to a boil; heat up heat up See hot, get hot; heat up heat up; warm up wakathnana7tatalihá-tu I'm heating up potatoes, wahathnana7tatalíhahte7 he heated up the potatoes, tayuthnana7tatalíhahte7 she heated up the potatoes there. yuthnekatalihá-tha7 she's heating up water, wa7uthnekatalíhahte7

1038 English-Orieida

she heated up the water, wahathnekatalíhahte7 he heated up the water, sathnekatalíhaht Heat up the water! sakatekhwatalíhahte7 I heated up the food again. Base: -at-N-taliha?theaven See sky heavy, be yókste7 it's heavy, wakya7tákste7 I'm heavy, loya7tákste7 he's heavy, yakoya7tákste7 she's heavy. loya7tákstehkwe7 he was heavy. Ahoya7táksteke7 he will be heavy, Ayóksteke7 it will be heavy. yokAhákste7 it's heavy cloth. yotsyapslákste7 it's heavy or hard work, yáh te7yoyo7tAhslákste7 the work is not heavy or hard. Base: -kst(e)-/-ya ? taksteheavy, become wa 7ókstAne 7 it got heavy, AyókstAne7 it will get heavy. Base: -kstA?heavy load, get See burdensome, become heck, give someone See scold someone heck, give someone wa7shakonahalyá-khu7 he really gave her heck, he wrung her neck, Ashakonahalyá-khu7 he will really give it to her, Ayesanahalyá-khu7 she will give you heck. Base: -nahalya'khuheel ola-tá• heel, klaté-ne (on) my heel, slaté-ne (on) your heel, lalaté-ne (on) his heel, yelaté-ne (on) her heel, waklatanú-waks my heel hurts. Base: -lat-

heel, rub raw See rub the skin raw on one's heel heels, be high See high heels, be heels, walk on teklatotáti7 I'm walking on my heels, tehalatotáti7 he's walking on his heels, teyelatotáti7 she's walking on her heels. kA 7 nya7tyelatotáti7 she went back on her heels. Base: .latotatye- plus te- dualic heels, walk on the outside of tehalatakalA-le7 he's walking on the outside of his heels (so that his shoes get worn down on the outside), teyelatakalA-le7 she's walking on the outside of her heels. Base: .latakalAhle- plus te- dualic hell

onéshu7.

hello

shekólih.

help kheya7takénhas I'm helping her or them, luwaya 7takénhas they help him. kheya7takénhA I have helped her. wa 7kheya 7takénha 7 I helped her or them, wahoya7takénha7 he helped him, Asaya 7takénha 7 it will help you, Ayakoya 7takénha 7 it will help her, Akwaya 7takénha 7 I or we (excl.) will help you, Ahsya 7takénha 7 you will help out, akheyatakénha7 I should help her or them, ahiya7takénha7 I should help him, ahoya7takénha7 he should help him, ayakoya 7takénha 7 it should help her. takya 7takénha Help me! tekya7takénhas I help out, tekheya7takénhas I help them, Atekya7takénha7 I will help out. Base: -ya ? takenha-

English-Oneida 1039

help, be helping out kheya7takenhá-u I help her out a lot. yáh tehoya7takenhá'U it didn't help him. Base: -ya ? takenha ? help, be helping out one another teyukwatatya7takenhá-u we help one another a lot. Base: .atatya ? takenha ? - plus tedualic help one another tetwatatya7takénhas we (incl.) are helping one another. teyukwatatya?takénhA we have helped one another. Base: .atatya ? takenha- plus tedualic help oneself katatya?takénhas myself. wa7katatya7takénha7 helped myself. Base: -atatya ? takenha-

I help I

hem See roll up; hem hem cloth wa7tyekAhakwátho7 she put a hem on the cloth (e.g., a blanket). Base: .kAhakwatho- plus tedualic hemlock See pine; hemlock hepatica

kutilu-tánunhe7.

herd See drive; drive away Here! kóh. here kAh here, this location. kAh núhere, over here here, right here kA7 right here. kA 7 nú- right here, this location here, right here kA-tho.

hiccup wakhnyó-skalus I have the hiccups, lohnyó-skalus he's hiccuping, yakohnyó-skalus she's hiccuping. wahohnyó-skalu7 he started to hiccup, Ahohnyó-skalu 7 he will hiccup, lohnyó-skaluskwe7 he was hiccuping. Base: -hnyo ? skaluhickory nékh or

onu-kála7.

hide See leather; hide hide katahsétha7 I keep hiding, yatahsétha7 the two (m.) hide. ivakatahséhtu I'm hiding, lotahséhtu he's hiding. wa 7katáhsehte 7 I hid, Akatáhsehte7 I will hide, satáhset Hide! wa7kalahsi7táhsehte7 I hid my feet, salahsi7táhset Hide your feet! wa7katahyáhsehte7 I hid the berries (so someone else couldn't have them). wa7kathwistáhsehte7 I hid the money. Base: -atahsehthide facts; keep a secret klihwahsétha7 I hide the facts. waklihwahséhtu I'm keeping it a secret, yukwalihwahséhtu we have hidden the fact. wa7klihwáhsehte7 I hid the fact. Base: -lihwahsehthide, go along hiding lotahsehtuháti7 7 he's hiding about. kA nyahotahsehtuháti7 here he's going along hiding, he's prowling. Base: -atahsehtuhatyehide here and there lutahsehtányuhe7 they (m.) are hiding all over. wahutahsehtáni7 they (m.) hid all over. Base: -atahsehtanyu-

1040 English-Orieida

hide something from someone kuyahsehtA-níhe7 I hide it from you, lakwahsehtA-níhe7 he hides it from me. yukwahsehtAní she or someone has hidden it from me, lakwahsehtAni he has hidden it from me. wa7kuyahséhtA7 I hid it from you. Base: -ahsehtAni-/-ahseht Ahide something or someone kahsétha 7 I keep hiding things, lahsétha7 he keeps hiding things, kuya7tahsétha7 I hide you, loya7tahsétha? he keeps hiding him. wakahséhtu I'm hiding it, lohséhtu he's hiding it, yohséhtu she (z.) or it is hiding it, loya7tahséhtu he's hiding him. wahséhtu it's hidden. wa7káhsehte7 I hid it, waháhsehte7 he hid it, wa 7úhsete 7 she hid it. takya7táhset Hide me! etsya7táhset Hide him! kahséthahkwe7 I used to hide it. wakahsehtú-ne7 I had hidden it (but it's found again). Akahséthake7 I will be hiding it. Awakahsehtúhake7 I will have it hidden, na 7úhsete 7 how or where she hid it. Base: -ahseht-/-ya ? tahsehthide things here and there kahsehtányuhe7 I'm hiding things here and there, wakahsehtáni7 I have hidden things. wa7kahsehtáni7 I hid things. kahsehtanyúhahkwe7 I used to hide things. Base: -ahsehtanyuhide things here and there going along wakahsehtanyuháti7 I'm hiding things as I go along. wakahsehtanyuhátyehse7 I'm going

around hiding things here and there. Base: -ahsehtanyuhatyehide-and-seek

teyutatahtú-tha7.

high, be high; have high sides teyóhses it's high, it comes up high (any object having sides, e.g., a bowl, boots), yáh só-tsi7 tha7teyóhses it's not too deep. Base: .hses- plus te- dualic high, be not high kA 7 na 7teyohsésha it's not high. Base: .hsesha plus kA? particle and na ? te- partitive and dualic high heels, be tekala-tés high heels. Base: .lates- plus te- dualic high up, be é nik thótte7 he's up there, he's very important, é-nik tyótte7 it's high up. a7é- nityótte7 it's so high. tó- nityótte7 how high is it? tónithótte7 how high up there is he, how important is he? tó• nityakótte7 how important is she? kók nithótte7 his rank is only so high. Base: .atte- plus t- cislocative hill onutahalá-ke on top of the hill. onutahalákta7 near the hill. onutahalokú down at the bottom of the hill. Pre-pausal: onutahalo-kú. Base: -nutahalhill, be a hill yonutáhele7 hill. Base: -nutahelhill, be a hill standing (there's) a hill. Base: -nutahalot-

(there's) a

yonutáhalote7

hill, be a little hill or mound yonu-té(it's) a little hill, a little mound (e.g., the little mound that one makes when planting something), tsi7

English-Oneida 1041

tyonu-té• there at that mound. Base: -nutehill, be a little hill standing yonu-tóte7 (it's) a small hill or mound (e.g., an anthill). Base: -nutothill, be several little hills yonuténi7 (there are) a lot of little hills or mounds. Base: -nutenyuhill, be the middle of tsha7teyonutiyó (it's) the middle of the hill. Prepausal: tsha7teyonuti-yá Base: .nutiyo- plus tsha ? tecoincident and dualic hill, go down See go downhill hill, go up See go uphill hill of plants tekana7kúhslake hills of plants. skana7kúhslat hill of plants. Base: -na'kuhsl-

two one

hilly, be See go downhill hint at; mention thalihwake7tótha7 he doesn't want to come right out and say it, so he hints around at it. tahalihwake7to-tA• he hinted around at it. Base: .lihwake?tot- plus t- cislocative hip onhúskala7 hip. kenhuskalá-ke my hips, senhuskalá-ke your hips, lanhuskalá-ke his hips, yenhuskalá-ke her hips. wa7tkatenhuskályahke7 I broke my hip. wakenhuskalanú-waks I have a pain in my hips. Base: -nhuskal-

hire latAnhahse7 he's always hiring. wakatAnhá-u I have hired. wa7katAnhane7 I hired, I asked for something to be done. thutAnhahse7 they (m.) are hiring there. Base: -atAnha 7 hire, go to hire wa7katAnhá-sle7 I'm going there to hire. Pre-pausal: wa 7katAnhá-sele7 Base: -atAnha ? slhire someone; ask or tell someone to do something kúnhahse7 I keep hiring you, I ask you to do it, línhahse 7 I hire him, lakénhahse7 he hires me, lónhahse7 he hires him, he tells him what to do, shakónhahse 7 he hires her or them, yutaténhahse7 she or someone hires her. kunhá-u I have hired you, lonhá-u he has hired him, shakotinhá-u they (m.) have hired her or them, luwatinhá-u someone has hired them (m.). wahakénhane7 7 he hired me, wahónhane he hired him, wa7shakónhane7 he hired her or them, wa 7ukénhane 7 she or they hired me, wa7shakotínhane7 they (m.) hired her or them, wahuwánhane 7 someone or they told him to do it, Akúnhane7 I will hire you, Askénhane7 you will hire me, Ayesánhane 7 someone or they will hire you, Ahuwatínhane7 they will hire them (m.), a-kúnhane7 I would hire you, I would get you to do it, ayutaténhane7 they should tell her to do it. linha7ú-ne7 I had hired him. utayesánhane7 they should hire you there, utahuwánhane7 they should hire him there. Base: -nha ? hired work akenhá-tsli7 my hired person, akonhá-tsli7 her hired person. Pre-pausal: akonhá tshelP.

1042 English-Orieida

kenha 7tsli-sáks I'm looking for work, wakenha7tslisakú I have looked for work, wa7kenha7tsli-sáke7 I looked for work. kenha7tslo-lA-se7 I keep finding someone to work, wakenha7tslolA-u I have found work, I have found someone to work, wa7kenha7tslo-lAne7 I found work, I found someone to work, wa7katenha7tslo-lAne7 I found somebody to work or hire. wakenha7tslayé-wahse7 I can't find work, Aivakenha 7tslayé-wha 7 I won't find work. Base: -nha'tslhit See strike; bat hit; beat with the fist lakú-leks he's hitting her (z.) or it, lokú-leks he's hitting him. lakuhlekú he has hit her (z.) or it, lokuhlekú he has hit him. wahikú-leke7 I hit him, wahakkú-leke7 he hit me, wahyakú-leke7 he hit you, wahakú-leke7 he hit her (z.) or it, wahokú-leke7 he hit him, wa7shakokú-leke7 he hit her or them, wahuwakú-leke7 she or they hit him, Ahakú-leke7 he will hit it, ahakú-leke7 he should hit it. lakú-lek Let him hit it! lakú-lekskwe7 he used to hit it, lokú-lekskwe7 he used to hit him. lakuhleku-hné• he hit her (z.) (at one time), lokuhleku-hné• he hit him (at one time). Ahakuhlékseke7 he will be hitting it. ahakuhlékseke7 he should have been hitting it. Ahakuhlekúhake7 he will have hit her (z.) or it. ahakuhle-kúke7 he should have hit her (z.) or it, ashakokuhlekúhake7 he should have hit her or them. sashakokú-leke7 he hit her again. Base: -kuhlek-

hit in the face with one's fist or hand laksohkwawíshAhe7 he keeps slapping me in the face. wahihsohkwaivíshA7 I hit him, iva7shakohsohkwawíshA7 he slapped her or someone. Base: -hsohkwawishAhit one another with an object tekyatatyAtha7 the two (z.) are hitting one another with something, tehyatatyAtha7 the two (m.) are hitting one another with something. tehonatatyAhtu they (m.) have hit one another with something. wa7thutátyAhte7 they (m.) hit one another with something. Base: .atatyAht- plus te- dualic hit with an object; score liyAtha 7 I hit him with it. waha-yAhte7 he scored (e.g., in hockey), wahi-yAhte7 I hit him with it, waho-yAhte7 he hit him with it, wa7shako-yAhte7 he hit her with it, aho-yAhte7 he should hit him with it. sahi-yAhte7 I hit him with it again. Base: -yAhthit with repeatedly liyAhtányuhe7 I keep hitting him with it over and over. wahiyAhtáni7 I hit him with it more than once, wa7shakoyAhtáni7 he hit her several times with it. Base: -yAhtanyuhitch See hook; drape over; harness hockey stick

teyotnakalá-ktu.

hoe kaneklóskalus I'm hoeing. lonekloskalú he has hoed. wa 7kaneklóskalu 7 I hoed, Ayakwaneklóskalu7 we (excl.) will hoe, akaneklóskalu 7 I should hoe. saneklóskalu Hoe! Base: -anekloskalu-

English-Oneida 1043

hoe AyakwatAnekloskalu7 we (excl.) will hoe, ahutAnekloskalu7 they (m.) should hoe. Base: -atAnekloskaluhoe atshó'kta7 my hoe.

hoe.

akwatshó-kta7

hold íkhawe7 I'm holding it, I have it (in my possession), láhawe7 he's holding it, yéhawe7 she's holding it, káhawe7 she (z.) is holding it, liya7táhawe7 I'm holding him (e.g., a baby), kheya7táhawe7 I'm holding her or someone, sha-wák Hold it! kha-wáhkwe7 I was holding it. Akha-wáke7 I will hold it, Asha-wáke7 you will hold it. thó tyéhawe7 she's holding it there. Base: -haw-/-ya ? tahawhold around the neck shakohnya7sawá-ku he has his arms around her neck, lihnya7sawá-ku I'm holding him around the neck, luwahnya7sawá-ku she's holding him around the neck. Base: -hnya ? sawa ? khold back; not want to do something tewakaláhsalA7 someone wants me to do something but I don't want to do it, I'm not committed to doing it, teyakoláhsalA7 she doesn't want to do something, teholáhsalA7 he doesn't want to do something, he's holding back (e.g., making excuses so as not to do it). wa7tkaláhsalA7 I didn't want to do it, wa 7thaláhsalA 7 he didn't want to do it. Base: .alahsalA- plus te- dualic hold one back See bother, be bothersome; hold one back hold onto, be holding onto wakyenawá-ku I'm holding onto it,

loyenawá-ku he's holding onto it, kuyenawá-ku I'm holding onto you, liyenawá-ku I'm holding onto him, shakoyenawá-ku he has his arms around her. loyenawa7kú-ne7 he was holding onto it, liyenawa7kú-ne7 I was holding onto him. Ahiyenawa7kúhake7 I will be holding onto him. Base: -yenawa?khold onto; keep; use up latyenawásta7 he's holding onto it, he's keeping or preserving it, he's using it up. wakatyenawástu I'm holding onto it (e.g., for support, or to keep it). wa7katye-náwaste7 I held onto it. Base: -atyenawasthold, take hold of a part of someone's body wa7kuhnyá-sa7 I put my arms around your neck, wa7shakohnyá-sa7 he put his arms around her neck, Akuhnyá-sa7 I will hold you around the neck, takhnyá-sa Put your arms around my neck! tashakohsi-ná• he took hold of her leg. wahaknAtsha7 he took me by my arm, wa 7shakonAtsha 7 he took her by her arm, tashakonAtsha7 there (or then) he took her by her arm. wa7shakoshnúhsa7 he took hold of her hand. Base: -N-ahold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest kye-nás I take hold of it, wakye-nás it catches up with me, I'm getting fits, loye-nás it catches up with him, he's getting fits. wakyenA I have taken hold of it, I have received it. wa7kye-ná• I grabbed hold of it, I grabbed her (z.), I received it, wahoye-ná• he caught him, he arrested him, Ayeye-ná• she or someone will receive it,

1044 English-Orieida

Ashakoye-ná• he will hold onto her, Askwaye-ná• you all will take hold of me or us, Ahyaye-ná• he will take hold of you. tsye-ná Hold on to it! ahAtsyaye-ná• he should catch fish. Base: -yenahole oshu-wáku in the hole. kateshuyu-níhe7 I'm making a hole, wakateshuyuní I have made or dug a hole, Ahsateshuyu-ní• you will dig a hole, sateshuyu-ní Dig a hole! Base: -shuwhole, be yoshu-wé• (there's) a hole. Base: -shuwehole, be a hole; an opening yoká-lute7 it's an opening or hole (e.g., a hole in my sock), tsi7 nú-niyoká-lute7 the place where there's a hole. Base: -kahluthole, be a hole in the ground; a cave or tunnel yauhwAtsyaká-lute7 (it's) a cave, a tunnel. Base: -uhwAtsyakahluthole, be a hole in the ground that's extended yauhwAtsyakahlutáti7 it's an ongoing hole in the ground, an extended tunnel. Base: -uhwAtsyakahlutatyehole, be a hole in the rock; a cave yotstAhlaká-lute7 there's a hole in the rock, (it's) a cave. Base: -itstAhlakahluthole, be deep See deep hole, be hole, be several yokahlu-túmany different holes. Base: -kahlutu-

there are

hole, make a hole or opening wahakahlu-táte7 he made a hole, Ayakwakahlu-táte7 we (excl.) will

make a hole, ahawisakahlu-táte7 he should make a hole in the ice. Base: -kahlutathole, make a hole or opening kkahlutátsta7 I'm making a hole or opening, lakahlutátsta7 he's making a hole, lokahlutátstu he has made a hole, wahakahlu-tátste7 he made a hole. Base: -kahlutatsthole, make deeper keshuwétsta7 I'm digging the hole deeper. wa7keshu-wétste7 I made the hole deeper. Base: -shuweststholler; yell tewakhAlétha7 I'm yelling, tehohAlétha7 he hollers, teyohAlétha 7 she (z.) or it is yelling, tesnihAlétha7 you two are hollering. wa7twakhA-léhte7 I hollered, wa7thohA-léhte7 he hollered, wa7tyakohA-léhte7 she hollered, wa7tyohA-léhte7 she (z.) or it hollered, wa7thotihA-léhte7 they (m.) yelled, wa7tyotihA-léhte7 they (z.) yelled, tAwakhA-léhte7 I will yell. tesahA-lét Yell! ya7twakhA-léhte7 I hollered over (to you), ya?tyakohA-léhte7 she hollered over there, yáh tha?tehotihA'léhte7 they (m.) won't yell. Base: .hAleht- plus te- dualic holler; yell; go to holler or yell tewakhAlehtá-ne7 I'm going to holler. teyotihAlehtá-nehse7 they (z.) are yelling around. Base: .hAlehta'n- plus te- dualic hollow, be yo7wha-lóte7 it's hollow, it's the hollow part of something (a tree, a tooth). Base: -'whalot-

English-Oneida 1045

home, arrive See arrive home home, be at See sit, be sitting; be at home home, be going home tutayonahtAtyuháti7 they (z.) are coming home, they're on their way home. tsha7tutahonahtAtyuháti7 when they (m.) are on their way home. Base: .ahtAtyuhatye- plus tutadualic and cislocative home, be left home by oneself kanuhsanúnha7 I'm home by myself (looking after the house), yakyanuhsanúnha7 we two (excl.) are home by ourselves, all alone. wa 7kanuhsanú-nawA 7 I was home by myself. Base: -anuhsanun-/ -anuhsanuhnawAhome, go home skahtAtyehse7 I keep going home. shohtAti he has gone home, shonahtAti they (m.) have gone home, tsyonahtAti they (z.) have gone home. sakahtA-tí- I left again, I went home, I'm on my way home, suhtA-tí- she (z.) or it went home, sayakyahtA-tí- we two (excl.) went home, sahyahtA-tí• the two (m.) went home, sahuhtA'tí• they (m.) went home, AsehsahtA-tí• you will go home, AtsyuhtA-tí• she will go home. tshusakahtA-tí- when I went home. tshyusahuhtA-tí• when they (m.) went home again. Base: .ahtAty-/.ahtAtyu- plus srepetitive home, intend to go home shuhtAtyú-ne7 they (m.) are all going to leave to go home. Base: .ahtAtyu'n- plus s- repetitive

home, leave to go home shonahtAtyúkwA they (m.) have left to go home, they (m.) have taken their leave, sayakwaht Atyu-kó• we (excl.) left to go home. Base: .ahtAtyukw- plus s- repetitive home plate latihwá-eks tehatitAsta 7.

tsi7

home, someone's home tsi7 twakahtAti my place, where I left from, tsi7 tesahtAti your place, tsi7 thohtAti his place, tsi7 tyakohtAti her place, tsi7 tyukwahtAti our place, tsi7 tyakohtAtyú-ne7 it used to be her home, she used to live there, tsi7 tyukwahtAtyú-ne7 it used to be our home, tsi7 AtyakohtAtyúhake7 that's where she's going to live. Base: .ahtAty- plus tsi7 particle and t- cislocative home, take someone home khe7tlu-hné-se7 I take her or them home. wa7khe7tlu-hná• I took her or them home. khe7tluhnu-hné• I have taken her or them home. sakhe7tlu-hná• I took her or them home again, Aseshe7tlu-hná- you will take her or them home again. Base: -i'tluhnhonest, be wakatlihwakwalíhsi I'm honest, yakotlihwakwalíhsi she's honest, lotlihwakwalíhsi he's honest. Base: -atlihwakwalihsyuhoney See syrup; gum; sap; honey honour; acknowledge; appreciate lolihowanátha7 he's honouring him, he's praising or acknowledging him. lilihowanáhtu I have acknowledged him, I appreciate him.

1046 English-Orieida

wahiliho-wánahte7 I praised him, waholiho-wánahte7 he honoured him, Akuwatiliho-wánahte7 they will honour them (z.). yethiliho-wánat Let's all of us (incl.) praise them! Base: -lihowanahthood

o7wháhsa7.

hook

tewatotálhos.

hook a stick over tetni7nyotálhos you and I (incl.) are draping or hooking our sticks over something (we're facing off in hockey), tehni7nyotálhos the two (m.) are draping their sticks over, they're facing off. wa7thni7nyotálho7 the two (m.) faced off. Base: .'nyotalho- plus te- dualic hook; drape over; harness kotálhos I'm attaching it so that it's draped or hooked over something, kya7totálhos I'm harnessing her (z.) or it. wakotálhu I have draped or hooked it over, yotálhu it's draped or hooked over. wa7kotálho7 I draped it, wa7kheya7totálho7 I harnessed them (e.g., a team of horses), wa 7akoya 7totálho 7 she (z.) harnessed her or them. Base: -otalho-/-ya ? totalhohook one's arm through tehiyatnAtshotálhos I keep putting my arm through his. tehiyatnAtshotálhu I have my arm through his. wa7thiyatnAtshotálho7 I took his arm by putting my arm through his. Base: .atnAtshotalho- plus tedualic hook one's arm through going along tewakatnAtshotalhuháti7 I'm going

along with my arm hooked through something or through someone else's arm, tehotnAtshotalhuháti7 he's going along with his arm hooked through, tehiyatnAtshotalhuháti7 I'm going along with my arm through his. Base: .atnAtshotalhuhatye- plus te- dualic hoop See sinker; ring; hoop hop, go along hopping tekitskútí7 here I am hopping, tehAtskúti7 he's hopping, teyetski'iti7 she's hopping. tekitskútyehse7 I'm hopping around, tehAtskútyehse7 he's hopping around. wa7thAtskúti7 he's going off hopping, tAkitskúti7 I will hop along, elók teshAtskúti7 he's hopping all around. tutakitskúti7 I'm coming along hopping, tutahAtskúti7 he's coming along hopping. Base: .itskutye- plus te- dualic hop here and there tekitskutyéhsluhe7 I'm hopping around all over the place, tehotskutyéhslu7 he has hopped around all over the place. wa7tkitskutyéhslu 7 I hopped around all over the place, wa7tyetskutyéhslu7 she hopped all around (used also when talking about someone who's mad, she's hopping mad). Base: .itskutyehslu- plus te- dualic hoping that something will happen aya-wA-s. horn oná-kala7. Base: -na ? kalhorn, have a horn; be the devil tehoná-kalute7 he has a horn, he's the devil. na7tehoná-kalute7 he has such a horn, he's really behaving

English-Oneida 1047

badly. Base: .na ? kalut- plus te- dualic horn, have horns; be the devil tehona7kalu-tú• he has horns, he's the devil. Base: .na'kalutu- plus te- dualic horse

kohsa-tAs.

horse, ride on the back of waksa-tAhe7 I ride. Awaksa-tA• I will ride, i-kélhe7 akuhsa-tA• I want to give you a piggyback ride. taksa-tA Get on my back! Base: -hsatAhorse, sit on the back of waksáti7 I'm on a horse (and it's moving along), yakohsáti7 she's on a horse, lohsáti7 he's on a horse. Base: -hsatyehorsefly kohsa-tAs tsí-ks. hospital

teyutateshnyé-tha7.

hot, be tekA7túkhwale7 it's hot. tekA7tukhwa-láhkwe7 it was hot. tAkA7tukhwa-láke7 it will be hot. Base: .i ? tukhwal-/. ? tukhwal- plus te- dualic hot, be hot; be warm yo7talíhA it's hot, waka 7talíhA I'm hot, I feel hot, lo7talíhA he's hot, yako 7taIíhA she's hot. yo7talihA-hné• it was hot. Ayo 7talihAhake 7 it will be warm. niyo7talíhA it's so hot, nayo7talihAhake7 it should be that warm. nityo7talíhA it's so hot there. yáh te7yo7talíhA it's not hot. yawAhetshatalíhA the sausages or wieners are hot or spicy. yohnana7tatalíhA the potatoes are warm. yohnekatalíhA the water is hot. yoivelatalíliA it's a warm wind. Base:

-a?talih(A)-/-N-talihA-

hot, become hot; become warm yo7talihA-u it has gotten hot, waka7talihA-u I have gotten warm. ukiva7talíhA7 I got warm. tayo 7tahliA 7 it got warm, Atyo?talíhA7 it will be hot. Base: -a?talihAhot, get hot; heat up u 7talíhahte 7 she (z.) heated it up, it got hot (the weather). saka7talíhahte7 I heated it up again, su 7talíhahte7 it got hot again. Base: -a ? taliha ? thot, get hot now and again u 7taliha 7táni7 it got hot now and again, off and on. Base: -a ? taliha ? tanyuhot, going to get wa7taliha7tá-ne7 going to get hot. Base: -a'taliha'ta'n-

it's

hot sun, be yotahalatalíhA the sun is hot. niyotahalatalíhA the sun is so hot. Base: -atahalatalihAhour See time, be the time or hour house, be standing kanúhsote7 (it's a) house, waknúhsote7 I have a house, my house, lonúhsote7 his house, yonúhsote7 she (z.) or it has a house. Akanuhso-táke7 there will be a house, tkanúhsote7 there's a building there, tsi7 tkanúhsote7 at the house, ohAtú tsi7 tkanúhsote7 in front of the house, thonúhsote7 his house is there, tyonúhsote7 her or its (z.) house is there, thotinúhsote7 their (m.) house is there, tkanuhso-táhkwe7 the house used to stand there, thonuhso-táhkwe7 his house used to stand there, tyukwanuhso-táhkwe7 our house

1048 English-Orieida

used to stand there, nikanúhsote7 where the house or building is standing, tsi7 niyukwanúhsote7 at our house, yáh te7skanúhsote7 the house isn't there anymore. Base: -nuhsothouse, be standing, several kanuhso-túhouses are standing, yukwanuhso-tw our houses are standing, lotinuhso-túthey (m.) have houses standing. tkanuhso-tú• there are several buildings standing there. Base: -nuhsotuhouse; building kanúhsa 7 house, building, aknúhsa7 my house, laonúhsa 7 his house, akonúhsa 7 her house, aotiúhsa7 her (z.) or its house. kanuhsá-ke on the house, kanúsku inside the house, kanuskúshu 7 all through the house, kanuhsákta7 near the house, kanuhsokú under the house. Pre-pausal: kanuhso-kú. akonuhsaktúti7 near around her house. laonuhsa7kA his former house, nikanúhsa7 the house is such a size, nihotinúhsahse7 their (m.) houses are that big. tewatnuhsata-séhe7 she (z.) or it is going around the house, wa7tkatnuhsata-sé• I went around the house, wa7thatnuhsata-séhe went around the house. teyakotnuhsataseháti7 she's going around the house, onuhsakayú old house, tshiyonuhsakayú when it was an old house. tyukwanuhsáksA our house there is bad, niyukwanuhsáksA we have such a bad house. teyakonuhsanú-yanit her house is dirty. wa7katnuhsahni-nú• I sold a house, wahiyatnuhsahni-nú-se7

I

sold him a house, wa7kheyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 a house, tyonuhsatho-lé•

I sold her the build-

ing there is cold, tyukwanuhsatho-léour house there is cold. kAh na7kanúhsati7 it's on this side of the house, a 7é- na7kanúhsati7 it's on the other side of the house, tsi7 yotnúhsate 7 it's at the end of the house, latnuhsu-níhe7 he's building a house, lonatnuhsuní they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu-ní• he built a house, thutnuhsu-níhe7 they . (m.) are building houses there, tshutahutnuhsu-ní• when they (m.) were building the building there, yáh te7shotnuhsuní he was no longer building the house, kanúhses it's a longhouse. wa7knuhsakala-táte7 I raised up the house, tsi7 niyonuhsahnilú it's a good solid house, wahinuhsahni-nú• I bought a house from him, wa7khenuhsahni-núI bought a house from her. wahinuhsahni-nú-se7 I bought him a house, kanuhsiyó it's a nice house, kanuhsiyo-hné• it was a nice house at one time, lotinuhsi-yó-se7 they (m.) have nice houses, tsi7 nikanuhsi-yó-se7 they're such nice houses, tsi7 nithotinuhsiyó they (m.) have such a nice building there. tsha7tekanuhsiyó in the middle of the house, one half of the house. tahonuhsi-yóne7 he got the best house, latinuhsaká-tshyus they (m.) are tearing down the building, thotinuhsaká-tshi they (m.) have torn down the building there. tekanúhsake two houses. wa7teknuhsakháhsi7 I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakháhsi the room is divided. yonuhsowanA her (z.) house is big, kanuhsowanA it's a big room or house, tkanuhsowa-nA-se7 there are big buildings there. wa7onuhsatalíhA7 the house warmed up, yáh thayonuhsatalíhA7 the house

English-Oneida 1049

wouldn't warm up. kanuhsanákle7 there are a lot of houses to be had. kanuhsano-lú• the house is expensive. nikanuhsó-tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhsó-tA the kind of house he has. tsha7tekanuhsó-tA it's the same kind of house, skanúhsat one house. wa7twaknuhsu-kó• I ran or bumped into the house. tkanuhsuni-hné• there or then the house was built, wahatinuhsunyáni7 they (m.) built several houses. waknuhsayé-wahse7 I can't find a place to live, uknuhsayé-wha7 I couldn't find a place to live. waknúhsayA7 I have a house. Base: -nuhshouse, finish building See finish building a house housecoat; robe atyá-tawi7t.

tyutketskwátha7

housefly tsí-ks. How about it? How goes it? átskwe. how far tó• niyo-lé-. how long tó• ná-ye7. how many tó• niku. Pre-pausal: tónikú. hug someone See grab at someone hummingbird lauláu. hump, be See lump, be a lump or hump hunch over See stoop over; hunch over hundred tew A 7nyáwelu 7. hunger for See crave hungry, get katuhkálya7ks I'm hungry, latuhkálya 7ks he's hungry,

yutuhkálya7ks she's hungry. wa7katuhkályahke7 I got hungry, Akatuhkályahke7 I will get hungry, akatuhkályahke7 I should get hungry, yáh te7katuhkálya7ks I'm not hungry. Base: -atuhkalya ? khunt lato-láts he's hunting, lotolatú he has hunted, wahato-láte7 he hunted, sato-lát Hunt! tahato-láte7 he hunted there, yahato-láte7 he hunted over there. Base: -atolathunt, go along hunting lotolatuháti7 he's going along hunting. thotolatuhátyehse7 he's there and he's hunting as he goes along. yehotolatuhátyehse7 he's over there and he's hunting as he goes along, yahotolatuháti7 he went along somewhere hunting. Base: -atolatuhatyehunt, go to hunt latoláthe7 he has come here to hunt, latoláthehse7 he goes hunting, lotoláthu he has gone hunting, wa 7katolátha 7 I'm going hunting, wahatolátha 7 he's going hunting, wahyatolátha7 the two (m.) went hunting, Akatolátha7 I will go hunting, Ahyatolátha7 the two (m.) will go and hunt, ahatolátha 7 he should go hunting, ahutolátha7 they (m.) should go hunting, wahatoláthene7 he was going to go hunting. wakatolathu-hné• I went hunting, lotolathu-hné- he went hunting. thatoláthehse7 he comes here to hunt, tahatolátha 7 he's coming here to hunt, tahatoláthene7 he was going to come here to hunt, yehatoláthe7 he's going to go hunting (when he gets there), yehatoláthehse7 he goes

1050 English-Orieida

around hunting when he's there, thó yehatoláthene7 he was going to go there to hunt. Base: -atolathhurriedly kaloktehkA• yoshnole 7kékha 7.

or

hurry, be in a hurry tewakeshlíhAhse7 I'm in a hurry (e.g., for something to happen), tehoshlíhAhse7 he's in a hurry, teyakoshlíhAhse7 she's in a hurry. tewakeshlihX-u I'm hurrying. wa7twakeshlíhA7 I hurried, wa7tyuknishlúiA7 we two rushed, tAwakeshlíhA 7 I'm going to hurry, tAhoshlíhA7 he's going to hurry, tayakoshlíhA7 she should hurry. tesashlíhA Hurry! na7tewakeshlíhAhse7 I'm in such a hurry, na7tehotishlíhAhse7 they (m.) are in such a hurry. Base: .shlih(A)- plus te- dualic hurry, go along in a hurry tewakeshlihA7uháti7 I'm in a hurry, tehoshlihA 7uháti7 he's in a hurry, teyakoshlihA7uháti7 she's in a hurry. Base: .shlihA'uhatye- plus tedualic hurry, make hurry wa7tkeshlíhahte7 7 I made it go fast, wa thishlíhahte7 I made him go faster, I hurried him up. Base: .shliha't- plus te- dualic hurry up See fast, do fast; do quickly hurt; ache wakya7tanú-waks my body aches, loya7tanú-waks his body aches, yakoya7tanú-waks her body aches. Ahoya7tanú-wake7 his body will ache. loya7tanú-wakskwe7 his body was aching. wakahsi7tanú'ivaks my feet hurt. wakahuhtanú-waks I have an ear-

ache. wakahyakwilanú-waks my toe hurts. wakhnAhsanú-waks my shoulder hurts, lohnAhsanú-waks he has sore shoulders. lohnitshanú-waks he has sore thighs, waksinanú-waks my leg hurts. waksiniko7tanú-waks my ankle hurts. wakhu7kwanú-waks I have a sore throat. wakhyAhtanú-waks my gums are sore, sakahlanú-waks your eye hurts, waklatanú-waks my heel hurts, waknawilanú-waks I have a toothache. waknAtshanú-waks my arm hurts, ivakenhuskalanú-waks I have a pain in my hips. waknikwA7tanú-waks I have a bellyache, waknutsistanú-waks I have a headache. wakenyalanú-waks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanú-waks her neck hurts, loshnuhsanú-waks his hand is hurting, wakeshwanú-waks my back hurts, Akeshwanú-wake7 I will have a sore back, yáh thayakoshwanú-wake7 she or someone won't have a sore back. yakautshanú-waks her knees are aching. lo7nyuhsanú-waks his nose hurts. Base: -N-nuhwak-/ -ya'tanuhwakhurt, be hurting yonuhwákte7 it hurts. yonuhwáktehkwe7 it was hurting (but it's not anymore). Ayonuhwákteke7 it will hurt, tsi7 7 niyonuhwákte does it ever hurt. Base: -nuhwakt(e)hurt, get hurt; hurt someone waknú-lya7ks it hurts me, lonú-lya7ks he keeps getting hurt, laknú-lya7ks he keeps hurting me. waknuhlyá-ku it has hurt me, I was hurt, lonuhlyá-ku he has gotten hurt,

English-Oneida 1051

laknuhlyá-ku he has hurt me. uknú-lyahke7 I got hurt, wahonú-lyahke7 he got hurt, wahaknú-lyahke7 he hurt me, wahinú-lyahke7 I hurt him, Ahonú-lyahke7 he will get hurt. lonú-lya7kskwe7 he used to get hurt (now and again). lonuhlya7kú-ne7 he was hurt (but he's better now). the'tA- thonuhlyá-ku yesterday he got hurt, yáh te7yukwanuhlyá-ku we weren't hurt, tshahonú-lyahke7 when he got hurt. lohsi7tanuhlyá-ku he hurt his foot. lonAtshanuhlyá-ku he hurt his arm. Base: -nuhlya?khurt oneself latatnú-lya7ks he's hurting himself, lotatnuhlyá-ku he has hurt himself, wahatatnú-lyahke7 he hurt himself. Base: -atatnuhlya ? khurt someone's feelings shako 7nikuhlanú-lya7ks he hurts her or someone's feelings. wahi7nikuhlanú-lyahke7 I hurt his feelings.

Base: - ? nikuhlanuhlya ? khurt someone's feelings; make someone feel bad lo7nikuhlaksá-tha7 something comes along to make him feel bad. lake7nikuhlaksá-tu he has made me feel bad (intentionally). waho7nikuhláksahte7 he made him feel bad, he hurt his feelings, wa7khe?nikuhláksahte7 I made her feel bad. Base: - ? nikuhlaksa ? thusband See spouse husk corn latinolótshyus they (m.) are husking corn, wa 7knolótshi7 I husked corn, nyehatinolótshyus they (m.) are husking corn there. Base: -nolotshyuhusk corn, go to husk corn wa7knolutshyú-na7 I'm going to go husk corn, Aknolotshyú-na7 I will go to husk corn. Base: -nolotshyu'nhut, put up See put up a shanty or roof

I I; myself; we; ourselves; as for me or us v or ni7í\ ice cream

yoshe7lhawísto.

ice, get covered in yowisakwAhtálhu it's covered in ice. wa7kawisakwAhtálho7 it got all icy. Base: -wisakwAhtalhoice; glass; window o-wíse7 ice, glass. owisá-ke on the ice, on the window. owi-sáku in the glass.

yukwatwisakalatatú we have the window raised up, wa7katwisakala-táte7 I raised my window up. wa7utwisohaléni7 she washed the windows, yutwisohalenyúhahkwe7 she was washing windows, lutwisu-níhe7 they (m.) are making ice. yewakwisúti I have added ice to it (e.g., to a drink). wa7utwisóhale7 she washed the window. wa7katwiso-kéwe7 I wiped my glasses, I wiped the window.

1052 English-Orieida

tahowi-sú- he handed him a glass. takawi-sAne7 the glass fell, the window fell. wahowi-sA-se7 he dropped the glass, wakwisakalatatú I have raised up the window, the sheet of glass, wa7kwisakala-táte7 I raised up the window or glass, swisakala-tát Put the window up! teyowisahlí-u the glass or window is broken. wa7twakwisá-lihse7 the glass broke on me. kawi-sóte 7 a glass is standing, ahawisakahlwtáte7 he should make a hole in the ice. tekawi-sáke two glasses. tekawisakeháti7 there are two glasses at a time. wa7kwiso-kéwe7 I wiped the glass, sayewisokewáni7 she wiped the windows again. lawisóhalehe7 he washes windows, wa7ewisóhale7 she washed the glass, teyowisastaláthe7 the glass is shiny, skawi-sát one glass, yáh te7skawi-sát it doesn't have any glass any more (e.g., a window where all the glass is broken), kawisatáli7 the windows are in. wa7tekwisi-yáke7 I crossed the ice, ya7tusahawisi-yá-ke7 he went back across the ice. yeyowisa?klúnyuhe7 there are pieces of ice floating in it. Base: -wisice storm, be See freezing rain; hail; be an ice storm icy, be yowísle7 it's icy. Pre-pausal: yowísele7. Base: -wisl(e)icy, be yowi-sále7 it's icy. Base: -wisalicy, be several yowisa-lú• several things are icy. Base: -wisalu-

icy, become tekawisútha7 it's icy. teyowi-súte7 it has become icy, it's just a sheet of ice. wa7tkawisu-tA- it became icy. Base: .wisut- plus te- dualic idea, come up with tyelihotákwas she's the one who comes up with or thinks of ideas. tyakolihotákwA she has come up with an idea. tayelihota-kó• she came up with an idea, tahalihota-kó• he came up with an idea. Isé• taslihota-kó You come up with an idea! Base: .lihotakw- plus t- cislocative idea, get an idea twake7nikuhla-wíhe7 I get the idea all the time, twake 7nikuhlawí it has given me an idea. tuke7nikú-lawA7 it gave me an idea, Atwake7nikú-lawA7 it will give me an idea. Base: .'nikuhlawi-Z.'nikuhlawAplus t- cislocative idea, give someone khelihwa-wíhe7 I'm giving her or them the idea, lolihwa-wíhe7 he's giving him the idea or the word, he's giving him information, khelihwawí I have given her or them the idea. Akhelí-WA 7 I will give her or them the idea. Base: -lihwawi-/-lihwAideas, put together tehalihwakhányuhe7 he's putting ideas together, teholihwakháni7 he has put ideas together. wa7tehalihwakháni7 he put ideas together. Base: .lihwakhanyu- plus tedualic if tá-t.

English-Oneida

if so; when kanyó-. ill, become See sick, become ill health, have See unwell, be unwell; be sickly illness See disease imitate; copy someone tekhena7kela-níhe7 I'm imitating her or someone. tekhena7kelaní I have imitated her or someone. takhena7ke-IA• I imitated her or someone, Atekhena7ke-IA• I will imitate her or someone. Base: .na?kelani-/.na?kelA- plus tcislocative immerse in water See baptize; immerse in water impatient, be impatient; be urgent tewakeshlíha7t I'm impatient, tehoshlíha7t he's impatient, teyakoshlíha 7t she's impatient, teyoshlíha7t it's urgent. Pre-pausal: teyoshlihaht. teyoshliha7tú-ne7 it was urgent. tAyoshliha 7túhake 7 it will be urgent, né- tetyoshlíha7t it's the most urgent, tsi7 na7teyoshlíha7t it's really urgent or important. Base: .shliha ? t- plus te- dualic impatient, become See give up waiting; become impatient important, be See high up, be important, be yolihwákste7 it's important, it's a weighty matter. Base: -lihwasteimportant, older person okwaná-ta 7 important, older person, lokwaná-ta7 older or important person (m.). lotikwana7ta7shúha older people. Base: -kwana ? t-

1053

in, be i-wát there's something in it. yáh té-wat there's nothing in it. kahne-kát there's water in it (e.g., a bubble of water in something where you didn't intend there to be water). kawe-lát there's air in it (e.g., a tire). Base: -at-/-t-/-etin, be kyá-tit I'm in it, layá-tit he's in it, yeyá-tit she's in it, kayá-tit she (z.) or it is in it. Ahaya7ti-táke7 he will stay in it. ahniya7ti-táke7 the two (m.) should stay in it. wá-it there's fruit in it. wa7a-lít there's a net in it (e.g., the net in an Aladdin lamp), wa 7kA-lit there's dirt in it. kanawá-tstit there's mud in it. kanyAhtit there's snow in it. kashéstit there's syrup in it. Base: -N-it-/-ya?titin, be i-kále7 there's something in it. Base: -1in, be in something moving watákhe 7 something is in something and it's going by, it's being transported (e.g., something is in a little train going by). a7é- utákhe7 it's in something moving away. Base: -atakhein, be in something moving, riding kya7titákhe7 I'm in something moving along (e.g., a car), I'm riding in it. tayeya7titákhe7 she's in something coming along. Base: -ya ? titakhein, be in something moving, riding along Ahatiya7titakhenútye7 they (m.) will be riding along in it. elók shatiya7titakhenúti7 they (m.) keep getting in something moving (e.g., rides at a fair). Base: -ya ? titakhenutye-

1054 English-Orieida

in, for several to be in something watáli7 several of something are inside of something. Base: -atalyuin, for several to be in something ka-lúit has several in it. Base: -luin, for several to be in something moving ivatakhenúti7 several items are being transported. Base: -atakhenutyein, have something in something yothne-kát it has water in it, lothne-kát he has water in him (e.g., he's sick and he has water in his lungs). Base: -at-N-atin-law, different generation yukyenhúsa7 my mother-in-law, lakyenhúsa7 my father-in-law, kheyenhúsa7 my daughter-in-law, liyenhúsa7 my son-in-law, yesayenhúsa7 your mother-in-law, yayenhúsa7 your father-in-law, luwayenhúsa7 his mother-in-law, or both his in-laws. Base: -yenhusa7 in-law, same generation See sister-inlaw and brother-in-law

Indian language See Native way; Indian language industrious, be industrious; be energetic; be a hard worker waketshá-nit I'm energetic, I'm a hard worker, yakotshá-nit she's a hard worker, lotshá-nit he's a hard worker. yakotshahnihtú-ne7 she was energetic, a hard worker, lotshahnihtú-ne7 he used to be energetic. Ayakotshahnihtúhake7 she will be energetic, a hard worker. tsi7 niwaketshá-nit I'm so smart, tsi7 niyakotshá-nit she's so industrious, tsi7 niyotitshá-nit they (z.) are so smart, industrious, shekú tshiyakotshá-nit she was still a good worker. Base: -tshahnihtindustrious, become industrious; become energetic wahotshahníhtane7 he became industrious, energetic, or smart, Awaketshahníhtane7 I will become smart. Base: -tshahnihta 7 infant, be See baby, be influence someone See take along with; influence inform See report information

inch See thumb; unit of measure

inform See send word; notify; inform

incision, make See cut into

inform on someone See report someone; inform on someone

indeed; well; anyway kwi-. independent, be See try to do things on one's own Indian agent lakolá. Pre-pausal: lako-lá.

informed, be well-informed; be wise; be stingy kattókha 7 I'm well-informed, I'm right on top of things, I'm stingy, lattókha7 he's well-informed, he's wise, he's stingy, yuttókha7 she's well-informed, she's wise, she's stingy, lattókhahkwe7 he used to be knowledgeable. Akattókhake7 I will

English-Oneida

be well-informed, yáh te7kattókha7 I don't know about it, yáh te7yuttókha7 she doesn't know about it, she's not all there (she has some loose marbles), yáh tehsattókha7 you're crazy, yáh te7kattókhahkwe7 I didn't know about it, I was foolish. Base: -attokingrown toenail, have wakattsye7elenyu7tuní I have an ingrown toenail, lottsye7elenyu7tuní he has an ingrown toenail, yakottsye7elenyu7tuní she has an ingrown toenail. Pre-pausal: 7tu-ní. yakottsye7elenyu ? Base: -attsye elenyu ? tuniinjure See hurt, get hurt; hurt someone insert kó-loks I'm inserting it, I'm sticking something between something. wakó-lu I have inserted it, I have stuck it in. yó-lu it's stuck, it's inserted (e.g., keys in the ignition). xva7kó-loke7 I inserted it, I stuck it in, Akó-loke7 I will insert it. wakohlú-ne7 I had it stuck in there, yohlú-ne7 it was stuck in. Ayohlúhake7 it will be stuck in. lAtahsó-lu his tail is stuck (e.g., in the ice), thó thAtahsó-lu there his tail is stuck. Base: -ohlok-/-ohl-

1055

yaható-loke7 he crawled in underneath it, ya7utó-loke7 she crawled in underneath it, yAkató-loke7 I will crawl or cut in over there, a 7étaható-loke7 way over there he cut in. thó ya7sató-lok Cut in there! Crawl in there! tshyusahsató-loke7 when you should put yourself in over there again. ya7kalahsi7tó-loke7 I inserted my foot into it (e.g., shoes, slippers). ya7katnAtshó-loke7 I inserted my arm into it. Base: .atohlok-/.atohl- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative insert oneself, be inserting oneself yahotohluháti7 he's cutting in, he's crawling in underneath it. Base: .atohluhatye- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative insist thalihivá-leks he keeps insisting on it. tholihwá-lu he's insisting on it, tholihwahlekú he has insisted. tahalihwá-leke7 he insisted, taklihwá-leke7 I insisted. Base: .lihwahlek-/.lihwahl- plus t- cislocative instrument, string instrument o 7no-wáwahsliye7tatáti7. instrument, wind instrument oholó-ta 7 watlAnótha 7.

insert one's penis; copulate i-kélhe7 aku7nó-loke7 I want to have sex with you, wa7shako7nó-loke7 he inserted his penis into her. Base: - ? nohlok-

insulate See double; insulate

insert oneself yeható-loks he keeps cutting in (e.g., in a line of people), he crawls in underneath it, tkató-loks over there I keep cutting or crawling in. yehotohlokú he has cut in or crawled in underneath it.

interested, be tivakatu-tákt I'm interested, I want to do it, tisatu-tákt you're interested, thotu-tákt he's interested, tyakotu-tákt she's interested. Base: .atutakt- plus t- cislocative

integrity, have See nice, be nice or decent; have integrity intend See mean; intend

1056

English-Orieida

interfere See stick one's nose into someone's business; interfere interpret latWAnakala-táts he interprets. kuyatwAnakalatatú I have interpreted for you. 7 wa ?kuyatwAnakala-táte I interpreted for you, 7 wahiyatwAnakala-táte I interpreted for him. Base: -atwAnakalatatintertwined, be See stand, be standing with the arms around one another; be intertwined interval, be an interval; be a certain distance apart kAh na7teka-lú• it's so far apart (while you're speaking you're indicating the distance with your hands), tó-na7teka-lú- how far apart are the intervals? tók na7teka-lú• it's a certain distance apart. Base: .lu- plus na ? te- partitive and dualic intestines See guts; innards; intestines investigate See examine; look to find out; tell the future invite likwátha7 I keep inviting him, lakekwátha 7 he invites me. likwáhtu I have invited him, khekwáhtu I have invited her or them, shakokwáhtu he has invited her or them, etswakwáhtu he has invited you all, luwatikwáhtu she has invited them (m.). wahíkwahte7 I invited him, wa7khékwahte7 I invited her or them, wa7ukékwahte7 she invited me, wa7shukníkwahte7 he invited the two of us. Base: -kwaht-

invite someone to be a part of one's surroundings latukwe7talákwas he invites or chooses someone to join him (or come home with him) and be a part of his household for a time. wakatukwe7talákwA I have chosen someone to stay with me for a time. Akatukwe7tala-kó• I will invite someone to be a part of my household for a time. Base: -atukwe'talakwinvolved, become See do a job; do officially; get involved iron

kalístatsi7.

iron (for clothes)

yelistalhó-tha7.

iron (clothes) klistálhos I'm ironing. waklistálhu I have ironed. wa7klistálho7 I ironed, wa7elistálho7 she ironed, yáh te7yelistálhos she doesn't iron. Base: -listalhoiron, go to iron yakolistalhóhsu she has gone to iron. wa7klistalhóhsa7 I'm on my way to iron, Aklistalhóhsa 7 I will go and iron. Base: -listalhohsiron, piece of iron ka-líste7 piece of iron. wa7elistahla-kó• she took off or lifted up the piece of iron (e.g., a stove lid). Base: -listironwood tsiláhsal

or

tsiláhsalu7.

irritated, become See frustrated, become frustrated; become irritated island See pond, be a small pond or island island; peninsula yohwé-note7 (it's) an island, a peninsula, tyohwé-note7 on

English-Oneida

or at the peninsula. Base: -hwe'notissue See business; matter; news; issue itchy, be yolúhkzva7t it's itchy. Prepausal: yolúhkwaht. Ayoluhkwa?túhake7 it will be itchy. Base: -luhkwa ? titchy, feel itchy waklúhkwanihe7 I'm itchy, lolúhkwanihe7 he's itchy, yakolúhkwanihe7 she's itchy. Base: -luhkwani-

1057

itchy, get itchy on the body ukya 7talúhkwA 7 I'm itching, my body is itchy. wakahsi7talúhkwanihe7 I have an itchy foot. uksinalúhkwA 7 my leg got itchy. wakeshnuhsalúhkwanihe7 my hand is itchy, ukeshnuhsalúhkwA7 my hand got itchy. wake7nyuhsalúhkwanihe7 my nose is itchy. Base: -N-luhkwani-/-N-luhkwA-/ -ya ? taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwA-

J jack up and wedge underneath See wedge underneath jacket See dress; shirt; jacket; coatblouse jackrabbit See rabbit, jackrabbit jail

yutatenhotúkhwa7.

jail, be in kenho-tú• I'm in jail, lanho-tú• he's in jail, lanho-túhkwe7 he was in jail, ninho-túhkwe7 the two (m.) were in jail. Base: -nhotujam in; wedge in tekahsihalátha7 I'm jamming it in (e.g., I jam something in a window to block cold air from coming in), tehohsihaláhtu he has jammed it in. wa7tkahsíhalahte7 I jammed it in. Base: .ahsihalaht- plus te- dualic jammed, be jammed in; be wedged in tewahsíhale7 it's jammed or wedged in, teyakwaya7tahsíhale7 we (excl.) are jammed in, tehatiya7tahsíhale7 they (m.) are crowded or jammed in.

teyakwaya7tahsíhalahkwe7 we (excl.) were crowded in. tAyakwaya7tahsíhalake7 we (excl.) will be crowded in. na7tehatiya7tahsíhale7 they (m.) are really packed in there. Base: .ahsihal-/.ya ? tahsihalplus te- dualic jammed, get jammed in; get wedged in tewahsíhalahse7 it keeps getting jammed or wedged in, tekya7tahsíhalahse7 I keep getting stuck. tewakya7tahsihalá-u I'm stuck, I'm wedged in, teyohsihalá-u it's wedged in. wa7tekya7tahsíhalane7 I got stuck, tAwahsíhalane7 it will get jammed in. tehohsi7tahsihalá-u his foot is stuck, wa7tkahsi7tahsíhalane7 my feet got stuck. wa7tkeshnuhsahsíhalane7 my finger or hand got stuck. Base: .ahsihala 7 -/ .ya ? tahsihala ? - plus te- dualic January

Teyakohúhtya7ks.

1058

English-Orieida

jar See bottle; jar; quart jealous, get katA7kéwhas I get jealous. wakatA?kézvhA I'm jealous, lotA?kéwhA he's jealous, yakotA?kéwhA she's jealous. wa ?katA 7kéwha 7 I became jealous, AkatA?kéwha? I will become jealous. wakatA?kewhX-ne7 I was jealous. ? Base: -atA kewhajealous, get jealous of someone kuyatA7kewhá-se I'm jealous of you. wa 7kuyatA 7kéwhahse 7 I became jealous of you, AkuyatA7kéwhahse7 I will become jealous of you. Base: -atA?kewha ? se-/ -atA?kewha ? sjealousy atA7kewháhsla7. Base: -atA ? kewhahsljerk thatihAthos he's jerking it, tekheyatihAthos I keep jerking her or someone. thotihAthu he has jerked it. takatihAtho7 I jerked it, tahatihAtho7 he jerked it, takheyatihAtho7 I jerked her or someone, tahotihAtho7 she (z.) or it jerked him, he jerked him. tutahatihAtho7 he jerked it again. Base: .atihAtho- plus t- cislocative jerk repeatedly or several tkatihAthóhsluhe7 I'm jerking several things, I'm jerking it several times. takatihAthóhslu7 I jerked a bunch of things, I jerked it several times. Base: .atihAthohslu- plus t- cislocative jerk up; pick up teho7tsyuhkwákhwa7 he's picking him up (while he's in a curled-up position, or sitting crosslegged). wa7twaki7tsyúhkwahkwe7 it made me jerk up, my whole body jerked up involuntarily,

wa7tho7tsyúhkwahkwe7 he picked him up, wa7tekhe7tsyúhkwahkwe7 I picked her up. Base: .Ptsyuhkwahkw- plus tedualic join See connect; join; plug in join in; participate latya7tálha7 he joins in, he participates, he becomes a member, lotyá-tale7 he has joined in. wahatyá-talA7 he joined in, Ahatyá-talA7 he will join in, Aswatyá-talA7 you all will join in. Base: -atya ? taljoin in; participate; go to join lotya7talá-nu he has gone to join (usually said of the military or service). wa7katya7talá-na7 I'm going there to join (the service). Base: -atya ? tala ? njoin someone lakwatya7tala-níhe7 he joins me (every once in a while). yukwatya7talaní she (z.) has joined us. wa7ukwatya7tálhahse7 she (z.) joined us, wahakwatya7tálhahse7 he joined me, ashakotya7tálhahse7 he should join them. Base: -atya ? talani-/ -atya'talhahsjoint tsi7 tewakestu-téle7 my joint, tsi7 tesastu-téle7 your joint, tsi7 tehostu-téle7 his joint, tsi7 teyakostu-téle7 her joint. Base: .stutel-/.stutl- plus tsi ? particle and te- dualic joint

tewahsu-téle7.

joints tsi7 tewakestutlúni7 my joints. Base: .stutlunyu- plus tsi7 particle and te- dualic joke, like to joke lowAnolé-tskwA he jokes, he likes to joke,

English-Oneida

yakowAnalé-tskwA she likes to joke. Base: -WAnole?tskwjowl onhóskwala7. Base: -nhoskwaljudge teshakoya 7tolétha7 or tehaya 7tolétha 7 (he's a) judge. Base: .ya ? toletha ? plus te- dualic judge someone tehuwaya7tolétha7 they're judging him, teshakoya 7tolétha 7 he judges her or them, tehaya 7tolétha 7 he judges her (z.). tehuivaya7toléhtu they have judged him. wa7tkuya7to-léhte7 I judged you, wa7thuivaya7to-léhte7 they judged him. Base: .ya'toleht- plus te- dualic jug tewahkwesA-táke two jugs. swahkwesA-tát one jug. Base: -ahkwesAtJuly See bean, string bean; July jump tehanitskivákhwa7 he jumps up and down, he jumps over something (e.g., hurdles). tehonitskwáhkwA he's jumping up and down, he has jumped up and down. wa7thanítskwahkwe7 he jumped once, he started to jump up and down, tAhanítskivahkwe7 he will jump. tehsanítskwak Jump! tutahanítskwahkwe7 he jumped this way. Base: .anitskwahkw- plus tedualic jump far tekítskwes I can jump far, I'm a broad jumper, tehAtskwes he can

1059

jump far, teyétskwes she can jump far. tehAtskwesú-ne7 he used to jump far. na 7tehAtskwes he's able to jump that far. Base: .itskwes- plus te- dualic jump repeatedly; skip tehanitskwahkwányuhe7 he's jumping up and down, he's skipping. wa7thanitskwahkwáni7 he jumped up and down, tAhanitskwahkwáni7 he will jump up and down. Base: .anitskwahkwanyu- plus tedualic jump repeatedly; skip along tehanitskwahkwanyú-ne7 he's going along skipping. Base: .anitskwahkwanyu?ne- plus te- dualic jump up quickly from a sitting position tutaktAStá-tsi7 I got up quickly, tutahatAstá-tsi7 he got up quickly, tutaknitAStá-tsi7 the two (z.) got up quickly. Base: .tAsta'tsy- plus tuta- cislocative and dualic jump up quickly from a sitting position tutaktAstá-tsyahte7 I jumped up, tutahatAstá-tsy ahte7 he jumped up. Base: .tAsta'tsyaht- plus tutacislocative and dualic June See strawberry; June junk food

kakhwaksAska.

just now; recently elhú-wa7.

1060

English-Orieida

K kangaroo

yohna?tátsles.

keep See hold onto; keep; use up keep for oneself See claim; keep for oneself keep, where one keeps it tsi7 kyAtákhwa7 where I keep it. tsi7 AkyAtákhwake7 where I will keep it. tsi7 núniyakwayAtákhwa7 where we (excl.) keep or store it. Base: -yAtahkwkerchief See headband; bandanna; kerchief kettle See pail; pot; kettle kettle See pail; kettle kettle key

yehnekataliha7tákhwa7. atenhotukwátha7.

kick lalahsAthos he's kicking her (z.) or it, luwalahsAthos she or they are kicking him. lolahsAthu she (z.) or it has kicked him, he has kicked him, luwalahsAthu she or they have kicked him, lalahsAthu he has kicked her (z.) or it. wahiyalahsAtho7 I kicked him, iva7shakolahsAtho7 he kicked her or them, waholahsAtho7 she (z.) or it kicked him, he kicked him, wahalahsAtho7 he kicked her (z.) or it, wahuivalahsAtho7 she or they kicked him, wa7utatalahsAtho7 she kicked her, wa7kuwalahsAtho7 she or they kicked her (z.), ulahsAtho7 she (z.) kicked it, wa7olahsAtho7 she (z.) kicked her (z.), wa7akolahsAtho7 she (z.) kicked her, AyesalahsAtho7 she or they

will kick you. Base: -alahsAthokick repeatedly kalahsAthóhsluhe7 I keep kicking her (z.) or it. wa7kalahsAthóhslu7 I kicked her (z.) or it several times. Base: -alahsAthohslukick; thrash one's legs tehalathenyúkivas he kicks his legs, he's thrashing around (usually said of babies), teyulathenyúkwas she kicks her legs. teholathenyúkwA he has kicked his legs. wa7thalathenyu-kó• he kicked his legs, wa7tyulathenyu-kóshe kicked her legs. na7teholathenyúkwA

is he

ever kicking his legs. Base: .alathenyukw- plus tedualic kill See beat; kill kill off See go after; bully; kill off; punish kill oneself; cause one's own death katatli-yós I'm killing myself (e.g., I'm causing my own death by going to those smoky bingos). wahutatli-yóthey (m.) killed themselves (e.g., the members of a cult). Base: -atatliyokilldeer

tawístawi7.

kind, be a kind of niwahsohkó-tA the kind of colour it is, kwáh tsi7 ok niwahsohkó-tA they're all different colours, niwahsohkó-tAhse7 the kinds of colours they are, niwahsohko7tA-hnéit was that kind of colour, thó niwahsutó-tA it's

English-Oneida

such a night. niwahtahkó-tAhse7 the kind of shoes they are, niwakahtahkó-tAhse7 I have that kind of shoes. niwahyó-tA the kind of fruit or berry it is. niwasló-tA the kind of smell it has, yáh thó te7swasló-tA it's not that smell anymore. niwAhnisló-tA the kind of day it is. niwaksAnó-tA my name is, nisahsAnó-tA your name is, nihohsAnó-tA his name is, niyohsAnó-tA her (z.) or its name is. nikahtehló-tA the kind of root it is, na7kahtehló-tAhse7 the kinds (species) of roots they are. nikahyatuhsló'tA the kind of paper or book it is. nikAtahsó-tA the kind of tail it is, nihAtahsó-tA the kind of tail he has. nikakaló-tA the kind of story it is, niwakkaló-tA the kind of story I have, niyakokaló-tA the kind of story she has, nihotikaló-tAhse7 the kinds of stories they (m.) have, nAwakkalo7tXhake7 the kind of story I will have, niwakkalo7tA-hnéne7 thó'ne7 that's the kind of story I had at that time, yáh thó te7kakaló-tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). nikakhó-tA the kind of food it is, tsi7 nitwakhó-tAhse7 the kind of foods we (incl.) have, yáh thó te7kakhó-tA it's not the kind of food. nihaksa7tó'tA the kind of a child he is, niyeksa7tó-tA the kind of child s h e is, nihatiksa7tó-tAhse7 the w a y the children are. nikakwiló-tA the

kind of whip it is. nikalAnó-tA 7 the kind of song it is. nikalutó-tA the kind of tree it is, na 7kalutó-tA 7 the species of tree it is. na7teyenho7kó-tAhse7 the kind of cheeks she has. nikanuhkwa7tsló-tA the kind of medicine it is. nikanuhsó-tA the kind of house it is, nihonuhsó-tA the kind of house he

1061

has. nihonutsistó-tA the kind of head he has (usually referring to hair colour), nahotinutsistó-tA7 their (m.) heads are that kind (e.g., hair colour). nikatsi7tAhsló-tA kA What kind of a bird is it? na7katsi7tAhsló-tA7 the species of bird it is, yáh thó te7katsi7tAhsló-tA it's not that kind of bird, tsi7 nikwAnó-tA the kind of voice I have. nihayelu?tó-tA the kind of body or figure he has. nihoyo7tAhsló-tA the kind of job he has, na7kayo7tAhsló tA7 the type of work it is. niho7slehtó-tA he has that kind of car. Base: .N-o?tA- plus n- partitive kind, be the kind of body; look like nihsya 7tó-tA the kind of body you have (also used as an exclamation: Look at you!), nihaya7tó-tA what he looks like, the kind of body he has, niyeya7tó-tA what she looks like, nikaya7tó-tA the way she (z.) looks, the kind of thing it is, nahatiya?tó-tA7 they (m.) are that kind (of species), na7kutiya7tó-tA7 they (z.) are that kind. nikutiya7tó-tAhse7 they (z.) are that kind. Base: ,ya ? to ? tA- plus n- partitive kind, be the same kind of tsha7tewahsohkó-tA it's the same colour. tsha7tekakaló-tA it's the same kind of story. tsha7tekalutó-tA it's the same kind of tree. tsha7tekanuhsó-tA it's the same kind of house. tsha7tekatsi7tsyó-tA it's the same kind of flower. Base: ,N-o?tA- plus tsha'tecoincident and dualic King

Kolahkó-.

1062

English-Orieida

kiss tehuwatsi7kwáni7 she has kissed him. wa7thuwatsi7kxváni7 she kissed him, tAkhetsi7kwáni7 I will kiss her. Base: .tsPkwanyu- plus te- dualic kiss repeatedly tehuwatsi7kwanyúkwas she's kissing him several times, she's giving him all these little kisses. tekhetsi7kwanyúkwA I have given her all these kisses. wa7tekhetsí7kwanyu-kó• I kissed her repeatedly. Base: .tsi?kwanyukw- plus tedualic kitchen yekhunyá-tha7 kitchen, tsi7 7 tyekhunyá-tha the kitchen there (e.g., at school). knead dough See button, put on several; knead dough knee útsha7 knee, kutshá-ke (on) my knee, sutshá-ke (on) your knee, lutshá-ke (on) his knee, yakutshá-ke (on) her knee, tekatutsho-lóks I'm covering my knees (e.g., with hockey pads), tewakatutsholú I have my knees covered, wa7tkatutsho'lóke7 I covered my knees. wa7katutsho-lókte7 I covered up my knees with it. wa7thatútshyahke7 he broke or skinned his knee. yakautshanú-waks her knees are aching. ivakutshatsi7yohá my knee is not right. wa7twakutshu-kó- I bumped my knee. Base: -utshkneel, be kneeling tekútshote7 I'm kneeling, tehsútshote7 you're kneeling, tehlútshote7 he's kneeling, teyakútshote7 she's kneeling, teyútshote7 she (z.) is kneeling. tehlutsho'táhkioe7 he was kneeling

(but now he's not). Base: .utshot- plus te- dualic kneel down tekatutshótha7 I keep kneeling down, tehatutshótha7 he kneels down, tewakatútshote7 I have knelt down (and now I'm kneeling), tehotútshote7 he has knelt down. wa7tkatutsho-tA- I knelt down, wa7thatutsho-tA- he got on his knees, tAkatutsho-tA- I will kneel down, tAhatutsho-tA- he will kneel down, tAyututsho-tA• she will kneel down. tehsatutsho-tA Kneel down! tekatutshóthahkwe7 I used to kneel all the time, tewakatutsho-táhkive7 I was kneeling (but I'm not now). tAhotutsho-táke7 he will be kneeling. Base: .atutshot- plus te- dualic kneel down all over tekatutshotúnyuhe7 I'm kneeling down all over the place. iua7tkatutshotúni7 I knelt down all over the place. Base: .atutshotunyu- plus tedualic knees, have the knees apart; be bowlegged tehakhaká-lA7 his knees are apart. na7tehakhaká-lA7 he's sitting with his knees so far apart, na7teyekhaká-lA7 she's sitting with her knees so far apart. Base: .khakahlA- plus te- dualic knees, have the knees together tekutshanekA I have my knees together, tehsutshanekA you have your knees together, tehlutshanekA he has his knees together, teyakutshanekA she has her knees together. Pre-pausal: teyakutshane-kA Base: .utshanekA- plus te- dualic

English-Oneida

knife, butcher knife ye 7wahlakwe 7talá'tha

7.

knife, sharpen See sharpen a knife or blade knife; sickle á-shale7 knife. akwá-shale7 my knife. shata7shalu-níhe7 he fixes his sickle. ukwa7sha-lA-se7 I dropped the knife. yo7shalo7thi-yé• the knife (or saw) is sharp. wa7u7shalóhale7 she washed the knife. Base: -a'shalknock See pound the surface; knock knock at the door yenhoháya7aks she's knocking. wakenhoháyA7 or wakenhohayáku7 I have knocked. wahanhoháya7ake7 he knocked. tayenhoháya7ake7 someone knocked on the door there. Base: -nhohaya ? ak-/-nhohayAknock continuously or persistently tyenhohaya7ákhuhe7 she's knocking at the door (while she's on the other side of the door), yeyenhohaya7ákhuhe7 she's knocking on the door (while she's on the same side of the door as me and perhaps she has her back to me). tayenhohaya7ákhu7 she knocked. ? Base: -nhohaya akhuknock off a perch 7 he yeshakotskivahlakivátha knocks her off from where she's perching, yeshakotskwahlakwáhtu he has knocked her off. yahotskzvahlákwahte7 he knocked him off. Base: .itskwahlakwaht- plus ytranslocative

1063

knock over something tall ke7lhenyAtha7 I knock it over. wake7lhenyAhtu I have knocked it over. iva7ke7lhe-nyAhte7 I knocked it over. Base: -'lhenyAhtknot in a tree katsíhkote7 in a tree. Base: -tsihkot-

(it's) a knot

knot, tie tektsihkwalútha7 I'm tying a knot in it. tewaktsíhkwalute7 I have tied a knot in it. iva7tektsihkwalu-tAI tied a knot in it. testsihkwalu-tA Make a knot! Base: .tsihkwalut- plus te- dualic knot, undo tektsihkwalutákwas I'm taking the knot out. tewaktsihkwalutákwA I have taken the knot out. wa7tektsihkzvaluta-kóI undid the knot, wa7thatsihkwaluta-kó• he undid the knot, zva7tyetsihkzvaluta-kó she undid the knot, testsihkwaluta-kó Undo the knot! Base: .tsihkwalutakw- plus tedualic knotted, become teyottsíhkwalute7 there's a knot in it. wa7twattsihkzvalu-tA• it got a knot in it. Base: .attsihkwalut- plus tedualic know wakanúhte7 I know, sanúhte7 you know, lonúhte7 he knows, yakonúhte7 she knows, yukivanúhte7 we know, lonanúhte7 they (m.) know. wakanúhtehkzve7 I used to know it (but I can't think of it now). Awakanúhteke7 I will know, Ahonúhteke7 he will know, yáh te7ivakanúhte7 I don't know, yáh te7sanúhte7 you don't know, yáh

1064

English-Orieida

te7yakonúhte7 she doesn't know, yáh tehonanúhte7 they (m.) don't know. yáh thaukwanúhteke7 I won't know. Base: -anuht(e)know a language kahlúkha7 I know the language (e.g., talking about a foreign language), yuhlúkha7 she speaks or understands the language, lahlúkha 7 he knows the language. lahlúkhahkwe7 he used to know the language, yáh te7kahlúkha7 I don't know the language, yáh tehahlúkha7 he doesn't know the language, yáh te7yuhlúkha7 she doesn't know the language, yáh tehuhlúkha7 they (m.) don't know the language. Base: -ahlukknow about a matter klihwayAtelí I know about it, slihwayAtelí you know about it, yelihwayAtelí she knows about it, lalihwayAtelí he knows about it. Pre-pausal: lalihway

Base:

Ate-U.

-lihwayAteli-

know about; be familiar with kyAtelí I know about it, I'm familiar with it, I know the feeling, tsyAtelí you know about it, yeyAtelí she knows about it, layAtelí he knows about it, liyAtelí I know of him, etshyAtelí you know of him, yukhiyAtelí they know of us. Pre-pausal: yukhiyAte-lí. yukhiyAte-lí-se7 they, all kinds of people, knew of us. yeyAtelíhahkwe7 she used to be the kind of person who knows, who can see into the future. kyAteli-hné- I was able to sense (at one time), I used to be familiar with it, tsyAteli-hnéyou were familiar with it, layAteli-hné• he was able to sense it, latiyAteli-hné• they (m.) used to be

familiar with it, yayAteli-hné- he knew you. AkyAtelíhake7 I will be able to sense it, I will be familiar with it. yáh tehatiyAtelí they (m.) don't know about it. yáh te7tsitwayAtelí we (incl.) don't know about it any longer. Base: -yAteliknow already tshiwakanúhte7 or tshitwakanúhte7 I already know it, I knew it, tshitesanúhte7 you already know it. Base: .anuhte- plus tsh- coincident or tshit- coincident and cislocative know how waklA 7nhá-u I know how, yakolA7nhá-u she knows how, lolA7nhá-u he knows how,

lotilA?nhá-u they (m.) know how. lolA7nha7ú-ne7

he knew how (at one

time), yakolA7nha7ú~ne7 she used to know how. AsalA 7nha 7úhake 7 you will know how. tyotilA 7nhá-u they (z.) are good at. tsi7 niholA7nhá-u he really knows how. yáh tetyaklA^há-u I don't know how, yáh te7salA7nhá-u you don't know h o w , yáh te7yuknilA7nhá-u

we two

don't know how. Base: -lA ? nhaknow, I don't know to-káh. know someone's voice khewAnayAtelí I know her voice. Pre-pausal: khewAnayAte-lí. Base: -wAnayAteliknow unexpectedly lonuhte7tsíhA he already knew about something I didn't think he knew, yakonuhte7tsíhA she already knew about it. Base: -anuhte ? tsihA-

English-Oneida

knowledge, acquire knowledge; discover; recognize wakyAtelé-u I recognize it, it's familiar to me. wa7kyA-télene7

I recognize it, I got

this knowledge, I discovered, wa7kheyA-télene7

I recognized her,

AkyA-télene7 I will recognize, AkuyA-télene7 I will recognize you, AskyA-télene7 you will recognize me, akheyA-télene7 I should recognize her or someone. tsyA-télen Learn! Know it! sniyA-télen You two discover! Base: -yAtele7-

1065

knowledge, have acquired knowledge zvakyAtélu 7 I have recognized, I have some knowledge, liyAtélu7 I knew of him. yáh te?kheyAtélu7 I didn't know her, I didn't make her acquaintance. Base: -yAteluknuckle See button; fist; knuckle; turnip Kool-Aid See pop; soda; Kool-Aid

L lace See net; lace

lacrosse

ká-lahse7.

lace, make lace; crochet kata7alu-níhe7 I'm making lace, I'm crocheting, yuta7alu-níhe7 she's crocheting, kuta7alu-níhe7 they (z.) are crocheting. wa7kata7alu-ní• I crocheted. Base: -ata'aluni-

ladder

yelathAstákhwa7.

lace, trim with teka7alútha7 I trim it with lace, I'm putting lace edging on something (e.g., pillowcases or handkerchiefs). tewaka7a-lúte7 I have trimmed it with lace. tewa7a-lúte7 it has lace on it (e.g., a pillowcase, a handkerchief). tAka7alu-tX• I will trim it with lace. Base: .a ? alut- plus te- dualic

lake kanyatalá-ke lake. kanya-tálaku in the lake. kAh na7kanya-tálati7 it's on this side of the lake, elA na7kanya-tálati7 it's across on the other side of the lake, a7é- na7kanya-tálati7 it's way on the other side of the lake, é-nik tsi7 na7kanya-tálati7 it's over the lake. Base: -nyatal-

lace, trim with; be lacy; a web tekata7alútha7 I'm trimming it with lace for myself. teyota7a-lúte7 it has lace on it (e.g., a pillowcase, a handkerchief). tAkata7alu-tA• I will trim it for myself. Base: .ata ? alut- plus te- dualic

lake, be kanya-tálayA7 lake. Base: -nyatalayA-

ladle ladybug

teyuwAlye7tákhwa7. o7nowa7shúha.

lag behind See late, do late; do slowly; lag behind

lamp

(there's) a

yetsistotákhwa7.

lamp globe See chimney; lamp globe; stovepipe

1066

English-Orieida

lamp, have yukwatsistotakhivá-tslayA7 we have lamps. Base: -tsistotakhwa?tslayAlampshade

wattsistolókta7.

land wa7ká-lane7 Base: -hla ? -

it landed.

land kayA-tá-se7 it keeps landing. wa7kayA-táne7 it landed, AkayA-táne7 it will land. ya7kayA-táne7 it landed there. wa7kalutayA-táne7 the tree landed. wa7ka7slehtayA-táne7 the car landed. Base: -yAta?land; ground; earth ohwAtsya7 or ohivAtsi7 or ohútsya7 or ohútsi7 land, ground. Pre-pausal: ohwAtsi7 or ohútsi7. ohwAtsyá-ke or ohutsyá-ke on the ground or earth. ohutsyakúshu7 along through underneath the ground, ohutsyokú under the ground. Pre-pausal: ohutsyo-kú. tsi7 niyohútsya7 the land is so big. latuhwAtsyahslu-níhe7 he's caring for the field, garden or lawn (making it look real nice). yotuhwAtsyakwalíhsi the ground is even or level, tsi7 yotuhútsyate7 it's at the end of the land, it's a cliff. lohwAtsyahni-nú- he has bought land. yauhwAtsyanaivA the ground is wet. Atsyuhutsyóhale7 it will clean the earth again. Base: -uhwAtsy-/-uhutsy-/ -hwAtsy-/-hutsyland, his land tsi7 thotuhutsya-téland, his land (the Creator's land). land perching wahAtskwá-lane7 he landed. yahAtskwá-lane7 he landed

there. Base:

-itskwahla 7 -

land perching or sitting tehAtsko-tá-se7 he lands (an animal or bird). wa7thAtsko-táne7 he landed, tAhAtsko'táne7 he will land. Base: .itskota 7 - plus te- dualic land sitting wa7thAtskwayA-táne7 he landed in a sitting posture. Base: .itskwayAta7- plus te- dualic land, something heavy wa7kA7tlu-táne7 it landed (e.g., an airplane), wahA7tlwtáne7 he landed. Base: -Ptluta?lane See road, be a side road or lane language, be one's nitwawAtió-tA (it's) our (incl.) language, niyakwawAnó-tA (it's) our (excl.) language. Base: . w A n o ? t A - plus n- partitive language, know See know a language lantern

yetsistalákhwa7.

lard; animal fat

oya7takA-láte7.

large, be See big, be large quantity, be yaive7towanA it's a lot, it's a large quantity. Pre-pausal: yawe7toiva-nA. niyawe7towanA it's a really large quantity. Base: -e ? towan(A)large quantity, become tayaive7towanháhslu7 it became more plentiful. Base: .e'towanhahslu- plus tcislocative last one yeskAhá. Pre-pausal: yeskA-há.

English-Oneida

late, be lo7nískwas he's always late. lo7niskwA-u he's (already) late. uke?nískwA 7 or uke7nísku 7 I was late, waho7nískwA7 he was late. taho?nískwA? he's over there and he's late. Base: - ? niskw-/- ? niskwA ? late, be yo7nískwA7 or yo7nísku7 late. Base: -'niskwA-

it's

1067

laughing, wakestelístu I have laughed. wa7keste-líste? I laughed, wa7kaste-líste7 she (z.) laughed, wetniste-líste7 you and I (incl.) laughed, wa?akniste-líste? we two (excl.) laughed, wahatiste-líste7 they (m.) laughed, wa7shakwaste-líste7 we (excl.) laughed at him, wahuwaste-liste7 they laughed at him, Ayeste-líste7 she will laugh, sayeste-líste7 she laughed again, thó thatistelísta7 they (m.) are laughing over there. Base: -stelist-

late, be late coming along yo7niskwA7uháti7 or yo7nisku7uháti7 it's getting late, lo7niskwA7uháti7 he's late. Aho7niskwA?uháti? he will come late. tuke7niskiVA7uháti7 I'm coming late, tayako?niskivA?uháti? she's coming late, Atwake7niskwA7uháti7 I will arrive late, Atho?niskwA?uháti7 he will be late. niwake?niskwA?uháti7 I was coming along so late. Base: - ? niskwA ? uhatye-

laugh; laugh at one another tetyatatestelísta7 you and I (incl.) are laughing at one another, tehyatatestelísta7 the two (m.) are laughing at one another, tehutatestelísta7 they (m.) are laughing at one another. wa7tetyatateste-líste7 you and I (incl.) laughed at one another. Base: .atatestelist- plus te- dualic

late, do late; do slowly; lag behind latA7niskwátha7 he's always late or behind schedule, he does things slowly, he lags behind, yutA7niskwátha7 she's always late. wahatA?nískwahte? he (purposely) did it late. Base: -atA?niskwaht-

laugh; laugh at oneself latatestelísta7 he's laughing at himself. lotatestelístu he has laughed at himself. wa7katateste-líste7 I laughed at myself. na7akwatateste-líste7 how we (excl.) laughed at ourselves. Base: -atatestelist-

late, make someone yuke?niskwahtA-níhe7 she makes me late. wa?uke7niskwáhtA7 she made me late, uke?niskwáhtA7 it made me late. Base: - ? niskwahtAni-/ ? - niskwahtA-

laundry kanohaléni7 kanohalényu 7.

laugh See smile; laugh laugh; laugh at kestelísta7 I'm laughing, yaknistelísta7 we two (excl.) are

law

or

kayanlAhsla7. Base: -yanlAhsl-

law, be kayanlAhslayA7 there are laws (about that). Base: -yanlAhslayAlaw, break See break the law

1068

English-Orieida

lawn; sod; scalp onu7ú-la7 lawn, sod, scalp. onu7uhlá-ke on the lawn. lonatnu 7uhliyóstu they (m.) have made their lawns nice. Base: -nu ? uhllawnmower; scythe watAnekli-yá-ks or yunekliyá-kta7 or yutAnekliyá-kta 7. lawyer

tehalihivakénhas.

lay an egg See egg, lay lay down something; have or own íkyAhe? I'm laying or putting it down (e.g., on the floor), la-yAhe7 he's putting it down. wákyA7 or wáki7 I have it in my possession, yako-yAshe has it, yo-yA she (z.) or it has it, yukni-yA• we two have it, yukwa-yAwe have it, loti-yA• they (m.) have it. ka-yA- it's lying there. wá-kyA7 I laid it down, waha-yA• he put it down, wa 7e-yA- she put it down. íhsi Put it down! kayA-táhkwe7 it was (lying) there, loyA-táhkwe7 he used to have possessions, yakoyA-táhkwe7 she or someone used to have possessions. AsayA-táke7 you will have it. ayukwayA-táke7 we should have it. taha-yA- he put it down there, tka-yA• it's lying there. nika-yAhow or where it's placed, na7e-yAhow or where she put it down, yáh te7ka-yA- it's not there, it's not available, yáh te7yo-yA- it doesn't have it, yáh te7yukwa-yA• we don't have it, yáh tehoti-yA• they (m.) don't have it. tshiyukwa-yA• when we had it. tshitho-yA• when he had it there. yakohsóhkwayA7 she has colours or paints. lonanitskwahlá-tslayA7 they (m.) have chairs. sashe7nútslayA7 you have a basket, yáh kA te7satehAhsla-yA- don't you have

any shame? wakatAló-slayA7 I have a friend, aesatAlo?slayA-táke? you should have a friend. lonatlé-slayA 7 they (m.) have a grandchild. yotnutektá-tslayA 7 it has a cover or lid that goes with it. wakatya 7tazví-tslayA 7 I have a dress. sa7nyanawA-tslayA7 you have a mitten, lo7nyanawA-tslayA7 he has a mitten, yáh te7waksA-rtáyA7 I don't have a name. wakhu-láyA7 I have a gun. kahwatsi-láyA 7 (there's) a family, yakwahwatsi-láyA7 we (excl.) are a family, lotihwatsi-láyA7 they (m.) have a family, tshiwakhwatsi-láyA7 when I had a family. wakhwístayA7 I have money, yakohwístayA 7 she or someone has money, yáh te7wakhwístayA7 I don't have any money. kahyatúhslayA7 the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor), yáh te7wakhyatúhslayA7 I don't have papers, yáh kánike7 te?kahyatúhslayA7 there's no paper anywhere, tóhka7 nikAtyóhkwayA 7 there are several groups. waknáskwayA 7 I have a pet, sanáskwayA7 you have a pet, lonáskwayA 7 he has a pet, yakonáskwayA 7 she has a pet, yukwanáskwayA7 we have a pet, lotináskwayA 7 they (m.) have a pet, wakriAskwayA-táhkwe7 I used to have a pet, ahotinAskwayA-táke7 they (m.) should have animals, yáh tehotinAskwayA 7 they (m.) don't have any animals. tkaná-tsyayA 7 the pail is lying there. waknúhsayA7 I have a house. kanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying, tkanutó-tslayA7 the box is lying there, yáh te7yakotsístayA7 she or someone doesn't have a light (e.g., matches). lowi-íáyA7 he has a daughter, his little girl,

English-Oneida 1069

teyowi-láyA7 she (z.) has two daughters, tékni teyakowi-láy A7 she has two children, kayé niwakwi-láyA7 I have four children. kaya 7tuníhslayA 7 the doll is lying there, Akaya7tunihslayA-táke7 the doll will be lying there, kaya7tunihslayA-táhkwe7 the doll was lying there. ka7sléhtayA7 it's a vehicle, yako ?sléhtayA 7 she has a vehicle, loti7sléhtayA7 they (m.) owned a car, yáh te7wake7sléhtayA7 I don't have a car or ride, yáh te7ka7sléhtayA7 there's no car, te7tsyukni7sléhtayA7 we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. Base: -yA-/-yAt-

lay someone down wahitáklA 7 I laid him down, AhitáklA7 I will lay him down, ayutatítáklA7 she should lay her down. Pre-pausal: ayutatitákelA7. Base: -itakllayer See double lazy, be lazy; tire of; become done in waknolú-sehe7 I'm lazy, I'm feeling lazy, yakonolú-sehe 7 she's feeling lazy, she's lazy (a lazy person), lonolú-sehe7 he's lazy, lotinolú-sehe7 they (m.) are lazy, ukno-lú-se7 I got tired of it, I got bored, wa 7akono-lú-se7 it got her down, she got tired of it, wahono-lú-se 7 he got tired of it, wa7ukwano-lú-se7 we got tired of it, Awakno-lú-se7 I will get lazy. waknolu7séhahkwe7 I used to be lazy, waknolu 7se-hné- I was lazy. Awaknolu?séheke7 I will be lazy. tsi7 niwaknolú-sehe7 I'm so lazy, niyotinolú-sehe7 they (z.) are so lazy, nAsano-lú-se7 where or when you will get that tired or that lazy. Base: -nolu ? se-/-nolu ? s-

lead See determine; exert one's will; take the lead lead on a leash lashali-né•

he's lead-

i n g h e r (z.) o r it, loshali-né•

he's

leading him, shakoshali-né-

he's

leading them (several animals). Base: -ashalineleaf ónlahte7 leaf. onlahte7shúha 7 leaves, onlahtakúshu in through the leaves. yonlahtA-u the leaves are falling, wa7kanláhtAne?

the

leaves fell, akanláhtAne7 the leaves should fall, tekanláhtake two leaves. áhsA nikanláhtake three leaves. nya7tekanláhtake (there are) all different kinds of leaves. thikanláhtate7 it's a different leaf. yeyonlahta7kélha7 the leaves are floating in it. yonlahta7klúnyuhe7 leaves are floating. Base: -nlahtleaf, attached yonláhtute7 leaves (on trees). Base: -nlahtut-

(there are)

leaf, burst open See burst, leaves burst open leaf, leaves and stems of a plant ohu-tá-.

Base: -hutleak See force through; penetrate lean back lotesháthu he has leaned back, wa 7kateshátho 7 I leaned back, wahateshátho7 he leaned back. sateshátho Lean back! tahateshátho7 over there he leaned back. ya7kateshátho7 I leaned back (that way), yahateshátho7

he

leaned back, ya7sateshátho back! Base: -ateshatho-

Lean

1070 English-Orieida

lean, be leaning back; be lying back késhate7 I'm lying (on my) back, I'm leaning back, láshate7 he's lying back, yéshate7 she's lying back. yesha-táhkwe7 she was lying back. Ayesha-táke7 she will be lying back. Base: -shatlean, be leaning over See draped, be draped over; be leaning over lean, be leaning over to one side laya7takalA-le7 he's standing leaning over to one side, yeya7takalA-le7 she's standing leaning over to one side, wakalA-le7 it's leaning or slanting (e.g., talking about a hilly road). Base: -ya ? takalAhl(e)-/ -akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)lean over; stretch over tehatya7kalétsta7 he's leaning over with his body to reach something, he's stretching over to reach it. tehotya7kalétstu he has leaned over. wa7tkatyá-kaletste7 I leaned over, tehsatyá-kaletst Stretch over to reach it! ya7tekatya7kalétsta7 I'm reaching over there, ya7tehsatyá-kaletste? you stretched way over to reach it, ya7tewakatya7kaletstú-ne7

I

reached over there. Base: .atya'kaletst- plus te- dualic learn latiyAtéhta7as they (m.) learn. wakyAtehtá-u I have learned. wa7eyAtéhtane7 she or someone learned, wa 7akniyAtéhtane 7 we two (excl.) learned, wa7akwayAtéhtane7 we (excl.) learned, wahatiyAtéhtane7 they (m.) learned, AhsewyAtéhtane7 you will learn, ahatiyAtéhtane7 they (m.) should learn, thó nú• na7eyAtéhtane7 right there she learned it. Base: -yAtehta'-Z-wyAtehta 7 -

learn, be learning wakyAtehta7uháti7 I'm learning, sayAtehta?uháti? you're learning, lotiyAtehta7uháti7 they (m.) are learning. Base: -yAtehta ? uhatye-/ -wyAtehta ? uhatyelearn fast kyA-tét or kewyA-tét I learn fast, tsyA-tét you learn fast, you're smart, layA-tét he learns fast, yeyA-tét she learns fast, latiyA-tét they (m.) catch on easily, yáh tehatiyA-tét it's hard for them to learn. Base: -yAteht-/-wyAtehtlearn to speak a language again sakahlúkhane 7 I learned how to speak it again (a language I used to be able to speak but have lost the ability), sahuhlúkhane7 they (m.) learned how to speak it again, usahuhlúkhane7 they (m.) should learn how to speak it again. Base: .ahlukha 7 - plus s- repetitive leather; hide

ohnakAhsa7.

leave, for something to leave someone wakathlakwAní it has left me (e.g., a feeling), ukwathlákwahse7 it left me, wahothlákwahse7 it left him. Base: -athlakwAni-/-athlakwa ? sleave; go away; set out kahtAtyehse7 I keep leaving, I keep going away, sahtAtyehse7 you leave, lahtAtyehse7 he goes away, yuhtAtyehse7 she goes away. wakahtAti I have gone away, sahtAti you have gone away, lohtAti he has gone away, yakohtAti she has gone away, yukwahtAti we were gone away. wa7kahtA-tí- I left, wahahtA-tí- he left, wa 7uhtA-tíshe left, wa7aky aht A-tí- we two (excl.) left, wahyahtA-tí• the two

English-Oneida 1071

(m.) left, wa?kyahtA'tí• the two (z.) left, wa?akwahtA'tí• we (excl.) left, wahuhtA-tí• they (m.) left, AkahtA-tí• I will go away, AhsahtA-tí' you will go away, AhahtA-tí• he will go away, ayuhtA-tí• she or someone should go away, ayakyahtA-tí• the two of us (excl.) should go away. sahtA-tíGo away! lohtAtyú-ne7 he was gone away. tkahtAtyehse7 I leave from there, tyakohtAti she has left from there, thonahtXti they (m.) have left from there, takahtA-tí• I came away from there, I came ahead. tutayakwahtA-tíwe (excl.) left from there again. yekahtAtyehse7 I keep going off that way, ya?kahtA-tí• I set off that way, yahahtA-tí- he went ahead. yAskahtA-tí- I will leave here again, yAtsitsyahtA-tí• you two will leave here again. nihonahtAtyú-ne7 how or where they had left. tsha?kahtA-tí• when I left, tshahahtA-tí- when he left, tsha7akyahtA-tíwhen we two (excl.) left, tshahyahtA-tíwhen the two (m.) left, tshahuhtA-tí- when they (m.) left. tshutakahtA-tí• when I left from there. Base: -ahtAty-/-ahtAtye-/ -ahtAtyuleave or go away, be going away yakohtAtyuháti7 she's going away, yonahtAtyuháti7 they (z.) are going away. ukwahtAtyuháti7 I'm going away, wa7ohtAtyuháti7 she (z.) or it is going away. Base: -ahtAtyuhatyeleave or go away bit by bit; go back and forth; pace luhtAtyúkzvas they (m.) are leaving bit by bit, they (m.) are walking back and forth, pacing.

wa?kahtAtyu-kó• I walked back and forth, I kept going away, I left several times, AkahtAtyu-kó• I will walk back and forth. tkahtAtyúkwas I'm there pacing. tshishonahlAtyúkwA when they (m.) were all gone. Base: -ahtAtyukwleave or go away, intend to leave luhtAtyú-ne7 they (m.) are going to leave. Base: -ahtAtyu ? nleave someone See let go of; stop doing; quit; leave someone leave someone; beat at a contest shakoya7tútyehse7 he beats her at a contest, he keeps leaving her. wahiya7tu-tíI left him, I beat him at a contest. sahiya7twtí- I beat him again, I left him again, sashakoya7tu-tí• he left her again, sahuwaya7tu-tv she left him again. yeshakoya7tútyehse7 he leaves her behind. Base: -ya ? tuty-/-ya ? tutyeleave someone behind yeshakoya7tutyétha7 he leaves her or them behind. yeshakoya7tutyéhtu he has left without her or them. yahiya7tútyehte7 I left him behind (e.g., he wasn't here on time, so I left), ya7shakoya7tútyehte7 he left her or them behind. Base: .ya ? tutyeht- plus y- translocative leave someone out; exclude someone yukya7tohtálhos they leave me out of things, out of the picture, shakoya7tohtálhos he leaves her out. yukya7tohtálhu they have left me out. wa7shakoya7tohtálho7 he left her out. Base: -ya ? tohtalho-

1072 English-Orieida

leave something See lose; leave; disperse leave something behind See forgedleave behind leek

a7nukkó-.

left, be left something yuklakwAní she or someone left me this (as a keepsake, or to use), luwalakwAtií they left him this. Pre-pausal: luwalakwA-ní. AyuklakwAníhake7 it will be left to me. Base: -lakwAnileft hand See hand, left hand left, have some left ska-yA• there's some left, tsyukwa-yX• we have some left, yáh te7ska-yA• there isn't any left, yáh náhte7 te7tsyukwa-yA- we don't have any left, yáh náhte7 te7tsyukwahwístayA7 we don't have any money left. Base: .yA- plus s- repetitive left, have someone left yáh úhka 7 te7tsyukyukwé-tayA7 we don't have anyone left. Base: .ukwe?tayA- plus s- repetitive left, have something left over wakatatAlá-u I had some left over. Base: -atatAla?left, have something left over wakatatAlá-sehe7 I have some left over. ukwatatA-lá-se7 I have some left over, wahotatA-lá-se7 he has some left over. sukwatatA-lá-se7 I had some left over, AswakatatA-lá-se7 I will have some leftover. ukwathnana7tatA-lá-se7 I had some potatoes left over. ukwathwistatA'lá'se7 I had some money left over,

sukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I still have some money left over. Base: -atatAla ? se-/-atatAla ? sleft, have something left over; be left by oneself yotatAlX it's left over, wakatatAlA I have something left over, I'm left by myself, lotatAlX he has something left over, yakotatAlX she has something left over, yukyatatAlX we two have something left over. Pre-pausal: yukyatatA-lX. ukwata-tAle7 I had some left over. íok swakatatAlX I'm the only one left, laulhá- ok shotatAlX he's the only one left, tsyukwatatAlX so many of us are left, shonatatAlX so many of them (m.) are left, lonulhá• ok shonatatAlX they (m.) are the only ones left, sukwata-tAle7 I have got that much leftover, so much was left. yáh te7shonatatAlA there aren't any of them (m.) left anymore. yothnana7tatatAlX there are potatoes left over. yothwistatatAlX there's money left over. Base:

-atatAl-/-at-N-atatAl-

leg ohsi-ná• leg. ksiná-ke (on) my leg, tshiná-ke (on) your leg, lahsiná-ke (on) his leg, yehsiná-ke (on) her leg. tashakohsi-náhe took hold of her leg. wa7tkatshiná-lA7 I put my legs up on something (e.g., a chair). tehotshiná-ktu he has a crooked leg. thó ya7tewakatshi-náte7 there my leg is extended or stuck out. wa7katshinú-neke7 I moved my leg. tehotshinyá-ku he has broken his leg, he has gotten a broken leg. na7teksine-sú-se7 I have such long legs. uksinalúhku>A 7 my leg got itchy, waksinanú-waks my leg hurts. Base: -hsin-

English-Oneida 1073

leg, have tekahsi-núte7 it has legs (e.g., a cooking pot). Base: .hsinut- plus te- dualic legs, cross See cross one's legs legs, draw up See draw up one's legs legs, thrash See kick; thrash one's legs lemon

teyohyahyó-tsis.

lend to someone yukníhA she or someone has lent it to me. wa 7ukníha 7 she or someone lent it to me, wa 7sheníha 7 you lent it to her or someone, wa7esaníha7 she or someone lent it to you, wa 7shakoníha 7 he lent it to her or them, khehwistaníhas I lend money to her or someone, wa7kuhwistaníha7 I lent you money, ahihwistaníha7 I should lend him money, takhwistaníha Lend me some money! lakhyatuhslaníhA he has lent me a book. wahake7slehtaníha7 he lent me a car, wa 7khe 7slehtaníha7 I lent her a car. Base: -nihalet go of; give out thatkAhlá-tha7 he gives it out, he donates it, tyutkAhlá-tha7 she gives it out. twakatkAhlá-tu I have given it out. tahatkA-lahte7 he gave it up, he let it go (out of his hands), tahiyatkA-lahte7 over there I let him go, I let him off, yahatkA-lahte7 he left it there, he let her (z.) off there, yahiyatkA-lahte7 I left him there, AtkatkA-lahte7 I will give it u p or out.

yáh

tha7tetwakatkAhlá-tu

I didn't give it up (back) again, yáh tha?tethotkAhlá-tu he didn't give it back again. Base: .atkAhla?t- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative

let go of quickly ya7katkAhlá-tahkwe7 I let go of it in a hurry, takatkAhlá-tahkwe7 I quickly let it go over there. Base: ,atkAhla?tahkw- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative let go of; stop doing; quit; leave someone wakatkAhlá-tu I have let it go, I stopped doing it, I quit, yukwatkAhlá-tu we have stopped. wa7katkA-lahte7 I stopped doing it, wahatkA-lahte7 he stopped, utkA-lahte7 it quit, wa7akwatkA-lahte7 we (excl.) quit, wahutkA-lahte7 they (m.) quit, wahiyatkA-lahte7 I let him go, I left him there, AkatkA-lahte7 I will quit, AyakwatkA-lahte7 we (excl.) will quit, AhutkA-lahte7 they (m.) will quit, akatkA-lahte7 I should quit, aetwatkA-lahte7 we (incl.) should quit. satkA-laht Quit that! tákA7 AswatkA-laht You all, don't quit! wakatkAhla7tú-ne7 I had stopped (but I began again). yAyukwatkA-lahte7 they will leave me there, thó núnya7ukwatkA-lahte7 that's where they left me, nyAshakonatkA-lahte7 where they (m.) will leave her or them, yáh thahutkA-lahte7 they (m.) won't quit. Base: -atkAhla'tLet's go! Come on! háo 7 letter See paper; book; letter lettuce

onlahtakáhtu7.

level, be See straight, be straight; be level; have good posture level, be at a level or rank tyako-téshe's doing something at a certain level (e.g., she's handing something

1074 English-Orieida

to someone at a certain height, or singing at a certain pitch), tho-téhe's doing something at a certain level, é-nik tho-té• he's doing something too high, he's high-ranking. Base: .te- plus t- cislocative lice, have wakkályahse7 I have lice, lokályahse7 he has lice, yakokályahse7 she has lice, lotikályahse7 they (m.) have lice. Base: -kalyahse 7 lice, have waktsi7núhtale7 I have lice, lotsi7núhtale7 he has lice, yakotsi7núhtale7 she has lice. lotsi7núhtalahkwe7 he had lice. Base: -tsi ? nuhtallick laka-núts he's licking it. wahaka-tiúte7 he licked it. Base: -kanutlick repeatedly lakanúthuhe7 he's licking it several times or several things at the same time, kakanúthuhe7 she (z.) or it is licking it. yokanúthu7 she (z.) or it has licked it. wahakanúthu7 he licked it. Base: -kanuthulid; cover atnutékta7 or yutnutékta7 lid, cover. yotnutektá-tslayA7 it has a cover or lid that goes with it. Base: -atnutekt-/-atnutekta ? tsllid, cover with See cover with a lid; close lie, be a liar wakanowA I lie, I'm a liar, lonowA he lies, yakonowA she lies. Pre-pausal: yakono-wA. yáh te7wakanowA I don't lie. Base: -anowAlie, be lying back See lean, be leaning back; be lying back

lie, be lying curled up kná-skivayA7 I'm lying down curled up (rather than stretched out), laná-skwayA7 he's lying down, he's in bed, yená-skwayA 7 she's lying down, she's in bed, kaná-skwayA7 she (z.) or it is lying down. Base: -na ? skwayAlie, be lying curled up here and there yakwana7skwaké-lu7 we (excl.) are scattered around, lying curled up. Base: -na 7 skwakehlulie, be lying curled up in a ball ki 7tsyúhkwayA 7 I'm lying all curled up in a ball, ye7tsyúhkwayA 7 she's lying all curled up, lA7tsyúhkwayA7 he's lying all curled up. Base: -i ? tsyuhkwayAlie, be lying curled up in a ball here and there yakioA7tsyuhkivaké-lu7 we (excl.) are lying all over the place curled up in balls, kA7tsyuhkwaké-lu7 there are several of them lying down curled up. Base: -i ? tsyuhkwakehlulie, be lying curled up on something lana7skwáhele7 he's lying up on something (e.g., on the couch), yena 7skwáhele 7 she's lying up on something. Base: -na ? skwahellie, be lying down curled up yakotalhyohkuní she's lying down curled up, lotalhyohkuní he's lying down curled up. Pre-pausal: lotalhyohku-ní. Base: -atalhyohkunilie, be lying down stretched out kita-kéle7 I'm lying down stretched out, lAta-kéle7 he's lying down, yeta-kéle7 she's lying down,

English-Oneida 1075

yakwAta-kéle7 we (excl.) are lying down, kitáklahkwe 7 I was lying down. Akitáklake7 I will be lying down, tyeta-kéle7 she's lying there. yáh tha-kitáklake7 I won't be lying down. Base: -itakel-/-itakllie down wakalatú wa7ka-láte7

I have lain down.

I lay down,

waha-láte7

he lay down, wa7u-láte7 she lay down, wa7akwa-láte7 we (excl.) lay down, Aka-láte7 I will lie down, Ayakya-láte7 we two (excl.) will lie down, ayakya-láte7 we two (excl.) should lie down, aku-láte7 they (z.) should lie down, sa lát Lie down! yAka-láte7 I will lie down over there. nAka-láte7 how or where I will lie down. Base: -alatlie down; curl up in a ball lani7tsyúhkwayAhe7 he lies down so that he's curled up in a ball. wahani7tsyúhkwayA7 he lay down all curled up. Base: -ani?tsyuhkwayAlie down; curl up; snuggle under the covers lotná-skwayA7 he has lain down (so that he's curled up). wa7katná-skwayA7 I lay down, snuggling under the covers, I went to bed, iva7utná-skivayA 7 she lay down, Akatná-skwayA7 I will lie down. tshahsatná-skwayA7 when you went to b e d .

yáh

thahsatná-skwayA7

you

won't lie down. Base: -atna?skwayAlie, tell lies kanowAtha7 I tell lies. wakanowAhtu I have lied. wa7kano-wAhte7 I lied. Base: -anowAht-

lie, tell lies all over kanowAhtányuhe7 I'm telling lies. wa7kanowAhtáni7 I told lies. Base: -anowAhtanyulife, come back to See come back to life lifestyle, be niwaklihó-tA the way I live, what kind of person I am, nisalihó-tA the way you live, niholihó-tA his w a y s , niyakolihó-tA the w a y she is, niyukwalihó-tA it's

our lifestyle or custom. niholiho7tA-hné• the custom he used to follow, niyukwaliho?tA-hné• the way we used to live, what our custom used to be. nAyukwaliho7tAhake7 the way we will act. naesaliho7tAhake7

the w a y y o u

should behave, nahotiliho7tAhake7 the way they (m.) should act. nityukwalihó-tA the way we live there. Base: .liho?tA- plus n- partitive lift up See raise up; lift up light See fire; light light, be See daylight, be daylight; be light light, be good See good light, be light; be lit up; be filled with light twAtehslaná-nu it's all lit up there. Base: -Atehslanahnlight, for light to land wa7katsistá-lane7 the light landed on it. Base: -tsistahla 7 light, furnish oneself with kattsistútha7 I keep giving myself a light, I keep lighting it (e.g., a cigarette), lattsistútha7 he gives himself a light. wahattsistu-tAhe

1076 English-Orieida

furnished himself with a light. tshahattsistu-tA• when he lit it up. Base: -attsistutlight, furnish someone with wahuwatsistúthahse7 someone gave him a light (e.g., a light from a match to light his cigarette, the light from a flashlight), ahuwatsistúthahse7 someone should give him a light. Base: -tsistuthahslight, give someone wahuwatsistóthahse7 someone gave him some light (e.g., a lamp). Base: -tsistothahslight, have lights; have lamps yukwattsisto-tú- we have lamps or lights. Base: -attsistotulight, turn off See extinguish a fire; turn off lights light, turn on ktsistótha 7 I put the lights on, yetsistótha7 she lights it, latsistótha7 he turns on the light. I have lit it,

satsístote7

you have lit it. katsístote7

the light

waktsístote7

is on, it's lit up. wahatsisto-tA-

he

turned on the light, Aktsisto-tX- I will light it, Astsisto-tA- you will light it. Base: -tsistotlight, turn on for oneself kattistótha 7 I turn on the light or lamp for myself, yuttsistótha7 she or someone lights it for herself, she uses it for light. wakattsístote7 I have lit it for myself, I have a light on, yukwattsístote7 we have it lit. Akattsisto-tX- I will turn on the light. Base: -attsistot-

light, turn on for oneself several or here and there wa7kattsistotúni7 I turned on the lights (e.g., I went through the house turning on the lights), wahuttsistotúni7 they (m.) lit or turned on the light for themselves. Base: -attsistotunyulight, turn on several latsistotúnyuhe7 he's turning on several or different lights, waktsistotúni7 I turned on the lights, wahatsistotúni7 he turned on the lights. Base: -tsistotunyulightning bug See firefly; lightning bug lightning flash u>a7twanlé-kalawe7 it flashed a (single) lightning flash. Base: ,anle ? kala ? w- plus te- dualic lightning flash repeatedly tewanle7kala7wányuhe7 it's lightning. Base: .anle ? kala ? wanyu- plus tedualic lightning strike wate7slútyehse7 lightning keeps striking. wakate7slúti lightning has struck me. ukwate7slu-tí- I got struck by lightning, ute7slu-tí- it got struck by lightning. Base: -ate ? sluty-/-ate ? slutyelightning strike and thunder wate7slutyéhsluhe7 it's thundering and lightning. ute7slutyéhslu7 it was lightning and thundering. Base: -ate ? slutyehslulike See enjoy; like like; admire knú-wehse7 I like it, linú-wehse7 I like him, I admire him. waknuhivé-u I liked it, it's what I liked. wa7knú-wene7 I liked it, wa7khenú-wene7 I liked her, I

English-Oneida 1077

liked something about her (e.g., I liked the way she did things), I admired her, wahsnú-wene7 you liked it, wa7shakonú-wene7 he liked or admired her or someone, Aknú-wene7 I will like it, ahonú-wene7 he should like him, ashakonú-wene7 he should like her or them, ayutatnú-wene7 she should like her or them. waknuhwe7ú-ne7 I used to like it. tsi7 niknú-wehse7 I really like it, nihuwanú-wehse7 they really like him. yáh te7knú-wehse7 I don't like it, yáh tehotinuhwé-u they (m.) don't like it. nikahsohkwanú-wehse7 I really like that colour. ksAnanú-wehse7 I like the name, wa?ksAnanú-wene7 I liked that name. klAnanú-wehse7 I like the song. Base: -nuhwe 7 like, it's like ya-wét. like the taste See taste, like limb See branch; limb limousine

ka7sléhtes.

limp latshino7kátha7 he's limping. wahatshinó-kahte7 he limped, Ahatshinó-kahte7 he will limp. latshino7káthahkwe7

he was

limping. Base: -atshino ? kahtline, be a line or column tekali-lés things are in a long line or column. na7teyakoli-lés she has a really long line of something and it's lined up without any gaps (e.g., washing, beads), na 7teholi-lés he has a long line or column of things strung out one after the other. Base: .liles- plus te- dualic

line, be an extended line or row tekalilatáti7 there's a line. Base: .lilatatye- plus te- dualic line, be strung up tekalilá-luhe7 the line is hanging up, there's a line across, from one point to another point. Base: .lilahlu- plus te- dualic linoleum See rug; carpet; linoleum linoleum, put down See spread out cloth or a rug; put down linoleum lion kA-leks. lips; mouth óhsa7 lips, ksá-ke my mouth, ohsé-ne lips, ksé-ne (on) my lips, tshé-ne your lips, lahsé-ne his lips, yehsé-ne her lips, kahsé-ne her (z.) or its lips, ksakú in my mouth, tshakú in your mouth, lahsakú in his mouth, yehsakú in her mouth. Prepausal: yehsa-kú. Base: -hslipstick yutnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 lipstick. akwatnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 my lipstick, satnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 your lipstick, akotnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 her lipstick. lipstick, put on See put on lipstick liquid, be deep See deep liquid, be liquid, be shallow See shallow liquid, be liquid, have liquid in kahne-kále7 it has liquid or water in it (e.g., a cup). Base: -hnekalliquid; liquor ohne-ká• liquid, liquor. kahne-kát there's water in it (e.g., a bubble of water in something where

1078 English-Orieida

you didn't intend there to be water). yothne-kát it has water in it, lothne-kát he has water in him (e.g., he's sick and he has water in his lungs), lathnekáta ?as he puts water into it for himself, yothnekátA7 it has gotten water in it, uthnekátane7 it got water in it. tehathnekokwátha 7 he sprinkles water, tehothnekokwáhtu he has sprinkled water, wa7tkathnekókwahte7 I sprinkled water, teyothnekato-téthe water is still. wahuthnekó-ktA7 they (m.) ran out of something to drink. yuthnekatalihá-tha7 she's heating up water, wa7uthnekatalíhahte7 she heated up the water, wahathnekatalíhahte7 he heated up the water, sathnekatalíhaht Heat up the water! tayakohneku-tíshe poured water, yAsahneku-tí- you will add water, tasahneku-tí Pour water on it! nya7uknihneku-tí- we two poured water in there, isi7 yAhohnekutyéhsa7 he will go to throw the water out, isi7 nyAhohnekutyéhsa7 he will go there to empty the water. lothne-káyA7 he has saved up water, wa7kathne-káyA7 I saved up water. yohnekatalih A the water is hot. tayakwahnekáhawe 7 we (excl.) got our water from there. wahatihnekahni-nú• they (m.) bought a drink, kahnekiyó it's good water. wa7ehnekakale'ní• she carried water, takhnekakoní-na Go get me some water! yohnekatalihÁ-U the water has boiled, wa7ohnekatalíhA7 the water came to a boil, tyohnekatalíhAhse7 the water is boiling, utayohnekatalíhA7 the water should come to a boil. kahnekaná-nu it's filled with water, wa7khne-kánane7 I filled it with

water. wa7khnekatáhko7 I took the water out of it. khnekatályuhe7 I'm filling them with water, wakhnekatáli7 I have filled them with water. wa7khnekátane7 I put water into it, Ashnekátane7 you will put water into it. tekahnekukótha7 water is coming through, it's leaking. yohnekawísto the water is cold. wa7khnekawístohte7 I cooled the water. iva7kahnekawístone7 the water got cold. wa7tekhne-káyeste7 I mixed the fluids together. wahahnekayA-hnáhe's delivering water. kahneka7shátste7 it's strong liquid (e.g., liquor). Base: -hneklisten katahúhsatats I listen. wakatahuhsatatú I have listened. wa7katahúhsatate7 I listened, iva7akwatahúhsatate7 we (excl.) listened, wahiyatahúhsatate7 I listened to him, Akatahúhsatate7 I will listen, ahatahúhsatate7 he should listen, satahúhsatat Listen! aukwatahuhsata-túke7 I should be listening, yáh thahutahúhsatate7 they (m.) won't listen. Base: -atahuhsatatlisten See obey; pay attention; listen listen, be listening wakatahúhsate7 I'm listening, satahúhsate7 you're listening, yakotahúhsate7 she's listening, lotahúhsate7 he's listening, swatahúhsate7 you all are listening, lonatahúhsate7 they (m.) are listening, wakatahúhsatehkwe7 I have listened. Awakatahúhsateke7 I will be listening. Base: -atahuhsatlisten carefully latahuhsiyósta7 he listens carefully, lotahuhsiyóstu he's listening carefully.

English-Oneida 1079

wa7katahuhsi-yóste7 I listened carefully. Awakatahuhsiyostúhake7 I will be listening carefully. Base: -atahuhsiyostlisten, go to listen katahuhsatáthe7 I'm here to listen. Base: -atahuhsatathlisten to what's going on katlihivatahúhsatats I listen to what's going on. wakatlihwatahuhsatatú I have listened to what's going on. wa7katlihwatahúhsatate7 I listened to what's going on, ayakwatlihwatahúhsatate7 we (excl.) should listen to what's going on. Base: -atlihwatahuhsatatlistless, feel wakya 7tályos I feel out of sorts, listless, discouraged, like I don't want to do anything (e.g., maybe because it's Monday morning). Aivakya?táli7 I will feel out of sorts. Base: -ya'talyolittle, be See small, be little bit

ostúha.

Little People

tehotikaláluhe7.

live; be alive kúnhe7 I'm alive, I live, lúnhe7 he's alive, yakúnhe7 she or someone is alive, tyúnhe7 we (incl.) are alive, yakyúnhe7 we (excl.) are alive. lAnúnhehkwe7 they (m.) used to live, ahlúnheke7 he should be living, a-yaknúnheke7 we two (excl.) should live, a-hAtiúnheke7 they (m.) should live. thAnúnhehkwe7 they (m.) used to live there or then. tshikúnhe7 when I lived, tshihhínhe7 when he lived. Base: -unhe-

live, go on living kunhéti7 I lived, I went on living, lunhéti7 he lived, lAnunhéti7 they (m.) lived. teyakyunhéti7 we (excl.) lived, tehAnunhéti7 they (m.) lived. Base: -unhetyelive on kunhéhkwA I'm living on it, it keeps me alive, yakyunhéhkwA we (excl.) live on it, lAnunhéhkwA they (m.) live on it. kunhehkwA-ne7 I used to live on it, yakyunhehkwA-ne7 we (excl.) used to live on it. AkunhehkwAhake7 I will live on it. ahAnunhehkwAhake7 it's what they (m.) will live on, it should keep them alive. tyunhéhkwA there's where there are things to live on (e.g., a farm market). Base: -unhehkwlive; reside; be plentiful knákle7 I live, I reside, lanákle7 he lives, kanákle7 she (z.) or it lives, ninákle7 the two (m.) live, yakwanákle7 we (excl.) live, latinákle7 they (m.) live. Pre-pausal: latinákele7 knáklehkwe7 I used to live there. Aknákleke7 I will reside, tyenákle7 she lives there, tkanákle 7 she (z.) or it lives there, tyakwanákle7 we (excl.) live there, thatinákle7 they (m.) live there, tkutinákle7 they (z.) live there, kátsha7 nú- tehsnákele7 Where do you live? tsi7 tknáklehkwe7 that's where I lived, tkanáklehkwe7 she (z.) or it used to live there, thatináklehkwe7 they (m.) used to live there. yeyakwanáklehkwe7 we (excl.) used to live over there, tsi7 nú• nihanákle7 where he lives, nihninákle7 how or where the two (m.) live, niyakwanákle7 how or where we (excl.) live, nihatinákle7 how or where they (m.) live,

1080 English-Orieida

tiihanáklehkwe7

how or where he

used to live, nihnináklehkwe7 how or where the two (m.) used to live, kAh nú• nAknákleke7 I will be living here, tsi7 tiú- nitwanákle7 how we (incl.) live there, yáh te7kanákle7 it doesn't exist, it's not around. tshiyakwanákle7 when we (excl.) lived there, tshiyakwanáklehkwe7 when we (excl.) used to live (there). katsyapslanákle7

there are a lot of

jobs to be had. kanuhsanákle7 there are a lot of houses to be had. ka7slehtanákle7 there are lots of cars to be had, yáh te7ka7slehtanákle7 there aren't many cars. Base: -nakl(e)live; reside; drift around yakwanaklátyehse7 we live here and there, we (excl.) drift around. niyakwanaklátyehse7

how we

(excl.) live here and there. Base: -naklatyelive; reside here and there twanakléni7 we (incl.) live each in our homes, latinakléni7 they (m.) all live here and there. Base: -naklenyulive somewhere See sit down; set or put down; save up; store live together See count together; live together liver othwAhsa7 liver. akwathw Ahsa7 my liver, sathivAhsa7 your liver. Base: -athwAhslivestock, keep lutnáskwayAhe7 they (m.) keep animals or livestock. Base: -atnaskwayA-

lizard

okalanA-ta7.

load a gun lanAyáta 7as he's loading a gun. lonAyátA7 he has loaded a gun. AhanAyátane7 he will load a gun. Base: -nAyata?lobster See crab; lobster; crayfish lock a door See close a door log See tree; log log cabin

tekalu-tátu7.

lonely, be yawAtúnya7t it's lonesome. Normally pronounced yaAtúnya7t or yautúnya7t. Pre-pausal: yaAtúnyaht or yautúnyaht. yawAtunya7tú-ne7 it was lonely. AyawAtunya7túhake7 it will be lonely. Base: -Atunya ? tlonely, feel kAtu-níhe7 I'm lonesome, SAtu-níhe7 you're lonesome, lAtu-níhe7 he's lonesome,

yakAtu-níhe7 she's lonesome, WAtu-níhe7 she (z.) is lonesome, tnAtu-níhe7 you and I (incl.) are

lonesome, tWAtu-níhe7

we (incl.) are

lonesome, sWAtu-níhe 7 you all are

lonesome. wa?kAtu-ní• I became lonesome, wahlAtu-ní• he became lonesome, AkAtu-ní- I will become lonesome. kAtuníhahkwe7

I was

lonesome, lAtuníhahkwe7 he used to be lonesome. AkAtuníheke 7 I will be lonesome. nikAtu-níhe7 I'm so lonesome. yah te7skAtu-níhe7 I'm not lonely anymore. Base: -Atuni-/-Atunylong, be i-yús it (n.) is long. kAh ni-yús it's this long, thó ki7ok ni-yús it's just that long, kók ni-yús it's just that length, it's short (indicating length with the hands), wahsa-tés it's a long movie or show, wahsliyé-tes

English-Oneida 1081

it's a long thread, zvahsu-tés it's a long night. na7tehohtahkwe-sú-se7 he has on long shoes, yonékles it's long grass, watlahtí-tsles the stockings are long. yawAhétshes it's a long sausage. WAhnísles it's a long day, zvAhnisle-sú-se7 the days are long, tsi7 niwAhnisle-sú-se7 the days are really long, yoháhes it's a long road, kaholó-tes it's a long pipe. na7teksine-sú-se7 I have such long legs, kahu-lés it's a long gun. lAtáhses his tail is long, nihAtáhses he has such a long tail, lAtahsesú-ne7 he had a long tail. yo7túhkwes it's a long flame (e.g., the flame of a kerosene lamp), nikaka-lés the length of the story, niwakka-lés the length of my story. kakAhes it's a long cloth or blanket, lakúhses he has a long face, nihakúhses he has such a long face. tehokustú-lhes he has a long beard, a7é- na7tehokustú-lhes he has such a long beard. a7é-na7tewaklísles my pant leg is so long, a7é- na7teholísles his pant leg is so long, kalu-tés it's a long log, nikalute-sú-se7 the logs are so long, kana-káles it's a long stick. na7tehanawile-sú-se7 he has such long teeth. tekanAtshes it has long sleeves, kanhóhes the door is long. yakonuhkwisles she has long hair, lonuhkwísles he has long hair, niyakonuhkivísles she has such long hair, nikanuhkwísles it's such long hair, kanúhses it's a long house. kanu-wáles it's a long needle. kashú-kales it's a long board, a7énikashú-kales the board is really long, teyeshnúhses she has long hands. katsi7nu-wés it's a long worm. lotsi7nyúhkles he has a long stream of snot (coming out of his nose). na7tehatsye7ele-sú-se7 he has such long nails, na7teyetsye7ele-sú-se7 she has such long nails. kawA-nés it's a

long word. tewake7nekAhtales I have long eyelashes, teho7nekAhtales he has long eyelashes, teyako7nekAhtales she has long eyelashes, kók nika7nune-sú-se7 they're strips of just such a length, they're short strips. la 7nyúhses he has a long nose. ka7sléhtes it's a long car, a limousine, a 7é- naka 7sléhtes it's a really long car. Base: -es-/-uslong, be yólhes it's long (a flexible object, such as fabric, a dress, or curtains), yotílhes they (z.) are long. Base: -lheslong hair, have waknuhkwalé-tes have long hair, lonuhkzvalé-tes has long hair, yakonuhkwalé-tes has long hair. Base: -nuhkwale ? tes-

I he she

long johns teyohsí-tute7 a 7nhuskwá-lha 7. long staircase, be kalistakhwá-tsles the stairs or staircase is long, tsi7 nikalistakhivá-tsles it's such a long flight of stairs. Base: -listakhwa ? tsleslong strap, leash or rope yosha-lés it has a long reach, it's a long strap, leash, or rope, niyosha-lés it's such a long leash. Base: -ashaleslong time ago wahu-níse7 a long time ago. niwahu-níse7 how it was a long time ago, tsi7 niwahu-níse7 it was such a long time ago. tshiwahu-níse7 when it was a long time ago. long-waisted, be tehayá-kales he's long-waisted, teyeyá-kales she's

1082 English-Orieida

long-waisted. Base: .ya'kales- plus te- dualic Longhouse

Kanuhséshne.

Longhouse, be of the Longhouse tradition lonúhses he's Longhouse. lonuhsesú ne 7 he used to be Longhouse. Base: -nuhseslook See see; fix one's sight on; look look See watch; look look after; mind; be careful ke7nikú-lale7 I take care, I'm careful, I'm looking after it, ye7nikú-lale7 she's careful, khe7nikú-lale7 I'm minding or looking after her or them, I'm watching over her or them, li7nikú-lale7 I'm looking after him, wake7nikú-lale7 she (z.) is looking after me, yuke7nikú-lale7 she or

someone is looking after me, shako7nikú-lale7 he's minding her or someone, yakhi7nikú-lale7 we (excl.) are looking after her or them. se7nikú-lalak Watch out, be careful! I was looking

khe7nikú-lalahkwe7

after her or them. Akhe7nikú-lalake7 I will be minding her or them. ayuke7nikú-lalake7

she or someone

should be looking after me. Base: -'nikuhlal-

after her.

teyutateshnyé-u

she has

looked after her, tehuwashnyé-u she has looked after him. wa7tháshni7 he looked after it, tAhséshnye 7 or tAhséshni7 you will look after it, tahséshni7 you should look after it, tashakotíshni7 they (m.) should look after her or them, teshéshni Look after her or them! teyutateshnyéhahkwe7 she used to look after her. teyutateshnye7ú-ne7 she had looked after her (at one time). ya7tháshni7 over there he looked after it. Base: .shnye- plus te- dualic look after one's child you're looking after your child, tayutwíláshni7 she should look after her children. Base: .atwilashnye- plus te- dualic tehsatwiláshnyehe7

look after one's family tAkathwatsiláshnye7 I will look after my family, tahyathwatsiláshnye7

the two (m.)

should look after their family, tahuthivatsiláshnye7 they (m.) should look after their families. na7tehyathivatsiláshnyehe7

look after; mind; look after or mind someone wa7kheyatA7nikú-lalA7

I

looked after her or them, AkuyatA7nikú-lalA7 I will look after you, akheyatA?nikú-lalA7 I should look after her or them, ayukivatA7nikú-lalA7

look after; nurture tehséshnyehe7 you're looking after it, tehóshnyehe7 he looks after him, teyakóshnyehe7 she (z.) looks after her or them, teshakotíshnyehe7 they (m.) looked

she or someone

should look after me. Base: -atA ? nikuhlal-

how

the two (m.) are looking after their family. Base: .athwatsilashnye- plus tedualic look after oneself; make a living tehatatéshnyehe7 he makes a living. tewakatateshnyé-u I'm looking

after myself. wa7tkatatéshnye7 or wa7tkatatéshni7 I looked after myself, tAkatatéshni7 I will look

English-Oneida 1083

after myself. Base: .atateshnye- plus te- dualic look after someone; have a Wake khenúnha 7 I'm looking after her. wa7khenú-nawA7 I looked after her, Ahatinú-nawA7 they (m.) will have a Wake, Akhenú-nawA7 I will look after her, ahatinú-nawA7 they (m.) should have a Wake. khenúnhahkwe7 I was looking after her. Akhenúnhake7 I will have looked after her. Base: -nun-/-nuhnawAlook alike See resemble; look alike look angry See angry, look angry look around tehatkahtúnyuhe7 he's looking around here and there. tewakatkahtúni7 I'm looking around, tehotkahtúni7 he's looking around, teyakotkahtúni7 she's looking around. wa7tkatkahtúni7 I looked around, wa7thatkahtúni7 he looked around, tAhatkahtúni7 he will look around. Base: .atkahtunyu- plus te- dualic look around going along tewakatkahtunyúti7 I'm looking around as I'm going along, tehotkahtunyúti7 he's looking all around while he's going along. Base: .atkahtunyutye- plus tedualic look at tekká-nle7 I'm looking at it, I'm fixing my sight on it, teská-nle7 you're looking at it, tehaká-nle7 he's looking at it, tekuká-nle7 I'm looking at you, tehiká-nle7 I'm looking at him, tekheká-nle7 I'm looking at her or them, teyakoká-nle7 she's looking at it, teyutatká-nle7 she's looking at her. Pre-pausal: teyutatká-nele7.

teská-nlak Look! tesheká-nlak Look at her! tehiká-nlahkwe7 I was looking at him, tekheká-nlahkwe7 I was looking at her. tAkká-nlake7 I will be looking at it, tAkheká-nlake7 I will be watching her or them. tethaká-nle7 he looks back. Base: .kahnl(e)- plus te- dualic look at one another tetyatatká-nle7 you and I (incl.) are looking at one another, tehyatatká-nle7 the two (m.) are looking at one another, tehutatká-nle7 they (m.) are looking at one other. Pre-pausal: tehutatká-nele7. teshutatká-nle7 they (m.) are all looking at one another. Base: .atatkahnle- plus te- dualic look dapper See dapper, look dapper look for facts or news kli "hvi-sáks I look for the facts or news (I'm curious), yeli7wi-sáks she looks for news, lali7wi-sáks he looks for news. wakli7wisakú I have looked for news. wa7kli7wi-sáke7 I looked for the facts or news, Akli7wi-sáke7 I will look for information. Base: -li ? wisaklook for; miss someone kéhsaks I'm looking for it, yakéhsaks she's looking for it, léhsaks he's looking for it, kheya 7ti-sáks I'm looking for her or them, I miss her or them, I'm lonesome for her or them, lawehsakú he has looked for it. wa 7kéhsake 7 I looked for it, wa 7kheya 7ti-sáke 7 I missed her or them, wahiya7ti-sáke7 I looked for him, wa7utatya7ti-sáke7 she looked for her, Akéhsake7 I will look for it. ahawehsa-kúke7 he should have searched for it. nikheya7ti-sáks I miss her so. lanahkwi-sáks he's looking for a

1084 English-Orieida

wife, yenahkwi-sáks she's looking for a man, Ahanahkwi-sáke 7 he will look for a woman, kenha 7tsli-sáks I'm looking for work, wakenha7tslisakú I have looked for work, wa7kenha7tsli-sáke? I looked for work. Base: -ehsak-/-ya ? tisak-/-isaklook for something for oneself latéhsaks he's looking for something (for himself, that he wants to use). wahatéhsake7 he searched for it. wa?kathwisti-sáke7 I looked for money, latekhwi-sáks he's searching for food. late7slehti-sáks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). Base: -atehsak-/-at-N-isaklook for something, go to look for wa7kehsákha7 I'm going there to look for it. yakninahkwisákhe7 we two (excl.) are here to look for a man, a woman, wahanahkwisákha7 he went looking for a wife, wa7akninahkwisákha7 we two (excl.) went looking for a mate. wa 7ktsyapslisákha 7 I went to look for a job. Base: -ehsakh-/-isakhlook for something, go to look for something for oneself latehsákhe7 he's here to look for something. latehsákhehse7 he's always going out looking for something. lotehsákhu he has gone to look for it. wa7katehsákha7 I'm going there to look for it, wahatehsákha7 he went to look for it. wa7katnuto7tslisákha7 I'm going to look for a box. wa^kate^slehtisákha7 I'm going to look for a car. Base: -atehsakh-/-at-N-isakhlook in; bring oneself into sight latke7tótha7 he's bringing himself

into sight, he's looking or peering in. lotké-tote7 he's looking in. wahatke7to-tA• he looked in, he made himself visible, wa7ukwatke7to-tA• she looked in on me, she stopped by to see me, wahiyatke7to-tAI looked in on him. lotke7to-táhkwe7 he was looking in. tkatke7tótha7 I keep looking in or out of it, thatke7tótha7 he keeps looking in or out of it (towards me or my direction where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on different sides of whatever is being looked through), twakatké-tote7 I'm looking in or out of it, thotké-tote7 he's looking in or out of it, tahatke7to-tX• he looked in or out of it, tayutke7to-tAshe looked in or out of it, tahakwatke7to-tA• he looked in on me, he came by to see me. yekatke7tótha7 I keep looking in or out of it, yehatke7tótha 7 he keeps looking in or out of it (away from me where he and I, or some other reference point, are located on the same side of whatever is being looked through), yewakatké-tote7 I'm looking in or out of it, yehotké-tote7 he's looking in or out of it, ya7katke7totAI looked in or out of it, yahatke7to-tAhe looked in or out of it, ya7utke7to-tA• she looked in or out of it, ya7kheyatke7to-tAI looked in on her, yahetshatke7to-tAyou looked in on him, yAkatke7to-tA• I will look in or out of it, yAhatke7to-tA• he will look in or out of it, ya-hatke7to-tAhe should look in or out of it, yusakatke7to-tA• I looked in again. wa7kalahsi7take7to-tA• I stuck my foot out. katn At shake 7tótha7 I keep sticking my arm out, wa7tkatnAtshake7to-tAI stuck my arm out. Base: -atke ? tot-

English-Oneida

look in or out of, several thutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking in or out of it, yehutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking in or out of it. tahutke7totúni7 they (m.) looked in or out of it, yahutke7totúni7 they (m.) looked in or out of it. tethutke7totúnyuhe7 they (m.) are looking back out. Base: .atke?totunyu- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative look like See kind, the kind of body; look like look like rain See rain, look like rain loose, be loose; be soft yo 7nétskA it's loose, it's soft. ayo7netskXhake7 it should be soft, tsi7 níyo7nétskA it's so soft, yohya 7nétskA the fruit is soft. Base: -?netsk(A)loose, become loose; become soft wa 7o 7nétskane 7 it became loose or soft. wa7ohnana7ta7nétskane7 the potatoes became soft (e.g., they're cooked or they're going bad). AyonASta7nétskane7 the corn will become tender (cooked). Base: - ? netska ? loose, get loose from a leash or rope latashalutákwas he gets loose. lotashalutákwA he has gotten loose. wahatashaluta-kó• he got loose. Base: -atashalutakwloose, get loose from a restraint; get out of a situation lototalíhsyus he gets loose (out of a restraint, such as a belt), he gets out of a situation. wa7katotalíhsi7 I got out of that situation, swakatotalíhsi I have gotten out of it again, sahatotalíhsi7 he got out of it again (e.g., after he

1085

was arrested he was let go). Base: -atotalihsyuloose, let someone loose; untie; unleash liyashalutákwas I'm letting him loose, luwashalutákwas she's letting him loose. liyashalutákwA I have let him loose, wahiyashaluta-kó• I untied him, wahuwashaluta-kó• she let him loose. Base: -ashalutakwloosen something ke7netskátha7 I loosen it (e.g., the lid on a jar). wake7netskáhtu I have loosened it. wa7ke7nétskahte7 I loosened it. se7nétskat Loosen it! Base: - ? netskahtlose baby teeth and get new teeth tehatnawilatényehse7 he's losing his baby teeth and getting new teeth. tehotnawilaténi he has lost his baby teeth. wa7thatnawilate-ní• he lost his baby teeth. Base: .atnawilateny- plus tedualic lose consciousness yeho7nikuhlahtu-níhe7 he keeps losing consciousness. ya7ako7nikuhláhtuhse7 she lost consciousness, yaho 7nikuhláhtuhse 7 he lost consciousness. Base: , ? nikuhlahtuni-/ . ? nikuhlahtu ? s- plus y- translocative lose consciousness; faint yehohtu-níhe7 he keeps fainting, yehohtuní he has fainted, he's unconscious. yahukwáhtuhse7 I fainted, yahóhtuhse7 he fainted, ya7akóhtuhse7 she fainted. Base: .ahtuni-/.ahtu?s- plus ytranslocative

1086 English-Orieida

lose control See run away from someone; get away from one; lose control lose; leave; disperse wakátyehse7 I keep losing it, lótyehse7 he keeps losing it. ivakáti I have lost it. ukwa-tí• I lost it, waho-tí- he lost it, wahona-tí• they (m.) lost it, Aho-tíhe will lose it, Ayako-tí• she or someone will lose it, aukwwtí- I might lose it. wakatyú-ne7 I had lost it (but it's found again). Asho-tí• he will lose it again. lo7nyanawA?tslúti he has lost his mitten, waho7nyanawA7tslu-tíhe lost his mitten, wahohlohku-tíhe lost his cigarettes. wa7ukwahnana7tu-tíwe dropped in or dispersed potatoes (e.g., into the ground when planting), Atsyukwahnana7tu-tí• we will disperse potatoes again. AwakkAhu-tí• I will lose my blanket. AyukwanAhu-tí• we will drop in seeds, thó núna7ukwanAhu-títhere's where we dispersed the seeds. yukwanAstwtv we dispersed corn, AyukwanAStu-tí• we will drop in corn. losahe7tútyehse7 he drops in beans (e.g., when planting), waksahe7túti I have dropped in beans, uksahe7tu-tv I dropped in beans, Awaksahe7tu-tí- I will drop in beans, Ayukwasahe7twtí• we will drop in beans, tsi7 nú- nyukwasahe7tu-tíwhere we dispersed beans. ukeshestu-tí- I lost my gum. waho7slehtu-tíhe lost his car. Base: -aty-/-utylose one's hair lonuhkwislútyehse7 he's losing his hair. wahonuhkwislu-tí• he lost his hair. Base: -nuhkwislutylose one's strength yako7shatstAhslútyehse7

she loses

her strength. yako7shatstAhslúti she has lost her strength. wa7ako7shatstAhslu-tí• she lost her strength. Base: -'shatstAhslutylose one's tooth See tooth, lose or pull one's tooth lose one's voice wakatiVAtiahtú-u I have lost my voice, yakotWAnahtú-u she has lost her voice, lotWAnahtú-u he has lost his voice. wa 7utWAnáhtu 7 she lost her voice, AkatWAnáhtu 7 I will lose my voice, i-wélhe7 ahatwAnáhtu7 he's losing his voice, he's hoarse (literally, it wants him to lose his voice). yekatwAnáhtuhse 7 I lose my voice. Base: -atwAnahtulose out See poor, become poor; lose out lose weight wakku7tslútyehse7 I lose weight, yakoku7tslútyehse7 she loses weight. wakku7tslúti I have lost weight, ukku 7tslu-tv I lost weight, wahoku7tslu-tí• he lost weight, wa7akoku7tslu-tí• she lost weight. Base: -ku ? tslutylost, get lost; disappear katya7táhtuhse7 I keep getting lost. wakatya7tahtú-u I'm lost, lotya7tahtú-u

he's lost, yohtú-u

it

has vanished, lonatya7tahtú-u they (m.) are lost, yonatya7tahtú-u they (z.) are lost. wa7katya7táhtu7 I got lost, wahatya7táhtu 7 he got lost, i'ihtu 7 it disappeared. lotya7tahtu7ú-ne7 he was missing (but he's not anymore). sakatya7táhtu7 I got lost again. uthwistáhtu7 the money disappeared. uthyatuhsláhtu7 the paper disappeared.

English-Oneida 1087

Base: -ahtu-/-atya ? tahtu-/ -at-N-ahtulots e-só-.

lots, be we-só• it's lots. sAha7 yeswe-só- even more so. Base: -esolots, get wakká-tAhse7

I get lots.

ukká-tAne7 I got lots, wahoká-tAne7 he got lots. na7ukniká-tAne7 we two

got so much of it. Base: -ka?tA?lots, have loká-te7 he has lots of, yakoká-te7 she has lots of, yukwaká-te7 we have lots of. wakatAlo?slaká-te7 I have many friends, yakotAlo7slaká-te7 she has many friends, lotAlo7slaká-te7 he has many friends. lonatle7slaká-te7 they (m.) have many grandchildren. tsi7 niwakhwistaká-te7 I have so much money, tsi7 nisahwistaká-te7 you have all this money. lotsyaká-te7 he has lots of fish. wakkalaká-te7 I have many stories, lokalaká'te7 he has many stories, lotikalaká-te7 they (m.) have many stories, yáh te7wakkalaká-te7 I don't have many stories. yukwakAhaká-te7 we have lots of blankets, tyukwakAhaká-te7 we have so many blankets there, yáh te7tyukwakAhaká-te7 we don't have too many blankets there. lotinaskwaká-te7 they (m.) have lots of animals. yakonuhkwislaká-te7 she has lots of hair. yakotsi7tsyaká-te7 she has lots of flowers, lotiwilaká-te7 they

(m.) have lots of children.

loya7tase7tslaká'te7 girlfriends, nihoya

h e h a s a lot of 7tase 7tslaká-te 7

he has so many girlfriends. loyAtaká-te7 he has lots of wood,

loyAtaká-tehkwe7 he used to have lots of wood, AhoyAtaká-teke7 he

will have lots of wood. wakyo 7tAhslaká-te7 I have lots of work. Base: -ka?t(e)-

lots, have lots going along tyakoka7táti7 she had a lot of things with her there. niswakka7táti7 I have so much with me as I'm going along. nitsyuknikhwaka7táti7 we two have all this food along with us again. nitsyakohle7naka7táti7 she has such a bundle along with her again. nisAtsyaka7táti7 what a lot of fish you have got with you, nihotsyaka?táti7 he has such a lot of fish with him. loyAtaka7táti7 he has a lot of wood with him. Base: -ka ? tatyeloud noise, be See noise, be a loud noise loud voice, have See voice, have a strong or loud voice louse, lice otsí-nu 7.

Base: -tsi ? nu-/-tsi ? nuhtlove kanolukhwáhsla7. Base: -nolukhwahsllove someone kunolúkhwa 7 I love you, linolúkhwa 7 I love him, khenolúkhwa7 I love her, knolúkhwa 7 I love her (z.) or it, yuknolúkhwa 7 she l o v e s m e , lonolúkhwa7 she (z.) l o v e s h i m , shakwanolúkhwa7 we (excl.) love h i m , shukwanolúkhwa 7 h e l o v e s us. Ahino-lúhkwe7 I will love him. linolúkhwahkwe7 I used to love him.

Ahinolúkhwake7 I will be loving him. Base: -noluhkw-

1088 English-Orieida

lower something yeha7sAtha7 he's lowering it. yahá-SAhte7 he lowered it. ya7sásAt Lower it, drop it in! nyusaká-sAhte7 I lowered it again. yahaná-tsyAhte7 he lowered the pot, nyusakná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back into it again. yehanuto7tslAtha7 he's lowering the box. Base: ,a 7 sAht-/.Aht- plus y- translocative lower something for oneself yekanitahsAtha7 I keep putting my tail into it, ya7kanitáhsAhte7 I immersed my tail, yahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail. yusahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail again, nyusakanitáhsAhte7 I put my tail back into it again. nyusakatná-tsy Ahte7 I lowered the pail back in there again. ya7kanishnúhsAhte7 I put my hand into it. Base: .at-N-Aht- plus y- translocative luck; fortune atlá-swa7 luck, good fortune. yakotla7swa-wíhe7 she gives luck to someone or them, Akheyatlá-swA 7 I will give her luck, Askyatlá-swA7 you will give us two luck. Atsyatla7swayA-táne7 you two will get luck.

Base: -atla ? swluck, guarantee fortune or good luck wakatlá-swayA 7 I have to do something which will guarantee my being well, it's a lucky charm for me, yakotlá-swayA7 she does something so that she is well. Base: -atla'swayAlucky, be watla7swiyó it's good luck, wakatla7swiyó I have good luck, lotla 7swiyó he has good luck, yakotla7swiyó she has good luck, lonatla7swiyó they (m.) are lucky. Pre-pausal: lonatla7swi-yó. 7 niyakotla swiyó she has such good luck. Base: -atla ? swiyolucky, become wakatla 7swiyósta 7 I get lucky. ukwatla7swi-yóste7 I got lucky, Ahotla 7swi-yóste7 he will become lucky. Base: -atla ? swiyostlump, be a lump or hump yokwa-lúte7 (it's a) lump or hump. Base: -kwalutlump, be big See big lump, be lunch See groceries; lunch lung

yewelalákhwa7.

English-Oneida

1089

M macaroni

oholo7ta7shúha.

macho, be See aggressive, be aggressive, industrious, or cocky macho, act See tough, act tough; act macho mad, be mad for a long while yakoná-kwes she or someone is mad forever and ever, loná-kwes he's mad for a long time. Base: -na ? kwesmad, get wakna7khwA-u I'm mad, lona7khwA-u he's mad, yakona7khwA-u she's mad. ukná-khwA 7 I got mad, wesaná-khwA 7 you got mad, ;wahoná-khwA7 he got mad, wa7akoná-khwA7 she got mad, Awakná-khwA7 I will get mad, Ahotiná-khwA7 they (m.) will get mad. wakna7khwA7ú-ne7 I was mad. Awakna 7khv)A 7úhake 7 I will be mad. niyakona7khwA-u she's so mad, nihona 7khwA-u he's so mad, nahoná-khwA 7 he got so mad, na 7akoná-khu>A 7 she got so mad, nayakoná-khwA7 she would get so mad. Base: -na ? khw(A)mad, get mad at someone luwana?khwá-se she's mad at him. Akuná-khwahse7 I will get mad at you, Ayesaná-khzvahse 7 they will get mad at you. Base: -na ? khwa ? se-/-na ? khwa ? smad, go along mad lotina7khwA7uháti7 they (m.) were going along being mad or cross. Base: -na'khwA'uhatye-

mad, make someone kuna7ku-níhe7 I make you mad, lakna7ku-níhe7 he makes me mad. wahina7ku-ní- I made him mad, wa^kna^u-ní- you made me mad, Ashena7ku-ní- you will make her or them mad, Ahakna7ku-ní• he will make me mad. lakna7kuníhahkive7 he used to make me mad. tsi7 nihakna7ku-níhe7 he makes me so mad, tsi7 nihona 7ku-nthe 7 he really makes him mad. Base: -na ? kuni-/-na ? kunymaddening, be yona7kúnya7t it's maddening. Pre-pausal: yona7kúnyaht. yona7kunya7tú-ne7 it was maddening. Ayona7kunya7túhake7 it will be maddening, tsi7 niyona7kúnya7t is it ever maddening. Base: -na ? kunya ? tmaddening, be maddening; have smelly farts lo7táklahse7 he has smelly farts, he's maddening (Oh, he makes me mad!), yako7táklahse7 she has smelly farts. Base: -i ? takla ? mailman; postman tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha

7.

main one, be laya7takwe7niyó he's the main one. Pre-pausal: laya 7takwe 7ni-yá thaya7takive7niyó he's the main person, tyeya7takiue7niyó she's the main person. Base: -N-kwe ? niyo-/ -ya ? takwe ? niyomajority See all; most; majority

1090

English-Orieida

make ku-níhe7 I'm making it, lu-níhe7 he's making it. wakuní I have made it. yuní it's made. Pre-pausal: yu-ní. Aku-ní• I will make it, Ahlu-ní- he will make it. su-ní Make it! sahAtiu-ní• they (m.) made it again. lanitskwahla7tslu-níhe7 he's making a chair, lonitskwahla7tsluní he has made a chair, wahanitskwahla7tslu-níhe made a chair. latAna7tslu-níhe7 he's making lunch, watAna 7tsluní lunch is prepared or ready, wa7katAna7tslu-ní• I made lunch, AkatAna?tslu-ní- I will make lunch. watA7Ahluní the fence is made, wahatA7Ahlu-níhe made a fence. satya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 you're making a dress, yutya7tawi7tslu-níhe7 she makes dresses. yako7nyanawA7tsluní she has made the mitten. wa 7kholo7tu-ní• I made it into a cylinder (e.g., I rolled up the rug). kitstotslu-níhe7 I'm making up a parcel. sna7talu-níhe7 you're forming the bread, tkanuhsuni-hné- there or then the house was built. Base: -uni-/-unymake for oneself katu-níhe7 I make it (for myself), latu-níhe7 he makes it. wakatuní I have made it, lotuní he has made it, yakotuní she has made it. wa7katu-ní• I made it, wahatu-níhe made it, wa7utu-ní- she made it, wa7akyatu-ní• we two (excl.) made it, a-katu-ní• I should make it, a-yutu-ní- she should make it. satu-ní Make it! katuníhahkwe7 I was making it. yutashe7nutslu-níhe7 she makes baskets. yuta7ahslu-níhe7 she makes baskets, yakota7ahsluní she has made a basket, wa7uta7ahslu-níshe made a basket, ayuta7ahslu-níshe should make baskets, Ahsata7ahsluníheke7 you will be

making baskets. shata7shalu-níhe7 he fixes his sickle, lothahu níhe7 he's building or fixing a road. wakathnekakli7tsluní I have made soup. yutkAhu-níhe7 she's making a quilt or blanket, wa7katkAhu-ní- I made quilts, ayutkAhu-ní• she should make quilts, katlanu-níhe7 I'm making corn soup, twatlanu-ní Let's all (incl.) make corn soup! usetwatnaktwní• we (incl.) should fix the bed again, tshahutnatu-níwhen they (m.) built the village. wa7katna7talu-níI made bread, wahatna7talu-ní• he made bread. latnuhsu-níhe7 he's building a house, lonatnuhsuní they (m.) have built the house, wahatnuhsu-ní• he built a house, thutnuhsu-níhe7 they (m.) are building houses there, tshutahutnuhsu-ní• when they (m.) were building the building there, yáh te7shotnuhsuní he was no longer building the house. Akateshe7lhu-níI will make the dough. kateshuyu-níhe7 I'm making a hole, wakateshuyuní I have made or dug a hole, Ahsateshuyu-ní• you will dig a hole, sateshuyu-ní Dig a hole! satethe7tslu-níhe7 you're making flour, Ahsatethe 7tslu-ní- you will make flour. yakotti7tsluní she has made tea. luttsi7nahku-níhe7 they (m.) are making a nest, lutwisu-níhe7 they (m.) are making ice. wa7kate7nuhku-níI made the bottom (e.g., of the basket), sate?nuhku-ní Make the bottom! kate?slehtu-níhe7 I'm fixing the car. Base: -atuni-/-atunymake for someone; make someone do something yukhiyunyA-níhe7 she made it for us, she made us do something. wahakúni7 he made it for me, wahyayúni7 he made it for you,

English-Oneida

iva7shakoyúni7 he made it for her or them, wa7ukhiyúni7 she made it for us, Akuyúni7 I will make it for you, Ayesayúni7 she will make it for you. yukhiyatAna7tslunyA-níhe7 she makes lunch for us, wa7kheyatAna7tslúni7 I made lunch for her or them, wahotAna7tslúni? she (z.) made lunch for him, wa7ukhiyatAna7tslúni7 she made lunch for us, AshuwatAna7tslúní7 she will make lunch for him again. luwAnatslunyahkunyA-níhe7 she made clothes for them. kheyatya 7tawi7tslunyA-níhe7 I'm making a dress for her. ahuiva7nyanawA7tslúni7 she should make a mitten for him. ahina7talúni7 I should make bread for him. Base: -unyAni-/-unyAmake oneself into something; disguise oneself latatu-níhe7 he's making himself into something (e.g., at Hallowe'en). lotatuní he has made himself into something, yakotatuní she has disguised herself. wahatatu-ní- he disguised himself. satatu-ní Make yourself into something! Base: -atatunimake several wa7kunyáni7 I made things. ahsna7talunyáni7 you should make several breads. wahatinuhsunyáni7 they (m.) built several houses. Base: -unyanyumake several for oneself katunyányuhe7 I'm making all kinds of things, yutunyányuhe7 she's making things. iva7katunyáni7 I made all kinds of things, wa7akwatunyáni7 we (excl.) made several things.

1091

lotnaktunyáni7 he has made or constructed beds. thihotnuto7tslunyáni7 he just made boxes, yakotyalunyáni7 she has made bags. Base: -atunyanyumake someone work as a hired person yukwatenha7tslunyA-m'he7 she's making me work as a hired person. wa7ukwatenha7tslúni7 she made me work as a hired person. niyukwatenha7tslunyA-níhe7 how she has me do the work of a hired person. Base: -atenha ? tslunyAni-/ -atenha ? tslunyAmake someone work at all kinds of things wa7ukwatenha7tslunyAni7 she expected me to work at all sorts of things. Base: -atenha?tslunyAnyumake something out of something yunyá-tu it's made out of something. wahlúnyahte7 he made it out of something. Ayunya7túhake7 it will be made with it. Base: -unya ? tmake something out of something for oneself yakotunyá-tu she has made it using it. akatúnyahte7 I should make it out of it. wahutshuhtúnyahte7 they (m.) made walls out of it. wa?utkAhúnyahte7 she made quilts from (them). Base: -atunya'tmake up a bed kanitskalahslu-níhe7 I'm making up the bed. Ahsanitskalahslu-ní• you will make up the bed. sanitskalahslu-ní Make up the bed! Base: -anitskalahsluni-

1092

English-Orieida

make up a story wakatkaluní I have made up a story. wa7katkalu-ní- I made up a story. Base: -atkaluni-/-atkalunymake up one's mind See decide make up stories katkalunyányuhe7 I'm making up stories. wa7katkalunyáni7 I made up stories. thyeyutkalunyányuhe7 she's just making up stories there. Base: -atkalunyanyumake up with one another tsityatlihwahslu-níhe7 you and I (incl.) are making up (e.g., after a fight), tsyukyatlihwahsluní we two have made up. setyatlihwahslu-níyou and I (incl.) made up, sahyatlihwahslu-níthe two (m.) made up, sahutlihwahslu-ní• they (m.) made up, Atsityatlihwahslwníyou and I will make up. Base: .atlihwahsluni- plus srepetitive man See person man's headdress kasto-wá-. mandrake; May apple onAhótste7. many e-só\ many See lots many, be that many nitivatí there are that many of us (incl.), niyakwatí there are that many of us (excl.), nihatí there are that many of them (m.), nikutí there are that many of them (z.). Pre-pausal: niku-tí. nitwati-hné• there were that many of us (incl.), niyakwati'hné• there were that many of us (excl.), nihati-hné• there were that many of them (m.), nikuti-hné• there were so

many of them (z.). tiAyakwatíhake7 there will be this many of us (excl.). Base: .ati- plus n- partitive many, be that many niyákyu 7 or niyáki7 there are so many of us (excl.). niyakyu-hné• there were so many of us (excl.). nAyakyúhake7 there will be so many of us (excl.). áhsA nitsyakyu-hné• there used to be three of us. Base: .u- plus n- partitive many, how many

tó• niku.

Pre-pausal:

tó- ni-kú.

many, so many; so much

nikú.

Pre-

pausal: ni-kú.

maple, hard

wáhta7.

maple, soft or sugar

awAhaníkwal.

maple sugar or syrup; brown sugar olutákli7. Pre-pausal: olutákelP. Base: -lutakliI march. I marched, wahatinAhlahslu-hí• they (m.) marched. Base: -nAhlahsluni-/ -nAhlahsluny-

march

knAhlahslu-níhe7

wa?knAhlahslu-ní-

March

TewAhnislya7ks.

marriage, break up See break up a marriage marriage; mate kanáhkwa7 marriage, the institution of marriage. lanahkwi-sáks he's looking for a wife, yenahkwi-sáks she's looking for a man, Ahanahkwi-sáke7 he will look for a woman. yakninahkwisákhe7 we two (excl.) are here to look for a man, a woman, wahanahkwisákha7 he went

English-Oneida

looking for a wife, wa7akninahkwisákha? we two (excl.) went looking for a mate. yakonahkolA-u she has found a mate, wa7enahko-lAne7 she found a mate, aknahko-lAne7 I should find a mate. Base: -nahkwmarried couple lóna 7 marrow

otstahlu-wá-.

marry, get married lónyaks he's getting married, lonyáku 7 he has gotten married, yakonyáku 7 she has gotten married, lotinyáku 7 they (m.) have gotten married, yotinyáku 7 they (z.) have gotten married. wa 7akónyake 7 she or someone got married, wahotínyake7 they (m.) got married, Ahónyake7 he will get married, Asnínyake7 you two will get married, shonyáku 7 he has gotten married again, sahónyake7 he got married again. Base: -nyakmarry, get married; mix families tAhyathwatsi-láyeste7 the two (m.) will get married. Base: .athwatsilayest- plus tedualic

1093

someone married them (m.). Base: -nyaktAni-/-naktAmask See face; mask mat,Base: cornhusk -nol-mat or rug ono-lá-. match things tekheyatulósta7 I'm matching them (so that one item matches another), tekheyatulóstu I have matched them. wa7tekheyatu-lóste7 I matched them, wa?tyukhiyatu-lóste7 she or someone matched us, wa7teshukyatu-lóste7 he matched the two of us. tesheyatu-lóst Match them! Base: .atulost- plus te- dualic matter See business; matter; news; issue matter, no matter áti. May

LatiyAthos.

May apple See mandrake; May apple maybe; if tá-t. maybe; possibly; I guess uhte. meadow ohAtakúshu 7. mean, be mean See abuse; mistreat

marry into a family wa7kathnuhwáshA7 I married into the (his or her) family, wahathnuhwáshA7 he married into the (our) family. Base: -athnuhwashA-

mean; be serious ki-té- I mean it, I'm serious about it, tsi-té- you mean it, lA-té- he means it, ye-té- she means it. Base: -ite-

marry; perform a marriage shakonyaktA-níhe7 he's marrying them, he's performing the marriage ceremony. shakonyaktAní he has married them. wahuwatinyáktA 7

mean; be serious about a point tkatlihwahkwíshluhe7 I really mean it, I'm really serious about it. takatlihwahkwíshlu7 I really meant, I really made a point of it. Base: .atlihwahkwishlu- plus tcislocative

1094

English-Orieida

mean; intend ki-túhe7 I mean, ye-túhe7 she means, tsi-túhe7 you mean, lA-túhe? he means, kA-túhe7 it means, ski-túhe7 you mean me, skwA-túhe7 you mean us, you all mean me or us. wa7ki-tú• I meant, wahA-tú• he meant, wa7e-túshe meant. Base: -itumeasure See try; measure; try on or out measure See ruler; tape measure measurement

yute7nyAtAstákhwa7.

meat o7wá-lu7 meat. wakate7ivá-lute7 7 I'm frying meat, wa ute7ivahlu-tAshe fried meat, Akate?wahlu-tA- I will fry meat, sate7wahlu-tA Fry the meat! tayute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat there. kate7wahlutákwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. thute7wahlahni-núhe7 they (m.) sell meat there. kate7wahlahslu-níhe7 I'm preparing the meat. yo7ivahlátkAhse7 the meat is spoiling, yo7wahlatkA-u the meat has spoiled. ukwate7wahlátsha7ahse7 the meat burned on me. tsi7 nika7wahláku7 it's really good meat. teke7ivahlahlítha7 I'm cutting up (slicing) the meat, wa7tha7wahiá-lihte7 he ground the meat, tehse7wahlá-lit Slice the meat! wa7ke7wahlítane7 I put meat in it. Atwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) will eat meat, aetwa7wá-lake7 we (incl.) should eat meat, ayakwa7wá-lake7 we (excl.) should eat meat. ke7wahlakwe7talúkwas I'm slicing 7talu-kó the meat, se7ivahlakwe 7 Slice the meat! yo wá-lali the meat is cooked, wa7ka7wá-lali7 the meat became cooked. wa7e7wá-lo7 she boiled meat. Ake7wahláshwA7 I will smell meat.

wake7wahlayé-ivahse7 I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). Base: - ? wahlmeat grinder teye 7ivahlahlihtákhwa meat, raw meat

7.

o7wahlakáhtu7.

meat sandwich ka7wahló-lu. mechanic late7slehtu-níhe7 (he's a) mechanic. Base: -ate ? slehtunihe ? mediate See straighten matters; mediate medicine; pepper onúhkwa7t medicine, pepper. Pre-pausal: onúhkivaht. akonúhkwa7t her medicine, ukwanúhkiva 7t our medicine. tekatnuhkwa7tsloku>átha7 I'm always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkwa 7tslokwáhtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa7tslókwahte7 I will put medicine around. lanuhkwa7tslahninú-nehse7 he goes to buy medicine, nikanuhkzva 7tsló-tA the kind of medicine it is. kanuhkwa7tsla7shátste7 it's strong medicine or pepper. Base: -nuhkwa ? t-/-nuhkwa ? tslmedicine, use bad medicine on someone; bewitch someone luwAnatlAnunyA-níhe7 she's using bad medicine on them (m.), shakonatlAnunyA-níhe7 they (m.) are using bad medicine on her or them. ivahuivAnatlAtiúni7 she used bad medicine on them (m.), wa7shakonatlAnúni7 they (m.) used

English-Oneida 1095

bad medicine on her or them. Base: -atlAnunyAni-/-atlAnunyAmeet; run into teyakyátlahse7 we two (excl.) always meet, we bump into one another. wa7tyakyátlane7 we two (excl.) met, wa7thyátlane7 the two (m.) met, wa7tyakwátlane7 we (excl.) met, wa7thútlane7 they (m.) ran into one another. ya7tekútlahse7 they (z.) meet there, ya7thyátlane7 the two (m.) met over there, ya?tAhúllane? they (m.) will meet over there. na7teyukyatlá-u how, where, or when we two met. tsha7thyátlane7 when the two (m.) met. Base: ,atla ? - plus te- dualic meeting, hold a meeting lutkAnísa7as they (m.) keep having meetings. lonatkAnísu 7 they (m.) have a meeting. wahutkAnísane7 they (m.) had a meeting. lonatkAnisu7ú-ne7 they (m.) had a meeting. tshiyukwatkAnísu 7 when we had a meeting, yáh náhte7 thusahutkAnísane7 they (m.) won't have another meeting. Base: -atkAnisa7melon See squash; cucumber; melon melt; thaw kawistana-wA-se7 it keeps melting. yowistanawA-u it has melted. wa7kawistana-wAit melted, Akawistana-ivA- it will melt. sakawistana-ivAit thawed out again. Base: -wistanawAmenstruate swAhnPtátshu7 swaknuhwáktanihe7 I'm menstruating, I'm having my monthly period, swAhni7tátshu 7 tsyakonuhwáktanihe7 she's menstruating, she's having her monthly

period. Base: swAhni ? t^tshu ? .nuhwaktani- plus* s - repetitive mention See call sev e r a i ; mention mention one's concern or disapproval kheyathlolya7tA-nr^e? i mention my concern or disapproval (about her) to her. kheyathlolyct ?tAní I have mentioned my concern or disapproval to her. wa7kheyathlolyá-tA7 I mentioned my concern or disapproval to her, wa7kuyathlolyá'tA7 I mentioned my conQ ern t o y 0 U . Base: -athlolya^tAni-/ -athlolya ? tAmention someone's ^iame Uná-tuhe7 I mention his name, luwaná-tuhe7 she's mentioning his name, yáh thahiná-tu7 I won't give his name. Base: -na ? tumess, be See awful, be awful; be a mess mess, make See dirty, m a k e dirty; make a mess middle, be in the middle or halfway tsha7tewahsAnA it's in the middle, it's halfway b e t w e e n . pre-pausal: tsha7tewahsA-nA. Base: .ahsAnA- p i u s tsha 7 tecoincident and du^Hc midnight ahsúthA. Midwinter; February 7tekohsélha> Tsha mild, be unexpectedly tsyawAtanawA it's a mild spell (e.g., n has been quite cold, and the weather becomes milder). Pre-pausal: tsyazvAtana-wA. Base: .AtanawA- p i u s s- repetitive

1096 English-Orieida

mild, become saw Atana-w Ahte7 it became mild, ASW Atana-w Ahte 7 it will become mild. Base: .AtanawAht- plus s- repetitive milk (a cow) lanu7tatáhkwas he's milking. waknu7tatáhkwA I have milked, lonu 7tatáhkwA he has milked. wa7knu7tatáhko7 I milked, Ahanu?tatáhko7 he will milk, yáh te?waknu?tatáhkwA I haven't milked. Base: -nu 7 tatahkwmilk; breast milk. my breast, snu 7tá-ke your breast, yenu7tá-ke her breast. tehanu7takalenyá-tha7 he distributes the milk, 7 he distribwa 7thanu7takalényahte uted milk, onú-tase7 fresh milk. yakotnu7tatewyA-tu she put away the milk, she saved the milk for herself. yonu7tátkAhse? the milk is going bad (sour). wa7katnu7tó-ktA7 I ran out of milk. yahuknu7tu-tí• I put milk on it. lanu7tahnekílha 7 he's drinking milk, wahanu7tahnekí-la7 he drank milk. lanu7takalényehse7 he's carrying milk back and forth. Base: -nu ? tonú-ta7

knu7tá-ke

milk cow See cow, milk cow milk, sour milk

teyonu7tahyó-tsis.

milk, suck See suck milk; nurse milkman milkweed

tehanu7takalenyá-tha7. onitshehwA-ta7.

mind, be of two minds teho7nikú-lake he's of two minds, he's undecided. Base: ,?nikuhlake- plus te- dualic

mind, be the state of one's mind; have a view or opinion tsi7 niwake7nikuhló-tA what my feelings are, the state of my mind, náhte7 nisa7nikuhló-tA what you feel about things, what your view or opinion is. Base: . ? nikuhlo ? tA- plus n- partitive mind, go blank See dark, get dark; become night mind, good See good mind, have mind, great See great mind, have mind, have on one's ke7nikú-lote7 I have this on my mind, la7nikú-lote7 he has something on his mind, ye7nikú-lote7 she has something on her mind. Base: - ? nikuhlotmind, make up See decide mind, set one's mind to wa7tkatA7nikuhláwe7este7 I set my mind to it (to do this task), tAkatA7nikuhláwe7este? I will set my mind to it. Base: .atA'nikuhlawe'est- plus tedualic mind someone See look after; mind mind; spirit o7nikú-la7 mind. ska7nikú-lat one mind. Base: - ? nikuhlminister; preacher latsihAstatsi7 a) minister, (he's a) preacher. Base: -tsihAstatsi7 mink mirror

(he's

tsyotsya-káwe7. yutke7totákhwa7.

misbehave latukwe7taksá-tha7 he misbehaves, he gets angry, he acts

English-Oneida 1097

like a brat, lotukwe7taksá-tu he's angry, he's misbehaving. wahatukwe7táksahte7 he became angry. Base: -atukwe ? taksa ? tmisbehave See bad child, become mishear tekatahuhsanéla7aks I mishear, tewakatahuhsanélu7 I have heard wrong. wa7tkatahuhsanéla7ake7 I heard wrong. Base: .atahuhsanela ? ak-/ .atahuhsanel- plus te- dualic miss a target skate7wátha7 I keep missing it (e.g., a target, a turn in the road), skuyate^wátha 7 I miss you (I was aiming for you), I skip over you (e.g., in a line). swakate7wáhtu I have missed it, skuyate7wáhtu I have missed you. sakaté7wahte7 I missed it, sahsaté7wahte7 you missed it, sahaté7wahte7 he missed it, sayuté7wahte7 she missed it, sakuyaté7wahte7 I missed you, Askaté7wahte7 I will miss it. Base: .ate'waht- plus s- repetitive miss several targets shate7wahtányuhe7 he's missing targets. sakate?wahtáni? I missed several of them. Base: .ate ? wahtanyu- plus srepetitive miss someone See look for; miss someone mist See drizzle; mist mistake for another teknéla7aks I mistake it for something else, I keep choosing the wrong one, tehiya7tanéla7aks I mistake him for someone else, tehonélu 7 he has mistaken it, tekheya7tanélu7 I have

mistaken her for someone else. wa 7thanéla 7ake 7 he mistook it, he chose the wrong one, wa7thiya7tanéla7ake7 I mistook him, I thought it was him but it wasn't him. Base: ,nela ? ak-/.nel-/ .ya'tanela'ak-Aya'tanel- plus tedualic mistake, make See wrong, do wrong; make a mistake mistreat See abuse; mistreat mitten See glove; mitten mix tekyésta 7 I'm adding it in, I'm mixing it. teyakoyéstu she has mixed it. wa7tékyeste7 I mixed it, tAhsyeste7 you will mix it. tAhsyest Mix it! ya7tAhsyeste7 you will mix them together and add them to something. wa7tekhne-káyeste7 I mixed the fluids together. tekathe7tslayéstu it has flour mixed into it. Base: .yest- plus te- dualic mix together wa7tekyestáni7 it all together.

I mixed

na?tAsehsyestáni7

how or when you will mix everything together again. Base: .yestanyu- plus te- dualic mix up; confuse tekani7tunyá-tha7 I

confound the situation, I make the situation more difficult, tehani7tunyá-tha7 he keeps getting it all mixed up or confused. tehoni7tunyá-tu he has gotten it all mixed up, in a jumble. wa7tkani7túnyahte7 I made it confused, wa7twakani7túnyahte7 it confused me, wa7thani7túnyahte7 he got it all mixed up, he made it all confused, tAkani7túnyahte7 I will get

1098 English-Orieida

it all confused. Base: .ani ? tunya ? t- plus te- dualic mixed-up, be teyoni7túnya7t it's a mixed-up situation. Pre-pausal: teyoni7túnyaht. Base: .anPtunya 7 t- plus te- dualic mixing bowl See bowl, mixing bowl moan lawAshénhu he's moaning, yakaiuAshénhu she's moaning. Base: -Ashenhumoccasin Mohawk

ka?nyúkel. KayA7keha-ká\

moist, get See wet, get mole

tsi7nyu-kále7.

moles, have See spot, have spots, freckles, or moles Monday yawAtAtá-u or yautAtá-u Monday, oyá• yAswAtA-táne7 next Monday. tshawAtA-táne7 or tshautA-táne7 last Monday. money, count See count money money; dollar ohwísta7 money, dollar. laohwísta7 his money, akohwísta7 her money. kahwistakA-lé• money is scarce. wa7kathwistáhsehte7 I hid the money, uthwistáhtu7 the money disappeared. yothwistatatAlX there's money left over. ukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I had some money left over, sukwathwistatA-lá-se7 I still have some money left over. wa7kathwisti-sáke7 I looked for money. kathwístayAhe7 I'm saving money, kuhwista-wíhe7 I give you money, yesahwista-wíhe7 they give you money, wa7kuhwístu7 I gave you

money, wa 7ukhwístu 7 she or someone gave me money, Akuhwístu 7 I will give you money, Askwístu 7 you will give me money, takhwístu Give me money! thiyesahwista-wíhe7 they just give you money. nikahwistahlúni7 there's money lying around all over, tsi7 niwakhwistaká-te7 I have so much money, tsi7 nisahwistaká-te7 you have all this money, tekahwístake two dollars, tsya-ták nikahwístake seven dollars, úska tewA7nyáwelu7 nikahwístake one hundred dollars. kahwistaké-lu 7 the money is lying here and there. wahuwahwistákhwa7 they took away his money. wahihwistanAsko7 I stole money from him. khehwistaníhas I lend money to her or someone, wa7kuhwistaníha7 I lent you money, ahihwistaníha7 I should lend him money, takhwistaníha Lend me some money! wahathwisto-lAne7 he found some money, teyohwistastaláthe7 the coin is shiny, skahwístat one dollar. khwistatáhkwas I take out money (out of a jar, or out of the bank), yáh tehatihwistatáhkwas they (m.) don't take out money. wakhwístayA 7 I have money, yakohwístayA 7 she or someone has money, yáh te7wakhwístayA7 I don't have any money, yáh náhte7 te?tsyukwahwístayA7 we don't have any money left. AwakhwistayA-táne7 I will get money, AsahwistayA-táne7 you will get money, AhotihwistayA-táne7

they (m.) will receive money,

aesahwistayA-táne7 you should get money, ayakohwistayA-táne7 she

should get money,

AshotihwistayA-táne7

receive money again,

they (m.) will

English-Oneida 1099

nukhwistayA-táne7

how I got money.

Base: -hwistmoney, raise See raise money monkey tsikawihsakíha7. monster See giant, immense giantmonster month See moon; month month, end See end, the month month, one after the other WAhni?taténi. moon;month ohnfta7 moon, tsi7 niwAhní-tes during the month. tewAhní-take two months. niiVAhní-take so many months. swAhní-tat one month. swAhnPtatkX a month ago. swAhni7tátshu7 every month, monthly. Base: -Ahni ? tmoon, shine or yohni-tale7 the moon is shining. WAhnvtale7

Base: -Ahni ? talmoose

ska7nyúhsa7

mop

yuteshu7kalohale7tákhwa7.

more sXha7 morel oneklX-ta7. morning astéhtsi7 in the morning, oyátshitwastéhtsi7 the other morning. morning, become See daylight, become daylight; become morning morning time mosquito

astehtsiwé-ke.

okalyahtá-ne7.

most See all; most; majority

moth See butterfly mother; aunt; uncle; mother's brother aknulhá• my mother, yuknulhá• my aunt, laknulhá• my uncle, sanulhá• your mother, yesanulhá- your aunt, yanulhá• your uncle, lonulhá' his mother, onulhá• her mother, yukhinulhá• our mother(s), lotinulhá• their (m.) mother(s). Prepausal: aknulhá-_ my mother. NX Mother! onulha7kX her late mother, lonulha7kX his late mother. lonulha7ké-ne at his mother's place. Base: -nulha 7 mother-in-law See in-law of different generations mouldy, be See fuzz, be covered in fuzz; be mouldy mound, be See hill, be a little hill or mound mountain See rock; mountain; outcropping mourn See grieve; mourn mouse otsi7nowX. Pre-pausal: otsi7no-wX. mouth tsi7 ksaká-lute7 my mouth, tsi7 tshaká-lute7 your mouth, tsi7 lahsaká-lute7 his mouth, tsi7 yehsaká-lute7 her mouth. Base: -hsakahlute? plus tsi7 particle mouth See lips; mouth mouth, big See big mouth, have; talk a lot mouth, close See close one's mouth mouth, have in one's wakénhute7 I have something in my mouth (with-

1100 English-Orieida

out swallowing it), lónhute7 he has it in his mouth, yakónhute7 she has it in her mouth, lonhu-táhkwe7 he had it in his mouth. Ahonhu-táke7 he will have it in his mouth. Base: -nhutmouth, have in one's going along lonhutáti7 he's going along with it in his mouth. Base: -nhutatyemouth, open See open one's mouth mouth, put into See put into one's mouth mouth, rinse See rinse one's mouth mouth, take out of See take out of one's mouth mouthful, get wahatenhóskwike7 got a mouthful. Base: -atenhoskwik-

he

mouthful; inside of the mouth onhóskwa7 mouthful, a 7é7 nihanhóskwa he has such a big mouthful. kenhoskowanA I have a big mouthful, lanhoskowanA he has a big mouthful, skanhóskwat one mouthful. Base: -nhoskwmove katolyá-nluhe7 I'm moving some part of my body, I'm in motion, latolyá-nluhe7 he's in motion. wahatolyá-nlu 7 he was in motion. sahatolyá-nlu 7 he got moving again, usahatolyá-nlu 7 he should get moving again. Base: -atolya ? nlumove See born, be born; move move along lotukohtuháti7 along, yakotukohtuháti7

he's going she's mov-

ing along, wakatukohtuhátyehse7 I keep moving on, lotukohtuhátyehse7 he keeps going along. wahotukohtuháti7 he's moving along. lotukohtuhátye7skwe7 he used to keep going along. Base: -atukohtuhatyemove around latolyahlúkwas he's moving around, more than one part of his body is moving or his whole body is moving around, kutolyahlúkwas they (z.) are moving around. yonatolyahlúkivA they (z.) have moved around, wahatolyahlu-kó• he moved around. Base: -atolyahlukwmove away lunaklákwas they (m.) are picking up their things and moving away, lonanaklákv)A they (m.) have moved, wa 7akwanakla-kó• we (excl.) moved, wahunakla-kó' they (m.) moved away, they were sitting someplace and they got up and moved someplace else, tshahanakla-kówhen he moved away, tsha7akwanakla-kó• when we (excl.) moved away. Base:

-anaklakw-

move from place to place yukwanaklakwAháti7 we're moving around, elók tsyukwanaklakwAháti7 we were moving around all over. yusayukwanaklakwAháti7 we moved around (away) again. Base: -anaklakwAhatyemove in a car tayakote7slehtitákhe7 she's in a vehicle that's coming along, she has a vehicle in something that's moving along. Base: ,ate ? slehtitakhe- plus tcislocative

English-Oneida 1101

move oneself out of the way See startled, become startled or shocked; move away move over katkwí-tha7 I move over. zvahátkwihte7 he moved over, wahyátkwihte7 the two (m.) moved over, wahútkwihte7 they (m.) moved over, sátkwiht Move over! tahátkwihte7 he moved over this way. Base: -atkwi'tmove over bit by bit lotkwi7tuháti7 he's edging closer, moving along bit by bit. wahotkwi7tuháti7 he moved along bit by bit. Base: -atkwi 7 tuhatyemove over something kkwí-tha7 I keep moving it over, lahkwí-tha7 he moves it over, wá-kkwihte7 I moved it over, wahíhkwihte7 I moved him over, Akkwihte7 I will move it over, Aháhkwihte7 he will move it over. Base: -hkwi 7 tmove over something while going along lohkwi7tuháti7 he's moving it over. lohkwi7tuhátyehse7 he keeps moving it over, pushing it to the side. wahohkwi7tuháti7 he moved it over, he's going along pushing it to the side. Base: -hkwi 7 tuhatyemove something from one place to another kanaklakwátha7 I'm moving it to another place, kheyanaklakwátha 7 I move her or them to someplace else. wa7kheyanaklákwahte7 I moved her or them from one place to another, wahiyanaklákwahte7 I moved him. Base: -anaklakwaht-

move something out of the way wa 7kú-neke7 I moved it out of the way, wahiya7tú-neke7 I took him out of the way (e.g., a dog), sú-nek Move it! wahiyahsi7tú-neke7 I moved his foot. wa7katekhwahla7tslú-neke7 I moved the table. wa7ke7slehtú-neke7 I moved the car. Base: -u 7 nek-/-ya 7 tu 7 nekmove something out of the way wa7kalahsi7tú-neke7 I moved my foot. wa7katshinú-neke7 I moved my leg. wa7katna7tsyú-neke7 I moved the pail. wa7kate7slehtú-neke7 I moved my car. Base: -at-N-u 7 nekmovie See shadow; movie; show movie See television; movie movie, go to a movie or show wa7katahsatalá-na7 I'm going to the movies or a show, wa7akwatahsatalá-na7 we (excl.) went to a show. Base: -atahsatala 7 nmuch nikú so much. Pre-pausal: ni kú. thó nikú that much. Pre-pausal: thó nikú. much, too much só-tsi7. mucus See eye mucus mucus See snot mud ona-wá-tste7 mud. onawa 7tstá-ke in the mud. wa7katnawa7tstálho7 I got mud all over me, wahsatnawa 7tstálho 7 you got mud all over you. wahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) tracked mud in, Ashatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will take mud in again,

1102 English-Oneida

thatinawa7tstinyú-tha7 they (m.) are bringing mud in, thotinawa7tstinyú-tu they (m.) have brought mud in, tahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in, tutahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) brought mud in again, tAthatinawa?tstínyuhte7 they (m.) will bring mud in again, yahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took mud in, yusahatinawa7tstínyuhte7 they (m.) took the mud in again. tahotinawa 7tstinyu 7tuháti7 they (m.) are bringing in mud (either tracking it on their feet, or taking it inside), kanawá-tstit there's mud in it. wa7knawa7tsto-kéwe7 I wiped the mud off. wa7knawa7tstálho7 I spread mud, I plastered it (e.g., a nail hole in the wall), wahatinawa7tstálho7 they (m.) spread mud, they plastered it with mud. onawa 7tstósku 7 it's all muddy. Base: -nawa ? tstmud, get stuck in See stuck, get stuck in mud mud, wade through See wade through mud muddy, be lonawá-tstale7 he's muddy, yonawá-tstale7 she (z.) or it is muddy, nihonawá-tstale7 is he ever muddy. Base: -nawa ? tstalmuddy, get waknawá-tstalahse7 all muddy, uknawá-tstalane7 all muddy. Base: -nawa ? tstala ? muddy water onawa7tstákli7. pausal: onawa7tstákelP. Base: -nawa'tstakli-

I get I got

Pre-

mulberry shahyese sha7yese7kóor

or sha-yese7kó\

?kó-

mullein síksik aotínlahte7 otáhsa 7.

or

síksik

mumble sunhAskwakénhe7 you're mumbling, lunhAskwakénhe7 he's mumbling, yakunhAskwakénhe7 she's mumbling, yunhAskwakénhe7 she (z.) is mumbling. Base: -unhAskwakenhemurky, become teyotnuwá-u it has become murky. Base: .atnuwa?- plus te- dualic murky, become See settle to the bottom; become murky murky water; murkiness Base: -nuw-

kanu-wáku.

muscles ohti-lá-. Base: -htilmuscles, have wakti-lále7 I have muscles, sahti-lále7 you have muscles, lohti-lále7 he has muscles, yakohti-lále7 she has muscles. Base: -htilalmush See soup, thick soup; mush mush, cornmeal See cornmeal mush music, be kalA-nóte7 it's music, latilA-nóte7 it's their (m.) music. kalAno-táhkive7 there was music. AkalAwtáke7 there will be music. Base: -lAnotmusic, make or play music latlAnótha 7 he plays an instrument, he turns on the radio, watlAnótha7 it plays music (e.g., a radio). lotlA-nóte7 he's playing music, yotlA-nóte7 it plays music, she (z.) or it is purring.

English-Oneida 1103

I played music, I turned on the radio, utlAno-tX• she (z.) or it played music, AhatlAno-tXhe will play music, akatlAtio-tA• I should play music. latlAnóthahkwe7 he used to play an instrument, wa7katlAno-tA•

lotlAno-táhkwe7

he was playing

music (a little while ago). AhatlAno-táke7 he will be playing music. sakatlAno-tA• I played music again. Base: -atlAnot-

music, make or play music for someone kuyatlAnota-níhe7 I'm playing a tune for you. wa7kuyatlAnóthahse7 I played a tune, melody, or song for you, AkuyatlAnóthahse 7 I will play a tune for you, akuyatlAnóthahse7 I should play a song for you. Base: -atlAnotani-/-atlAnothahsmusic, sound of See noise, sound of music muskrat anó-ki7. mustache See beard; mustache

N nail, drive in See drive in a nail or pin nail polish

yuttsye7elahsókhwa7.

nail, take out See take out a nail or pin nail; wire; needle; pin kanu-wále7 or kalu-wále7 nail, wire, needle, pin. kaluwale7shúha nails, wires, needles, pins, kanu-wáles it's a long needle. Base: -nuwal-/-luwalnails, be several kanuwalo-tú• it has nails or pins in it. Base: -nuwalotunaked, be wakhétkwale7 I'm naked, lohétkwale7 he's naked, yakohétkwale7 she's naked, yukwahétkwale7 we're all naked. Base: -hetkwalnaked, be naked from the waist up lohna7kwalóhsa7 or lohnakwalóhsa7 he's naked, he doesn't have any top on. Base: -hna ? kwalohs-/ -hnakwalohs-

name, be named yúkyats my name is (literally, they name me), yesa-yáts your name is (they name you), luwa-yáts his name is, yutátyats her name is, kuwa-yáts her (z.) name is, luwati-yáts their (m.) name is, kuwati-yáts their (z.) name is. luwa-yátskwe7 they used to call him. Base: -yatname, come up lohsAnake7tótha7 his name comes up (every once in a while). wahohsAnaké-tohte7 his name came up. Base: -hsAnake ? tohtname, mention See mention someone's name name, put in one's name; register katatshAninyú-tha7 I'm putting my name in, latatshAninyú-tha7 he puts his name in. wakatatshAninyú-tu I have put my name in. wahatatshAnínyuhte7 he put his name in, AkatatshAm'nyuhte 7 I will

1104 English-Oneida

put my name in. Base: -atatshAninyu ? tname, put in someone's name kuhsAninyú-tha7 I'm putting your name in. kuhsAninyú-tu I have put your name in. AkuhsAnínyuhte7 I will put your name in. Base: -hsAninyu?tname, remove one's name latatshAnalákwas he's removing his name. lotatshAnalákwA he has taken his name off. wa7katatshAnala-kó- I took my name off. Base: -atatshAnalakwname; reputation aksA-ná• my name, sahsA-ná• your name, laohsA-ná- his name. kahsAna?shúha names. khehsAtiahlúkha 7 I hear about her, waksAnahlukú I have heard of her (z.) or its name, wahihsAná-luke 7 I heard about him. lohsAnáksA he has a bad name. wahohsAnáksAtie7 he got a bad reputation, wa7akohsAnáksAne7 she got a bad reputation. luwahsAna-wíhe7 they're giving him a name, luwahsAnawí they have given him a name, wahuwahsA-nX• they gave him a name. tekahsA-náke two names. lahsAnowanX he has a big name, he's well-known, yehsAnowanX she's well-known, latihsAnowanX they (m.) are wellknown. wahatihsAnowánhA7 they (m.) became big names or well-known, AhatihsAnowánhA7 they will become well-known. ksAnanú-wehse7 I like the name, wa7ksAnanwwene7 I liked that name. niwaksAnó-tA my name is, nisahsAnó-tA your name is, nihohsAnó-tA his name is, niyohsAnó-tA her (z.) or its name is.

yáh te?u>aksA-náyA7 I don't have a name. lohsAnayA-tá-se7 he gets a name, lohsAnayAtá-u he has gotten a n a m e , ivahohsAnay

A-táne7

h e got a

name. Base: -hsAnname, sign one's katatshAnálha7 I'm signing my name. ivakatatshA-nálu 7 I have signed my name. AkatatshA-nálu 7 I will sign my name. Base: -atatshAnal-/-atatshAnaluname, write someone's kuhsAnálha 7 I write your name. kuhsA-nálu7 I have written your name. wa7kuhsA-nálu7 I put down your name, I wrote your name. Base: -hsAnal-/-hsAnalunape of the neck See neck, nape of the neck; collar n a r r o w , b e kA7 niwa?slatyéha row.

né- kA

narrowest.

7

nitwa

kA7

7slatyéha

it's narit's t h e

niyohaha7slatyéha

the road is narrow. Base: .a ? slatyeha plus kA? particle and n- partitive Native person Ukwehuwé Native person. Pre-pausal: Ukwehu-wé. kukwehuwé I'm a Native, lukwehuwé he's a Native, yakukivehuwé she's a Native, yukwehuwé she (z.) is Native, tyukwehuwé w e (incl.) are Native. Native way

Ukzvehuwehnéha.

Native way; Indian language Ukwehuwehné-ke. nauseating, be yoné-wala 7t it's nauseating. Pre-pausal: yoné-walaht. tsi7 7 niyoné-wala t is it ever nauseating. Base: - n e ? w a l a ? t -

English-Oneida 1105

nauseous, become wakne'hvalá-tanihe7 I'm nauseous, I get nauseous. ukne^walá-tA? I got nauseous, Aioakne7walá-tA7 I will get nauseous. twakne7walá-tanihe7 I get nauseous, tukne7walá-tA7 I got nauseous, utukne?walá-tA7 I should become nauseous, it would make me sick. Base: -ne ? wala ? tani-/ -ne ? wala ? tAnavel See bellybutton near

ákta7.

neat, be See tidy, be tidy; be neat necessary, it's necessary; it has to be yáh thyaya-wA• tsi7 or yáh thyaya-wAne7 tsi7. necessary, it's necessary; it should be teyotuhutsyóhu or teyotuhwAtsyóhu. Base: .atuhutsyoho-/ .atuhwAtsyoho- plus te- dualic neck onya-lá• neck, kenyalá-ke my neck, senyalá-ke your neck, yenyalá-ke her neck, lanyalá-ke his neck, wakenyalanú-waks I have a sore neck, yakonyalanú-waks her neck hurts. Base: -nyalneck, hang by See hang someone by the neck neck, hold around See hold around the neck neck, nape of the neck; collar ohnyá-sa7 nape of the neck, collar. khnya7sé-ne my nape of the neck, my collar, kahnya7sé-ne on the collar. wa 7kuhnyá-sa 7 I put my arms around your neck, wa7shakohnyá-sa7 he put his arms around her neck,

Akuhnyá-sa 7 I will hold you around the neck, takhnyá-sa Put your arms around my neck! Base: -hnya ? sneck, sever See cut or sever the neck necklace

yutestalo7kwanyákta7.

necklace See scarf; tie; necklace necklace, be wearing wakestalo7kwáni7 I'm wearing a necklace, yakostalo7kwáni7 she's wearing a necklace. Base: -stalo'kwanyunecklace, put on See put on a necklace necklace; string of beads ostaló-kwa 7 necklace, string of beads. akestaló-kwa 7 my string of beads, my necklace, akostaló-kwa7 her beads, aostaló-kwa7 her (z.) or its beads. Base: -stalo'kwneed See want; need needle See nail; wire; needle; pin needle, thread See thread a needle negative, be See disparaging, be disparaging; be negative negotiate See fix matters; negotiate; make a deal neighbours, be teyakyanuhsanekX the two of us (excl.) are neighbours, my neighbour, tetsyanuhsanekA you two are neighbours, your neighbour, tehyanuhsanekA the two (m.) are neighbours, his neighbour, tetwanuhsanekA we all (incl.) are neighbours. Pre-pausal: tetwanuhsane-kA. tehyanuhsanekA-hné• the two (m.)

1106 English-Oneida

were neighbours. Base: .anuhsanekA- plus te- dualic nephew See niece; nephew; aunt; uncle nest otsi7náhkwa7 nest. aotsi 7náhkwa 7 its (z.) nest. luttsi7nahku-níhe7 they (m.) are making a nest. Base: -tsi ? nahkwnet; lace ó-wale7 net, lace, screen. wa7tka7alá-lihte7 I broke the net, lace, or screen. wa7a-lít there's a net in it (e.g., the net in an Aladdin lamp). Base: -a ? alnettles

yakohéhslalahse7.

never yáh newAtú. never mind shetkAtayA Just never mind! yehatihetkA-tayA Never mind them! Base: -hetkA?tayAnever mind someone wakelu ?uháti7 never mind me, lawelu ?uháti7 never mind him, yakawelu 7uháti7 never mind her, yawelu 7uháti7 Oh, never mind it. Base: -elu ? uhatyenew, be new; be fresh a-sé- it's new. ohtáhkwase7 new shoes. ó-yase7 fresh fruit. otya7tawí-tslase7 new dress, oná-talase7 fresh bread, yáh te7yoná-talase7 it's not fresh bread. onAstase7 new corn, onú-tase7 fresh milk, ohsla-sé• it's a new year. o7sléhtase7 new car. Base: -asenew news olí-wase7. Base: -lihwase-

new person ukwé-tase7 a new person. n e w people.

ukwe7tasé-shu7

Base: -ukwe ? tasenews See business; matter; news; issue next (day of the week) oyánya7teskníhatu7t next Tuesday, oyánya7teswahsAhatu7t next Wednesday. oyá- nya7teskayelíhatu7t next Thursday, oyá• yASWAtA-táne7 next Monday, oyá- yASivískhatu7t next Friday, oyá• yAswAtákta7 next Saturday,

oyá• yASWAtatokAhti

yAswAtatokAhtu

or

next Sunday.

Niagara Falls See waterfalls; Niagara Falls nice, be See good, b e nice, be nice or decent; have integrity teklihwaye-lí• I'm a nice person, I'm decent, I have integrity. teklihwaye-líhkwe7 I was a nice person. tAklihwaye-líke7 I will be a nice person, yáh te7teklihwaye-líI'm a malicious person, a bad person, yáh te7tehslihwaye-lí• you're a bad p e r s o n , yáh

te7thalihwaye-lí•

he's a

bad person, he has no integrity. Base: .lihwayeli- plus t- cislocative nice, have one's things nice wakatyánle 7 I have something nice, yukwatyánle7 w e have our things nice. Pre-pausal: yukwatyánele7. Base: -atyanlenice-looking, b e watkathohsliyó it's nice-looking. Pre-pausal: ivatkathohsli-yó.

tsi7

niwatkathohsliyó it looks so good. Base: -atkathohsliyonice-looking, consider oneself latatnikAhtle7 he thinks he's good-

English-Oneida 1107

looking. Pre-pausal: latatnikAhtele7 ? nihatatnikAhtle he considers himself so nice-looking. Base: -atatnikAhtleniece; nephew; aunt; uncle kheyuhwatAha my niece, liyuhwatAha my nephew, yukuhwatAha my aunt, lakuhwatAha my uncle, sheyuhwatAha your niece, etshuhwatAha your nephew. Base: -uhwatAha night wahsutáksA it's a bad night. teyotahsutato-téit's a still night. wahsu-tés it's a long night, tsi7 niwahsu-tés during the night. wahsutiyó it's a nice night. tsha7tewahsutiyó half the night. áhsA niwahsu-táke three nights. ya7tewahsu-táke every night, thó niwahsutó-tA it's such a night. swahsu-tát one night. Base: -ahsutnight, all night

kwa7ahsutáti7.

night, be a particular ka?ikA wahsuta-té• this night, tonight. Base: -ahsutatenight, become See dark, get dark; become night night, last kwa7ahsu-té• oyá- tshitkzva7ahsu-té• night. night, one after the other

last night. the other wahsutaténi.

nightmare, have wakeslAhtoyúkhwa7 I'm having a nightmare, loslAhtoyúkhwa? he's having a nightmare, yakoslAhtoyúkhwa7 she's having a nightmare. ukeslAhto-yúhkwe7 I had a night7 I will m a r e , AwakeslAhto-yúhkwe

have a nightmare. wakeslAhtoyúkhwahkwe7 have nightmares. Base: -slAhtoyuhkwnighttime kwa7ahsuté-ke

I used to

nighttime.

throughout the

kwa7ahsute7késhu7

nighttime. nine wá'tlu7. Pre-pausal: wá-telu7. nine hundred wá-tlu7 tewA7nyáwelu7. n i n e t e e n wá-tlu

7

ninety wá-tlu7

niwáshA.

yawA-lé-.

nipple; baby bottle ohníhsya7 nipple, baby bottle, khnihsyá-ke my nipple, shnihsyá-ke your nipple, lahnihsyá-ke yehnihsyá'ke

Base:

his n i p p l e , her nipple.

-hnihsy-

nits See beads, small beads; nits no táh. n o o n e yáh

úhka7.

noise, be a loud noise yolakalé-rti there's a loud noise. yolakale7ni-hné- it was a loud noise. Ayolakale7níhake7 it will be a loud noise, niyolakalé-ni it was so loud. Base: -lakale ? ninoise, be a really loud noise teyawAhalé-ni it's really noisy. Base: .Ahale?ni- plus te- dualic noise, for a loud noise to sovmd teyawAhalhe7 it's a loud noise. wa7tyawAhalele7 it (suddenly) made a noise. Base: .Ahal-/.Ahalel- plus tedualic

1108 English-Oneida

noise, for a loud noise to travel teyawAhale-lé- it's going by noisy. wa ?tyawAhale-lé• it just went by making a noise, tAyawAhale-lé• it will be going by making a noise. tutayawAhale-lé• it's coming this way making a noise. Base: .Ahalele- plus te- dualic noise, for a noise to sound yola-kálhe7 there's a sound or noise, it's making noise, yolakalélu 7 there was a noise, it has made noise. wa7ola-kálele7 there was a sound just now, it made a noise, Ayolakálele7 it will make a noise, tyola-kálhe7 there's something making noise over there, tayola-kálele7 there was a noise over there, Atyola-kálele7 it will make noise over there. Base: -lakal-/-lakalel-/ -lakalehl-/-kal-/-kalel-/-kalehlnoise, for a noise to travel wa 7olakale-lé- the noise is going. tayolakale-lé• the noise is coming this way. a7é• nukwá- ya7olakale-léthe noise is going away from here. Base: -lakalelenoise, make tekatlakalehlásta7 I make noise, tewakatlakalehlástu I'm making noise, tehonatlakalehlástu they (m.) are making noise. wa7tkatlakalé-laste7 I made noise, tAhsatlakalé-laste7 you will make noise, tAhutlakalé-laste7 they (m.) will make noise, ta-katlakalé-laste7 I should make noise, tákA 7 tahutlakalé-last they (m.) shouldn't make noise, tsi7 na7tehotlakalehlástu he's so noisy. Base: .atlakalehlast- plus tedualic

noise, sound at a door wa7onhoha-kálele7 there was a noise at the door, tayonhoha-kálele7 over there, there's a noise at the door. Base: -nhohakalelnoise, sound of a vehicle wa7o7slehta-kálele7 there was the noise of a car. Atyo7slehta-kálele7 the car will make noise, utayo7slehta-kálele7 the car would make a noise. Base: - ? slehtakalelnoise, sound of music wa7olAna-kálele7 there was the sound of music (e.g., a choir singing). Base: -L\nakalelnoon Atye ni-kále7. normally; usually /ens. north

otholé-ke.

Northern Lights tewatluhyayelúnyuhe7. nose o^yúhsa7 nose. ke7nyú-ke my nose, se7nyú-ke your nose, la 7nyú-ke his nose, ye7nyú-ke her nose. tehote7nyuhsá-ktu he has a crooked nose. teyakote7nyuhsyá-ku she broke her nose (e.g., in a car accident), wa7thate7nyúhsyahke7 he broke his nose, la 7nyúhses he has a long nose. lo7nyuhso7thi-yé• he has a long, pointy nose, yako7nyuhso7thi-yéshe has a long, pointy nose. wake7nyuhsalúhkwanihe7 my nose is itchy. lo7nyuhsanú-waks his nose hurts. Base: - ? nyuhs-/- ? nyu-/-i ? nyuhs-/ -i?nyunose, blow See blow one's nose

English-Oneida 1109

nose, get cold See cold nose, get

not; no way yáhtA7

nose, get snotty See snotty, get a snotty nose; sniffle

not yet áhsu.

nose, get stuffy teke7nyu-kwéks my nose gets stuffed up or blocked. teke 7nyukwekú my nose is stuffed up. wa 7tke ?nyu -kwéke 7 I got a stuffy nose. Base: . ? nyukwek- plus te- dualic nose, have la7nyúhsute7 he has a nose, ye7nyúhsute7 she has a nose. Base: - ? nyuhsutnose, run See snotty, get a snotty nose; sniffle nose, wipe See wipe one's nose nose, wrinkle up See wrinkle up one's nose nosebleed, have tewake7nyukhá-u my nose is bleeding, teho 7nyukhá-u he has a nosebleed, teyako7nyukhá-u she has a nosebleed. wa 7tha 7nyúkha 7 he got a nosebleed, tAha 7nyúkha 7 his nose will bleed. teho7nyukha7ú-ne7 he had a nosebleed. Base: . ? nyukha- plus te- dualic nostrils teke7nyuhsaká-lute7 my nostrils, tehse7nyuhsaká-lute7 your nostrils, teha7nyuhsaká-lute7 his nostrils, teye7nyuhsaká-lute7 her nostrils. Base: .'nyuhsakahlut- plus tedualic nosy, be See see everything not yáh. not anyplace; not anywhere yáh kánike 7.

not yet; a while ago ahsuhkA. nothing yáh náhte7 or yáh oh nahó-tA 7. notice; perceive; realize katto-kás I notice things, I'm perceptive, I feel things (physically), I have a feeling about something, yutto-kás she or someone notices, yakwatto-kás we (excl.) notice things, lutto-kás they (m.) are perceptive. wa7káttoke7 I noticed it, I felt it, wahsáttoke7 you noticed it, waháttoke7 he noticed it, wa7úttoke7 she noticed it, wahyáttoke7 the two (m.) noticed it, Akáttoke7 I will notice it, Ayúttoke7 she will notice it, aháttoke7 he should notice it, tákA7 ayúttok she shouldn't notice, yáh tehatto-kás he doesn't notice, yáh te7yutto-kás she doesn't notice, yáh te7wakattokA I didn't notice, yah te 7yakottokA she didn't notice. Base: -attoknotice several or repeatedly kattokányuhe 7 I'm aware of what's going on around me, lattokányuhe7 he's noticing or aware of things (e.g., if he was in a coma or under an anesthetic, and begins to come around). wahattokáni7 he noticed all sorts of things. nA ki7 shattokányuhe7 he's aware of things again, he notices things around him. yáh te7skattokányuhe7 I don't have any feeling (e.g., in my hands). Base: -attokanyunotice something about someone liyattokA-níhe7 I notice something about him. wahiyatto-ká-se7 I

1110 English-Oneida

noticed something about him, I found him out, I realized something about him. Base: -attokAni-/-attoka ? snotice, use to notice or feel with yuttoka7tákhwa7 what she uses to feel with, she has feelings or wisdom, lattoka7tákhwa7 he has feelings or wisdom. Base: -attoka 7 tahkwnotify See send word; notify; inform November

TehutAnuhela-túhe7.

now; then HA, onX (Pre-pausal: O-HA) , ú-wa7, nú-wa7, or nA7ú-wa7.

nowhere yáh

kátsha7.

numb, be See notice several or repeatedly nuns

tekutiyahsútha7.

nurse See breast-feed nurse See suck milk; nurse nurse teyakóshnyehe7 (she's a) nurse. Base: .shnyehe 7 plus te- dualic nurture See look after; nurture nut ohsó-kwa 7. Base: -hso ? kwnutcracker teyehso

7kwahlihtákhwa

7.

o oar

yekawe7tákhiva7.

oats See seed; grain; oats obey; pay attention; listen katwAtialákhwa7 I pay attention, I listen. wakatwAtialáhkwA I'm obedient, yakotwAnaláhkwA she's obedient, lotwAtialáhkwA he's obedient. wahatwA-nálahkwe7 he listened, AkatwA-nálahkwe7 I will obey, AyutiVA-nálahkwe7 she or someone will pay attention, yáh te7katwAnalákhwa7 I don't attend to it, I don't listen, yáh tehotWAtialáhkwA he didn't listen. yáh te?tsyutwAnalákhwa7 she or someone doesn't listen anymore, yáh te7tsitwatwAnalákhwa7 we (incl.) don't listen anymore, yáh thakatWA-nálahkive7 I won't listen. yah thusayutwA-nálahkwe7 she

won't listen anymore. Base: -atwAnalahkwobserve someone See watch someone; observe someone obtain See get; obtain occupation, do as one's occupation See do a job; do officially; get involved October

YutékhwayAhe7.

odor See smell; odor officials

lonatlihu-tú-.

offspring See baby; offspring often

yotká-te7.

Ohsweken Oshwe-kX-. oil, change See change oil

English-Oneida 1111

oil; grease; fat; gasoline; gravy kA-yéoil, grease, fat, gasoline, gravy. kAyé-ke in the oil or grease. katyenáta 7as I'm putting gas or oil into it (e.g., my car), wa7katyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it. wa7katyenítane7 I put (a container of) gas in the car (e.g., in the trunk), ivahatyenálho7 he spread oil on himself, he greased himself up. he greased it up

wa7thatyenálho7

(for himself). katyenó-ktAS I keep running out of oil or gas, lotyeno7ktáu

he has run out of oil or gas, wa 7katyenó-ktA

7

I ran o u t of oil or

gas. yahukyenu-tí- I poured oil on it, I added oil. wahayenálho7 he greased it, wa7eyenálho7 she greased it, wahuwayenálho7 she

spread oil on him, Atisayenalhúhake7 you will have greased it with oil. wahayenalhóhslu 7 he put grease or oil all over it. wa 7kyenatáhko 7 I took the oil out (e.g., the lawnmower). wa 7kyenátane7

I put oil or

gas into it (e.g., the car), Ahayenátane7 he will put oil into it. Base: -iye-/-yenoil, have oil or gas in; be oily or greasy kaye-nále7 there's oil or gas in it, yoye-nále7 it's greasy, it's oily. Base: -yenaloil sellers lutyenahni-núhe7 are oil sellers. Base: -atyenahninuhe 7

they (m.)

okay; right ki7 wáh. old, be akayú it's old. Pre-pausal: aka-yú.

tsi7 niwakayú

it's so old.

old dress. onuhsakayú old house, tshiyonuhsakayú when it was an old otya7tawi7tslakayú

house. o7slehtakayú old car. Base: -akayuold, be so many years old; be an age; have a birthday tewakohsliyá-ku it's my age, tesohsliyá-ku it's your age, tékni

tewakohsliyá-ku

years old.

wa?tkohsli'yá-ke7

I'm t w o

I had a

birthday, tayakohsli-yá-ke7 she should reach that age. teshaohsliyá-ku it's his birthday again, tetsyakaohsliyá-ku it's her birthday again, tusakohsli-yá-ke7 I had a birthday again, tusayakohsli-yá-ke7

she h a d a

birthday again, tusahlohsli-yá-ke7 he had a birthday again, tAskohsli-yá-ke7 I will have a birthday again. ya7tusesohsliya7kúhake7 you should be that age. thó na7tewakohsliyá-ku that's the age I a m , oye-lv na7tewakohsliyá-ku

ten years old,

I'm

na7tyakohsli-yá-ke7

she turned this age, na7thlohsli-yá-ke7 he turned this age. tsha7tewakohsliyá-ku when I was that age, tó• tsha7tesohsliyá-ku how old were you then? tsha7tusakohsli-yá-ke7 when it was my birthday again, yáh tha7tewakohsliyá-ku I'm not that age. Base: ,ohsliya?k- plus te- dualic old, become lokstAhá-u he has gotten old. ukekstA-háne7 I g o t old, wahokstA-háne7 h e g o t old,

wahotikstA-háne7 they (m.) got old, AhokstA-háne7 he will get old. yahokstA-háne7 he was (living) over there when he became old. Base: -kstAha7old person or animal; spouse akokstAha old lady, lokstAha old man, okstAha old woman, yokstAha she (z.) is old,

1112 English-Oneida

lotikstXha old men, old men and women, likstXha my old man, my husband, etshekstXha your husband, khekstXha my old lady, my wife, shekstXha your wife, luwakstXha her husband. Pre-pausal: khekstA-ha. ókste? Wife! Husband! likstAhkX my late husband. lotikstAhokúha the old men, the old men and women. Base: -kstAha/-kstAold times olihwakayú. olihwaka-yú. old ways

Pre-pausal:

yolihwakayuhnéha.

older, be getting lokstAha^uháti? he's getting older, yakokstAha?uháti? she's getting older. Base: -kstAha'uhatyeolder, become tahokstAhá-sle? he's getting older. Base: .kstAha'sl- plus t- cislocative on foot; walking

ehta?késhu7.

on, have something on oneself while going along yuknihláti7 we're going along and it's on us, it's covering us. Base: -hlatyeone úska.

season, swanitskwahlá-tslat

one at a time, be tsyohsi?tátshu? one foot at a time, each one foot. swAhni?tátshu? every month, monthly. skashu?kalátshu? one board at a time. Base: .N-tshu ? plus s- repetitive one, be shayá-tat one person (m.), tsyeya-tat one person (f.), skayá-tat one person or animal (z.). one jug.

tsyohsí-tat

one

chair, swatáhslat one yard (e.g., of cloth), swatokwá-tslat one spoon, one spoonful. szvAhníslat one day. swAhnítat o n e m o n t h . swA-tát one

week, tsyohí-kalat one gear, one section (e.g., a piece of pie), skahúhsat . one slice of meat, skahwístat one dollar, skahyatúhslat one book. skAtyóhkwat one group. skakahkwX-tat one wheel, one cornbread. skáksat one dish, skakú-tslat one pound, skakwe ?talá-tslat

one

slice (e.g., of bread). skalA-nát one song, skali-lát one row, one line. skalu-tát

o n e tree.

skana?kúhslat

one hill of plants, skaná-talat one loaf of bread, one cake of cornbread. skanhóskwat o n e mouthful. skanúhsat o n e h o u s e , skanutó-tslat

one box. tsyóhslat one year. skasta-lát one drop, skatshé-tat one jar or bottle, one quart. tsyowhyúhkalat one thumb-measure (an inch), skawi-sát one glass, yáh te7skawi-sát it doesn't have any glass any more (e.g., a window where all the glass is broken). skayA-tát one cord of wood. ska?nikú-lat one mind. ska?sléhtat

one at a time uskátshu

swahkwesA-tát

one foot (of measure), swahsu-tát one night, swahtsyá-nat one handful. swá-yat one berry. swakXnhat one

one car.

Base: ,N-t-/.ya ? tat- plus s- repetitive one hundred úska tew A ?nyáwelu one side Askatí. Pre-pausal: Aska-tí. one side of one's body, be skya?takalatí one side of my body, tsya?takalatí one side of your body, shaya?takalatí one side of his body, tsyeya ?takalatí one side of her body. Pre-pausal: tsyeya ?takala-tí.

English-Oneida 1113

Base: .ya ? takalati- plus s- repetitive one time ago, be swAhni7tatkA a month ago. swAtatkX a week ago. tsyohslatkA one year ago. Base: .N-tkA plus s- repetitive Oneida Onyota7akáOneida, People of the Standing Stone, yáh niOnyota7a-ká- té-kA I'm not Oneida. Oneida, be kenyota7a-ká• I'm Oneida, yakninyota7a-ká• we two (excl.) are Oneidas. Base: -nyota'a káonion á-nuk onion. wa 7akwa 7nukslotúni7 we (excl.) stood up the onions (planting them). teka7núkslake two onions. wa7tke7nukslakA-séle7 I peeled the onion. Base: -a ? nuk-/- ? nukslOnondaga

Onuta7keha-ká-.

open See uncover; take the lid off open a door kenhotúkwas I'm opening the door. lonhotúkwA he has opened the door. kanhotúkwA the door is open. wa7kenhotu-kó- I opened the door, Ayenhotu-kó- she will open the door, senhotu-kó Open the door! tsha?enhotu-kó• when she or someone opened the door. Base: -nhotukwopen a door with force tahanhotúkwahte7 he threw open the door, takanhotúkwahte7 it blew the door open. Base: .nhotukwaht- plus t- cislocative open a door with something kenhotukwátha 7 I open the door

with it (e.g., a knife). wa7kenhotúkwahte7 I opened the door with it. Base: -nhotukwahtopen a window kwisanhotúkwas I'm opening the window. wakwisanhotúkwA I have opened the window. wa7kwisanhotu-kó• I opened the window. Base: -wisanhotukwopen, for a door to open; open a door for oneself yotenhotúkwA the door has opened, wa 7katenhotwkó• I opened the door for myself, utenhotu-kó• the door opened, tutenhotu-kó• there the door opened. Base: -atenhotukwopen one's eyes tekatkahkwalíhsyus I open my eyes, tehatkahkwalíhsyus he opens his eyes. tewakatkahkwalíhsi I have opened my eyes, my eyes are open, tehotkahkwalíhsi his eyes are open, teyakotkahkwalíhsi her eyes are open. wa7tkatkahkwalíhsi7 I opened my eyes, wa7thatkahkwalíhsi7 he opened his eyes, wa7tyutkahkwalíhsi7 she opened her eyes, tehsatkahkwalíhsi Open your eyes! tákA 7 tAhsatkahkwalíhsi Don't open your eyes! Base: .atkahkwalihsyu- plus tedualic open one's mouth tewakatskalá-WA I have my mouth open, tehotskalá-WA he has his mouth open, teyakotskalá-WA she has her mouth open. wa7tkátskalawe7 I opened my mouth, tehsátskalaw Open your mouth! Base: .atskala ? w- plus te- dualic

1114 English-Oneida

operate See run something; start up; operate

outcropping See rock; mountain; outcropping

operate See start something going

outfit, have on nikahkwAnyó-tA I have on that kind of outfit, nihuhkiVAtiyó-tA they (m.) have on that kind of uniform. nikahkwAnyo7tA-hné• I had on that kind of outfit. tiAkahkwAnyo7tAhake7 I will have , on that kind of outfit. Base: .ahkwAnyo?tA- plus n- partitive

opinion, have See mind, be the state of one's mind; have a view or opinion oppose tehalihotálhos he just doesn't want to do it or go along with it. tewaklihotálhu I have opposed it. wa 7teklihotálho 7 I oppose it, wa 7thalihotálho 7 he didn't want to go along with it, he opposed it, wa7thatilihotálho7 they (m.) are in disagreement. Base: .lihotalho- plus te- dualic oppose; disagree; disapprove klihwáya 7aks I keep opposing it, not agreeing. wa7klihwáya7ake7 I went against it, I opposed it, I disapproved it, wahalihwáya7ake7 he went against it. Base: -lihwaya'akor

tá-thuni7.

orange (colour)

katsi7nkwalahú-tsi7.

orange (colour) See yellow; orange orange (fruit) niwahyó-tA.

otsí-nkwala7

order See hire someone; ask or tell someone to do something other (time) oyá• tshithe-tA• the other day, kwáh oyá• tshithe-tA- the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. oyá• tshitkwa7ahsu-té• the other night, oyátshitwastéhtsi7 the other morning. oyá- tshityó-kalas the other night. oyá- tshitkohslá-ke the other year.

outfit, have on the same tsha7tehuhkwAnyó-tA they (m.) have on the same kind of outfit or uniform. Base: .ahkwAnyo?tA- plus tsha ? tecoincident and dualic outgrow; not fit something tehoriA-lA-se7 they (m.) don't fit it any longer, they keep outgrowing it. tewakAlA-u it's too small for me, it got small on me, teyakawAlA-u it's too small for her. wa 7twakA-lA• I don't fit it any longer, wa7thawA-lAhe doesn't fit it any longer, wa7tyakawA-lA• she doesn't fit it any longer, wa7thonA-lA• they (m.) don't fit it any longer, tAhawA-lA• he will outgrow it. Base: .AIA- plus te- dualic outlive; survive launhahnilú he lives forever (e.g., all kinds of things can happen to him and he survives all of them), yakaunhahnilú she survives. Pre-pausal: yakaunhahni-lú. Base: -unhahniloutside átste7. outstanding, be ya7tehoké-tote7 outstanding, ya7teyakoké-tote7 outstanding.

he's she's

English-Oneida 1115

Base: .ke?tot- plus ya 7 te- translocative and dualic outstanding, become ya7thoké-tohte7 he became really outstanding, ya7tyakoké-tohte7 she became really outstanding. Base: .ke?toht- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic oven, put in to roast or bake See roast; bake; fry ovenbread

owe lots wakatkalowanA I owe lots (e.g., a large amount of money, a big favour), lotkalowanA he owes lots, yakotkalowanA she owes lots. Prepausal: yakotkalowa-nA. Base: -atkalowanAowl kwalolú. Pre-pausal: kwalo-lú.

kalsihko-tú\

overdo waka 7slahléstu I'm overdoing it, yako7slahléstu she overdoes it, lona7slahléstu they (m.) are overdoing it. wa7ka7slá-leste7 I overdid it. Base: -a'slahlestoverdo kyelá-tha7 I overdo it, I push the limit, wakyelá-tu I have overdone it. wa7kye-lá-te7 I overdid it, wahaye-lá-te7 he overdid it, wahatiye-lá-te7 they (m) went too far, Ahsye-lá-te7 you will go overboard. Base: -yela ? toverhear ukwahuhsu-kóhte7 heard, wahohuhsu-kóhte7 heard, wa7akohuhsu-kóhte7 overheard. Base: -ahuhsukoht-

owe, lotka-lóte7 he owes. wa 7katkalo-tA• I owed, Akatkalo-tAI will owe. Base: -atkalot-

loverhe overshe

overshoes, put on See put on overshoes owe katkalótha 7 I'm owing it (e.g., money, a favour), wakatka-lóte7 I

own See lay down something; have or own oyá-n donutdoll. oyá-n, get wa7thuthoyá-n they (m.) got oyá-n. Base: ,athoya 7 n-/.athoya ? nhtplus te- dualic oyá-n, go along getting teyukwathoya7nhtuháti7 we're going along getting oyá-n. Base: ,athoya ? nhtuhatye- plus tedualic oyá-n, go to get wa7tkathoya7nhtá-na7 I'm on my way to get my oyá-n doll, wa7tehsathoya7nhtá-na7 you are going to go get oyá-n, wa7tyakyathoya7nhtá-na7 we two (excl.) are going to go get oyá-n, tAhsathoya7nhtá-na7 you will go get oyá-n, tahsathoya7nhtá-na7 you should go get oyá-n. Base: .athoya ? nhta ? n- plus tedualic

1116 English-Oneida

P pace See leave or go away bit by bit; go back and forth; pace pack kathle7nuníhe7 I'm packing up, yuthle7nu-níhe7 she's packing, she's making a bundle. wa7kathle7nu-ní- I packed. tsyuthle7nu-níhe7 she's packing up again. Base: -athle'nunipackage See parcel; bundle; package paddle, cornbread See cornbread paddle padlock o7no-wá\ Base: -'nowpadlock, attach ke7nowanyútha7 I'm putting a padlock on it. wake7nowani-yúte7 I have padlocked it. ka7nowani-yúte7 it has a padlock on it. wa7ke7nowanyu-tA• I put a padlock on it. Base: -?nowanyut-/-?nowaniyutpage, turn See turn the page paid, get lotkalya7kA-níhe7 he's getting paid, lonatkalya7kA-níhe7 they (m.) get paid. wakatkalya7kAtií I have gotten paid. ukwatkálya7kse7 I got paid, Awakatkálya7kse7 I will get paid, sayakotkálya 7 kse 7 it paid her back, she had it coming to her. Base: -atkalya ? kAni-/ -atkalya'kspail

yetsyAhtákhwa7.

pail; kettle u-ták pail, kettle. aku-ták my pail, lau-ták his pail, akau-ták her pail, au-ták her (z.) pail.

pail; pot; kettle kaná-tsi7 pail, pot, kettle. kana7tsyá-ke on the pail. kaná-tsyaku in the pail. kana7tsya7shúha pails. nyusakatná-tsy Ahte7 I lowered the pail back in there again. iva 7utna 7tsyá-lA

7

s h e p u t the pot on

(the stove), Ahsatna7tsyá-lA7 you will put a pot on, Asehsatna7tsyá-lA 7 you will put the pot back on (the stove). yukwatna7tsyahlúní7 we have pails set down, tayutna7tsyahlúni7 she put the pails on there, wahatná-tsike7 he filled up the pail. wa7katna7tsyátsha7ahte7 I burned the pot. wa7katna7tsyú-neke7 I moved the pail. tahaná-tsyAhte7 he brought down the pot. yahaná tsyAhte7 he lowered the pot, nyusakná-tsyAhte7 I lowered the pail back into it again. yena7tsyaha-wí• she's carrying a pail. kana7tsyáhele7 the pail is sitting (e.g., on the table or stove), wa7kna7tsyá-lA7 I put the kettle on. wa7kna7tsyahla-kó• I took the kettle off. tkana7tsyahlúni7 the pails are all around there, kaná-tsyote7 a pail is standing (upright), wakna 7tsítA 7 I have put the pail in it, wa7kna7tsítane7 I put the pail in it. wa 7kna 7tsyakalhátho 7 I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out), tekaná-tsyake two pails. tkana7tsyaké-lu7 pails are lying around there. tekna7tsyake-tás I'm scraping the pot, wa7tekná-tsyakete7 I scraped the pot, wa7tehsná-tsyakete7 you scraped the pot. wa7tehsna7tsyaketáni7

you scraped

English-Oneida 1117

the pot. kana7tsyowanA it's a large pot. sakna7tsyo-kó• I took the pail out of the water again. tkaná-tsyayA 7 the pail is lying there. Base: -na ? tsypain See hurt; ache paint See colour; paint pair

tsyoya-nát.

pale, become tewaklatyéhtu I'm pale, tesalatyéhtu you're pale, teholatyéhtu he's pale, teyakolatyéhtu she's pale, tehotilatyéhtu they (m.) are pale. wa7twaklátyehte7 I became pale, wa7tholátyehte7 he became pale. Base: .latyeht- plus te- dualic pancake

anikók.

pans See pots; pans pant See breath, be out of breath; pant pant leg olísla7 pant leg. a7éna 7tewaklísles my pant leg is so long, a7é• na7teholisles his pant leg is so long. kA7 na7teivaklislésha my pant leg is so short. Base: -lislpant legs, roll down See roll down one's pant legs pant legs, roll up See roll up one's pant legs pants, put on See put on pants pants, take off See take off pants pants; trousers a7nhuskwá-lha7 pants, trousers. akwa7nhuskwá-lha7 my pants, sa7nhuskwá-lha7 your pants, lao7nhuskwá-lha7 his pants,

ako7nhuskwá-lha7 her pants, ao7nhuskwá-lha7 her (z.) or its pants. Base: -a ? nhuskwa ? lhpaper; book; letter kahyatúhsli7 or kahyatúhsla7 paper, book, letter. Pre-pausal: kahyatúhselP or kahyatúhselaakhyatúhsli7 my paper or book, sahyatúhsli7 your paper, kahyatuhslokú under the book. Pre-pausal: kahyatuhslo-kú. kahyatuhsli7shúha papers, akohyatuhsli7shúha her books. uthyatuhsláhtu 7 the paper disappeared. 7 he tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha distributes papers, wa 7thahyatuhslakalényahte7 he distributed the papers. yakothyatuhslaníhA she has borrowed a book, etshyatuhslawí you have given him a book. takahyatúhslAne7 the paper fell. 7 he utahakhyatuhslahawíhtA should bring me a newspaper. wa7tekhyatuhslaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped it up in paper. tehsyatúhslak Pick up the book! wa7tekhyatuhslá-kete7 I folded the paper. wa7tekhyatuhsla7ktáni7 I folded the paper this way and that way. tekahyatúhslake two books. áhsA nikahyatúhslake three books. wa7khyatuhslalátsi7 I tore the paper, shyatuhslalátsi Tear the paper! yohyatuhslanAtakú there are papers stuck to it. wa7khyatuhslaló'loke7 I gathered up the books or papers. yohyatuhslanawA the paper is wet. lakhyatuhslaníhA he has lent me a book. nikahyatuhsIó-tA the kind of paper or book it is. skahyatúhslat one book. nikahyatúhslatAs the book is so thick. kahyatúhslayA 7 the paper is lying (e.g., on the floor),

1118 English-Oneida

yáh te7wakhyatúhslayA7 I don't have papers, yáh kánike7 te7kahyatúhslayA7 there's no paper anywhere. yekhyatuhslayA-tha7 I take in the paper. Base: -hyatuhslparade, go along parading lotinAhlahslunyuháti7 they (m.) are parading along. Base: -nAhlahslunyuhatyeparade, go to parade latinAhlahslunyá-ne7 they (m.) are going to have a parade. wahatinAhlahslunyá-na7 they (m.) are on their way to parade. Base: -nAhlahslunya ? nparcel; bundle; package otstótsli7 or otstótsla7 parcel, bundle, package (something wrapped up, perhaps wrapped up in paper). Pre-pausal: otstótshelP or otstótshela7 akitstótsli7 my parcel, laotstótsli7 his parcel, akotstótsli7 her parcel. laotstotsla7shúha his packages. a7éníkAtstótsla7 it's a big package. kitstotslaká-tshyus I'm taking apart the parcel or package. kitstotslu-níhe7 I'm making up a parcel. Base:

-itstotsl-

parent-child relation onatatyAha mother and daughter, lonatatyAha father and son, ukyatatyAha we're mother and daughter. Base: -atatyAha park a vehicle late7sléhtayAhe7 parks vehicles (e.g., cars). wa7kate7sléhtayA7 I parked, ivahyate7s!éhtayA7

he

the t w o (m.)

p a r k e d , Ahate7sléhtayA7 he will park. sate7sléhtayA Park the car! sayute7sléhtayA7 she or someone

parked again. Athate7sléhtayA7 he will park his vehicle there, Atwate7sléhtayA7 a vehicle will park there. yAivate7sléhtayA7 a vehicle will park over there. Base: -ate ? slehtayA-/ -ate ? slehtayAtparked, be la7sléhtayA7 he's parked (he's inside the car and parked), ye7sléhtayA7 she's parked. Base: - ? slehtayAparking lot

thute7slehtayAtákhwa7.

participate See j o i n in; participate particular, be See picky, be picky; be choosy partridge See grouse; partridge pass by; go or continue on katukótha 7 I pass by, watukótha 7 it passes by. lotukóhtu he has gone by, he has passed on (i.e., he has died). wahatu-kóhte7 he passed by, he passed on, wa7utu-kóhte7 she kept on going, utu-kóhte7 it went by, it was over, wa 7akyatu-kóhte7 we two (excl.) went on, wahyatu-kóhte7 the two (m.) went on, wahakwatu-kóhte7 he went ahead of me, wa7shakotu-kóhte7 he went ahead of her, he passed her (e.g., in a grade at school), Akatu-kóhte7 I will go on, Awatwkóhte7 it will pass by, it will be over, akatu-kóhte7 I should go on, ahatwkóhte7 he should go on. yukyatukohtú-ne7

w e two had

passed by. shotukóhtu he has passed by again, tsyakotukóhtu she or someone has passed by again, shonatukóhtu they (m.) have passed by again, sashakotu-kóhte7 he passed on ahead of her (also, if they're both sick, and he died before

English-Oneida 1119

her), sashukwatukóhtu he passed on a h e a d of us.

we

ta-yakwatu-kóhte7

(excl.) should go through there. tAthutu-kóhte7 they (m.) will come on this way. yahatu-kóhte7 he passed by there. nAwatu-kóhte7 it will go by in such a way. nyAwatukóhtake7 it will go through there, tshutu-kóhte7 when it had passed, after it was over, tshahutu-kóhte7 when they (m.) passed by. tshutahatu-kóhte7 when he came by here, thutu-kóhte7 it just went passing by (unexpectedly). Base: -atukohtpass out See fall over; pass out pass out See lose consciousness pass out something See give out pass; succeed tehatukótha7 he always passes (e.g., a grade at school). tehotukóhtu he has passed. wa7thatu-kóhte7 he passed, wa7tyutu-kóhte7 she passed,

pay lakálya7ks he pays, latikálya7ks they (m.) pay. lokalyá-ku he has paid, wa 7kkályahke 7 I paid, wahakályahke7 he paid, tori a 7ekályahke7 How much did she pay? Base: -kalya ? kpay someone; pay off for someone wakkalya7kA-níhe7 it keeps paying me to do it. skkalya7kAní you paid me. ukkálya 7kse 7 it paid me (to do something), I got somewhere (by doing it), Akukálya7kse7 I will pay y o u , aesakálya 7kse

it w o u l d p a y off

p e a teyotshahe7takwe7nuní. Prepausal: teyotshahe7takwe7nu-ní.

peace shé-ko or shé-ku (also used as a greeting).

yáh

peace SLVMA'- peace. skAUA7kó- great peace.

tha7tehotukóhtu he didn't pass. Base: .atukoht- plus te- dualic paste See dough; paste; cream

peach

patch kihnanAtákta7 I'm patching it with something, yehnanAtákta7 she's patching it. wakihnanAtáktu I have patched it. wa7kihnanA-tákte7 I patched it. Base: -ihnanAtakt-

peacock

path See road pawn latkalayAtákhwa 7 he pawns lotkalayAtáhkwA he has pawned wa7katkalayA-táhkwe7 I pawned AkatkalayA-táhkwe7 I will pawn Base: -atkalayAtahkw-

7

for you to do it, you should prosper. sakhekálya7kse7 I paid her back, I got back at her. Atyukkálya7kse7 they will pay me for it there. Base: -kalya ? kAni-/-kalya ? ks-

it. it. it, it.

pear

yonuhwé-lhote7

káhik.

wa7kohseskó-. yotshe7tX-tuhe7.

peck lásto7oks he pecks,kásto7oks she (z.) or it pecks. wahásto7oke7 he pecked. Base: -sto ? okpeck repeatedly lasto7ókhuhe7 he's pecking. Base: -sto ? okhupeddle See sell; peddle

1120 English-Oneida

peek through See stick out, be sticking out; be showing or peeking through peel tewatkAslus it's peeling (e.g., dry or chapped skin, paint). wa7twatkA-séle7 it peeled, tAwatkA-séle7 it will peel. Base: ,atkAsl-/.atkAsel- plus tedualic peel, for the peel or skin to peel off yotla 7wistótshi the peel or skins have come off (e.g., the skins on corn kernels). utla7wistótshi7 the peel or skins came off, Awatla?zvistótshi7 the peel or skins will come off. Base: -atla ? wistotshyupeel off yotla?nAtáhsi it has peeled off. utla?riAtáhsi7 it came or peeled off, Aivatla?nAtáhsi? it will peel off. Atwatla?nAtáhsi? it will peel off (it'll come this way when it peels off). Base: -atla'nAtahsyupeel off something kla7nAtáhsyus I'm peeling it off. wakla?nAtáhsi I have peeled it off. Akla7nAtáhsi7 I will peel it off. sekla?nAtáhsyus I'm peeling it back off again. Base: -la?nAtahsyupeel, remove the peel kla7wistótshyus I'm removing the peel or skins from something. wakla7iuistótshi I have removed the peel. iva7kla7wistótshi7 I removed the peel, Akla?wistótshi? I will remove the peel. Base: -la ? wistotshyupeel something tekkAslus I'm peeling it (with an implement, such as a knife). tewakkAslu I have peeled it. wa7thakA-séle7 he peeled it, tAkkA-séle7 I will peel it. teskA-sél

Peel it! teyuhyakAslus she's peeling fruit, tehuhyakAslus they (m.) are peeling fruit, wa7tkahyakA-séle7 I peeled fruit, wa7tyuhyakA-sé!e7 she peeled fruit. wa7tke7nukslakA-séle7 I peeled the onion. tekhnana7takAslus I'm peeling potatoes, teyehnana7takAslus she's peeling potatoes, tewakhnana7takAslu I have peeled potatoes, teyakohnana7takAslu she has peeled the potatoes, wa7tyehnana7takA-séle7 she peeled potatoes, tusayehnana7takA-séle7 she started to peel potatoes again. wa7tyehtehlakA-séle7 she peeled carrots. wa7teknu7uslakA-séle7 I peeled the squash. Base: ,kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic peel the peel tekla7zvistakAslus I'm peeling it (with an implement). tewakla7wistakAslu I have peeled it. wa7tekla7wistakA-séle7 I peeled it, tAkla7wistakA-séle7 I will peel it. tehsla7wistakA-sél Peel it! Base: .la ? wistakAsl-/ ,la?wistakAsel- plus te- dualic peelings olá-wiste7. Base: -la ? wistpelt kané-wa7 pelt. wahatnehwahni-nú• Base: -nehwpencil; pen

he sold a pelt.

yehyatúkhwa7.

pending, for the outcome to be pending yotokA7uháti7 the outcome (whether I'll do it or not) is pending, it depends. Base: -tokA?uhatyepenetrate See force through; penetrate peninsula See island; peninsula

English-Oneida 1121

penis See genitals penny; cent kwénis penny, úska kwénis one cent, ivísk kwénis five cents, ten cents.

oye-lí• kwénis

People of the Standing Stone See Oneida pepper See medicine; pepper pepper shaker yenuhkwa

7tslalákhwa7.

perceive See notice; perceive; realize perch lanitskwahélha7 he keeps getting into a perching position. lonitskwáhele? he has gotten into a perching position. wahanitskwá-lA? he perched, Ahanitskwá-lA 7 he will perch. Base: -anitskwahel-/ -anitskwahlperfectionist, be wakatkwényest I'm a perfectionist, I want the best, lotkwényest

he's a p e r f e c t i o n i s t ,

yakotkwényest she's a perfectionist. Base: -atkwenyestperfume bazoon. perfume, put on See put on perfume or cologne permission, give someone permission or an opportunity shakonaktota-níhe7 he gives her or them permission, he offers her or them the time or space or opportunity to do something, laknaktota-níhe7 he offers me the opportunity, khenaktotaní I have given her or them permission, laknaktotaní he's allowing me to do it. wahaknaktóthahse7 he gave me permission, wa7shakonaktóthahse7 he gave her or them permission,

Akunaktóthahse7

I will give you the

opportunity,

Ashakonaktóthahse7

he will give her or them permission. Base: -naktotani-/-naktothahspermit See agree to; allow; give one's consent persevere; stay strong latunhahni-láts he's not giving up, he's sticking it out, he's persevering. wa7katunhahni-láte7 I persevered, I stayed strong, tsyatunhahni-lát You two don't give up! Base: -atunhahnilatpersist tyekutákhwa7 she keeps persisting. twakkutáhkwA I keep going on, thokutáhkwA he's keeping it up, tyakokutáhkwA she's keeping going, takku-táhkwe7 I started something ongoing, I kept on with it, tahaku-táhkwe7 he kept on with it, ya7thakii'táhkwe? he kept on with it, ya?tyeku-táhkwe7 she kept on with it. tasku-ták Keep on with it, don't quit! Base: .kutahkw- plus t- cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic person ukwé person. Pre-pausal: u-kwé. lukwé

m a n , yakukwé

woman,

tyukwé all of us (excl.) persons, lAtiukwé m e n , a group of m e n and

women, kunukwé women, teknukwé two women, tehnukwé two men, a man and a woman, ukweho-kú• people. áhsA niyukwé-take three people. Base: -ukwe-/-ukwe?tperson, be funny See funny person, be person, be good See good person, be person, be scary See scary person, be person, new See new person

1122 English-Oneida

perspire See sweat persuade someone tehake7nikuhlakAnyehse7 he keeps persuading me, he makes up my mind forme. tehake7nikuhlakAni he has persuaded me. wa7thake7nikuhlakA-níhe persuaded me, tAku 7nikuhlakA-ní• I will persuade or convince you. Base: ,?nikuhlakAny- plus tedualic pester See bother someone; pester someone pestle

ahsi-sát.

pet animal See animal, domestic animal; pet phlegm See frothy substance; phlegm pick íkkwas I'm picking, ískzvas you're picking, lákwas he's picking, yékwas she's picking, kákivas she (z.) is picking, tníkwas or tnékwas you and I (incl.) are picking, yakníkwas or yaknékwas we two (excl.) are picking, snékwas you two are picking, nékivas the two (m.) are picking, knékivas the two (z.) are picking, twákwas we (incl.) are picking, yakwákwas we (excl.) are picking, swákwas you all are picking, latíkwas they (m.) are picking, kutíkwas they (z.) are picking. wákkwA I have picked, lókwA he has picked, wá-kko7 I picked, wá'sko7 you picked, waha-kó- he picked, wetni-kó- you and I (incl.) picked, wa7akni-kó• we two (excl.) picked, Akko7 I will pick. ísko Pick! Akkwáhseke7 I will be picking. y Ah Akko7 I will pick it over there. nyAye-kó• how or where she will pick it, nyAyakni-kó• how or where

we two (excl.) will pick it. kahyákzvas I'm picking berries, wahyákwas she (z.) is picking berries, tsyahyákwas you two are picking berries, kyahyákwas the two (z.) are picking berries, luhyákwas they (m.) are picking berries, sá-yako Pick the berries! kaneklákwas I'm picking grass, I'm weeding, wahahnaná-tako7 he picked (or harvested) potatoes, ayakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) should pick potatoes, Atsyakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) will pick potatoes again. kriAstákwas I'm picking corn. knu7uslákivas I'm picking squash. latiskalákwas they (m.) are picking or harvesting flax. nyAhsya7tuníhslako7 over there you will pick up your doll. latiyAtákzoas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, zvahayA-táko7 he harvested wood, wa7eyA-táko7 she harvested wood, AhayA-táko7 he will harvest wood, tsi7 núnihatiyAtákwas where they (m.) are cutting wood, tshihatiyAtákwas when they are cutting wood. latiyu7kwákwas they (m.) pick tobacco. Base: -kw-/-ekwpick for someone lakkzvA-níhe7 he's picking it for me, yukkwA-níhe7 she's picking it for me. wa7kúkwahse7 I picked it for you, wahákkwahse7 he picked it for me. lakwahyakwA-níhe7 he's picking berries for me. wahakhnana7tákzvahse7 he picked potatoes for me. laksahe7takwA-níhe7 he's picking beans for me. Base: -kwAni-/-kwa ? s-

English-Oneida 1123

pick, go to pick kahyákhe7 I'm here to pick fruit or berries, yuhyákhehse7 she goes to pick berries, wa 7kyahyákha 7 the two (z.) went to pick berries, Akahyákha7 I will go 7 to pick berries, Ayuhyákha she will go to pick berries, a-yuhyákha7 she or someone should go to pick berries, ahuhyákha7 they (m.) should go to pick berries. ksahe7tákhe7 I'm here to pick beans. Base: -N-khpick; harvest kyAthókwas I'm picking or harvesting. wakyAthókwA I have picked, wahakyAtho-kóhe picked. Base: -yAthokwpick on someone shakótkute7 he's picking on her, lakwátkute7 he's picking on me, shakonátkute7 they (m.) are picking on her. Base: -atkutpick up tekékhwa 7 I pick it up, tehsékhwa7 you pick it up, tehákhwa 7 he picks it up, teyékhwa 7 she picks it up, tekákhwa 7 she (z.) or it picks it up, tetnékhwa 7 you and I (incl.) pick it up, teyaknékhwa7 we two (excl.) pick it up, tesnékhwa 7 you two pick it up, tehnékhwa 7 the two (m.) pick it up, teknékhwa 7 the two (z.) pick it up, tetwákhwa 7 we (incl.) pick it up, teyakwákhwa 7 we (excl.) pick it up, teswákhwa7 you all pick it up, tehAnékhwa7 they (m.) pick it up, tekunékhwa7 they (z.) pick it up, teshakoya7tákhwa7 he keeps picking her up. tewakéhkwA I have picked it up, teyuknéhkwA we two have picked it up, teyukwáhkwA we have picked it up, tehonéhkwA they (m.) have picked it up, teshakoya7táhkivA he has picked

her up. wá-tkehkwe7 I picked it up, wá-thlahkwe7 he picked it up, wa7teshakoyá-tahkwe7 he picked her up, tA-kéhkwe7 I will pick it up. téhsek

Pick it up!

tetsyukwáhkwA

we have picked it up again, tusáhsehkwe7 you picked it up again, tusashakoyá-tahkwe7 he picked her up again, tu-sétwahkwe7 we (incl.) should pick it up again. teka7kAhlákhwa7 I'm picking up dirt (either in my hand or with something, such as a shovel), tewaka 7kAhláhkwA I have picked up the dirt, wa7tha7kA-lahkwe7 he picked up the dirt, tehsyatúhslak Pick up the book! wa7tekna-kálahkwe7 I picked up a stick. tekenyAhtákhwa7 I'm picking up snow (either in my hand or with a shovel), tehonyAhtáhkwA

he has

picked up the snow, wa7thanyAhtahkwe7 he picked up the snow. Base: .hkw-/.ehkw-/.ya ? tahkwplus te- dualic pick up See take off; take down pick up pieces sahahlu-kó• he picked them up, sayehlu-kó• she picked them up. sashlu-kó Pick them up! sahana7talahlu-kó• he picked up bread crumbs. Base: .hlukw- plus s- repetitive pickles, make tehatnu7uslahyo7tsísta7 he's making brine pickles. wa7thatnu7uslahyó-tsiste7 he made brine pickles. Base: ,atnu ? uslahyo ? tsist- plus tedualic pickles, salt or brine pickles teyonu

7uslahyó-tsis.

1124 English-Oneida

picky, be picky; be choosy wakatA7nikuhlakwényest I'm picky, lotA7nikuhlakwényest he's picky, yakotA?nikuhlakwényest she's picky. Base: -atA?nikuhlakwenyest-

pictures, draw or take several wahuwatiya7talúni7 they took several pictures of them (m.). Base: -ya ? talunyu-

picnic bugs See gnats; picnic bugs

pie, tasty pie kaiva 7yatsláku 7,

picnic, go on a picnic yakwatekhwahlakó-ne7 we (excl.) are here to picnic. yakwatekhzuahlakó-nehse7 we (excl.) go on picnics. lotekhwahlakó-nu he has gone on a picnic. wa7akwatekhwahlakó-na7 we (excl.) are going on a picnic. Base: -atekhwahlako ? n-

piece See section; piece; gear; second

picture

kayá-tale7.

pictured, be pictured; be a member kyá-tale7 I'm a member (of an organization), it's my picture, it's a picture of me, lay á-tale 7 he's a member, it's his picture, kayá-tale7 it has a picture of (something), layá-talahkwe7 he was a member, kayá-talahkwe7 it was pictured. Akyá-talake7 I will be a member, Akayá-talake7 it will be pictured, ayeyá-talake7 she or someone should be a member. nihayá-tale7 how or where he's a member, niyakniyá-tale7 how or where we two (excl.) are joined in (with them), nikyá-talahkwe7 how or where I was a member. Base:

-ya ? tal-

pictures, draw or take laya7tálha7 he's drawing, he takes pictures, kaya7tálha7 it's pictured. loyá-talu7 he has drawn. wahoyá-talu7 he drew or took a picture of him, Akyá-talu7 I will draw. Base: -ya ? tal-/-ya ? talu-

pie ivá-yat.

piece together tekekhányuhe7 I'm piecing it together (e.g., a jigsaw puzzle or a quilt), tewakekhání7 I have pieced it together, tehokháni7 he has pieced it together. tekakháni7 it's pieced together. wa7tkekháni7 I pieced it together, wa7thakháni7 he pieced it together, tAkekháni7 I will piece it together. teskakháni7 it's put back together again. Base: .khanyu- plus te- dualic piece together cloth; quilt tekehnakhányuhe7 I'm putting pieces of cloth together (e.g., putting the blocks together to make a quilt), teyehnakhányuhe7 she's putting the pieces of cloth together, tekutihnakhányuhe7 they (z.) are putting the blocks of cloth together. tAkutihnakháni7 they (z.) will put the blocks of cloth together. Base: ,hnakhanyu-/.ihnakhanyuplus te- dualic pieced together, get wa7twatekháni7 it got pieced together. Base: .atekhanyu- plus te- dualic pierce; prick tekawe7ésta7 I'm piercing it, I'm pricking it. tewakawe7éstu I have pierced it, teyowe7éstu she (z.) or it has pierced it. wa7tkáwe7este7 I pierced it, wa7tyukwáwe7este7 someone pierced me (e.g., I got a

English-Oneida 1125

needle from the doctor), wa 7thakwáwe 7este 7 he pricked me (e.g., the doctor gave me a needle, the bee stung me). Base: .awe ? est- plus te- dualic pierce several; prick here and there tekawe7estányuhe7 I'm piercing or pricking it all over. tAhsawe7estáni7 you will prick it. Base: .awe'estanyu- plus te- dualic pierce the ears wa7tyukwahuhtakahlu-tA• she or someone put a hole in my ear, they pierced my ears, yáh kA tha7tehsahuhtaká'lute7 Don't you have holes in your ears! (M.D.'s mother used to say this to her if she wasn't paying attention). Base: .ahuhtakahlut- plus tedualic pig

kóskos.

pig's foot

otsilanAta7.

around, waketstenyokwáhtu I have spread it around. wa7ketstenyókwahte7 I spread it around, setstenyókwat Pile them! Base: -tstenyokwahtpile up; heap up ketstenyótha7 I'm piling it up. waketstényote 7 I have piled it up, yotstényote7 there's a big pile, it's heaped. Aketstenyo-tA• I will pile it. setstenyo-tA Pile it! yo7kAhlatstényote7 it's a pile of dirt. yonAyatstényote7 it's a pile of stones. Base: -tstenyotpile wood tehayAtótha7 he's piling wood, wa 7thayAto-tA• he piled wood, tahayAto-tA• he should pile wood. Base: .yAtot- plus te- dualic pill onunyó-kwa7 pills. onunyo7kwa7shúha a bunch of pills. Base: -nunyo'kw-

pigeon oli-té-.

pillow yutku7slákhwa7 atku 7slákhwa 7.

pile See stack; pile

pillowcase

pile, be a pile or heap yotstényes it's really piled up high. niyotstenye-sú-se7 there are such big piles here and there. yo7kAhlatstényes there's a real heaping pile of dirt. yohnana7tatstényes there's a whole potato pile, a7éniyohnana7tatstényes over there there's a whole potato pile. yonAyatstényes there's a real heaping pile of stones. yoyAtatstényes there's a real heaping pile of wood. Base: -tstenyes-

pimple, have lottsi7nu-wát he has a pimple, yakottsi7nu-wát she has a pimple. Base: -attsi ? nuwat-

pile, spread around a pile 7 I spread a pile ketstenyokwátha

or

yutku7slolókta7.

pin See nail; wire; needle; pin pin, put in See drive in a nail or pin pin, take out See take out a nail or pin pin with a safety pin 7 ktsihkwahalótha I'm putting a safety pin in it, I'm pinning it up with a safety pin, yetsihkwahalótha7 she's pinning it. katsihkwáhalote7 it's pinned up. wa7ktsihkwaha!o-tA•

1126 English-Oneida

I pinned it. stsihkwahalo-tA safety pin in it! Base: -tsihkwahalot-

Put a

p i n c h teshakottsye7elótha7 he's pinching her. wa7tekheyattsye7elo-tAI pinched her, wa7thakwattsye7elo-tAhe pinched me, wa7teshakottsye7elo-tAhe pinched her. Base: ,attsye ? elot- plus te- dualic pine See evergreen; pine pine; hemlock

kanA7tú-sa7.

p i n k kanikwAhtalawískla7. Prep a u s a l : kanikwAh talawískela 7 pipe See cylinder; pipe pit (of a fruit) See seed; grain; oats pitcher (softball) wakátyehse7 I'm the pitcher, tesátyehse7 you're pitcher, thótyehse7 he's pitcher, tyakótyehse7 she's pitcher. Base: .atyehse 7 plus t- cislocative pitiful, be yotA-lá-t it's pitiful. Prep a u s a l : yotA-láht. Base: -itAla ? tpity

kAtAlú.

Pre-pausal:

kAtA-lú.

pity someone ku-tAlhe7 I'm pitying you, lo-tAlhe7 he's pitying him, lotA-lás he pities him. khetAlú I have pitied her, lotAlú he has pitied him. wa7khe-tAle7 I pitied her, wahaki-tAle7 he pitied me, waho-tAle7 he pitied him, wa7shakni-tAle7 we two (excl.) pitied him, Aho-tAle7 he will pity him. taki-tAl Take pity on me! Base: place nú-.

-itAl-

place See bed; place; space place stones around; brick over iva7thatinA-yátu7 they (m.) placed stones around, they covered it with stones. Base: .nAyatu- plus te- dualic plant latiyAthos they (m.) plant. loyAthu he has planted, lotiyAthu they (m.) have planted. kayAthu it's planted. zva7akwayAtho7 we (excl.) planted, AhsyAtho7 you will plant, Ayakway Atho 7 we (excl.) will plant, AhatiyAtho 7 they (m.) will plant, ayakway Atho 7 we (excl.) should plant, tsy At ho Plant! loyAthú-ne7 he had planted. AhayAthóhseke 7 he will be planting. ahatiyAthóhseke7 they (m.) should be planting, n Ayakway Atho7 how or where we (excl.) will plant. yáh tehayAthos he's not planting. wahahnana7tayAtho7 he planted 7tayAtho 7 potatoes, sayakwahnana we (excl.) planted potatoes again. salutayAthu you have planted a tree. lanAstayAthos he's planting corn, kanAstayAthu the corn is planted, thanAstayAthos he's planting corn there, yehanAStayAthos he's planting corn over there, nAhanAstayAtho7 how or where he will plant corn, yáh tehanAstayAthos he's not planting corn. waktsi7tsyayAthu I have planted flowers. latiyu7kwayAthos they (m.) plant tobacco. Base: -yAthoplant, go to plant tsyAthóhsle7 you're going to plant. layAthóhslehse7 he goes to plant. loyAthóhsu he has gone to plant, wahayAthóhsla7 or wahayAthóhsa7

he's on his w a y to

plant. wahanAstayAthóhsa7

he's on

English-Oneida 1127

his way to plant corn, snAstayAthóhsa Go plant the corn! Base: -yAthohsl-/-yAthohsplant several yukway Athóhslu7 we planted things. AhatiyAthóhslu 7 they (m.) will plant things. usayakwayAthóhslu7 we (excl.) should plant things again, tsi7 núniyukwayAthóhslu7 where we (excl.) have planted things. sholutayAthóhslu7 he planted trees again. Base: -yAthohsluplaster See mud plate See dish; plate; bowl play latnutolyá-tha7 he plays. wakatnutolyá-tu I'm playing, lotnutolyá-tu he's playing, yakotnutolyá-tu she's playing. ivahatnutólyahte7 he played, wa7akyatnutólyahte7 we two (excl.) played, Akatnutólyahte7 I will play, autnutólyahte7 she (z.) should play, satnutólyaht Play! wakatnutolya7tú-ne7 I was playing (but I'm not any longer), lotnutolya?tú-ne7 he was playing. usayakyatnutólyahte7 we two (excl.) should play again. tshihotnutolyá-tu when he's playing. Base: -atnutolya ? tplay ball tehattsihkwá'eks he's playing ball, he's up at bat, tekuttsihkwá-eks they (z.) play ball, tehuttsihkwá-eks they (m.) play ball, tehottsihkwá-e he's playing ball, tekuttsihkwá-ekskwe7 they (z.) were playing ball. Base: .attsihkwa ? ek-/ .attsihkwa ? e- plus te- dualic

play ball, go to play ball tehuttsihkwa7ékhe7 they (m.) are going to play ball. wa7thuttsihkwa7ékha7 they (m.) are going there to play ball. Base: .attsihkwa'ekh- plus tedualic play cards tekhyatúhslayAhe7 I'm playing cards. wa7tyakwahyatúhslayA7 we (excl.) played cards, wa7thatihyatúhslayA7 they (m.) played cards, ta-hatihyatúhslay A 7 they (m.) should play cards. Base: .hyatuhslayA- plus tedualic play, go along playing yukyatnutolya7tuháti7 we go along playing. Base: -atnutolya ? tuhatyeplay, go to play katnutolya7tá-ne7 I'm here to play. latnutolya7tá-nehse7 he goes to play. wa7katnutolya7tá-na7 I'm going to play, wahatnutolya 7tá-na 7 he went to play, wa7kyatnutolya7tá-na7 the two (z.) went to play, Ahsatnutolya7tá-na7 you will go and play. satnutolya7tá-na Go play! twatnutolya 7tá-na Let's all (incl.) go play! Base: -atnutolya ? ta ? nplay pool tehanunyó-kwayAhe7 he's playing pool. wa7teknunyó-kivayA7 I played pool. Base: .nunyo?kwayA- plus tedualic play pool, go to play pool teyakonunyo7kwayA-hnúgone to play pool. wa7teknunyo7kwayA-hnáway to play pool.

she has I'm on my

1128 English-Oneida

Base: .nunyo'kwayAhn- plus tedualic

pleasant, be See enjoyable, be enjoyable; be pleasant

play the snowsnake tehutlahwAhtayAhe7 they're playing at the snowsnake game. Base: .atlahwAhtayA- plus tedualic

pleasure, take pleasure in See enjoy; like

play with something latnutolya7tákhwa7 he plays with it. wakatnutolya7táhkwA I'm playing with it. Akatnutolyá-tahkwe7 I will play with it. Base: -atnutolya'tahkw-

pliers

playful, act playfully; fool around lateshwa7tákhwa7 he's being playful. loteshwa7táhkwA he has fooled around. wa7kateshwá-tahkwe7 I was fooling around. Base: -ateshwa ? tahkwplayful, be playful; be fooling around loteshwá-tu he's fooling around, he's being playful, lonateshwá-tu they (m.) are being playful (e.g., they're play fighting, hitting each other in a playful way). Base: -ateshwa ? tplayful, become loteshwa7tolyA-níhe7 he's about to be playful, a playful or silly mood is coming over him. wahoteshwa7tóli7 his mood changed so that a playful mood came over him. Base: -ateshwa ? tolyAni-/ -ateshwa'tolyAplead kanitAtha7 I plead. wakanitAhtu I'm pleading. wa7kani-tAhte7 I pleaded, Akani-tXhte7 I will plead, ayuni-tAhte7 she or someone should plead. Base: -anitAht-

plentiful, be See live; reside; be plentiful teyeluwalyá-kta7.

plow See turn or knock over something low; plow plow; egg turner; spatula yekalhathó-tha

7.

plug in See connect; join; plug in plum wíhsu7. pocket See purse; wallet; suitcase; pocket pocket, dig in See dig in one's pocket pocket, have yohna7tátslute7 pocket. Base: -hna ? tatslut-

it has a

point yekahtsyátha7 I point. yewakáhtsyate7 I'm pointing. ya7kahtsya-tA• I pointed, yAkahtsya-tX• I will point. Base: .ahtsyat- plus y- translocative pointy, be See sharp, be sharp; be pointy poison ivy yakohA-tálahse7 7kó-. yakohAtalahse

or

poison ivy, get wakhA-tálahse7 I get poison ivy, lohA-tálahse7 he keeps getting poison ivy. ukhA-tálane7 I got poison ivy, AhohA-tálane7 he will get poison ivy. Base: -hAtala 7 -

English-Oneida 1129

policeman shakoye-nás (he's a) policeman, yakoye-nás (she's a) policewoman. Base: -yenas polish

teyestalathe7tákhwa7.

polish something See shine something polite, be See good-natured, be goodnatured; be well-behaved polka-dotted, be See star, shine here and there; be polka-dotted pond, be a small pond or island wéhkwayA7 (there's) a small pond or island. Base: -ehkwayA-/-ehkwayAtpond, be several ponds or islands wehkxvayA-tú- (there are) several small ponds or islands. Base: -ehkwayAtupond, be small ponds or islands here and there wehkivaké-lu7 (there are) several small ponds or islands. Base: -ehkwakehlupoor, be waki-tAt I'm poor, SA-tAt you're poor, lo-tAt he's poor, yako-tAt she's poor, loti'tAt they (m.) are poor. wakilAhtú-ne7 I used to be poor. niwaki-tAt I'm so poor, niyukwA-tAt we are so poor. tshiyukwA-tAt when we were poor. Base: -itAhtpoor, become poor; lose out wakitAhtá-u I became poor, yukzvAtAhtá-u we became poor. ukitAhtane? I'm no longer well-off, I lost out (e.g., I lost my mother, or my voice), ivahotAhtane7 he became poor, wa7uknitAhtane7 we two became poor, wahotitAhtane7 they (m.) became poor, AivakítAhtane7 I

will be poor. sahotitAhtane7 they (m.) became poor again. tahotAhtane7 there he became poor. yahotAhtane7 he got poor while he was (living) there. Base: -itAhta 7 poor, become poorer tayakotAhtá-sle7 she's becoming more poor, tahotAhtá-sle7 he's becoming more poor. Pre-pausal: tahotAhtá-sele7. Base: .itAhta'sl- plus t- cislocative poor, go along poor lotAhta?uháti7 he came here and he's poor. tahotAhta7uháti7 he's coming along and he's poor. Base: -itAhta ? uhatyepoorly, look yotAhtehslolú it's poorly, it's not good the way he or she is looking. Pre-pausal: yotAhtehslo-lú. tsi7 niyotAhtehslolú (it looks like) they're doing really poorly. Base: -itAhtehslolpop See bounce; pop; ricochet pop; soda; Kool-Aid kahnekáku 7. popcorn poplar

watnAstatákwas. yonlahtu-tás.

porch See room, be a built-on room or porch porcupine

onhéhta7.

porcupine quills onhéhta7

onúhkwis.

possess See lay down something; have or own possession See belonging possible, be See come about; be possible

1130 English-Oneida

post okuhlétsha7. Base: -kuhletshpost, be lying kakuhlétshayA is lying there. Base: -kuhletshayA-

7

a post

post, be sitting kakuhletsháhele7 post is sitting or lying up on something. Base: -kuhletshahel-

a

post office yehyatuhslayAtákhwa7 post office, tsi7 tyehyatuhslayAtákhwa7 at the post office. post, put up See put up a post postman See mailman; postman postpone See skip over; postpone posture, have good See straight, be straight; be level; have good posture pot See pail; pot; kettle pot, cooking See cooking pot potato ohnaná-ta7 potato. kahnana7táksA the potatoes are rotten. yothnana7tatatAlA there are potatoes left over. ukivathnana7tatA-lá-se7 I had some potatoes left over, wathnaná-tute7 (it's) a baked potato, wa7kathnana7tu-tA• I baked 7tahni-núpotatoes, ayakwathnana we (excl.) should sell potatoes. wa 7kathnana

7tó-ktA 7

I ran out of

potatoes, wa7akwathnana7tó-ktA7 we (excl.) ran out of potatoes. wakathnana7tatalihá-tu I'm heating up potatoes, wahathnana7tatalíhahte7 he heated up the potatoes, tayuthnana7tatalíhahte7 she

heated up the potatoes there. wa7ukwahnana7tu-tíwe dropped in or dispersed potatoes (e.g., into the ground when planting), Atsyukwahnana7tu-tí• we will disperse potatoes again. ukhnaná-tAhse7 I dropped the potato. yohnana7tatalíhA the potatoes are warm. tekahnana7tahlíhtu the potatoes are cut up into pieces, wa7thahnana7tá-lihte7 he cut potatoes into pieces. wa7khnana7títane7 I put potatoes in it (e.g., a bowl, or the bag of potatoes in the car). Ayakwahnaná-take7 we (excl.) will eat potatoes. tekhnana7takAslus I'm peeling potatoes, teyehnana7takAslus she's peeling potatoes, tewakhnana7takAslu I have peeled potatoes, teyakohnana7takAslu she has peeled the potatoes, wa7tyehnana7takA-séle7 she peeled potatoes, tusayehnana7takA-séle7 she started to peel potatoes again. khnana7takó-ne7 I'm here to fetch the potatoes, sakhnana7takó-na7 I went to go get potatoes again. wahahnaná-tako7 he picked (or harvested) potatoes, ayakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) should pick potatoes, Atsyakwahnaná-tako7 we (excl.) will pick potatoes again. wahakhnana7tákwahse7 he picked potatoes for me. wa7kuhnana7tálhahse7 I served you potatoes (e.g., I put potatoes on your plate), takhnana7tálhas Serve me some potatoes! wa7ehnana7tóhale7 she washed the potato. wa7khnana7tanu-wáke7 I got a craving for potatoes. wa7khnaná-to7 I put potatoes in water to cook, shnaná-to Cook potatoes! yohnana7tatstényes there's a whole potato pile, a 7é-

English-Oneida 1131

niyohnana7tatstényes over there there's a whole potato pile. yohnana7tawísto the potatoes are cold. wa7kahnana7tawístone7 the potatoes got cold. wahahnana7tayAtho7 he planted potatoes, sayakwahnana7tayAtho7 we (excl.) planted potatoes again. wa7ohnana7ta7nétskane7 the potatoes became soft (e.g., they're cooked or they're going bad). Base: -hnana ? tpotato, green spots on fresh potatoes teyoskálya 7t. potato masher teyehnana potato pot potato salad pots; pans

7tahlihtákhwa

7.

yehnana7tókhwa7. kahnana7taku7ústu. yekhunya7tákhwa7.

pouch See bundle; pouch pound okú-tsla7 pound, skakú-tslat one pound. Base: -ku'tslpound something kethé-tha7 I'm pounding (e.g., corn), yethé-tha7 she's pounding, yakothé-tu she's pounding, she has pounded, kathé-tu it's pounded. wa7éthehte7 she pounded, Akéthehte 7 I will pound. sétheht Pound! Base: -the?tpound the surface; knock ka 7tá-eks I'm pounding it (e.g., with a hammer), yu7tá-eks she's pounding it. wa7ka7tá-eke7 I pounded it, I knocked on it, wahsa7táeke7 you pounded it, wa7u7tá-eke7 she pounded it, Aka7tá-eke7 I will pound it.

Base: -a ? ta ? ek-/-a ? ta ? e-/-a ? ek-/ -a ? epour See throw; drop off; pour; add pour out See spill something; pour out powder, face powder 7. yutwisklalhó-tha powder, put on See put on face powder powdery, have on See flour, have on flour or something powdery power, have unusual powers; be able to see the future; be a mind reader lotukwe7tátku 7 he has unusual powers. Base: -atukwe ? tatkupractice luteyAtétha7 they (m.) are practicing. lonateyAtéhtu they (m.) have practiced. wahuteyA-téhte7 they (m.) practiced. sateyA-tét Practice! twateyA-tét Let's (incl.) practice! Base: -ateyAteht-/-atewyAtehtpraise

tekalAhsalA7.

praise someone tekulAhsálha7 I praise you, tekhelAhsálha7 I'm praising her, tehilAhsálha7 I'm praising him, tehaklAhsálha7 he's praising me. iva7thaklXhsalA7 he praised me, wa7teshakolXhsalA7 he praised her or them, tAhilXhsalA 7 I will praise him. Base: .L\hsal-/.lAhsalut- plus tedualic praise someone repeatedly; praise several tekulAhsalúnyuhe7 I'm praising you over and over, tesklAhsalúnyuhe7 you're praising me, tehaklAhsalúnyuhe7 he's praising me, teshakolAhsalúnyuhe7 he's

1132 English-Oneida

praising them. wa7teshakolAhsalúni7 he praised them all. Base: .Uhsalunyu- plus te- dualic praise, take away tekhelAhsalutákwas I take away the praise I give her (because she no longer deserves it). tusakhelAhsaluta-kóI took away the praise I gave her. Base: .lAhsalutakw- plus tedualic pray I pray, lutlA-náyAhe7 they (m.) pray. wakatlA-náyA7 I'm praying, lotlA-náyA7 he's praying, yakotlA-náyA7 she's praying. wa?utlA-náyA? she prayed. satlA-náyA Pray! Base: -atL\nayA-/-atlAnayAtkatlA-náyAhe7

pray for someone; marry luwati Anay A-níhe7 they're praying for him, yukwatlAnayA-níhe7 she, someone, or they are praying for me. wahuw Anatl Array A-há-se7 she or they prayed for them (m.), Ahuw Anatl Array A-há-se7 they're going to pray for them (m.), they're going to be married, AyukwatlAnayA-há-se7 they will pray for me, they will marry me. luwatiAnayAtii-hnéthey have prayed for him. Base: -atLvnayAni-/ -atlAnayAha ? spray, go to pray; go to church lati Array A-hné- he's going to go to church, he comes here to pray. lati Anay A-hné-se7 he goes to church. wa 7katlAnayA-hná• I'm on my way to church, wahatlArrayA-hná- he left to go to church, wa7akwatlAnayA-hnáwe (excl.) are on our way to church.

yukwatlAtrayAhnu-hnéwe have gone to church, shotlArrayAhnu-hnéhe went to church again. Base: -atlAnayAhnprayer

atlA-náyAt.

praying mantis

watlA-náyAhe7.

preach See sermon, give preacher See minister; preacher precious place (name of a hymn) Kanaktano-lú-. predicament, be in See bind, be in a bind prefer See savour; prefer pregnant, be yenelú she's pregnant. Pre-pausal: yene-lú. yenelú-tte7 she was pregnant, tsyenelú she's pregnant again, Atsyenelúhake7 she will be pregnant again. Base: -nelpregnant, be See ready, be ready; be expecting; be pregnant prepare See arrange; prepare prepare See dress; prepare; fix up present, be See walk; go; be somewhere preserve fruit yutahyalítha7 she's preserving or canning fruit. yakotahyalíhtu she has preserved fruit. wa7utá-yalihte7 she preserved fruit. Base: -atahyalihtpreserves

watahyalíhtu.

press down waktohlalakú I'm pressing 7 7 down on it. wa któ'lalake I pressed

English-Oneida 1133

down on it. Base: -htohlalakpretty, be yeyá-tase7 she's a nicelooking girl, akya7taséhake7 I should be beautiful, nikayá-tase7 she (z.) is so pretty, nikutiyá'tasehse7 they (z.) are so pretty. Base: -ya ? tasepretty, be sitting pretty yeya7tase7tsláhele7 she's sitting pretty. tshikya7tase7tsláhele7 my prettiness has been sitting here all this time (e.g., when I'm waiting for you to get ready to leave). Base: -ya ? tase ? tslahelpretty, make oneself katya7tasétsta7 I'm making myself pretty. ivakatya7tasétstu I have made myself pretty. Akatyá-tasetste7 I will make myself pretty. Base: -atya'tasetstprice See value; worth prick See pierce; prick priest

tehayahsútha7.

print See dot; print; star probably; it seems wé-ni or wé-ne probably, it seems, yáh te7wé-ni or yáh te7wé-ne it's amazing, thiwé-ni it shows as. thitwé-ni it seems like, it looks like. problem, come across wa7tivakatlihó lalakse7 I got this problem, I came across a problem, wa7thotlihó-lalakse7 he came across a problem, wa7tyakotlihó-lalakse7 she came across a problem. Base: .atlihohlalaks- plus tedualic

profit, make tewakyená-se I have made that much profit. wa7twakye-ná-se7 I made that much profit. ya7twakye-ná-se7 that's how much I got for it. nya7thoye-ná-se7 he received that much in profit there. Base: .yena?se-/.yena?s- plus tedualic promise lalihwísa 7as he keeps promising. wa7klihwísane7 I promised, Aklihwísane7 I promise. Base: -lihwisa 7 promise someone laklihwisa7A-níhe7 he promises me (and he is committed to following through on the promise). laklihwisa7Aní he has promised me. wa7kulihwísa7ahse7 I promised you, wahaklihwísa7ahse7 he promised me, wa7utatlihwísa7ahse7 she promised her. Base: -lihwisa ? Ani-/-lihwisa ? a ? spromise someone khelhalatstA-níhe7 I keep promising her (but the promise is not binding, I may not follow through), shakolhalatstA-níhe7 he keeps promising her. wa7khelhalátstA7 I promised her, waholhalátstA7 he promised him. Base: -lhalatstAni-/-lhalatstApromotion, get See achieve something; get a promotion prosper See well-off, become well-off; prosper prosperous, become See wealthy, become protected by, be See shielded, be shielded by; be protected by pry up and wedge underneath See wedge underneath

1134 English-Oneida

puddles See wells; puddles puffball

tewatyu7kwalokwashá\

pull tkatilútha7 I'm pulling it, tekheya7tatilútha7 I pull her or someone, twakati-lúte7 I have pulled it, tkuya7tati-lúte7 I have pulled you. takatilu-tX• I pulled it, tahatilu-tA- he pulled it, takuya7tatilu-tA- I pulled you, takheya7tatilu-tA• I pulled her or someone. taknuto7tslatilu-tA• I pulled the box, I pulled out the drawer. taha7slehtatilu-tAhe pulled the car. Base: .atilut-/.ya'tatilut- plus tcislocative pull, go along pulling thotilutáti7 he's pulling it along, tahotilutáti7 he's pulling it along, he pulled it along. Base: .atilutatye- plus t- cislocative pull out See remove from an upright position; pull out; pick up pull out kótshyus I'm pulling it out. wakótshyu I have pulled it out. wa7kótshi7 I pulled it out, Akótshi7 I will pull it out. sakótshi7 I pulled it back out again, yah thau-túusakótshi7 I can't pull it back out again, kaneklótshyus I'm pulling weeds, wakaneklótshi I have weeded, wahaneklótshi7 he weeded, Ahsaneklótshi7 you will weed, saneklótshi Weed! knuto7tslótshyus I'm pulling out the box. Base: -otshyu-/-otshypull out a part of one's body Ashanitahsótshí7 he will pull his tail back out again, tutakanitahsótshi7 I took my tail back out again, tutahanitahsótshi7

he should pull his tail back out again. Base: -at-N-otshyu-/-at-N-otshypull out a stick tetknakalótshyus I'm pulling the stick back out again, tetwaknakalótshi I have pulled the stick back out again, tutaknakalótshi7 I pulled the stick back out again. Base: -nakalotshyupull out all kotshyúkwas I'm pulling all of them out. iva?kotshyu-kó• I pulled all of them out. sakotshyu-kóI pulled them all back out again. Base: -otshyukwpull out quickly; grab tahahnyotákwahte7 he pulled it out or grabbed it from where it's standing (e.g., a broom or a shovel), yahahnyotákwahte7 he grabbed it. nyahahulotákwahte7 he quickly took down a gun. Base: .hnyotakwaht-/.otakwahtplus t- cislocative or y- translocative pull out with something lahnyotakwátha7 he's using something to pull out or grab an object. lohnyotakwáhtu he has taken it out with it. wahahnyotákwahte7 he pulled it out with it. Base: -hnyotakwahtpull several or repeatedly tkatilutúnyuhe7 I'm pulling several things, I'm pulling it several times. takatilutúni7 I pulled it several times. Base: .atilutunyu- plus t- cislocative pulse pumpkin

teyawelyákhwa7. onu7usla7kó-.

English-Oneida 1135

punch See drop something; bring down from a height; punch punish See go after; bully; kill off; punish punish someone khehlexvátha7 I punish her or them, I really do it to her or them, lihlewátha7 I'm punishing him, shakohlezvátha7 he punishes her or them, wahihle-wáhte7 I punished him, wa7ukhle-wáhte7 she or someone punished me, iva7ukhihle-wáhte7 they punished us, wa7ukwahle-wáhte7 it punished us, it turned out bad for us, Akwahle-wáhte7 I or we (excl.) will punish you. na7ukwahle-wáhte7 how she (z.) or it punished us. Base: -hlewahtpurple

ohalanA-ta7.

purr See music, make or play music purse; wallet; suitcase; pocket kahná-tal purse, wallet, suitcase. akhná-tal my purse, akohná-tal her purse, kahna 7tátslaku in the purse, suitcase or pocket, akhna7tátslaku in my purse, suitcase or pocket, laohna7tátslaku in his pocket, tsi7 nikahna7tatsláksA it's such an awful suitcase or purse. kahna7tatslíhale7 the purse is hanging up. khna7tatslaha-wí• I'm carrying a purse or suitcase. wa7khna7tatslitáli7 I put a whole lot of suitcases in it (e.g., the trunk of a car). wa7khna7tatslítane7 I put my suitcase in it (e.g., the trunk of the car), kahna7tatslowanA it's a big purse or suitcase. kahna7tatslano-lúthe purse or suitcase is expensive. kahna 7tatslani-yúte7 the purse or suitcase is hanging. Base: -hna'taW-hna'tatsl-

push thá-leks he's pushing it this way, tyé-leks she's pushing it this way, yehá-leks he's pushing it that way, yeyé-leks she's pushing it that way, yehákhleks he keeps pushing or shoving me. thohlekú he has pushed it this way, yewakhlekú I have pushed it away, yehohlekú he has pushed it that way. tahá-leke7 he pushed it this way, takhé-leke7 I pushed her, yahá-khleke 7 I pushed it away, yahá-!eke7 he pushed it away, yahá-skhleke7 you pushed me, ya7khé-leke7 I shoved her away, yAkú-leke7 I will push you, ya-kú-leke7 I should push you, yá-skhleke7 you should push me. yeha7slehtá-leks he's pushing the car. Base: .hlek- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative push, go along pushing lohleháti7 he's pushing it along. kA 7 nyusahohleháti7 here he's pushing it along, thaukhleháti7 I would just push it along. Base: -hlehatyepush someone around See slam things around; get rough with pussy willow teyothwalanekalákwA or yokwilahkaliyó. Pre-pausal: yokwilahkali-yá put a charm or bad medicine on someone teyutatyestAní someone has put a charm on her, she put some bad medicine on her, tehuwayestAní someone has put a hex on him. Pre-pausal: tehuwayestA-ní. Base: .yestAni- plus te- dualic put a covering on wahatiyá-tazvihte7 they (m.) put a covering on it (e.g., siding on a house),

1136 English-Oneida

wa7kheyá-tawihte7 I put a dress on her. Base: -ya ? tawi ? tput a covering on, go to latiya7tawi7tá-ne7 they (m.) are going to put a covering on (e.g., siding on a house). Base: -ya ? tawi ? ta ? nput aribbonon someone wa 7khe 7nhekso-tA- I put a ribbon on her. Base: - ? nheksotput aside See save for later use put away See fix; put away; save put in one's dentures wahatnawilanhútane7 he put in his dentures. Base: -atnawilanhuta 7 put in water; drown something wa 7ké-skowe 7 I put it in the water, I drowned it (e.g., a dog), wahá-skowe7 he drowned it. Base: -'skohwput into See ride, give a ride to someone; transport someone; put into put into a container See get in; put into a container put into a container kéta 7as I'm putting it in, séta 7as you're putting it in, lata 7as he's putting it in, yéta 7as she's putting it in, káta7as she (z.) is putting it in, tnéta 7as you and I (incl.) are putting it in, yaknéta 7as we two (excl.) are putting it in, snéta 7as you two are putting it in, néta 7as the two (m.) are putting it in, knéta 7as the two (z.) are putting it in, twáta7as or twéta7as we (incl.) are putting it in, yakwáta7as we

(excl.) are putting it in, swáta 7as you all are putting it in, lAnéta 7as they (m.) are putting it in, kunéta7as they (z.) are putting it in. wakétA 7 I have put it in, lot A7 he has put it in, yakótA 7 she has put it in, yuknétA 7 we two have put it in, yukwétA 7 we have put it in, swátA 7 you all have put it in, lonétA7 they (m.) have put it in, yonétA 7 they (z.) have put it in. wa7kétane7 I put it in, wahátane7 he put it in, wa7étane7 she put it in, wetnétane7 you and I (incl.) put it in, wetwétane7 we (incl.) put it in, Akétane7 I will put it in, Ahsétane7 you will put it in. waketa7A-ne7 I had something in there. skéta7as I'm putting it in again, swakétA7 I have put it in again, Askétane7 I will put it in again, Atsitnétane7 you and I (incl.) will put it in again, Asketa 7ásheke 7 I will be putting it in again, usukétAke7 I should have put it in again, ya 7kétane 7 I put it in there, yAhsétane 7 you will put it in there, ya 7sétan Put it in there! yusahátane7 he put it back in there again. nAhsétane7 how or where you will put it in. thó nyusasétan Put it in there again! kahyáta 7as I'm putting fruit into it, wa7kahyátane7 I put the fruit into it (e.g., filled it into a jar), wa 7khnekátane7 I put water into it, Ashnekátane7 you will put water into it. kitsyáta7as I'm putting fish into it. wa7kyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it (e.g., the car), Ahayenátane7 he will put oil into it. wa7kekhwátane7 I put some food in it. keksáta7as I'm putting plates in there. kweláta7as I'm filling it with air (e.g., I'm blowing up a balloon, putting air into a tire), wakwelátA7 I have filled it with air, wa7kwelátane7 I put air in it, Akwelátane7 I will fill it with air,

English-Oneida 1137

swelátan Fill it up with air! Base: -ta ? -/-eta ? put into a container bit by bit or one at a time waketA7uháti7 I'm adding things one at a time to a container. Base: -tA ? uhatye-/-etA ? uhatyeput into a container for oneself; get to be in watéta 7as it's getting to be in (something). Awatétane7 it will come to be it, autétane7 for it to get into it. lathnekáta7as he puts water into it for himself, yothnekátA 7 it has gotten water in it, uthnekátane7 it got water in it. katyenáta7as I'm putting gas or oil into it (e.g., my car), wa 7katyenátane7 I put oil or gas into it. yotwelátA 7 it has gotten air in it, utwelátane7 it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper). Base: -ateta 7 put into containers here and there or several ketályuhe7 I'm putting them in, setályuhe7 you're putting them in, latályuhe7 he's putting them in, yetályuhe7 she's putting them in, katályuhe 7 she (z.) is putting them in, tnitályuhe7 or tnetályuhe7 you and I (incl.) are putting them in, yaknitályuhe7 we two (excl.) are putting them in, snitályuhe7 you two are putting them in, nitályuhe7 the two (m.) are putting them in, knitályuhe7 the two (z.) are putting them in, twatályuhe7 we (incl.) are putting them in, yakwatályuhe7 we (excl.) are putting them in, swatályuhe7 you all are putting them in, lAnetályuhe 7 they (m.) are putting them in, kunetályuhe7 they (z.) are putting them in. waketáli7 I have put them in, lonetáli7 they (m.) have put them in. wa7ketáli7 I put

them in, wa 7etáli7 she put them in, wahatáli7 he put them in, wetnetáli7 you and I (incl.) put them in, wetwatáli7 or wetwetáli7 we (incl.) put them in, weswatáli7 or weswetáli7 you all put them in, wahAnetáli7 they (m.) put them in, Ahsetáli7 you will put them in. sketályuhe 7 I'm putting them back in again, swaketáli7 I have put them back in, sayetáli7 she put them back in, Asketáli7 I will put them back in. yAhsetáli7 you will put them in there, khnekatályuhe7 I'm filling them with water, wakhnekatáli7 I have filled them with water. kawisatáli7 the windows are in. Base:

-talyu-/-etalyu-

put into one's mouth latenhúta 7as he's putting it into his mouth. wahatenhútane7 he put it into his mouth. tákA7 Ahsatenhútan Don't put it in your mouth! Base: -atenhuta 7 put into the fire kúthos I put something into the fire to burn, lúthos he keeps putting it in the fire, wakúthu I have put it in the fire, súthu you have put it in the fire. wa7kútho7 I put it in the fire, wahsútho7 you put it in the fire, wahlútho7 he put it in the fire, Akútho7 I will put it in the fire, ya 7sútho Put it in the fire over there! yusasútho Put it in the fire again! Base: -uthoput lipstick on someone wa7khenikwAhtalálho7 I put lipstick on her. Base: -nikwAhtalalhoput on a belt wakatu 7kwánhA I have a belt on, lotu7kwánhA he has a belt on, yakotu7kwánhA she has a belt on.

1138 English-Oneida

wa7katu7kwánhake7 I put my belt on, wa7kheyatu7kwánhake7 I put a belt on her. satu 7kwánhak Put a belt on! Base: -atu ? kwanhak-/ -atu ? kwanhput on a blouse katya7tútha7 I'm putting on a blouse, wakatyá-tute7 I have a blouse on, yakotyá-tute 7 she has a blouse on. wa7katya7tu-tA• I put on a blouse. Base: -atya ? tutput on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse katya7tawí-tha7 I'm putting on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse. wakatya7tawí-tu I'm wearing a dress, I have a dress on, yakotya7tawí-tu she has a dress on, lotya7tawí-tu he has a coat on, lonatya7tawí-tu they (m.) have shirts on. wa7katyá-tawihte7 I put on a dress, Akatyá-tawihte7 I will put on a dress, Ahatyá-tawihte7 he will put on a coat, satyá-tawiht Put your dress on! katya7tawí-thahkwe7 I used to wear a dress. wakatya7tawi7tú-ne7 I was wearing a dress. Awakatya7tawi7túhake7 I will be wearing a dress. skatya7tawí-tha7 I'm putting on my dress again, sakatyá-tawihte7 I put on my dress again. tshusakatyá-tawihte7 when I put my dress back on again. Base: -atya ? tawi ? tput on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse, go to yutya7tawi7tá-ne7 she's going to put this dress on. wa7utya7tawi7tá-na7 she's going over there to put that dress on. tyutya7tawi7tá-ne7 she's going to put on a dress there. Base: -atya ? tawi ? ta ? n-

put on a girdle tekatya7tó-lalaks I'm putting a girdle on. wa7tkatya7tó-lalake7 I put a girdle on, wa 7tyutya 7tó-lalake7 she put a girdle on. Base: .atya ? tohlalak- plus tedualic put on a hat kana 7alo-lóks I'm putting on a hat, kheyana 7alo-lóks I put a hat on her or someone, luwana7alo-lóks she put a hat on him. wakana 7alolú I have a hat on, yakona7alolú she has a hat on, lonaWolú he has a hat on. Prepausal: lona7alo-lú. wa 7kana 7alo-lóke 7 I put on a hat, wa7kheyana7alo-lóke7 I put a hat on her, wahiyana7alo-lóke7 I put a hat on him, Akana7alo-lóke7 I will put on a hat. sana7alo-lók Put your hat on! kana7alo-lókskwe7 I used to wear a hat. wakana7alolu-hnéI had a hat on. Ahona7alolúhake7 he will have a hat on. yáh tehona7alolú he doesn't have a hat on. Base: -ana ? alolok-/-ana ? alolput on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief tekatna?alánhaks I'm putting on a headband, bandanna, or kerchief. tewakatna7alánhA I have a headband on, tehonatna7alánhA they (m.) have headbands on. wa7tkatna7alánhake7 I put on a headband. Base: .atna 7 alanhak-/ .atna ? alanh- plus te- dualic put on a necklace wa7katestalo7kwányake7 I put on a necklace. Base: -atestalo ? kwanyakput on a ribbon kate7nheksótha7 I'm putting on a ribbon (e.g., in my hair). wakate7nhéksote7 I have a ribbon on,

English-Oneida 1139

yakote7nhéksote7 she has a ribbon on. wa7kate7nhekso-tAI put on a ribbon. Base: -ate ? nheksotput on a ring kanishnuhsó-loks I'm putting on a ring, wakanishnuhsó-lu 1 have put on a ring, yakonishnuhsó-lu she has a ring on. iva7kanishnuhsó-loke7 I put on my ring, sanishnuhsó-lok Put your ring on! Base: -anishnuhsohlok-/ -anishnuhsohlput on a scarf kaníhtyaks I'm putting on a scarf. iva7kaníhtyake7 I put on a scarf, Akaníhtyake7 I will put on a scarf, saníhtyak Put on a scarf! Base: -anihtyakput on a skirt yakota7kóhsute7 she has a skirt on. wa7kata7kohsu-tA• I put on a skirt. sata7kohsu-tA Put on your skirt! Base: -ata ? kohsutput on a slip or skirt wakaté-khale7 I have my slip on. wa7kate7kha-lAI put on my slip, Akate7kha-IA- I will put on my slip. sate7kha-lA Put on your slip! Base: -ate ? khalput on clothes See dressed, get dressed; put on clothes put on face powder yakotwisklálhu she has face powder on. wa7utwisklálho? she put on powder. yakotivisklalhú-ne7 she had on powder. Ayakotwisklalhúhake7 she will have powder on. Base: -atwisklalhoput on glasses tekatwisútha7 putting my glasses on.

I'm

teivakatwi-súte7 I have my glasses on, teyakotwi-súte7 she has glasses on, tehotwi-súte7 he has glasses on. tAkatwisu-tX- I will put my glasses on. tehsativisu-tA Put your glasses on! tewakatwisu-táhkwe7 I had glasses on. tAwakatwisu-táke7 I will have glasses on. Base: .atwisut- plus te- dualic put on gloves or mittens teka7nya-náwAks I'm putting on my gloves. tewaka7nya-náwA7 I have my gloves on, teho7nya-náwA7 he has gloves on, teyako7nya-náwA7 she has gloves on, tehona7nya-náwA7 they (m.) have gloves on. wa7tka7nya-náwAke7 I put on my gloves, tAka7nya-náwAke7 I will put on my gloves. tehsa7nya-náwAk Put your gloves on! tewaka7nyanaiVA-hné• I had gloves on. tAwaka7nyanawAhake7 I will have gloves on. Base: .a ? nyanawAk-/.a ? nyanawAplus te- dualic put on lipstick yutnikwAhtalálhos she puts on lipstick. yakotnikwAhtalálhu she has lipstick on. wa?utnikwAhtalálho7 she put on lipstick. Base: -atnikwAhtalalhoput on overshoes tekalahtahkwanéta7as I'm putting on overshoes. iva7thalahtahkiuanétane7 he put on overshoes. Base: .alahtahkwaneta 7 - plus tedualic put on pants teka7nhuskwa7lho-lóks I'm putting my pants on. tewaka7nhuskwa7lholú I have pants on, teho7nhuskwa7lholú he has pants on. wa7tka7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7

1140 English-Oneida

I put on pants, wa7tekheya7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 I put pants on her, wa7thuwa7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 she put pants on him, tAka7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 I will put on pants. tehsa7nhuskwa7lho-lók Put your pants on! teka7nhuskwa?lho-lókskwe? I used to wear pants. tewaka7nhuskwa7lholu-hné• I had pants on. tAwaka7nhuskwa7lholúhake7 I will have pants on. teska7nhuskwa7lho-lóks I'm putting my pants back on again, tusaka7nhuskwa7lho-lóke7 I put my pants back on again. Base: .a ? nhuskwa ? lholok-/ ? .a nhuskwa ? lhol- plus te- dualic put on perfume or cologne kateslaku 7ústa 7 I'm putting on perfume or cologne, wakeslaku 7ústu I have put on perfume or cologne. Akatesláku?uste? I will put on perfume or cologne. Base: -ateslaku ? ustput on shoes tekaláhta 7as I'm putting my shoes on. wa7tkaláhtane7 I put my shoes on, tAkaláhtane7 I will put my shoes on, takaláhtane7 I should put shoes on. tehsaláhtan Put your shoes on! teskaláhta 7as I'm putting my shoes on again, tusakaláhtane7 I put my shoes back on again. Base: .alahta 7 - plus te- dualic put on skates tekata7khe7tslútha7 I'm putting on skates. tewakata7khé-tslute7 I have skates on, tehonata7khé-tslute7 they (m.) have skates on. wa 7tkata 7khe 7tslu-tA• I put on skates, wa7tekheyata7khe7tslu-tAI

put skates on her or someone, wa7thuwata7khe7tslu-tAshe put skates on him. Base: ,ata ? khe ? tslut- plus tedualic put on socks tekatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting on socks, tekheyatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting socks on her. tewakatlahtí-tslute7 I have socks on, tehotlahtí-tslute7 he has socks on, teyakotlahtí-tslute7 she has socks on. wa7tkatlahti7tslu-tA• I put my socks on, wa7tekheyatlahti7tslu-tA• I put socks on her, tAkatlahti7tslu-tA• I will put my socks on. tehsatlahti 7tslu-tA Put your socks on! tekatlahti7tslúthahkwe7 I used to wear socks, tewakatlahti7tslu-táhkwe7 I had socks on. tAwakatlahti7tslu-táke7 I will have socks on. teskatlahti7tslútha7 I'm putting my socks on again, tusakatlahti7tslu-tAI put my socks back on again. Base: .atlahti'tslut- plus tedualic put one's foot on; step onto lala-tá-se7 he's placing his feet, waklatá-u I have put my foot down on it, lolatá-u he has placed his feet. wahala-táne7 he placed his feet, Akla-táne 7 I will step onto it, Ahala-táne7 he will place his feet. kA-tho sla-tán Place your feet here! kAh nú-na7sla-tán Move your feet over here, step over here! Base: -lata ? put one's head back wahatha7kwáwelu7 he put his head back and looked up so that the front of his neck faced upwards, Ahatha7kwáwelu7 he will put his

English-Oneida 1141

head back. satha7kwáwelu Putyou head back and look up! sahatha7kwáwelu7 he put his head back again. Base: -atha ? kwaweluput or set down lahélha 7 he sets it on something, yehélha 7 she sets it on it. wákhele 7 I have it on me, it's covering me (e.g., a blanket), káhele7 it's sitting there. wá-khlA7 I set it on it, wahá-LA

7

h e s e t i t o n i t , wa

7Í-IA 7

she set it down, Akhi A7 I will set it down, Ahá-lA 7 he will set it down. swákhele 7 I have put it back on top of it. tkáhele 7 it's sitting there on top of it. yAséshlA 7 you will set it down again over there. wa7kahyá-lA7 I set down the fruit. wa7kate7skutakhwa7tslá-lA7 I set down the frying pan. wa7kitsyá-lA7 I set down the fish, kekhwahélha7 I'm putting food on it (the table). kaksáhele7 the dish is set down. kana7tsyáhele7 the pail is sitting (e.g., on the table or stove), wa 7kna 7tsyá-lA 7 I put the kettle on. nya7tekanuto7tsláhele7 where there are boxes sitting all over. knu7uslahélha7 I'm putting the squash, etc. down. Base:

-hel-/-hl-

put or set down for oneself wakáthele I have put it down, I have something sitting, wa 7káthlA 7 I put it down (in front of me). tekalahsi7tahélha7 I keep putting my feet up, tewakalahsi7táhele7 I have my feet up, wa7tkalahsi7tá-lA7 I put my foot up on it, tewakalahsi7tá-lahkwe7 my feet were up (but now they're down), wa 7katahyá-lA 7 I put fruit down (close by me). wa7tkatshiná-lA7 I put my legs up on something (e.g., a chair). 7

yukyateksáhele7 we have a container set up, wa 7kateksá-lA 7 I put down the dish, Ahsateksá-lA7 you will put down a dish, Asateksá-lake7 you will have a dish set down for yourself, niyukyateksáhele7 where we had containers set up. wa7utna7tsyá-lA7 she put the pot on (the stove), Ahsat na 7tsyá-lA7 you will put a pot on, Asehsatna7tsyá-lA7 you will put the pot back on (the stove). wa7tkatnAtshá-lA7 I put my arm up on it. loteshwáhele 7 he has his back on it, wahateshwá-lA7 he put his back up on it (e.g., on a board). wahatyalá-lA 7 he put the bag (on his shoulder or on his back). wa 7kate 7nahkwá-lA 7 I put the tub on, tayute7nahkwá-lA7 she put the tub on there. lote7slehtáhele7 he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). Base:

-athel-/-athl-

put or set down for someone; cover someone khehla-níhe7 I'm setting something down for someone (e.g., on the table). wa7kú-lahse7 I covered you (e.g., with a blanket), wahákhlahse7 he covered me. Base: -hlani-/-hla ? sput or set down several khlúnyuhe7 I set things on top of it, lahlúnyuhe 7 he's setting things on it. wakhlúni7 I have put them on it, yukwahlúni7 we have put them on it. wahahlúni7 he put them on it. keksahlúnyuhe7 I'm setting the table, wa7akwaksahlúni7 we (excl.) set out the dishes. nikahwistahlúni7 there's money lying around. tkana7tsyahlúni7 the pails are all around there. Base: -hlunyu-

1142 English-Oneida

put or set down several for oneself kathlúnyuhe7 I'm setting down a whole lot of things, wakathlúni7 I have put things down, wahathlúni7 he put things down. tyukwatnaktahlúni7 we have beds put there, yukwatna7tsyahlúni7 we have pails set down, tayutna7tsyahlúni7 she put the pails on there. Base: -athlunyu-

have called him down. wahiye-sáhte7 I called him down. Base: -yesahtput someone down now and again shakoyesahtányuhe7 he keeps putting her down, wahiyesahtáni7 called him down (on different occasions), wahyayesahtáni7 he called you down. Base: -yesahtanyu-

put over the tip of; insert the tip kohálha 7 I'm attaching it to something (e.g., I'm putting in a light bulb), I'm hooking it over it (e.g., a loop of rope over a nail), wakóhale 7 I have hooked it. yóhale7 it's hooked onto it. wa7koha-IA• I hooked it, Akoha-IA• I will hook it. oyá- sasoha-lA Attach a different one! (e.g., put in a new light bulb). Base: -ohal-

put something down See lay down something; have or own

put overshoes on someone tehuwahtahkwanéta7as she's putting overshoes on him. wa7thuwahtahkwanétane7 she put overshoes on him, wa7tekheyahtahkwanétane7 I put overshoes on her, wa7thiyahtahkwanétane7 I put overshoes on him. Base: .ahtahkwaneta 7 - plus tedualic

put something over something tehawA-lats he's putting it over. tehowAhlatú he has put it over. wa7thawA-late7 he put it over. Base: .awAhlat- plus te- dualic

put shoes on someone tekheyáhta 7as I'm putting shoes on her, teyutatáhta7as she's putting shoes on her, tehuwáhta7as she's putting shoes on him. wa7thuwáhtane7 she put shoes on him, wa7tekheyáhtane7 I put shoes on her. Base: .ahta ? - plus te- dualic put someone down shakoyesátha7 he puts or calls her down, liyesáhtu I

I

put something on someone shakotstA-níhe7 he puts it on her (e.g., a bib on a baby), wa 7shakótstA 7 he put it on her, wahiyátstA7 I put it on him. Base: -atstAni-/-atstAput something on top of something else See double

put something under oneself lotkA7sláhkwA he has something under him (e.g., a pillow). wahatkA'slahkwe7 he put it under himself (his head), AkatkA-slahkwe7 I will put it under (my head). Base: -atkA ? slahkwput things here and there wakké-lu 7 I have put them around, kaké-lu 7 they're lying scattered here and there, they're spread around. wa7kké-lu7 I put things here and there, kahelaké-lu7 cornstalks are lying around, kahwistaké-lu7 the

English-Oneida 1143

money is lying here and there. kAtyohkwaké-lu 7 there are groups here and there, nikanaktaké-lu 7 how or where the beds are placed all around. tkana7tsyaké-lu7 pails are lying around there. kanAyaké-lu 7 stones are lying here and there. tkanuto7tslaké-lu7 there are boxes lying around there. ka7slehtaké-lu7 cars are scattered around. Base: -kehluput things here and there for oneself yakotashe7nutslaké-lu7 she has baskets spread around. yakotetshe7také-lu7 she has jars or bottles spread around. Base: -at-N-kehluput tobacco in one's mouth; chew tobacco latyu7kwanhúta7as he chews tobacco. wahatyu7kwanhútane7 he put tobacco in his mouth, Ahatyu7kwanhútane? he will put tobacco in his mouth. Base: -atyu ? kwanhuta ? put up a dinner yutekhwahélha7 she puts up dinners. wa7utekhwá-lA7 she put on a dinner, Ayutekhwá-lA7 she will put up a dinner. yakotekhzvá-lahkwe7 she has put on a dinner. Base: -atekhwahel-/-atekhwahlput up a dinner yakokhwáhele7 she's putting up a dinner, kakhwáhele7 the meal is put out. Ayekhwá-lA 7 she will put up a dinner. yotikhwá-Iahkwe7 they (z.) put up a dinner. Base: -khwahel-/-khwahlput up a dinner, intend to katekhwahlá-ne7 I'm going to put up a dinner, skutekhwahlá-ne7 they

(z.) are going to put on another dinner. Base: -atekhwahla ? nput up a post kakuhlétshote7 (there's) a post standing. wa7kkuhletsho-tX• I put up a post. Base: -kuhletshotput up a shanty or roof kataskwahélha7 I'm putting the roof on. lotaskwáhele7 he has a shack, he has a little shanty. wahataskwá-lA7 he just finished putting the roof on. thotaskiváhele7 he has a shack there, tyakotaskwáhele7 she has a shack there, a7é• tyukwataskwáhele7 way over there we have a shack, thonataskwáhele7 they (m.) have a shack there. Base: -ataskwahel-/-ataskwahlput up a shanty or roof here and there yukwataskwahlúni7 we have several little shanties put up. Base: -ataskwahlunyuput up a sign or note wa7akwathyatuhslo-tX• we (excl.) put up a paper or sign. tayakwathyatuhslo'tX• we (excl.) put up a sign there. Base: -athyatuhslotput up a sign or note, be put up thó tkahyatúhslote7 there's a sign up, there's a note (e.g., stuck on the door). Base: -hyatuhslotput up a tent katyalótha7 I'm putting up a tent, wakatya-lóte7 I have put up a tent. wahutyalo-tX• they (m.) put up a tent. Base: -atyalotput up or attach wires yukwatluwalahlúni7 we have wires

1144 English-Oneida

attached (e.g., for clotheslines, or for hydroelectric power), wa7katluwalahlúni7

I put up wires

(e.g., my clothesline). Base: -atluwalahlunyuput up the top to something katnuhsótha 7 I put the top up (e.g., the top to my convertible car, a tent, or umbrella), wakatnúhsote7 I have

the top up. Base: -atnuhsotput up wallpaper wa?kathyatuhslanA-tákte?

I wall-

papered, wahathyatuhslanA-tákte7 he wallpapered, wa7uthyatuhslanA-tákte7

she wall-

papered. Base: -athyatiihslanAtakt-

Q quail See bobwhite; quail

quiet, be See still, be still; be quiet

quarrel; have a falling out tehatlihotálhos he likes to quarrel. teyukyatlihotálhu we two are quarrelling, we had a falling out, we don't talk anymore because we had this argument. wa7thatlihotálho7 he quarrelled. tákA7 kátsha7 tAhsatlihotálho Don't quarrel! Base: .atlihotalho- plus te- dualic

quietly

quart See bottle; jar; quart

quit See let go of; stop doing; quit; leave someone

quarter See twenty-five cents Queen Yonutiyó. Pre-pausal: Yonuti-yá quickly, do See fast, do fast; do quickly

quilt

oskanAha.

tekAhnakháni7.

quilt yutkAhatuhe7 she's quilting. yakotkAhatu 7 she has quilted. wa7katkAhatu7 I quilted. Base: -atkAhatuquilt See piece together cloth; quilt

quit See go so far; cover a certain amount; end somewhere; quit

English-Oneida 1145

R rabbit

kwa7yAha.

rabbit, jackrabbit tshu7kalolA. Prepausal: tshu7kalo-lA. raccoon Atilú. Pre-pausal: Ati-lú, race tehale-lúhe7 he races, tehule-lúhe7 they (m.) are racing. teholelú he has raced. wa7thale-lúhe raced, tethule-lúhe7 there they (m.) race. Base: .alelu- plus te- dualic race tehule-lúhe7 a race, tsi7 tethule-lúhe7 there at the races or racetrack. race, be going on tewalelúti7 on.

the race is

Base: .alelutye- plus te- dualic radish rafters

ohtehlakáhtu7. kanAstote7.

rag See cloth; piece of cloth; rag railing

watA7Ahlahláti7.

railroad tracks tracks, tkalistatáti7 tracks there.

railroad the railroad

kalistatáti7

it should rain. yokAtio-lé-skwe7 it was raining. AyokAnolé-sheke7 it will be raining (all the time). AyokAtiolúhake7 it will be raining. tsyokAnolú it's raining again, sayokA-nóle7 it rained again. tyokAttolú it's raining there, tyokano-lé-skwe7 it was raining there. yeyokAtiolú it's raining over there. tsha?okA-nóle7 when it started to rain, yáh newAtú thayokA-nóle7 it never rains. Base: -kAnol-/-kAnole-/-kanol-/ -kanolerain, be going to yokAnoléhsle7 it's going to rain. Base: -kAnolehslrain, come or go yokAtioluháti7 the rain is going by. wa7okAnoluháti7 the rain is going by. tayokAnoluháti7 rain is coming this way. ya7okAnoluháti7 rain is going that way (your way). Base: -kAnoluhatyerain, look like rain yokAnolehslolú it looks like rain. Pre-pausal: yokAnolehslo-lú.

Base: -kAnolehslol-

railroad tracks kalistá'ke on the railway tracks. kalista7késhu7 all along the railroad tracks. Base: -lista ? ke

rain, sprinkle yotestalaténi it's sprinkling. utestalate-nv the drops are beginning to fall, it's starting to rain. Base: -atestalatenyu-

rain yokAno-lé-se7 it keeps raining, it rains and rains. yokAtiolú it's raining. wa7okA-nóle7 it started to rain, ukkA-nóle7 it rained on me, wa7ukwakA-nóle7 it rained on us, AyokA-nóle7 it will rain, ayokA-nóle7

rainbow, be yó-nhyale7 (it's) a rainbow. yó-nhyalahkwe7 there was a rainbow. Base: - ? nhyal-

1146 English-Oneida

rainwater okAnolehslákli7. Prepausal: okAnolehslákelP. Base: -kAnolehslakliraise a child wa7kheyótyake7 I raised her, wahuwayótyake7 she or they raised him, wa 7esayótyake 7 she raised you, wahakótyake7 he raised me, wa7shakoyótyake7 he raised her, wahoyótyake7 he raised him, wa7ethiyótyake7 you and I (incl.) raised her, wa7ukhiyótyake7 she raised us. wa7akoyótyake7 she (z.) raised them. Base: -otyakraise money luthwistu-níhe7 they (m.) are raising money, wakathwistuní I have raised money. wa7kathwistwní• I made money, Akathwistu-ní- I will raise money, akuthwistu-ní• they (z.) should raise money. Base: -athwistuniraise someone's spirits or hopes lake7nikuhkétskwas he raises my hopes or spirits, he makes me feel good. lake7nikuhkétskwA he has lifted up my spirits. wa7khe7nikuhkétsko7 I raised her hopes or spirits, wa7she7nikuhkétsko7 you raised someone's spirits, wahi7nikuhkétsko7 I raised his hopes or spirits, wahake7nikuhkétsko7 he raised my spirits. Base: -'nikuhketskwraise up; lift up khala-táts I'm raising it bit by bit (e.g., with a jack). wakhalatatú I have raised it (and now I'm holding it up), kahalatatú it's raised up. Pre-pausal: kahalata-tú. wa7khala-táte7 I raised it up, wa7ehala-táte7 she raised it up. shala-tát Raise it!

wa7knuto7tslakala-táte7 I raised up the box. wa7knuhsakala-táte7 I raised up the house. wakwisakalatatú I have raised up the window, the sheet of glass, wa7kwisakala-táte7 I raised up the window or glass, swisakala-tát Put the window up! wa7ke7slehtakala-táte7 I raised up the car. Base: -halatat-/-kalatatraise up or lift up for oneself yukwatwisakalatatú we have the window raised up, wa7katwisakala-táte7 I raised my window up. Base: -at-N-kalatatraise upright lakétskwas he's raising it up to a vertical position, he's putting on an affair (e.g., a strawberry social). lokétskwA he has raised it upright, wahakétsko7 he righted it. sahnikétsko7 the two (m.) righted it again. Base: -ketskwrake

yuneklalohlókta7.

rank, be at See level, be at a level or rank rape shakotkwanahtA-níhe7 her. wa7shakotkwanáhtA7 her. Base: -atkwanahtAni-/

he rapes he raped

-atkwanahtA-

raspberry tsyohtahkwakayú. Prepausal: tsyohtahkwaka-yú. raspberry, black See blackcap; black raspberry rat

otsi7nowAhkó-.

rattle See turtle shell rattle

English-Oneida 1147

reach for teke7shAnayA-tá-se7 I keep reaching for it. tewake7shAnayAtá-u I have reached for it. wa?tke?shAnayA-táne? I reached for it. ya?tke?shAnayA-táne7 I reached over for it. Base: . ? shAnayAta ? - plus te- dualic reach for, be reaching for teho7shAnayAta7uháti7

he's

reaching for it. Base: , ? shAnayAta ? uhatye- plus te- dualic reach, stretch to reach See lean over; stretch over read kwAnahnótha 7 I read, lawAnahnótha7 he reads. wakwAná-note7 I'm reading, I have read it, lowAtiá-note7 he's reading, he has read it. ivahawAnahno-tXhe read, AyewAnahno-tX• she will read, akwAnahno-tX• I should read. swAnahno-tX Read! Base: -wAnahnotread entirely lawAnahnotákivas he finishes what he reads. wahaxvAnahnota-kóhe read it through entirely. Base: -WAnahnotakwread to someone kuwAnahnota-níhe7 I'm reading to you. kuwAnahnotaní I have read to you, lakwAnahnotaní he's reading to me. AhakwAnahnóthahse7 he will read to me, akuwAnahnóthahse7 I should read to you. Base: -wAnahnotani-/ -wAnahnothahsready, be ready; be expecting; be pregnant wakelha-lé• I'm ready, salha-léyou're ready, lolha-léhe's ready, yakolha-lé• she's ready,

yukwalha-léwe're ready. wakelha-léhkwe7 I was ready for it (but it didn't happen). Awakelha-léke7 I will be ready, Ayolha-léke7 it will be ready. tsyakolha-lé• she's expecting or waiting again, she's pregnant again, tsyolha-léit's ready again, yáh tehotilha-lé• they (m.) don't expect. Base: -lhal(e)ready, be ready to give birth yakotukwe7tísu7 she's ready to give birth (her child is finished growing). Base: -atukwe ? tisa ? ready, get oneself ready katelha-láts I'm getting myself ready (physically). wa7katelha-láte7 I got ready, satelha-lát Get ready! Base: -atelhalatready, get ready to do katewyAnA-tá-se7 I'm getting ready or making preparations to do something, lutewyAHA-tá-se7 they (m.) are getting ready. wakatewyAnAtá-u I have gotten ready. AkatewyAnA-táne7 I will get ready. Base: -atewyAnAta 7 ready, get something ready kewyAUA-tá-se7 I'm getting something ready, laivyAUA-tá-se7 he's getting something ready. wakewyAnAtá-u I have gotten it ready. wa7kewyAUA-táne7 I got it ready, Akewy An A-táne 7 I will get it ready. Base: -wyAnAta7ready oneself latatewyAHA-tá-se7 he's getting ready. wakatatewyAnAtá-u I have gotten ready. wa7katatewyAHA-táne7 I got ready, AkatatewyAnA'táne7 I will get

1148 English-Oneida

turned red, he blushed,

ready.

realize See notice; perceive; realize really; for real; truly kwahotokA. reason, be the reason or way kalihu-níhe7 she (z.) or it (e.g., a machine) is thinking of ways to do something.

wa7kalihu-ní

she

iva7tyenikwAhtalu-kóhte7

Base: -atatewyAnAta7-

it was the

reason why, wahatilihu-ní- it was their (m.) fault, Akalihu-nv it will be the way. Atkalihu-ní• it will be the reason why. Base: -lihuni-

turned red. Base: -nikwAhtalreduce See small, make small; shrink; reduce refrigerator kaioistótha7 kakhwawistótha

or

7.

reason, for some reason; why aolí-wa7.

regret tetkatatlihwástanihe7 I regret it. tutakatatlihwástA7 I regretted it, tAtkatatlihwástA7 I will regret it. Base: .atatlihwastani-/ .atatlihwastA- plus tet- dualic and cislocative

receive See hold, take hold of; catch up with; get fits; receive; arrest

regret See bad, feel bad or disappointed; regret

receive mail wakhyatuhslotá-se I receive letters, ukhyatuhslo-tá-se7 I received a letter. Base: -hyatuhslota ? se-/ -hyatuhslota ? s-

regret, have regretted

receive word or news ukliho-tá-se7 I received word. Base: -lihota ? s-

related, be yakyatátnuhkwe7 we two (excl.) are related, yatátnuhkwe7 the two (m.) are related, kyatátnuhkwe7

recently elhú-wa

recognize someone's voice wa7kheiVAnayA-télene7 I recognized her voice. Base: -wAnayAtele7recover from an illness See better, get better; recover red.

kanikwAhtaliyó it's a pretty red, nikanikwAhtaliyó it's such a pretty red.

wa7thanikwAhtalu-kóhte7

t h e t w o (z.) a r e re-

lated, yakwatátnuhkwe7 are related. Base: -atatnuhkw-

recognize See knowledge, acquire knowledge; discover; recognize

r e d onikwAhtala7

I had

tetwakatatlihzvastaní-u

regretted doing it. Base: .atatlihwastani 7 - plus tetdualic and cislocative

he

relative akukwé-ta7 akaukwé'ta7

we (excl.)

my relative,

h e r relative,

laukwé-ta7 his relative, laonukwé-ta7 their (m.) relatives. Base: -ukwe ? trelease See let go of; give out reliable, be reliable; be dependable yotivAno-ták it's dependable, it's reliable, lotWAno-ták he's reliable,

English-Oneida 1149

yakotwAno-ták she's reliable. Base: -atwAnotakreligious, be See Christian, be Christian; be religious reluctant, be See hold back; not want to do something remarkable, be See amazing, be amazing; be awesome; be surprising remember kehyá-lahse7 I keep remembering, lehyá-lahse7 he keeps remembering. wakehyahlá-u I have remembered, lawehyahlá-u he has remembered, wa 7kehyá-lane 7 I remembered, wahlehyá-lane7 he remembered, wahiyehyá-lane7 I remembered him, Akehyá-lane 7 I will remember, Ayakehyá-lane 7 she will remember, skehyá-lahse7 I keep remembering, swakehyahlá-u I have remembered again, tsisehyahlá-u you have remembered again, sakehyá-lane7 I remember again, sahlehyá-lane7 he remembered again, sahAtiehyá-lane7 they (m.) remembered again, Askehyá-lane7 I will remember again, Asehsehyá-lane7 you will remember again, Ashlehyá-lane7 he will remember again, Atsyakehyá-lane7 she will remember again. Base:

-ehyahla 7 -

remember, be remembering ké-yale 7 I remember, sé-yale 7 you remember, lé'yale7 he remembers. takwehyá-lak Remember me! taknehyá-lak Remember us two! takwehyá-lak Remember us all! kehyá-lahkwe7 I used to remember. Akehyá-lake7 I will be remembering. akehyá-lake7 I should remember. ské-yale 7 I remember again. niké-yale7 the way I remember, yáh

te 7sé-yale 7 you don't remember, yáh te7ské-yale7 I don't remember anymore. Base: -ehyahlremember; reminisce kehya-lú• I remember, sehya-lú- you remember. skehya-lú- I remember, niskehya-lúhow I remember, yáh te7kehya-lú- I don't remember, yáh te7yakehya-lúshe doesn't remember. Base: -ehyaluremember with kehyahlákhwa7 I remember it with this, it makes me remember. Akehyahlákhwake7 I will remember it with this. akunehyahlákhwake7 it should make them (z.) remember, ahuwAnehyahlákhwake7 someone should remember them (m.) with it. Base: -ehyahlahkwremind someone shiyehyahlahkwA-níhe7 I keep reminding him. shakwehyahlahkwAtií he has reminded me. sakuyehyahláhkwA 7 I reminded you, sahyayehyahláhkwA7 he reminded you, sayesehyahláhkwA7 she or they reminded you, AseskwehyahláhkwA7 you will remind me. saskwehyahláhkwA Remind me! sahetshehyahláhkwA Remind him! Base: .ehyahlahkwAni-/ .ehyahlahkwA- plus s- repetitive remove a stick from it's being hooked over tehni7nyotalíhsyus the two (m.) are removing their sticks from a position where they're draped over something (e.g., a hockey puck). tAhni7nyotalíhsi7 the two (m.) will unwrap the puck.

1150 English-Oneida

Base: . ? nyotalihsyu- plus tedualic remove a tree stump or a clump of earth wa?kitstAhlota-kó• I removed the tree stump. Base: -itstAhlotakwremove fish scales wakitstalúkwA I have removed the fish scales. Akitstalu-kó• I will remove the fish scales, sitstalu-kó Remove the fish scales! Base: -itstalukwremove from an upright position; pull out; pick up khnyotákwas I'm pulling it out, I'm picking it up from where it's standing. wakhnyotákwA I have pulled it out. wahahnyota-kó- he pulled it out, wa7ehnyota-kó• she pulled it out, Ahahnyota-kó• he will pull it out. Ayakwaneklota-kó• we (excl.) will remove weeds, ya-ketshe7tota-kó- I should pick up a jar there, ya?setshe7tota-kó Take down the jar over there! Base:

-hnyotakw-/-otakw-

remove from an upright position several wakhnyotakoha-tú- I took them all out (e.g., pins, clothes pegs). swakhnyotakoha-tú- I took them all out. Base: -hnyotakohaturemove guts lakahlostatáhkwas he's removing the guts. lokahlostatáhkiVA h e has r e m o v e d the guts. wa7kkahlostatáhko7 I

removed the guts. Base: -kahlostatahkwremove oneself from a seat; get up lanitskwahlákwas he's moving himself off the seat (e.g., a chair).

lonitskwahlákzvA he has moved himself from the seat. wa7kanitskwahla-kó• I moved myself off the seat. Base: -anitskwahlakwremove someone's spirit wa7shako7nikuhlota-kó• he removed her or someone's spirit, wahuwa7nikuhlota-kó• they removed his spirit. Base: - ? nikuhlotakwremove something clinging UtskwanAtáhsyus I keep removing him or it (e.g., ticks). wahitskwanAtáhsi7

I removed

something that's clinging to me. Base: -itskwanAtahsyuremove strawberry tops teha7nekAhtalutákwas he's removing the strawberry tops. teho7nekAhtalutákwA he has removed the strawberry tops. wa7tha7nekAhtaluta-kó• he removed the strawberry tops. tehse?nekAhtaluta-kó Remove the tops from the strawberries! Base: .'nekAhtalutakw- plus tedualic remove the covers off oneself yuthláhsyus she's throwing or kicking the covers off. yakothláhsi she has taken the covers off. wa7uthláhsi7 she took the covers off. Base: -athlahsyuremove the covers off someone wa7shakohláhsi7 he took the covers off her, wa 7khehláhsi7 I took the covers off her. Base: -hlahsyurepent skatathlewátha7 ing. swakatathlewáhtu

I'm repentI have

English-Oneida 1151

repented. Askatathle-wáhte7 I will repent. Base: .atathlewaht- plus s- repetitive report information shalihwaká-tshyus he reports back (to people) about what has happened or what he has learned, sholihwaká-tshi he has reported, sahalihwaká-tshi7 he reported, tutahalihwaká-tshi7 he informed about it there. Base: .lihwaka ? tshyu- plus srepetitive report someone; inform on someone lihzuinyú-tha7 I report him, I inform on him (e.g., if I become aware that he's doing something wrong, and I want to notify the authorities). wa7khelihwínyuhte7 I reported her, I informed (someone) about her, wahilihwínyuhte7 I reported him. Base: -lihwinyu ? treputation See name; reputation resemble teskayelu-tále7 it's almost identical, it's almost a carbon copy. Base: .yelutal- plus tes- dualic and repetitive resemble; look alike tetsitsy atyelA you two look alike, teshyatyelA those two (m.) look alike, teskyatyelA those two (z.) look alike. Pre-pausal: teskyatye-lA. Base: .atyelA- plus tes- dualic and repetitive resemble; look alike tsha7tekniya7tó-tA the two (z.) look alike, tsha7tehniya7tó-tA the two (m.) resemble each other, tsha7tehatiya7tó-tA they (m.) all look alike.

Base: .ya ? to ? tA- plus tsha ? tecoincident and dualic resentful, be loshwa7taní-u he's resentful or dissatisfied, he's complaining, yakoshwa7taní-u she's resentful. ? Base: -shwa tani ? resentful, become resentful or dissatisfied; find annoying wakeshwá-tanihe7 I become resentful or dissatisfied, I have enough of it, it's annoying to me, sashwá-tanihe7 you become resentful, loshwá-tanihe7 he becomes resentful. ukeshwá-tA7 I became resentful, wahoshwá-tA7 he became resentful, tákA7 kwi- aesashwá-tA you shouldn't let it get to you. loshwa7taní-tskwA he's easy to be resentful, there's no satisfying him, yakoshwa7taní-tskwA there's no satisfying her (she's always complaining). Base: Reserve

-shwa ? tani-/-shwa ? tAUkwehuwé-ne.

reside See live; reside; be plentiful resist; not cooperate yutluhya7tákhwa7 she's uncooperative, she doesn't cooperate, latluhya7tákhwa7 he doesn't cooperate. wahakwatluhyá-tahkwe7 he didn't cooperate with me, he resisted me, wahuwatluhyá-tahkwe7 she re7 sisted him, Ahakwatluhyá-tahkwe he will resist me. Base: -atluhya ? tahkwresist someone lakwatluhya7tahkwA-níhe7 he's resisting me, kuyatluhya7tahkwA-níhe7 I'm resisting you. Iakwatluhya?tahkwAní he has resisted me.

1152 English-Oneida

wahakwatluhya7táhkwA7

the water.

he

resisted me. Base: -atluhya ? tahkwAni-/ -atluhya ? tahkwA-

Base: . ? skokw- plus s- repetitive return something See take back; return

respond; answer klihwa7slákwas I'm responding (e.g., to a question, or to a letter). waklihwa7slákwA I have responded. wa7klihwa7sla-kó• I responded. slihwa7sla-kó Answer! Base: -lihwa'slakwrespond to someone; answer someone kulihwa7slakwA-níhe7 I'm answering you.

wa7kulihwa7slákwahse7

I

answered you. Base: -lihwa ? slakwAni-/ -lihwa ? slakwa ? s-

rest repeatedly; take a break katolishAtákwas I'm taking rests. wa7katolishAta-kó• I took a rest, I took a break. tsha7katolishAtakówhen I took a rest or a break. Base: -atolishAtakwrant.

tsi7

tyutekhunyá-tha7

r i b ohtéhkala7 rib. ktehkalá-ke (on) my ribs, stehkalá-ke (on) your ribs,

lahtehkalá-ke (on) his ribs, yehtehkalá-ke (on) her ribs. Base: -htehkal-

rib kna?ahté-ne my rib(s), lana?ahté-ne his rib(s). Base: -na ? ahtribbon, put on See put on a ribbon

rest katolíshAhe7 I rest, I'm always resting. wakatolíshA7 I'm resting. wa7katolíshA7 I rested, wa?akwatolíshA7 we (excl.) rested, AkatolíshA7 I will rest, AhsatolíshA7 you will rest. AivakatolishA-táke7 I will be resting. useswatolishA-táke7 you all should be resting. Base: -atolishA-/-atolishAt-

restaurant yutekhunyá-tha7

rhubarb teyostawinahyó-tsis.

restauat the

restaurant. retrieve someone out of water sekhe7skókwas I'm retrieving her out of the water. sekhe7skókwA I have retrieved her out of the water. sakhe7sko-kó• I retrieved her out of

ribbon; strap ká-nheks. Base: - ? nheks-/- ? nhehsrice ivatnA7ú-kwas. rich, become See wealthy, become ricochet See bounce; pop; ricochet ride See drag; drive; ride; trick someone ride a horse See horse, ride on the back of ride, give a ride to someone; transport someone; put into lakya 7títa 7as he gives me a ride, lakya 7títA 7 he has given me a ride. wahakya7títane7 he gave me a ride, ayukya7títane7 someone should give me a ride. wa7kahítane7 I put the container of fruit in it. wa7khnana7títane7 I put potatoes in it (e.g., a bowl, or the bag of potatoes in the car). wa7khna7tatslítane7 I put my suitcase in it (e.g., the trunk of my car). wa 7keksítane 7 I put dishes in it. wa?kna7talítane7 I put bread in it (e.g., a bag, a dish, a cart at the

English-Oneida 1153

grocery), wakna 7tsítA 7 I have put the pail in it, wa7kna7tsítane7 I put the pail in it. wa7knAyítane7 I put stones or pebbles in it (e.g., a pail). wa7knuto7tslítane7 I put the box in it. wa Tknu 7uslítane 7 I put cucumbers in it. wa7ketshe7títane7 I put the bottle or bottles in it. wa 7ke7slehtítane7 I put a wagon or car in it (e.g., in a truck or van). wa7ke7wahlítane7 I put meat in it. Base: -N-ita 7 -/-ya?tita 7 ride, give several a ride; put several into luwaya7titályuhe7 she gives them (m.) rides. wahuwatiya7titáli7 she put them (m.) into it, she gave them rides. yahuwatiya7titáli7 she put them (m.) into it there. wa7khna7tatslitáli7 I put a whole lot of suitcases in it (e.g., the trunk of a car). wa7ketshe7titáli7 I put the bottles in something, wa7etshe7titáli7 she put the jars in it. Base: -N-italyu-/-ya ? titalyuride in something See in, be in something moving right away; right now óksa 7 or óksa 7 ok. right away then; immediately

ókhna7.

right, be tkaye-lí• it's right. tkaye-líhkwe7 it was right. tkaye-líke7 it will be right. utakaye-líke7 it should be right. yáh te7tkaye-lí• it's not right, yáh thutakaye-líke7 it won't be right. Base: .yeli- plus t- cislocative right, do tekye-líts I do it right. twakyelitú I have done it right. takye-líte7 I did it right, tahsye-líte7 you did it right, you're

right, Atekye-líte7 I will do it right, Atetwaye-líte7 we (incl.) will do it right, yáh te7tyakniye-líts we two (excl.) are not doing it right, yáh thutayakniye-líte7 we two (excl.) weren't doing it right. Base: .yelit- plus t- cislocative right hand See hand, right hand right, make right; correct thayelítsta7 he's making it right, tahaye-lítste7 he made it right, he corrected it. Base: .yelitst- plus t- cislocative rind See rubber; rind; skin ring anishnuhsohlókta7 akwanishnuhsohlókta7

ring. my ring.

ring See sinker; ring; hoop ring, a bell yolístakalhe7 the bell is ringing. wa7olista-kálele7 the bell rang. Base: -listakal-/-listakalel-/ -listakalehlring, make a bell ring katlistakalehlásta7 I'm ringing the bell, wakatlistakalehlástu I have rung the bell. wa7katlistakalé-laste7 I rang the bell, satlistakalé-last Ring the bell! Base: -atlistakalehlastring, put on See put on a ring ring, take off See take off a ring rinse one's mouth wa7katenhoskóhale7 I rinsed my mouth, wahatenhoskóhale7 he rinsed his mouth, wa7utenhoskóhale7 she rinsed her mouth. Base: -atenhoskohale-

1154 English-Oneida

rinse several tetkatlatstányuhe7 I'm rinsing them, tetyutlatstányuhe7 she's rinsing them, teyakotlatstáni7 she has rinsed them. tutayutlatstáni7 she started rinsing them, she rinsed them. Base: .atlatstanyu- plus tet- dualic and cislocative rinse; start over tetkatlátsta7 I'm rinsing it. tetwakatlátstu I have rinsed it. tutakátlatste7 I rinsed it, I started it over again, tutayútlatste7 she rinsed it. tutasátlatst Rinse it! Start over again! Base: .atlatst- plus tet- dualic and cislocative rip See tear ripe, become See cooked, become cooked; become ripe rise See swell; rise rise, the sun See sun, rise river kawyhúha7 river. kawyhuhaktúti7 along near the river. na7kawyhúhati7 it's a side of the river, kAh na7kawyhúhati7 it's on this side of the river, a 7éna7kawyhúhati7 it's on the other side of the river. Base: -wyhuhriver, along

atsya7ktúti7.

river, be extended along kawyhuhatáti7 along the river, (it's) a river, extending along. kawhyuhatátyehkwe7 it used to be along the river, tsi7 tkawyhuhatáti7 at the river. Base: -wyhuhatatyeriverbank

atsyá-kta7.

road oháha7 road, owahá-ke on the road, owaha7késhu 7 along the roads. kA7 na7oháhati7 it's right here on this side of the road, kaló• na7oháhati7 it's on this side of the road, isi7 na7oháhati7 it's on the other side of the road, thó na 7oháhati7 over there on the side of the road (that you're on), a 7éna7oháhati7 it's over there on the other side of the road, el A na7oháhati7 it's across the road. yothahakwalíhsi the road is straight, lothahu-níhe7 he's building or fixing a road. yohaha7sláti7 the road is wide. kA 7 niyohaha7slatyéha the road is narrow, yoháhes it's a long road. yohahanawA the road is wet. teyohahawískwa 7t the road is slippery, tsi7 na7teyohahazoískwa7t the road is very slippery. Base:

-hah-/-h-/-wah-

road, be yoha-té• (it's) a road. Base: -hateroad, be a road or path extending yohatáti7 (it's) a road, path, highway, or anything travelled on. tyohatáti7 there's a road there. Base: -hatatyeroad, be a side road or lane yoháhute7 it's a side road or a lane, it's a limited stretch of road, tyoháhute7 there's a side road there. Base: -hahutroad, be bad See bad road, be road, be good See good road, be road, be several yohaténi7 roads. Base: -hatenyu-

there are

English-Oneida 1155

road, bend or curve in See bend in the road road, crooked or winding See crooked road; winding road road, cross See go across a road road, fork See fork in the road road, go somewhere yothahinú the road goes. Pre-pausal: yothahi-nú. niyothahimí where the road goes. Base: -athahinuroad grader wathahake-tás. road, move along in I'm going along in the road. tukwathahitákhe7 I'm in the road coming along, tayakothahitákhe7 she's in the road coming along, tahothahitákhe7 he's in the road coming along, tutahothahitákhe7 he's walking back along the road. Base: .athahitakhe- plus t- cislocative

wakathahitákhe7

road, take lathahukótha7 he takes that particular road, lothahukóhtu he has taken that road. wahathahu-kóhte7 he took that road, Ahathahu-kóhte7 he will take that road. Base: -athahukohtroad, travel down wahathahítane7 he started out walking down the road, uthahítane? it went down the road. sahyathahítane7 the two (m.) took the path again, they went right down the road again. Base: -athahita 7 road, turn off lathahalákwas he's turning off the main road (e.g., he's parking on the side of the road, or he's turning off into a laneway).

wakathahalákwA

the road,

I have gotten off

wa 7kathahala-kó-

I

turned off the road. Base: -athahalakwroad, turn off quickly takathahalákwahte7 I just all of a sudden turned fast into a laneway or off the main road. tututhahalákwahte7 she (z.) quickly turned off the road, into the lane again. Base: .athahalakwaht- plus tcislocative

road, walk down tehathahákhwa7 he walks down the road. tehothaháhkwA he has gone down the road. tAhatháhahkwe7 he will walk down the road, tehsatháhak Walk down the road! Base: .athahahkw- plus te- dualic road, walk down going along tehothahahkwAháti7

he's walking

down the road. Base: .athahahkwAhatye- plus te- dualic roam See travel around; wander; roam roast; bake; fry kate7skútha7 I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying, yute7skútha7 she's baking. wakaté-skute7 I have prepared it and it's roasting, waté-skute7 it's baked, roasted, or fried. wa7kate7sku-tA• I baked it, I fried it. Awate7sku-táke? it will be fried. katahyútha7 I bake or fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes), wakatá-yute7 I'm baking fruit, watá-yute7 (it's) baked fruit. wakatAhétshute7 I have fried the sausage, wathnaná-tute7 (it's) a baked potato, wa7kathnana7tu-tA• I baked potatoes, kanitsyútha7 I'm frying fish. katna7talútha7 I bake

1156 English-Oneida

bread, yutna7talútha7 she's baking bread, yakotná-talute7 she has put the bread in the oven and it's baking, watná-talute7 the bread is baked or fried, wa7utna7talu-tA- she baked the bread, wahutna7talu-tAthey (m.) baked bread, wa7kutna7talu-tAthey (z.) baked bread, Akatna?talu-tA- I will bake bread, Ayutna7talu-tA• she will bake bread, akatna7talu-tA• I should bake bread, satna 7talu-tX Put the bread in the oven! katna7talu-táhkwe7 I have baked bread, Askatna 7talu-tA- I will fry bread again, usakatna7talu-tA• I should bake bread again, tayutna7talu-tA• she baked bread there. wa7ute7nhuhsu-tA- she fried eggs. kate7wahlútha7 I fry meat, wakate7wá-lute7 I'm frying meat, wa7ute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat, Akate7wahlu-tA• I will fry meat, sate7wahlu-tA Fry the meat! wakate7wahlu-táhkwe7 I have fried the meat, tayute7wahlu-tA• she fried meat there. Base: -ate ? skut-/-at-N-utroast, bake, or fry for someone wa7kuyate7skúthahse7 I baked or fried it for you, wa7ukwate7skúthahse7 she fried it for me. Base: -ate ? skutha ? sroast, bake, or fry several wa7kate7skutúni7 I baked, roasted, or fried several of something. Ahsatna7talutúni7 you will fry several breads. Base: -ate'skutunyu-/ -at-N-utunyuroast, intend to roast, bake, or fry kate7skutá-ne7 I'm going to roast, bake, or fry it. katahyutá-ne7 I'm

going to fry fruit (e.g., tomatoes). yutna7talutá-ne7 she's going to bake bread. Base: -ate ? skuta ? n-/-at-N-uta ? nroast, take out from roasting, baking, or frying kate7skutákwas I'm taking something out from roasting, baking or frying (e.g., a roast). wakate7skutákw A I have taken it out. wa7kate7skuta-kó• I took it out. kate7wahlutákwas I'm taking meat out of the oven. Base: -ate'skutakw-/ -at-N-utakwroasting pan

yute7wahlutákhwa7.

rob someone kuyahsétha 7 I'm robbing you, lakwahsétha 7 he's robbing me. lakwahséhtu he has robbed me. wa 7kuyáhsehte 7 I robbed you, wahiyáhsehte7 I robbed him, wahakwáhsehte7 he robbed me. Base: -ahsehtrobe See housecoat; robe robin tsiskó-ko7 rock See swing; rock rock, be standing yotstA-lote7 (there's) a rock, outcropping, mountain peak. Base: -itstAhlotrock; mountain; outcropping otstAla 7 rock, mountain, outcropping. otstAhlá-ke on top of the mountain. otstAhlokú the bottom of the mountain. Pre-pausal: otstAhlo-kú. Base: -itstAhlrock; teeter tekhekalA-luhe7 I'm rocking her, tekkalA-luhe 7 I'm rocking her (z.) or it. teyokalA-lu 7 it's rocking. wa7tyokalA-lu7 it rocked or teetered (without anyone touching

English-Oneida 1157

it). teyohuwakalA-luhe7 the boat is rocking. tehanaktakalA-luhe7 he rocks the bed, teyonaktakalA-luhe7 it's rocking the bed, the bed is rocking, wa 7thanaktakalA-lu 7 he rocked the bed, wa 7tkanaktakalA-lu 7 she (z.) rocked the bed. Base: .kalAhlu- plus te- dualic rocking chair; swing; hammock 7. teyutkalAhlúkhwa rocky, be yotstA-lale7 it's rocky. Base:

-itstAhlal-

roll katya7takalhatenyá-tha7 I roll. yotkalhatenyá-tu it's rolling (e.g., someone pushed it, so that it comes out rolling). wa7katya7takalhatényahte7 I'm rolling, I rolled, wa7utya7takalhatényahte7 she's 7 rolling, wahatya 7takalhatényahte he's rolling, utkalhatényahte7 it 7 I rolled, Akatya 7takalhatényahte will roll. Base: -atkalhatenya ? t-/ -atya ? takalhatenya ? troll along yokalhatenya7tuháti7 it's rolling. Base: -kalhatenya ? tuhatyeroll along; roll away yotkalhatenya7tuháti7 it's going along rolling away, lotya7takalhatenya7tuháti7 he's rolling along, wakatya 7takalhatenya 7tuháti7 I'm rolling away. tayotkalhatenya7tuháti7 it's rolling this way. thó nukwáyahutkalhatenya7tuháti7 it's rolling that direction. Base: -atkalhatenya ? tuhatye-/ -atya ? takalhatenya ? tuhatye-

roll away utkalhatenya7tá-na7 it's on its way rolling. Base: -atkalhatenya ? ta ? nroll down one's pant legs tkatlislAtha 7 I'm rolling down my pant legs, thatlislAtha7 he's rolling down his pant legs. twakatlislAhtu I have rolled down my pant legs. takatli-slAhte7 I rolled down my pant legs. tutakatli-slAhte7 I rolled my pant legs back down again, tutasatli-slAt Roll your pant legs back down! Base: .atlislAht- plus t- cislocative roll down one's sleeve teknAtshAtha7 akwatyá-tawi7t I'm rolling down my sleeve. twaknAtshAhtu akwatyá-tawi7t I have rolled down my sleeve. tasnAtshAt satyá-tawiht Roll down your sleeve! Base: .nAtshAht- plus t- cislocative, and atyá-tawi ? t roll, make roll kkalhatenyá-tha7 I keep rolling it (e.g., a tire). wakkalhatenyá-tu I'm rolling it. wa7kkalhatényahte7 I rolled it. Base: -kalhatenya ? troll out dough tekeshe7lhakwAhtAtha7 I'm rolling out the dough. tAhseshe7lhakw Aht Ahte7 you will roll out the dough. Base: .she?lhakwAhtAht- plus tedualic roll over See turn over; tip over roll up; hem tekkwáthos I'm rolling it up, I'm hemming it. tewakkwáthu I have rolled it, I have hemmed it. wa7tekkwátho7 I rolled it, I hemmed it. Base: .kwatho- plus te- dualic

1158 English-Oneida

roll up one's pant legs wa7tkatlislakwátho7 I rolled up my pant legs, tehsatlislakwátho Roll up your pant legs! Base: .atlislakwatho- plus tedualic roll up one's sleeve tekatnAtshakwáthos I'm rolling up my sleeves. wa7tkatnAtshakwátho7 I rolled up my sleeves. tehsatnAtshakwátho Roll up your sleeves! Base: .atnAtshakwatho- plus tedualic rolling pin teyeshe 7lhakwAhtalhó-tha roof, have kanuhsáhele7 Base: -nuhsahel-

7.

it has a roof.

root which is hot and is chewed á-tsya 7. rope a7nha-lúk rope. wa7nhalukslatáti7 there's a rope extended along (e.g., to keep people off the street). yo7nhalukslA-tuhe7 the rope is hanging. Base: -a ? nhaluk-/-a ? nhalukslrot; spoil yótkAhse7 it's rotting, it's spoiling. yotkA-u it has spoiled, it has gone bad. wa 7ótkA 7 it rotted, AyótkA7 it will rot. yonu7tátkAhse7 the milk is going bad (sour). yo?wahlátkAhse7 the meat is spoiling, yo 7wahlatkA-u the meat has spoiled. Base: -atkA-

roof, put up See put up a shanty or roof

rotten, be rotten; be spoiled yótkA it's rotten, it's spoiled. Base: -atkA-

room, be a built-on room or porch yóskute7 it's a built-on room, a porch or sun porch. Base: -askut-

rough, be yao-ká-t it's rough. Prepausal: yao-káht. tsi7 niyao-ká-t so rough. Base: -oka ? t-

room, have yonúhsute7 Base: -nuhsut-

it has a room.

room, have several yonuhsu-tú- it has rooms. Base: -nuhsuturooster kítkit la-tsín.

it's

rough, be rough with; have a rough manner wakyAno-ká-t I'm rough (e.g., when I play with my toys), loyAno'ká-t he's rough, yakoyAno-ká-t she's rough. Prepausal: yakoy Ano-káht. Base: -yAnoka ? t-

rooster comb See comb of a rooster

rough, get rough with See slam things around; get rough with

root ohté-la7 root, tekahté-lake two roots (e.g., two carrots). wa7tyehtehlakA-séle7 she peeled carrots. níkahtehló-tA the kind of root it is, na 7kahtehló-tAhse7 the kinds (species) of roots they are. Base: -htehl-

rough ride, be yo7slehto-ká t it's a rough vehicle (e.g., a car or truck), it's rough riding in it. Pre-pausal: yo 7slehto-káht. Base: -?slehtoka ? tround, be round; be a circle teyothwe7nuní (it's a) circle, it's

English-Oneida 1159

round. Pre-pausal: teyothwe7nu-n[. teyothwe7nuni-hné• it was round. tAyothwe?nuníhake? it will be round. Base: .athwe ? nuni-/ .at-N-kwe ? nuni- plus te- dualic row, be See line, be an extended line or row rub (a part of the body) kohslúkwas I'm rubbing (e.g., my arm, my leg), lohslúkivas he's rubbing, yakohslúkwas she's rubbing, yohslúkwas she (z.) is rubbing. wa7kohslu-kó1 rubbed (myself), wahiya7tohslu-kóI rubbed him. Base: -ohslukw-/-ya ? tohslukwrub against watlányuhe7 it's rubbing against something, yotláni7 it has rubbed against it. utláni7 it rubbed against it. Base: -atlanyurub something klányuhe7 I'm rubbing it. waklányu 7 I have rubbed it. wa7kláni7 I rubbed it, Akláni7 I will rub it. Base: -lanyurub the skin raw on one's heel ukla-tóke7 the skin on the back of my heel was rubbed raw, ivesala'tóke7 your heel was rubbed raw, zuahola-tóke7 his heel was rubbed raw, wa7akola-tóke7 her heel was rubbed raw. Base: -latokrub together; scrub tekashalányehe7 I'm rubbing something with my hands, I'm scrubbing using my hands (e.g., washing clothes by hand, or using a scrub board), tewakashalánye7 or tewakashaláni7 I have scrubbed. wa7tyushalánye7 or wa7tyushaláni7

she scrubbed, tAkashalánye7 or tAkashaláni7 I will scrub. Base: .ashalanye- plus te- dualic rubber; rind; skin ohna-kwála7 rubber (e.g., a tire of a car, an elastic band, rubber overshoes), rind (e.g., rind on bacon or salt pork), ohnakwalaktúti7 along the tire, kók nikahna-kwála7 the tire is this size, this small, kók nikahna-kwálahse7 the tires are only this size, the tires are this small. Base: -hnakwalrug; carpet; linoleum yutkAhakwAhtalhó-tha

7.

rug, spread out See spread out cloth or a rug; put down linoleum ruin See damage; ruin; spoil ruined, become See break; break down; become spoiled or ruined ruler; tape measure

yute7nyAtXsta7.

rules, set down lalihwakwAhtálhos he sets down the rules, he lays out how it will be, he makes it known. wahalihwakwAhtálho7 he set down the rules, wa7elihwakwAhtálho7 she made her message known, she laid down the rules. Base: -lihwakwAhtalhorun tehaláhtats he runs, teholahtatú he was running. wa7tkaláhtate7 I ran, tAkaláhtate7 I will run. tehsaláhtat Run! tutahaláhtate7 he ran back this way. ya7tkaláhtate7 I ran the other way, ya7thaláhtate7 he ran the other way. Base: .alahtat- plus te- dualic

1160 English-Oneida

run away; flee katé-kwas I keep running away, laté-kwas he runs away. loté-kwA he has run away. wa7katé-ko7 I ran away, wahsaté-ko7 you ran away, wahaté-ko7 he ran away, wa 7uté-ko7 she ran away, Ahaté-ko 7 he will run away, suté-ko7 she (z.) or it fled again, thutakaté-ko7 I just ran away from there. Base: -ate ? kwrun away from ke7nya-kAse7 I run away from something or somewhere, se7nya-kAse7 you run away from. lo7nyakA-u he has run away. wa7ke7nya-kAne7 I ran away. saha7nya-kAne7 he ran away again, he escaped again. Base: -?nyakA?run away from someone; get away from one; lose control wake 7nyakA-se she runs away from me or from my control, luwa 7nyakAse she gets away from him. uke7nya-kA-se7 it got away from me, I lost control of it, wa7ako7nya-kA-se7 it got away from her, she lost control of it, wahi7nya-kA-se7 I ran away from him, I got out from under his control. Base: - ? nyakA?se-/-' ? nyakA ? srun into See bump into forcefully; run into run into headlong See bump; bump into head first run into someone See meet; run into run, move by running ktákhe7 I'm running, stákhe 7 you're running, latákhe7 he's running, yetákhe7 she's running, katákhe7 she (z.) or it (n.) is running (e.g., a vehicle, appliance, engine). yetákhehse7 she runs

around, latákhehse 7 he's running around, lotakhenú he ran. wahatákhe7 he's running by, he went off running, wa 7etákhe 7 she or someone is running by, Aktákhe 7 I will be running, Ahatákhe7 he will be running, Akatákhe7 she (z.) or it will be running, it (n.) will be operating. latákhehkwe7 he was running, ktákhe 7skwe 7 I was just running around. Ahatakhé-sheke7 he will be running around, sektákhe 7 I'm running again, elók shatákhe7 he's running all over the place, tahatákhe7 he's running this way, takatákhe7 she (z.) or it is running this way, tahatitákhe7 they (m.) are running this way. tutahatákhe7 he's running back this way again, yehatákhehse7 he's over there running around, ya7ktákhe7 I'm running that way. kátsha7 nihotekhenú Where did he go running? nya 7ktákhe 7 I ran that way, nya7etákhe7 she ran that way. Base:

-takhe-/-itakhe-

run, move by running going along latitakhenúti7 they (m.) are running along, latitakhenútyehse7 they (m.) are running around. wahatitakhenúti7 there they (m.) go running, tahatitakhenúti7 they (m.) came running along. nya7kutitakhenúti7 they (z.) went running off every which way. Base: -takhenutyerun out of; end yoto ^tá-u it has ended, lonato7ktá-u they (m.) have run out of it. wa7kató-ktA7 I ran out of it, utó-ktA7 it ended, it's over, it's finished. thó nú• yahutó-ktA7 there's where it ended. wa7katahyó-ktA7 I ran out of fruit, wa 7kathnana 7tó-ktA 7 I ran out of potatoes, wa7akwathnana7tó-ktA7 we (excl.)

English-Oneida 1161

ran out of potatoes. wahuthnekó-ktA 7 they (m.) ran out of something to drink, katyenó-ktAS I keep running out of oil or gas, lotyeno7ktá-u he has run out of oil or gas, wa 7katyenóktA 7 I ran out of oil or gas. katekhó-ktAS I run out of food, wakatekho 7ktá-u I have run out of food, wahatekhó-ktA 7 he ran out of food, Akatekhó-ktA 7 I will run out of food. wa 7kalnu 7tó-ktA 7 I ran out of milk. Base: -ato ? kta-/-ato 7 ktArun something; start up; operate tekalahtátsta7 I'm running it, teyulahtátsta7 she's running it. tewakalahtátstu I have run it.

wa7tkaláhtatste7 I started it up, I ran it, tAkaláhtatste7 I will run it. Base: .alahtatst- plus te- dualic rush See hurry, be in a hurry rust oskA-lha7 rust. oskA7lhósku7 all rusty. Base: -skA ? lhrusty, be yoskA-lhale7 Base: -skA?lhal-

it's

it's rusty.

rusty, become yoskA7lhalá-u it has become rusty. wa7oskAlhalane7 it got rusty, ayoskA-lhalane7 it should get rusty. Base: -skA?lhala ? -

s sack See bag; sack sad, feel twake 7nikuhlA-u I'm sad, my spirits are low, tesa7nikuhlA-u you're sad, tho7nikuhlA u his spirit is down, tyako7nikuhlA-u her spirit is down. Base: .?nikuhL\?- plus t- cislocative sad, feel sad; feel troubled; give up teka7nikú-lya7ks I keep giving up, I feel sad or troubled (not as strong as being depressed), teha7nikú-lya7ks he feels sad or down, teyu 7nikú-lya 7ks she feels down. tewaka7nikuhlyá-ku I'm feeling down, teho7nikuhlyá-ku he's feeling sad. wa7tha7nikú-lyahke7 he started to feel bad, tAka7nikú-lyahke7 I will feel bad. tewaka7nikuhlya7kú-ne7 I was feeling down. tAwaka7nikuhlya7kúhake7 I will be

sad. Base: ,a ? nikuhlya 7 k- plus tedualic saddle See cushion; saddle safety pin

katsihkóhal.

safety pin, pin with See pin with a safety pin saliva See spit; saliva salt tyohyó-tsis salt. yeyakohyo?tsistúti she has put salt on it, yahukhyo7tsistu-tí• I salted it. Base: -hyo ? tsis-/-hyo ? tsistsalt pork salt shaker

teyo7wahlahyó-tsis. yehyo7tsistalákhwa7.

salty, be teyohyo7tsístale7 it's salty. tsi7 na 7teyohyo 7tsístale 7 it's so salty. Base: .hyo'tsistal- plus te- dualic

1162 English-Oneida

same, be né- tshá-kat it's the same (as something else), it matches it, nétsha7eyá-tat it's the same person, nétshahayá-tat he's the same person. Base: .t-/.ya?tat- plus tsha 7 - coincident and factual mode same size, be See size, be the same sample See try; measure; try on or out sand

o7nehsalúhkwa7.

sap See syrup; gum; sap; honey satisfied, be satisfied; be content tzvake7nikuhliyó I'm satisfied, I'm content or pleased, tisa7nikuhliyó you're satisfied, tho?nikuhliyó he's satisfied, tyako7nikuhliyó she's satisfied. Pre-pausal: tyako7nikuhli-yó. 7 7 yah te twake nikuhliyó I'm not satisfied, yáh te7tisa7nikuhliyó you're not content. Base: , ? nikuhliyo- plus t- cislocative satisfied, become satisfied; become content tuke7nikuhli-yóne7 I became satisfied, tayako7nikuhli-yóne7 she became satisfied, taho7nikuhli-yóne7 he became satisfied, yáh thutayako7nikuhli-yóne7 she won't become satisfied. Base: . ? nikuhliyo ? - plus t- cislocative satisfied with, be twakelyA?tiyó I'm satisfied with the way it is, thawelyA7tiyó he's satisfied, tyakaivelyA 7tiyó she or someone is satisfied. Pre-pausal: tyakawelyA?ti-yó. yáh te?twakelyA7tiyó I'm not satisfied with it, it bothers me, yáh te 7tyakawelyA 7tiyó she or someone is not satisfied, it bothers her or

someone. Base: ,elyA?tiyo- plus t- cislocative satisfied with, become tukwelyA7ti-yóne7 I became satisfied (with someone), tayakawelyA7ti-yóne7 she became satisfied, tahawelyA^ti-yóne7 he became satisfied. Base: ,elyA ? tiyo 7 - plus t- cislocative Saturday Atákta7 Saturday, oyáyAswAtákta7 next Saturday. tshiwAtákta7 last Saturday. saucer

teyuthnekutákhwa7.

sausage; wiener awAhétsha7 sausage, wiener. wakatAhétshute7 I have fried the sausage. yawAhetshatalíhA the sausages or wieners are hot or spicy. yaiVAhétshes it's a long sausage. wa7kAhetshahni-nú• I bought some sausage. kAhétshaks I'm eating sausage. Base: -Ahetshsave See fix; put away; save' save for later use tewaknuhya-níks I'm saving it to use later on. wa7twaknuhya-níke7 I put it aside to use at some future point, wa7tkunuhya-níke 7 I saved it for you to use some other time, wa7thaknuhya-níke7 he saved it for me, tAwaknuhya-níke7 I will save it. Base: .nuhyanik- plus te- dualic save up See sit down; set or put down; save up; store savour; prefer waklihowanáhtu I savour it, I prefer something (e.g., some food) over something else,

English-Oneida 1163

lolihowanáhtu he prefers it, yakolihowanáhtu she prefers it. tyukwalihowanáhtu we consider it important there. Base: -lihowanahtsaw, cross-cut or long saw teyelutyá-kta7 or teyelutya ?khúkhwa 7. sawhorse

teyeshu7kalyá-kta7.

say ka-túhe7 I say, sa-túhe7 you say, la-túhe7 he says, yu-túhe7 she or someone says, lu-túhe7 they (m.) say. wakA I have said, wa 7kí-lu 7 I said, wahsí-lu7 you said, wahA-lu7 he said, wa 7kA-lu 7 she (z.) said, wa7yaí-lu7 (short form: waV-lu7) she said, wahAní-lu7 they (m.) said, Akí-lu 7 I will say, Ahsí-lu 7 you will say, akí-lu 7 I would say, ahA-lu 7 he should say, ahní-lu 7 the two (m.) should say. tákA7 náhte7 Ahsí-lu Don't say anything! katúhahkwe7 I used to say. Akatúheke7 I will keep saying. au-kAke7 I should have said. sayaí-lu7 she said again, tutayaí-lu7 there she said again, yáh te7wakA I didn't say, yáh tehawA he didn't say, yáh te 7yakawA she or someone didn't say, yáh te7yúknA we two didn't say. né• kwi• tshika-túhe7 that's what I said, tshahoní-lu7 when they (m.) said it. Base: -atu-/-A-/-ihlusay, be saying ka-té• I'm saying, sa-téyou're saying, la-té- he's saying, yu-té- she's saying, lu-té- they (m.) say. tshika-té• when I'm saying. thiywté• she goes right on saying. Base: -atesay things wa7kihlúni7 I said different things, wahAhlúni7 he said different things, wa7yaihlúni7 or

wa7ihlúni7 she said different things. Base: -ihlunyuscab o7nótsta7. Base: - ? notstscab, have wake7nótstale7 I have a scab, sa7nótstale7 you have a scab, yako7nótstale7 she has a scab, lo7nótstale7 he has a scab. Base: - ? notstalscalp See lawn; sod; scalp scar owí-la7. Base: -wihlscar, have wakwí-lale7 I have a scar, sawflale7 you have a scar, lowí-lale7 he has a scar, yakowí-lale7 she has a scar. Base: -wihlalscarce, be wakA-lé• it's scarce. wakA-léhkive7 it was scarce. AwakA-léke7 it will be scarce. kahwistakA-lé- money is scarce. kakhwakA-lé• food is scarce. Base: -akAl(e)scarce, become ukA-láne7 it became scarce. Base: -akAla7scare someone; frighten someone lakwatetshahnihtA-níhe7 he keeps frightening me. wa7skwatetshahníhtA7 you frightened me, ukwatetshahníhtA7 it frightened me, wa7ukwatetshahníhtA7 it frightened us. Base: -atetshahnihtAni-/ -atetshahnihtAscarecrow

wathAto-líhe7.

1164 English-Oneida

scared, be scared; be cowardly zvakahtlú-ni I'm a scaredy-cat, lohtlú-ní he's a scaredy-cat, yakohtlú-ni she's a scaredy-cat. wakahtlu7ni-hné• I was cowardly. Ahohtlu?níhake? he will be cowardiyBase: -ahtlu'niscared, be scared of; be afraid of ketshá-rtihse7 I'm afraid of it, I'm scared, litshá-nihse7 I'm afraid of him. lotshahnihkú he was afraid of it. wahitshá-nihke7 I was scared of him, Aketshá-nihke7 I will be afraid of it, Ahitshá-nihke7 I will be scared of him. yáh te7yesatshá-nihse7 they are not afraid of you. Base: -tshahni-/-tshahnihkscared, become scared; become frightened wakatétshAhse7 I get frightened or scared all the time. wakatetshA-u I'm scared or frightened, lotetshA-u he's scared. ukwatétshA 7 I got scared, wa7akotétshA7 she got scared, wa 7ukwatétshA 7 we got scared, AwakatétshA7 I will get scared, AsatétshA7 you will get scared, ayakotétshA7 she should get scared. wakatetshA7ú-ne7 I was scared. nihotetshA-u he's so scared, niyukwatetshA-u we are so scared, nukwatétsfiA7 did I ever get scared, nahotétshA 7 did he ever get scared, na?ukwatétshA7 did we ever get scared. Base:

-atetsh(A)-

scarf or tie, have on wakíhti I have on a scarf, lóhti he has on a scarf. wakihtyA-hné- I had a scarf on. AwakihtyAhake7 I will have a scarf on. Base: -ihty-/-ihtyak-

scarf or tie, put on See put on a scarf scarf; tie; necklace anihtyákta7 or yunihtyákta7 or yunihtyásta7. scary, be yóhtlut it's scary, it's so scary. Base: -ahtlut-

niyóhtlut

scary, be yotétsha 7t it's scary (so that there might be negative consequences, and it could be dangerous). Pre-pausal: yotétshaht. Ayotetsha7túhake7 it will be frightful. Base: -atetsha ? tscary person, be laukwe 7táhtlut he's a scary person, yakaukwe7táhtlut she's a scary person. Base: -ukwe ? tahtlutscatter; disperse na7twatya7to-kó• the bodies just flew apart. teyota7kAhlókwA there's dust scattered around, it's dusty, wa7twata7kAhlo-kóthe dust just went flying. wa7twanityohko-kóthe crowd dispersed, tusunityohko-kó• the crowd dispersed again. wa?twatnAyo-kóthe stones scattered. wa7twatenyAhto-kó- the snow just went flying, tusutenyAhto-kó- the snow flew all over again. teyotestalókwA it's spraying (e.g., out of a spray bottle), droplets are dispersing. Base: .at-N-okw-/.atya ? tokwplus te- dualic scatter something around tekata7kAhlokwátha7 I'm scattering dirt or dust, wa7tkata7kAhlókwahte7 I scattered dirt or dust. tehathnekokwátha7 he sprinkles water, tehothnekokwáhtu he has

English-Oneida 1165

sprinkled water, wa7tkathnekókwahte7 I sprinkled water. tekatnuhkwa7tslokwátha7 I'm always putting medicine around (e.g., the house), tewakatnuhkwa7tslokwáhtu I have put medicine around, tAkatnuhkwa7tslókwahte7 I will put medicine around. tekatenyAhtokwátha7 I'm scattering snow around, tewakatenyAhtokwáhtu I have scattered snow around, wa7tkatenyAhtókwahte7 I scattered snow around. Base: .at-N-okwaht- plus tedualic scatter something around tekattukwátha7 I'm scattering things around (e.g., toys). tehonattukwáhtu they (m.) have scattered them around. tewattukwáhtu it was scattered around. tAkattúkwahte7 I will scatter things around. Base: .attukwaht- plus te- dualic school yutatlihunyAní-tha7 tsi7 tyutatlihunyAm'-tha7 school.

school. at the

school, go to See go to school school, high school scissors

kanuhsate7kó\

ata7shali-sás.

scissors, cut with teyuta7shali-sás she's cutting using scissors. teyakota 7shalisA she has cut with scissors. tAyuta7sha-líse7 she will cut with scissors. Base: ,ata 7 shalis- plus te- dualic scold someone luwattéhtanihe7 scolding him. wahuwattéhtA7

she's she

scolded him, wa7kuyattéhtA7 I gave you heck, wa7shakottéhtA7 he gave her heck, AkheyattéhtA7 I will give her heck. tákA7 AskwattéhtA Don't give me heck! nihakwattéhtanihe7 he's really scolding me, na7ukhiyattéhtA7 she really got after us. Base: -attehtani-/-attehtAscold someone going along yukwattehtanyuní-ne7 they're going along giving me heck. Base: -attehtanyuni ? nescore See hit with an object; score scrape back and forth; scratch tekke-tás I'm scraping or scratching it. tewakketú I have scraped it. wa7tye-kéte7 she scraped it, she scratched her (z.) or it, tAkkete7 I will scrape it. tutákket Scratch me! tekna7tsyake-tás I'm scraping the pot, wa 7tekná-tsyakete7 I scraped the pot, wa7tehsná-tsyakete7 you scraped the pot. Base: .ket- plus te- dualic scrape back and forth several; scratch several wa7thaketáni7 he scraped or scratched several things. wa7tehsna7tsyaketáni7 you scraped the pot. Base: .ketanyu- plus te- dualic scrape; grate lake-tás he's scraping it, he's grating it (e.g., a carrot, or the skin of a potato), loketú he has scraped or grated it. wa 7e-kéte 7 she scraped it, Aye-kéte7 she will scrape it. Base: -ketscrape several; grate several wahaketáni7 he scraped or grated

1166 English-Oneida

several things. Base: -ketanyu-

around in it. Base: .ahkokw- plus te- dualic

scratch oneself tekatke-tás I'm scratching myself, tehatke-tás he's scratching himself, teyutke-tás she's scratching herself, tewakatketú I have scratched myself. wa7tkátkete7 I scratched myself, tAkátkete7 I will scratch myself. Base: .atket- plus te- dualic

search in something for someone tehiyahkokwA-níhe7 I'm searching in it for him. wa7thiyahkókwahse7 I searched in it for him, wa7tkuyahkókwahse? I searched in it for you. Base: ,ahkokwAni-/.ahkokwa ? splus te- dualic

scratch repeatedly tekanákhuhe7 it's scratching (e.g., a cat, wanting to come in the house). wa7tkanákhu7 it scratched. Base: .nakhu- plus te- dualic

season swakXnhat one season. Base: -akAnh-/-akanh-

scratch someone tewáknaks she (z.) or it scratches me, téknaks I scratch her (z.) or it, tehi-náks I scratch him. tewaknakú she (z.) or it has scratched me. wa 7twáknake 7 she (z.) or it scratched me, wa7tyúknake7 she or someone scratched me, wa?thi-náke7 I scratched him. Base: .nak- plus te- dualic scrub See brush; bush; scrub scrub See rub together; scrub

7.

scythe See lawnmower; scythe seagull

seasons wakAtihaténi7 or wakanhaténi7 seasons, tsi7 wakAnhaténi7 such are the seasons. seat See bench; seat; afterbirth seat; part of the body one sits on ótskwa 7. Base: -itskwseat; stool second

scrub board; washboard teyushalanye7tákhwa

season, be a particular ka7ikA wakAnha-té- or ka7ikA wakanha-téthis season. Base: -akAnhate-/-akanhate-

tsyohwA-tstakawe7.

search for See look for; miss someone search in something tekahkókwas I'm searching in something for it, I'm digging around in something looking for it. tewakahkókwA I have searched for it. wa 7tkahko-kó• I searched for it, wa7thiyahko-kó• I searched him for it, ta-kahko-kó• I should search

onítskwa7.

teknihatú-thne.

second See section; piece; gear; second secret, keep See hide facts; keep a secret secretary yehya-túhe7 secretary. Base: -hyatuhe 7

(she's a)

section; piece; gear; second ohí-kala 7 gear. tekahi7kalaké two pieces (e.g., of pie), tsyohí-kalat one gear, one section (e.g., a piece of pie). Base: -hi ? kal-

English-Oneida 1167

see; be able to see; have eyesight íkkAhe7 I can see, la-kAhe 7 he sees, he has eyesight, khe-kAhe7 I see her or them, kwa-kAhe7 I or we (excl.) see you, lo-kAhe7 he sees him. khekA I have seen her or them, lokA he has seen him. wa 7khe-kA• I saw or I see her or them, I caught sight of her or them, wahi-kA- I saw him, waha-kAhe saw or he sees it, waho-kA- he saw him, wa 7shako-kA• he saw her or them, wa 7ukhi-kA- she saw us, wa 7shakoti-kA- they (m.) saw her or them, wahuwa-kA- she, someone or they saw him, Ayukhi-kA• she or someone will see us, ashe-kA- you should see her or them, ahuwa-kAshe, someone or they should see him, ashakoti-kA• they (m.) should see her or them. likAhahkwe7 I used to see h i m . likA-hné-

I saw him.

ashako-kAke7 he would have seen her or them. saha-kA- he saw it again, he can see again, sahuwa-kAshe saw him again. tekhe-kAhe7 I see her or them there, tekhekA I have seen her or them there, tekhekA-hné• I had seen her or them there, yáh te7shi-kAhe7 I don't see him around anymore. tshahi-kAwhen I saw him. yáh úhka 7 thayukhi-kA• no one should see us. Base: -kAsee; catch sight of tehokahlayA-tá-se7 he keeps catching sight of it. tehokahlayAtá-u he has focused on it. wa7thokahlayA-táne7 his eye fell on it, he focused on it. Base: .kahlayAta7- plus te- dualic see everything tewakkahtlú-ni I see everything, I don't miss anything, tehokahtlú-ni he sees everything, teyakokahtlú-ni she sees everything. tehokahtlu7ní-ne7 he used to

see everything. tAhokahtlu?níhake7 he will see everything. Base: ,kahtlu ? ni- plus te- dualic see far tehaká-les he can see far, teyeká-les she can see far. Base: .kahles- plus te- dualic see; fix one's sight on; look katkáthos I keep seeing it, yutkáthos she or someone sees, lotkáthos he sees him (from time to time), kheyatkáthos I see her or them, wakatkáthu I have seen it, etshatkáthu you have seen him. wa7katkátho7 I see it, I saw it, wahsatkátho 7 you see it, you saw it, wahatkátho7 he sees it, he saw it, wa7akwatkátho7 we (excl.) saw it, wa7kutkátho7 they (z.) saw it, Akatkátho7 I will see it, Ahsatkátho7 you will see it, Ayutkátho7 she or someone will see it, Aswatkátho7 you all will see it, ahsatkátho7 you should see it, ahatkátho7 he should see it, ayakwatkátho7 we (excl.) should see it, ayesatkátho7 she should see you. satkátho Look! aukwatkáthuke7 I should have seen it, aesatkáthuke7 you should have seen it. sayukwatkátho 7 she saw me again. thakwatkáthos he's looking my way, tisatkáthu you have seen it there, utayutkátho7 she should look there. ya7katkátho7 I looked there, yahatkátho7 he looked there, ya7utkátho7 she looked there, ya7shakotkátho7 he took a look at her. nikatkáthos how I see it. yáh te7yakwatkáthos we (excl.) don't see, yáh te7yukwatkáthu we haven't seen it. yáh te7shiyatkáthos I don't see him anymore, yáh te7tyakotkáthu she didn't look in that direction, tshihutkáthos when they (m.) see, tshahatkátho7 when

1168

English-Oneida

he saw, tshahutkátho7 when they (m.) saw, tsha7ukwatkátho7 when she or someone saw me. yáh thutayutkátho7 she wouldn't look that way, yáh thutahuwatkátho7 she won't look at him. Base: -atkatho-/-atkahtsee, go to see katkA?sé-ne7 I'm going to look into it, I came to see, latkA7sé-ne7 he's here to see, sheyatkA7sé-ne7 you're here to see her or them. katkA 7sé-nehse 7 I look into it, liyatkA?sé-nehse7 I keep going to see him. wakatkA7sé-nu I have gone to look into it. wahiyatkA7sé-na7 I'm going to see h i m , wa7akotkA7sé-na7

she (z.) is

going to see her, wa7shakotkA7sé-na7 he's going to see her, AkatkA7sé-na7 I will go and look into it, AhatkA7sé-na7 he's going to go and s e e h e r (z.) o r it, akatkA7sé-na7

I

should go and see it, akheyatkA 7sé-na 7 I should go and see her or them. katkA 7sé-na Let me go see! wakatkA7sehnu-hné• I have gone to look into it, sheyatkA7sehnu-hné• you went to see her. tesatkA7sé-nu you have come to see it, tahatkA7sé-na7 he's coming to look it over, utayesatkA7sé-na7 they should come to see you, tasatkA 7séna Come and see it! Base: -atkA?se?nsee several khekXhsluhe7 I keep seeing them, wa 7khekXhslu 7 I saw them. sakhekXhslu7 I saw them again. Base: -kAhsluseed; grain; oats ka-nXhe7 seed, pit (of a fruit), grain, oats. AyukwanAhu-tíwe will drop in seeds, thónúna7ukwariAhu-tv there's where we

dispersed the seeds, thó yAsanAhu-tí- you will throw seeds in there. kA7 nikanAhá-sa7 the seeds are small. Base: -nAhseems like a 7nyó or kwah a 7nyó or kwa 7nyó. seer; dreamer; fortuneteller shakotkX-sehe 7. self, by oneself akulha7tsfwa7 all by myself, laulha?tsí-wa7 all by himself, akaulha7tsí-wa7 all by herself, aulha7tsí-wa? all by herself (z.) or itself, uknulha7tsí-wa7 all by ourselves (the two of us), ukyulha7tsí-wa7 all by ourselves (all of us), lonulha7tsí-wa7 all by themselves (m.), onulha?tsvwa7 all by themselves (z.). Base: -ulha'tsí-wa 7 self-disciplined, b e yakohtyawA-léshe's self-disciplined, she's strict with herself, lonahtyawA-léthey (m.) are self-disciplined. lonahtyawA-léhkwe7 they (m.) were self-disciplined. Base: -ahtyawAlesell latAhni-núhe7 he sells. lotAhni-nú• he has sold it, yukwatAhni-nú• we have sold it. wa7katAhni-nú- I sold it, wahatAhni-nú- he sold it. tyutAhni-núhe7 she sells there, AtyakwatAhni-nú• we (excl.) will sell there. Ayuta7ahslahni nú• she will sell baskets. ayakwathnana7tahni-núwe (excl.) should sell potatoes. wa7katnatahni-nú• I sold my home or place, wahatnehwahni-nú• he sold a pelt. ayakwatnAStahni-núwe (excl.) should sell corn.

English-Oneida 1169

wa7katnuhsahni-nú• I sold a house. wa7kate7slehtahni-nú• I sold a car. thute7wahlahni-núhe7 they (m.) sell meat there. Base: -atAhninusell for or to someone liyatAhninu-níhe7 I sell it for him or to him. wahiyatAhni-nú-se7 I sold it for him or to him, wa7kheyatAhni-nú-se7 I sold it for her or to her. wahiyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold him a house, wa7kheyatnuhsahni-nú-se7 I sold her a house. wahiyate7slehtahni-nú-se7 I sold him a car. Base: -atAhninuni-/-atAhninu?ssell, go to sell wa7katAhninú-na7 I went to sell it, wa7akyatAhninú-na7 we two (excl.) went to sell it. iva7akyata7ahslahninú-na7

w e two

(excl.) went to sell baskets. Base: -atAhninu'nsell; peddle katké-luhe7 I'm doing something about selling it. wakatké-lu 7 I have something for sale, ivatké-lu 7 it's for sale. wa 7katké-lu 7 I had something for sale, I peddled it, Akatké-lu 7 I will have something for sale. thonatké-lu7 there they (m.) have something for sale. Base: -atkehlusell; peddle; go to sell or peddle yutkehlu-hné• she has come here to sell it. wa7utkehlu-hná• she's going there to sell it, Akatkehlu-hná- I will go somewhere to sell it. Base: -atkehluhnsell several lutAhninúnyuhe7 they (m.) are selling things. yuta7ahslahninúni7 she sold baskets

all over. Base: -atAhninunyusend yekatAnyétha 7 I keep sending things. yewakatAnyéhtu I have sent it, yehetshatAnyéhtu you have sent him. ya7kat Anyehte 7 I sent it, ya7kuyat Anyehte 7 I sent you, yahiy at Anyehte7 I sent him, ya 7ukwat Anyehte 7 she sent me, ya7ukhiyat Anyehte 7 she sent us, ya7shakotAnyehte7 he sent her or them, ya7shakwatAnyehte? we (excl.) sent him, yAkuyatAnyehte7 I will send you, yAhetshatAnyehte7 you will send him, yAyesatAnyehte 7 they will send you, takuyatAnyehte7 I sent you this way, tashakotAnyehte 7 he sent her or them here. tasatAnyet Send it this way! Base: .atAnyeht- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative send several yekatAnyehtányuhe7 I send several things. ya7katAnyehtáni7 I sent several things. Base: .atAnyehtanyu- plus ytranslocative or t- cislocative send someone away See chase someone away; shoo someone away send to someone yekuyatAnyehtA-níhe7 I keep sending you things. yahiyatAnyéhtA7 I sent it to him, 7 I sent it to her, ya7kheyatAnyéhtA takuyat Any éht A7 I sent it to you, yAkuyatAnyéhtA7 I will send it to you. yeskuyatAnyehtA-níhe7 I'm sending it to you again, yusakuyatAnyéhtA7 I sent it to you again. Base: .atAnyehtAni-/.atAnyehtAplus y- translocative or t- cislocative

1170 English-Oneida

send with someone yekunyétha 7 I'm always sending it with you. yekunyéhtu I have sent it with you. ya7kényehte7 I sent it with her (z.), yAkúnyehte7 I will send it with you. Base: .nyeht- plus y- translocative send word; notify; inform lakwahluká-tha7 he sends word to me, he informs me, yukwahluká-tha7 she sends word to me. wahakwahlu-ká-te7 he sent word to me, Ahakwahlu-ká-te7 he will send word to me, akuyahlu-ká-te7 I should send word to you. Base: -ahluka ? tsensations, have wakattokAhsla-yX- I have sensation or feeling (e.g., in my hands), yáh te7wakattokAhsla-yA• I have no sensations. Base: -attokAhslayAsensitive, be Wakahkalá-WA I'm sensitive (I'm sore somewhere and it's sensitive if I touch there). Base: -ahkalahwAseparate See apart, come apart; come undone; separate separate; divide; share teyaknikháhsyus we two (excl.) are separating or dividing it. teyuknikháhsi we have divided it, we have shared it. wa7tekekháhsi7 I divided it, I separated it in half, wa7tekhekháhsi7 I separated them, wa7tyaknikháhsi7 we two (excl.) shared it, wa7tyuknikháhsi7 it divided us, taetnikháhsi7 you and I (incl.) should be sharing, ta-yaknikháhsi7 we two (excl.) should be sharing, taetnikháhsi Let's you and I (incl.) share! wa7teknuhsakháhsi7 I divided the house (into rooms), tekanuhsakháhsi

the room is divided. Base: .khahsyu- plus te- dualic separate or divide completely tekekhahsyúkwas I'm dividing or separating them all. tewakekhahsyúkwA I have divided them all up. wa 7tekekhahsyu-kóI divided them all up, tAhsekhahsyu-kó• you will separate them all, wa7tetwakhahsyu-kówe (incl.) are separating or dividing it all up. Base: .khahsyukw- plus te- dualic September

YeyAthókwas.

serious, be yeke7nikuhlaye-líI'm serious, yeha7nikuhlaye-líhe's serious, yeye7nikuhlaye-lí• she's serious. Ya7se7nikuhlaye-ltk Behave! Be serious! Base: .'nikuhlayeli- plus y- translocative serious, be See mean; be serious sermon, give latlihwahnótha7 he gives sermons, lotlihwá-note7 he's giving a sermon. wahatlihwahno-tAhe gave a sermon, Ahatlihwahno-tAhe will give a sermon. Base: -atlihwahnotserve someone kula-nthe7 I'm serving you (e.g., I have got a plate and I'm putting something on it for you). kulaní I have served you. wa?kúlhahse7 I served you, Akúlhahse7 I will serve you. wa?kuhnana7tálhahse7 I served you potatoes (e.g., I put potatoes on your plate), takhnana7tálhas Serve me some potatoes! Base: -lani-/-lhahsset down See put or set down

English-Oneida 1171

set something upright See stand or set something upright set, the sun tetwatshXthos the sun sets (everyday). ya7twatshXtho7 the sun set. Base: .atshAtho- plus tet- dualic and cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic settle to the bottom; become murky yotnu-wáy A7 it has settled to the bottom, it's murky. utnu-wáyA7 it settled to the bottom. Base: -atnuwayAsettlement See town; village seven

tsya-ták.

seven hundred tsya-ták tew A 7nyáwelu 7. seventeen tsya-ták yawA-lé-. seventy tsya-ták

niwáshA.

seventy-five cents yá-ya7k silu. several tóhka7

or tóhka7 ok.

severe, be getting severe or worse takatahaluní-sle7 my condition is becoming more severe, tayutahaluní-sle7 she's getting worse, tahatahaluní-sle7 he's getting worse, Atwatahaluní-sle7 it will get worse. Pre-pausal: Atwatahaluní-sele7. Base: ,atahaluni ? sl- plus t- cislocative severe, become severe; worsen sXha 7 wahatahalu-ni' he got worse, sXha7 utahalu-ni- it just got worse, sXha 7 Awatahalu-ní• it will get worse. Base: -atahaluni-

severe, have become severe; be worse yotahaluní-u it's worse, yakotahaluní-u her condition is severe. sXha7 wakatahaluní-u I'm worse, my condition is more severe. yotahaluni7ú-ne7 it was worse (but it's better now). Base: -atahaluni 7 sew ke7nikhuhe7 I'm sewing. wake7níkhu 7 I have sewed. waha7n íkh u 7 he sewed, Ake 7n íkh u 7 I will sew, aye7níkhu7 she should sew. Base: - ? nikhusew cloth kkAha?níkhuhe7 cloth (e.g., a blanket). Base: -kAha ? nikhu-

I'm sewing

sew for someone wa7utate7níkhuhse7 she sewed for someone, Aku7níkhuhse7 I will sew for you. Base: - ? nikhu ? ssewing machine; sewing needle ye 7nikhúkhwa 7. sex, have sex wahyatku-wáte7 the two (m.) had sex, aetyatku-wáte7 you and I (incl.) should have sex. Base: -atkuwatshack, put up See put up a shanty or roof shadow, be yotahsa-tále7 shadow. Base: -atahsatal-

(there's a)

shadow; movie; show ohsa-tá• shadow. wahsatáksA it's a bad movie or show, wahsa-tés it's a long movie or show, wahsatiyó it's a good movie or show. Base: -ahsatshady, be

yotahalá-nu.

1172 English-Oneida

shake latya7tawákhuhe7 he shakes himself, watya7tawákhuhe7 she (z.) or it shakes itself. wahatya7tawákhu7 he shook himself. Base: -atya ? tawakhushake See tremble; shake shake hands he's shaking hands with him, teshakonAtshakalA-luhe7 he's shaking hands with her. teshakoriAtshakalA-lu7 he has shaken hands with her. tAshakonAtshakalX-lu7 he will shake hands with her. Base: .nAtshakalAhlu- plus tedualic

tehonAtshakalA-luhe7

shake out dirt ka7kAhlAtha7 I'm shaking out the dirt (e.g., shaking out a rug), waka 7kAhlAhtu I have shaken out the dirt. waha7kA-lAhte7 he shook out the dirt. Base: -a'kAhlAhtshake out or unfurl cloth tehokAhateníhA he has unfurled the cloth (e.g., a flag), wa?thakAhateníhA7 he unfurled the cloth, tAkkAhateníhA7 I will unfurl the cloth or flag. Base: .kAhatenihA- plus te- dualic shake something or someone tewakteníhA I have shaken it, tehuwateníhA she has shaken him (e.g., he has fallen asleep, and she shakes him), wa ?tekteníhA 7 I shook it, wa7tyeteníhA7 she shook it, wa7thiteníhA7 I shook him, tAsteníhA7 you will shake it. Base: .tenihA- plus te- dualic shaky, be waknuhkyAnhe7 I'm shaky, lonuhkyAnhe7 he's shaky,

yakonuhkyAnhe7 she's shaky. Base: -nuhkyAnheshallow liquid, be kA7 niyohnotésha it's shallow. Base: .ahnotesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive shame atehAhsla7 shame, yáh kA te7satehAhsla-yA- don't you have any shame? Base: -atehAhslshanty, put up See put up a shanty or roof share See separate; divide; share sharp, be sharp; be pointy yohyo7thi-yé• it's sharp, it's pointy. yohyo7thi-yéhkwe7 it was sharp. Ayohyo?thi-yéke7 it will be sharp. né- tyohyo7thi-yé• it's the sharpest. yo7shalo7thi-yé• the knife (or saw) is sharp. lohyo7tsho7thi-yéhe has a pointy chin. lo7nyuhso7thi-yéhe has a long, pointy nose, yako7nyuhso7thi-yé• she has a long, pointy nose. Base: -hyo ? thiy(e)-/-o ? thiy(e)sharp-tasting, be See bitter, be bitter; be sharp; be sour sharpen a knife or blade kata7shaío7thi-yóhe7 I'm sharpening the knife. wa7kata7sha!o7thi-yéI sharpened the knife, Ahata7shalo7thi-yó• he will sharpen his knife, ahata7shalo7thi-yé• he should sharpen his knife. Base: -ata ? shalo ? thiye-/ -ata ? shalo ? thiyosharpen something khyo7thi-yáts I'm sharpening it. lohyo7thiyatú he has sharpened it. wa7khyo7thi-yáte7 I sharpened it, Akhyo 7thi-yáte7 I will

English-Oneida 1173

sharpen it. shyo7thi-yát Sharpen it! sahahyo7thi-yáte7 he sharpened it again, Ashahyo7thi-yáte7 he will sharpen it again. Base: -hyo'thiyatshatter See break into pieces, become broken into pieces shave latkustú-lhya7ks he's shaving. lotkustu7lhyá-ku he has shaved. wahatkustú-lhyahke7 he shaved. Base: -atkustu ? lhya ? kshawl See covering on the body she; herself; as for her akaulhá-. she; herself; it; itself; as for her or it aulhá-. shed fur latnuhwe7lhAtha7 he's shedding. lotnuhwe7lhXhtu he has shed. Ahatnuhwé-lhAhte7 he will shed. Base: -atnuhwe?lhAhtsheep sheet

stksik. yunitskalákhwa7.

sheet; cover

kAtskale7.

sheet, put down a sheet or cover kitskálha 7 I'm putting a sheet down (e.g., on the bed, floor, or ground in order to lie on it), wakitskalu 7 I have put the sheet down. wa 7kítskalu 7 I put the sheet down, Akítskalu 7 I will put the sheet down. sítskalu Put the sheet or blanket down! Base: -itskal-/-itskalusheet, put down a sheet or cover for oneself kanitskálha 7 I put a sheet or cover down, I fix a place to lie down. wa 7kanítskalu 7 I fixed a place to lie down, sanítskalu Fix a place to lie

down! Base:

-anitskal-/-anitskalu-

sheet, put down sheets or covers here and there kitskalúnyuhe7 I'm putting the sheets on (e.g., when I'm making the bed), wakitskalúni7 I have put the sheets on. Akitskalúni7 I will put the sheets on. sayetskalúni7 she made the beds again. Base: -itskalunyusheet, put down something to lie on wakatAtiítskalu 7 I have made a place to lie down, I'm lying down on it (a sheet or blanket), lotAnítskalu7 he has made a place to lie down. satAnítskalu Put something down for you to lie down on! thiyukwatAnítskalu7 we just made a place to lie down for ourselves. Base: -atAnitskal-/-atAnitskalushielded, be shielded by; be protected by wakathlohóstu I'm (standing there) being protected by it, yakothlohóstu she's being shielded by it, lothlohóstu he's being shielded by it. tyakothlohóstu she's there being shielded, thothlohóstu he's there being shielded. Base: -athlohostshilling; cents silu. shilling, tékni silu twenty-five cents (two bits), kayé silu fifty cents, yá-ya7k silu seventy-five cents. shin onyA-tá• shin. kenyAtá-ke (on) my shin, senyAtá-ke (on) your shin, yenyAtá-ke (on) her shin, lanyAtá-ke (on) his shin. Base: -nyAtshine, a star See star, shine

1174 English-Oneida

shine something tekestalathé-tha7 I'm shining it. tAkestaláthehte7 I will shine it. tehsestalátheht Shine it! Base: .stalathe't- plus te- dualic shine, the moon See moon, shine shine, the sun See sun, shine shiny, be teyostaláthe7 it's shiny. tAyostalátheke7 it will be shiny. tsi7 na7teyostaláthe7 it's so shiny. teyohwistastaláthe7 the coin is shiny, teyowisastaláthe7 the glass is shiny. Base: .stalath(e)- plus te- dualic shiny, become teyostaláthehse7 it becomes shiny, teyostalathé-u it has become shiny. iva7tyostaláthene7 it just got shiny. Base: .stalathe7- plus te- dualic shiny, become teyostaláthAhse7 it's shiny, it's blinking (i.e., not a steady shine). wa7tyostaláthAne7 it got shiny, tAyostaláthAne7 it will get shiny. Base: .stalathA?- plus te- dualic shirt See dress; shirt; jacket; coat; blouse shit See excrement shiver See tremble; shake shocked, become See startled, become startled or shocked; move away shoe áhta7 shoe, akwáhta7 my shoe, sáhta7 your shoe, laóhta7 his shoe, akóhta 7 her shoe, aóhta 7 her (z.) or its shoe, laohtáhkwaku in his shoe. akwahta7shúha my shoes. ivakahtahkwáksAhse7 I have bad shoes, ohtáhkwase7 new shoes.

na7tehohtahkwe-sú-se7 he has on long shoes, usahahtahkwahni-núhe should buy shoes again. niwahtahkó-tAhse7 the kind of shoes, niwakahtahkó-tAhse7 I have that kind of shoes. wakahtahkwayA-tá-se7 I keep getting shoes, ukwahtahkwayA-táne7 I got shoes (e.g., I got them given to me, or bought them myself), sukzvahtahkzvayA-táne7 I got shoes again (I got new shoes). Base: -aht-/-ahtahkwshoe sole See sole of a shoe shoelace a7nekahtsyé-na7 shoelace. akwa7nekahtsyé-na7 my shoelace. shoes, have on tewakahtáli7 I have shoes on, tehohtáli7 he has shoes on, teyakohtáli7 she has shoes on. tewakahtályuhkive7 I had shoes on. tAiuakahtályuke7 I will have shoes on, tAhohtályuke7 he will have shoes on. Base: .ahtalyu- plus te- dualic shoes, put on See put on shoes shoes, take off See take off shoes shoot kalú-tats I'm shooting, lalú-tats he's shooting, wakalu 7tatú I have shot, yutatalu 7tatú she or someone has shot her. wahalú-tate7 he shot, wahiyalú-tate7 I shot him, Akalú-tate7 I will shoot, salú-tat Shoot! nahalú-tate7 how or where he shot. Base: -alu ? tatshoot out; splurt; spew watestalú-tats it keeps splurting out. utestalú-tate7 it came splurting out, it came shooting out, Awatestalú-tate7 it will splurt

English-Oneida 1175

out. Base:

-atestalu ? tat-

shoot several lalu7táthuhe7 he shoots several. lo!u7táthu7 he has shot several. wahalu7táthu7 he shot several. Base: -alu ? tathushort, be kA7 niyúsha it (n.) is short. kók niyúsha it's this short (I'm indicating the length with my hands). kA7 niwatekhwahla7tslésha the table is short. kA 7 niwatlahti7tslésha the socks are short. kA 7 niwahnislésha the day is short. kA7 na7teivaklislésha my pant leg is so short. kA 7 nikanakalésha it's a short stick. kA 7 7 na teyonAtshésha it has short sleeves. kA7 nihonuhkwislésha he has short hair. Base: .esha/.usha plus kA? particle and n- partitive short, be kA7 nikhnAyésha I'm short, kA 7 niyehnAyésha she's short, kA 7 nihahnAyésha he's short. Base: .hnAyesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive short strap, leash, or rope kA 7 nihoshalésha he has a short leash. Base: .ashalesha plus kA? particle and n- partitive short-waisted, be kA 7 na7tyeya7kalésha she's shortwaisted. Base: ,ya ? kalesha plus kA? particle and na ? te- partitive and dualic shorten See take off the end; shorten shorten the amount; do halfheartedly tkato7ktákhwa7 I shorten the amount (e.g., the amount of work I

did, the amount of money), I'm doing it without putting in my full effort, tyuto7ktákhwa7 she's shortening the amount. twakato7ktáhkwA I have shortened the amount, I'm doing it without putting all of me into it. takató-ktahkwe7 I shortened the amount, I did it halfheartedly, taható-ktahkwe7 he shortened the amount. Base: .ato'ktahkw- plus t- cislocative should be See necessary, it's necessary; it should be shoulder ohnAhsa7 shoulder. khnAksne my shoulder, shnAksne your shoulder, lahnAksne his shoulder, yehnAksne her shoulder. wakhnAhsanú-waks my shoulder hurts, lohnAhsanú-waks he has sore shoulders. Base: -hnAhs-/-hnAksshoulders, shrug See shrug one's shoulders shout See holler; yell shove See push shovel

yu7kwátsta7.

shovel snow See snow, clear away show; become evident wa7wé-nene7 showed. Base: -e ? ni ? -/-e ? ne ? -

it

show how to do; demonstrate layelunítsta7 he's showing or demonstrating the way he'll do it. kayelunítstu it shows the way it's done, ivahayelu-nítste7 he showed how he'll do it. Base: -yelunitst-

1176 English-Oneida

show how to do; trace layeluníhe7 he's showing the way of doing something, he's blueprinting what he'll do. kayeluní it's shown, there's a trace. Pre-pausal: kayelu-ní. wahayelu-ní• he showed or spoke about how he'll do it, he made it known, yáh te7skayeluní there's no trace anymore. Base: -yelunishowoff See brag; show off show someone around See travel by a route; show someone around show through See stick out, be sticking out; be showing or peeking through show to someone kuna7tu-níhe7 I'm showing it to you, khena7tu-níhe7 I'm showing it to her or someone, yana7tu-nihe7 he's showing it to you. kuna7tuní I have shown it to you. wa7kuná-tuhse7 I showed it to you, wa7khená-tuhse7 I showed it to her or someone, wa7akoná-tuhse7 she (z.) showed it to her or them, wa7shakoná-tuhse7 he showed it to her or them, wa7utatná-tuhse7 she showed it to her, Akuná-tuhse7 I will show it to you. etshná-tus Show him! Base: -na ? tuni-/-na ? tu ? s-

show up See appear; arrive; show up shrink See small, make small; shrink; reduce shrug one's shoulders tkathnAhsoklíkhuhe7 I shrug my shoulders, thathriAhsoklíkhuhe7 he shrugs his shoulders, tyuthtiAhsoklíkhuhe7 she shrugs her shoulders. Base: .athnAhsoklikhu- plus tcislocative shuffle See drag one's feet shut See close shut up lotwa7nikú he has shut up. wahatwá-nike7 he shut up, wa7utwá-nike7 she shut up, wa7akyatwá-nike7 we two (excl.) shut up. satwá-nik Shut up! tsyatwá-nik You two, shut up! Base: -atwa ? nikshy, be wakatshe-yálA7 I'm shy, lotshe-yálA7 he's shy, yakotshe-yálA7 she's shy, yotshe-yálA7 she (z.) is shy. tsi7 niyakotshe-yálA 7 she's so shy. Base: -atsheyalA-/-atsheyalushyness Base:

atsheyalXhsla7. -atsheyalAhsl-

show to someone wa7khena7tu-há-se7 I showed her or them. etshna7twháhs Show him how! Base: -na ? tuha ? s-

shyness, get over wa 7katsheyalu-kó• I got over my shyness, Ayutsheyalu-kóshe will get over her shyness. Base: -atsheyalukw-

show to someone, go to show someone wa7khena7tuní-na7 I'm going over there to show her or someone, Akhena7tuní-na7 I will go over and show her or someone. Base: -na ? tuni ? n-

sibling khe 7kAha my younger sister, I have her as a sibling, yuke7kAha my older sister, she has me as a sibling, li 7kAha my younger brother, lake 7kAha my older brother, she 7kAha your younger sister, yesa 7kAha your older sister,

English-Oneida 1177

etshe ?kXha your younger brother, ya 7kXha your older brother, shako 7kXha his younger sister, luwa 7kXha her younger brother. wake7kA-shX• I have younger siblings. tó• nikú sa7kA-shX- how many brothers and sisters do you have? tékni tewake?kA-shX- I have two younger siblings, wísk niho7kA-shXhe has five younger siblings. khe7ko7okúha my younger siblings. Base: - ? kAha/- ? kAsibling, older aktsíha or yuktsíha my older sister, she's my older sister, laktsíha my older brother, he's my older brother. Base: -tsiha siblings, different sex yakyatAno 7sXha we two (excl.) are brother and sister, my brother, my sister, tsyatAno?sXha you two are brother and sister, your brother, your sister, lutAno7sXha his sisters. ukyatAno7sXha my sister, my brother, ukwatAno?sXha my sisters, my brothers, tékni tewakatAno?SA-shX- I have two brothers. yakwatAno?SA?okúha we're all sisters and brothers, ukwatAno?SA7okúha all my sisters and brothers. yonatAno?SAtshA-táhkwe? they (z.) had a brother, lonatAno?SAtshA-táhkwe? they (m.) had a sister, tá t nA7ú-wa7 AyonatAno7SAtshA-táke7 maybe they (z.) will have a brother. Base: -atAno?SAha/-atAno?SA-/ -atAno?sAtshAtsiblings, same sex teyakyatahnu-téle7 we two (excl.) are sisters, we two are brothers, my sister, my brother, tetsyatahnu-téle7 you two are brothers, you two are sisters, your brother,

your sister, tekyatahnu-téle7 (z.) are sisters, her sister, tehyatahnu-téle7

the two

t h e t w o (m.) a r e

brothers, his brother, teyakwatAhnu-téle7 we (excl.) are brothers or sisters, my brothers, my sisters, teyakyatahnútlahkwe7 we two (excl.) used to be sisters, tekyatahnútlahkwe7

the t w o (z.)

used to be sisters, teyutahnútlahkwe7 she used to be the sister, tá-t takyatahnútlake7

if t h e t w o (z.)

were sisters, kayé-

na7tekatAhnu-téle7 I have four brothers and sisters. Base: .atAhnutel-/.atAhnutl-/ .atahnutel-/.atahnutl- plus tedualic

siblings, same sex, several teyakwatAhnutlúnyu7 we (excl.) are all brothers and sisters, teswatAhnutlúni7 you are all sisters or brothers, tehutAhnutlúni7 they (m.) are all brothers, tekutAhnutlúni7 they (z.) are all sisters. Base: .atAhnutlunyu-/ .atahnutlunyu- plus te- dualic sick, become waknuhwáktanihe7 I'm sick, lonuhwáktanihe7 he's sick. uknuhwáktA7 I got sick, wesanuhwáktA 7 you got sick, wahonuhwáktA7 he got sick, wa7akonuhwáktA7 she got sick, AwaknuhwáktA7 I will get sick, auknuhwáktA7 I should get sick. lonuhwaktaníhahkwe7 he was sick (but he's better now). lonuhwaktaní-ne7 he had gotten sick (and he still could be). tsyakonuhwáktanihe7 she's sick again, nihonuhwáktanihe7 he's so sick, na7akonuhwáktA7 she became so sick, tshihonuhwáktanihe7 when

1178 English-Oneida

he was sick. Base: -nuhwaktani-/-nuhwaktAsickle See knife; sickle sickly, be See unwell, be unwell; be sickly side, along the sides aktúti7. side, be lying one one's side kya7takwalu-té• I'm lying on my side, laya7takwalu-té• he's lying on his side, yeya7takwalu-té• she's lying on her side. Base: -ya ? takwalut(e)side, be on one side of kAh ná-wati7 this side, thó ná-wati7 the other side of it, isi7 ná-wati7 that side (we're together on this side), a7é- ná-wati7 way over there on that side, é-nik ná-wati7 on top. kAh nutekhwahlá-tslati7 it's on this side of the table. kA7 na7oháhati7 it's right here on this side of the road, kaló- na7oháhati7 it's on this side of the road, isi7 na7oháhati7 it's on the other side of the road, thó na 7oháhati7 over there on the side of the road (that you're on), a 7éna7oháhati7 it's over there on the other side of the road, elA na7oháhati7 it's across the road. kAh na7kaná-tslati7 it's on this side of the ditch, a7é• na7kaná-tslati7 it's way over on the other side of the ditch. a7é- na7kanhóhati7 it's on the other side of the door. kAh na7kanúhsati7 it's on this side of the house, a7é• na7kanúhsati7 it's on the other side of the house. kAh na7kanutó-tslati7 it's on this side of the box. kAh na7kanya-tálati7 it's on this side of the lake, el A na7kanya-tálati7 it's across on the other side of the lake, a 7é-

na7kanya-tálati7 it's way on the other side of the lake, é-nik tsi7 na7kanya-tálati7 it's over the lake. na7kawyhúhati7 it's a side of the river, kAh na7kawyhúhati7 it's on this side of the river, a 7éna7kawyhúhati7 it's on the other side of the river. Base: .ati- plus na 7 - partitive and factual mode side, get on a side lotukohtáhkwA he has gotten on one side, the side he's on. tyuky atukohtahkw A the side we two are on, kAh nukwátwakatukohtáhkwA I'm on this side, thó nukwá- twakatukohtáhkwA I'm on that side, I'm on their side, Athatukóhtahkwe7 he will get on that side, kAh nukwáAthotukohtahkwAhake7 he will be on this side. tethotukohtáhkwA he has gone over to that side again, tutahatukóhtahkwe7 he got on that side again. Base: -atukohtahkwside, get onto one's side wa7katya7takwalu-táte7 I got onto my side, wahatya7takwalu-táte7 he got onto his side, wa7utya7takwalu-táte7 she got onto her side. satya7takwalu-tát Lie on your side! Base: -atya ? takwalutatside, one side Askatí. Pre-pausal: Aska-tí.

side, the other side; across el A. sift ka-wáks I'm sifting, wakawakú I have sifted it. wa7ka-wáke7 I sifted it. yAhsa-wáke7 you will sift it there. Base: -awak-

English-Oneida 1179

silk; taffeta ka7nhehsatAsha ka7nheksatAsha.

or

silly, be a silly or nutty person tehsanahwílo7oks you're nutty, tehanahwílo7oks he's silly, he's nutty, teyunahwílo7oks she's silly. Base: .nahwilo?oks plus te- dualic silo

latihelayAtákhwa7.

silver See gold; silver similar, be See resemble sin; swear lalihwanéla7aks he swears or curses, lolihwanélu 7 he has cursed, he's a sinful man, lotilihwanélu 7 they (m.) have sinned, they're sinning, kanáhkwa 7 yakolihwanélu 7 she committed adultery, she sinned against the marriage, kanáhkwa7 lolihwanélu7 he committed adultery. wahalihwanéla7ake7 he sinned, he cursed, wahslihwanéla7ake7 you sinned. Base: -lihwanela ? ak-/-lihwanelsin; swear repeatedly lalihwanela7ákhuhe7 he's swearing away, he's sinning, yelihwanela7ákhuhe7 she's swearing away. Base: -lihwanela ? akhusince tsi7 náhe7 or tsi7 ná-ye7. sinew onú-ya7 or ahsli-yé-. Base: -nuhy-

otsinuhyáhta7

sing teklihwákhwa7 I sing, I'm a singer, tehalihwákhwa7 he sings, teyelihwákhwa7 she sings, tehatilihwákhwa7 they (m.) are singers. tewaklihwáhkwA I'm singing I have sung, teholihwáhkwA

he's singing, teyakolihwáhkwA she's singing, teyolihwáhkwA she (z.) or it is singing, tehotilihwáhkwA they (m.) are singing. wa7thalí-wahkwe7 he sang, tAklí-wahkwe7 I will sing, tAhatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) will sing, tahalí-wahkwe7 he should sing, tahatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) should sing. tehatilihwákhwahkwe7 they used to sing. tAshatilí-wahkwe7 they (m.) will sing again. Base: .lihwahkw-/.lihwakhwplus te- dualic sing for each other tetyatatlihwakhwá-sehe7 you and I (incl.) are singing for or to each other. tAtyatatlihwákhwahse7 you and I (incl.) will sing for or to each other. Base: .atatlihwakhwa ? se-/ .atatlihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic sing for someone tehaklihwakhwá-sehe7 he's singing for me, teshakolihwakhwá-sehe7 he's singing for her. wa7teshakolihwákhwahse7 he sang for her, tAkulihwákhwahse7 I will sing for you. teshakolihwakhwa7séhahkwe7 he used to sing for her. Base: ,lihwakhwa ? se-/ .lihwakhwa's- plus te- dualic sing, go along singing tewaklihwahkiVAháti7 I'm going along singing. tetsyuknilihwahkwAháti7 we two are singing as we're coming along. na7tetsyuknilihwahkwAháti7 we two are just singing away as we're coming along. Base: .lihwahkwAhatye- plus tedualic

1180 English-Oneida

sing, go around singing lalAnotáti7 he's singing as he's going along. klAnotátyehse7 I'm going around singing, lalAnotátyehse7 he's going around singing, yelAnotátyehse7 she's going around singing. lalAnotátye7skwe7 he used to go around singing. Base: -lAnotatyesing, go to sing tehalihwahkwá-ne7 he's going to sing. teholihwahkwá-nu he has gone to sing. wa7thalihwahkwá-na7 he's on his way somewhere to sing. Base: .lihwahkwa'n- plus tedualic singe wahihuhtsí-tAhte7 I singed the hair or feathers off him (a pig, or a chicken after it has been plucked), wahuwahuhtsí-tAhte7 she singed the hair or feathers off him. Base: -huhtsi ? tAhtsinger teyelihwákhwa7 (she's a) sing7 er, tehalihwákhwa (he's a) singer, teklihwákhwa7 (I'm a) singer. Base: .lihwakhwa? plus te- dualic singer, good See good singer, be singing

tekalihwáhkwA.

sink uhtu-lówe7 it sank. Base: -ahtulow-

sister See sibling sister-in-law ukyalyéha my sister-inlaw, onalyéha her sister-in-law, lonalyéha his sister-in-law. Base: -alyeha sit, be sitting; be at home kí-tlu 7 I'm sitting, I'm at home, tsí-tlu 7 you're sitting, you're at home, lA-tlu 7 he's sitting, he's at home, yé-tlu7 she's sitting, she's at home, yakní-thi7 we two (excl.) are sitting, we're at home, latí-tlu7 they (m.) are sitting, they're at home. Pre-pausal: latí-telu7.

lA7tlu-táhkwe7

he was

sitting (but he's not anymore), he was at home. Ahsi7tlu-táke7 you will be sitting, you will be at home. a7éthA-tlu7 he's sitting over there, tsi7 tyé-tlu7 where she lives, yekí-tlu7 I'm sitting or living over there, tsi7 rtú• nikí-tlu7 where I'm sitting or living, tsi7 nú- niyakwA-tlu7 where we (excl.) live, kátsha7 nú- nihatí-tlu7 wherever they (m.) live, yáh úhka7 te7yé-tlu7 nobody lives there, yáh newAtú tehA-tlu7 he's never home. yáh te7skí-tlu7 I'm not at home anymore, yáh oskánhe te7tsyakwA-tlu7 we (excl.) don't live together any longer, tshihatí-tlu7 when they (m.) were sitting. a7é• tshityakwA-tlu7 when we were living way over there. Base: -i?tlu-/-i?tlut-

sinker; ring; hoop olhyóhkwa7 sinker, ring, hoop. a7é- niwalhyóhkwa7 it's a great big hoop. Base: -alhyohkw-

sit, be sitting here and there lati7tlu-tú• they (m.) are sitting around. Base: -i ? tlutu-

sip lo7tsi-léks he's sipping it. wa 7ko 7tsi-léke 7 I sipped it, wahlo7tsi-léke7 he sipped it, wa7ako7tsi-léke7 she sipped it. Base: -o ? tsilek-

sit, be sitting perched kitskwáhele7 I'm sitting down, I'm perched, lAtskwáhele7 he's perched, yetskwáhele7 she's perched. thAtskwáhele7 he's sitting there. a7é• yehAtskwáhele7 over there he's

English-Oneida 1181

sitting. Base:

-itskwahel-/-itskwahl-

sit, be sitting perched here and there yakwAtskwahlúni7 we (excl.) are sitting around. tyakwAtskwahlúni7 we (excl.) are sitting around there. Base: -itskwahlunyusit, be sitting up kítskote7 I'm sitting up, lAtskote7 he's sitting up, yétskote7 she's sitting up. lAtsko-táhkive7 he was sitting up. AhAtsko-táke7 he will be sitting up. Base: -itskotsit down here and there wa7akwatyA-tú• we (excl.) sat around, wahutyA-tú• they (m.) sat down all around. swatyA-tú All of you sit down! yahutyA-tú• they (m.) sat around over there. Base: -atyAtusit down; set or put down; save up; store látyAhe7 he sits down, he's getting into a sitting position. lótyA 7 he has sat down, wa 7káti7 I sat down, waháti7 he sat down, wa 7akwáti7 we (excl.) sat down, we lived together, Akáti7 I will sit down, Ahsáti7 you will sit down, Aháti7 he will sit down, Ahúti7 they (m.) will sit down, a-yúti7 she should sit down. sáti Sit down! latyA-táhkwe7 he was sitting (but he isn't any longer). sayútyA7 or sayúti7 she sat back down again, Ashúti7 they (m.) will sit down again, yaháti7 over there he sat down. tsPnú- nAkáti7 where I will stay, where I will live, tsi7 núnAháti7 where he will live, tsi7 nú7 nAyúti where she will live, tsi7 nútiAhúti7 where they (m.) will live. wa 7akyata 7áhslayA 7 we two (excl.) put our baskets down. lothne-káyA 7 he has saved up water,

wa7kathne-káyA7 I saved up water. kathwístayAhe7 I'm saving money. latékhwayAhe 7 he's storing food, lutékhwayAhe7 they (m.) are storing food, wa7katékhwayA7 I stored food, wahatékhwayA7 he stored food. katyA-táyAhe7 I'm storing wood. wa7kate7náhkwayA7 I put my tub down. Base: -atyA-/-atyAtsit on it; shut up wahatnutlí-tayA7 sat on it, he stuffed it (slang). satnutlí-tayA Sit on it, shut up! Base: -atnutli ? tayA-

he

sit someone down wa 7kí-tlu 7 I sat her (z.) or it down, wa 7khé-tlu 7 I sat her down, I helped someone to sit down. Pre-pausal: wa7khé-telu7. Base: -i'tlusix yá-ya7k. Pre-pausal: yá-yahk. six hundred yá-ya 7k tew A 7nyáwelu 7. Six Nations Reserve Yá-ya7k Nihonuhutysaké. Pre-pausal: Yá-ya7k Nihonuhutysa-ké. Six Nations person oshoka7a-ká- a Six Nations person. keshoka7a-ká- I'm from Six Nations, lashoka7a-káhe's from Six Nations, yeshoka7a-káshe's from Six Nations. Base:

-shoka ? a-ká-

sixteen yá-ya7k sixty yá-ya7k

yawA-lé-. niwásIiA.

size, be ni-ká- I'm that size, niya-káshe's that size, thó ni-ká- I'm that size (showing someone). a7é- niya-káshe's that big. kók ni-ká- I'm just or only that size, kók niya-ká• she's just that size, kók ní-la7 he's just that size, tó• ni-wá• thi-kA What size is

1182 English-Oneida

it (n.)? tók ni-wá• it (n.) is so big, it's the size of it. ni-wá-se7 it's that size (in all dimensions). a7é- niiva7kóit's great big. kók tshi-ká- when I was this small, kók tshí-la 7 when he was that small, kók niwahta7nawA-tsla7 the ball is this size, kók niswahta 7nawA-tsla 7 the ball is only this size (only this big). a7é• niwalhyóhkwa7 it's a great big hoop, niwatkú-sla7 the snake is such a size. a7é• niyukwahA-tá• we have a big field, nihohlé-na7 his bundle is that size, kók nikahna-kwála7 the tire is this size, this small, kók nikahna-kwálahse7 the tires are only this size, the tires are this small. a7é-nikAtstótsla7 it's a big package, thó niyoká-la7 the hole is that size, niyoka-lá• the value or cost, nikakxvi-lá-se7 the size of the twigs, thó niyonákta7 there's that much room, there's enough room, kók nikanákta7 the bed is this size, yáh te tyonákta 7 there's not enough room. a 7é- nihanhóskwa 7 he has such a big mouthful. a7é• na7tehanhó-kwahse7 he has such big cheeks, nikanúhsa7 the house is such a size, nihotinúhsahse7 their (m.) houses are that big. a7é• nikanutó-tsla7 it's a great big box. a7é• na7teyotaláthe brim of her hat is really broad. nikatshé-ta7 the size of the jar. a7énikatsísta7 it's a big light, tsi7 niyohútsya7 the land is so big. Base: .a- plus n- partitive size, be the same you and I (incl.) are the same size, tsha 7teyákna 7 we two (excl.) are the same size, tsha7tésna7 you two are the same size, tsha 7té-na 7 the two (m.) are the same size, tsha 7tékna 7 the two (z.) are the same size. Prepausal: tsha 7tékena7 tsha 7tétna 7

tsha7tétwahse7 we (incl.) all are the same size, tsha7tehA-ná-se7 they (m.) all are the same size, tsha7teku-ná-se7 they (z.) all are the same size. Base: .a- plus tsha ? te- coincident and dualic skate tekata7khétsta7 I skate, tehuta7khétsta7 they (m.) skate. tehota7khétstu he has skated. wa7tyutá-khetste7 she or someone skated, tAyutá-khetste7 she or someone will skate, tahutá-khetste7 they (m.) should skate. Base: .ata?khetst- plus te- dualic skate, go along skating tewakata7khetstuháti7 I'm skating. Base: .ata ? khetstuhatye- plus tedualic skate, go to skate tehata7khetstá-ne7 he's going to skate. tehata7khetstá-nehse7 he goes skating. tehota7khetstá-nu he has gone skating. wa7tkata7khetstá-na7 I'm going skating. Base: ,ata ? khetsta ? n- plus tedualic skates ata7khétsta7 skates. wata7khe7tsliyó (they are) nice skates. Base: -ata 7 khetst-/-ata ? khe ? tslskates, put on See put on skates skeleton yéskAti skeleton (female), láskAn skeleton (male). Base: -skAnskin See rubber; rind; skin skin, have chapped or dry See chapped skin, have chapped or dry skin

English-Oneida 1183

skin, have dark See dark complexion, have skin something shakoyAslus he's skinning them, shakoy Aslu he has skinned them. wahayA-séle7 he skinned it, wa7shakoyA-séle7 he skinned them, wahoyA-séle7 he skinned him. Base: -yAsl-/-yAselskinny, be See thin, be skip See jump repeatedly; skip skip over; postpone tehanitskwAtyétha7 he postpones it, he leaves it out and goes on to the next one. tehonitskwAtyéhtu he has postponed it, he has skipped over it. iva7tkanitskwAtyehte7 I postponed it, I skipped over it, tAkanitskwAtyehte7 I will postpone it, tAyakwanitskwAtyehte7 we (excl.) will postpone it. Base: .anitskwAtyeht- plus tedualic skirt o 7kóhsa skirt.

7

skirt, akiva 7kóhsa

7

my

Base: -a ? kohsskirt See slip; skirt skirt, put on See put on a skirt skull See head; skull skunk aní-tas. sky kaluhyá-ke heaven.

sky, in the sky,

slam down See throw down; slam down slam things around; get rough with tekatelyahtíkhuhe7 I'm jerking things around, I'm taking out my frustration on things,

tehuwatelyahtíkhuhe7 she's always getting rough with him. tewakatelyahtíkhu7 I have jerked things around, tehuwatelyahtíkhu7 she has pushed him around. wa7tkatelyahtíkhu7 I roughened it up (e.g., I balled up a piece of paper), I'm slamming things around, wa7thuwatelyahtíkhu7 she's getting rough with him, she's pushing him around, wa7thuwAnatelyahtíkhu7 she's getting rough with them (m.). yáh tha7teyutelyahtíkhu7 she didn't jerk things around. Base: .atelyahtikhu- plus tedualic slant See lean, be leaning over to one side slap someone in the face lakhlanuhsáya7aks he slaps me in the face, lohlanuhsayáku7 he has slapped him in the face. wahohlanuhsáya7ake7 he slapped him in the face. Base: -hlanuhsaya ? aksled

teyute7slehtahlákhwa7.

sled, go downhill on teyute7slehtahélha7 she's going down the hill on a sled. wa7thate7slehtá-lA7 he came down on a sled. Base: .ate ? slehtahel-/ ,ate ? slehtahl- plus te- dualic sled, go sledding wa7tkate7slehtahlá-na7 I'm going sledding, I'm going to go downhill on a sled. Base: ,ate ? slehtahla ? n- plus tedualic sleep waki-tá-s I'm sleeping, sA-tá-s you're sleeping, lo-tá-s he's sleeping,

1184 English-Oneida

yako-tá-s she's sleeping, yukwA-tá-s we're sleeping, loti-tá-s they (m.) are sleeping, yoti-tá-s they (z.) are sleeping, lotá-u he has gone to sleep. uki-táwe7 I fell asleep, waho-táwe7 he fell asleep, Ayako-táwe7 she will fall sleep, auki-táwe7 I should fall sleep. SA-táhu> Go to sleep! lo-tá-skwe7 he was asleep (but he's awake now). tsi7 nú- nAyako• táwe 7 where she will sleep. Base: -ita ? -/-ita ? wsleep, drop off to sleep laslAhtye-nX-se7 he's dropping off to sleep. loslAhtyenA-u he has dropped off to sleep (and he's sleeping now). wa7keslAhtye-nAne7 I dropped off to sleep. Base: -sL\htyenA?sleep, go to sleep; go to bed lotá-whu he has gone to go to sleep. ukitá-wha 7 I'm going to go to sleep, I'm going to go to bed, wahotá-wha7 he's going to bed, wa7ukwAtá-wha7 we went to bed, wahotitá-wha7 they (m.) went to bed, Awakitá-wha7 I will go to bed, AyukwAtá-wha7 we will go to bed. yukwAtá-wha Let's go to bed! tshahotá-wha7 when he went to bed. Base: -ita ? whsleep over wa7kanú-wete7 I slept over, wa7akwanú-wete7 we (excl.) slept over, takanú-wete7 I slept there, Atyakwanú-wete7 we (excl.) will sleep there. ya7kanú-wete7 (I went there and) I slept, ya7akwanú-wete7 we (excl.) slept there, we stayed over. nAhanú-wete7 where or how he will sleep, riAtsyanú-wete7 where or how you two will sleep. Base: -anuhwet-

sleep over; go to bed kanuhwéthe7 I'm going to sleep over, sanuhivéthe7 you're going to sleep over, lanuhwéthe7 he's here to sleep over. kanuhwéthehse7 I go there to sleep over, wakanuhwéthu I have gone to bed. wa 7kanuhwétha 7 I'm going to bed, wa7akyanuhwétha7 we two (excl.) went to bed, Akanuhwétha7 I'm going to sleep, I'm going to bed, akanuhwétha7 I should go to bed. tahanuhwétha7 he's going to come over here to sleep. Base: -anuhwethsleep, pretend to be asleep wakanitá-stu I'm pretending to be asleep, lonitá-stu he's pretending to be asleep, yakonitá-stu she's pretending to be asleep. wa7kani-tá-ste7 I pretended to be asleep, Akani-tá-ste7 I will pretend to be asleep, sani-táhst Pretend to be asleep! Base: -anita ? stsleep, put someone down to sleep kheta7stA-níhe7 I'm putting her to sleep (usually talking about a baby). lita7stAní I have put him to sleep. wa7khetá-stA7 I put her to sleep, wahitá-stA7 I put him to sleep. Base: -ita ? stAni-/-ita?stAsleep, settle down to sleep wa7katna7skwísane7 I settled down to sleep, tsha 7katna 7skwísane 7 when I settled down to sleep. Base: -atna ? skwisa ? sleep somewhere; be someone's bedroom kanuhwétsta 7 where I go to sleep. tsi7 kanuhwétstahkwe7 where I have been sleeping, tsi7 tkanuhwétsta 7 my bedroom, there is where I sleep, tsi7 tehsanuhwétsta7 7 your bedroom, tsi thanuhwétsta7 his

English-Oneida 1185

bedroom, tsi7 tyunuhwétsta7 her bedroom, tsi7 tityanuhwétsta7 the two of us (incl.), our bedroom, tsi7 tyakwanuhwétsta7 all of us (excl.), our bedroom, tsi7 thunuhivétsta7 their (m.) bedroom, kátsha7 núnihanuhwétsta7 where he sleeps, kAh nú- niyakwanuhwétsta7 here is where we (excl.) sleep, thó núniyakwanuhwétsta7 that is where we (excl.) sleep, tsi7 núnAyunuhwétstake7 where she will be sleeping, tshikanuhwétsta7 when I go to sleep there. Base: -anuhwetstsleep somewhere, where one sleeps lunuhwetstákhiva7 where they (m.) sleep, tsi7 tyunuhwetstákhwa7 where someone sleeps, a bedroom. nihunuhwetstákhwa7 where they (m.) sleep. Base: -anuhwetstahkwsleep, where one sleeps tsi7wakitásta7 where I sleep, tsi7 yukwAtásta7 where we sleep. Base: -itast- plus tsi ? particle sleep, where one sleeps; bedroom tyakota 7ivásta 7 where she or someone sleeps, a bedroom, tsi7 thotita7wásta7 where they (m.) sleep. Base: ,ita ? wast- plus tsi? particle and t- cislocative tsi7

sleepy, become wakeslAhtalahse7 I'm sleepy, saslAhtalahse7 you're sleepy. ukeslAhtalawe7 I got sleepy, wahoslAhtalawe7 he got sleepy, AwakeslAhtalawe7 I will get sleepy, AyakoslAhtalawe7 she will get sleepy, AsnislAhtalaive7 you two will get sleepy, i-wélhe7 aukeslAhtalawe7 I'm getting sleepy (literally, it wants me to get sleepy).

wakeslAhtala7skive7 I was sleepy. loslAhtalá-tskwA he's easy to get drowsy. Base: -slAhtala ? -/-slAhtala ? wsleeve See arm; sleeve sleeve, roll down See roll down one's sleeve sleeve, roll up See roll up one's sleeve sleigh; toboggan

waté-slehse7.

slender, be kA7 nihaya7ta7slatyéha 7 he's slender, kA niyeya7ta7slatyéha she's slender. Base: .ya ? ta ? slatyeha plus kA? particle and n- partitive slice skakwe7talá-tslat one slice (e.g., of bread). tekakwe7talá-tslake two slices. Base: -kwe ? tala ? tslslice of meat tekahúhsake two slices of meat, skahúhsat one slice of meat. Base: -huhsslide tekatwiskwátha7 I'm sliding (intentionally), tewakatwiskwáhtu I have slid. xva7tkatwískwahte7 I slid, tutasatwískwat Slide down! Base: .atwiskwaht- plus te- dualic slide down wahathalotsi-néte7 he slid down (e.g., a pole or banister). Base: -athalotsinetslide, go to slide wa7tyakwatwiskwahtá-na7 we (excl.) are going to go sliding, we went sliding. Base: .atwiskwahta 7 n- plus tedualic slim, be See slender, be

1186 English-Oneida

slip tewakwískwas I'm slipping. wa 7twakwísko 7 I slipped, wa7tesawísko7 you slipped, wa 7tyakowísko 7 she slipped. tákA 7 tAsawísko Don't slip! Base: .wiskw- plus te- dualic slip, put on See put on a slip or skirt slip, show tesa7khalatíhA your slip is showing, teyako?khalatíliA her slip is showing, teyo7khalatihA her (z.) slip is showing. Base: , ? khalatihA- plus te- dualic slip; skirt ká-khale7 slip, skirt. aké-khale7 my slip, sá-khale 7 your slip, akó-khale7 her slip, aó-khale7 her (z.) or its slip. Base: - ? khalslippery, be teyowískwa 7t it's slippery. Pre-pausal: teyowískwaht. tsi7 na7teyowískwa7t it's really slippery. teyohahawískwa7t the road is slippery, tsi7 na7teyohahawískwa7t the road is very slippery. teyoshu7kalawískwa7t the board or the floor is slippery. Base: ,wiskwa ? t- plus te- dualic slippery, become teyowiskwá-tahse7 it gets slippery. wa7tyowiskwá-tane7 it got slippery. Base: ,wiskwa ? ta ? - plus te- dualic sliver, get lahsi7toha-lá-se7 he keeps getting a sliver in his foot, lohsi7tohalá-u he has gotten a sliver in his foot, wa7kahsi7toha-láne7 I got a sliver in my foot. wa7keshnuhsoha-láne7 I got a sliver in my hand. Base: -N-ohala ? slow, be tewake7kashayA I'm slow, tesa7kashayA you're slow,

teho7kashayA he's slow, teyako7kashayA she's slow, teyo7kashayA she (z.) or it is slow. Pre-pausal: teyo7kasha-yA. tAyo7kashayAhake7 it will be slow. né- tetyo?kashayA it's the slowest, í- tetwake?kashayA I'm the slowest, né- tetyo?kashayA-hné• it used to be the slowest, tsi7 na?teyo?kashayA she (z.) or it is so slow. Base: .?kashayA- plus te- dualic slow, become See weak, become weak; become slow slowly

oskanA7shúha.

slump over tehotluhkwe?ná-ktu he's slumped over, teyakotluhkwe7ná-ktu she's slumped over. wa7thatluhkwe7ná-kete7 he slumped over. Base: .atluhkwe ? na ? kt-/ .atluhkwe'na-'ket- plus te- dualic slurp See eat something soupy; slurp smack one's lips; drool tekatskanúthuhe7 I'm drooling, I'm smacking my lips, my mouth keeps watering, tehatskanúthuhe7 he's smacking his lips. wa7tkatskanúthu7 I smacked my lips, wa7thatskanúthu7 his mouth watered, tAkatskanúthu7 I will smack my lips. ya7tkatskanúthu7 I was over there and I was smacking my lips. Base: .atskanuthu- plus te- dualic small, be kA 7 niká• I'm small, I'm little, kA7 nihlá- he's small, kA 7 niyaká- she's small, kA 7 niwá- it (n.) is small, kA7 nitwá- we (incl.) are small. Pre-pausal: kA7 niká- I'm little. sAha7 kA7 niyaká- she's smaller. kA7 niwá-sa7 it's small, kA 7 nitwá-sa7 we (incl.) are small, kA7

English-Oneida 1187

nihAná-sa7

they (m.) are small, kA7

nikuná-sa7 they (z.) are small. kA7 nithlá- he's the smallest, kA 7 nityaká- she's the smallest, kA 7 nityakáskwa 7 she was the smallest or youngest. kA7 tshiká- when I was small, kA7 tshiyaká• when she was little, kA7 tshihlá- when he was small, kA7 tshiyakzvá-sa7 when we

(excl.) were small. kA7 tsha7tehnáwhen the two (m.) were small. kA 7 niwana7alo7tsláit's a small hat. kA7 niwatokwa7tslá• it's a small spoon, a teaspoon, kA 7 niwatokwa7tslá-sa7 they are small spoons. kA7 nikAtsyá- it's a small

fish. kA 7 nikalutá• it's a small tree. kA7 nikanaktá- it's a small bed. kA7 nikanAhá-sa

7

the seeds are small.

kA7 nikanuto7tslá• it's a small box. kA7 na7tekeshnuhsá• I have small hands. kA7 nikatsi7tsyá• it's a little flower. Base: .á ? plus kA? particle and npartitive small, be See young, be young; be small small, be getting smaller yosto7uháti7 it's getting smaller, it's shrinking. Base: -asto ? uhatyesmall, become smaller yostó-u it has gotten smaller, ústone7 it got smaller, Aivástone7 it will get smaller. Base: -asto?small, make small several kastohtányuhe7 I'm making several small, I'm taking them in. wakastohtáni7 I have made them small. wa7kastohtáni7 I made several small. Base: -astohtanyusmall, make small; shrink; reduce kastótha7 I'm making it small.

wakastóhtu I have made it small. iva7kástohte7 I made it small, I shrunk it, I took it in, iva7ústohte7 she shrunk it, she took it in, Akástohte7 I will make it small. Base: -astohtsmall quantity kA 7 nikú. Pre-pausal: kA7 ni-kú.

small window, be kA 7 niyohsuhtakahláit's a small window. Base: .hsuhtakahla? plus kA? particle and n- partitive smart, be katlihzvattókha7 I'm smart, latlihwattókha7 he's smart, yutlihwattókha7 she's smart. katlihivattókhahkwe7 I was smart. Akatlihwattókhake7 I will be smart. Base: -atlihwattoksmart, be smart; be precocious latA7nikuhlattókha7 he's smart, he talks like he's older (talking about a child who seems to know a lot), he's precocious, watA 7nikuhlattókha

7

she (z.) knows a lot. Base: -atA ? nikuhlattoksmart, think oneself smart latáttsin he thinks he's so smart, he's a show-off, he thinks he's better than everyone else, yutáttsin she thinks she's so good. Base: -atattsinsmartweed

teyotskala7tkó-.

smash See break into pieces; cut; smash; chop; grind smell lateshwátha7 he's smelling it (intentionally), yuteshwátha7 she's smelling it. wahatéshwahte7 he smelled it. Base: -ateshwaht-

1188 English-Oneida

smell; get a whiff of wakéshwas I keep smelling it, I'm smelling it, I get a whiff of it, lóshwas he smells it. ukéshwA 7 I smelled it, I got a whiff of it, AwakéshwA7 I will smell it. wakahyáshwas I smell fruit. wakitsyáshwas I'm smelling fish, ukitsyáshwA7 I smelled fish. wakna 7taláshwas I smell bread. waknu 7usláshwas I smell squash. Ake7wahláshwA7 I will smell meat. Base: -shwsmell good wasláku 7 it (n.) smells good. Base: -aslaku-/-slaku ? usmell, have a smell or odor it has an odor, yah te7yóslale7 it has no smell. Base: -aslalyóslale 7

smell, have a smell or odor in something yóslat it has a smell. yáh te7yóslat it has no smell, it has lost its smell (e.g., the perfume in a bottle that has been left open). Base: -aslatsmell; odor ósla7 smell. kesláksA I smell bad, lasláksA he smells bad, wasláksA it (n.) smells bad. kesliyó I smell good, kasliyó she (z.) smells good, wasliyó it (n.) smells good. niwasló'tA the kind of smell it (n.) has, yáh thó te7swasló-tA it's not that smell anymore. wasla7shátste7 it's a strong smell. Base: -asl-/-slsmell several smelled several things. Base: -ateshwahtanyu-

wahateshwahtáni7

he

smell; stink wáklahse7 it (n.) is smelly, kéklahse7 I smell, I'm smelly, láklahse7

he smells, yéklahse7

she

smells, káklahse7 she (z.) smells. tsi7 niháklahse7 does he ever stink. yáh te7swáklahse7 it (n.) doesn't smell anymore. tehahsi7táklahse7 his feet stink, tewahsi7táklahse7 it's smelly feet, it's smelly footwear. tehanhuhláklahse7 his armpits smell. Base: -akla?-/-kla?smell; stink; have a smelly body odor kya 7táklahse 7 I have a smelly body odor, laya7táklahse7 he has a smelly body odor. Base: -ya ? takla ? smile; laugh wakyéshuhe7 I'm smiling, yukniyéshuhe7 we two are smiling, sniyéshuhe7 you two are smiling. ukyéshu7 I smiled, wa7ukwayéshu7 we laughed, wahotiyéshu7 they (m.) laughed. tahoyeshu7kóhe had a big laugh there. Base: -yeshusmoke oyú-kwala7. Base: -yu ? kwalsmoke (a cigarette) khlótha7 I smoke, I'm a smoker, shlótha 7 you smoke. wákhlote7 I'm smoking, ló-lote7 he's smoking. wa7khlo-tA• I smoked, I started to smoke, wa7shlo-tÁ- you smoked, wahahlo-tA• he smoked, Ashlo-tA• you will smoke, ahahlo-tAhe should smoke, tákA7 ayehlo-tA she or someone shouldn't smoke. Base: -hlotsmoke, for smoke to rise yoyú-kwalote7 it's smoking (and the smoke is going straight up). Base: -yu ? kwalotsmoky, become yotyu 7kwaluní it's smoky. utyu7kwalu-nf it got smoky, Awatyu7kwalu-ní• it will be smoky.

English-Oneida 1189

yotyu 7kwaluni-hné• it was smoky. Base: -atyu ? kwalunisnail tsyonisklolú. Pre-pausal: tsyonisklo-lú. snake ótku7 snake, niwatkú-sla7 snake is such a size. Base: -atku-/-atku ? sl-

the

snarl See growl; snarl sneeze wa7twakvtsyuhkwe7 I sneezed, wa7thó-tsyuhkwe7 he sneezed, wa7tyakó-tsyuhkwe7 she sneezed, tAhó-tsyuhkwe7 he will sneeze. Base: ,i?tsyuhkw- plus te- dualic sneeze repeatedly tewaki7tsyuhkwányuhe7 I'm sneezing, teho7tsyuhkwányuhe7 he's sneezing, teyako7tsyuhkwányuhe7 she's sneezing. Base: .i'tsyuhkwanyu- plus tedualic sniff See smell sniffle See snotty, get a snotty nose; sniffle snore súhkalhe7 you're snoring, lúhkalhe7 he's snoring, yakúhkalhe7 she's snoring. wahlúhkalele7 he started to snore, Ahlúhkalele7 he will snore. Base: -uhkal-/-uhkalelsnore loudly kuhkalé-ni I snore loudly, luhkalé-ni he snores loudly, yakuhkalé-ni she snores loudly, lAnuhkalé-ni they (m.) snore loudly. Base: -uhkale ? nisnort teha7nyu-kálhe7 he's snorting. Base: , ? nyukal- plus te- dualic

snot otsi7nyúhkla7 snot. Pre-pausal: otsi7nyúhkela7 lotsi7nyúhkles he has a long stream of snot (coming out of his nose). Base: -tsi ? nyuhklsnotty, get a snotty nose; sniffle waktsi7nyuhklótha7 I keep getting a snotty or runny nose, yakotsi7nyuhklótha7 she gets a snotty nose, she's sniffling. waktsi7nyúhklote7 I have a snotty nose, my nose is running, lotsi7nyúhklote7 he has a snotty nose. uktsi7nyuhklo-tX• my nose got full of snot (e.g., when I have a cold), wahotsi7nyuhklo-tA• his nose got full of snot. lotsi7nyuhklo'táhkwe7 he had a snotty nose. Ahotsi7nyuhklo-táke7 he will have a snotty nose, tyakotsi 7nyuhklótha 7 she's over there and she's sniffling, thotsi?nyuhklótha7 he's over there and he's sniffling. Base: -tsi ? nyuhklotsnow wata 7klókwas it snows now and then. yota7klókwA it's snowing. uta7klo-kó• it started to snow, wa 7ukwata 7klo-kó• it snowed on us, Awata7klo-kó• it will snow. yota7klokwA'ne7 it snowed. tuta7klako7kó• it really snowed hard there, tsi7 niyota7klókwA it's really snowing. Base: -ata'klokwsnow ónyAhte7 snow. onyAhtá-ke on the snow. onyAhtakúshu7 in through the snow. tahatenyAhtínyuhte7 he came in all snowy, he tracked in snow. wa7twatenyAhto-kó• the snow just went flying, tusutenyAhto-kó- the snow flew all over again. tekatenyAhtokwátha7 I'm scattering snow around,

1190 English-Oneida

tewakatenyAhtokwáhtu I have scattered snow around, wa7tkatenyAhtókwahte7 I scattered snow around. tekenyAhtákhiva7 I'm picking up snow (either in my hand or with a shovel), tehonyAhtáhkwA he has picked up the snow, wa7thanyAhtahkwe7 he picked up the snow. takanyAhtínyuhte7 the snow came in. kanyAhtit there's snow in it. nikanyAhtatAs the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car). Base: -nyAhtsnow, be covered with yo Wolú snow is covering it. Pre-pausal: yo7klo-lú. Ayo?klolúhake7 it will be covered with snow. Base: -a ? klolsnow, be deep See deep snow, be snow, be falling yo7klúti snow is falling. ayo7klutyúhake7 the snow would be falling. Base: -a ? klutysnow, be snowing in pellets yonA7úti it's snowing in pellets. Base: -nA?utysnow, be snowing lightly yota7klaténi it's snowing lightly, just a few flakes are falling here and there. Base: -ata ? klatenyusnow, be swirling teyonyo?kwatasé it's swirling snow, it's a blizzard. Prepausal: teyonyo7kwata-sé. 7 7 wa tkanyo kwata-séthere's a snowstorm. Base: .nyo'kwatase- plus te- dualic snow, channel through wa7thatenyAhtátkawe7 he channeled his way through the snow.

Base: .atenyAhtatkawe- plus tedualic snow, clear away tekatenyAhtohtálhos I'm clearing away snow, tehotenyAhtohtálhu he has cleared away the snow. wa?thatenyAhtohtáiho7 he cleared away the snow. Base: .atenyAhtohtalho- plus tedualic snow, come or go yota7klokwAháti7 it's snowing going that way. tayota7klokwAháti7 snow is coming. Base: -ata'klokwAhatyesnow, get stuck in See stuck, get stuck in snow snow, get to be on the ground kanye-yA there's snow on the ground. wa 7kanye-yA- it snowed so that the snow stayed on the ground, Akanye-yA- it will snow so that there's snow on the ground. kanyeyA-táhkwe 7 there was snow on the ground. AkanyeyA-táke7 there will be snow on the ground. tkanye-yA• there's snow on the ground there, tsi7 ok nú- nikanye-yAall over the place there's snow, yáh te7kanye-yA- there's no snow on the ground. Base: -nyeyA-/-nyeyAtsnow, get to be on the ground all over kanyeyA-tú- there's snow lying all about. Base: -nyeyAtusnow, go away tekanyeyákhwa7 the snow keeps going away. wa7tkanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away. teskanyeyákhwa 7 the snow is going away (every day there's less and less

English-Oneida 1191

snow), tetsyonyeyáhkwA the snow is all gone, tusakanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away again. Base: .nyeyahkw- plus te- dualic snow, have lying on kanyAhtáhele7 has snow lying on it. Base: -nyAhtahel-

it

snow, have snow on yó-klale7 there's snow on it. Base: -a ? klalsnow, have snow on kanyAhtale7 there's snow in it, lonyAhtale7 he has snow on him. yáh te7yonyXhtale7 there wasn't any snow on it. Base: -nyAhtalsnow, remove from someone liny Aht Xtha7 I'm getting the snow off of him (e.g., his jacket). UnyAhtXhtu I have gotten the snow off of him. wa7kuny Aht Ahte7 I got the snow off of you, wahiny Aht Ahte 7 I got the snow off of him. etshenyAhtAt Get the snow off of him! Base: -nyAhtAhtsnow, wade through See wade through snow snowblower tewatenyAhtokwátha snowdrift

yonyAhtaló-lu.

snowflake ó-kla7. Base: -a ? klsnowplow snowshoe

tewatenyAhtohtálhos. oláhsote7.

snowsnake atlahivXhta 7. Base: -atlahwAht-

7.

snowsnake, play See play the snowsnake soak something kna7nawAtha7 I'm soaking it. wakna 7nawAhtu I have soaked it. wa7kná-nawAhte7 I soaked it, Akná-nawAhte7 I will soak it. knitstakwalanawAtha7 I'm soaking dirty clothes. wa7ksahe7tana-wXhte7 I soaked beans. Base: -na?nawAht-/-nawAhtsoaking wet See wet, something dripping wet soap

onohalé-tha7.

soar tehotewyahutátyehse7 he's soaring (e.g., a bird). Base: -atewyahutatyesober up shathnekoke-wás he's sobering up, tsyuthnekoke-wás she's sobering up. shothnekokewA he has sobered up. Ashathneko-kéwe7 he will sober up. Base: .athnekokew- plus s- repetitive sock; stocking atláhti7 sock, stocking. akwatláhti7 my sock or stocking, satláhti7 your sock, laotláhti7 his sock, akotláhti7 her sock, aotláhti7 her (z.) or its sock. akwatlahti7shúha my socks. watlahtí-tsles the stockings are long. kA7 niwatlahti7tslésha the socks are short, wa 7kuyatlahti 7tslihálhahse 7 I hung up a stocking for you (e.g., at Christmas). wa7tkatlahti7tslanétane7 I put on two pairs of socks. yutlahti7tslohalényuhe7 she's washing socks. Ashotlahti7tslayA-táne7 he will get

1192 English-Oneida

(new) socks again. Base: -atlahti-/-atlahti ? tsl-

socks, take off See take off socks

sometimes swatyelA. Pre-pausal: swatye-lA.

soda See pop; soda; Kool-Aid soft, be See loose, be loose; be soft (it's)

softwood, be yohkala 7nétskA (it's) a softwood. Base: -ahkala'netskAsoil See dirt; dust; ashes; soil soldier sotá-l soldier, lasotá-l soldier (m.), yesotá-l soldier (f.). latisotalhkA the former soldiers. sole of a shoe

olakwáhta7.

soles of the feet kahsi7tokú the soles of my feet. Pre-pausal: kahsi7to-kú. Base: -ahsi'toku solid, be See hard, be hard; be solid some of them

she

something tsi7 náhte7 or tok náhte7.

sod See lawn; sod; scalp

soft water, be soft water. Base: -hneka?netskA-

iva7tyutlu7taketskzvahtáni7

went along doing somersaults. Base: .atlu'taketskwahtanyu- plus te- dualic

socks, put on See put on socks

yohneka7nétskA

somersault repeatedly

ótyahke7.

someone úhka7 ok or úhka7 ok náhte7. someplace soknú• or tsha7nú-. somersault tehatlu7taketskwátha7 he turns somersaults. tehotlu7taketskwáhtu he has turned a somersault. wa7thatlu7takétskwahte7 he turned a somersault. tehsatlu7takétskwat Turn a somersault! Base: .atlu'taketskwaht- plus tedualic

somewhere kátsha

7

ok.

son See child; son; daughter son-in-law See in-law of different generations song kalA-ná- song, tsi7 niholAnáksA he has such a bad song. lotilAniyó they (m.) have nice songs, nikalAniyó it's such a nice song. klAtianú-wehse7 I like the song. nikalAnó-tA7 the kind of song it is. skalA-nát one song. Base: -L\nsoot; candle wick oha-kAhte7. Base: -hakAhtsoot, remove khakAhtAtha7 I'm removing the soot (e.g., by trimming the wick of a candle, or by cleaning the inside of stove pipes). wa7khakAhtAhte7 I cleaned away the soot. shakAhtAt Remove the soot! Base: -hakAhtAhtsoprano tyelAnakétskwas (she's a) soprano, tkutilAnakétskwas they (z.) are sopranos. Base: .Lmaketskwas plus t- cislocative sore, be See hurt; ache sorry, feel See regret

English-Oneida 1193

sorry, feel sorry for oneself katati-tAlhe7 I keep feeling sorry for myself, latati-tAlhe7 he feels sorry for himself. wa7katatí-tAle7 I felt sorry for myself, wahatati-tAle7 he felt sorry for himself, wahutati-tAle7 they (m.) felt sorry for themselves, Ahutati-tXle7 they (m.) will feel sorry for themselves. Base: -atatitAlsorry, feel sorry for someone See pity someone soul

atunhétsla7.

Base: -atunhetslsound See noise, for a noise to sound soup bowl See bowl, soup bowl soup, corn See com soup soup, thick soup; mush onu-tála7. soup, watery See broth; watery soup sour, be See bitter, be bitter; be sharp; be sour sour milk See milk, sour milk south Ati nukwá-. space See bed; place; space spade

yena7tslunyá-tha7.

spare some for someone I spare you some. kuyatWAtehtAní I have spared you some. wa7kuyatwAtéhtA7 I spared you some. Base: -atwAtehtAni-/-atwAtehtA-

kuyatWAtehtA-níhe7

spare some; give some up katWAtétha7 I keep sparing some, I keep letting (someone) have some. wakatwAtéhtu I have spared some, luwatwAtéhtu

she has given him up (e.g., she could no longer look after her child so she gave him up). zva7katWA-téhte7 I let (someone) have it, AsheyatwA-téhte7 you will give her up. Base: -atwAtehtspark up, a fire See fire, spark up sparkle See shiny, be sparrow

kanata7kékha7.

spatula See egg turner; spatula speak kata-tíhe7 I speak (regularly), lata-tíhe7 he speaks, wakatatí I have spoken, lotatí he has spoken. wa7kata-tí• I spoke, wahata-tíhe spoke, Akata-tíI will speak, Ahata-tí• he will speak, ahsata-tíyou should speak, sata-tí Speak! lutatíhahkwe7 they (m.) used to speak, lotati-hné• he spoke (a while ago), tsyuta-tíhe7 she speaks again, sakata-tí• I spoke again, sayakyata-tf we two (excl.) spoke again, usahata-tí• he should speak again, usayuta-tí• she should speak again, yáh tehatatíhahkwe7 he didn't used to talk, yáh te7tsyuta-tíhe7 she doesn't speak any longer. Base:

-atati-/-ataty-

speak a language katwAnutákhwa7 I speak in a language, twatwAnutákhwa7 we (incl.) speak, lutWAnutákhwa7 they (m.) speak. wakatwAnutáhkzvA I'm speaking, I have spoken this way. wa?katwAnu-táhkwe7 that's the way I spoke, AkatiVAnu-táhkwe7 I will speak, akatwAnu-táhkwe7 I should speak. Base: -atwAnutahkw-

1194 English-Oneida

speak, go to speak katatyá-ne7 I intend to make a speech. wa7katatyá-na7 I'm going there to speak, wahsatatyá-na 7 you're going there to speak, Akatatyá-na7 I'm going to go and speak. Base: -atatya ? nspeak here and there or all over katatyanyúkwas I go all around speaking. lotatyanyúkwA he has gone all around speaking. wahutatyanyu-kó• they (m.) all spoke, they spoke all over. Base: -atatyanyukwspeak out finally law AnínikAhse7 he speaks out or up (he has been holding back and, finally, he speaks out). wahawAnínikAne7 he spoke up, wa7ewAnínikAne? she spoke out. Base: -WAninikA?speak out; speak for ya7kata-tí• I spoke out (e.g., into a microphone), I spoke for it, the tab's on me, yahata-tí- he called over, yAkata-tíI will speak for it. yAskata-tí• I'll get the next round. Base: .atati- plus y- translocative speak to someone thakwA-nálahse7 he speaks to me. thakwAnalá-u he was speaking to me. takhewA-nálane7 I spoke to her, I answered her, ya?khewA-nálane? I spoke at or to her, tahakwA-nálane7 he spoke to me, yahakwA-nálane7 he spoke at or to me. Base: .WAnala7- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative speak up; answer thata-tíhe7 he speaks up. takata-tí• I spoke up, I answered, tahata-tí- he answered, tayuta-tf she or someone spoke up, Atyuta-tí• she or someone will speak

up. thutatíhahkwe7 they (m.) used to talk. Base: ,atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative speak up; answer someone back thakwatatyá-sehe7 he's answering me back, tahakwatátyahse7 he answered me back, he spoke back at me. Base: .atatya ? se-/.atatya ? s- plus t- cislocative speak up; talk back tutakata-tí- I talked back, tutahsata-tí• you talked back. Base: .atati-/.ataty- plus tetdualic and cislocative speak up; talk back to someone tethiyatatyá-sehe7 I talk back to him (indicating some disrespect). tutahiyatátyahse7 I spoke back to him, tutahakwatátyahse7 he spoke back to me, tutahetshatátyahse7 you should talk back to him. tákA 7 tAteskwatátyahs Don't talk back to me! Base: .atatya ? se-/.atatya ? s- plus tet- dualic and cislocative species, be See kind, the kind of body; look like speed up See fast, go faster; speed up spend See pay spew See shoot out; splurt; spew spider tsina7tsyakéhtu7 tsyona 7tsyakéhtu 7.

or

spill over watawA-lats it's spilling over. yotawAhlatú it has spilled over. utawA-late7 it spilled over, AwatawA-late7 it will spill over. Base: -atawAhlat-

English-Oneida 1195

spill something; pour out kawéluhe7 I spill it. wakáwelu7 I have spilled it. wa7káwelu7 I spilled it, wa7úwelu7 she spilled it. thó ya7káwelu7 I poured it (into something). Base: -awelu-

spit; saliva ótskla7. Base: -itskl-

spin kattsihalatenyá-tha7 I make myself go around or spin in a circle. lottsihalatenyá'tu he's spinning around. wa7kattsihalatényahte7 I spun around in a circle. sattsihalatényaht Spin around! Base: -attsihalatenya ? t-

splints, black ash o7nu-ná• black ash splints, kók rtika7nune-sú-se7 they're strips of just such a length, they're short strips. ka7nuniyó it's a good splint. Base: - ? nun-

spin someone laktsihalatenyá-tha7 he makes me spin around. laktsihalatenyá-tu he has made me spin around. wa7khetsihalatényahte7 I made her spin around, wa7uktsihalatényahte7 she made me spin around, she made me dizzy, Akutsihalatényahte7 I will spin you around. Base: -tsihalatenya ? tspine

oluhkwé-na7.

Base: -luhkwe ? nspirit

ka7nikuhliyóstak.

spirit See mind; spirit spirits, raise See raise someone's spirits or hopes spit lanitsklútyehse7 he spits, he's spitting, wahanitsklu-ti• he spit. nihonitsklúti how or where he spit. Base: -anitsklutyspit out yehanitsklútyehse7 he's spitting it out, he's spitting it in there, yahanitsklu-tí- he spit it out. nyahanitsklu-tí- how or where he spit it out. tshyahanitsklu-tíwhen he spit it out.

Base: .anitskluty- plus y- translocative

splash someone See baptize; sprinkle with water

split teko-lAs I'm splitting it. tewakolA I have split it. wa7tko-lAI split it, wa7thuwaya7to-lA• she split him open. Base: .olA-/.ya?tolA- plus tedualic split, get teyotolA it's split. Prepausal: teyoto-lA. wa7twato-lAsplit. Base: .atolA- plus te- dualic

it

split several tekolAhsluhe7 I'm splitting several things. tewakolAhslu7 I have split several things, wa 7tekolAhslu 7 I split several things, tAhsolAhslu 7 you will split several things. Base: .olAhslu- plus te- dualic spoil See rot; spoil spoil a child shakoksa7taksá-tha7 he's spoiling her, luwaksa7taksá-tha7 she's spoiling him. wa7shakotiksa7táksahte7 they (m.) spoiled her, wa7etshiksa7táksahte7 you two or you all spoiled her. Base: -ksa ? taksa ? t-

1196 English-Oneida

spoil something See damage; ruin; spoil spoiled, become See break; break down; become spoiled or ruined spoon atókwa spoon. Pre-pausal: atókzvaht. kA7 niwatokwa7tslá• it's a small spoon, a teaspoon, kA 7 niwatokwa7tslá-sa7 they are small spoons. ukwatokwá-tslAhse7 I dropped the spoon. tsha7tewatokwa7tsliyó half a spoon. tewatokwá-tslake two spoons, two spoonfuls, kayé niwatokwá-tslake four spoons, four spoonfuls. watokwa7tslowanA it's a large spoon, a tablespoon. wa7utokwa7tslóhale7 she washed the spoon, swatokwá-tslat one spoon, one spoonful. Base: -atokwa ? t-/-atokwa ? tsl7t

spot, have spots, freckles, or moles lottsistóhkwale7 he has spots, freckles, or moles, yakottsistóhkwale7 she has spots, freckles, or moles. Base: -attsistohkwalspot, have spots here and there wakattsistohkwa-lúI have spots or freckles, lottsistohkwa-lú• he has spots, he's spotted, yakottsistohkwa-lú• she has freckles, yottsistohkwa-lú• she (z.) or it has spots. Base: -attsistohkwaluspotted, be yotya 7takwAhlalú she (z.) or it has spots on the body. Prepausal: yotya?takwAhla-lú. Base: -atya'takwAhlaluspouse lo-né- spouse, lotiné-shu7 all their spouses. lone7kX his or her

former spouse, his or her late spouse. lo-néhkwe7 he was her spouse. spouse See old person or animal; spouse spread news; gossip tehatlihokwátha7 he's spreading the news, he gossips, teyutlihokwátha7 she gossips. tehotlihokwáhtu he has spread the news. wa7thatlihókwahte7 he went out and about giving news, he gossiped. Base: .atlihokwaht- plus tedualic spread oneself with wahatyenálho7 he spread oil on himself, he greased himself up. wa7katnawa7tstálho7 I got mud all over me, ivahsatnawa7tstálho7 you got mud all over you. Base: -at-N-lhospread out cloth or a rug; put down linoleum lakAhakwAhtálhos he spreads out cloth or rugs. wahakAhakiVAhtálho7 he spread out a rug, wa7kkAhakwAhtálho7 I spread out the rug, I put down linoleum. Base: -kAhakwAhtalhospread the legs iva7thate7khaha-káive7 he spread his legs, wa 7tyute 7khaha-káwe 7 she spread her legs. tehsate7kha-káw Spread your legs! Base: .ate'khahakaw- plus tedualic spread with; cover with kélhos I'm spreading something with something (e.g., I'm greasing something, I'm putting jam on toast), sélhos you're spreading, lálhos he's spreading, yélhos she's spreading, kálhos she (z.) is spreading, tnélhos you and I

English-Oneida 1197

(incl.) are spreading, yaknélhos we two (excl.) are spreading, snélhos you two are spreading, nélhos the two (m.) are spreading, knélhos the two (z.) are spreading, twálhos we (incl.) are spreading, yakwálhos we (excl.) are spreading, swálhos you all are spreading, lAnélhos they (m.) are spreading, kunélhos they (z.) are spreading, wakélhu I have spread it, lonélhu they (m.) have spread it. ivetnélho 7 you and I (incl.) spread it, wahAtiélho7 they (m.) spread it, Akélho7 I will spread it. Akelhóhseke7 I will be spreading it. akelhóhseke 7 I should be spreading it. Awakélhoke7 I will have spread it, I'll be done spreading it. wahayenálho7 he greased it, wa7eyenálho7 she greased it, wahuwayenálho7 she spread oil on him, Atisayenalhúhake7 you will have greased it with oil. wa7knawa7tstálho7 I spread mud, I plastered it (e.g., a nail hole in the wall), wahatinawa7tstálho7 they (m.) spread mud, they plastered it with mud. keshe7lhálhos I'm spreading paste on it (e.g., glue on old-fashioned wallpaper). wahaivistohslálho7 he spread butter on it. Base:

-lho-/-elho-

spread with; cover with all over kelhóhsluhe7 I'm spreading something all over something. wa7kelhóhslu7 I spread it all over, wahalhóhslu7 he spread it all over. 7 wahayenalhóhslu he put grease or oil all over it. wahawistohslalhóhslu7 he buttered them (e.g., all kinds of bread), wa7thawistohslalhóhslu7

he

buttered them. Base: -lhohslu-/-elhohslu-

spread with for oneself wa7thatyenálho7 he greased it up (for himself). zva7thatwistohslálho7 he buttered it (for himself, e.g., his own bread), tAhatwistohslálho7 he will butter it. Base: .at-N-lho- plus te- dualic spring kAkwi-té• spring. last spring.

tshikAkwi-té-

spring, be a spring yohnáwelote7 (it's) a spring, tsi7 tyohnáwelote7 at the spring. Base: -hnawelotspring, become spring or summer wa7tyokanhu-tíit became spring or summer, tAyokanhu-tí• it will become spring or summer, tusayokanhu-tí• it became spring or summer again. tsha7tyokanhu-tí• when it became spring or summer. tsha7tusayokanhu-tí• when it became spring or summer again. Base: .akAnhuty-/.akanhuty- plus te- dualic springtime kAkwité-ne.

sprinkle rain See rain, sprinkle sprinkle someone See baptize; sprinkle with water spruce yonahsa7kAslale7. spunky, be See aggressive, be aggressive, industrious, or cocky square; baseball diamond kayé na

7teyotakwalu-té\

squash See squeeze; squash squash yonu7uslaké-tote7. squash; cucumber; melon onu Wsla 7 or onu7úsli7 squash, cucumber, melon.

1198 English-Oneida

Pre-pausal: onu7úsela7 or onu7úse]i?. onu7usla7shúha melons, squashes. waknu7usla-ká-se7 I like squash, etc. knu7uslahélha7 I'm putting the squash, etc. down, teknu 7uslahlítha 7 I'm cutting squash, cucumber, or melon into pieces. wa7knu7uslítane7 I put cucumbers in it. knu 7úslaks I'm eating squash, waknu7uslakú I have eaten squash, Aknu7úslake7 I will eat squash. wa7teknu7uslakA'séle7 I peeled the squash. knu7uslákwas I'm picking squash. waknu7usláshwas I smell squash, knu 7uslatáhkwas I'm taking squash out of it. teknu 7úslya7ks I'm cutting the squash in half, tAknu7úslyahke7 I will cut the squash. Base: -nu ? usl-

tewaktohlalakú I have squeezed it, tehohtohlalakú he has squeezed it, tehiya7tohlalakú I have squished him. wa7tektó-lalake7 I squeezed it, wa7thahtó-lalake7 he squeezed it, wa7tyehtó-lalake7 she squeezed it, wa7thiya7tó-lalake7 I squashed him, wa 7twakya 7tó-lalake7 I got squashed, wa 7thoya 7tó-lalake 7 he got squashed, wa7thuwaya7tó-lalake7 they squashed him. testó-lalak Squeeze it! wa7tkahyó-lalake7 I squeezed the fruit. wa7teknuto7tsló lalake7 I squished the box. wa7tektsi7tsyó-lalake7 I pressed the flowers (e.g., to preserve them). Base: .htohlalak-/.ya'tohlalak-/ .ohlalak- plus te- dualic

squat, be squatting close to the ground teknu-sáyA7 I'm squatting, tehanu-sáyA7 he's squatting, teyenu-sáyA7 she's squatting. Base: .nusayA- plus te- dualic

squeeze; squash all over tehahtohlalákhuhe7 he's squeezing the different parts of it. Base: .htohlalakhu- plus tedualic

squat, be squatting or crouching teknu-sóte7 I'm squatting, tehanu-sóte7 he's squatting, teyenu-sóte7 she's squatting. Base: .nusot- plus te- dualic

squirrel tsikwílA-tu7

squat close to the ground tekatnu-sáyAhe7 I squat. tAkatnu-sáyA7 I will squat. Base: .atnusayA- plus te- dualic squat; crouch tekatnusótha7 I squat. tewakatnu-sóte7 I have gotten into a squatting position. tAkatnuso-tX- I will squat, tehsatnu-sót Squat! Base: .atnusot- plus te- dualic squeeze; squash tektó-lalaks I'm squeezing it, tehiya7tó-lalaks I'm squishing him (e.g., a bug), tehoya7tó-lalaks he gets squashed.

or

tsyokwilA-tu7.

squirrel, flying squirrel

tekahwa-súte7.

squirrel, red squirrel tsyohso7kwakayú. Pre-pausal: tsyohso 7kwaka yú. stab someone shako7áshAhe7 he's stabbing her or them, wahi 7áshA 7 I stabbed him, wa?shako7áshA7 he stabbed her or them, wa 7ukwáshA 7 they stabbed me, waho7áshA7 he stabbed him. Base: -?ashAstack; pile tehaya 7sélha 7 he's stacking or piling things, tehoyá-slu 7 he has piled. wa7thayá-slu7 he stacked. tehanAya7sélha7 he stacks stones, he's a bricklayer,

English-Oneida 1199

wa?thanAyá-slu7 he piled stones. Base: .ya ? sel-/.ya ? slu-/. ? sel-/ . ? slu- plus te- dualic stack several; pile several tehaya7slúnyuhe7 he's stacking or piling things on top of one another. tehoya7slúni7 he has piled them. wa7tekya7slúni7 I piled them, wa7tehsya7slúni7 you piled them, wa7thaya7slúni7 he piled them. wa7tkeksa7slúni7 I stacked the dishes, tehseksa7slúni Stack the dishes! tekaluta7slúni7 the logs are piled up, wa7thatiluta7slúni7 they (m.) put the logs one on top of the other. Base: .ya?slunyu-/.?slunyu- plus tedualic stagger wa 7twaksinahléhslu 7 I staggered, wa7thohsinahléhslu7 he staggered, wa 7tyakohsinahléhslu 7 she staggered. Base: .hsinahlehslu- plus tedualic stagger, go along staggering tewaksinahlehslú-ne7 I'm staggering, tehohsinahlehslú-ne7 he's staggering, teyakohsinahlehslú-ne7 she's staggering. Base: ,hsinahlehslu?ne- plus tedualic staircase, be long See long staircase, be stairs See steps; stairs stand, be standing i-kéte7 I'm standing, íhsete7 you're standing, í-late7 he's standing, i-yéte 7 she's standing, i-káte7 she (z.) or it is standing, ítnete7 you and I (incl.) are standing, yáknete 7 we two (excl.) are standing, ísnete7 you two are standing, í-nete7 the two (m.) are standing, íknete 7

the two (z.) are standing, ítwete 7 we (incl.) are standing, yákwete7 we (excl.) are standing, íswete7 you all are standing, lA-néte7 they (m.) are standing, ku-néte7 they (z.) are standing, ke-táhkwe7 I was standing, lAne-táhkwe7 they (m.) were standing. Ake-táke7 I will be standing. akune-táke7 they (z.) should be standing. íthlate7 he's standing there, Atke-táke7 I will be standing there, yehé-late7 he's over there standing. Base: -t-/-etstand, be standing as a group twakAnyate7 we (incl.) are standing, latikXnyate7 they (m.) are standing. thatikAnyate7 there they (m.) are standing. Base: -kAnyatstand, be standing milling around latikAnyatútyehse7 they (m.) are standing around but not necessarily standing still, they're milling around. latikAnyatútye7skwe7 they (m.) were milling around. Base: -kAnyatutyestand, be standing upright, several kahnyo-tú• they're standing upright. yáh te7skahnyo-tú• they aren't standing any longer. tkatshe7to-túthere are jars standing there. tka7nahko-tú• there are barrels standing there. Base: -hnyotu-/-otustand, be standing with the arms around each other's neck tkahnyá-sote7 they're standing with their arms around each other, they're embracing. Base: ,hnya?sot- plus t- cislocative

1200 English-Oneida

stand, be standing with the arms around one another; be intertwined tkahlé-note7 they're standing with their arms around each other, they're intertwined or wrapped in each other's arms. Base: .hle'not- plus t- cislocative stand on one's head wahatlu7totA- he stood on his head, wa 7utlu 7to-tA- she stood on her head, satlu 7to-tA Stand on your head! Base: -atlu ? totstand or set something upright khnyótha 7 I'm standing it upright. yó-nyote7 she (z.) stood it there. ká-nyote7 it's standing upright. wa7khnyotA- I stood it upright. kahnyo-táhkwe7 it was standing. Akahnyo-táke7 it will be standing. tká-nyote7 it's standing there. nahahnyo-tA• where he stood it upright. kanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting up a chair, wakanitskwahlá-tslote7 I have set up the chair, wa7kanitskwahla7tslo-tAI set up a chair, kaná-tsyote7 a pail is standing (upright), yakotshé-tote7 she has a bottle standing, satshé-tote7 you have a jar standing, wa7etshe7to-tA• she stood up the bottle, kawi-sóte7 a glass is standing. tkaya-lóte7 there's a bag standing there. tka7náhkote7 there's a barrel standing there. Base: -hnyot-/-otstand or set something upright for oneself; have on oneself wakáthynote 7 I have it on me (e.g., a brooch), yakóthnyote7 she has it on her, she has it set up for herself. sathnyo-tA Put it on! (e.g., the brooch), wakathnyo-táhkwe7 I used

to have it on me. tyakóthnyote7 she has it standing there. katanitskwahla7tslótha7 I'm setting myself up a chair, lotanitskwahlá-tslote7 he has a chair standing, lotya-lóte7 he has a bag standing, wahatyalo-tX- he set the bag down. Base: -athnyot-/-at-N-otstand or set upright several khnyotúnyuhe7 I'm standing them upright, I'm pinning them (e.g., to my 7tslotúni7 coat), sayakwanitskwahla we (excl.) set up the chairs again. wa7akwa7nukslotúni7 we (excl.) stood up the onions (planting them). ketshe7totúnyuhe7 I'm setting up the jars, wa7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars, setshe7totúni Set up the jars! ya7ketshe7totúni7 I set up the jars over there. Base: -hnyotunyu-/-otunyustand someone up; stop someone or something tektAsta 7 I make it stop, tekutAsta 7 I stand you up, I stop you, tekhetAsta 7 I'm stopping her or them. tekutAstu I have stood you up, I have stopped you. wa7thati-tAste7 they (m.) stopped doing it, wa7tku-tAste7 I stood you up, I stopped you, wa7thi-tAste7 I made him stop, I stopped him, I made him stand up, wa7tyúktASte7 they stood me up. téstAst Make it stop! Base: .tAst- plus te- dualic stand up grain in shocks kithohkótha 7 I'm standing up grain (e.g., corn) in shocks, wakithóhkote7 I have stood up grain in shocks. Akithohko-tA• I will stand up grain in shocks. Base: -ithohkotstand up or drive in a stick kana-kálote7 a stick is standing (in

English-Oneida 1201

the ground), wa 7knakalo-tA• I stuck a stick in. tsi7 nikana-kálote7 where there's a stick standing. Base: -nakalotstand up; stand still; stop wa 7téktane 7 I stood up, I stopped in my tracks, wa7téstane7 you stood up, wa7tha-táne7 he stopped in his tracks, wa7tkatáne7 she (z.) or it stood up or stopped, wa7tetni-táne7 you and I (incl.) stood up, wa7tyakni-táne7 we two (excl.) stood up, wa7tesni-táne7 you two stood up, wa7thni-táne7 the two (m.) stood up, wa7tkni-táne7 the two (z.) stood up, wa7tetwa-táne7 we (incl.) stood up, wa7tyakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stood up, wa7teswa-táne7 you all stood up, wa7thati-táne7 they (m.) stood up, wa7tkuti-táne7 they (z.) stood up. tusaha-táne7 he stood up again. tetyotá-u there or then it stopped, tutayakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stopped there, tAthati-táne7 they (m.) will stop there, ya 7téktane 7 I stood over there, ya7tha-táne7 he stopped while he was on his way there, ya7tyakwa-táne7 we (excl.) stopped on our way there, ya7thati-táne7 they (m.) stopped on their way there, ya7tAstane7 you will stand over there, ya 7tá-ktane7 I should stand over there. ya7tusaha-táne7 he stopped there again. na7teka-tá-se7 where or how it keeps stopping, na 7téktahse 7 where or how I stop, na7tAka-táne7 how or where it will stand up. wa7tka7sléhtatane7 the car stopped (running). Base:

.ta ? -

plus te- dualic

star See dot; print; star star, shine yotsistóhkwale7 it's starry, the stars are shining, it's spotted, it's

polka-dotted fabric. Base: -tsistohkwalstar, shine here and there; be polkadotted yotsistohkwa-lú• there are stars out, it's starry, it's polkadotted. Base: -tsistohkwalustare See focus one's sight; stare start tkatahsáwha7 I start, I'm the leader. twakatáhsawA I have started, thotáhsawA he has started, tyotáhsawA it has started, thonatáhsawA they (m.) have started. takatáhsawA7 I started, tayutáhsawA7 she started, tahatáhsawA7 he started, tutáhsawA 7 she (z.) or it started, tayakyatáhsawA7 we two (excl.) started, tahutáhsawA7 they (m.) started, AtkatáhsawA7 I will start, AtyakwatáhsawA7 we (excl.) will start, AthutáhsawA7 they (m.) will start, utahatáhsawA7 he should start. tetyotáhsawA it has started again, tutakatáhsawA7 I started again, tutayakyatáhsawA7 we two (excl.) started again, tAthutáhsawA7 they (m.) will start again, tsi7 nityutahsáwha7 how or when someone starts. tshutakatáhsawA7 when I started, tshututáhsawA7 when it started, tshutahutáhsawA7 when they (m.) started. Base: .atahsaw- plus t- cislocative start See first, go first; start start; go to start thutahsawá-ne7 they (m.) are going to start. takatahsawá-na7 I'm going there to start. Base: .atahsawa ? n- plus t- cislocative

1202 English-Oneida

start, make start See work, make work or start start over See rinse; start over start something going kahtAtyé-tha7 I start it going. wakahtAtyé-tu I have started it. wa7kahtAtyehte7 I started it, AkahtAtyehte 7 I will start it. sakahtAtyehte7 I made it run again. Base: -ahtAtye ? tstart up See run something; start up; operate start with tahatáhsawahte7 he starts with it. Base: ,atahsawa7t- plus t- cislocative start with takátlate7 I started with it, Atehsátlate7 you will start with it. tehsátlat Start with it! Base: .atlat- plus t- cislocative start with, use to start with tyutahsawa7tákhwa7 what she uses to start with. Base: .atahsawa ? tahkw- plus tcislocative startle someone thakwatu7nektA-níhe7 he keeps startling me, teskwatu7nektA-níhe7 you're always startling me. taskwatu 7néktA 7 you startled me, takuyatu7néktA7 kA Did I startle you? Base: .atu?nektAni-/.atu?nektAplus t- cislocative startled, become startled or shocked; move away twakatu 7nekú I got away from there, takatú-neke7 I took myself out of the way, I moved away from there, it startled or frightened me, tayutú-neke7 it startled her. twakatu 7nékskwA I'm

easy to scare, tutakatú-neke7 I got away from it again, it startled me again, tsi7 nutakatú-neke7 I was so startled. Base: .atu ? nek- plus t- cislocative startled, become startled repeatedly; feel anxious or nervous tkatu7nékhuhe7 I keep being startled, I'm afraid or anxious. takatu7nékhu7 I became startled, afraid, or anxious. Base: ,atu ? nekhu- plus t- cislocative stay up all night tehalhAtha7 he stays up all night. tewakelhAhtu I have stayed up all night. wa7tkélhAhte7 I stayed up all night, wa7tyélhAhte7 she stayed up all night. ya7tahatílhAhte7 they (m.) should stay awake all night there. Base: .lhAht- plus te- dualic stay up all night repeatedly tekelhAhtányuhe7 I'm continuously staying up all night. wa7tkelhAhtáni7 I stayed up several nights. Base: .lhAhtanyu- plus te- dualic stay, where one stays kAh núnihutyAtákhwa7 over here where they (m.) stay. Base: .atyAtahkw- plus n- partitive steal knXskwas I steal. waknAskwA I have stolen it, UnAskwA I have stolen it from him. wa7knAsko7 I stole it, wa7khenAsko7 I stole it from her or them. wahihwistanAsko7 I stole money from him. wahotsyanAsko7 he stole fish from him. wahakkAhanAsko7 he stole the blanket from me, sahikAhanAsko 7 I stole the blanket

English-Oneida 1203

from him again. wa7aknilutanXsko7 we two (excl.) stole the tree. wa7ke7slehtanXsko7 I stole the car, wa7khe7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car from her. Base: -nAskwsteal from one another teyakyatatnAskwas we two (excl.) steal from one another, tehyatatnAskwas the two (m.) are stealing from one another. tehonatatnXskwA they (m.) have stolen it from each other. wa7thyatatnAsko7 the two (m.) stole it from one another. Base: .atatnAskw- plus te- dualic steal, go along stealing lonAskoháti7 he's coming along with it stolen, yukniriAskoháti7 we two are going along stealing it. yuknilutariAskoháti7 we two are going along stealing a tree. Base: -nAskohatyesteam; boil kna 7tsihálha 7 I'm steaming or boiling it. u>akna7tsíhale7 I have steamed it, yakona7tsíhale7 she has steamed it. wa7kna7tsiha-lAI steamed it. Akana7tsiha-láke7 it will be steamed. Base: -na ? tsihal-

windows inside a car). Base: -atshatala 7 steer See control, have control over; steer steer See straighten something outsteer steering wheel

tyetakwalihsyá-tha7.

stem of a plant o7nísta7. Base: - ? niststem of a plant, attached ka7nístote7 there's a stem, still attached (e.g., the stem of an apple), yo7nístote7 it has a stem. Base: - ? nistotstep on someone See trample; step on someone step onto See put one's foot on; step onto step, take tkatlatákwas I'm taking a step. twakatlatákiVA I have taken a step, takatlata-kó- I took a step, Atkatlata-kó• I will take a step, Atehsatlata-kó- you will take a step, Atyutlata-kó• she will take a step. tetkatlatákwas I'm taking a step again. Base: .atlatakw- plus t- cislocative

steamy, be yotsha-tés it's steamy. niyotsha-tés it's so steamy. Base: -atshates-

step, take big steps; stride a 7éna7tehakhahe-sú-se7 he takes big steps, he has such a long stride, a 7éna7teyekhahe-sú-se7 she takes big steps. Base: ,khahesu ? se ? plus na ? tepartitive and dualic

steamy, become yotsha-tálahse7 it gets steamy. wa7otsha-tálane7 it got all steamy, it steamed up (e.g., the

stepparent; stepchild yuknolú my stepmother, khenolú my stepdaughter, linolú my stepson. Pre-

steam, for steam to rise it's steaming. Base: -atshatot-

yotsha-tóte7

1204 English-Oneida

pausal: lino-lú. Base: -nolusteps; stairs

stick, drive in See stand up or drive in a stick kalistakhwá-tslote7.

steps, take steps; go for a walk tehate7khahákhwa7 he goes for walks. wa7thate7kháhahkwe7 he took some steps, wa7tyute7kháhahkwe7 she took some steps. tehsate7kháhak Walk! Base: ,ate ? khahahkw- plus tedualic stick kana-kále7 stick, a rounded rather than flat stick (e.g., a pool cue), laona-kále7 his stick. yotnakalatasé it's a twisted stick. teyotnakalá-ktu it's a bent stick. kana-káles it's a long stick. kA 7 nikanakalésha it's a short stick. wa7tekna-kálahkwe7 I picked up a stick, teknakalahlítha7 I'm breaking up sticks, tekana-kálake two sticks, wahinakalákhwa7 I took the stick away from him. kanakalowanA it's a big stick. Base: -nakalstick, be standing watáhslote7 is standing. Base: -atahslot-

a stick

stick, be standing, several watahslo-tústicks are standing. Base: -atahslotustick close to someone kheyatla7nAtaktA-níhe7 I'm sticking with her (e.g., I'm on the shy side, so I'm going to stay close to her). Hyatla7nAtaktAní I have stuck right by him. wahiyatla?nAtáktA7 I stuck close to him. Base: -atla?nAtaktAni-/ -atla ? nAtaktA-

stick one's nose into someone's business; interfere yehani7nyuhsó-loks he's putting his nose into it. yehoni7nyuhsó-lu he has stuck his nose into it. thó nyehani7nyuhsó-loks he's putting his nose into it, he can't mind his own business, thó ki7 nya7kani7nyuhsó-loke7 I put my nose into it, I interfered. Base: .ani ? nyuhsohlok-/ .ani?nyuhsohl- plus y- translocative stick out, be sticking out; be showing or peeking through yoké-tote7 it's sticking out. tyoké-tote7 it's sticking out or showing through, facing me. yeyokétote7 it's sticking out, going out away from me. lohsi7také-tote7 his foot is sticking out, tehohsi7také-tote7 (both) his feet are sticking out. lokuhsaké-tote7 his face is sticking out, thokuhsaké-tote7 his face is showing through (e.g., an opening). waknAtshaké-tote7 my arm is peeking through (e.g., a hole in my shirt), loshnuhsaké-tote7 his hand is sticking out. Base: -ke ? totstick out, be sticking out here and there or several yoke7to-tú• they're all sticking out. tewakahyakivilake7to-tú• my toes are all sticking out. Base: -ke ? totustick, pull out See pull out a stick stick something in something See insert stick something on something; attach kla7nAtákta7 I'm sticking it on something, I'm attaching it (e.g., I'm putting up notices), lala7nAtákta7

English-Oneida 1205

he's sticking or pasting something on. thiyakola7nAtáktu she just had it stuck to it. wahanhohanA-tákte7 he put the door up against it. Base: -la ? nAtakt-/-nAtaktstick something on something; be sticky kla?nA-táks I'm sticking something on something (e.g., a stamp on an envelope), lala7nA-táks he's sticking something on something (e.g., he's putting gyp rock on the walls), yola7nA-táks it sticks, it's sticky. lola ?nAtakú he has stuck it on it. wa7kla7nA-táke7 I stuck it on it. tyola?nA-táks it sticks, it keeps sticking, it's sticky. yohyatuhslanAtakú there are papers stuck to it. yoshe?lhariA-táks the dough is sticky. yo7nahkwanAtakú it's stuck to the pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans burn onto the bottom of the pot), tyo?nahkwanA-táks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo?nahkwanAtakú it's stuck there on the pot or tub. tyo?nuhkwanA-táks it sticks to the bottom of it (e.g., the pot). wa7o7slehtanA-táke7 the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). Base: -la ? nAtak-/-la ? nAt-/ -nAtak-/-nAtstick something on something here and there; attach several lala?tiAtaktányuhe7 he's attaching several things. Base: -la?nAtaktanyustick, take out from standing latahslotákwas he's taking sticks out (from where they're standing, out of the ground), tahatahslota-kóthere he took the stick out. Base: -atahslotakw-

stick, take out from standing quickly tahatahslotákwahte7 he quickly pulled out the stick, he yanked out the stick. Base: .atahslotakwaht- plus tcislocative stick up for someone; cover for someone teshakónhes he covers for her, tekhénhes I stick up for her or someone, thínhes I stick up for him. teshakonhé-u he has covered for her. 7 Atkúnhe I will cover for you, Atekhénhe7 I will stick up for her. Base: .nhe- plus t- cislocative stick up or cover for one another tetityataténhes you and I (incl.) stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tetyakyataténhes we two (excl.) stick up for one another, we cover for one another, tethyataténhes the two (m.) stick up for one another, tetyukyatatenhé-u we two have covered for one another. tutayakyataténhe7 we two (excl.) stuck up for one another, tAtityataténhe7 you and I (incl.) will stick up for one another, tAtyakyataténhe7 we two (excl.) will stick up for one another. Base: .atatenhe- plus tet- dualic and cislocative stick; yard atáhsli7 stick, a flat stick (e.g., a yardstick). Pre-pausal: atáhselP. atahslá-ke on the stick. wísk niwatahslaké five yards. swatáhslat one yard (e.g., of cloth). Base: -atahslsticky, be See syrupy, be syrupy, sticky, or gummy stiff, become teyota 7tíhA it has become stiff, it's stiff (e.g., a shirt with too much starch). wa7twata7tíhA7 it

1206 English-Oneida

got stiff, tAwata 7tíhA 7 it will get stiff. teyota7tihA-hné• it was stiff. na7teyota7tíhA is it ever stiff. Base: ,ata?tihA- plus te- dualic still, be still; be quiet teyoto-té' it's still, tewakato-té• I'm still, tehoto-té- he's still, teyakoto-téshe's still, teyukwato-té- we are quiet, tesato-ték or to-ték (short form) Be still! (Quit crying!) tAivakato-téke7 I will be still, nétetyoto-té• it's the quietest. na7teyoto-té• is it ever quiet. teyotahsutato-téit's a still night. teyotAhnislato-té• it's a still day, tha7teyotAhnislato-téit's just a still day, it's an unexpectedly still day. teyothnekato-té• the water is still. teyotwelato-té- the wind or air is still. Base: .atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic still, keep wa7tkato-táte7 I kept still, tAkato-táte7 I will keep still. tehsato-tát Keep still! (Stop fidgeting!) ya7tAhsato-táte7 you will keep still there. tha7tehsato-tát Just keep still! Base: .atotat- plus te- dualic still; yet shekó or shekú. sting, get stung (by an insect) See pierce; prick stingy, be wakní-u I'm stingy, loní-u he's stingy, yakoní-u she's stingy. Base: -ni?stingy, be See informed, be wellinformed; be wise; be stingy stink See smell; stink stir something tekawAlyehse7 I'm stirring it, tehawAlyehse7 he's

stirring it. tewakawAli7 I have stirred it, tehowAli7 he has stirred it. wa7tkawAli7 I stirred it, wa7thawAli7 he stirred it, tAhsawAli7 you will stir it. tehsawAli Stir it! Base: .awAlye- plus te- dualic stitch See sew stitches, get tsyuke7níkhu7 I have stitches, someone has stitched me, shuwa7nikhu7 he has stitches, shoti7níkhu7 they (m.) have stitches, they stitched it. ska7níkhu7 7 7 it's stitched. sayuke m'khu I got stitches. Base: .'nikhu- plus s- repetitive stocking See sock; stocking stomach kekhivalákhiva7 my stomach, yekhwalákhiva7 her stomach, lakhwalákhwa7 his stomach. Base: -khwalakhwa 7 stomach, be on tekhyeskwAhtale7 I'm lying on my stomach, tehahyeskwAhtale7 he's lying on his stomach, teyehyeskwAhtale7 she's lying on her stomach. tehahyeskwAhtalahkwe7 he was on his stomach. Base: .hyeskwAhtal- plus tedualic stomach, fall on See fall on one's stomach stomach, get on tehathyeskwAhtálhos he gets on his stomach. tehothyeskwAhtálhu he has gotten on his stomach. wa7tkathyeskwAhtálho7 I got on my stomach, tAhathyeskwAhtálho7 he will get on his stomach. tehsathyeskw Ahtálho Lie down on

English-Oneida 1207

your stomach! Base: .athyeskwAhtalho- plus tedualic stomach, growl See growl, one's stomach stone oriA-yá- stone. wa7twatnAyo-kóthe stones scattered. yahuknAyu-tí' I threw the stone. wa7kriAyítane7 I put stones or pebbles in it (e.g., a pail). katiAyaké-lu7 stones are lying here and there. katiAyaná-nu it's full of stones. onAyósku 7 it's all stone (e.g., talking about a stone house). yonAyatstényes there's a real heaping pile of stones. yonAyatstényote7 it's a pile of stones. tehanAya7sélha7 he stacks stones, he's a bricklayer, wa7thanAyá-slu7 he piled stones. Base: -nAystone, be lying kanA-yáyA7 (there's) a stone, lying. kanAyayA7kó(there's) a big stone or rock. Base: -nAyayAstone, be standing kariA-yóte7 (there's) a stone, standing. kanAyote7kó- it's a big rock. Base: -nAyot-

o n m y lap). sakate?nowá-lA7

I

stooped or bent over it again. Base: -ate ? nowahlstooped, be wake 7no-yóte 7 I'm stooped (I'm in that position as a result of something that has happened to me, perhaps I was injured), lo7no-yóte7 he's stooped, yako7no-yóte7 she's stooped. Base: - ? noyotstooped, be sitting stooped or hunched over kA7 ke7nowáhele7 here I am sitting bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap), la7nowáhele? he's sitting hunched over, ye7nowáhele7 she's sitting bent over. tha7nowáhele7 he's sitting there hunched over, a 7éyeha7nowáhele7 he's sitting way over there hunched over. Base: - ? nowahel-/- ? nowahlstooped over, be teho7nowá-ktu he's stooped over, teyako7nowá-ktu she's stooped over. Base: . ? nowa ? kt-/. ? nowa ? ket-plus te- dualic stop See stand up; stand still; stop

stool See seat; stool

stop doing See let go of; stop doing; quit; leave someone

stool, small See buttock; behind; small stool

stop, put a stop to See forbid; put a stop to

stoop over tekate7nowá-ktus I stoop over. tewakate7nowá-ktu I'm stooping over. wa7thate7nowá-kete7 he stooped over, wa7tyute7nowá-kete7 she stooped over. Base: .ate ? nowa 7 kt-/ .ate ? nowa 7 ket- plus te- dualic

stop someone or something See stand someone up; stop someone or something

stoop over; hunch over wa7kate7nowá-lA7 I stooped over it, I hunched or bent over it (e.g., the work

store yutAhni-núhe7 store. tyutAhni-núhe7 the store there, tsi7 7 tyutAhni-núhe at the store, tyutAhninuhe7kóat the big store. store something See sit down; set or put down; save up; store

1208 English-Oneida

storekeeper latAhni-núhe7 (he's a) storekeeper, yutAhni-núhe7 (she's a) storekeeper. latAhninúhahkwe7 he used to be a storekeeper. thatAhninúhahkwe7 he used to be a storekeeper there. Base: -atAhninuhe' stork

tekaluhyakahnéla7.

story okalá- story, wakkalahlukú I have heard the story, Ahakalá-luke7 he will hear the story, nikaka-lés the length of the story, niwakka-lés the length of my story, yáh te7kakali-yó-se7 there aren't any good stories, tahotikali-yó-se7 their (m.) stories were amusing. wakkalaká-te7 I have many stories, lokalaká-te7 he has many stories, lotikalaká-te7 they (m.) have many stories, yáh te7wakkalaká-te7 I don't have many stories. nikakaló-tA the kind of story it is, niwakkaló-tA the kind of story I have, niyakokaló tA the kind of story she has, nihotikaló-tAhse7 the kinds of stories they (m.) have, nAwakkalo7tAhake7 the kind of story I will have, niwakkalo7tA-hnéne7 thó-ne7 that's the kind of story I had at that time, yáh thó te7kakaló tA it's not the kind of story (I was expecting). tsha7tekakaló-tA it's the same kind of story. Base:

-kal-

story, make up See make up a story story, tell See tell a story stove yenAstaliha7tákhwa7 yotiAstaliha 7tákhwa 7.

or

stovepipe See chimney; lamp globe; stovepipe

straight, be straight; be level; have good posture wakattakivalíhsi I'm straight, I have good posture, lottakwah'hsi he's straight, yakottakwalíhsi she's straight, yottakwalíhsi she (z.) or it is straight, it's level. Ayottakxvalihsyúhake7 it will continue to be straight. yothahakwalíhsi the road is straight. yotuhwAtsyakwalíhsi the ground is even or level. Base: -attakwalihsyu-/ -at-N-kwalihsyustraighten matters; mediate teklihwakwalíhsyus I'm a mediator, thalihwakwalíhsyus he's a mediator, he straightens things out, he knows what's right. tholihwakwalíhsi he has mediated. Athalihwakwalíhsi7 he will mediate. Base: .lihwakwalihsyu- plus tcislocative straighten oneself; stretch lotya7takwalíhsi he has straightened himself out, he's straight. wahatya7takwalíhsi7 he stretched. tsi7 nihotya7takwalíhsi is he ever straight, he can really stand up straight. Base: -atya ? takwalihsyustraighten something latakwalíhsyus he's straightening it. lotakwalíhsi he has straightened it. wa7ktakwalíhsi7 I straightened it, wahatakwalíhsi7 he straightened it, wa 7etakwalíhsi7 she straightened it. satakwalíhsi Straighten it! Base: -takwalihsyu-/-kwalihsyustraighten something out; steer tektakwalíhsyus I'm straightening it out, I'm steering, thatakwah'hsyus

English-Oneida 1209

he's straightening it out, he's steering. taktakwalíhsi7 I steered, I turned it to straighten it out, tahatakwalíhsi7 he steered. Base: .takwalihsyu-/ .takwalihsy- plus t- cislocative strain; drain knuwakAtsta7 I'm straining or draining it. waknuwakAtstu I have strained it. wa7knu-wákAtste7 I strained it, Ahsnu-wákAtste7 you will strain it. Base: -nuwakAtststrangle someone See choke someone strap See ribbon; strap strap someone teshako7nhékseks he gives her or someone the strap. teshako7nheksekú he has given her or someone the strap. wa 7tekhe 7nhékseke 7 I gave her or someone the strap, wa 7teshako 7nhékseke 7 he gave her or someone the strap. Base: , ? nheksek- plus te- dualic Strathroy

Ohkwalihné-.

straw See grass; straw; hay; weeds strawberry kA7

niyohAtésha.

strawberry; June

awAhihte7.

strawberry top See eyelash; strawberry top strawberry top, remove See remove strawberry tops stream

yothnekahtAti.

stream of water, be yohna-wés (it's) a stream of water. a7é• niyohna-wés there's a long stream of water. Base: -hnawes-

strength, lose See lose one's strength stretch See straighten oneself; stretch stretch fully latya7takwalihsyúkwas he's stretching in all directions (e.g., after he gets up in the morning). lotya7takwalihsyúkwA he has stretched. wahatya 7takwalihsyu-kóhe stretched. Base: -atya ? takwalihsyukwstretch something tekatilútha7 I'm stretching it, tewatilútha7 it stretches (e.g., an elastic band). tewakati-lúte7 I have stretched it. wa7tkatilu-tA• I stretched it, wa7twatilu-tA- it got stretched, it stretched, wa7thutilu-tA- they (m.) stretched it out, tAkatilu-tA• I will stretch it. tesatilu-tA Stretch it! Base: .atilut- plus te- dualic stretch something every direction tekatilutúnyuhe7 I'm stretching it in all directions (e.g., when I'm blocking a wool sweater). wa7twatilutúni7 it stretched in all directions. Base: .atilutunyu- plus te- dualic stretch to reach See lean over; stretch over strict, be See self-disciplined, be stride See step, take big steps; stride strike; bat lahwá-eks he's striking or batting it (e.g., when he's playing baseball, or if he's beating a rug to clean it), wahahwá-eke7 he struck it, he batted it, wa7ehwá-eke7 she struck it, Akhwá-eke7 I will bat it. Base: -hwa ? ek-/-hwa ? e-/-a 7 ek-/ -a ? e-

1210 English-Oneida

strike, go along striking or batting yakohwa7eháti7 she's going along pounding it bit by bit (e.g., she's pounding a log to get the bark off). Base: -hwa'ehatyestrike, go to strike or bat lahwa 7ékhe 7 he's going to bat, yehwa 7ékhe 7 she's going to bat. Base: -hwa ? ekhstring; thread; yarn ahsli-yé- string, thread, yarn. wahsliye7tatáti7 the thread is going along. wa7twatsliyé-tyahke7 the thread broke, wahsliyé-tes it's a long thread. yohsliye7tA-tuhe7 the string is hanging. yohsliye?tA7túnyuhe7 the string is hanging here and there (e.g., as in a fringe). wa7ksliye7tahni-nú• I bought thread. wa7teksliye7tata-séI wound string or thread around it (e.g., thread around a bobbin). wahsliyé-tatAs it's thick thread. wa7teksliyé-tyahke7 I broke the thread (while I was sewing). Base: -ahsliye-/-ahsliye ? t-/ -hsliye ? tstring, tie with See tie with string or thread stroke, have yakoya7tayeshá-u she has had a stroke, loya7tayeshá-u he has had a stroke. wa7eya7tayéshane7 she had a stroke. Base: -ya ? tayesha ? stroll along; wander around tewakatawAlyeháti7 I'm wandering around, tehotawAlyeháti7 he's strolling along, tehonatawAlyeháti7 they (m.) are strolling along. Base: .atawAlyehatye- plus tedualic

stroll, go for a stroll; go on a trip tewakatawAlyéhsu 7 I have gone for a stroll. wa?tyutawAlyéhsa7 she's going for a stroll, wa 7thyatawAlyéhsa 7 the two (m.) went on a trip, wa7thutawAlyéhsa7 they (m.) are going on a trip. teyakotawAlyehsu-hné• she had travelled (and now she's home again), tehotawAlyehsu-hnéhe was gone away. Base: .atawAlyehs- plus te- dualic strong, be ke7shátste7 I'm strong, la7shátste? he's strong, ye7shátste7 she's strong, ka7shátste7 she (z.) is strong, yo7shátste7 it's strong. ke7shátstehkwe7 I was strong. Ake7shátsteke7 I will be strong, Aha7shátsteke7 he will be strong. niha7shátste7 how strong he is, niyo7shátste7 it's so strong. wasla7shátste7 it's a strong smell. kahneka7shátste7 it's strong liquid (e.g., liquor). kanuhkwa^sla^hátste7 it's strong medicine or pepper. kawela7shátste7 it's a strong wind. Base: - ? shatste-/- ? shatstAstrong, be getting taha^hatstA-sle7 he's becoming strong, taye7shatstA-sle7 she's becoming strong. Pre-pausal: taye 7shatstA-sele7. Base: .?shatstA?sl- plus t- cislocative strong, become waha7shátstAne7 he became strong or stronger, Ake7shátstAne7 I will become strong. Base: - ? shatstA ? strong, make oneself strong mentally wa7katA7nikuhkátstate7 I made myself as strong as I could so that I could endure something.

English-Oneida 1211

tsyatA?nikuhkátstat Don't you two give up, remain strong! Base: -atA ? nikuhkatstatstrong, taste strong ya-ivét it's strong, it tastes strong. yawehtú-ne? it was strong. Ayawehtúhake7 it will be strong, is/7 niya-wét it's pretty strong. Base: -ehtstrong-willed, be wake?nikuhlatshá-nit I'm strongwilled, lo?nikuhlatshá-nit he's strong-willed, yako ?nikuhlatshá-nit she's strong-willed. Base: - ? nikuhlatshahnihtstruggle See try hard; do intensely; struggle stuck, a bone See bone, get stuck in one's throat stuck, become stuck or embedded wa?kahnyo-táne7 it stuck in it (e.g., an arrow or a knife stuck in something). Base: -hnyota 7 -

stuck, get stuck in See jammed, get jammed in; get wedged in stuck, get stuck in mud uknazva 7tstano-lú• I got stuck in the mud, wahonazva ?tstano-lú- he got stuck in the mud, wa?akonawa?tstano-lúshe got stuck in the mud. Base: -nawa ? tstanolustuck, get stuck in snow wakenyAhtano-lúhe7 I keep getting stuck in the snow. ukenyAhtano-lú• I got stuck in the snow, wahonyAhtano-lú- he got stuck in the snow. Base: -nyAhtanolustuck, get stuck with an object ukhnyo-tá-se7 all of a sudden something stuck me. Base: -hnyota ? se-/-hnyota ? s-/ -ota ? se-/-ota ? sstudy See teach oneself; study stuffing for fowl kayá-taku wateta ?ásta 7

stuck, get zvakno-lúhe7 I'm getting stuck, I have a hard time doing something, I can't do it. ukno-lú• I got stuck, I couldn't quite make it, it got me down, wahono-lú• he couldn't quite make it, wa?ono-lú• she (z.) or it couldn't quite make it. tayukwano-lú• we were short (something), we didn't quite make it. Base: -nolu-

stumble See trip; stumble

stuck, get stuck going along waknoluhslú-ne7 I'm going along but I keep getting stuck, I'm unable to do things, wahonoluhslú-ne7 he's going away getting stuck. Base: -noluhslu?ne-

stutter loiVAnánhihse7 he stutters, yakowAnánhihse7 she stutters. Base: -wAnanhihs-

stump of a tree See tree stump stumped, get See beat, get beaten; get stumped stunned, get See surprise, get taken by surprise; get stunned sturdy, be See hard, be hard; be solid

sty, have wakattsihkáhkwalute? I have a sty on my eye, lottsihkáhkwalute7 he has a sty,

1212 English-Oneida

yakottsihkáhkwalute7 she has a sty. Base: -attsihkahkwalutsubtract See take away; subtract succeed See pass; succeed suck milk; nurse lanu7kélha7 he's sucking milk, lonu 7ké-lu he has sucked milk. wahanu7ké-la7 he got milk by sucking, Ahanu7ké-la7 he will suck milk. Base: -nu ? kel-/-nu ? kehlsuddenly áhsok. suffer tewakatunhukáli I'm suffering (as a result of something, perhaps because I'm sick), tehotunhukáli he's suffering, teyakotunhukáli she's suffering. wa7tkatunhuka-lí• I suffered, fAkatunhuka-lí- I will suffer, tahsatunhuka-lí• you should suffer. Base: .atunhukaly- plus te- dualic suffer See work hard; suffer sugar onutákli7 sugar. Pre-pausal: onutákelP. yahuknutakli7tslu-tí• I put sugar on it, I sweetened it. wa7knutakli7tslahni-nú• I bought sugar. Base: -nutakli-/-nutakli ? tslsugar bowl

yenutakli7tslalákhwa7.

sugar, brown See maple sugar or syrup; brown sugar sugar substitute teskyanutakli 7tslatyelA. teskyanutakli7tslatye-lA.

Pre-pausal:

suitcase See purse; wallet; suitcase; pocket summer, become See spring, become spring or summer

summer, last summer tshikwa7akAnhe7 or tshikwa7akánhe7. summer; summertime kwa7akAnhé-ke or kwa 7akanhé-ke. Normally pronounced kwa7kAtihé-ke or 7kanhé-ke. kwa summon someone See call out to someone; summon someone sun, be hot See hot sun, be sun, come in tyotahalinyú-tu the sun is coming in. tutahalínyuhte7 the sun came in. Base: .atahalinyu ? t- plus t- cislocative sun, right in the sun

otahálhu7

sun, rise tkaké-tohse7 the sun rises (everyday), takaké-to7 the sun rose, Atkaké-to7 the sun will rise. Base: .ke ? to- plus t- cislocative sun, shine yotáhalote7 the sun is shining. Awatahalo-tA• the sun will shine, yotahalo-táhkwe7 it was sunny. sutahalo-tA- it got sunny again. yáh te7tsyotáhalote7 the sun isn't shining any longer. Base: -atahalotsun, shine on thó teyotahalóyA7 the sun is shining on it. wa7twatahalóya7ake7 the sun shone on it. Base: .atahaloya ? ak-/ .atahaloyA- plus te- dualic Sunday yawAtatokAhti or yawAtatokAhtu or yautatokAhti or yautatokAhtu Sunday, oyáyAswAtatokAhti or yASWAtatokAhtu next Sunday. tshawAtatokAhtí or tshawAtatokAhtu or tshautatokAhti or tshautatokAhtu last Sunday.

English-Oneida 1213

sunflower okuhsyú-ta7 or okuhsa 7shúha. sunset

ya7twatshAtho7.

support someone kuyenazvá-se I have supported you (e.g., in an argument), lakyenawá-se he's supporting me. wahakye-náwahse7 he supported me, Akuye-názvahse 7 I will support you, Ashakoye-náwahse 7 he will support her, Askye-náwahse7 you will support me. takye-náwahs Support me, back me up! Base: -yenawa ? se-/-yenawa ? ssupport someone See back someone up; support someone sure, for sure to-kAske7 or tú-ske7. sure; it's sure to; it's bound to ya 7ta-ú te7. sure; surely se 7. surely; certainly olihwiyó. Pre-pausal: olihivi-yó. surprise, get taken by surprise; get stunned wahatye-lA- he happened upon it, he was surprised by it, wahutye-lA• they (m.) took notice, they were surprised. tha?katye-lAall of a sudden to my surprise, thahatye-lA- all of a sudden to his surprise, thahutye-lA• all of a sudden to their (m.) surprise, thAtwatye-lAall of a sudden we (incl.) will be stunned. thusakatye-lA• to my surprise again, thusahutye-lA• to their (m.) surprise again. Base: -atyeUsurprised, become See amazed, become amazed; become awestruck; become surprised

surrender wa7katnAtsho-tA• I put up my arm, I surrendered, I gave up. Base: -atnAtshotsurveyor lalistí-slehse7 (he's a) surveyor, latilistí-slehse7 (they are) surveyors. Base: -listi ? sle ? se ? survive See outlive; survive suspend; hang kenyútha7 I'm attaching it so that it's suspended or hanging at about eye level. kani-yúte7 it's hanging. wa7kenyu-tA• I suspended it. kahna7tatslani-yúte7 the purse or suitcase is hanging. kakAhani-yúte7 curtains are hanging. kanhohani-yúte7 the door is hanging, wahanhohanyu-tA- he hung the door. ke7slehtanyútha7 I'm attaching a car (e.g., with a chain to another car). Base: -nyut-/-niyutsuspend or hang for oneself ivakatkAhani-yúte7 I have an apron on, I have curtains up, yakotkAhani-yúte7 she has an apron on, satkAhanyu-tA Put on an apron! kattsistanyútha7 I'm putting up lights (e.g., Christmas lights). Base: -at-N-nyut-/-at-N-niyutsuspended, be several kanyu-túseveral are suspended or hanging. kakAhanyu-tú• there's material (e.g., curtains) hanging in several places (e.g., on several windows). Base: -nyutususpended, go along suspended or hanging kanyutáti7 it's going along hanging. ka7slehtanyutáti7 a car is going along hanging. Base: -nyutatye-

1214 English-Oneida

swallow yekahnehkwa-nAs I'm swallowing. yewakahnehkwanA I have swallowed. ya7kahnéhkwane7 I swallowed, yahahnéhkwane7 he swallowed, ya7uhnéhkwane7 she swallowed, yAkahnéhkwane7 I will swallow. Base: .ahnehkwanA-/ .ahnehkwan- plus y- translocative swallow (bird)

tekahnekakhwá-.

swamp kana-wáku in the swamp. Base: -nawswamp, be kana-wáyA7 swamp. Base: -nawayA-

(there's) a

sweep all over wa7kuhewáni7 it all. Base: -uhewanyu-

I swept

sweep with kuhewá-tha7 that's what I use to sweep. wa7kuhe-wá-te7 I used it to sweep with. Base: -uhewa ? tsweet, be teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's sweet, teyonutaklí'tslalahkwe7 it used to be sweet. tAyonutaklí-tslalake7 it will be sweet, né• tetyonutaklí-tslale7 it's the sweetest, tsi7 na7teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's so sweet. Base: .nutakli ? tslal- plus tedualic

swap See trade; deal; swap

sweet flag

swear See sin; swear

sweets

sweat tewakate7tukhiválha7 I sweat. tewakate7túkhwale7 I'm sweating. tAivakate7tukhwa-lA• I will sweat. na7teyakote7túkhwale7 she's really sweating. Base: .ate ? tukhwal- plus te- dualic

swell wakalahsí-to7 my foot is swollen, Akalahsí-to 7 my foot will swell. wakanishnúhso 7 my hand is swollen. ivakatnAtsho7 my arm is swollen. Base: -at-N-o-

sweep latuhe-wás he's sweeping. wakatuhewA I have swept. wahatúhewe7 he swept. Base: -atuhewsweep kuhe-wás I'm sweeping, luhe-wás he's sweeping. wakuhewA I have swept. wa7kúhewe7 I swept, wahlúhewe7 he swept, Akúhewe7 I will sweep, súhew Sweep! Base: -uhewsweep all over lutuhewányuhe7 they (m.) are sweeping all over. wakatuhewáni7 I have swept. Ahutuhewáni7 they (m.) will sweep. Base: -atuhewanyu-

onuno-lí-. teyonutaklí-tslale7.

swell yo-tú- it's swollen, u-tú- it swelled, Aiva-tú• it will swell. Base: -atuswell, get a swelled head; become a know-it-all wahonutsistowánhA7 he got a swelled head, he's a know-itall. Base: -nutsistowanhAswell; rise wattúkwas it's rising. yottúkwA it has risen, uttu-kó- it rose. Base: -attukwswell; rise Awattú-kwahte7 it will swell up or rise, uttú-kwahte7 it swelled or rose. Base: -attu ? kwaht-

English-Oneida 1215

swim; bathe kata-wAhe7 I'm taking a bath, I'm swimming. lotawA he has taken a bath, he has swum. wahata-wA• he took a bath, he took a swim, yáh thahata-wA• he won't take a bath. Base: -atawAswim, go along swimming yonatawAháti7 they (z.) are swimming along. Base: -atawAhatyeswim; go to swim or bathe katawA-ne 7 I'm going to swim, I'm going to bathe. katawA-nehse7 I go swimming. wakatawA-nu I have gone to swim. wa 7katawA-na 7 I'm going swimming. Base: -atawA?nswing See rocking chair; swing; hammock swing; rock tekatkalA-luhe7 I swing or rock, teyutkalA-luhe7 she's swinging or rocking, tewatkalA-luhe7 she (z.) or it is rocking. tewakatkalA-lu 7 I'm swinging, tehotkalA-lu 7 he's swinging, teyotkalA-lu 7 she (z.) or it is swinging, wa 7tkatkalA-lu 7 I swung, I started to swing, wa 7thatkalA-lu 7 he swung, tAwatkalAlu 7 it will rock. tewakatkalA-luhkwe 7 I was swinging. tehotkalAhlú-ne7 he has been swinging. tAhotkalAhlúhake7 he

will be swinging. Base: .atkalAhlu- plus te- dualic swing; rock; go to swing or rock tekatkalAhlú-ne7 I'm going to swing. tehotkalAhlú-nu he has gone to swing. wa7tkatkalAhlú-na7 I'm on my way to swing, tAkatkalAhlú-na7 I will go to swing. Base: .atkalAhlu?n- plus te- dualic syrup; gum; sap; honey óshes syrup, gum, sap, honey, ukeshestu-tí- I lost my gum. yewakeshestúti I have poured or added the syrup, yahukeshestu-tí• I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup. kashestáku 7 it's good-tasting syrup. kashéstit there's syrup in it. kashestaná-nu it's full of syrup, gum o r w a x , kashestaná-nu

kahuhtá-ke

my ears are full of wax. Base: -shes-/-shestsyrup, maple See maple sugar or syrup; brown sugar syrupy, be syrupy, sticky, or gummy yoshéstale7 it's gummy, syrupy, or sticky. Base: -shestalsyrupy, become syrupy, sticky, or g u m m y wa7oshéstalane7

sticky, syrupy, or gummy. Base: -shestala 7 -

it got

1216 English-Oneida

T table atekhwahlákhwa7 table. akwatekhwahlákhwa7 my table, satekhwahlákhwa7 your table. atekhwahlakhwá-ke on the table. atekhwahlá-tsloku under the table. kAh nutekhwahlá-tslati7 it's on this side of the table. kA 7 niwatekhwahla7tslésha the table is short. yotekhwahla7tslahnilú it's a solid or sturdy table. tsha7tewatekhwahla7tsliyó in the middle of the table. wa7katekhwahla7tslo-kéwe7 I wiped the table. wa7katekhwahla7tslú-neke7 I moved the table. Base: -atekhwahlakhw-/ -atekhwahla ? tsltablecloth yutekhwahla taffeta

7tslolókta

7.

ka7nheksatAsha.

taffeta See silk; taffeta tag along; follow around wakhlA7tú-ne7 I'm tagging along, yohlA7tú-ne7 it's dragging it (e.g., when a tow truck drags a car). ivakhlA7tú-nehse7 I'm tagging along, I'm following (someone) around, yakohlA7tú-nehse7 she's tagging along, lohlA7tú-nehse7 he's tagging along. ukhlA7tú-ne7 I went tagging along. Base: -hlA ? tu ? ne-/-A ? tu ? netail otáhsa7 tail, kitáksne my tail, tsitáksne your tail, lAtáksne his tail, yetáksne her tail. yekanitahsAtha7 I keep putting my tail into it (e.g., a hole in the ice), ya7kanitáhsAhte7 I immersed my tail, yahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed

his tail, yusahanitáhsAhte7 he immersed his tail again, nyusakanitáhsAhte7 I put my tail back into it again, tahanitahso-kóhe pulled his tail out of the water. Ashanitahsótshi7 he will pull his tail back out again, tutakanitahsótshi7 I took my tail back out again, tutahanitahsótshi7 he should pull his tail back out again, tutahanitahsótshyahte7 he yanked his tail back out again. lAtáhses his tail is long, nihAtáhses he has such a long tail, lAtahsesú-ne7 he had a long tail. lAtahsó-lu his tail is stuck (e.g., in the ice), thó thAtahsó-lu there his tail is stuck. nikAtahsó-tA the kind of tail it is, nihAtahsó-tA the kind of tail he has. wahuwAtáhsyahke7 she cut off his tail. Base:

-itahs-/-itaks-

tail, have lAtáhsute7 he has a tail, kAtáhsute7 she (z.) or it has a tail. yáh te7shAtáhsute7 he doesn't have a tail any longer. Base: -itahsuttake all See bring all; take all take along See bring along; take along take along See carry in one's hands; take along take along; bring along yehékhas I take it along, yeháhas he takes it along, yeyéhas she takes it along, yeyakwáhas we (excl.) take it along. yewákhA I have taken it along, yeshakoya 7táhA he has taken her along, taháhawe7 he brought it along, yahá-khawe7 I took it along,

English-Oneida 1217

ya 7éhawe 7 she took it along, ya 7akwáhawe 7 we (excl.) took it along, ya 7ukya 7táhawe 7 she took me along, yahoya 7táhaxve 7 he took him along, yAhXkhawe7 I will take it along, yAkuya7táhawe7 I will take you along, yAkheya 7táhawe 7 I will take her along, yAshakoya7táhawe7 he will take her along, yAhyaya?táhawe7 he will take you along, táshaw Bring that to me, get it for me! yehohA-hné• he had taken it along, tutayakníhawe7 we two (excl.) brought it back again, tutahuwaya7táhawe7 they brought him back again, nutákhawe7 where I got it from, nutáshawe7 where you got it from, riAtyakníhawe7 where we two (excl.) will get it from. nyeyukya ?táhA how or where she has taken me along, nyAhXkhawe7 how or where I will take it along, nyAhAshawe7 how or where you will take it along, yáh thyewakya7táhA it didn't take me along. ya7katAna7tsláhawe7 I took lunch there, tayakwahnekáhawe7 we (excl.) got our water from there. nAtitnilutáhawe7 where you and I (incl.) will get a tree from. yAkna7taláhawe7 I will take the bread, yAknutsistáhawe7 I will take the (pig) head. Base: .ha-/.haw-/.ya ? taha-/ ,ya ? tahaw- plus y- translocative or tcislocative take along several; bring along several ya7akwaháwhu7 we (excl.) took along all kinds of things. Base: .hawhu- plus y- translocative or t- cislocative take along with; influence ya7kheha-wíhte7 I took her along with me (e.g., I slipped and fell on

the ice, and brought her down with me), I influenced her or them, yahakha-wíhte7 he influenced me, yahiha wíhte7 I persuaded him to see things my way, he followed what I was doing, ya7ukha-zvíhte7 she or they made me see things her or their way so now I feel the same way. Base: .hawiht- plus y- translocative take around tekahkivatasétha7 I'm taking it around (e.g., thread or rope around something, or passing out food), tewakahkwataséhtu I have taken it around. wa7tkahkwata-séhte7 I took it around. Base: .ahkwataseht- plus tedualic take away from someone lakékhzvas he's taking it away from me. lakékhwA he has taken it away from me. wahakékhwa 7 he took it away from me, wahíkhwa7 I took it away from him, wa7shakókhwa7 he took it away from her or them. wahuwahwistákhwa7 they took away his money, wahinakalákhiva 7 I took the stick away from him. wahakna7talákhwa7 he took the bread away from me. wahuwatiwilákhwa7 she or someone took their children away from them (m.), Ashakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) will take her children away from her, a-shakowilákhwa7 he would take her child away from her, a-shakotiwilákhwa7 they (m.) should take her child away from her. wa7shako7slehtákhwa7 he took the car away from her or them. Base: -khwa-

1218 English-Oneida

take away, get taken away or subtracted tutla-kó- there are some taken away, there's less. Base: .atlakw- plus t- cislocative take away; subtract teklákwas I take things away, thalákwas he takes things away, tyelákwas she takes things away. twaklákwA I have taken them away, takla-kó• I took them away, Atekla-kó- I will take them away, Atehsla-kó- you will take them away, Athala-kó- he will take them away. Base: .lakw- plus t- cislocative take back; return sekyA-hné- I'm here to return it. sakyA-hná• I'm on my way to take it back, AsekyA-hná- I will take it back, usahsyA-hná- you should take it back. satsyA-hná Bring it back! swakyAhnu-hné- I have taken it back. Base: .yAhn- plus s- repetitive take by the hand khenAtshi-né- I'm holding her by the hand, shakonAtshi-né- he's taking her by the hand to lead her. khetiAtshi-né-se7 I take her by the hand, shakoriAtshi-né-se7 he takes her by the hand. wa7khenAtshine7 I took her by the hand, wa7shakonAtshine7 he took her by the hand, AkhenAtshine7 I will take her by the hand. Base: -nAtshinetake covers off oneself kahkiváhsyus I'm taking the covers off me. wakahkwáhsi I have taken the covers off. wa7kahkwáhsi7 I took the covers off, Akahkwáhsi7 I will take the covers off. Base: -ahkwahsyu-

take down from hanging yehalákwas she's taking down something hanging. yakohalákwA she has taken it down. wa7khala-kó• I took it down. shala-kó Take it down! tayehala-kó- there she took it down. ya7ehala-kó- she went there and she took it down, ya7shala-kó Go there or reach up and take it down! wa7kana7alo7tslihala-kóI took the hat down from hanging, sakana7alo7tslihala-kóI took the hat back down. Base: -halakw-/-ihalakwtake down from hanging several khalúkwas I'm taking things down (e.g., laundry from a clothesline). wakhalúkwA I have taken them down. iva7khalu-kó- I took things down, sekhalúkivas I'm taking them down again, sakhalu-kó• I took them down again, yusayehalu-kó• over there she got them down again. Base: -halukwtake down from hanging several, go to wahahalukó-na7 he's on his way to take them down, sashalukó-na Go take the things down! Base: -haluko ? ntake down from hanging several here and there wa7khalukoha-tú• I took down several things (e.g., laundry, or several pictures from the walls). sakhalukoha-tú• I took a whole bunch of things back down from where they were hanging. Base: -halukohatutake inside; bring inside kyA-tha 7 I take it inside. wakyA-tu I have taken it inside. wá-kyAhte7 I took it inside, Aky Ahte 7 I will take it inside. tekyA-tha7 I bring it inside, twakyA-tu I have brought it inside,

English-Oneida 1219

tákyAhte 7 I brought it inside, taha-yX-te7 he brought it inside. yekyX-tha7 I take it inside there, yehayX-tha7 he's taking it inside there, yehoyX-tu he has taken it inside there, yahá-kyAhte7 I took it inside there. yekhyatuhslayX-tha7 I take in the paper. yekekhwayXtha7 I take the food in. Base: -yA?ttake inside several; bring inside several wa7kyA7táni7 I took them all inside, wahayA7táni7 he took them all inside. sahayA7táni7 he took them inside again. takyA7táni7 I brought them all inside. tshihayA7tányuhe7 while he was taking it inside. Base: -yA?tanyutake off a dress katya 7tawi 7táhsyus I'm taking my dress off. yakotya7tawi7táhsi she has taken her dress off. wa7katya7tawi7táhsi7 I took off the dress. Base: -atya ? tawi ? tahsyutake off a dress from someone wa 7kheya 7tawi 7táhsi7 I took the dress off her. Base: -ya ? tawi ? tahsyutake off a hat kana 7alolóksyus I'm taking my hat off, luwana7alolóksyus she's taking his hat off him. wa7kana7alolóksi7 I took my hat off, wahiyana7alolóksi7 I took a hat off him, wahuwana7alolóksi7 she took his hat off. sana 7alolóksi Take off your hat! Base: -ana ? aloloksyutake off a ring wa7kanishnuhsohlóksi7 I took my ring off. Base: -anishnuhsohloksyu-

take off clothing See use, get through using; take off clothing take off glasses tekatwisutákwas I'm taking my glasses off. tewakatwisutákwA I have taken off my glasses. wa7tkatwisuta-kóI took off my glasses. Base: .atwisutakw- plus te- dualic take off gloves or mittens wa7tka7nyanawXksi7 I took off my gloves or mitts. tehsa7nyanawXksi Take off your mitts! Base: ,a?nyanawAksyu- plus tedualic take off pants teka7nhuskwa7lholóksyus I'm taking my pants off, tehuwa7nhuskwa7lholóksyus she's taking his pants off him. wa 7tka 7nh uskwa 7lholóksi7 I took my pants off, wa7thuwa7nhuskwa7lholóksi7 she took his pants off him. tusaka7nhuskwa7lholóksi7 I took my pants back off again. Base: .a ? nhuskwa ? lholoksyu- plus te- dualic take off shoes tekalahtáhsyus I'm taking my shoes off. tewakalahtáhsi I have my shoes off. wa7thalahtáhsi? he took his shoes off, tAkalahtáhsi7 I will take my shoes off. tehsalahtáhsi Take your shoes off! Base: .alahtahsyu- plus te- dualic take off shoes from someone tekheyahtáhsyus I'm taking her shoes off her, tehuwahtáhsyus she's taking his shoes off him. wa7thuwahtáhsi7 she took the shoes off him, wa7tekheyahtáhsi7 I took

1220 English-Oneida

the shoes off her. Base: .ahtahsyu- plus te- dualic take off socks tekatlahti7tslutákwas I'm taking my socks off, tekheyatlahti7tslutákwas I'm taking her socks off her. wa7tkatlahti7tsluta-kóI took my socks off, wa7tekheyatlahti7tsluta-kó• I took her socks off her. tehsatlahtsi7tsluta-kó Take your socks off! tusakatlahti7tsluta-kóI took my socks back off again. Base: .atlahti ? tslutakw- plus tedualic take off; take down lahlákwas he keeps taking it off (e.g., something sitting on the table). lohlákwA he has taken it off (of it). wa7khla-kóI took it off (of it), wahahla-kó• he took it off, he picked it up, akhla-kóI should pick it up. shla-kó Take it off of it! yahahla-kó• he picked it off from there. ya7skAhahla-kó Take the blanket down! wa7elistahla-kóshe took off or lifted up the piece of iron (e.g., a stove lid). wa7kna7tsyahla-kó• I took the kettle off. ya 7snuto 7tslahla-kó Take down that box! Base:

-hlakw-

take off; take down; pick up quickly tahahlákwahte7 he picked it up, he took it off in a hurry. Base: .hlakwaht- plus t- cislocative take off the end; shorten tkohalákwas I'm taking the end off of it, I'm shortening it (e.g., a dress or skirt). twakohalákwA I have cut the end off of it. takohala-kó• I took the end

off of it, I shortened it. Base: .ohalakw- plus t- cislocative take off the end; shorten quickly takohalákwahte7 I took or grabbed it off quickly (e.g., my hat off a hook). Base: .ohalakwaht- plus t- cislocative take off; unhook wa7kohala-kó• I took it off (e.g., a light bulb from a lamp). Base: -ohalakwtake out kheya7titáhkwas I'm taking her out of it (e.g., out of a swing or a stroller), liya7titáhkwas I'm taking him out of it. liya ?titáhkwA I have taken him out of it. wa 7kheya 7titáhko 7 I took her out of it, wahiya 7titáhko 7 I took him out of it. wahahulitáhko7 he took the gun out. Ashaksitáhko7 he will take a dish out again. wahana7talitáhko7 he took the bread out. AshayAtitáhko 7 he will take the wood out again. Base: -N-itahkw-/-ya ? titahkwtake out a nail or pin lonuwalotákwA he has pulled the nails out. Ahanuwalota-kóhe will take the nails out. Base: -nuwalotakwtake out a nail or pin with something lanuwalotakwátha7 he's pulling nails out with something (e.g., with the claw end of a hammer). lonuwalotakwáhtu he has pulled nails out with it. Ahanuwalotákwahte7 he will pull nails out with it. Base: -nuwalotakwahttake out of a container ktáhkwas I'm taking it out, stáhkwas you're taking

English-Oneida 1221

it out, latáhkwas he's taking it out, yetáhkwas she's taking it out, katáhkwas she (z.) is taking it out,

tnetáhkwas you and I (incl.) are taking it out, yaknetáhkwas we two (excl.) are taking it out, snetáhkwas you two are taking it out, netáhkwas the two (m.) are taking it out, knetáhkwas the two (z.) are taking it out, twatáhkwas we (incl.) are taking it out, yakwatáhkwas we (excl.) are taking it out, swatáhkwas you all are taking it out, lAnetáhkwas they (m.) are taking it out, kunetáhkwas they (z.) are taking it out. waktáhkwA I have taken it out. wa7ktáhko7 I took it out, wahatáhko 7 he took it out, wa 7etáhko 7 she took it out, wetnetáhko 7 you and I (incl.) took it out, wa7aknetáhko7 we two (excl.) took it out, wahnetáhko7 the two (m.) took it out, wetwatáhko7 we (incl.) took it out, wahAnetáhko 7 they (m.) took it out, Aktáhko7 I will take it out, Akatáhko7 she (z.) will take it out. stáhko Take it out! yahatáhko 7 he took it out of it over there, kahyatáhkwas I'm taking fruit out of it. wa7khnekatáhko7 I took the water out of it. khwistatáhkwas I take out money (out of a jar, or out of the bank), yah tehatihwistatáhkwas they (m.) don't take out money, kitsyatáhkwas I'm taking the fish out of it. wa 7kyenatáhko 7 I took the oil out (e.g., the lawnmower). kna 7talatáhkwas I'm taking bread out of it. knu7uslatáhkwas I'm taking squash out of it. kwelatáhkwas I'm taking the air out of it, I'm deflating it (e.g., a balloon, a tube), wa 7kwelatáhko 7 I took the air out of it. Base:

-tahkw-/-etahkw-

take out of a container several yukwatahkoha-tu• we have taken things out of it, lotitahkoha-tú• they (m.) have taken things out of it. wa7ktahkoha-tú• I took things out of it, Astahkoha-tú• you will take them out of it, Atnetahkoha-tú• you and I (incl.) will take them out of it, AhAnetahkoha-túthey (m.) will take them out of it. saktahkoha-tú- I took several things back out again. Base: -tahkohatu-/-etahkohatutake out of one's mouth latenhutákwas he's taking it out of his mouth. wahatenhuta-kó• he took it out of his mouth. shotenhutákwA he has taken it out of his mouth again, sahatenhuta-kó- he took it out of his mouth again, satenhuta-kó Take it out of your mouth! Base: -atenhutakwtake out of water kókwas I'm taking something out of the water. laókwA he has taken it out of the water. wa 7ko-kó- I took it out of the water. kitsyókwas I'm taking the fish out of the water, lotsyókwA he has taken the fish out of the water, wahAtsyo-kó- he took the fish out of the water. sakna7tsyo-kó• I took the pail out of the water again. Base: -okwtake out one's dentures wahatnawilanhuta-kó' he took out his dentures. Base: -atnawilanhutakwtake someone into one's arms wahiya7táhawane7 I took him into my arms to hold him, Akheya7táhawane7 I will take her and hold her. sheya7táhawan Hold her! Base: -ya'tahawa 7 -

1222 English-Oneida

take somewhere; deliver layA-hnéhe's here and he brought it. layA-hné-se7 he takes it over there, he delivers it. loyA-hnú• he has gone to take it over there. wahayA-hnáhe's on his way over to deliver it, AhayA-hná- he will take it over. wahahnekayA-hnáhe's delivering water. wahakAhayA-hná• he's taking a blanket over. AhayAtayA-hnáhe will deliver wood. Base: -yAhntake too far lo7talá-e he has carried things too far. waha7talá-eke7 he went too far (with what he was doing)Base: -?tala?ek-/-?tala?etaken, be taken by; be overcome by ya7thoku-tA- it took him (death, or some other disaster), ya7tyakoku-tAit took her. Base: .kut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic talk, be talking wakéthale7 I'm talking, lóthale7 he's talking, yakóthale7 she's talking. waketha-láhkwe7 I have talked. Awaketha-láke7 I will be talking. yáh te7yakóthale7 she or someone is not talking. Base: -thaitalk; converse tekethálha7 I converse, tetnithálha7 you and I (incl.) talk every now and then, tewakéthale7 I'm having a conversation, tesníthale7 you two are talking to each other, tehotíthale7 they (m.) are talking to one other. wa7thatha-lA• he did the talking, wa7tetnitha-lA• you and I (incl.) talked, iva7tyaknitha-lA• we two (excl.) talked, tAketha-lA- I will talk, tAyetha-lA- she or someone will

talk, tAtnitha-lA• you and I (incl.) will talk, tAyaknitha-lA- we two (excl.) will talk, tAhotitha-lA• the two will talk to each other. tetnithálhahkive7 you and I (incl.) used to talk, teyuknitha-láhkwe7 we two used to talk, tehotitha-láhkzve7 they (m.) used to talk. tAtnithálhake7 you and I (incl.) will be talking from time to time. tusetnitha-lA• you and I (incl.) talked to each other again. Base: .thai- plus te- dualic talk, go along talking lothaláti7 he's talking as he's going along. Ahothaláti7 he will talk as he's going along, lothalátyehkwe7 he has talked while going along, elók shothalátyehse7 he's going around talking all the time, elók shothaláti7 he's going around talking. tahothaláti7 he's talking as he's coming this way. Base: -thalatyetalk, several tehotitha-lú• they (m.) are talking to each other or conversing (one is talking and the others are listening). wa7thatitha-lúthey (m.) talked or conversed. Base: .thalu plus te- dualic talk, several at once tehotithalúni7 they (m.) are talking to one other, different groups here and there are talking, or everyone in a single group is talking at once. wa7tesnithalúni7 you two talked or conversed, wa7thatithalúni7 they (m.) all talked at once. Base: .thalunyu- plus te- dualic talk to; advise kuthala-níhe7 I'm giving you advice, I tell you what to do or how to behave, lothala-níhe7 he's advising him. kuthalaní I have

English-Oneida 1223

given you advice, shakothalaní he has advised her or them. wa7kuthálhahse7 I advised you, wahuwatithálhahse7 she or someone advised them (m.), wa7shakothálhahse7 he advised them, Akuthálhahse7 I will give you advice, Ashakothálhahse 7 he will advise them. Base: -thalani-/-thalhahstalkative, be wakatlihwatyé-ni I'm talkative, yakotlihwatyé-ni she's talkative, lotlihwatyé-ni he's talkative, lonatlihxvatyé-ni they (m.) are talkative. yakotlihwatye7ni-hné• she was talkative. Ayakotlihwatye 7níhake 7 she will be talkative, tsi7 nihotlihwatyé-ni he talks so much, he's a busybody, yáh te7yakotlihwatyé-ni she's not talkative. Base: -atlihwatye ? nitalkative, become wahatlihwatyé-nihte7 he started talking a whole lot, wa7utlihwatyé'nihte7 she started talking a lot. Base: -atlihwatye ? nihttall, be khnA-yés I'm tall, yehnA-yés she's tall, lahnA-yés he's tall. nihahnA-yés he's so tall, kók niyehnA-yés she's this height (I'm showing you her height by holding my hand at the level of her height), kók nihahnA-yés he's this height, kók niyehnAyesú-ne7 she was only that height, nikutihnAye-sú-se7 they (z.) are so tall. Base: -hnAyes-/-hnayestall, be getting wakhnAyesha7uháti7 I'm growing taller, lohnAyesha7uháti7 he's getting

taller. tahohriAyesha7uháti7 really growing taller. Base: -hnAyesha ? uhatye-

he's

tall, get lohnAyeshá-u he got taller. wahahnAyéshane7 he got tall. Base: -hnAyesha7tan, get wakatahala-lá-se7 I get tanned, wakatahalalá-u I have a tan, yakotahalalá-u she has a tan, lotahalalá-u he has a tan. ukwatahala-láne7 I got tanned. Base: -atahalala 7 taste, be the kind of tsi7 niyaweku7uhsló-tA the kinds of taste. Base: .eku?uhslo?tA- plus n- partitive taste good yaivéku 7 it tastes good. yaweku7ú-ne7 it tasted good, tsi7 niyawéku 7 it tastes so good, yáh te7yawéku7 it doesn't taste good. kalanáku 7 it's good-tasting corn soup. kanAstáku 7 the corn tastes good, tsi7 nikanAstáku7 the corn is really tasty. kashestáku7 it's good-tasting syrup. tsi7 nika7wahláku7 it's really good meat. Base: -eku-/-eku?u-/-ku-/-ku?utaste, have a taste yaweku7úhslale7 it has a taste, yáh te7yaweku7úhslale7 it has no taste. Base: -eku ? uhslaltaste, have a taste to something yaweku 7úhslat there's taste to it, it has a taste, yáh te7yaweku7úhslat there's no taste to it, it has lost its taste (e.g., I have a cold, and so I can't taste anything). Base: -eku ? uhslat-

1224 English-Oneida

taste, like wake-ká-se7 I like the taste of it, se-ká-se7 you like it, lawe-ká-se7 he likes it, yakawe-ká-se7 she likes it, yawe-ká-se7 she (z.) or it likes it, yukne-ká'se7 we two like it, sne-ká-se7 you two like it, lone-ká-se7 they (m.) like it. wakeká-u I'm enjoying it. ukwe-káwe7 I liked the taste of it. wake-ká-skwe7 I used to enjoy it. wakeku-hné• I enjoyed it (at one time), thawe-ká-skwe7 he used to enjoy it the most, tyakawe-ká-skwe7 she used to enjoy it the most, yáh te7wake-ká-se7 I don't like it, yáh te7wakeká-u I didn't like it. wakahya-ká-se7 I like the taste of fruit, wakitsya-ká-se7 I like to eat fish, yáh te7wakitsya-ká-se7 I don't like fish. wakna 7tala-ká-se7 I like the taste of bread, lonikwAhsa-ká-se7 he likes the taste of blood, he's a vampire. waknu7usla-ká-se7 I like squash, etc. Base: -eka ? -/-ekaw-/-ka ? -/-kawtaste strong See strong, taste strong t e a tí tea. yakotti7tsluní she h a s made tea. wa7kti7tslahnekí-la7 I

drank tea. Base: -ti-/-ti?tsl-

tea canister yutti7tslalákhwa7 or yeti7tslalákhwa

7.

teach khelihunyA-níhe7 I teach them, I'm a teacher, shakolihunyA-níhe7 he teaches them, shukwalihunyA-níhe7 he teaches us, yukhilihunyA-nthe7 she teaches us, our teacher, yakolihunyA-níhe7 she (z.) teaches them, shakotilihunyA-níhe7 they (m.) teach them, kuwalihunyAni she or someone is teaching her (z.). wa7khelihúni7 I taught her or them,

he taught me, she or they taught me, Ayesalihúni7 they will teach you. shelihúni Teach them! Base: -lihunyAni-/-lihunyAwahaklihúni7 wa7uklihúni7

teach, go to teach wa7khelihunyAní-na7 I'm going there to teach them. Base: -lihunyAni?nteach oneself; study I'm teaching myself, I'm studying. wakatatlihunyAni I have taught myself. Akatatlihúni7 I will teach myself, yáh te7wakatatlihunyAni I didn't teach myself. Base: -atatlihunyAni-/ -atatlihunyAkatatlihunyA-níhe7

teacher yakolihunyA-níhe7 teacher, shakolihunyA-níhe7 a) teacher. Base: -lihunyAnihe7 t e a k e t t l e yuthnekataliha

teapot

(she's a) (he's

7tákhwa

7.

yutti7tslunyá-tha7.

tear (in the eye) okáhsla7. okáhsla7 Base: -kahsl-

Pre-pausal:

tear watlátsyus it keeps tearing. yotlátsi it has torn, utlátsi7 it tore. Base: -atlatsyutear something klátsyus I'm tearing it, lalátsyus he's tearing it. lolátsi he has torn it, yolátsi she (z.) has torn it. wa7klátsi7 I tore it, wahalátsi7 he tore it, wa7elátsi7 she tore it. wa7khyatuhslalátsi7 I tore the paper, shyatuhslalátsi Tear the paper! Base: -latsyu-

English-Oneida 1225

tear up klatsyúkwas I'm tearing it all up. wa7klatsyu-kó• I tore it all up. Base: -latsyukwteary-eyed, become tivakkáhslote7 my eyes are watering (e.g., when I'm chopping onions), I'm teary-eyed, thokáhslote7 he's teary-eyed, tyakokáhslote7 she's teary-eyed. tukkahslo-tA• I got teary-eyed, tahokahslo-tA• he got teary-eyed. Base: .kahslot- plus t- cislocative tease someone kheyatnutolyá-tha7 I'm teasing her, kuyatnutolyá-tha7 I'm teasing you, lakwatnutolyá-tha7 he's teasing me. wa7kheyatnutólyahte7 I teased her. Base: -atnutolya ? tteen See adolescent teeter See rock; teeter teeth, brush See brush one's teeth teeth, grind See grind one's teeth teeth, have tekanawilu-tú• it has teeth (e.g., a comb, or a machine). Base: .nawilutu- plus te- dualic teeth, lose See lose baby teeth and get new teeth teeth, pull all wahuwanawilotu-kósomeone (e.g., the dentist) took all his teeth out. Base: -nawilotukwtelephone

yutWAnata7ásta7.

telephone takatwAnátane7 I telephoned (in), tahsatwAnátane7 you telephoned, ya7katWAnátane7 I telephoned (out), yahsativAnátane7 you telephoned, AtkatwAnátane7 I will telephone, AtehsatiuAnátane7 you

will telephone, AthutwAnátane7 they (m.) will telephone, yAhsatwAnátane7 you will telephone over there. yusahsatWAnátane7 you should call back again. tshutahsatwAnátane7 when you called, tshutayutWAnátane7 when she called. Base: .atwAnata7- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative telephone someone I have telephoned him, yekuyatwAnata?Aní I have telephoned you. Atkuyatu>Anáta7ahse7 I will telephone you. yusakuyatzvAnáta7ahse7 I telephoned you again. Base: .atwAnata?Ani-/ ,atwAnata ? a ? s- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative

yehiyatwAnata?Aní

television; movie watahsatálha7 television, movie, tsi7 twatahsatálha7 theater, the place where there is a show. tell a story kka-látuhe7 I'm telling a story, latika-látuhe7 they (m.) tell stories, wakkalatú I have told a story, wahaka-látu7 he told a story, wahatika-Iátu7 they (m.) told stories, Akka-látu7 I will tell a story, Ahaka-látu7 he will tell a story, akka-látu7 I should tell a story, ahaka-látu 7 he should tell a story, ahnika-látu7 the two (m.) should tell a story, skala-tú Tell a story! Asekka-látu7 I will tell another story again, usahatika-látu7 they (m.) should tell stories again, yáh tehatika-látuhe7 they (m.) don't tell stories, tshiyeka-látuhe7 when she's telling the story. Base:

-kalatu-

1226 English-Oneida

tell a story, several latikalatúnyuhe7 they (m.) are telling stories. wahatikalatúni7 they (m.) told stories, Ahatikalatúni7 they (m.) will tell stories. Base: -kalatunyutell a story to someone khekalatu-níhe7

or

khekalatú'sehe7 I'm telling them a story, yukkalatuní

she has told me a story. wa7ukka-látuhse7 she told me a story, Akuka-látuhse7 I will tell you a story, akuka-látuhse7 I should tell you a story, akwaka-látuhse7 I should tell you all a story, a-huwatika-látuhse7 someone should tell them (m.) stories. Base: -kalatuni-/-kalatu ? se-/ -kalatu ? stell about kathlo-líhe7 I keep telling about it, lakwathlo-líhe7 he keeps telling about me, wathlo-líhe7 it tells about it. wakathlolí I'm telling about it, sheyathlolí you're telling about her or them, lakwathlolí he's telling about me, shakothlolí he's telling about her or them, shakonathlolí they (m.) are telling about her, kuwathlolí they're telling about her (z.) or it. wa7kathlo-lí•

I told, wahathlo-lí- he told, wa 7uthlo-lí- she told, wa7kheyathlo-líI told about her, wahakwathlo-lí• he told about me, wa7shakothlo-líhe told about her or them, Akathlo-lí• I will tell, Ahathlo-líhe will tell, Aswathlo-lí• you all will tell, Akuyathlo-lí• I will tell about you, akathlo-lí' I should tell about, ahathlo-lí• he should tell about. aukwathlo-líke7 I would have told about it. Askathlo-lí• I will tell about it again, yahathlo-lí• he went

there and he told about it. niswakathlolí how or when I'm telling about, nyeswakathlolí it's such a time or place that I'm telling about. tshahsathlo-lí• when you started telling about it, tsha7uthlo-lí• when she started telling about it. Base: -athloli-/-athlolytell about all yuthlolyányuhe7

she

tells all about it. wahathlolyáni7 he told all about it, wahuthlolyáni7 they (m.) told all about it, Akathlolyáni7 I will tell all about it, a-kathlolyáni7 I should tell all about it. Base: -athlolyanyutell about, deem worth telling about kathlolyá-tha7 I always talk about that, lathlolyá-tha7 he likes to talk about it every now and then. wa7kathlólyahte7 I told about it, I complained about it. Base: -athlolya ? ttell about, go along telling about wakathloliháti7 I'm going on telling about it (if I'm getting ahead of myself). yewakathloliháti7 I'm going along telling about it. Base: -athlolihatyetell, go to tell kathlolyá-ne7 I'm going to tell about it. wahathlolyá-na7 he's on his way to tell about it. sahathlolyá-na7 he went there to tell about it again, tahathlolyá-na7 he's coming here to tell about it. Base: -athlolya ? ntell someone kuhlo-líhe7 I keep telling you, lihlo-líhe7 I tell him, shehlo-líhe7 you keep telling her or them, yukhlo-líhe7 she or they tell me, yukhihlo-líhe7 she or they tell us, luwahlo-líhe7

she tells him,

English-Oneida 1227

lakhlolíhe7 he tells me, shukwahlo-líhe7 he tells us, shakohlo-líhe7 he tells her or them. kuhlolí I have told you, skhlolí you have told me, yukhlolí she or someone has told me, shakohlolí he's telling her or them, he has told her or them, yukhihlolí they're telling us. wa 7kuhlo-lf I told you, wa?khehlo-lí• I told her or someone, wahihlo-lí• I told him, wahetshlo-líyou told him, wahakhlo-lí• he told me, wa7shukwahlo-lí• he told us, wa7shakohlo-líhe told her or them, wa7ukhlo-lv she or someone told me, wahuwahlo-lí• she or someone told him, wa 7kuivahlo-lí- she or someone told her (z.), wahohh'lí• she (z.) or he told him, wa7shakotihlo-líthey (m.) told her or them, Akuhlo-lí- I will tell you, Ahihlo-lí- I will tell him, Akhehlo-lí- I will tell her or them, Ahetshlo lí• you will tell him, Ashukwahlo-lí• he will tell us, Ayuknihlo-lí- she (z.) will tell the two of us, Ayesahlo-lt• she or someone will tell you, a-kwahlo-lí- I should tell you all, a-hetshlo-lí- you should tell him, a-shehlo-lí• you should tell her or them, a-shakohlo-Ií• he should tell her or them, a-yetshihlo-lf you two or you all should tell her or them. tsyutathlo-líhe7 she's telling her again, tayukhihlo-lí• they told us there, né• tshikuhlo-líhe7 that's what I'm telling you, I told you so, tsha7skhlo-lí• what you told me. Base:

-hloli-/-hloly-

tell someone all; tell several kuhlolyányuhe7 I'm telling you all about it. wa7shakohlolyáni7 he told her all about it, akwahlolyáni7 I

should tell all of you all about it. Base: -hlolyanyutell someone, go to tell to someone Ahetshlolyá-na7 you will go to tell him. Base: -hlolya ? ntell someone to do something See hire someone; ask or tell someone to do something ten

oye-lí-.

ten, be tewáshA twenty. áhsA niwáshA thirty, kayé niwáshA forty, wísk niwáshA fifty, etc. Base: .ashA plus te- dualic or npartitive Ten Day Feast

Skana7tsíhale7.

tenor wahatWAnástohte7 tenor.

(he's a)

Base: -atwAnastohte7 tent, put up See put up a tent testicles Base: lanAyá-ke -nAya?ke his testicles. thank someone See greet someone; thank someone thank you yawA. Pre-pausal: ya-wA. thaw See melt; thaw the one ne7n. then; just then; exactly then nók. then, so then Asók. there netú. Pre-pausal: ne-tú. there, over there ísi7. there, that's where thó.

1228 English-Oneida

they; themselves, as for them lonulhá(m.) or onulhá- (z.). thick, be ka-tAs it's thick. katAsA-ne7 it was thick. AkatAsAhake7 it will be thick. nika-tAs it's so thick. wahsliyé-tatAS it's thick thread. kók niwahta7nawA-tslatAS the ball is this thick, kók niswahta7naw A-tslatAS the ball is only this thick, nikahyatúhslatAS the book is so thick. kakAhatAs it's thick material, cotton, tsi7 nikakAhatAS it's such a thick blanket. nikanyAhtatAS the snow is so thick (e.g., on the car). kashú-kalatAs the board is thick. Base: -tAs-

lotiwA-hné• he was thin. AyakotiwAhake7 she will be thin, AhotiwAhake7 he will be thin, nétyakotiwA she's the skinniest. Base: -atiwAthin, be getting wakatiwA7uháti7 I'm getting thin, lotiwA7uháti7 he's getting thin, yakotiwA7uháti7 she's getting thin, shotiwA7uháti7 he's getting thin again. Base: -atiwA^uhatyethin, become wa7ka-tíive7 I became thin, wa7u-tíwe7 she became thin, Aka-tíwe7 I'm going to get thin, sayu-tíwe 7 she got thin again. Base: -atiw-

thick, be not kA7 nikatAsha it's not thick. Base: .tAsha plus kA? particle and n- partitive

thin, make oneself yutatiwásta7 she's making herself thin. Akatati-wáste7 I will make myself thin. Base: -atatiwast-

thick, become utAshane7 it got thick, AkatAshane7 it will become thick. Base: -tAsha7-

think kanuhtúnyuhe7 I'm thinking, lanuhtúnyuhe7 he's thinking, yunuhtúnyuhe7 she's thinking, lunuhtúnyuhe7 they (m.) are thinking. lonuhtúni7 he's able to think, he's conscious. iva?kanuhtúni7 I thought, wahanuhtúni7 he thought, Akanuhtúni7 I will think, akanuhtúni7 I should think. 7 lanuhtunyúhahkwe he thought 7 about it. shonuhtúni he's thinking again, he's conscious (again), sahanuhtúni7 he thought (again), Askanuhtúni7 I will think of it (again), yáh te7twanuhtúnyuhe7 we (incl.) don't think.

thigh ohnítsha7 thigh, khnitshá-ke (on) my thigh, shnitshá-ke (on) your thigh, lahnitshá-ke (on) his thigh, yehnitshá-ke (on) her thigh. teyehnitshowa-nA-se7 she has big thighs, lohrtitshanú-waks he has sore thighs. Base: -hnitshthimble ye7nikhúkhwa7 7. anishnuhsohlókta thimbleberry; blackberry shá-yese7. thin, be wakatiwA I'm thin, yakotiivA she's thin, lotiwA he's thin. Prepausal: loti-wA wakatiwA-hné- I was thin (at one time), yakotiiuA-hné• she was thin,

Base: -anuhtunyuthink See want; think think oneself better than others yutatkwenyAsta7 she thinks she's better than other people, she's stuck

English-Oneida 1229

up, latatkwenyAsta 7 he thinks he's better. Base: -atatkwenyAstthink over; think intensely kanuhtunyúkwas I'm thinking it over, lanuhtunyúkwas he's thinking it over. wakanuhtunyúkwA I have thought it over. wa7kanuhtunyu-kóI thought it over, Akanuhtunyu-kó- I will think it over, ayunuhtunyu-kóshe or someone should think it over. Base: -anuhtunyukwthink over; think intensely; make someone think over or intensely wakanuhtunyukwahtA-níhe7

it's

making me think it over. ukwanuhtunyukwáhtA? it made me think it over, wahonuhtunyukwáhtA7 it made him think it over, wahakwanuhtunyukwáhtA7 he made me think it over, AwakanuhtunyukwáhtA7 it will make me think it over. Base: -anuhtunyukwahtAni-/ -anuhtunyukwahtAthink the same way néshe (z.) thinks the same way, nétsha 7otilí-wat they (z.) think the same, they had the same idea, nétshahotilí-wat they (m.) think the same way. Base: .lihwat- plus tsha'coincident and factual mode

tsha7olí-wat

third

ahsAhatú-thne.

thirsty, become wakenya7táthAhse7 I'm thirsty. ukenya7táthA7 I got thirsty, Awakenya7táthA7 I will get thirsty. wakenya7táthAskzve7 I was thirsty. Base: -nya?tathA-

thirteen áhsA yawA-lé-. thirty áhsA niwáshA. thistle

ohyu-kwála7.

thorn áslok. t h o u s a n d oye-lí•

tewA7nyáwelu7.

thrash See strike; bat thrasher See barn; thrasher thread See string; thread; yarn thread a needle ksliye7tohálha7 I'm threading a needle, tsliye7tohálha7 you're threading a needle, yehsliye7tohálha7 she's threading a needle. waksliye7tóhale? I have threaded the needle. Aksliye7toha-lA• I will thread the needle. Base: -hsliye ? tohalthree áhsA. three at a time; three each

ahsAshu7.

three, be three or more yá-ya7k niyohsí-take six feet. áhsA niwahsu-táke three nights. áhsA niwanitskwahlá-tslake three chairs, wísk niwatahslaké five yards, kayé niwatokwá-tslake four spoons, four spoonfuls. áhsA niwAhnislaké three days, tóhka7 niwAhnislaké several days. niwAhní-take so many months. áhsA niwA-táke three weeks, tóhka7 niwA-táke several weeks, tsya-ták nikahwístake seven dollars, úska tew A 7nyáwelu

7

nikahwístake

one

hundred dollars. áhsA nikahyatúhslake three books. niyotityóhkwake there are so many crowds. áhsA nikakwi-láke three

1230 English-Oneida

whips, nikaná-talake that many breads (loaves or cakes). áhsA nikanláhtake three leaves, tonikanutó-tslake how many boxes are there? wísk niyohslaké five years. áhsA niyukwé-take three people. tóhka7 nikaya-láke several bags. áhsA nika7sléhtake three cars. Base: .N-ke- plus n- partitive three hundred áhsA

tewA7nyáwelu7.

throat ohú-kwa7 throat. khu7kwé-ne my throat, shu7kwé-ne your throat, lahu7kwéne his throat, yehu7kwé-ne her throat, kahu7kwé-ne her (z.) or its throat. wakhu7kwanú-waks I have a sore throat. Base: -hu ? kwthroat, clear one's lathu7kwahslu-níhe7 he's clearing his throat. lothu7kwahsluní he has cleared his throat. wa7kathu7kwahslu-ní• I cleared my throat. Base: -athu ? kwahslunithrow away; throw out isi7 yehótyehse7 he's throwing it away. isi7 yehóti he has thrown it away. isi7 yaho-tí• he threw it away, isi7 nyehóti where he has thrown it away. Base: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus isi7 over there, and y- translocative throw away; throw out; go to throw away or out tsi7yAwakatyéhsa7 I'm going to throw it out. isi7 yAhohnekutyéhsa7 he will go to throw the water out, isi7 nyAhohnekutyéhsa7 he will go there to empty the water.

Base: .atyehs-/.utyehs- plus ytranslocative throw down; slam down wa7tko-yAhte7 I slammed it down, wa7thlo-yAhte7 he threw it down, wa7tyako-yAhte7 she slammed it down, thó tusahlo-yAhte7 there he slammed it down again. Base: .oyAht- plus te- dualic throw; drop off; pour; add yewakátyehse7 I'm throwing it, yehótyehse7 he leaves it there, thótyehse7 he's throwing it this way. yewakáti I have thrown it, yehóti he has taken it in, he dropped it off. yaho-tí- he threw it, yahukwa-tiI threw it, ya7ukya-tíwe two threw it, taho-tí- he threw it this way, Atyako-tí- she will throw it this way, yAwaka-ti- I will throw it, yAsa-tí• you will throw it. ya 7sa• tí Throw it in! yAwatyúhake7 it will be thrown in or added. yaesátyuke7 you should have thrown it in. tutaho-tí• he threw it there or back this way again, tutayako-tíshe threw it this way again. yusaho-tí• he threw it that way again, thó nyehótyehse7 he's throwing it over there, kátsha7 nyehóti where he threw it, nyahukwa-tí• I threw it in there, nyAsa-tf you will throw it in there, nyaesa-tí• you should leave it there, nyusaho-tí• he threw them back in again, nyusasa-tí Throw it back in! Atisa7kAhlu-tíyou will throw dirt, tutayukwa7kAhlu-tí• we threw soil on it again, tayakohneku-tí• she poured water, yAsahneku-tí- you will add water, tasahneku-tí Pour water on it! nya7uknihneku-ti• we two poured water in there. yeyakohyo7tsistúti she has put salt

English-Oneida 1231

on it, yahukhyo7tsistu-tíI salted it. yahukyenu-tí• I poured oil on it, I added oil. thó yAsanAhu-tíyou will throw seeds in there. yahuknAyu-tíI threw the stone. yahuknutakli7tslu-tíI put sugar on it, I sweetened it. yahuknu7tu-tí• I put milk on it. yahuksahe7tu-tí• I put beans in, I added beans. yewakeshestúti I have poured or added the syrup, yahukeshestu-tí' I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup. yahukestyA?tu-tí- I threw a bone. yAsathe?tslu-ti• you will add flour, yewakwisúti I have added ice to it (e.g., to a drink). Base: .aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utyeplus y- translocative or t- cislocative throw something straight khéya7aks I'm throwing it (e.g., a spear, arrow, or snowsnake) at her, láya 7aks he's throwing it, yéya7aks she's throwing it, latíya 7aks they (m.) are throwing it, kutíya?aks they (z.) are throwing it, kúya 7aks I'm throwing it at you. wakúyA 7 I have thrown it at you. wa 7kúya 7ake 7 I threw it at you, wahíya7ake7 I threw it at him, wahakéya 7ake 7 he threw it at me, wa 7shakóya 7ake 7 he threw it at her, wahóya 7ake 7 he threw it at him. Base: -ya ? ak-/-yAthrow straight at something kóya7aks I'm throwing it straight at it. wakóyA7 I have thrown it. wa7kóya7ake7 I threw it, wahlóya7ake7 he threw it. tahlóya7ake7 he threw it this way. yahlóya7ake7 he threw it the other way. Base: -oya ? ak-/-oyA-

throw straight at something wa 7thlóya 7ake 7 he threw it straight at it. tutahlóya7ake7 he threw it this way. ya7thlóya7ake7 he threw it that way. nya 7thlóya 7ake 7 how or where he threw it. Base: .oya?ak-/.oyA- plus tedualic throw up See vomit thumb; unit of measure owhyúhkala 7 thumb, kewhyuhkalá-ke (on) my thumb, sewhyuhkalá-ke (on) your thumb, lawhyuhkalá-ke (on) his thumb, yewhyuhkalá-ke (on) her thumb, tsyowhyúhkalat one thumb-measure (an inch). Base: -whyuhkalthunder uhsakayutéhslu7 it thundered, Awahsakayutéhslu7 it's going to thunder. Base: -ahsakayutehsluthunder See lightning strike and thunder thundering, be wahsakayu-té-se7 thundering. Base: -ahsakayute-

it's

Thursday kayelíhatu 7t Thursday. Pre-pausal: kayelíhatuht. oyánya7teskayelíhatu7t next Thursday. tshikayelíhatu 7t last Thursday. tick

oséhtu7. Base: -sehtu-/-seht-

tickle tehake7nistiká-tha7 he's tickling me (either physically or by amusing me), tekhe7nistiká-tha7 I'm tickling her. wa7tekhe7nístikahte7 I tickled her, wa7thake7nístikahte? he tickled me, wa7twake7nístikahte7 it tickled me (e.g., I got this sensation when I went over a bump),

1232 English-Oneida

wa?tho?nístikahte? he tickled him. Base: . 7 nistika ? t- plus te- dualic tickled, get tewake?nistiká-tanihe7 it's tickling my funny bone, it gets to me so that I'm tickled. wa?twake?nistiká-tA? I got tickled, it tickled my funny bone, waHho^istiká-tA 7 he got tickled. Base: . ? nistika ? tani-/. ? nistika' ;, tAplus te- dualic tidy, be tidy; be neat teyohtálhu it's neat, it's tidy, né• tetyohtálhu it's the neatest. Base: .ohtalho- plus te- dualic tidy up tekatohtálhos I'm tidying up, teyutohtálhos she tidies up. tewakatohtálhu I have tidied up, teyakotohtálhu she has tidied up, teyukyatohtálhu we two have it all tidy. wa7tkatohtálho7 I tidied up. tehsatohtálho Tidy up! tusayutohtálho7 she tidied up again. na?teyakotohtálhu she really cleaned it up. Base: .atohtalho- plus te- dualic tidy up for someone tekheyatohtalhó-sehe7 I tidy or clean for her. wa?tekheyatohtálhohse? I cleaned for her. Base: .atohtalho'se-/ .atohtalho ? s- plus te- dualic tidy up, go to tidy up tekatohtalhóhse7 I'm here to tidy up. wa?tkatohtalhóhsa? I'm going there to tidy up. Base: .atohtalhohs- plus te- dualic tie See scarf; tie; necklace tie khwánhaks I'm tying it up (into a package or bundle), lahwánhaks

he's tying it up, yehwánhaks she's tying it up, lohwánhaks he's tying him up. ivakhwánhA I have tied it, lohwánhA he has tied it or him. kahwánhA it's tied up, lahwánhA he's tied up. wa?khwánhake? I tied it, wa?shwánhake? you tied it, zva?ehwánhake? she tied it, wahahwánhake 7 he tied it, wahihwánhake7 I tied him, Akhwánhake7 I will tie it, ahahwánhake7 he should tie it, ayehwánhake7 she should tie it. sayakzvahwánhake7 we (excl.) tied it again. Base: -hwanhak-/-hwanh-/ -nhak-/-nhtie a bundle of cloth knohkwánhaks I'm tying up the bundle of cloth (e.g., the top of a grain bag). waknohkwánhA I have tied it. kanohkwánhA it's tied. wa?knohkwánhake7 I tied it. Base: -nohkwanhak-/-nohkwanhtie a knot See knot, tie tie completely; get into a circle wa 7tyehwánhake 7 she or someone tied it all up, wa?tyakwahwánhake7 we (excl.) put ourselves around in a circle, we (excl.) tied it up thoroughiyBase: .hwanhak-/.hwanh-/ .nhak-/.nh- plus te- dualic tie, get tied up wathwánhaks it gets tied up. yothwánhA it has gotten tied up. uthwánhake7 it got tied up. Base: -athwanhak-/-athwanhtie, go to tie khwanhákhe7 I came here to tie it. wa?khwanhákha? I'm going to tie it. Base: -hwanhakh-

English-Oneida 1233

tie grain kithohkwánhaks I'm tying up grain into shocks. wakithohkwánhA I have tied up grain. kAthohkivánhA it's tied up. wa7kithohkwánhake7 I tied up grain, Akithohkwánhake7 I will tie up grain. Base: -ithohkwanhak-/ -ithohkwanhtie grain, go to tie grain wa7kithohkwanhákhe7 I intend to tie up the grain. wa7kithohkwanhákha7 I'm on my way to tie up grain. Base: -ithohkwanhakhtie several khwanhákhuhe7 I'm tying several things in several places. kahwanhákhu 7 several are tied, it's tied in several places. Base: -hwanhakhutie tobacco (leaves) kyu 7kwánhaks I tie tobacco, yeyu 7kwánhaks she ties tobacco, latiyu 7kwánhaks they (m.) tie tobacco, kutiyu 7kwánhaks they (z.) tie tobacco. wahatiyu7kwánhake7 they (m.) tied tobacco. Base: -yu ? kwanhaktie up; attach someone with a leash luwashalútha7 she's tying him up. luwasha-lúte7 she has tied him up. washa-lúte7 it's tied up, it's attached to a leash, lasha-lúte7 he's tied up. wahuwashalu-tX• she tied him up. sahuwashalu-tA- she tied him up again. Base: -ashaluttie with string or thread ksliye7tánhaks or teksliye7tánhaks I tie it up with string or thread. wa7ksliye7tánhake7 or wa7teksliye7tánhake7 I tied it up

with string or thread. Base: -hsliye ? tanhaktight, become uthni-láte7 (e.g., the lid on a jar). Base: -athnilat-

it got tighter

tighten khni-láts I tighten it (e.g., the lid of a jar), wakhnilatú I have tightened it. wa7khni-láte7 I tightened it. Base: -hnilattime, at that time ne 7 thó-ne 7. time, at this time nikaha-wí• at this time or era. tshikaha-wí• at this time, tshiskaha-wí• at this time again. time, be taking a long time yonúhtu ?k it's taking a long time. Pre-pausal: yonúhtuhk. yáh te7yonúhtu7k it's not that long a time. Base: -nuhtu'ktime, be the time or hour lis ka wa7kahwistá-eke7 one hour, tékni wa7tkahwistá-eke7 two hours. áhsA na7kahwistá-eke7 three hours, áhsA nAkahwistá-eke7 it will be three hours, tó• niyohwistá-e What time is it? úska niyohwistá-e (it's) one o'clock (literally, it has struck one), yá-ya7k niyohwistá-e six o'clock, tsya-ták niyohwistá-e seven o'clock. úska nitsyohwistá-e it's one o'clock (again), wísk tshiyohwistá-e when it's five o'clock, tékni tsha7teyohwistá-e at two o'clock, áhsA

tsha7teyohwistá-e

at three

o'clock. Base:

-hwista ? ek-/-hwista ? e-

time, for the time to arrive wa 7káhewe 7 it was at that time, Akáhewe7 the time will arrive.

1234 English-Oneida

ya7káhewe7 the time has arrived, yAkáhewe7 it will be time, yesékhes the time for me arrives again, yusakáhewe7 it came time again. nya7káhewe7 how or when it came that time again. Base: -hewtime, happen See happen a time time, have time or place waknáktote7 I have a bit of time, yonáktote7 there's time, yáh te7waknáktote7 I have no time, yáh te7tsyonáktote7 there isn't any more room. Base: -naktottime, leave time for katatnaktota-níhe7 I leave time for it. wakatatnaktotaní I have left time for it. wa7katatnaktóthahse7 I left time for it, Akatatnaktóthahse7 I will leave time for it. Base: -atatnaktotani-/ -atatnaktothahstime, that time

ni-kále7.

time, the time when tin

tshískale7.

kalistakA-láte7.

tip over See turn over; tip over tip, put over See put over the tip of; insert the tip tiptoes, be on tehahyakwi-lóte7 he's on his tiptoes, teyuhyakivi-lóte7 she's on her tiptoes. Base: .ahyakwilot- plus te- dualic tiptoes, go along on tekahyakwilotáti7 I'm going along on tiptoes, tehahyakwilotáti7 he's going along on tiptoes, teyuhyakwilotáti7 she's going along on tiptoes.

Base: dualic

.ahyakwilotatye- plus te-

tire See rubber; rind; skin tire, change See change a tire tire, get a flat See flat tire, get tire of See lazy, be lazy; tire of; become done in tired, become dead-tired tekhwishAhe-yú-se7 I get tired. teivakhwishAheyú I'm tired out, tehohwishAheyú he's tired out, teyakohwishAheyú she's tired out. wa7thahwishAheye7 he got tired, tAkhivishAheye7 I will be tired. Base: .hwishAheyu-/.hwishAheyplus te- dualic tired, get tekátya 7ks I get tired. tewakatyá-ku I'm tired, tesatyá-ku you're tired, teyotyá-ku she (z.) is tired, teyakotyá-ku she's tired, tehonatyá-ku they (m.) are tired. wa7tkátyahke7 I got tired, wa?thútyahke7 they (m.) got tired, they went under (e.g., a company such as Eaton's), tekátya 7kskwe 7 I used to get tired. tewakatya7kú-ne7 I was tired. tAwakatya7kúhake7 I will be tired. teyakotyá-kskivA she gets tired easily. na7tekátya7ks I get so tired. Base: .atya ? k- plus te- dualic toad

tsiniskwalakwalu-tú-.

toad, tree toad

kiva-lál.

tobacco oyú-kwa7 tobacco. oyu7kwá-ke in tobacco (e.g., working in tobacco), on the tobacco, oyú-kwaku in the tobacco. wahatiyu7kwiha-lA• they (m.) hung tobacco. latiyu7kwákwas they (m.) pick tobacco.

English-Oneida 1235

latiyu 7kway Athos tobacco. Base: -yu 7 kw-

they (m.) plant

tobacco, bum See bum tobacco tobacco, chew See put tobacco in one's mouth; chew tobacco tobacco, hand See hand someone leaves (tobacco) tobacco, have in one's mouth loyu7kwánhute7 he has tobacco in his mouth, yakoyu7kwánhute7 she has tobacco in her mouth. Base: -yu 7 kwanhuttobacco, Indian or sacred oyu^wa^wé. Pre-pausal: oyu7kwa7u-wé. tobacco juice oyu7kwákli7. oyu 7kwákelP.

Pre-pausal:

Base: -yu 7 kwaklitobacco, tie See tie tobacco (leaves) toboggan See sleigh; toboggan today See day, be a particular toe ohyakwi-lá- toe. kahyakwí-ke on my toe, sahyakwí-ke (on) your toe, yuhyakwi-ke (on) her toe, lahyakwí-ke (on) his toe. tewakahyakwilake?to-túmy toes are all sticking out. wakahyakwilanú-waks my toe hurts. Base: -ahyakwil-/-ahyakwitoenail See fingernail; toenail; claw toes, walk on See tiptoes, go along on together

oskánhe.

together, be tetniyáshe you and I (incl.) are together, teyakniyáshe

we two (excl.) are together, tehniyáshe the two (m.) are together, tekniyáshe the two (z.) are together, tetwayáshe we (incl.) are together, teyakwayáshe we (excl.) are together. Base: .yashe- plus te- dualic together, come to be wa7tyakniyáshene7 it came about that we two (excl.) were together, wa7tyakivayáshene7 it came about that we (excl.) were together. Base: .yashe7- plus te- dualic together, come together; end up together teyakniyashA-tá-se7 we two (excl.) keep coming together (e.g., every weekend she visits). teyukniyashAtá-u we two have gotten together. iva?tyakniyashA-táne7

w e two

(excl.) ended up together, we got to be together (e.g., she moved in with me). Base: .yashAta7- plus te- dualic tomato

tewahyakháni7.

tomorrow AyólhAne7. tongue awA7náhsa7 tongue. akw A 7náhsa 7 my tongue, SA 7náhsa 7 your tongue, law A 7náhsa 7 his tongue, akawA 7náhsa 7 her tongue. Base: -A7nahstongue, be hanging out a 7éyew A 7nahsáhele 7 its (z.) tongue is hanging way out (talking about a dog). Base: ,A7nahsahel- y- translocative tongue, stick out wa7thatA7náhkalawe7 he stuck out his tongue, wa7tyutA7náhkalawe7

1236 English-Oneida

she stuck out her tongue. Base: .atA?nahkala?w- plus tedualic

got a tooth, Ahatnawilo-tAget a tooth. Base: -atnawilot-

he will

tongue, stick out repeatedly tehatA7nahkala7wányuhe7 he's sticking out his tongue all the time. Base: .atA ? nahkala ? wanyu- plus te- dualic

tooth, get wahanawilo-táne7 he (e.g., the baby) got a tooth. Asehsnawilo-táne7 you will get another tooth. Base: -nawilota 7 -

tonight See night, be a particular

tooth, have lanaivi-lóte7 he has a tooth, he has teeth, snawi-lóte7 you have a tooth, yenawi-lóte7 she has teeth, lanawilo-táhkwe7 he had a tooth. Ahanawilo-táke7 he will have his tooth in. Base: -nawilot-

tonsils, take out wa7ukhu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out my tonsils, wa7shakotihu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out her tonsils, wahuwahu7kwakwé-talu7 they took out his tonsils. Base: -hu ? kwakwe ? talutoo; also SA-. too much só-tsi7 tools atsta7shúha

or

yutsta7shúha.

tooth onawi-lá• tooth, aknawi-lá• my tooth (which is no longer in my mouth), laonawi-lá• his tooth (which is no longer in his mouth). knawí-ke my tooth, snawí-ke your tooth, lanawí-ke his tooth, yenawí-ke her tooth. tAtyatatnawi-lú• you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi-lú Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! na7tehanawile-sú-se7 he has such long teeth, kanawiliyó it's a nice tooth, lanawili-yó-se7 he has nice teeth, tehanawili-yó-se7 he has such nice teeth, waknawilanú-waks I have a toothache. Base: -nawil-/-nawitooth, get latnawilótha7 he's getting teeth, he's teething, yutnawilótha7 she's teething. wahatnawilo-tA• he

tooth, lose or pull one's tooth wahatnawilota-kóhe lost a tooth, akatnawilota-kó• I should lose my tooth. Base: -atnawilotakwtooth, pull someone's tooth wa7uknawilota-kó• she or someone pulled my tooth, ayuknawilota-kóshe should pull my tooth. Base: -nawilotakwtop hat

teyoná-tsyes.

top, on top é-nik ná-wati7 tornado, be See wind, swirl wind; be a tornado touch everything tewake7nyalhá-te7 I touch everything, teho7nyalhá-te7 he touches everything (e.g., a little child who just can't keep his fingers off things), teyako7nyalhá-te7 she touches everything. teho7nyalha7tú-ne7 he was touching everything, into everything. tAho7nyalha7túhake7 he will be touching everything. Base: . ? nyalha ? t(e)- plus te- dualic

English-Oneida 1237

touch; feel by touching yekye-nás I touch it, I keep feeling it. yewakyenA I have touched it. ya7kye-ná• I touched it, I felt it, ya7shakoye-náhe caught hold of her. ya7tsye-ná Touch it! nya7kye-ná• how I touched it. Base: .yena- plus y- translocative touch, give a touch kA7 nyekyélha7 I'm touching it, kA7 nyehayélha7 he's touching it. kA7 nyahá-kyele7 I touched it, I gave it a touch (I touched it and then took my hand away again), kA7 nyaha-yéle7 he touched it, kA7 nya7kuyéle7 I touched you, kA7 nyahi-yéle7 I touched him, kA7 nyahákyele7 he touched me, kA7 ny Ah Aky ele 7 I will touch it. tákA7 kA7 nyAhAhsyel Don't touch it! kA7 nyekyélhahkwe7 I was touching it. kA7 nithakyélha7 he keeps touching me (there, as he passes by me), kA7 nutahákyele7 he touched me (as he went by), kA 7 nutayúkyele7 she touched me. kA 7 thyá-kyele7 I shouldn't touch it. Base: .yel- plus kA? particle and npartitive or ny- partitive and translocative tough, act tough; act macho latate-tsín he thinks he's tough, he acts macho, yutate-tsín she acts like she's better than others. Base: -atatetsintough, be tough; be able to endure hardship wakahkátste7 I'm tough (e.g., I can endure cold), lohkátste7 he's tough, yakohkátste7 she's tough, wakahkátstehkwe7 I used to be tough. Base: -ahkatst(e)tough, make oneself lotahkatstatú he has made himself tough, he has

toughened up. wahatahkátstate7 he made himself into a tough person. satahkátstat Try to endure it, toughen up! Base: -atahkatstattow truck

yo7slehtA7tú-ne7.

towel See hand towel town, be kana-táyA7 (there's) a town. Base: -natayAtown; village kanatá-ke in town, at the town, to town. wa 7katnatahni-nú• I sold my home or place, katnatahslu-níhe7 I'm fixing up my place, tsi7 yotna-táte7 it's at the end of town, tshahutnatu-níwhen they (m.) built the village. Base: -nattoy

atnutolya7tákhwa7.

trace See show how to do; trace track See footprint; track trade; deal; swap teknuway Atha7 I deal, I trade, tewaknuwayAhtu I have swapped. wa7teknu-wáyAhte7 I dealt, I traded, wa7thanu-wáyAhte7 he traded, tAyenu-wáyAhte7 she will swap. tetninu-wáyAt Let's you and I (incl.) swap! tsha7teknuwayAtha7 when I'm dealing there. Base: .nuwayAht- plus te- dualic trade with someone; exchange tekatata-wíhe7 I'm trading. wa7tkata-tú• I traded, wa7tyuta-túshe traded with someone, they traded with each other, wa7tyakyata-túwe two (excl.) traded, tetyata-tú Let's you and I (incl.) trade! tusakata-tú• I exchanged it for something else.

1238 English-Oneida

tAtyatatnawi-lú• you and I (incl.) will trade teeth, tetyatatnawi-lú Let's you and I (incl.) trade teeth! Base: .atatawi-/.atatu- plus tedualic train

tsyo7slehtá-kat.

trample; step on someone tekaskwa 7slákhwa 7 I trample on it, teyukwaskwa7slákhwa7 she keeps stepping on me. teyukwaskwa7sláhkwA she has stepped on me. wa7tkaskwá-slahkwe7 I trampled on 7 he it, wa 7thaskwá-slahkwe trampled on it, wa7tekheyaskwá-slahkwe7 I stepped on her, wa7thiyaskwá-slahkwe7 I stepped on him, wa7tyukwaskwá-slahkwe7 she stepped on me. Base: .askwa ? slahkw- plus tedualic translate See interpret transport See get and carry away; haul; transport transport someone See ride, give a ride to someone; transport someone; put into trap, set wakatlístayA7 I have a trap set up, lotlístayA 7 he has a trap set up. wahatlístayA7 he set a trap. Base: -atlistayAtrash

aksAske7shúha.

travel around; wander; roam tekatawAlyehse7 I keep travelling around. tewakatawAli7 I'm travelling, I'm going on a trip here and there. wa7tkatawAli7 I travelled around, tAkatawAli7 I will travel around. tAhsatawAlyéheke7 you

will be travelling. tetyonatawAli7 they (z.) are wandering around there. tsha?teyakwatawAlyehe7 when we (excl.) travel around, yáh tha7tusahsatawAlye7 you won't be travelling again. Base: .atawAlye- plus te- dualic travel by a route; show someone around tehutawAlyé-tha7 they (m.) travel by this path or route, tehuwatawAlyé-tha7 they're taking him around, giving him a tour. wa7thuwatawAlyehte7 they showed him around, they gave him a tour, wa7tyukwatawAlyehte7 she or someone showed me around, yáh úhka 7 tha7teyutawAlyé-tha? nobody should travel by there. Base: .atawAlye ? t- plus te- dualic travel; go to travel or show around wa7tyukwatawAlye7tá-na7 she or someone is going to show me around. Base: .atawAlye ? ta ? n- plus tedualic treasure; value waknAste7 I value it, yakonAste7 she treasures it, lonAste7 he treasures it. yakonAstehkwe7 she used to treasure it. AyakonAsteke7 she will treasure it. niyakonAste7 she really treasures it. niyakonaskwanAste7 she cares for her pet so much. lotiwilanAste7 they (m.) treasure their child. Base: -nAst(e)treat, give tehinAhluhkwányuhe7 I give him a treat. wa7tekunAhluhkwáni7 I gave you a treat, wa7tyuknAhluhkwáni7 she treated me, tAkuriAhluhkwáni7 I will treat you, tAkwanAhluhkwáni7 I will give all of you a treat, tAskwanAhluhkwáni7kA Will you give us a treat? takwatiAhluhkwáni

English-Oneida 1239

Treat us! Base: .nAhluhkwanyu- plus tedualic treat someone for an illness See doctor; treat someone for an illness treat someone right tyukwateyA7tu-níhe7 she treats me right. tyukwateyA7tuní she's treating me right, tayukivateyA-tuhse7 she treated me right, AthiyateyA-tuhse7 I will treat him right, yáh te7tyukwatewyA7tuní she's not treating me right, she's not doing right by me. yáh thutashakoteyA-tuhse7 he won't do right by her. Base: .ateyA?tuni-/.ateyA ? tu ? s-/ .atewyA ? tuni-/.atewyA ? tu ? s- plus tcislocative tree, be lying kalu-táyA7 a tree or log (is) lying there. Base: -lutayAtree, be standing kalu-tóte7 (there's) a tree growing, still standing, (there's) a Christmas concert, tkalu-tóte7 a tree is there, standing. tshikaluto-táhkwe7 when they had a Christmas concert. Base: -lutottree, be standing several kaluto-tú(there's) a group of trees. Base: -lutotutree, knot in See knot in a tree tree; log ka-lúte7 log, tree, a cut-down tree, kalutá-ke on the tree. kalute7shúha a lot of (cut-down) trees, wahutlutahslu-níthey (m.) trimmed the trees, prepared the logs. yotlutuní there are trees growing, tyotlutuní there are trees growing

there. kA7 nikalutá- it's a small tree. kalu-tés it's a long log, nikalute-sú-se7 the logs are so long. nAtitnilutáhawe7 where you and I (incl.) will get a tree from. tashakolutahawíhtA7 he brought her a log. kalutiyó it's a nice tree, loluti-yó-se7 he has nice trees, niyuknilutiyó we two have such a nice tree, aetnilutakó-na7 you and I (incl.) should go to get a tree. kalutoivanA it's a big tree, kalutowa-tiA-se7 the trees are big. yuknilutanAskoháti7

w e t w o are

going along stealing a tree. wa7aknilutanAsko7 we two (excl.) stole the tree. wahatluto-lAne7 he found a tree. nikalutó-tA the kind of tree it is, na7kalutó-tA7 the species of tree it is. tsha7tekalutó-tA it's the same kind of tree, skalu-tát one tree. thikalu-táte7 it's a different tree. wa7twaklutu-kó- I ran into a tree. kalutyá-ku the tree was cut down, wahatilútyahke7 they (m.) cut down a tree, Ahslútyahke7 you will cut down the tree. wa7thalútyahke7 he cut down the tree, wahatilutyá-khu7 they (m.) cut down trees. tekaluta7slúni7 the logs are piled up, wa7thatiluta7slúni7 they (m.) put the logs one on top of the other. wa7kalutayA-táne7 the tree landed. salutayAthu you have planted a tree. sholutayAthóhslu7 he planted trees again. yoluta7klúnyuhe7 logs are floating. Base: -luttree, put up a tree; have a Christmas concert latlutótha7 he's putting up a (Christmas) tree, yukyatlu-tóte7 we two have put up a tree. Ahatluto-tAhe will put up a tree, aetyatluto-tAyou and I (incl.) should put up a tree, aetwatluto-tA- we (incl.) should put

1240 English-Oneida

up a tree, thonatlu-tóte7 they (m.) are having a Christmas concert. Base: -atlutottree, put up a tree; intend to put up a tree or have a Christmas concert katlutotá-ne7 I'm going to put up a tree, thó thutlutotá-ne7 there they (m.) are going to have a Christmas concert. Base: -atlutota'ntree root yohtehlaténi7. tree stump otsina7á-la7. Base: -tsina'ahltree stump, be standing katsina7á-lote7 or yotsina7á-lote7 (there's) a tree stump standing upright in the ground. Base: -tsina'ahlottrees See forest; trees tremble; shake loya7tutawé-tha7 he shakes, he quivers. wakya7tutawé-tu I'm trembling, loya7tutawé-tu he's shaking, yakoya7tutawé-tu she's shaking. Ahoya7tu-táwehte7 he will shake. Base: -ya ? tutawe ? tt r i a n g l e áhsA

na7teyotakwalu-té-.

trick See do something to; fool; trick; decorate trick someone See drag; drive; ride; trick someone trim See decorate trim with lace See lace, trim with trip someone thakwalahsi7totálhos he keeps tripping me. thakwalahsi7totálhu he has tripped me. tashakolahsi7totálho7 he tripped her or them.

Base: ,alahsi ? totalho- plus tcislocative trip; stumble tetzvakahsí-tya7ks I trip. tetwakahsi7tyá-ku I have tripped. tutukwahsí-tyahke7 I tripped, tutahohsí-tyahke7 he tripped. Base: .ahsi ? tya ? k- plus tet- dualic and cislocative trouble, cause trouble or distress lakalewátha7 he causes trouble, he's responsible for some awful event, khekalewátha7 I'm causing trouble or distress for someone. shakokalewáhtu he has caused trouble or distress for someone. wa7khekale-wáhte7 I caused trouble or distress for someone. Base: -kalewahttrouble, get into See wrong, do wrong; make a mistake troubled, feel See sad, feel sad; feel troubled; give up troubling, be troubling; be worrisome teyo7nikú-lya7kt it's troubling, it's worrisome. na7teyo7nikú-lya7kt it's so worrisome. Base: .a ? nikuhlya ? kt- plus tedualic trousers See pants; trousers truly; for sure to-kXske7 or tú-ske7. truth, become known; become certain Akato-kXne7 it will become certain or definite, it will become apparent, it will be found out, akato-kAne7 it may become certain, it's possible. nya7kato-kAne7 the truth came out. Base: -tokA?try hard; do intensely; struggle kahkwíshluhe7 I'm trying hard

English-Oneida 1241

(physically or mentally). wakahkwíshlu 7 I'm struggling to do it, lohkwíshlu 7 he's struggling to do it. wa7kahkwíshlu7 I tried hard, Ahsahkwíshlu7 you will try hard. sahkwíshlu Try hard! tákA 7 Atehsahkwíshlu Don't use such force! tuhkwíshlu7 it did it hard, Atehsahkwishlu7 you will use your strength there, tsi7 na7kahkwíshlu7 I struggled so hard, thó nityohkwíshlu7 it's doing something really hard there. Base: -ahkwishlutry hard; struggle repeatedly kahkwishlúnyuhe7 I keep struggling. ivahahkwishlúni7 he struggled. Base: -ahkwishlunyutry; measure; try on or out kate7nyAtha7 I'm trying, I'm trying it on, I'm measuring it, wate7nyAtha7 she (z.) is trying, lute7nyAtha7 they (m.) are trying. wakaté-nyAte7 I have tried, I have measured it, loté-nyAte7 he has measured it. zva7kate7nyA-tA- I tried, I measured it, wa7kheyate7nyA-tA• I tried it on her (e.g., to see if it fits), I tried her out (e.g., I'm looking for a cheerleader), Ahsate7nyA-tA• you will try, Ahate7nyA-tA• he will measure it. sate7nyA-tA Measure it! sakate7nyA-tA• I tried again, sayute7nyA-tA• she tried again, sasate7nyA-tA Try again! yáh thahute7nyA'tA• they (m.) won't try. Base: -ate?nyAt-/-ate?nyAtAtry on or out several; measure several kate7nyAtúnyuhe7 I'm trying things on, I'm measuring. wa7kate7nyAtúni7 I tried them on. Base: -ate?nyAtunyu-

try one's best; apply oneself katataskénhas I try my best. wakatataskénhA I'm trying my best, yakotataskénhA she or someone is trying really hard, tsyatataskénhA you two are trying really hard, lonatataskénhA they (m.) are trying really hard. wa7katataskénha7 I tried my best, wahutataskénha7 they (m.) tried hard, Akatataskénha7 I will try hard, ahutataskénha7 they (m.) should apply themselves, tá-t yáh thahsatataskénha7 if you don't try hard. Base: -atataskenhatry to do things on one's own ya7tehatatya7tísta7 he tries to do things by himself by excluding others, he's independent, ya7teyutatya7tísta7 she tries to do things by herself. Base: ,atatya ? tist- plus ya ? tetranslocative and dualic tub See basin; tub tub; barrel; drum ka 7náhkwa 7 tub, barrel, drum (both the container and the musical instrument). ka7nahkokú under the barrel, the bottom of the barrel. Pre-pausal: ka7nahko-kú. wa7kate7nahkwá-lA7 I put the tub on, tayute7nahkwá-lA7 she put the tub on there. wa7kate7náhkwayA7 I put my tub down, tka 7náhkote 7 there's a barrel standing there. tka7nahko-tú• there are barrels standing there. yo7nahkwatiAtakú it's stuck to the pot or tub (e.g., when soup or beans burn onto the bottom of the pot), tyo7nahkwanA'táks the pot keeps sticking (food keeps getting stuck to it), tyo7nahkwanAtakú it's

1242 English-Oneida

turn back See come back; turn back

stuck there on the pot or tub. Base: - ? nahkwtuberculosis wahsa 7ka 7tsláksA. Tuesday tekníhatu 7t Tuesday. Prepausal: tekníhatuht. oyánya 7teskníhatu 7t next Tuesday. tsha7tekníhatu7t last Tuesday. tug-of-war tehu 7nhalukslatilútha

7.

tune, play See music, make or play music tunnel See hole, be a hole in the ground; a cave or tunnel turkey

skawilo-wáne7.

turmoil, feel See anxious, feel anxious; get upset turn around tekatkalhatényehse7 I keep turning around. tewakatkalhaténi I have turned around. wa7tkatkalhate-níI turned around, tusakatkalhate'ní• I turned around again, tusahatkalhate-níhe turned around again. tutahatkalhate-ní• he turned back around this way. Base: .atkalhateny- plus te- dualic turn around something tekkalhatényehse7 I'm turning it around, tehakalhatényehse7 he's turning it around, tewakkalhaténi I have turned it around. wa7tekkalhate-ní• I turned it around, wa7tekhekalhate-níI turned her around, wa7twakkalhate-ní• it (e.g., the wind) turned me around. tusakkalhate-ní• I turned it around again, tusakhekalhate-ní• I turned her around again. Base: .kalhateny- plus te- dualic

turn in; turn a corner wa7kkalAhla-kóI turned in, wahakalAhla-kóhe turned in. skalAhla-kó Turn in! nikkalAhlákwas how or where I turn, na7kkalAhla-kó• how or where I turned. Base: -kalAhlakwturn on one; get away on one ukkalAhlákwahse7 it turned on me, it got away on me (e.g., that's how my car ended up in the ditch). Base: -kalAhlakwa ? sturn one's ankle wakatshiniko7takalháthu I have turned my ankle. wahatshiniko7takalhátho7 he turned his ankle, wa7utshiniko7takalhátho7 she turned her ankle. Base: -atshiniko ? takalhathoturn or face a direction kAh nukwániivakatyelá-tu I'm turned or facing this way, a7é• niwakatyelá-tu I'm turned or facing the other way. a 7éna7katye-lá-te7 I turned that way. thó nukwániwakatyela7tú-ne7 that's the way I was facing, thó nukwá- nAivakatyela7túhake7 I will be facing that way. nitwakatyelá-tu I'm facing this way, kAh nukwánutasatye-láht Turn this way! nyAhsatye-lá-te7 you will face that way. Base: .atyela ? t- plus n- partitive turn or knock over something low; plow kkalháthos I'm plowing, lakalháthos he's plowing. lokalháthu he has plowed. wa 7kkaIhátho 7 I turned it over, wahakalhátho7 he turned it over, 7 Askalhátho you will turn it over.

English-Oneida 1243

skalhá tho Turn it over! Ashakalhátho7 he will plow again. tahakalhátho7 he plowed there. wa7kna7tsyakalhátho7 I turned over the pot or pail (so that the contents spilled out). wa7knuto7tslakalhátho7 I turned over the box. Base: -kalhathoturn over several kkalhathóhsluhe7 I'm turning over several things. Askalhathóhslu 7 you will turn over several things. Base: -kalhathohsluturn over; tip over latkalháthos he's turning over (intentionally), wakatkalháthos I keep tipping or flipping over (accidentally). wa7katkalhátho7 I turned over, zoahotkalhátho7 he flipped over, wa7ukyatkalhatho7 we tipped over. wahothuzvakalhátho7 he tipped over in the boat, wa7ukwathuwakalhátho7 we tipped over in the boat. ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 I got turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa7ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 we turned over in our vehicle, tayukwate7slehtakalhátho7 there our vehicle turned over. Base:

-atkalhatho-

turn something in a direction kAh nukwá• nitekyelá-tha7 I turn it in this direction, nitwakyelá-tu I have turned it this way, a7é- nukwáyewakyelá-tu I have turned it that direction. kAh nukwá• nutakye-lá-te7 I turned it this way, nutayeye-lá-te7 she turned it this way, she found a way, a7é- nukwá• ya7kye-lá-te7 I turned it that way, thó nutuye-lá-te7

it's in that position. Base: ,yela ? t- plus nit- partitive and cislocative or y- translocative turn, take turns teyakyatatnihá-tha7 we two (excl.) are taking turns, tehyatatnihá-tha7 the two (m.) are taking turns, tehonatatnihá tu they (m.) have taken turns. wa7thyatatníhahte7 the two (m.) took turns, tAyakyatatníhahte7 we two (excl.) will take turns. Base: .atatniha ? t- plus te- dualic turn the page lahyatuhslakétskwas he's turning the pages. lohyatuhslakétskwA he has turned the page. wa7khyatuhslakétsko7 I turned the page. sivahyatuhslakétsko All of you turn the page! Base: -hyatuhslaketskwturn; twist khwata-séhe7 I'm turning it (e.g., a knob), lahwata-séhe7 he's turning it. wakhwatasé I have turned it. wa7khwata-sé• I turned it, Akhivata-sé• I will turn it, Ahahwata-sé• he will turn it. Athahwata-sé• he will turn it there. yAhahwata-sé• he will turn or twist it over there. wa?sknAtshata-sé• you twisted my arm. Base: -hwatase-/-taseturnip See button; fist; knuckle; turnip turtle

a7no-wál.

Turtle clan latinyáhtA (they are the) Turtle clan. Base: -nyahtAturtle shell rattle

ostowa7kó-.

twelve tékni yawA-lé-. twenty tewáshA.

1244 English-Oneida

twenty-five cents tékni silu. twig; whip o-kwíle7 twig, whip. nikakwi-lá 'se7 the size of the twigs. wahyatkwílyahke7 the two (m.) broke off a whip, Atsyatkivílyahke7 you two will break off a whip. áhsA nikakwi-láke three whips. nikakwiló-tA the kind of whip it is. Base: -kwiltwins, be tetníkhA7 you and I (incl.) are twins, teyaknikhA 7 we two (excl.) are twins, tehníkhA 7 the two (m.) are twins, teknikhA7 twin girls, tehatíkhA7 they (m.) are all twins. áhsA na7tehatíkhA7 triplets. Base: .khA-/.khAt- plus te- dualic twist See turn; twist twist, get twisted yothwatasé it's twisted, uthwata-sé• it got twisted. yotnakalatasé it's a twisted stick. Base: -athwatase-/-at-N-tasetwitch, one's eye wakkahti7klúkwas my eye is twitching, sakahti7klúkwas your eye is twitching, yakokahti7klúkwas her eye is twitching, lokahti7klúkwas his eye is twitching. wa7akokahti7klu-kóher eye twitched (just once). Base: -kahti'klukw-

tewahtsyá-nake two handfuls. tewá-yake two fruits. teivatokwá-tslake two spoons, two spoonfuls. teivatya7tawí-tslake two dresses. teka7núkslake two onions. tewAhnislaké two days. tewAhní-take two months. tekahi7kalaké two pieces (e.g., of pie). tekahsA-náke two names. tekahté-lake two roots (e.g., two carrots), tekahúhsake two slices of meat, tekahu-iváke two boats. tekahwístake two dollars. tekahyatúhslake two books. tekakápslake or tekatikápslake two cups. tekakwe7talá-tslake two slices, tekana-kálake two sticks. tekana7kúhslake two hills of plants. tekaná-tsyake two pails. tekanláhtake two leaves. tekanúhsake two houses, tekanuhsake-hnéthere were two houses, tekanuhsakéhake7 there will be two houses, tekanutó-tslake two boxes, teyohslaké two years. tekastó-slake two feathers. teyota-láke two brims, tekawi-sáke two glasses. teka7sléhtake two cars. Base: .N-ke- plus te- dualic

two tékni. Pre-pausal: tékeni.

two, be two at a time tekawisakeháti7 there are two glasses at a time. teka7slehtakeháti7 there are two cars at a time. Base: .N-kehatye- plus te- dualic

two at a time; two each tekníshu 7.

two hundred tékni

two, be tewahkwesA-táke two jugs. teyohsí-take two feet (of measure).

typewriter

teivA7nyáwelu7.

tekalistó-lalaks.

English-Oneida 1245

u ugly, be kahétkA 7 she (z.) or it is ugly, lahétkA? he's ugly, latihétkA7 they (m.) are ugly. Base: -hetkAumbrella atahalanAStákhwa7 umbrella. akwatahalanAstákhwa7 my umbrella. unable, be unable to do; fail in an attempt wakahtákwas I can't do it (physically or mentally), lohtákwas he can't do it, he's trying but he's unable to do it. lohtakwA-u or lohtakú-u he wasn't able do it. wahohta-kó- he couldn't do it, Ahohta-kó• he won't be able to do it. Base: -ahtakw-/-ahtakwA?unable, be unable to find katstá-lus I can't find it. wakatstá-lu I haven't found it. wa7kátstale7 I didn't find it, Akátstale7 I won't find it. Base: -atstahlunable, be unable to find a way or idea lolihwayé-wahse7 he can't find a way or reason, waholihwayé-wha7 he couldn't find a way, Awaklihwayé-wha7 I won't be able to find a way. Base: -lihwayehwa-/ -lihwayehwhaunable, be unable to find a word katlihwatstá-lus I can't find the word or reason, lotlihwatstá-lu he hasn't been able to find the word or reason. wa7katlihwátstale7 I can't find a word or reason. Base: -atlihwatstahlunable, be unable to find; be unavailable to one wakyé-wahse7

I

can't find it (because it's not available, or they're out of it), loyé-wahse7 he can't find it. ukyé-wha 7 I couldn't find it, wa7akoyé-wha7 she couldn't find it, Awakyé-wha 7 I won't be able to find it. wakenha7tslayé-wahse7 I can't find work, Awakenha7tslayé-wha7 I won't find work. waknuhsayé-wahse7 I can't find a place to live, uknuhsayé-wha7 I couldn't find a place to live. wake7wahlayé-wahse7 I can't find some meat (e.g., they're all out at the store). uke7slehtayé-wha7 I couldn't find a ride. Base: -yehwa-/-yehwhaunable, be unable to help it yáh thyawakyelA I couldn't help it, I had to (do it), yáh thyá-kyele7 I can't help it, yáh thyaha-yéle7 he can't help it. Base: .yel- plus yáh negative particle and thy- contrastive and translocative unable, be unable to quite make it See stuck, get unbutton See unfasten uncle See niece; nephew; aunt; uncle uncle; mother's brother See mother; aunt; uncle; mother's brother u n c o m f o r t a b l e , b e waknaktáksA

I'm

uncomfortable, lonaktáksA he's uncomfortable, yakonaktáksA she's uncomfortable. Base: -naktaksA-

1246 English-Oneida

unconscious, be wake7nikuhlahtú-u I'm unconscious, lo7nikuhlahtú-u he's unconscious, yako7nikuhlahtú-u she's unconscious. Base: - ? nikuhlahtuunconscious, make someone yuke7nikuhlahtú-tha7 they keep putting me under (e.g., they give me an anesthetic before surgery). wa7uke7nikuhláhtuhte7 they put me under, wahuwa7nikuhláhtuhte7 they put him under. Base: - ? nikuhlahtu ? tuncooperative, be kluhya7tákhwa7 I'm uncooperative, laluhya7tákhwa7 he's the kind of person whom you have to beg to do something, yeluhya7tákhwa7 she's uncooperative. Base: -luhya ? tahkwuncover ke7lholóksyus I'm uncovering it. lo7lholóksi he has uncovered it. wa7ke7lholóksi7 I uncovered it. ? Base: - lholoksyuuncover; take the lid off knutéksyus I'm taking the lid off, I'm opening it. lonutéksi he has opened it. kanutéksi it's coverless. Aknutéksi7 I will open it. Kóh, snutéksi ka7i-kA Here, open this! Base: -nuteksyu-/-nuteksyundecided, become tewakatlihotalhó-sehe7 I'm undecided, tehotlihotalhó-sehe7 he's undecided, teyakotlihotalhó-sehe7 she's undecided, tá-t tesatlihotalhó-se if you're undecided. wa7twakatlihotálhohse7 I became undecided, I argued or debated with myself. Base: .atlihotalho'se-/ ,atlihotalho ? s- plus te- dualic

undecided, become teka7nikuhlókwas I'm of two minds. tewaka7nikuhlókw A my mind is scattered, I can't decide. tAka7nikuhlo-kó• I will become undecided. Base: .a ? nikuhlokw- plus tedualic under ná-ku. underarm; armpit kenhuhlá-ke on my underarm (e.g., I might say this if my arm is raised above my head). kenhuhlokú my underarm, senhuhlokú your underarm, lanhuhlokú his underarm, yenhuhlokú her underarm. Prepausal: yenhuhlo-kú. tehanhuhláklahse7 his armpits smell. wa7katenhuhlóhale7 I washed my underarm or my armpit. Base: -nhuhlunderpants na7kúkha7 a

7nhuskwá-lha

understand; grasp I understand, yako7nikuhlayA-tá-se7 she understands. wake7nikuhlayAtá-u I have understood it, lo7nikuhlayAtá-u he has understood a lot of things (and so he's a smart guy). uke7nikuhlayA-táne 7 I grasped it, Aivake?nikuhlayA-táne7 I will un7nikuhlayA-tá-skwe7 derstand. wake I used to understand. Base: - ? nikuhlayAta ? wake7nikuhlayA-tá-se7

underway, get yotlihwahtAti it's going on, it's underway. utlihwahtA-tíit got underway. Base: -atlihwahtAty-/ -atlihwahtAtye-

underwear na7kúkha7.

English-Oneida 1247

undo a knot See knot, undo undo by turning; imtwist khwataséhsyus I'm undoing it, I'm untwisting it. wakhwataséhsyu or wakhwataséhsi I have undone it. wa7khwataséhsi7 I undid it, wa7shwataséhsi7 you undid it. shwataséhsi Untwist it! Base: -hwatasehsyuundo; take apart kká-tshyus I'm undoing it. wakká-tshi I have undone it, lotiká-tshi they (m.) have undone it. iva7kká-tshi7 I undid it, Aská-tshi7 you will undo it. tsyakoká-tshi she has undone it again, sayeká-tshi7 she undid it again. wa7khle7naká-tshi7 I took apart the bundle, kitstotslaká-tshyus I'm taking apart the parcel or package. latinuhsaká-tshyus they (m.) are tearing down the building, thotinuhsaká'tshi they (m.) have torn down the building there. knuto7tslaká-tshyus I'm tearing the box apart, wa7knuto7tslaká-tshi7 I took the box apart, snuto7tslaká-tshi Open the box! Base: -ka ? tshyuundo; take apart bit by bit wakka7tshyuháti7 I'm undoing it bit by bit, a little at a time. Base: -ka ? tshyuhatyeundone, come watká-tshyus it comes undone, yotká-tshi it has come undone. utká-tshi7 it came undone. sutká-tshi7 it came undone again. Base: -atka'tshyuundone, come See apart, come apart; come undone; separate undress katslunyáhsyus I'm undressing. wakatslunyáhsi I have undressed.

wa7katslunyáhsi7 I undressed. Base: -atslunyahsyuundress someone lihslunyáhsyus I'm undressing him, khehslunyáhsyus I'm undressing her or someone. khehslunyáhsi I have undressed her or someone. wa7khehslunyáhsi7 I undressed her or someone. Base: -hslunyahsyuuneasy, become ukwate7shAnáksahse7 I became uneasy, wahote7shAnáksahse7 he became uneasy, wa7akote7shAnáksahse7 she became uneasy. Base: -ate?shAnaksa?suneasy, feel lote7shAnáksA he's uneasy, yakote7shAnáksA she's uneasy. Base: -ate?shAnaks(A)unequal, treat unequally See favour one over the other; treat unequally unfasten teknahsutákwas I unfasten it. tewaknahsutákwA I have unfastened it. tAknahsuta-kó• I will unfasten it. tehsnahsuta-kó Unfasten it! Base: .nahsutakw- plus te- dualic unhealthy, be See unwell, be unwell; be sickly unhook kotalíhsyus I'm unhooking it. Akotalíhsi7 I will unhook it. skotalíhsyus I'm unhooking it again, sakotalíhsi7 I unhooked it again, Askotalíhsi7 I will unhook it again. Base: -otalihsyuUnited States See America; United States unload See take out of a container

1248 English-Oneida

unlucky, be wakatla 7swáksA I have bad luck, I'm unlucky, lotla 7swáksA he has bad luck, yakotla7swáksA she has bad luck. Base: -atla ? swaks(A)unlucky, become ukwatla7swáksAne7 I got bad luck, I became unlucky, Ahotla7swáksAne7 he will become unlucky. Base: -atla?swaksA?unpack kathle7naká-tshyus I'm unpacking my belongings. wa7kathle7naká-tshi7 I unpacked. Base: -athle ? naka ? tshyuunravel See apart, come apart; come undone; separate unreliable, be laye-lú• he's unreliable, yeye-lú• she's unreliable. Base: -yeluunripe fruit See fruit, unripe or green fruit untie lohwanháhsi he has untied it. wa7khwanháhsi7 I untied it. sekhwanháhsyus I'm untying it again, sakhwanháhsi7 I untied it again. Base: -hwanhahsyuuntie someone See loose, let someone loose; untie; unleash until tsi7 niyo-lé- or tsyo7lé-. unwell, be unwell; be sickly waktsí-yohse 7 I'm unwell (a lot of the time), lotsí-yohse7 he's unwell, yakotsí-yohse7 she's unwell. Base: -tsi ? younwell, be unwell; be sickly waktsi7yohá I'm unwell (right now), yakotsi7yohá she's sickly,

lotsi7yohá he's sickly. Pre-pausal: lotsi7yohá. lohsi7tatsi7yohá his foot is not right. yakawelyahsatsi7yohá her heart is not well. wakutshatsi7yohá my knee is not right. Base: -tsi ? yohaunwell, become unwell; become sickly uktsi7yo háne7 I'm starting to be unwell, wahotsi7yo-háne7 he's starting to be unwell. Base: -tsi ? yoha ? unwrap khwe7nunyáhsyus I'm unwrapping it. yakohwe7nunyáhsi she has unwrapped it. wa7khwe7nunyáhsi7 I unwrapped it. Base: -hwe ? nunyahsyuup; above; upstairs; over é-nik or é-nike. up, get something up klathAsta7 I'm getting it up (e.g., upstairs). waklathAstu I have gotten it upstairs. wa7kláthAste7 I got it upstairs. Base: -lathAstuphill, go See go uphill upset, get See anxious, feel anxious; get upset upset, get See cross, get cross; get upset upside down, get See flip over; get upside down urge someone; have an urge twakatutahkwA-níhe7 this feeling keeps coming over me that I want to do something or need to feel a particular way. tkuyatutahkwAni I have urged you, I have given you the urge. tukwatutáhkwA 7 I felt I wanted to do it, tahonatutáhkwA7 they (m.)

English-Oneida 1249

had the urge, takuyatutáhkwA7 I urge you, AtwakatutáhkwA? I will feel that I should do it, AtkuyatutáhkwA? I will urge you. Base: .atutahkwAni-/.atutahkwAplus t- cislocative urgent, be See impatient, be impatient; be urgent urinate lanislya-kéhe7 he keeps urinating. lonistyaké he's urinating. wa7kanistya-ké• I urinated, wahanistya-ké• he urinated, wa7unistya-ké- she urinated, ivahonistya-ké- he urinated on him, i-kélhe7 akanistya-ké- I have to urinate (literally, it wants me to urinate), elók yeshonistyaké he's urinating all over (e.g., a dog). Base: -anistyakeurinate, go to urinate i-kélhe7 akanistyaké-na7 I want to go there to urinate. Base: -anistyake ? nurine onhAha7. Base: - n h A h use for satstákhwa 7 you use it for doing something. wa7kátstahkwe7 that is the thing I used. Base: -atstahkwuse, intend to use katstá-ne 7 I'm going to use it, satstá-ne7 you intend to use it. Base: -atsta ? nuse several latstányuhe7 he uses different things. wahatstáni7 he used different things. Base: -atstanyuuse time or space to do something wakatyenawásta7 it takes me so long to do something, I'm using so much

space, ukwatye-náwaste7 it took me this long or this much time, iva7ukwatye-náwaste7 it took us this much time to do it, Aivakatye-náwaste7 I will use this much time or space. Base: -atyenawastuse up See hold onto; keep; use up use; wear kátsta7 I'm using it, I'm wearing it, sátsta7 you're using it, látsta7 he's using it, yútsta7 she's using it, wátsta 7 she (z.) is using it, tyátsta7 you and I (incl.) are using it, lútsta7 they (m.) are using it. wakátstu I have used it, I'm wearing it, lótstu he has used it, lonátstu they (m.) have used it, yonátstu they (z.) have used it. wá-katste7 I used it, wá-yutste7 she used it, wá-latste7 he used it, wa7ákyatste7 we two (excl.) used it, wa7ákwatste7 we (excl.) used it, wahA-nútste7 they (m.) used it, A-kátste7 I will use it, Ahsatste7 you will use it, A-latste7 he will use it, A-yútste7 she will use it, Atyatste7 you and I (incl.) will use it, Ayákyatste7 we two (excl.) will use it, Atsyatste7 you two will use it, Atwatste7 we (incl.) will use it, Ayákwatste7 we (excl.) will use it, Aku-nútste7 they (z.) will use it, AhA-nútste7 they (m.) will use it, a-kátste7 I should use it, áhsatste 7 you should use it, a-yútste7 she should use it, aétyatste7 you and I (incl.) should use it, ayákwatste7 we (excl.) should use it, a-hA-nútste7 they (m.) should use it. íhsatst Use it! Akátstake7 I will be using it. ahotstúhake7 he should be wearing it, ahonatstúhake7 they (m.) should have been using it. Base: -atst-/-utst-

1250 English-Oneida

use; wear; get through using; take off clothing katstáhsyus I'm finishing using it, I'm taking it off. wakatstáhsi I'm through with it, lotstáhsi he's through with it, lonatstáhsi they (m.) are through with it. wahutstáhsi7 they (m.) got through with it, Akatstáhsi7 I will be finished using it. Base: -atstahsyu-

he's useful. wa7ka-téste7 I was useful, Aka-téste7 I will be of some use. niwatésta7 how it will be used, yáh te7watésta7 it's not being used. Base: -atestuseful, be wástak it's useful. AwastahkwAhake7 it will be useful. Base: -astahkwusually Lis.

used, get used; be useful I'm useful, yutésta7 she's useful, latésta7 katésta 7

V vagina See genitals vain, be vain; be cocky kna-yé• I'm cocky or vain, lana-yé- he's cocky, he's vain, ahana-yéke7 for him to be vain, tsi7 nihana-yé- he's so cocky. Base: -nayevalley See crevice, be extending valley See gully; valley value See treasure; value value, have value; have worth yoka-láyA7 it has value or worth. tyoka-láyA7 it's the most value. Base: -kalayAvalue; worth o-kále7 value. niyoka-lá• the value or cost. Base: -kalvanish See lost, get lost; disappear vehicle ká-slet vehicle, car. aké-slet my vehicle, my car, laó-slet his car, ukwá'slet our car, laotí-slet their (m.) cars. ka7slehtá-ke on the car. ka7sléhtaku in the car,

ake7slehtakúshu7 all over the inside of my car. ka7slehtokú under the car. Pre-pausal: ka?slehto-kú. 7 7 wa tkate slehtata-séI went around the car. o7slehtakayú old car. ka7slehtáksA the car is bad (mechanically). wa7ka7slehtáksAne7 the car got worse (mechanically). tsi7 na7teho7slehtanú-yanit is his car ever dirty. o7sléhtase7 new car. Iate7slehti-sáks he's looking for a car (to buy, or for a ride). iva7kate7slehtisákha7 I'm going to look for a car. wa7kate7slehtahni-núI sold a car. wahiyate7slehtahni-nú'se7 I sold him a car. wa7kate7slehtaníha7 I borrowed a car. wahiyate7slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from him, wa 7kheyate7slehtaníhahse7 I borrowed a car from her. lote7slehtáhele7 he has the vehicle sitting up there (e.g., when he's working on a car). wahate7sléhtike7 he has a earful (e.g., of people). taha7slehtatilu-tA• he pulled the car. tahate7slehtínyuhte7 he

English-Oneida 1251

brought in the car (e.g., drove it into the driveway or garage). wa7kate7slehti-yóste7 I made my car nice, takate7slehti-yóste7 I made the nicest car. ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 I got turned over in the vehicle, the vehicle turned over on me, wa7ukwate7slehtakalhátho7 we turned over in our vehicle, tayukwate7slehtakalhátho7 there our vehicle turned over. wa7kate7slehtoha!é-na7 I'm going there to wash my car. wahiyate7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. tsi7 yote7sléhtate7 it's at the end of the car. kate7slehtu-níhe7 I'm fixing the car. wa7kate7slehtú-neke7 I moved my car. waho7slehtu-tí• he lost his car. kate7slehtóhalehe7 I'm washing the car, zua7ute7slehtóhale7 she washed the car. ka7sléhtes it's a long car, a limousine, a 7é- naka 7sléhtes it's a really long car. wa7ke7slehtakala-táte7 I raised up the car. yeha7slehtá-leks he's pushing the car. wa7ke7slehtahni-nú• I bought a car, wahi7slehtahni-nú- I bought a car from him, tho7slehtahni-nú• he bought a car there. waho7slehtahni-nú-se7 he bought a car for him. wa7ke7slehtítane7 I put a wagon or car in it (e.g., in a truck or van). ka7slehtiyó a good or nice car, lo7slehtiyó his car is good, ka7slehti'yó-se7 nice cars, Aka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be a good car, Aho7slehtiyóhake7 his car will be nice, ka7slehtiyo-hnéthe car was nice, lo7slehtiyo-hné• his car was nice, ska7slehtiyó it's a nice car again, tka7slehtiyó the nicest car, laulhá• tho7slehtiyó his car is the nicest, né• Atka7slehtiyóhake7 it will be the best car,

tho7slehtiyo-hnéhe had the best car (at one time), né• kwitho7slehtiyohkó• he thinks he has the best car, niivake7slehtiyó I have such a nice vehicle, niyukwa7slehti-yó-se7 we have such nice cars. Aka7slehti-yóne7 the car will become nice, waho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice, saho7slehti-yóne7 his car became nice again, né- taho7slehti-yóne7 he had the best car. teka7sléhtake two cars. áhsA nika7sléhtake three cars. nya7teka7sléhtake (there are) all different kinds of cars. teka7slehtakeháti7 there are two cars at a time. ka7slehtaké-lu7 cars are scattered around. iva7shako7slehtákhwa7 he took the car away from her or them. lo7slehtowanA his car is big. iva7o7slehtanA-táke7 the cars are stuck really close together (as in the cars of a train). ka7slehtaná-nu it's filled with cars. ka7slehtanákle7 there are lots of cars to be had, yáh te7ka7slehtanákle7 there aren't many cars. yo7slehtanawA the car is wet. wa7ke7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car, wa7khe7slehtanAsko7 I stole the car from her. wahake7slehtaníha7 he lent me a car, wa7khe7slehtaníha7 I lent her a car. ke7slehtóhalehe7 I wash cars, wa7ke7slehtóhale7 I washed the car. Ia7slehtohalé-ne7 he's going to wash the car, la7s!ehtohalé-nehse7 he goes to wash cars, lo7slehtohalé-nu he has gone to wash the car, waha7slehtohalé-na7 he's on his way to wash the car. iva7ku7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for you, wahi7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. ka7slehtano-lú• the car is expensive. ke7slehtanyútha7 I'm attaching a

1252 English-Oneida

car (e.g., with a chain to another car). ka7slehtanyutáti7 a car is going along hanging. niho7slehtó-tA he has that kind of car. ska 7sléhtat one car. wa7tka7sléhtatane7 the car stopped (running). thika7sléhtate7 it's a different car. wa7twake7slehtu-kó• I ran into a car. wa7ke7slehtú-neke7 I moved the car. uke7slehtayé-wha7 I couldn't find a ride. ka7sléhtayA7 it's a vehicle, yako?sléhtayA7 she has a vehicle, loti7sléhtay A7 they (m.) owned a car, yáh te7wake7sléhtayA7 I don't have a car or ride, yáh te7ka7sléhtay A7 there's no car, te7tsyukni7sléhtayA7 we two (excl.) don't have a car any more. sayako7slehtayA-táne7 she got another car. wa7ka7slehtayA-táne7 the car landed. loti7slehtayA-túthey (m.) all have cars. teyo7slehtá-kat it's a fast-moving vehicle. Base: - ? slehtvein otsinuhyáhtu7. Base: -tsinuhyahtveins, be full of katsinuhyahtaténi7 veins travelling all over (e.g., in illustrations of the human body in a doctor's office). Base: -tsinuhyahtatenyuvillage See town; village vine violet

o7nXhal. tekutenyalotálhos.

virgin yáh

tha7tewa7alyá-ku.

visible, make oneself See look in; bring oneself into sight visit See come by; drop in on someone

visit knatahle-nás I visit (all the time or every day). waknatahlenA I'm visiting. wa7knatahle-náwe7 I visited, Aknatahle-náwe7 I will visit. waknatahlenA-hnéI have visited. thó niyakonatahlenA there's where she was visiting. Base: -natahlena-/-natahlenawvisit, go to visit knatá-le7 I'm here to visit, yakwanatá-le7 we (excl.) are here to visit, knatá-lehse7 I keep going there to visit, yenatá-lehse7 she goes visiting, yakwanatá-lehse7 we (excl.) go visiting, waknatá-lu I have gone to visit, yakonatá-lu she has gone to visit. wa7knatá-la7 I'm going to visit, I'm on my way to visit, wahanatá-la7 he's on his way to visit, wa7akwanatá-la7 we (excl.) are going to visit, Aknatá-la7 I will go and visit, ayenatá-la7 she or someone should visit, waknatahlú-ne7 I went to visit (at one time), tayenatá-la7 she came to visit, utaknatá-la7 I should come to visit, utayenatá-la7 she should come to visit, utahninatá-la7 the two (m.) should come to visit, tasnatá-la Come and visit! Base:

-natahl-/-natahle-

visit, go to visit someone wa7khenatahle7sé-na7 I'm going to visit her or them, I'm on my way to visit her or them, Akhenatahle7sé-na7 I will go to visit her or them. Base: -natahle'se'nvisit someone shakonatahlená-se he visits her or them. wa7khenatahle-ná-se7 I visited her or them, wa7shakonatahle-ná-se7 he visited her or them.

English-Oneida 1253

Base: -natahlena ? se-/ -natahlena ? svisit somewhere knatahlená-tha7 where I visit, yakwanatahlená-tha7 where we (excl.) visit. Aknatahlená-thake7 that's where I'll be going to visit. niyakwanatahlená-tha7 where we (excl.) visit. Base: -natahlena'tvisit with someone laknatahlenawí he's visiting me, khenatahlenawí I'm visiting with her, I'm staying with her. Pre-pausal: khenatahlena-wí. Base: -natahlenawivoice See word; voice voice, be heard loluhkwA7tstake7tótha7 his voice is heard (every once in a while). waholuhkwA?tstaké-tohte7 his voice was heard (I heard his voice above all the other voices). Base: -luhkwA ? tstake ? tohtvoice, change See change, for one's voice to change voice, good See good singing voice, have voice, have a strong or loud voice loluhkwA7tstowanA he has a strong or loud voice, he talks or cries loudly, he's hollering (e.g., a baby), yakoluhkwA7tstowanA she has a loud voice. Pre-pausal: yakoluhkwA 7tstowa-nA. AholuhkzvA7tstowanXhake7 he will be making noise or hollering. Base: -luhkwA?tstowanA-

voice, know See know someone's voice voice, lose See lose one's voice voice, recognize See recognize someone's voice volunteer oneself katatwAtétha7 I volunteer myself. lotatWAtéhtu he has volunteered himself. wa7katatwA-téhte7 I volunteered myself, I gave myself up to it (e.g., I finally made myself go to the doctor even though I didn't want to and put it off). Base: -atatwAtehtvomit latsti-kús he's vomiting. lotstikú he has vomited. wahátstike7 he vomited, Ahátstike he will vomit. Base: -atstikvomit all over wahatstikáni7 threw up all over. Base: -atstikanyu-

he

vomit, make ukwatstiká'tA7 it made me vomit, wahotstiká-tA7 it made him vomit, wa7akotstiká-tA7 it made her vomit. Base: -atstika ? tAvote; elect tehanityohkwakAnyehse7 he votes. wa7thanityohkwakA-níhe voted. Base: .anityohkwakAny- plus tedualic vote, go to vote wa7tkanityohkwakAnyá-na7 I'm going to vote. Base: .anityohkwakAnya?n- plus te- dualic

7

1254 English-Oneida

w waddle kya7takalAhláti7 I'm waddling along, laya?takalAhláti7 he's going along leaning to one side, yeya?takalAhláti? she's going along leaning to one side. takya?takalAhláti? I came along this way waddling. ya7kya?takalAhláti7 I went along that way waddling. Base: -ya ? takalAhlatyewade through mud tewaknawa7tstaslúti7 I'm going through the mud and it's up to my knees or thighs. Base: ,nawa?tstaslutye- plus tedualic wade through snow I'm going through the snow and it's up to my knees or thighs. nya?tewakenyAhtaslúti7 I waded up to my knees through this deep snow. Base: .nyAhtaslutye- plus tedualic tewakenyAhtaslúti7

wagon; bobsled

tekaya7tanáhsute7.

wait katnuhtú-tha7 I keep waiting, I wait now and again, wakatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting, yakotnuhtú-tu she's waiting, lotnuhtú-tu he's waiting, yukwatnuhtú-tu we're waiting, lonatnuhtú-tu they (m.) are waiting, kuyatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting for you, liyatnuhtú-tu I'm waiting for him. zva7akwatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) waited, zva7kuyatnúhtuhte? I waited for you, wa?kheyatnúhtuhte7 I waited for her or someone, wa7akhiyatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) waited for her or them,

I will wait they (m.) will wait, ahatnúhtuhte7 he should wait. satnúhtuht Wait! wakatnuhtu7tú-ne7 I was waiting. Awakatnuhtu7túhake I will be waiting. Atyakwatnúhtuhte7 we (excl.) will wait there. kAh núnikatnuhtú-tha7 here is where I wait, tshikuyatnuhtú-tu when I'm waiting for you. Base: -atnuhtu ? tAkatnúhtuhte7 Ahutnúhtuhte7

wait, go to wait katnuhtu7tá-ne7 I came here to wait. wa7katnuhtu7tá-na7 I'm going someplace to wait. Base: -atnuhtu 7 ta ? nwait, tire of See give up waiting; become impatient waitress; server yekhwahélha7 a) waitress. Base: -khwahelha 7 Wake (after a funeral)

(she's

latinúnha7.

Wake, have See look after someone; have a Wake wake up wakyé-u I'm awake, lotiyé-u they (m.) are awake, wá-ki7 I woke up, waha-yé• he's just now waking up, ivahni-yé- the two (m.) woke up, iva7akwa-yé- we (excl.) woke up, Aki? I will be awake. íhsi Wake up! shoyé-u he's awake again, sáki7 I woke up again, saye-yé- she woke up again, Aski7 I will wake up again, Aséhsye7 or Aséhsi7 you will wake up again. tsha7akwa-yé- when we (excl.) woke up. Base: -ye-

English-Oneida 1255

wake up several kheyehtányuhe7 I'm waking them up. kheyehtáni7 I have woken them up. wa7kheyehtáni7 I woke them up, Akheyehtáni7 I will wake them up, a-kheyehtáni7 I should wake them up. Base: -yehtanyuwake up someone him up. liyéhtu up. wahi-yéhte7 wa7úkyehte7 she Base: -yeht-

liyétha7 I'm waking I have woken him I woke him up, woke me up.

walk; go; be somewhere i-ké- I'm walking, íhse7 you're walking, íle7 he's walking, vyA- she's walking, i-wé- she (z.) or it is walking, ítne7 you and I (incl.) are walking, yákne7 we two (excl.) are walking, ísne7 you two are walking, í-ne7 the two (m.) are walking, íkne 7 the two (z.) are walking, ítwe7 we (incl.) are walking, yákwe7 we (excl.) are walking, íswe7 you all are walking, lA-néthey (m.) are walking, ku-né• they (z.) are walking, i-ké-se7 I'm walking around, I'm here, i-yA-se7 she's walking around (e.g., a child who has learned how to walk), yáknehse7 we two (excl.) are walking around (i.e., we are dating one another), lA-né-se7 they (m.) are walking around, they are there, lawenú he has gone, wá-ke7 I'm going, I'm walking away, wáhse7 you're going, wá-le7 he's going, wa7ákne7 we two (excl.) are going, wá-kne 7 the two (z.) are going, wa7ákive7 we (excl.) are going, wahA-né- they (m.) are going, Ayákne7 we two (excl.) will go, á-ne7 the two (m.) should go. Examples of pre-pausal forms: ítene7 you and I (incl.) are walking, yákene7 we two (excl.) are walking, it owe7 we (incl.)

are walking, í/ákowe 7 we (excl.) are walking, wa 7ákene7 we two (excl.) are going, wa 7ákowe7 we (excl.) are going, wáhs Go! wá-s átste7 Go outside! AhAné-sheke7 they (m.) will be there, aesné-sheke7 you two should walk around or be together, séhse 7 you're walking back again, íshne7 the two (m.) are walking back again, íshlehse7 he's walking around again. elók íske7 I'm walking all over, elók is hie7 he's walking all over, elók itsy A 7 she's walking all over, elók tsyákne7 you and I (incl.) are going all over, elók AtsyA 7 she will walk all over. thA-né-se7 they (m.) are walking around there, they're present, tá-ke7 I'm coming this way, táhse7 you're coming this way, tá-le7 he's coming this way, ta-yA- she or someone is coming this way, ta-wéshe (z.) or it is coming this way, tahA-né- they (m.) are coming this way, thawenú he has left and he's on his way, Athle7 he will come here, uta-yA- she should come this way. tuta-ké- I came back again, tAtke7 I will come back again, tAtéhse7 you will come back again, tAtwe7 she (z.) or it will come back again, tAtísne7 you two will come back again, tu-táhse7 you should come back again, yehe-ké-se7 I'm over there, yeyákwehse7 we (excl.) are there, yehA-né-se7 they (m.) are there, yewakenú I have gone there, yahá-ke7 I went there, yahá le7 he went there, ya7ákne7 we two (excl.) went there, yahá-ne7 the two (m.) went there, ya7ákwe7 we (excl.) went there, yAhA-kéI will go there, yAhA-le7 he will go there, ya-aké- I should go there, ya-ayA she should go there, ya-yákwe7 we (excl.) should go there, yahá-sene You two go there! yahá-sowe You all go

1256 English-Oneida

there! yehA-né-skwe7 they (m.) were over there, yAhné-sheke7 the two (m.) will be over there. yAhXske7 I will go there again, nihawenú how, when, or where he went, niyawenú how or where she (z.) or it went, tsi7nú- nihA-né-se7 where they (m.) are, kátsha7 niyawenú where did it go? nitwakenú where I came from, nityakawenú where she or someone came from, nityukivenú where we came from, a7é- nithonenú they (m.) are from way over there, a7énityonenú they (z.) are from way over there, kátsha 7 nú- nitisenú where did you come from? kátsha 7 nú- nithawenú where is he from? kátsha7

nú- nityakawenú

w h e r e is

she from? kátsha7 núnAtyakawenúhake7 where will she be coming from? nutá-le 7 he came over here, nAtwe7 it will come from there, kaló• nuta-sé Come over here! nyehéhsehse 7 you go there, nyeyáknehse7 we two (excl.) go there, nyahá-ke7 I went there, nyaháhse 7 you went there, nyahá-le7 he went there, nyahá-yA 7 she or someone went there, nyahá-we7 she (z.) or it went there, nyahá-ne7 the two (m.) went there, nya?ákwe7 we (excl.) went there, nyaftA-né• they (m.) went there, nyAyákne 7 we two (excl.) will go there, nyAhA-né- they (m.) will go there, thó nyusa-ké• I went back there, I returned, thó nyusá-le7 he went back there again, tsi7 núnyusayákwe7 where we (excl.) went again, yáh te?shA-né-se7 they (m.) are not around anymore. tshiyákwehse7 when we (excl.) go. thó tshyusa-ké- when I would go back there, kA7 tshyusá-le7 when he went out again, thi-ké-se7 I'm just walking around, thi-yA-se7 she gets around,

thi-wé-se7 she (z.) or it wanders around (used also as an expression for wild animals), kwáh ok thiku-né-se7 they (z.) are wandering around (e.g., wild animals, or plants such as strawberries), yáh tha7tethawenú he never came back again, yáh tha 7tutáhse7 you won't come back here again, yáh thya-aké- I won't go over there. Base: -ewalk, go for a walk See steps, take steps; go for a walk walk not right; have a bad walk yeyanáksA she has a bad walk, she's not walking right, layanáksA he's not walking right. Base: -yanaksAwalk well yeyaniyó she walks well or nicely, layaniyó he walks well. Prepausal: yeyani-yá Base: -yaniyowalk well again wahayani-yóne7 he's able to walk well now (e.g., upright), sakyani-yóne 7 I started to walk well again, sahayani-yóne 7 he walks well again. Base: -yaniyo 7 walking, be lathahi-né- he walks, wathahi-né- she (z.) or it walks. wa 7kathahi-né- I was walking, wahathahi-néhe was walking. Base: -athahinewall ohsúhta7 wall, kahsuhtá-ke on the wall, kahsúhtaku in the wall. wahutshuhtúnyahte7 they (m.) made walls out of it. wa7utshuhtóhale7 she washed the wall. Base: -hsuht-

English-Oneida 1257

wall, be standing tekahsúhtote7 the walls are up. Base: .hsuhtot- plus te- dualic wallet See purse; wallet; suitcase; pocket wallpaper, put up See put up wallpaper walnut teyotsho7kwakive7nuní. Prepausal: teyotsho7kwakwe7nu-ní wampum

onikó-lha7.

wander See travel around; wanderroam want; need tewakatuhutsyoní or tewakatuhwAtsyom' I want or need, tesatuhutsyoní you want, teyakotuhutsyoní she wants, tehotuhutsyoní he wants, teyukwatuhutsyoní we want, tehonatuhutsyoní they (m.) want, teyonatuhutsyoní they (z.) want, tekheyatuhutsyoní I need or desire her, tekatuhutsyoní I want her (z.). wa7twakatuhútsyohse7 I wanted, I was in need, wa?thotuhútsyohse7 he wanted, tAsatuhútsyohse7 you will want, tewakatuhutsyoni-hnéI used to want, yáh tha7tewakatuhutsyoní I don't want, yáh tha7tesatuhutsyoní you don't want, yáh tha7tehotuhutsyoní he doesn't want, yáh tha?teyakotuhutsyoní she doesn't want. Base: ,atuhutsyoni-/.atuhutsyo ? s-/ .atuhwAtsyoni-/.atuhwAtsyo?s- plus te- dualic want; think i-kélhe7 I want, íhsle7 you want, í-lelhe7 he wants, i-yélhe7 or i-yAlhe7 she wants, i-wélhe7 she (z.) or it wants, ítnelhe7 you and I (incl.) want, yáknelhe7 we two

(excl.) want, ísnelhe7 you two want, í-nelhe7 the two (m.) want, íknelhe7 the two (z.) want, ítwelhe7 we (incl.) want, yákwelhe7 we (excl.) want, íswelhe7 you all want, lA-nélhe7 they (m.) want, ku-nélhe7 they (z.) want, yawelú she thought. wá-kelhe7 I thought, wáhselhe7 you thought, wá-yelhe7 she thought, wá'lelhe7 he thought, wá-welhe7 she (z.) or it thought, wétnelhe7 you and I (incl.) thought, wa7ákwelhe7 we two (excl.) thought, wésnelhe7 you two thought, wá-nelhe7 the two (m.) thought, wá-knelhe7 the two (z.) thought, wétwelhe7 we (incl.) thought, wa7ákwelhe7 we (excl.) thought, wéswelhe7 you all thought, wahA-nélhe7 they (m.) thought, wa7ku-nélhe7 they (z.) thought. kélhahkwe7 I wanted to, lélhahkwe7 he wanted to. wakelú-ne7 I intended to, I meant to (but I didn't do it), lawelú-ne7 he intended to, he meant to. Akélheke7 I will want to. a-kélheke7 I should want to. aukwe-lúke7 I should have wanted to. ískelhe7 I want again. yáh téhselhe7 you don't want, yáh té-yAlhe7 she doesn't want, yáh té-lelhe7 he doesn't want, yáh té-nelhe7 the two (m.) don't want, yáh tehA-nélhe7 they (m.) don't want, yáh té-skelhe7 I don't want anymore, I'm not wanting (for something) anymore, né• tshvkélhe7 that's what I thought, thi-kélhe7 I think so, thí-lelhe7 he thinks so, thi-yAlhe7 she thinks so, thítwelhe7 we (incl.) think so, thiyákwelhe7 we (excl.) think so. Base:

-elh-/-lh-/-el-

war watliyó war. Pre-pausal: watli-yá tsi7 twatliyó there at the war.

1258 English-Oneida

warm, be See hot, be hot; be warm warm, be warm; be dressed warmly yohtá-nawA7 it's warm (e.g., a heavy or thick blanket or shawl, warm clothes), wakahtá-nawA7 I'm dressed warmly, yakohtá-nawA7 she's dressed warmly, lohtá-nawA 7 he's dressed warmly, tsi7 nihohtá-nawA7 he's dressed so warmly. Base: -ahta ? nawAwarm, become lo7talihá-se he's getting warm. ukwa7talíhahse7 I got warm, it warmed me, Aho 7talíhahse7 he will get warm. Base: -a ? taliha ? se-/-a ? taliha ? swarm, dress someone warmly kheyahta7nawAsta7 I dress her up warmly. kheyahta7nawAstu I have dressed her up warmly. wa7kheyahtá-nawASte7 I dressed her up warmly. Base: -ahta ? nawAstwarm, dress warmly; wrap up katahta7nawAsta7 I dress warmly. wakatahta7nawAstu I have dressed up warmly. wa7katahtá-nawAste7 I dressed up warmly. Base: -atahta ? nawAstwarm up See heat up; warm up warm up See boil, bring to a boil; heat up wart, have wakaninhé-klute7 I have a wart, loninhé-klute7 he has a wart, yakoninhé-klute7 she has a wart. Base: -aninhe ? klutwash knóhalehe7 I'm washing it, liya7tóhalehe7 I'm washing him. waknóhale I have washed it, liya7tóhale I have washed him.

iva7knóhale7 I washed it, wa7enóhale7 she washed it, wahiya7tóhale7 I washed him, Aknóhale? I will wash it, Ahsnóhale7 you will wash it. wa7kheyahsi7tóhale7 I washed her feet, wahiyahsi7tóhale7 I washed his feet. wa7uhyóhale7 she washed the fruit. wa7utokwa7tslóhale7 she washed the spoon. wa7u7shalóhale7 she washed the knife. wa7ehnana?tóhale7 she washed the potato. wa7keksóhale7 I washed the dish, ivahikuhsóhale7 I washed his face, wa7khekuhsóhale7 I washed her face, wa7kkuhsóhale7 I washed her (z.) or its face. wa7kheshnuhsóhale7 I washed her hand. wa7keshu7kalóhale7 I washed the floor. Atsyuhutsyóhale7 it will clean the earth again. lawisóhalehe7 he washes windows, wa7ewisóhale7 she washed the glass. ke7slehtóhalehe7 I wash cars, wa7ke7slehtóhale7 I washed the car. Base: -nohale-/-ya ? tohale-/ -ohalewash basin

yuhtsyohale7tákhwa7.

wash for someone kunohalé-sehe7 I wash it for you. wa7kunóhalehse7 I washed it for you. wa7kheyahyóhalehse7 I washed the fruit for her. wa7kheshu7kalóhalehse7 I washed the floor for her. wa7ku7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for you, ivahi7slehtóhalehse7 I washed the car for him. Base: -nohale'seV-nohale's-/ -ohale ? se-/-ohale ? swash for someone wa 7kheyateshu 7kalóhalehse7 washed the floor for her.

I

English-Oneida 1259

wahiyate7slehtóhalehse7

the car for him. Base: -at-N-ohale ? s-

I washed

wash, go to wash knohalé-nehse7 I go there to wash something. wa7keksohalé-na7 I'm going to wash the dish. wa7knAstohalé-na7 I'm going to wash corn. la7slehtohalé-ne7 he's going to wash the car, la7slehtohalé-nehse7 he goes to wash cars, lo7slehtohalé-nu he has gone to wash the car, waha7slehtohalé-na7 he's on his way to wash the car. Base: -nohale ? n-/-ohale ? nwash, go to wash for oneself wa7kate7slehtohalé-na7 I'm going there to wash my car. Base: -at-N-ohale ? nwash oneself; wash for oneself latya7tóhalehe7 he's washing himself. lotya7tóhale he has washed (and he's clean). wahatya7tóhale7 he washed himself. lotya7tohalé-tskwA he's always cleaning himself. wa7kalahsi7tóhale7 I washed my feet. wa7utshuhtóhale7 she washed the wall, katkuhsóhalehe7 I'm washing my face, wakatkuhsóhale I have washed my face, satkuhsóhale Wash your face! wa7katenhuhlóhale7 I washed my underarm or my armpit. wa 7uteshu 7kalóhale 7 she washed the floor. wa7utwisóhale7 she washed the window. kate7slehtóhalehe7 I'm washing the car, wa7ute?slehtóhale7 she washed the car. Base: -atya ? tohale-/-at-N-ohalewash several knohalényuhe7 I'm washing things, waknohaléni7 I

have washed them, kanohaléni7 they're washed, wahanohaléni7 he washed them, Aknohaléni7 I will wash them, Ahsnohaléni7 you will wash them, snohaléni Wash them! kanohalenyúhahkwe7 she used to wash. Akanohalenyúhake7 she (z.) will be washing. Akanohalényuke7 they will be washed. akanohalényuke7 they should be washed, yutlahti 7tslohalényuhe 7 she's washing socks. keksohalényuhe7 I'm washing dishes, saksohaléni7 you have washed the dishes, wa7eksohaléni7 she washed the dishes, Akeksohaléni7 I will wash the dishes, sayeksohalérti7 she or someone washed the dishes again, Atsyeksohaléni7 she or someone will wash dishes again, usakutiksohaléni7 they (z.) should wash the dishes again, tayeksohaléni7 there she washed the dishes, Atyeksohaléni7 there she will wash the dishes. Base: -nohalenyu-/-ohalenyuwash several for oneself wa7uteshu7kalohaléni7 she washed the floor. wa7utwisohaléni7 she washed the windows, yutwisohalenyúhahkwe7 she was washing windows. Base: -at-N-ohalenyuwash several, go to wash several knohalenyú-ne7 I'm going to wash things, kanohalenyú-ne7 she (z.) is going to wash them. wa7knohalenyú-na7 I'm on my way to wash them. Base: -nohalenyu ? nwash the hands wa7kahtsyóhale7 washed my hands,

I

1260 English-Oneida

wa7kheyahtsyóhale7 I washed her hands, sahtsyóhale Wash your hands! Base: -ahtsyohalewashboard See scrub board; washboard washing machine kanohalenyu washtub

7tákhwa

7.

yenohalenyu7tákhwa7.

wasp tehalntawe7ésta7. waste katyesátha7 I'm wasting it, latyesátha? he wastes it. wakatyesáhtu I have wasted it. wa7katye-sáhte7 I wasted it, Akatye-sáhte? I will waste it. tákA 7 Atyatye-sát Let's you and I (incl.) not waste it! swakatyesáhtu I wasted it again, I was wasteful. Base: -atyesahtwatch; look katló-loks I watch, I look (with attention), liyatló-loks I watch him (e.g., on TV), wakatló-lu I have watched, I'm watching, yakotló-lu she or someone is watching, yukwatló-lu we have watched, lonatló-lu they (m.) are watching, shakotló-lu he's watching her or them. wa7katló-loke7 I watched, wahiyatló-loke7 I watched him, Akatló-loke7 I will watch, Aswatló-loke7 you all will watch. satló-lok Look! swatló-lok You all watch! etshatló-lok Watch him! wakatlohlú-ne7 I had looked. sahutló-loke7 they (m.) watched again. Base:

-atlohlok-/-atlohl-

watch; look; go to watch or look katlohlókhe7 I arrived to look at it (e.g., to watch a show on TV). katlohlókhehse7 I go there to watch.

wakatlohlókhu I have gone there to watch. iva7katlohlókha7 I'm on my way to look at it. Base: -atlohlokhwatch over See look after; mind; be careful watch someone; observe someone tekukahláti7 I'm keeping an eye on you, I'm watching you or observing you (e.g., over the years), tehakkahláti7 he's keeping an eye on me, he's noticing things about me. tsha7tehokahláti7 when he was after him, targeting him as someone to observe. Base: .kahlatye- plus te- dualic water ohne-kánus water. ukwahne-kánus our water. water, be hard See hard water, be water, be soft See soft water, be water, come out; a fountain yohne-kóte7 there's water coming out, (it's) a fountain. tsi7 tyohne-kóte7 at the fountain, tsi7 Atyohneko-tX- where the water will come out. Base: -hnekotwater, draw ketsyAtha7 I'm drawing water, latsyAtha7 he's drawing water, yetsyAtha 7 she gets water. lotsyAhtu he has drawn water. wahátsyAhte7 he drew water, AkétsyAhte7 I will draw water, akétsyAhte7 I should draw water. ya7kétsyAhte7 there I drew water, yahátsyAhte7 there he drew water. yusayétsyAhte7 she or someone should get water again. Base: -tsyAhtwater, get out of See get out of water

English-Oneida 1261

water, go get setsyAne7 you're going to get water, latsyA-ne7 he's here to get water. latsyA-nehse7 he gets water. lotsyA-nu he has gone to get water. wa 7ketsyA-na 7 I'm going after water, wa7etsyA-na7 she's going after water, wahatsyA-na7 he's on his way to get water, AhatsyA-na7 he will go to get water. Base: -tsyA?n-

waterfalls; Niagara Falls tetwa 7sAtha 7.

water, go into See go into water

way, be the way it is tsi7 ni-yót how it is, thó ni-yót that's the way it is.

water, have water on the surface kahnekáhele7 there's water on top of it (e.g., on a flat roof). Base: -hnekahelwater, immerse in See baptize; immerse in water water, in awA-ke. water lily sekkó-. water, muddy See muddy water water, one's eyes See teary-eyed, become water, one's mouth See smack one's lips; drool water something; give someone a drink khnekanu-túhe7 I'm watering it. khnekanutú I have watered it, wakhnekanutú she (z.) has given me something to drink. wa7khne-kánute7 7 I watered it, wa khehne-kánute7 I gave her a drink of water, Akuhne-kánute7 I will give you something to drink, shne-kánut Water it! Base: -hnekanut-/-hnekanutuwater, sprinkle with See baptize; sprinkle with water

wave tethatnAtshalúnyuhe7 he's waving, tetyutnAtshalúnyuhe7 she's waving. tutahatnAtshalúni7 he waved. ya7tehsatnAtshalúni Wave! Base: .atnAtshalunyu- plus tetdualic and cislocative or ya ? te- translocative and dualic

tsi7 niyohtú-ne7 h o w it w a s . tsi7 7 tiAyohtúhake how it will be. nayohtúhake7 how it should be. thó niyohtúhak Let it stay that way! nusayohtúhake7 it should be that way again, náhte7 nítyot what it's like there, yáh thó té-yot it isn't that way. yáh té-tsyot it's not that

way anymore. Base: .ht- plus n- partitive

way, get in the way tekya7tahluhwátyehse7 I get in the way, tehaya7tahluhwátyehse7 he's getting in the way. tAhaya7tahluhwatyé-sheke7 he will be in the way. tethaya7tahluhwátyehse7 he's getting in the way there. Base: .ya'tahluhwatye- plus tedualic way, get one's way See determine; exert one's will; take the lead way over there a 7é•. weak, become weak; become slow wakya 7takAheyú I'm weak, I'm slow, saya 7takAheyú you're weak, loya7takAheyú he's weak, yakoya?takAheyú she's weak, lotiya7takAheyú they (m.) are weak. Pre-pausal: lotiya7takAhe-yú.

1262 English-Oneida

wa 7kya 7takAheye ? I became weak, wahaya 7takAheye 7 he became weak, Akya 7takAheye7 I will be weak or slow. Base: -ya ? takAheyu-/ -ya ? takAheywealthy, become wakatkanuní I'm wealthy, lotkanuní he's wealthy, yakotkanuní she's wealthy. Prepausal: yakotkanu-ní. Ahatkanu-níhe will be wealthy. lonatkanuni-hné• they (m.) were wealthy at one time. nihonatkanuni-hné• they (m.) were that wealthy at one time. Base: -atkanuniwear See use; wear weary, become See tired, become dead-tired weasel onu-kót. weather tsi7

niwAhnisló-tAhse7.

web See lace, trim with; be lacy; a web webbed feet See fin of a fish; webbed feet wedding See ceremony; wedding wedding cake See cake, wedding cake wedge in See jam in; wedge in wedge underneath lakA7sélha7 he's prying it up and placing something underneath it (e.g., he's putting something underneath a table leg to make the table even or steady). lokA-slu he has jacked it up and placed something underneath it. wahakA-sele7 he jacked it up and placed something underneath it. satkA-sel Put some-

thing underneath! (e.g., your head) Base: -kA ? sel-/-kA ? slwedge underneath, use to lakA7slákhwa7 he's wedging it underneath it. lokA7sláhkwA he has wedged it underneath something. wahakA-slahkwe7 he wedged it between it. Base: -kA?slahkwWednesday ahsAhatu7t Wednesday. Pre-pausal: ahsAhatuht. oyá• nya7teswahsAhatu?t next Wednesday. tshiwahsAhatu7t last Wednesday. weeding tool

tehatinathálhos.

weeds wanekláksA. weeds See grass; straw; hay; weeds week isi7 niwA-tés during the week, tsi7 nitwAtesú-ne7 here it was such a long week. áhsA niwA-táke three weeks, tóhka7 niwA-táke several weeks. ya7tewA-táke every week. wa7kAtó-ktA7 I ended the week, sakAtó-ktA7 I ended another week. swA-tát one week. swAtatkA a week agoBase: -Atweep See cry weigh oneself wakatatku7tslíhale7 I have weighed myself. Akatatku7tsliha-IA• I will weigh myself. satatku7tsliha-lA Weigh yourself! Base: -atatku ? tslihalweigh something kku7tslihálha7 I'm weighing it. yakoku7tslíhale7 she has weighed it. wa 7eku 7tsliha-lA• she weighed it. takku7tsliha-lA

English-Oneida 1263

Weigh me! Base: -ku ? tslihalweight, lose See lose weight well kahne-kó• at the well.

well, tsi7

tkahne-kó-

well, dig See dig a well well, feel or be well wakata7kali-té- I feel well, yakota 7kali-té• she's well, she's healthy, lota7kali-téhe's well. lota7kali-téhkwe7 he was well. Ahota7kali-téke7 he will be well. nitsyakota7kali-té• she feels that well again, yáh te7wakata7kali-té• I'm not feeling well, yáh te7yakota7kali-té• she's not feeling well. Base: -ata ? kalit(e)well, get sakata7kali-táte7 I got well, Askata7kali-táte7 I will feel better again. Base: .ata ? kalitat- plus s- repetitive well-behaved, be See good-natured, be good-natured; be well-behaved well-off, be wákkzvats I'm well-off, I have a lot going for me, lo-kwáts he's well-off, yako-kwáts she's well-off, loti-kwáts they (m.) are well-off. tsi7 nihoti-kwáts they (m.) are so well-off. Base: -kwatwell-off, become See wealthy, become well-off, become well-off; prosper latkwatákwas he's working at becoming well-off. wakatkwatákwA I have become well-off. wa7katkwata-kóI became well-off, I prospered, Akatkwata-kó- I will become well-off, Ahatkwata-kó• he

will become well-off. wakatkwatakwA-ne7 I had become wealthy, nahyatkwata-kó• how well-off the two (m.) became. Base: -atkwatakwwells; puddles

kahnekóni7.

west tsi7 tetwatshAthos west, tsi7 ya7tewatshAthos there at the west. wet, get wakya 7tanawA I'm wet, yoná-nawA

it's wet.

wa7kaná-nawA7

it got wet, Akya7tana-wA- I will get wet, Akaná-nawA7 it will get wet, ayeya7tana'wA• she should get wet. yona7nawA-hné• it was wet (but it's dry now). Askaná-nawA7 it will get wet again. na7akwaya7tana-wA• we (excl.) got really wet, niyoná-nawA7 it's so wet. yohahanawA the road is wet. yohyatuhsIanazvA the paper is wet. yauhwAtsyanawA the ground is wet. yo7slehtanawA the car is wet. Base: -na ? nawA-/-ya ? tanawA-/ -nawAwet, something dripping wet 7. okwahalóhsa wet the bed lanaktanawAtha7 he wets the bed. yakonaktanawAhtu she has wet the bed. Ayenakta-náwAhte7 she will wet the bed. Base: -naktanawAhtwhat; how náhte7 or ohnáhte7 or nahó-tA7. óh nahó-tA7 What? (I'm asking you to say it again). wheel okahkwA-ta7 wheel. skakahkwA-tat one wheel, one cornbread. Base: -kahkwA?twheel, have yokahkwA-tute7 wheel. Base: -kahkwA?tut-

it has a

1264 English-Oneida

when; whenever kánhke. where kátsha7 where, kátsha7 núwhere, somewhere. where tho nú- that's where, tsi7 núwherever, whenever. wherever

kánike7.

which tsi7 ka-yA- which one. ka-yA• which place

kátsha7

while ago ehnók. while, in a little while kA7 náhe7 or kA7 ná-ye7 or kA7 nahé-ya7. while, in a little while; after a little while atsyók or wa7tsyók or wa 7tsí-nok. whimper yutshi7tAtha7 she's whimpering, latshi7tAtha7 he's whimpering. yakotshi7tAhtu she has whimpered. wa7utshí-tAhte7 she whimpered. Base: -atshi'tAhtwhip See twig; whip whip; beat someone up khenAWAhslályos I keep whipping her. wa?khetiAWAhslályo7 or wa7khenAWAhsláli7 I whipped her, AyesanAWAhsláli7 they will beat you up. tayonAWAhsláli7 there she (z.) whipped her (z.) or it. riAyesanAWAhsláli7 how they will beat you up. Base: -nAWAhslalyowhip someone shako7tatiAWAhslályos he keeps whipping her. wa7uki7tanAWAhsláli7 she whipped me, wa7shako7tatiAWAhsláli7 he whipped her, Ahi7tanAWAhsláli7 I will whip him, Akhe7tanAWAhsláli7

I will whip her, Ayetshi7tanAwAhsláli7 you two or you all will whip her. she7tanuhsláli Whip her! Base: -i ? tanAWAhslalyowhirlpool yothnekatasé. yothnekata-sé.

Pre-pausal:

whiskers See beard; mustache whisper tewaketsyáhu 7 I'm whispering, tehotsyáhu 7 he's whispering, teyakotsyáhu 7 she's whispering, teyuknitsyáhu 7 we two are whispering. wa7thatsyáhu7 he whispered. Base: .tsyahu- plus te- dualic whistle kna-kálhe7 I'm whistling, lana-kálhe7 he's whistling, yena-kálhe7 she's whistling. wa7kna-kálele7 I whistled. Base: -nakal-/-nakalelwhite owískla7 white. Pre-pausal: owískela7 kawiskliyó it's a nice white colour, owisklósku 7 it's all white. Base: -wisklwhite ash See ash, white white birch See birch, white white people's ways

o7sluni7kéha.

white person o7slu-ní- white person. la7slu-ní- he's a white person, yu7slu-ní- she's a white person. o7sluní-taku among white people. o7sluni7kA it was a white person (either someone who has passed away or someone who was white, but married an Indian and so assumed native status), la7sluni7kA he was a white person. Base: -a ? sluni-/-a ? sluni ? t-

English-Oneida 1265

who úhka 7 or úhka 7 nahó-tA 7. Prepausal: úhka7 nahó-tA7. why? náhte7

aolí-wa7.

why; the reason alá• or nalá- or alyá-. wide, be wa 7sláti7 it's wide. kAh niwa7slátye7skwe7 it used to be this wide. kAh nAwa7slátye7ske7 it will be this wide. kAh niwa7slátyehse7 they're all this wide, né- twa7sláti7 it's the widest. kAh niwa7sláti7 it's this wide, it's a certain width, kók niwa7sláti7 it's just this width. yohaha7sláti7 the road is wide. Base: -a ? slatyewidow or widower, become yakotehle7úsku she's a widow, lotehle7úsku he's a widower. wa7utehlé-uske7 she became a widow, wahatehlé-uske7 he became a widower. tsha7utehlé-uske7 when she became a widow. Base: -atehle ? uskwiener See sausage; wiener wife See spouse wild animal See animal, wild animal will, exert See determine; exert one's will; take the lead willing, be See cheap, be cheap; be available; be willing willpower, have tekhwi7shátste7 I have willpower or a strong endurance, tehahwi7shátste7 he has willpower. Base: .hwi?shatste- plus te- dualic win See earn; win

win latkwényehse7 he wins, lotkwéni he has won. wahatkwe-ní• he won, wahsatkwe-ní- you won, wahutkwe-ní- they (m.) won, Ahatkwe-ní• he will win, Akutkwe-ní• they (z.) will win. sahutkwe-nf they (m.) won again. yehotkwéni over there he has won. na7katkwe-ní• I really won. yáh te7yonatkwéni they (z.) didn't win. Base: -atkwenywin an argument or debate katlihwatkwényehse7 I'm always winning (arguments, debates). lotlihwatkwéni he has won. wa7katlihwatkwe-ní• I won, wahatlihwatkwe-ní• he won. Base: -atlihwatkwenywin, be winning lonatkwenyuháti7 they (m.) are winning. Base: -atkwenyuhatyewind; air ówela7 air, wind, kawe-lát there's air in it (e.g., a tire). yotwelátA 7 it has gotten air in it, utwelátane7 it got air in it (e.g., a bubble of air when one is putting up wallpaper), teyotwelato-té• the wind or air is still. yotwelatáhkwA the air has come out of it, there's no air in it. yowelatalíhA it's a warm wind, kwelatáhkwas I'm taking the air out of it, I'm deflating it (e.g., a balloon, a tube), wa7kwelatáhko7 I took the air out of it. kweláta 7as I'm filling it with air (e.g., I'm blowing up a balloon, putting air into a tire), wakwelátA 7 I have filled it with air, wa 7kwelátane 7 I put air in it, Akwelátane7 I will fill it with air, swelátan Fill it up with air! wa7tkawelu-kóhte7 the wind came through (e.g., the walls), tákA 7 takawelu-kót the wind shouldn't

1266 English-Oneida

come through, yowelawísto cold wind. kawela7shátste7 strong wind. Base: -wel-

it's a it's a

wind around tekhwata-séhe7 I'm winding it around (e.g., making a bandage). wa7tekhwata-sé• I wound it around. wa7teksliye7tata-sé• I wound string or thread around it (e.g., thread around a bobbin). tekhekAhata-séhe7 I wrap her up in a blanket (e.g., a baby), wa 7tekhekAhata-séI wrapped her up in a blanket. Base: .hwatase-/.tase- plus tedualic

window, have yohsuhtaká-lute7 it has a window, (it's) a window, tsi7 tyohsuhtaká-lute7 at the window. Base: -hsuhtakahlutwindow, have several yohsuhtakahlu-tú• it has windows. Base: -hsuhtakahlutuwindow, open See open a window windy, become kawelu-té-se7 it gets windy, yowelutú it's windy. wa7káwelute7 the wind started to pick up, Akáwelute7 it will get windy, yáh te7tsyowelutú it's not blowing wind anymore. Base: -welut-

wind, come Atkawelaha-wí• the winds will come. Base: -welahawi-

wing oyahútsha7 or owyahútsha7. Base: -yahutsh-/-wyahutsh-

wind, pick up wa7tkawélahkwe7 the wind picked up. Base: .welahkw- plus te- dualic

wings, have tekayahútshute7 it has wings (e.g., a drop-leaf table). Base: ,yahutshut-/.wyahutshutplus te- dualic

wind, swirl wind; be a tornado tekawelata-séhe7 the wind keeps swirling around, (it's) a tornado. teyowelatasé the air or wind is going around. wa7tkawelata-sé• the wind swirled around. Base: .welatase- plus te- dualic winding, be winding; be zigzagged teyotsha7ktáni7 it's crooked, it's really winding. Base: .atsha ? ktanyu- plus tedualic window See ice; glass; window window, be big See big window, be window, be small See small window, be window, close See close a window

wings, have tehayahutshu-tú• he has wings (on). Base: ,yahutshutu-/.wyahutshutuplus te- dualic w i n k wa7katkahlóklike7 I winked, wa7utkahlóklike7 she winked, wahatkahlóklike7 he winked. Base: -atkahloklikwink at someone wahakwatkahlóklikse7 he winked at me, wahiyatkahlóklikse7 I winked at him. Base: -atkahloklikswinnow kashe-wás I'm winnowing, I'm separating out weeds or chaff from beans or grain. wakashewA I have winnowed. Base: -ashew-

English-Oneida 1267

winter kohslá-ke

winter. last winter, oyátshitkohslá-ke the other year. tshikohslá-ke

winter, become Ayóhslate7 it will become winter, a-yóhslate7 it would be winter, sayóhslate7 it became winter again. Base: -ohslatwinter, last someone through ukohsli-yá-ke7 it lasted me the winter, Awakohsli-yá-ke 7 it will last me the winter, Ahonohsli-yá-ke7 it will last them (m.) the winter, ayakyohsli-yá-ke7 we (excl.) should spend the winter. Base: -ohsliya'kwintertime

kohsla7ké-ne.

my nose. Base: -attsi ? nyuhklokewwipe oneself or for oneself wa7katya7to-kéwe7 I wiped myself. kalahsi7toke-wás I'm wiping my feet, salahsi7to-kézv Wipe your feet! wa7katkuhso-kéwe7 I wiped my face. I wiped my

wipe several klakewányuhe7 I'm wiping several things, keksokewányuhe7 I'm wiping dishes, wa7keksokewáni7 I wiped the dishes, tayeksokewáni7 she wiped the dishes there.

I wiped it,

sayeivisokewáni7

I

wiped the table, la 7kAhloke-wás he's wiping off the dirt, he's dusting, yu 7kAhloke-wás she's dusting, waka7kAhlokewA I have dusted, yako7kAhlokewA

I wiped

wa7kattsi7nyuhklo-kéwe7

glasses, I wiped the window. Base: -atya ? tokew-/-at-N-okew-

wahiya7to-kéwe7 I wiped him, Akla-kéwe7 I will wipe it. sahala-kéwe7 he wiped it again. wa7katekhwahIa7tslo-kéwe7

wipe one's nose kattsi7nyuhkloke-wás I'm wiping my nose. wakattsi7nyuhklokewA I have wiped my nose.

wa7katwiso-kéwe7

wipe klake-wás I'm wiping it, slake-wás you're wiping it. waklakewA I have wiped it, lolakeivA he has wiped it. wa7kla-kéu>e7

wipe, get wiped off; fade; disappear watlake-zvás it fades. yotlakewA it has faded, utla-kéwe7 it got wiped off, it disappeared or faded. Base: -atlakew-/-at-N-okew-

she has dusted,

iva7ka7kAhlo-kéwe? I wiped the dirt off, I dusted, Aka7kAhlo-kéwe7 I will wipe off the dust. wa7kekso-kéwe7 I

wiped the dish, wahikuhso-kéwe7 wiped his face.

I

zva7knawa7tsto-kéive7 I wiped the mud off. wa7kenhoho-kéwe7 I wiped

the door. zua7kiviso-kéwe7 I wiped the glass. wa7ke7nyuhlo-kéive7 I wiped the lamp globe, se7nyuhlo-kéw Clean the lamp globe! Base: -lakew-/-ya ? tokew-/-okew-

she wiped the

windows again. Base: -lakewanyu-/-okewanyuwipe someone's nose khetsi7nyuhkloke-wás

I'm wiping

her nose. khetsi7nyuhklokewA

I

wiped her nose. wahitsi7nyuhklo-kéwe7

I wiped his

nose. Base: -tsi ? nyuhklokewwipe something carelessly tehawiskwahtányuhe7 he's wiping it without effort, he's giving it just a few swipes. wa7thazviskwahtáni7 he wiped at it casually, without putting any real effort into it.

1268 English-Oneida

Base: .wiskwahtanyu- plus tedualic wipe the hands kahtsyoke-wás I'm wiping my hands. wa7kahtsyo-kéwe7 I wiped my hands, wahiyahtsyo-kéwe7 I wiped his hands. Base: -ahtsyokewwipe with klakewá-tha7 I use this to wipe with, waklakewá-tu I have used it to wipe something. Aklake-wá te7 I will use this to wipe it with. Base: -lakewa ? twire See nail; wire; needle; pin wire, attach See put up or attach wires wire, for wires to be attached kaluwalahlúni7 there are wires put up all over, there are wires going through (e.g., for hydroelectric power. Base: -luwalahlunyuwise, be See informed, be wellinformed; be wise; be stingy wish for See desire; envy wish for katlAnhá-tha7 I wish for it. wakatlAnhá-tu I'm wishing for it. AhsatlXnhahte7 you will wish for it, akatlAnhahte7 I should wish for it. Base: -atL\nha 7 twish someone well or luck kuyatlAnha7tA-níhe7 I wish or hope well for you, shakotlAnha7tA-níhe7 he keeps wishing her luck. kuyatlAnha?tAní I have wished well for you. wahiyatlAnhá-tA7 I wished him luck, AkuyatlAnhá-tA7 I will wish well for you, akuyatlAnhá-tA7 I should wish well for you.

Base: -atlAnha ? tAni-/ -atlAnha?tAwitch

awélu7uske7.

w o l f thahyuní or othahyuní. P r e p a u s a l : thahyu-ní or othahyu-ní.

Wolf clan lotikwáho (they are the) Wolf clan. Base: -kwahowoman See person womb kwilalákhwa7 my womb, swilalákhwa 7 your womb, yewilalákhwa7 her womb. Base: -wilalakhwa 7 wood o-yAte7 wood. katyA-táyAhe7 I'm storing wood. tAhayAtá-lihte7 he will cut wood, he will make kindling, tahayAtá-lihte7 he should cut wood. AkyAtínyuhte7 I will bring wood in. AshayAtitáhko7 he will take the wood out again. layAtakalényehse7 he carries wood, loyAtakaléni he has carried away the wood. loyAtaka7táti7 he has a lot of wood with him. loyAtaká-te7 he has lots of wood, loyAtaká-tehkwe7 he used to have lots of wood, AhoyAtaká-teke7 he will have lots of wood. latiyAtakó-ne7 they (m.) came to get wood, wahayAtakó-na7 he went to get wood, AhayAtakó-na 7 he will go to get wood, AhatiyAtakó-na 7 they (m.) will go to get (cut) wood, ahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) should get (cut) wood, sahatiyAtakó-na7 they (m.) went to get wood again. latiyAtákwas they (m.) are harvesting (i.e., cutting) wood, wahayA-táko7 he harvested wood, wa7eyA-táko7 she harvested wood, AhayA-táko7 he will harvest wood,

English-Oneida 1269

where they (m.) are cutting wood, tshihatiy Atákwas when they are cutting wood. skayA-tát one cord of wood. yoyAtatstényes there's a real heaping pile of wood. AhayAtayA-hná• he will deliver wood. Base: -yAttsi7 nú• nihatiyAtákwas

wood chip ohka-lá• wood chip. ohkala7shúha chips of wood. Base: -ahkalwood chip, drive in See drive in a wood chip; tap a tree wood, pile See pile wood wood, put into fire wa7kyAtútho7 I put wood into the fire. tsyAtútho Put wood into the fire! Base: -yAtuthowood, rotting or disintegrating wood ohéhsa7.

Base: -hehswood shavings

onahwAtskli7.

woodcutter layAtákwas (he's a) woodcutter, latiyAtákwas (they are) woodcutters. Base: -yAtakwas woodpecker See flicker; woodpecker woods kalhakú in the woods, forest, or bush. Pre-pausal: kalhakú. Base: -lhwoods, be kálhayA 7 (there are) woods. Base: -lhayA-/-lhayAtwoods, be several kalhayA-tú• (there are) lots of woods. Base: -lhayAtu-

wool See fuzz; furry hair; wool; cotton batting word; voice owA-ná• word. laowA-náhis word. ozvAtia 7shúha words. kawA-nés it's a long word. yewAtiiyó she has a good voice. latwAno-lAse7 he's always finding words, lotwAnolA-u he has found a word (for something), wahatWAno-lAne7 he found a word, tsi7 nikwAnó-tA the kind of voice I have. Base: -wAnwork wakyó-tAhse7 I work. wakyo 7tA-u I have worked, loyo7tA-u he has worked. ukyo-tA• I worked, wa7ukwayo-tA• we worked, Awakyo-tA• I will work, Asayo-tAyou will work, aukyo-tA• I should work, aesayo-tA• you should work, ahoyo-tA- he should work, ayukniyo-tA• we two should work, ayukwayo-tA• we should work, ahotiyo-tA• they (m.) should work. sniyo-tA You two work! wakyó-tA7skwe7 I was working. Asayo 7tAsheke 7 you should be working. ahotiyo7tA-sheke7 they (m.) should be working, aukyo 7tA-uke 7 I should have worked. Aswakyo-tA• I will work again, Atsyukwayo-tA• we will work again. yehoyó tAhse7 he's working over there, yewakyo7tA-u I was working over there, yahukyo-tAI worked over there. nukwayo-tAhow I worked. nyahukyo-tA• how I worked there. nyusukyo-tA how I worked there again, yáh tehotiyó-tAskwe7 they didn't used to work, yáh te7shoyó-tAhse7 he doesn't work anymore, yáh thahotiyo-tA• they (m.) won't work. Base: -yo?tA-/-yotA-

1270 English-Oneida

w o r k ; a job akyo ?tAhsla 7 m y work, sayo ?tXhsla 7 your work.

wakyo7tAhslaká-te? I have lots of work, yáh te?yoyo?tAhslákste7 the work is not heavy. wakyo?tAhslowanA I have a big job, nikayo^tAhslowanX-ne7 it was such hard work. nihoyo?tAhsló-tA the kind of job he has, na?kayo?tAhsló-tA 7 the type of work it is. Base: -yo?tAhsl-

work, be working wakyo-té• I'm working, yakoyo-té- she's working, loyo-té• he's working, yukwayo-téwe're working, swayo-té- you all are working, yotiyo-té- they (z.) are working. Pre-pausal: wakyo-té- I'm working, wakyó-tehkwe7 I was working, yukniyó-tehkwe7 we two were working, aukyó-teke7 I would be working, twakyo-té' I'm working there, yehoyo-té- he's working over there, sok nú• nihoyo-té• he's working someplace, nyeyukwayo-té- how we're working over there, nyehotiyo-té• how they (m.) are working over there, yáh te?wakyo-téI'm not working, yáh tehoyo-té• he's not working, tshiwakyo-té- when I'm working. Base: -yo 7 te-/-yo 7 t-/-yotework, be working on a matter waklihwayo-té• I'm working on the matter, salihwayo-té- you're working on the matter, lolihwayo-té• he's working on this matter, yakolihwayo-té' she's working on this matter. Pre-pausal: yakolihivayo-té-.

Base:

-lihwayote-

work, be working, several or all over lotiyo?téni? they (m.) are working

all around, yáh tehotiyo?téni? (m.) all are not working. Base: -yo 7 tenyu-

they

work, do a job wakathwé-note7 I have got a job to do, lothwé-note7 there's a job waiting for him, yukwathwé-note? we have some work or a job going on. Base: -athwehnotwork, finish up working kathivehnotákwas I finish all these jobs, luthwehnotákwas they (m.) are finishing up working. wakathwehnotákwA I have finished the job, lonathwehnotákwA they (m.) have finished up working. wa?kathwehnota-kó• I finished up the job, wa ?akwathivehnota-kówe (excl.) finished up working. Base: -athwehnotakwwork for oneself katatyo?tAhsehe? I'm working for myself. wa?katatyó-tAhse? I worked for myself, Akatatyó-tAhse 7 I will work for myself. Base: -atatyo ? tAhse-/ -atatyo ? tAhswork for someone kuyo7tAhsehe? I'm working for you, liyo?tAhsehe? I'm working for him. wa?kuyó-tAhse? I worked for you, wa7kheyó-tAhse? I worked for her or them, wa?ukyó'tAhse? she or they worked for me, Akuyó-tAhse7 I will work for you. tashakoyó-tAhse7 he worked for them there. yeshakoyo?tAhsehe? he's working for them there, ya?shakoyó-tAhse? he worked for them while he was there. Base: -yo 7 tAhse-/-yo 7 tAhsw o r k , go a l o n g w o r k i n g ayakoyo ?táti7 she should go along working, elók

English-Oneida 1271

swakyo7tátyehse7 I'm working all over, in different places, élok swakyo 7táti7 I worked all over. tukyo7táti7 I worked as I was coming. Base: -yo ? tatyework, go somewhere to do work kathwehnotakó-nehse7 I go there to work. wa7kathwehnotakó-na7 I'm going there to work. Base: -athwehnotako ? nwork, go to work wakyo 7tAhse7 I'm here to work, sayo 7tAhsle 7 you're here to work, wakyo 7tAhslehse 7 I go there to work, sayo 7tAhslehse 7 you go to work, loyo 7tAhslehse 7 he goes to work. wakyo7tAhsu I have gone to work, loyo7tAhsu he has gone to work. ukyo7tAhsa7 I'm going to work, I'm on my way to work, wahoyo 7tAhsa 7 he's on his way to work, wa 7akoyo 7tAhsa 7 she's going to work, wahotiyo7tAhsa7 they (m.) went there to work, Awakyo 7tAhsa 7 I will go to work, Ahoyo 7tAhsa 7 he will go to work, aukyo7tAhsa7 I should go to work, ahoyo7tAhsa7 he should go to work, ahotiyo 7tAhsa 7 they (m.) should go to work. wakyo 7tAhslene 7 I was going to work. wakyo7tAhsu-hné- I was gone to work, sayo?tAhsu-hné- you were gone to work, loyo7tAhsu-hné- he was gone to work. Awakyo7tAhsúhake7 I will have gone to work. sukyo?tAhsa7 I went back to work. twakyo7tAhslehse7 I keep coming to work, Atwakyo 7tAhsa 7 I will come to work. tshiwakyo7tAhsu when I was gone to work. Base: -yo ? tAhsl-/-yo ? tAhswork hard See industrious, be industrious; be energetic; be a hard worker

work hard; suffer wakluhyakA I'm working really hard, I'm suffering (either pain or some hardship induced by hard work), loluhyakA he's suffering, wa 7kluhya-kA• I suffered, wahaluhya-kA• he suffered, Akluhya-kA- I will suffer. Base: -luhyakAwork, make someone work hard lakluhyakA-tu he's making me work very hard, skluhyakA-tu you're making me work hard. waholuhya-kA-te7 he made him work very hard, wahuwaluhya-kA-te7 someone or they made him work hard. Base: -luhyakA?twork, make work or start kyo 7tAsta 7 I'm making it start, I'm trying to start it up, layo 7tAsta 7 he's making it start. wakyo7tAstu I have started it. wa7kyó-tAste7 I started it. Base: -yo?tAstwork on a matter waklihwayó-tAhse7 I work on it, I put a lot of time into it. wak!ihwayo7tA-u I have worked on it. Awaklihwayo-tA• I will work on it. Base: -lihwayo ? tA-/-lihwayotAwork to exceed oneself waketsyakA I'm trying my best to do something better for myself, to exceed myself, lotsyakA he's trying really hard, yakotsyakA she's working really hard. wa7ketsya-kA• I worked hard to do better, wahatsya-kA• he exceeded himself, he did better for himself, Aketsya-kA- I will try to exceed myself. setsya-kA 'Bye, keep it up! snitsya-kA You two try to do better for yourselves! Base: -tsyakA-

1272 English-Oneida

work to exceed oneself going along waketsyakAháti7 I'm trying really hard to do something, lotsyakAháti7 he's working really hard, yakotsyakAháti7 she's working really hard. Base: -tsyakAhatyework together tetniye-nás you and I (incl.) are doing it together, teyakniye-nás we two (excl.) are doing it together, tehniye-nás the two (m.) are doing it together, tehatiye-nás they (m.) work together. wa7tyakniye-náwe two (excl.) worked together, wa 7thniye-ná- the two (m.) worked together. Base: .yena- plus te- dualic work, where one works tsi7 twakyo7tAsta7 where I work, tsi7 núyehotiyo7tAsta7 wherever they (m.) work, kAh nú- niwakyo 7tAsta 7 this is where I work, tsi7 twakyo 7tXstahkwe 7 where I worked. Base: .yo?tAst- plus t- cislocative, y- translocative, or n- partitive world, the whole world ohutsyakwekú. Pre-pausal: ohutsyakwe-kú. worm See bug; worm worm See earthworm worm; intestinal parasite onlAha7. Base: -nlAhworm powder onlAha7 yotílyos. wormy, be yotsi7nu-wále7 in it, it's wormy. Base: -tsi ? nuwal-

it has worms

worried, feel See bothered, feel bothered, worried, or disturbed

worrisome, be See troubling, be troubling; be worrisome worse, become See severe, become severe; worsen worth See value; worth wrap into a package or bundle khwe7nu-níhe7 I'm wrapping it, I'm making it into a package or bundle. wa7khwe7nu-ní• I wrapped it, I bundled it, wa7shwe7nwní- you wrapped it, wahahwe7nu-ní• he wrapped it, wahatihwe7nu-ní• they (m.) wrapped it, wa7khehwe7nu-níI wrapped her up (in something). Base: -hwe ? nuni-/-hwe ? nuny-/ -kwe?nuniwrap up tekha7úwe7eks I'm wrapping it up, (e.g., I'm wrapping a glass in something so that it won't break), tesha7úwe7eks you wrap it up. tewakha 7úwe I have wrapped it up. wa7tekha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped it up, wa7tyeha7úwe7eke7 she wrapped it up, wa7thiha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped him up, I put it around him, wa 7tekheha 7úwe 7eke 7 I put it around her or them. tesha7úwe7ek Wrap it! wa7tekhyatuhslaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped it up in paper. wa 7thikAhaha 7úwe 7eke 7 I wrapped him in a blanket, I wrapped the blanket around him, wa7tekhekAhaha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped her in a blanket. Base: .ha ? uwe ? ek-/.ha ? uwe- plus te- dualic wrap up oneself tehatha7úwe7eks he's wrapping himself in it (e.g., a towel). wa7tkatha7úwe7eke7 I wrapped myself in it, I put it around myself, wa7tyakwatha7úwe7eke7 we (excl.)

English-Oneida 1273

wrapped ourselves in it. Base: .atha ? uwe ? ek- plus tedualic wrecked, get kalihwA-tá-se7 it's wrecked, it's not in working order anymore. yolihwAtá-u it's wrecked. wa?kalihwA-táne7 it got wrecked. Base: - l i h w A t a 7 wrench

yehwatasé-tha7.

wrestle tehatatye-nás he's wrestling. tehotatyenA he has wrestled. tAhatatye-ná• he will wrestle. Base: .atatyena- plus te- dualic wrestle someone down wahotya7kéhtate7 he put him down (as in a fight), wa7kuyatya7kéhtate7 I wrestled you down. Base: -atya'kehtatwrestler tehatatye-nás (he's a) wrestler, tehutatye-nás they (m.) are wrestlers. Base: .atatyenas plus te- dualic wring out clothes knAhalata-séhe7 I wring out clothes. wa7knAhalata-séI wrung out the clothes. Base: -nAhalatasewrinkle up one's nose loni7nyúkli he has wrinkled up his nose. Pre-pausal: loni7nyúkeli. wahani7nyúklike7 he wrinkled up his nose. Base: -ani ? nyuklik-/-ani ? nyukliwrinkle up one's nose repeatedly lani7nyukltkhuhe7 he keeps wrinkling up his nose. Base: -ani ? nyuklikhuwrinkled, be yotoklí-tslale7 wrinkled, niyotoklí-tslale7 wrinkled. Base: -atokli ? tslal-

it's it's so

wrinkled, be wrinkled; be crushed yottoklíkhu7 it's wrinkled or crushed (as a result of someone making it so). Base: -attoklikhuwrinkled, look niwatokli7tsló-tA it looks really wrinkled. Base: .atokli?tslo?tA- plus n- partitive write khya-túhe7 I'm writing, shya-túhe7 you're writing, yehya-túhe7 she or someone is writing, wakhya-tú• I have written, sahya-tú• you have written, lohya-tú- he has written, kahya-túit's written. wa7khya-tú- I wrote, wa7shya-tú• you wrote, wa 7ehya-túshe wrote, Akhya-tú• I will write, Ahsya-tú- you will write, Ayehya-túshe will write, akhya-tú- I should write, a-kahya-tú- it should write. shya-tú Write! Akahya-túke7 it will be written, Akahyatúhake7 it should be written, yáh tehatihyatúhahkwe7 they (m.) didn't used to write it. Base: -hyatuwritten, get wathya-túhe7 it's being written, it's being printed out (e.g., by a computer), uthya-tú• it got written. Base: -athyatuwrong, do wrong; make a mistake tekatA-nuks I'm doing something wrong. tewakatA-nu I have done wrong. wa7tkatA-nuke7 I made a mistake, wa7thatA-nuke7 he did wrong, wa7tyutA-nuke7 she did wrong, tákA 7 tahsatA-nuk you shouldn't make a mistake. tewakatAhnú-ne7 I did wrong. Base: .atAhnuk-/.atAhnu- plus tedualic

1274 English-Oneida

Y yank out tkotshyá-tha7 I'm yanking it out. twakotshyá-tu I have yanked it out. takótshyahte7 I yanked it out. taknuto7tslótshyahte7 I yanked out the box. Base: .otshya't- plus t- cislocative yank out of a container tektahkwá-tha7 I'm yanking it out. twaktahkwá-tu I have yanked it out. Atektáhkwahte7 I will yank it out. tutaktáhkwahte7 I yanked it out again. Base: .tahkwa ? t-/.etahkwa ? tplus t- cislocative yard (measure) See stick; yard yarn See string; thread; yarn yawn tewakatskala7wátha7 I keep yawning. wa7twakatskalá-wahte7 I yawned. Base: .atskala ? waht- plus tedualic year ohsla-sé• it's a new year, tsi7 niyóhsles during the year. teyohslaké two years, wísk ttiyohslaké five years. nya7teyohslaké every year. wa7kohsló-ktA7 I ended the year, sakohsló-ktA 7 I ended the year again, tsyóhslat one year. tsyohslatkA one year ago. Base: -ohslyear, be a particular ka7ikA yohsla-téthis year. Base: -ohslate-

year, one year after the other yohslaténi. year, the count-year

yohslashe-tás.

yell See holler; yell yellow; orange otsí-nkwal or otsí-nkwala 7. Base: -tsi ? nkwalyes hA. yesterday the-tA• yesterday, oyátshithe-tA• the other day. kwáh oyá• tshithe-tA• the day before yesterday, the day before the other day. you; yourself; as for you isé- or nisé-. young, be young; be small lothóska 7 he's young or small, yothóska 7 she (z.) or it is young, yotithóska 7 they (z.) are young, lotithóska 7 they (m.) are young. Base: -thoska 7 young person kA7nithoyAha young man, kA7 nityakoyAha young woman, kA 7 nithotiyAha young men. kA 7 nitisniyA-sa 7 you two young ones, kA 7 nithotiyA-sa 7 several young men or young people. kA 7 tshitwakyAha when I was a young person, kA 7 tshithoyAha when he was a young man, kA7 tshityakoyAha when she was a young woman, kA 7 nityakoy A7Askwa 7 she was the youngest. Base: . y A h a / . y A - plus k A ? particle and nit- partitive and cislocative

English-Oneida 1275

z zigzagged, be See winding, be winding; be zigzagged

Introduction

The third part of this dictionary gives Oneida words organized into thematic categories. We were motivated to include this part of the dictionary because teachers and students often remark how useful they find the thematic dictionary Tekalihwaté:tha7 by Antone et al. (Centre for the Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages, The University of Western Ontario, 1981). Each category lists words that belong together because they are representative of a general concept, such as 'Foods'. The words in each category are listed alphabetically according to the English gloss. The categories are arranged into four larger, or superordinate, categories: Nature, People, Household and Community, and Exclamations and Slang. All the categories are listed in the Contents at the beginning of this book. The categories were chosen mainly according to two criteria. The first is that we know that certain categories are used by teachers and researchers. For example, someone may want to know all the numbers or all the kin terms, and so it is useful to have them gathered together in one place. The

second is that all the words in a category sometimes share a structural characteristic. The categories in Appendix 2 (People) that comprise mostly verb forms are coherent categories partly because the forms in each category share a particular property. The correlation between meaning and structure can help to define a category that is difficult to motivate purely from a semantic perspective. At the same time, when words that share some structural property are also semantically related, the semantic connection may make it easier to recognize and identify the structural property. Characteristic properties are pointed out in the remarks at the end of a list. Certain categories do not appear in these Appendices, even though the category would appear to be an obvious one. An example is emotions, a category which is included in many thematic dictionaries. Discussions with Oneida speakers, however, suggest that emotions are part of a much larger category (mental activities), and the verbs which correspond to emotions in English do not uniquely share any structural characteristics in Oneida. Therefore emotions is not one of the

1280 Introduction

categories we give here, even though it may seem like a natural one. Some categories consist mainly, or only, of verbs, and in this case we usually have selected just one or two representative forms from all of the subentries given in the Oneida-English and English-Oneida dictionaries. However, we give the base, in parentheses, after the inflected form(s), so that those interested in seeing more forms can consult the Oneida-English entry. Users can also find more forms in the English-Oneida dictionary by going to the English gloss. Note that inflected forms are given in italics, as in the first two parts of the dictionary. Categories which generally have just one Oneida form for the English word give the Oneida word in plain (non-italic) type. Generally, the Oneida words in these categories are noun forms or verbal nouns and often (though not always) they constitute a main entry (i.e., a base) in the Oneida-English dictionary.

The Oneida-English and EnglishOneida entries give Oneida words in their 'utterance-medial' form. This is the form that occurs most frequently in actual speech. A word spoken in isolation, that is, by itself with no other word immediately following, has a special form in Oneida: the 'utterancefinal' or 'pre-pausal' form. Pre-pausal forms also occur sometimes at the end of a sentence (or utterance). All the Oneida words in these appendices are given in their pre-pausal form. The pre-pausal form of most Oneida words involves at least the devoicing or whispering of the final syllable, and this is represented by underlining the sounds that are affected. In other cases, the pre-pausal form involves additional modifications, such as the lengthening of a vowel, or the insertion of the vowel e. (The section on Oneida orthography discusses the relation between utterance-medial and prepausal forms.)

Appendix 1: Nature

1.1. Animals animal, domestic animal, pet

katshe-nA-

animals, pets, livestock

kutitshenA?shúha

animal, wild

kályo 7

animals, wild

kutílyo7 or kutilyo ? shú}^

badger

ona?kAtkó-

bat

tsi ? kla ? wístal

bear

ohkwa-lí

beaver

tsyoní-tu?

buffalo

tsyotekliyá-ku

camel

yo?nowakwa-lúte?

cat

takóhs

chipmunk

tsyolhyóhkwa 7

clam

ata-kX-

cow

tyonhúskwalut

cow, milk cow

kanú-tat

crab, lobster, crayfish

tsye ? elolú

deer

oskanu-tú- or oskAnu-tú-

dinosaur

kaya ? kwáhele ?

dog

é-lhal

donkey

tewahúhtes

elephant

ohna ? kwalohsa ? kó- or

fish

kXtsP

fish fox

kAtsyA?shuha skAhnáksA7

ftL M nnakwalohsa ? ko-

1282 Nature

frog

wale-lX or wale-lú

frog, spring frog

to-tís

goat

kaya ? táklahse ?

gorilla

tsikawihsakiha ? kó-

groundhog

oná-kAt

horse

kohsa-tXs

kangaroo

yohna?tátsles

lion

kX-leks

lizard

okalanX-ta?

lobster, crab, crayfish

tsye ? elo-lú

mink

tsyotsya-káwe 7

mole

tsi ? nyu-kále ?

monkey

tsikawihsakíha 7

moose

ska?nyúhsa7

mouse

otsi?no-wX

muskrat

anó-kP

Pig

kóskos

porcupine

onhéhta7

rabbit

kwa ? yXha

rabbit, jackrabbit

tshu ? kalo-lX

raccoon

Ati-lú

rat

otsi?nowAhkó-

sheep

síksik

skunk

aní-tas

snake

ótku?

squirrel

tsikwilX-tu? or tsyokwilXtu?

squirrel, flying squirrel

tekahwa-súte?

squirrel, red squirrel

tsyohso ? kwaka-yú

toad

tsiniskwalakwalu-tú-

toad, tree toad

kwa-lál

turtle

a ? no-wál

weasel

onukót

wolf

thahyu-ní or othahyuní

Nature 1283

1.2. Birds bird

otsi?tA-ha

birds

otsi ? tAha ? shúha

blue jay

klíkli

bluebird

talulo-lú

bobolink

tsyó-kwalis

bobwhite, quail

kohkwáe

cardinal

onikwAhtalá;

chickadee

tsiktsile-lé-

chicken

kítkit

chicken hawk

kítkit teyakoya ? tákhwa ? or kítkit yakoye-nás

crane

tekahsineskó-

crow

ká-ka?

duck

talu'kó-

eagle

atú-nyote7

flicker, woodpecker

lalutasto ? okshá;

goldfinch

otsi ? nkwalá:

goose

onahsakA-láte? or nahsakA-láte?

goose, wild goose

káhuk or onahsakAlatkó- or nahsakAlatkó-

grouse, partridge

ohkwe-sA-

guinea hen

yostyA ? tóta 7

hawk

kalhakúha

hummingbird

lauláu

killdeer

tawístawi?

owl

kwalo-lú

partridge, grouse

ohkwe-sA-

peacock

wa?kohseskó-

pigeon

oli-té-

quail, bobwhite

kohkwáe

robin

tsiskó-ko?

rooster

kitkit la-tsín

seagull

tsyohwXtstakawe 7

sparrow

kanata ? kékha ?

stork

tekaluhyakahnéla2

1284 Nature

swallow

tekahnekakhwá;

turkey

skawilo-wáne ?

woodpecker, flicker

lalutasto ? okshá-

1.3. Bugs ant

tsi?nhutstókhwi? or tsi?nhutstókhwa?

bedbug

kasehtáklahse?

bee

tsinuhnéhklis or tsyonuhnéhklis

bloodsucker

tekaya ? takwXhtA ?

bug, worm

otsi?mrwá-

bugs

otsi?nuwa?shúha

butterfly

kana-wX-

caterpillar

onhwalá-ne7

cicada

tsikskó-

cricket

slíkslik

earthworm

otsi?nuwahé-ta?

firefly, lightning bug

tsistoka ? tá-ne ?

flea

tawél

gnats, picnic bugs

latislanú-wehse7

grasshopper

tsístalak

horsefly

kohsa-tXs tsí-ks

housefly

tsíks

ladybug

o?nowa?shúha

lightning bug, firefly

tsistoka ? tá-ne ?

louse, lice

otsí-nu?

mosquito

okalyahtá-ne ?

nits, small beads

otsi ? néhtala ?

praying mantis

watlA-náyAhe?

snail

tsyonisklolú

spider

tsina ? tsyakéhtu ? or tsyona ? tsyakéhtu ?

tick

oséhtu7

wasp

tehalutawe ? ésta ?

worm, bug

otsi?nu-wá-

Nature 1285

1.4. Parts of animals, birds, or bugs beak of a bird

laotsiyA-tá^ his

beak

aotsiyA-tá^ her or its beak carcass

okalyX-ta7

chicken feet

kítkit laohyakwila ? shúha

claw, fingernail

otsye 7 elá-

cobweb

tsina 7 tsyakéhtu 7 teyota 7 a-lúte 7

comb of a rooster

onláhsa7

feather

ostó-seli7

fin of a fish, webbed feet

okawé-ta7

fish eggs, gravel

o 7 néhtala 7

fish scales

ótsta7

fur

ónhwale7

gizzard

onikwAnó-ta7

guts, intestines

okahlósta7

hide, leather

ohnakXhsa7

horn

oná-kala7

marrow

otstahlu-wá-

nest

otsi 7 náhkwa 7

pelt

kané-wa7

pig's foot

otsilanX-ta7

porcupine quills

onhéhta7 onúhkwis

tail

otáhsa 7

webbed feet, fin of a fish

okawéta 7

wing

oyahútsha 7 or owyahútsha7

1.5. Trees ash, black ash, boat

kahuwe-yá-

ash, white

kánlu7

basswood

oho-séla7

beech

o 7 ne-yál

birch

tekala 7 wistálu

birch, blue

yotnakalata-sé

birch, white

ohnakwXhsa7

butternut

tsyohsó-kwes

1286 Nature

cedar

tekanA?takwXhtA?

chokecherry

teyakonya ? thalahtáne 7

evergreen, pine

ohnéhta?

hemlock, pine

kanA?tú-sa?

hickory

nékh or onu-kála?

ironwood

tsiláhsal or

maple, hard

wáhta 7

maple, soft

awAhaníkwal

pine, evergreen

ohnéhta7

pine, hemlock

kanA?túsa7

plum

wíhsu7

poplar

yonlahtu-tás

spruce

yonahsa?kXslale?

tsiláhsalu7

REMARKS: The names for trees and non-edible plants were provided by speakers who are particularly knowledgeable in this area. However, even experts are not sure of the terms for some trees, such as elm or oak. Abbott, Christjohn, and Hinton (1996) give ohí-ksli7 and wanistyakésha7 for 'elm' and kalíhtu and otokXha for 'oak', but terms for trees and plants are often different in the two Oneida-speaking communities. In the Oneida-English dictionary, in the NOTE, we give the Wisconsin term when it is different from the Ontario dialect.

1.6. Plants (non-edible) bloodroot

tewatnikwAhtálya?ks

burdock

olhohte7kó-

burr

ólhohte?

Dutchman's breeches

a ? nhuskwa 7 lha 7 shúha

everlasting

yunhe?u-wé

flax

óskale7

flower

otsí-tsi7

flowers

otsi7tsya7shúha

ginseng

tekalA?to-kX

hepatica

kutilu-tánunhe7

mandrake, May apple

onAhótste?

milkweed

onitshehwXta7

morel

oneklXta 7

Nature 1287

shahyese'kó- or sha ? yese ? kó- or

mulberry

sha-yese?kómullein

síksik aotinlahte? or síksik otáhsa?

nettles

yakohéhslalahse 7

poison ivy

yakohA-tálahse ?

pussy willow

teyothwalanekalákwA or yokwilahkali-yó

smartweed

teyotskala ? tkó-

sunflower

okuhsa?shúha or okuhsyú-ta?

sweet flag

onuno'lr

thistle

ohyu-kwála?

tobacco

oyúkwa?

tobacco, Indian or sacred

oyu?kwa?u-wé

vine

o'nXhal

violet

tekutenyalotálhos

water lily

sekkó-

1.7. Natural objects and formations bark o7wa-tsíste7

bark

branch ó'nhahte? branch, limb yo 7nháhtute? the branch (is) attached ka 7nháhtote7 there's a branch (on the tree) yo 7nháhtote7 it has a branch yo 7nhahto-tw it has several branches brush, bush, scrub oska-wáku in the brush or scrub kaska-wáyA7 (there's) brush, bush, or scrub buds otsi 7néhkwala7 buds yonAhute7 (there are) buds bush kahu-tóte^

(it's) a bush

1288 Nature

cave yauhwAtsyaká-lute7 yotstAhlaká-lute7

(it's) a cave, a tunnel there's a hole in the rock, (it's) a cave

coal ó -SWA 7 coal continent yohutsyaké-lu7 corn silk yóklote7

continent

cornsilk

corn stalk ó h elP corn stalk ohe-láku among the corn stalks, in the corn fields kahelo tw the corn stalks are standing corncob ohlá/z fcp corncob cornhusk ohwáskA7

cornhusk

crevice teyoluhwA-té (it's) a crevice, crack, or opening tsi7 teyohluhwatáti7 (it's) a crevice, valley or crack dam kahnekanho-tw dirt 7 o kA-la 7

dam

dirt, dust, ashes, soil

ditch kaná-tshelP ditch kaná-tslaku in the ditch kana 7tslakúshu7 along the ditches kana7tslákta7 near the ditch kana 7tslaktúti7 close along the ditch tsi7 kana7tslatáti7 (it's) a ditch, extending along field, garden kah At á-ke in the fields or garden ohAtakúshu7 meadow, through the fields kah A- táyA^ there's a field or garden

Nature 1289

flame o7túhkwa7

flame

flower otsí-tsi7 flower ots i ?tsya 7s h úha flowers yotsí-tsyute7 (it's) a blooming flower yotsi 7tsyu tw flowers are blooming foam ohivA-tsta7

foam

forest kélh ite7

forest, trees

fountain yohne kóte7

there's water coming out, (it's) a fountain

fruit, unripe fruit onúskwali7 unripe or green fruit yonúskwalute7 grass onékelP

(it's) unripe fruit, still attached to the branch or vine

grass, straw, hay, weeds

gully, valley ohlu-wáku

gully, valley

hill yonutáhele7 (there's) a hill yonwté^ (it's) a little hill, a little mound yonu-tóte7 (it's) a small hill or mound yonuténi7 (there are) a lot of little hills or mounds yonutáhalote7 (there's) a hill onutahalá-ke on top of the hill onutahalákta7 near the hill onutahalo-kú down at the bottom of the hill hole oshu-wáku yoshwwé• island yohwé-note7

in the hole (there's) a hole island, peninsula

1290 Nature

knot in a tree katsíhkote7

(it's) a knot in a tree

leaf ónlahte7 leaf onlahte 7shúha leaves onlahtakúshu7 in through the leaves yonláhtute7 (there are) leaves (on trees) ohuleaves and stems of a plant lake kanyatalá-ke kanya-tálayA7

lake (there's) a lake

land ohwAtsi7 or ohútsi7 land, ground, earth ohw Atsyá-ke or ohutsyá-ke on the ground or earth ohutsyakúshu7 along through underneath the ground ohutsyo kú under the ground lawn onu fy-la7 lawn, sod, scalp mud ona-wá-tste7 mud onawa 7tstákelP muddy water murky water kanu • wáku

murky water, murkiness

peninsula See island pond wéhkwayA7

(there's) a small pond or island

wehkwayA-tw

or wehkwaké-lu7

(there are) several small ponds or islands

puddles See well rainwater okAnolehslákelP

rainwater

river kawyhúha7 river kawyhuhaktúti7 along near the river kawyhuhatáti7 along the river, (it's) a river, extending along

atsya7ktúti7 atsyá-kta7

along the river riverbank

road oháha7 road, path owahá-ke on the road owaha 7késhu7 along the roads yoha-té^ (it's) a road yohaténi7 there are roads yohatáti7 (it's) a road, path, highway, or anything travelled yoháh ute7 it's a side road or lane teyothahá-ktu (there's) a bend or curve in the road teyothaha 7ktáni7 the road is crooked or winding teyothaho-kA fork in the road teyohahá-sele7 crossroads rock otstA-la7 rock,mountain,outcropping yotstA-lote7 (there's) a rock, outcropping, mountain peak sand o 7nehsalúhkwa7

sand

sap óshes

sap, syrup, gum, honey

seed ka-nAhe7 seed, grain, oats, pit of a fruit sky, heaven kaluhyá-ke sky, in the sky, heaven smoke oyú-kwala7 smoke yoyú-kwalote7 it's smoking spring yohnáwelote7

(it's) a spring

stem o 7nísta7 stem of a plant ka 7nístote7 there's a stem, still attached yo 7nístote7 it has a stem stick kana-kále7 or atáhseli7 stick

1292 Nature

stone otiA-yá- stone kanA-yáyA7 (there's) a stone, lying kariA-yóte7 (there's) a stone, standing stream yothnekahtAti stream, creek yohna-wés it's a stream of water swamp kana-wáku kana-wáyA? thorn áslok

in the swamp (there's) a swamp

thorn

tree ka-l úte7 log, tree, a cut-down tree kalu tá-ke on the tree kalute 7shúha a lot of (cut-down) trees kalu• táyA7 a tree or log (is) lying there kalu-tóte7 (there's) a tree growing, still standing kalu to tw (there's) a group of trees tree stump otsina 7á -la 7 tree stump katsina 7á-lote7 or yotsina7á-lote7 tree root yohtehlaténi7 twig o-kwíle^

(there's) a tree stump standing upright

tree root

twig, whip

waterfalls tetwa 7sAtha7 well kahtiekfr kahnekóni7 whirlpool yothnekata-sé

waterfalls, Niagara Falls

well wells, puddles whirlpool

wood o •yAte7 wood, cord of wood

Nature 1293

ohéhsa7 rotting or disintegrating wood ohka-lá^ wood chip onahwAtskli7 wood shavings woods kal ha kú in the woods, forest, or bush kálh ay A? (there are) woods kalhayA-tw (there are) lots of woods world ohutsyakwe-kú

the whole world

REMARKS: This list includes terms for objects that occur in nature or on the earth, including parts of plants (such as 'leaf or 'stem') and geological formations (such as 'hill' or 'river'). Some of the Oneida terms are noun forms consisting of the o- noun prefix, a noun root, and either the -a 7 or -e? noun suffix (for example, oyAte7 wood, onA-yá• stone). Other terms have one of the locative suffixes -ku 'in'or - ? ke (which is usually realized as -'-ke) 'on, at'; for example, oshu-wóku in the hole, kah At á-ke in the fields or garden. In several cases the form heard more often is actually not the noun form, but a verb form that has the noun base incorporated into one of the positional verbs -yA- (see -yA-/-yAt- lay down, place, have), -ot- (see -hnyot-/-ot- stand upright, have), or -ut- (see -N-ut- attach, be attached). Noun roots that refer to objects that grow or to large natural phenomena (such as a swamp or trees) typically are incorporated into one of the positional verbs.

1.8. Weather and meteorological phenomena air See wind, air breeze yotewe-lále7

there's a breeze

cloud ohtsí-kela7 cloud yohtsí-kele7 it's cloudy uhtsí-klate7 it got cloudy suhtsí-klate7 it got cloudy again Awahtsí-klate7 it will get cloudy tayohtsi 7kláti7 it's getting cloudy wa 7ohtsi 7kláti7 the clouds went by wa 7ohtsí-klane7

it got cloudy, suddenly there were clouds

cold yotho-l& utho-láte7

it's cold it got cold

1294 Nature

it got cold again coldiscoming it's going to get cold

sutho-láte7 tayotholáti7 watholáthe7

day, weather WAhnisláksA it's a bad day uhnisláksahte7 it became a bad day wAhnisli-yó it's a nice day AWAhnisli-i/óste7 it will become a nice day suhnisli-yóste7 it became a nice day again dew yo 7áwi

dew

drizzle, mist yawAhawi-nú

it's a light drizzle, it's misting

earthquake wa7tyauhwAtsíshuhkwe7 tutayohutsishuhkwáni7 eclipse utAhni7táhtu7

or wa7tyohutsíshuhkwe7 there was an earthquake there were earthquakes someplace

eclipse

flood yohno-tw

it's flooded

fog teyotsha-táyA7 it's foggy wa 7twatsha-táyA7 it got foggy tewatshatay A- hné- it's going to become foggy freeze yowislátu7 it's frozen wa7kawíslate7 it became frozen tsyowislátu7 it froze over again Aka wis I ate^ it will freeze up tayowislatu 7uháti7 it's freezing up freezing rain yowisúti it's freezing rain, it's hailing, it's an ice storm sayowisu-tf it's hailing again tekawisutá-ne7 it's going to be freezing rain frost yohsa 7kAsIa-yA•

(there's) a frost

Nature 1295

uhsa 7kAsla-yA• it got a frost yohsa7kAsl ale7 it has frost on it ts i7 niyohsa 7k As I ale7 is it ever frosty teyohsa 7k As lute7 it's frosty hail See freezing rain hazy teyoyu

7kwala-yA•

it's hazy

hot yo7talíhA it's hot niyo7talíhA it's so hot u7talíhahte7 it got hot su 7talíhahte^ it got hot again wa 7taliha 7tá-ne7 it's going to get hot u 7taliha 7tán i7 it got hot now and again tekA7túkhwale7 it's hot ice, icy o • w íse7 ice, glass, window yowísele7 it's icy teyowi-súte7 it has become icy, it's just a sheet of ice wa 7tkawisu-tAit became icy yowisakwAhtálbu it's covered in ice wa 7kawisakwAhtálho7 it got all icy

lightning wa 7twanlé-kalawe7 it flashed a (single) lightning flash tewanle7kala7wányuhe7 it's lightning wate 7slútyehse7 lightning keeps striking ute 7slu-tf it got struck by lightning lightning and thunder wate 7slutyéhsluhe7 it's thundering and lightning ute7slutyéhslu7 it was lightning and thundering mild tsyawAtana-wA it's a mild spell sawAtana-wAhte^ it got mild ASWAtana-wAhte^ it will become mild moon ohní-ta7 moon,month WAhní-tale7 or yohní-tale7

the moon is shining

1296 Nature

Northern Lights tewatluhyayelúnyuhe7

Northern Lights

rain yokAtio-lé-se7 it keeps raining, it rains and rains yokAno-lú it's raining wa ?okA-nóle7 it started to rain AyokA-nóle7 it will rain tsyokAtio-lú it's raining again sayokA-nóle7 it rained again yokAnoléhsle7 it's going to rain tayokAnoluháti7 rain is coming this way wa7okAnoluháti7 rain is going by yokAtiolehslo-lú it looks like rain yotestalaténi it's sprinkling utestalate-nf the drops are beginning to fall, it's starting to rain rainbow yó-nhyale7

(it's) a rainbow

shady yotahalá-nu

it's shady

slippery teyowískwaht it's slippery tsi7 na7teyowískwaht it's really slippery wa 7tyowiskwá-tane7 it got slippery snow ónyAhte^ snow ó-kla7 snowflake yota 7klókwA it's snowing tsi7 niyota 7klókwA it's really snowing u ta 7klo kó- it started to snow Awata7klo-kfr it will snow tayota7klokwAháti7 snowiscoming yo7klúti snow is falling yoriA 7úti it's snowing in pellets yota7klaténi it's snowing lightly 7 teyonyo kwata sé it's swirling snow, it's a blizzard wa 7tkanyo 7kwata-séthere's a snowstorm kanye•yA• there's snow on the ground wa 7kanye•yA• it snowed so that the snow stayed on the ground kanyeyA-tw there is snow lying all about yó-klale7 there's snow on it kanyAhtale7 there's snow in it

Nature 1297

kanyAhtáhele7 it has snow lying on it yo7klolú snow is covering it yonyAhtahno-tés it's deep snow yony Ahtaló-lu snowdrift wa 7tkanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away tusakanye-yáhkwe7 the snow disappeared or went away again star otsistóhkwa7 stars, dots, printed fabric, calico yotsistóhkwale7 it's starry, the stars are shining, it's spotted yotsistohkwa-lw there are stars out, it's starry, it's polka-dotted sun yotáhalote7 the sun is shining sutahalo-tA^ it got sunny again Awatahalo-tA^ the sun will shine yáh te 7tsyotáhalote7 the sun isn't shining any longer yotahalatalíhA thesunishot otahá Ihu7 right in the sun takaké-to7 thesunrose ya 7twatshXtho7 the sun set thunder wahsakayu • té-se7 it's thundering uhsakayutéhslu7 it thundered Awahsakayutéhslu7 it's going to thunder weather tsi7 niwAhnisló-tAhse7

weather

wind, air ówela7 wind, air yowelu-tú it's windy wa 7káwelute7 the wind started to pick up Akáwelute7 it will get windy yáh te 7tsyowelu tú it's not blowing wind any more wa 7tkawélahkwe7 the wind picked up kawela 7shátste7 it's a strong wind tekawelata-séhe7 the wind keeps swirling, around, (it's) a tornado teyowelata-sé the air or wind is going around wa 7tkawelata-s&_ the wind swirled around wa 7tkawelu kóhte7 the wind came through (e.g., the walls)

1298 Nature

1.9. Directions east

tsi 7 tkaké-tohse7

north

otholéke

south

Ati nukwá^

west

tsi 7 tetwatshXthos

1.10. Division of time into units and phases dark, get dark, become night yo7kalá-u it's dark, it's evening or night wa 7ó-kalawe7 it got dark sayó-kalawe7 it got dark again tetyó-kalas it's dark tutayó-kalawe7 it got dark again tAtyó-kalawe7 it will get dark again nityo7kalá-u late at night oyá• tshityókalas the other night tayo 7kala 7uháti7 it's becoming dark tutayo 7kala 7uháti7 it's getting dark again dawn teyowAtá-lu

dawn

day awAhnísla7 day ka7ikA WAhnisla-té^ or ka7ikA wahnisla-té WAhnislaténi one day after another swAhníslat one day tewAhnisla-ké two days tóhka7 niwAhnisla-ké several days ya7tewAhnísla-ké everyday tsi7 niwAhnísles during the day kwa?Atáti7

all day

kwa 7Até ke

daytime

today, this day

daylight, become daylight, become light WA-té• it's daylight, it's light out wa 7WA-téne7 it became daylight, it became bright AWA-téne7 it will get bright

Nature 1299

daylight, become daylight, become morning yolhA-u it has become daylight, it's light wa 7ólhAne7 it became morning or daylight AyólhAne7 it will be morning, tomorrow yolhA?uháti7 it's just becoming daylight tayolhA7uháti7 it's becoming morning sayólhAne7 it became daylight again, the next day evening yo7kaláshu

it's evening (it could still be light out, 4 or 5 p.m.)

hour úska wa 7kahwistá-eke7 one hour tékni wa 7tkahwistá-eke7 two hours áhsA na7kahwistá-eke7 three hours tó• niyohwistá-e What time is it? úska niyohwistá-e (it's) one o'clock yá-ya7k niyohwistá-e six o'clock tékni tsha7teyohwistá-e at two o'clock áhsA tsha7teyohwistá-e at three o'clock midnight ahsúthA

midnight

month, moon ohní-ta7 moon tsi7 niwAhní-tes during the month WAhni7taténi one month after the other swAhní-tat one month tewAhní-take two months tóhka7 niwAhní-take several months swAhni7tatkA one month ago sWAhni 7 tátshu 7 every month, monthly morning astéhtsi7 in the morning oyá- tshitwastéhtsP the other morning astehtsiwé-ke morning time (See also daylight) night ka7ikA wahsuta-té^ this night, tonight wahsutaténi one night after the other kiva7ahsutáti7 all night

1300 Nature

kwa7ahsu-t& last night oyá• tshitkwa7ahsu-té• the other night kwa 7ahsuté-ke nighttime (See also dark) noon Atye ni-kále7

noon

second ohí-kala7

section,piece,gear,second

week tsi7 niwA-tés during the week swA-tát one week áhsA niwA • take three weeks tóhka7 niwA-táke several weeks ya7tewA• táke every week swAtatkA one week ago year ka7ikA yohsla-tíb this year yohslaténi one year after the other tsi7 niyóhsles during the year tsyóhslat one year teyohsla-ké two years tóhka 7 niyohsla-ké several years nya7teyohsla-ké every year oyá• tshitkohslá-ke the other year tsyohslatkA one year ago yohslashe-tás year, the count-year 1.11. Seasons season wakAnhaténi7 or wakanhaténi7 season ka7ikA wakAnha-té• or ka7ikA wakanha-té• fall, autumn katiAná-ke fall, autumn kanAna?ké-ne falltime tshikanAná-ke last fall winter kohslá-ke kohsla7ké-ne

winter wintertime

this season

Nature 1301

tshikohslá-ke sayóhslate7 Ayóhslate7

last winter it became winter again it will become winter

spring kAkxvi-t& spring kAkwité-ne springtime tshikAkwi-té^ last spring summertime kwa7akAnhé-ke tshikwa7akAnhe7 spring, summer wa ?tyokanhu-tf tusayokanhu-tí t Ay oka nhu-tf

or kwa7akanhé-ke summertime or tshikwa7akánhe7 last summer

it became spring or summer it became spring or summer again it will become spring or summer

1.12. Months January

Teyakohúhtya ? ks (literally, 'someone's ears are freezing')

February

Tsha 7 tekohsélha ? (also 'Midwinter')

March

TewAhníslya'ks (literally, 'the day is cut in two')

April

Wahsakayu-té-se ? (literally, 'it's thundering')

May

LatiyXthos (literally, 'they plant')

June

AwXhihte 7 (also 'strawberry')

July

Ohyótsheli? (also 'string beans')

August

OnXstase7 (literally, 'new or fresh corn')

1302 Nature

September

YeyAthókwas (literally, 'someone harvests')

October

YutékhwayAhe? (literally, 'someone stores food')

November

TehutAnuhela-túhe? (literally, 'they give thanks')

December

Wahsu-tés (literally, 'it's a long night')

1.13. Days of the week Monday last Monday next Monday

yaAtAtá-u or yautAtáu tshawAtA-táne ? or tshautA-táne? oyá- yAswAtA-táne7

Tuesday last Tuesday next Tuesday

tekníhatuht tsha ? tekníhatuht oyá- nya ? tesknihatuht

Wednesday last Wednesday next Wednesday

ahsXhatuht tshiwahsXhatuht oyá- nya ? teswahsXhatuht

Thursday last Thursday next Thursday

kayelíhatuht tshikayelíhatuht oyá- nya 7 teskayelíhatuht

Friday last Friday next Friday

wískhatuht tshiwískhatuht oyá- yAswískhatuht

Saturday last Saturday next Saturday

Atákta 7 tshiwAtákta 7 oyá- yAswatákta 7

Sunday

yawAtatokXhti or yawAtatokXhtu or yautatokXhti or yautatokXhtu tshawAtatokXhti or tshawAtatokXhtu or tshautatokXhti or tshautatokXhtu yAswAtatokXhti or yAswAtatokXhtu

last Sunday next Sunday

Nature 1303

1.14. Numbers one

úska

two

tékeni

three

áhsA

four

kayé-

five

wísk

six

yá-yahk

seven

tsya-ták

eight

tékelu?

nine

wá-telu?

ten

oye-lí;

eleven

úska yawA-lé-

twelve

tékni yawA-lé-

thirteen

áhsA yawA-lé-

fourteen

kayé yawA-lé-

fifteen

wísk yawA-lé-

sixteen

yá-ya ? k yawA-lé-

seventeen

tsya-ták yawA-lé-

eighteen

téklu 7 yawA-lá-

nineteen

wá-tlu 7 yawA-lé-

twenty

tewáshA

thirty

áhsA niwáshA

forty

kayé niwáshA

fifty

wísk niwáshA

sixty

yá-ya ? k niwáshA

seventy

tsya-ták niwásh/v

eighty

téklu7 niwáshA

ninety

wá-tlu ? niwáshA

one hundred

úska tewA?nyáwelu?

two hundred

tékni tewA?nyáwelu ?

three hundred

áhsA tewA?nyáwelu ?

four hundred

kayé tewA?nyáwelu ?

five hundred

wísk tewA ? nyáwelu ?

six hundred

yá-ya ? k tewA ? nyáwelu ?

seven hundred

tsya-ták tewA ? nyáwelu ?

eight hundred

téklu7 tewA?nyáwelu ?

1304 Nature

nine hundred

wá-tlu 7 tewA?nyáwelu ?

one thousand

oye lí- tewA?nyáwelu ?

first

tyotyelXhtu

second

teknihatú-thne

third

ahsAhatú-thne

fourth

kayelihatúthne

fifth

wiskhatúthne

last

yeskA-há

one at a time, each one

uskátshu 7

two at a time, two each

tekníshu ?

three at a time, three each

ahsAshu 7

four at a time, four each

kayelíshu 7

1.15. Colours black

o?swA-ta?

blue

olúya 7

blue, light blue

kaluhyawískela 7

brown

athéhsa 7

colour

ohsóhkwa 7

colours

ohsohkwa 7 shúha

colour, the kind of colour it is

niwahsohkó-tA

colour, bright

yohsóshwatet

colour, dark

tetyohsohkwá-kalas

gold, silver

ohwistano'lú-

gray

ata ? kA-la ?

green

awA-lá-

orange

otsí-nkwal or otsí-nkwala 7 or katsi'nkwalahú-tsi^

pink

kanikwAhtalawískela 7

purple

ohalanA-ta7

red

onikwAhtala 7

silver, gold

ohwistano-lú-

white

owískela 7

yellow

otsí-nkwal or otsí nkwala 7

Nature 1305

1.16. Shapes circle

teyothwe7nu-ní

square, diamond

kayé na 7 teyotakwaluté-

triangle

áhsA na ? teyotakwalu-té-

1.17. Foods apple

swahyowáne 7

banana

teyotahyá-ktu

bean

osahéta 7

bean, string bean, July

ohyótshelP

bean soup

osahéta 7 ohnekákeli7

beet

onikwXhtala 7 nikahtehlótA

berry, fruit

káhik

blackberry, thimbleberry

shá-yese 7

blackcap, black raspberry

teyothutá-ktu

blueberry

otstókhwP

bread, cake

kanátalok

bread, baked

watná-talute 7

bread, fried

kAyé-ke watná talute7

bread crust

o ? nuwa-tsíste ?

broth, watery soup

ohnekákelP

butter

owistohseli 7

buttermilk

kanu ? tathétu

cake, wedding cake

yakonyákta ?

carrot

otsí nkwala 7 nikahtehló-tA

celery

ostawina ? shúha

cheese

yonekwalahni lú or yonekwalátkAhse7

cherry

el±

cherry, wild

elikkó-

coffee

khófe

cookie

kheksu-wé-

core of a fruit

oháta7

com

o-nXste7

com, ground com

ono 7 ókhwa ?

corn kernels, dried

kanAhX-ta7

1306 Nature

corn mush, baked green

okahslóta 7

corn soup

olaná-

cornbread

kanAstóhale

cornbread broth

ona'talákeli^

cornmeal mush

osekwá-lha7

cracker

yona ? talastáthA

cream, dough, paste

oshé-lha7

cucumber, melon, squash

onu?úsela? or onu7úseli7

curd

one-kwála7

dough, paste, cream

oshélha 7

egg egg sandwich

o ? nhúhsa 7

elderberry

ala-sék

fat, oil, grease, gravy, gasoline

kA-yé-

flour

othé-tsheli^

food

kákhwa 7

foods, all kinds of foods

tsi ? nitwakhó-tAhse 7

frozen, something frozen

owistókwa 7

fruit, berry

káhik

fruit drink

ohyákeli 7

grape

o ? nAhalhkó-

gravy, oil, grease, fat, gasoline

kA-yé-

groceries, lunch

atAná-tshelP

gum, syrup, sap, honey

óshes

ice cream

yoshe ? lhawísto

junk food

kakhwaksXska

Kool-Aid, pop, soda

kahnekáku^

lard, animal fat

oya ? takA-láte ?

leek

a?nukkó-

lemon

teyohyahyó-tsis

lettuce

onlahtakáhtu 7

liquid, liquor

ohneká-

macaroni

oholo 7 ta ? shúha

maple sugar or syrup, brown sugar

olutákeli7

meat

o 7 wá-lu ?

meat, raw meat

o 7 wahlakáhtu 7

meat sandwich

ka 7 wahló-lu

ka 7 nhuhsólu

Nature 1307

medicine, pepper

onúhkwaht

melon, cucumber, squash

onu7úsela? or onu'úseli?

milk

cnú-ta7

milk, sour milk

teyonu ? tahyó-tsis

nut

ohsó-kwa 7

oil, grease, fat, gravy, gasoline

kA-yé-

onion

á-nuk

orange

otsí-nkwala 7 niwahyó-tA

ovenbread

katsihko-tú-

pancake

ánikok

pea

teyotshahe 7 takwe 7 nu-ní

peach

yonuhwé-lhote 7 káhik

pear

yotshe ? tX-tuhe ?

peelings

olá-wiste 7

pepper, medicine

onúhkwaht

pickles, salt or brine

teyonu 7 uslahyó-tsis

pie

wá-yat

pie, tasty pie

kawa'yatsláku^

pill

onunyó-kwa7

pills, small round objects

onunyo ? kwa ? shúha

pop, soda, Kool-Aid

kahnekáku 7

popcorn

watnAstatákwas

potato

ohnanáta 7

potato salad

kahnana 7 taku ? ústu

preserves

watahyalíhtu

puffball

te wa tyu 7 kwalok washá;

pumpkin

onu7usla?kó-

radish

ohtehlakáhtu 7

raspberry

tsyohtahkwakayú

rhubarb

teyostawinahyó-tsis

rice

watnA 7 ú-kwas

rind, skin, rubber

ohnakwála 7

root

ohté-la ?

salt

tyohyó-tsis

salt pork

teyo 7 wahlahyó-tsis

sausage, wiener

awAhétsha 7

soda, pop, Kool-Aid

kahnekáku^

1308 Nature

soup, thick soup, mush

onutála 7

soup, watery soup, broth

ohnekákelP

squash, cucumber, melon

onu?úsela? or onu?úseli?

squash

yonu?uslaké-tote?

strawberry, June

awXhihte?

stuffing for fowl

kayá taku wateta ? ásta ?

sugar

onutákelP

sugar substitute

teskyanutakli ? tslatye-L\

sweets

teyonutaklí-tslale?

syrup, gum, sap, honey

óshes

syrup, maple syrup, brown sugar

olutákelP

tea

tí

thimbleberry, blackberry

shá-yese?

tobacco juice

oyu?kwákeli^

tomato

tewahyakhánP

turnip, button, fist, knuckle

otsíhkwa 7

walnut

teyotsho ? kwakwe ? nu-ní

water

ohnekánus

wiener, sausage

awAhétsha7

REMARKS: The names of some foods are expressed in Oneida by a noun form having either the o- or ka- noun prefix (for example, otsíhkwa7 'turnip'). However, many foods are rendered in Oneida not by a noun form, but by a verb form and for many of these verb forms speakers can give the literal translation. For example, tewahyakháni^ 'tomato' is a verb that means 'the food is pieced together'. Words that are verb forms from a structural perspective, but which are used as names for specific objects, are called verbal nouns, and in the Oneida-English dictionary they have the category designation V > N.

1.18. Food preparation bake See roast, bake, fry boil, bring to a boil, heat up wa 7klíhahte? I warmed it up saklíhahte7 I warmed it up again, I boiled it again slíhaht Boil it! (-liha ? t-/-taliha ? t-)

Nature 1309

boil, come to a boil, get warm tyoIíhAhse^ it's boiling tyolihA-u it has boiled tayolíhA? it started to boil (-lih(A)-/-ya?talih(A)-/-talih(A)-) boil something kalíhtu it's boiled wá-klihte7 I boiled it (-liht-) boil See also cook in water, boil and steam, boil break into pieces, cut, smash, chop, grind wa 7tékhlihte7 Ibrokeit wa 7tkahyá-lihte7 Icutupfruit wa 7tekna 7talá-lihte7 I cut up the bread wa 7thahnana 7tá-lihte7 he cut potatoes into pieces wa 7thanAstá-lihte7 he ground the corn (.hliht- plus te- dualic) bury food in the ground wa 7katsha-túI buried it in the ground (in order to store or preserve it) satsha-tú Bury it! (-atshatu-) churn butter knu 7ta thé-tha7 I'm churning butter wa7enu 7táthehte7 she churned the butter (-nu ? tathe ? t-) cook kekhu-níhe7 I'm cooking wa 7kekh u rw I cooked skakhu•ní the food is cooked (-khuni-/-khuny-) cook in water, boil wa 7ká-yo7 I cooked the fruit wa 7khnaná-to7 I put potatoes in water to cook 7 wakná-talo I'm boiling bread (e.g., cornbread) or dumplings wa 7ksahé-to7 I just put the beans on to boil wa7kenh ú hso7 I boiled an egg wa 7e 7wá-lo7 she boiled meat (-N-0-)

1310

Nature

cool something wa 7kwístohte7 I cooled it s akw is to hte7 I cooled it again wa 7khnekawístohte7 I cooled the water (-wistoht-) cut or sever the neck wa 7kenyályahke7 (-nyalya ? k-)

I cut it off at the neck (e.g., killing a chicken)

cut out a piece or chunk kkwé-talus I'm cutting out chunks or pieces with some implement (e.g., scissors) wahakwé- talu7 he cut out pieces sna 7talakwé-talu Tear or slice up the bread! (-kwe ? talu-/-kwe ? tal-) cut up into pieces wahakwe 7talu-kóse7wahlakwe7talu-kó (-kwe'talukw-)

he cut it up Slice the meat!

dry, go dry, evaporate yostésku it has evaporated, it has gone dry (e.g., when water boils away) ústeske7 it boiled dry (-astesk-) dry something Akatna 7talastáthahte7 I will dry bread (e.g., to make stuffing) Ahsatn AStáthahte7 you will dry the corn (-statha ? t-/-at-N-statha ? t-) finish preparing a meal wa 7kekhwísane7 I finished preparing a meal (-khwisa 7 -) fry See roast, bake, fry heat up, warm up 7tatalíhahte7 wahathnana he heated up the potatoes wa 7uthnekatalíhahte7 she heated up the water sakatekhwatalíhahte7 I heated up the food again (-at-N-taliha?t-)

Nature 1311

husk corn latinolótshyus wa 7knolótshi7 (-nolotshyu-)

they are husking corn I husked corn

knead dough, put on buttons wahatsihkotúni7 he kneaded it (-tsihkotunyu-) mix tekyésta7 I'm adding it in, I'm mixing it wa 7tékyeste7 I mixed it M i x it!

tXhsyest

(.yest- plus te- dualic) mix together wa 7tekyestáni7 I mixed it all together (.yestanyu- plus te- dualic) peel, remove the peel kla 7wistótshyus I'm removing the peel or skins from something wa 7kla 7wistótshi7 I removed the peel (-la?wistotshyu-) peel something tekkAslus I'm peeling it (with an implement, such as a knife) tAkkA-séle7 I will peel it teskA-sél Peel it! wa 7tyuhyakA-séle7 she peeled fruit wa 7tyehnana 7takA-séle'7 she peeled potatoes wa 7tyehtehlakA-séle7 she peeled carrots (.kAsl-/.kAsel- plus te- dualic) peel the peel wa 7tekla

7wistakA-séle7

I peeled it

tehsla7wistakA-sél Peel it! (,la ? wistakAsl-/.la ? wistakAsel- plus te- dualic) pickles, make tehatnu 7uslahyo 7tsísta7 he's making brine pickles wa 7thatnu 7uslahyó-tsiste7 he made brine pickles (,atnu 7 uslahyo 7 tsist- plus te- dualic) pound something wa7éthehte7 she pounded (e.g., corn) (-the?t-)

1312 Nature

pour, add, throw, drop off yahukhyo7tsistu-tv_ I salted it yahukyenu-tf I poured oil on it, I added oil yahuknutakli?tslu-tf I put sugar on it, I sweetened it yahuknu7tu-tv_ I put milk on it yahukeshestwtf I added the syrup, I sweetened it with syrup yAsathe?tslu-tf you will add flour (.aty-/.atye-/.uty-/.utye- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative) preserve fruit yutahyal it ha7 she's preserving or canning fruit wa7utá-yalíhte^ she preserved fruit (-atahyaliht-) remove fish scales Akitstalu kó• I will remove the fish scales (-itstalukw-) remove guts wa ?kkahlostatáhko? (-kahlostatahkw-)

I removed the guts

remove strawberry tops wa 7tha ?nekAhtaluta kó• he removed the strawberry tops (.?nekAhtalutakw- plus te- dualic) roast, bake, fry kate ?skú tha7 I'm roasting or baking, I'm frying wa ?kate 7sku tA^ I baked it, I fried it wa?utna?talu-tA she baked the bread wa ?ute?nhuhsu-tAshe fried eggs wa ?ute ?wahlu-tA- she fried meat (-ate 7 skut-/-at-N-ut-) roll out dough tekeshe 7lhakwAht Atha? I'm rolling out the dough tAhseshe ?lhakwAhtAhte^ you will roll out the dough (.she?lhakwAhtAht- plus te- dualic) sift wa ?ka • wáke7 (-awak-) singe wahihuhtsí-tAhte? (-huhtsPtAht-)

I sifted it

I singed the hair or feathers off him (a pig or chicken)

Nature

skin something wa 7shakoyA-séle7 (-yAsl-/-yAsel-)

1313

he skinned them (e.g., rabbits)

soak something wa7kná-nawAhtel I soaked it wa 7ksahe 7tana-wAh te7 I soaked the beans (-na ? nawAht-/-nawAht-) steam, boil kna 7tsihálha7 wa7kna7tsiha-W (-na'tsihal-)

I'm steaming or boiling it (e.g., rhubarb, spinach) I steamed it

stir something tekawAlyehse7 I'm stirring it tAhsawAli7 you will stir it tehsawAli Stir it! (.awAlye- plus te- dualic) strain, drain knuwakXtsta7 I'm straining or draining it Ahsnu-wákAtste7 you will strain it (-nuwakAtst-) REMARKS: This list gives some verb forms that have to do with preparing food. At the end of each set of forms, we give the base so that users can look up additional forms, as well as information such as the composition of the base, in the OneidaEnglish dictionary. Additional forms can also be found in the English-Oneida dictionary. Note that when the Oneida base is preceded by a period (.) rather than a dash (-), it will always be followed by "plus" and the name of a prepronominal prefix (such as te- dualic). This means that the base always has that prepronominal prefix. Some of the verbs can occur with incorporated nouns which specify the particular food being handled. When a verb always occurs with an incorporated noun the base includes a capital N, which stands for "incorporated noun." An example is -N-o- cook in water, boil.

1.19. Eating and drinking bite into, take a bite katekhwákwas I'm taking bites wakatekhwákwA I'm biting into it wahatekhwa-kó• he bit into it (-atekhwakw-)

1314

Nature

chew tekatská-huhe7 I keep chewing tewakatská-hu7 I'm chewing wa 7tkatská-hu7 Ichewed (.atskahu- plus te- dualic) crave knu-wáks I'm hungry for something, I crave it wa7knu• wáke7 I got hungry for it wa 7kahyanu-wáke7 I got a craving for fruit wa 7khnana 7tanu-wáke7 I got a craving for potatoes wahakhwanu-wáke7 he wished for food (-nuwak-) drink khnekílha7 I'm drinking wakhnekí-lu I have drunk wa 7khnekí-la7 I drank wahanu 7tahnekí-la7 he drank milk s hnekíja Drink! (-hnekil-/-hnekihl-) eat i-kéks I'm eating wake kú I have eaten wá-keke7 I ate it íhsek Eat! (-k-/-ek-/-ak-) eat a meal latekhu-níhe7 he's eating lotekhu-ní he has eaten, he's eating wahatekhu-nf he ate satekhu-nf Eat! (-atekhuni-/-atekhuny-) eat something soupy, slurp katsho-líhe7 I eat something soupy (e.g., soup, cereal), I'm slurping wakatsho-lí I'm eating something soupy wahatsho-lf he ate something soupy satsho-lí Eat it! (-atsholi-/-atsholy-) eat together tehya-túts the two are eating together wa 7thya'túte7 the two ate together

Nature

wa7thu-t úte^ they ate together tetya-tút Let's you and I eat together! tetwa-tút Let's all eat together! (.atut- plus te- dualic) feed oneself katatnutúhe7 I'm putting it into my mouth wa 7katátnute7 I fed myself (-atatnut-/-atatnutu-) feed oneself food katatekhwanutiihe7 I'm feeding myself, I'm eating wa 7katatekhwánute7 I fed myself (-atatekhwanut-/-atatekhwanutu-) feed someone linu-túhe7 I'm feeding him, I'm giving him something to put in his mouth wa 7khe-núte7 I fed her or them (-nut-/-nutu-) feed someone food likhwanu-túhe7 I'mfeedinghim wahikhwánute7 I fed him wa 7khekhwánute7 I fed her (-khwanut-/-khwanutu-) finish eating yukwakhwAtá-u

wahatikhwA-táne7

we have finished eating they finished eating

(-khwAta 7 -)

finish eating, eat up lotekhwísu7 he has eaten it up wa 7katekhwísane7 I finished eating a meal (-atekhwisa 7 -) full, become full, get enough to eat wakáhtu7 I'm full ukwáhtane7 I got enough to eat (-ahta 7 -) hungry, get katuhkálya7ks latuhkálya7ks yutuhkálya7ks

I'm hungry he's hungry she's hungry

1315

1316 Nature

wa 7katuhkályahke7 (-atuhkalya ? k-)

Igothungry

mouth, have in one's wakénhute7 I have something in my mouth (without swallowing it) lónhute7 he has it in his mouth yakónhute7 she has it in her mouth (-nhut-) put into one's mouth latenhúta7as he's putting it into his mouth wahatenhútane7 he put it into his mouth (-atenhuta 7 -) serve someone kula-níhe7 I'm serving you wa 7kúlhahse7 I served you (-lani-/-lhahs-) sip lo 7tsi-léks he's sipping it wa 7ko 7tsi-léke7 I sipped it (-o ? tsilek-) suck milk, nurse lonu 7kélha7 he's sucking milk wahanu 7ké-la7 he got milk by sucking (-nu ? kel-/~nu ? kehl-) swallow ya 7kahnéhkwane7 I swallowed yahahnéhkwane7 he swallowed ya 7uhnéhkwane7 she swallowed (.ahnehkwanA-/.ahnekwan- plus y- translocative) thirsty, become wakenya7táthAhse^ I'm thirsty ukenya 7táthA7 I got thirsty (-nya'tathA-) water something, give someone a drink khnekanu túhe7 I'm watering it wa 7khehne-kánute7 I gave her a drink of water (-hnekanut-/-hnekanutu-)

Nature

1.20. Tastes bitter, be bitter, be sharp, be sour teyotska-láht it's bitter or sharp (e.g., radishes), it's sour (e.g., a lemon) (.atskala 7 t- plus te- dualic) salty, be teyohyo7tsístale7 it's salty tsi7 na 7teyohyo 7tsis tale7 it's so salty (.hyo'tsistal- plus te- dualic) strong, taste strong ya-wét it's strong, it tastes strong (-eht-) sweet, be teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's sweet tsi7 na7teyonutaklí-tslale7 it's so sweet (.nutakli 7 tslal- plus te- dualic) taste, be the kind of tsi7 niyaweku 7uhsló-tA the kinds of tastes náhte7 niyaweku 7uhsló-tA what does it taste like? (,eku 7 uhslo 7 tA- plus n- partitive) taste good yawéku7 it tastes good tsi7 niyawéku7 it tastes so good yáh te7yawéku7 it doesn't taste good (-eku-/-eku 7 u-/-ku-/-ku 7 u-) taste, like wake• ká-se7 I like the taste of it lawe-ká-se7 he likes it yakawe-ká-se7 she likes it ukwe-káwe7 I liked the taste of it wakahya-ká-se7 I like the taste of fruit wakna 7tala-ká-se7 I like the taste of bread (-eka?-/-ekaw-/-ka7-/-kaw-)

1317

Appendix 2: People

2.1. Family and kinship aunt, father's sister my aunt teyuknuhelatúkhwa? my niece, I'm her aunt tekhenuhelatúkhwa 7 See also mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother and niece, nephew, aunt, uncle brother-in-law my brother-in-law his or her brother-in-law

ukyatyóha lonatyóha

child, son, daughter my son my daughter your son your daughter her son her daughter his son his daughter my children your children

liyXha kheyXha etshyXha sheyXha luwayXha utatyXha loyXha shakoyXha kheyo?okúha sheyo?okúha

cousin my cousin my female cousin your cousin his cousin Cousin!

ukyalá-se ? yukyalá-se 7 tsyalá-se ? lonaláse 7 Kyáhse

People

family my family your family his family her family

kahwa-tsíle? akhwa-tsíle^ sahwa-tsíle 7 laohwa-tsíle 7 akohwa-tsíle 7

family, be descended from I'm descended from his family is from her family is from

takhwatsilatáti 7 tahahwatsilatáti^ tayehwatsilatáti 7

family, be from my family is from there her family is from there his family is from there

nitwakathwatsili-nú nityakothwatsili-nú nithothwatsilinú

father my father your father his father our father(s) Father!

lake 7 níha ya ? níha lo ? níha shukwa 7 níha Lake

grandchild my granddaughter my grandson your granddaughter your grandson her granddaughter her grandson his granddaughter our granddaughter Grandchild!

kheyatléha liyatléha sheyatléha etshatléha utatatléha luwatléha shakotléha yethiyatléha Kwáte

grandparent my grandmother my grandfather your grandmother your grandfather his grandmother her grandmother our grandfather Grandmother! Grandfather!

aksótha laksótha sahsótha yahsótha lohsótha ohsótha shukwahsótha Aksot Láksot

great-grandchild

yotle ? slXtuhe ?

1319

1320

People

in-law of different generations my mother-in-law my father-in-law my daughter-in-law my son-in-law your mother-in-law your father-in-law his mother-in-law

yukyenhúsa7 lakyenhúsa 7 kheyenhúsa 7 liyenhúsa 7 yesayenhúsa 7 yayenhúsa 7 luwayenhúsa7

married couple

lóna 7

mother, aunt, uncle, mother's brother my mother my aunt my uncle your mother your aunt your uncle his mother her mother Mother!

aknulhá; yuknulhálaknulhásanulháyesanulháyanulhálonulhá; onulháNX

niece, nephew, aunt, uncle my niece my nephew my aunt my uncle your niece your nephew

kheyuhwatXha liyuhwatXha yukuhwatXha lakuhwatXha sheyuhwatXha etshuhwatXha

parent-child relation mother and daughter father and son

onatatyXha lonatatyXha

related, be we two are related we all are related two (females) are related two (males, a male and a female) are related relative my relative her relative his relative

yakyatátnuhkwe 7 yakwatátnuhkwe 7 kyatátnuhkwe 7 yatátnuhkwe 7

akukwé-ta7 akaukwé-ta7 laukwé-ta7

People

sibling my younger sister my older sister my younger brother my older brother your younger sister your older sister your younger brother your older brother his younger sister her younger brother

khe ? kXha yuke ? kXha li'kXha lake ? kXha she ? kXha yesa ? kXha etshe ? kXha ya ? kXha shako ? kXha luwa'kXha

sibling, older my older sister my older brother

aktsíha or yuktsíha laktsíha

siblings, different sex my brother, my sister your brother, your sister his sisters my sister, my brother my sisters, my brothers

yakyatAno ? sXha tsyatAno'sXha lutAno?sXha ukyatAno?sXha ukwatAno?sXha

siblings, same sex my sister, my brother your brother, your sister her sister his brother

teyakyatahnu-téle ? tetsyatahnu-téle ? tekyatahnu-téle 7 tehyatahnu-téle ?

sister-in-law my sister-in-law her sister-in-law his sister-in-law

ukyalyéha onalyéha lonalyéha

spouse, wife, husband

lo-né-

spouse, old person or animal my old man, my husband your husband my old lady, my wife your wife Wife! Husband!

likstA-ha etshekstA-ha khekstA-ha shekstA-ha ókste?

1321

1322

People

stepparent, stepchild my stepmother my stepdaughter my stepson

yukno-lú kheno-lú lino-lú

twins you and I are twins we two are twins the two are twins twin girls

tetníkhA? teyakníkhA? tehníkhA? tekníkhA?

2.2. Generations baby baby, offspring (it's a) baby

owi-lákA? nikawilá-

child boy girl boys, children girls

laksá^ yeksá^ latiksa ? shúha kutiksa'shúha

adolescent person in his late teens person in her late teens

lanikAhtlXha yeya'taséha

yoimg person youngman young woman

kA? nithoyXha kA? nityakoyAha

person person man woman

u-kwé lu-kwé yaku-kwé

person, old person old lady old man old woman old men, old men and women

akokstA-ha lokstA-ha okstA-ha lotikstA-ha

People

2.3. Designations for or about people and their work America, United States

Ostohlonúke

American

Ostohlonu 7 keha-ká-

Anglican

tehoti 7 kha-lúte 7

angels

latiluhya 7 kehlo-lú-

artist

l a y a 7 t á l h a 7 or yeya 7 tálha 7

Baptists

shakotí-sko's

baker

lana 7 talu-níhe 7

Bear clan

Ohkwalihné ke or Lotiskle-wáku

blue baby

okwAtala 7

boyfriend (her)

akonikAhtlX-tshelP

Canada

Kolahkowánhne

carpenter

lanuhsu-níhe 7

Catholics

tehatiyahsútha 7

ceremony, wedding

watA-nyote7

chief

tehana 7 kaláhele 7

Chippewa, non-Oneida Indian

twa 7 kánha 7 or twa 7 kXnha 7

Christianity

kalihwiyóstak

Christmas concert

kalu-tóte 7

church service

watlA-náyA7

circus people

tehutya-látuhe 7

city people

latinata 7 kehlo-nú-

clown

otsistohkwá^

cold, a cold

otholyáhsla 7

cook

lakhu-nfhe 7 or yekhu-níhe 7

council member

laháshAhe 7

crowd

kanXla 7

crybaby

tsítawis

dapper young man

yotsina 7 to-lú

dancer

tehátkwa 7 or teyútkwa 7

dentist

shakonawilahslu-nfhe 7

devil

la7nikuhláksA or onishuhlo-lú- or tehona 7 talu-tú-

disease

kánhla 7

disease, sexually-transmitted

kanhláksA

doctor

latétsyA 7 ts

1323

1324

People

dream

oslAhta 7

driver

latólyehse 7

Easter

Tehati 7 nhúhsya 7 ks

English language

o 7 sluni 7 ké-ne

Europe, the old country

ohutsyakayúke

farmer

lahAta ? kehlolú-

fireman

la ? swátha ?

fisherman

lanitsyatoláts

flirt

lo'téha or yako 7 téha

gambling

teka-yA-

ghost

atyanlúhsla 7

giant

atnAyálho 7

girlfriend (his)

laoya 7 tasétsheli ?

group, crowd

kAtyóhkwa7

happiness

atshanunyáhsla 7

hairdresser

teyakonuhklísta 7

heaven

kaluhyá'ke

hell

onéshu7

hired work, hired person (her)

akonhá-tshelP

important person, elder

okwaná-ta 7 or lokwaná-ta 7

important or older people

lotikwana ? ta 7 shúha

Indian agent

lakolá

jealousy

atA 7 kewháhsla 7

judge

teshakoya ? tolétha ? or

King

kolahkó-

law

kayanlXhsla 7

lawyer

tehalihwakénhas

Little People

tehotikalá-luhe 7

love

kanolukhwáhsla 7

luck, good fortune

atlá-swa 7

mailman

tehahyatuhslakalenyá-tha 7

marriage (as an institution)

kanáhkwa 7

mechanic

late ? slehtu-níhe 7

milkman

tehanu ? takalenyá-tha 7

minister, preacher

latitsihXstatsi 7

Mohawk

KayA 7 keha-ká-

Native language

Ukwehuwehné- ke

tehaya ? tolétha 7

People

Native person

Ukwehu-wé

Native way

Ukwehuwehnéha

nuns

tekutiyahsútha 7

nurse

teyakóshnyehe 7

officials

lonatlihu-tú-

Ohsweken

OshwekX-

Oneida, People of the Standing Stone

Onyota 7 aká-

Onondaga

Onuta 7 kehaká-

pity

kAtA-lú

policeman, policewoman

shakoye-nás or yakoye-nás

praise

tekalXhsalA 7

prayer

atlA-náyAt

priest

tehayahsútha 7

Queen

Yonutiyó

scarecrow

wathAtolihe 7

secretary

yehya-túhe ?

seer, dreamer, fortuneteller

shakotkAsehe 7

shame

atehXhsla 7

shyness

atsheyalAhsla 7

singer

tehalihwákhwa 7 or

Six Nations Reserve

Yá ya ? k Nihonuhutsya ké

Six Nations person

oshoka ? a-ká; or lashoko ? a-ká^ or

teyelihwákhwa 7

yeshoko ? akáskeleton

yéskAn or láskAn

soldier

sotá-1 or lasotá-1 or yesotá-1

soprano

tyelAnakétskwas

soul

atunhétsla 7

spirit, mind

o ? nikú-la 7

spirit

ka 7 nikuhliyóstak

St. Thomas

Kanatáhele 7

storekeeper

latAhni núhe 7 or yutAhni-núhe7

Strathroy

Ohkwalihné-

surveyor

lalistí-slehse 7

teacher

shakolihunyA-nihe 7 or yakolihunyA-níhe 7

tenor

wahatwAnástohte 7

tuberculosis

wahsa 7 ka 7 tsláksA

1325

1326 People

Turtle clan

LatinyáhtA

virgin

yáh tha 7 tewa ? alyá-ku

waitress

yekhwahélha 7

Wake (after a funeral)

latinúnha7

war

watli-yó

white person

o 7 sluní-

witch

awélu ? uske ?

Wolf clan

Lotikwáho

woodcutter

layAtákwas

work (my)

akyo ? tXhsla ?

wrestler

tehatatye-nás

2.4. Body parts Adam's apple

onyá-kwa7

ankle (on) my ankle (on) your ankle (on) her ankle (on) his ankle

ohsinikó-ta7 ksiniko 7 tá-ke tshiniko 7 tá-ke yehsiniko?tá-ke lahsiniko 7 tá-ke

anus See behind, the crack i one's behind, anus arm, sleeve arm sleeve (on) my arm (on) your arm (on) his arm (on) her arm

onAtsha? kanXtsha 7 knAtshá-ke snAtshá-ke lanAtshá-ke yenAtshá-ke

armpit See underarm, back my back your back his back her back

óshwa 7 keshwA-ne 7 or keshú n e 7 seshwX-ne? lashwX-ne 7 yeshwA-ne ?

bald head (I'm a) bald head

ónutste7 áknutste 7

(he's a) bald head (she's a) bald head beard, mustache

laónutste 7 akónutste 7 okustúlha 7

behind, the crack in one's behind, anus otnutlí-ta 7 belly my belly your belly his belly her belly

onikwA-ta7 knikwA 7 té-ne snikwA?téne lanikwA ? té-ne yenikwA?téne

bellybutton my bellybutton your bellybutton his bellybutton her bellybutton

onlítsta 7 kenli7tstáke senli7tstáke lanli7tstá-ke yenli 7 tstá-ke

bladder my bladder his bladder her bladder

kenhAhalákhwa7 lanhAhalákhwa7 yenhAhalákhwa7

blood

onikwXhsa 7

body, blouse body, blouse, shirt (on) my body (on)your body (on) his body (on) her body on my body

oyá-ta 7 kya7té-ne tsya 7 té-ne laya7téne yeya7té-ne kya?tá-ke

bone my bones his bones her bones

ósti kestyA ? tá-ke lastyA7táke yestyA ? tá-ke

breast, milk my breast your breast her breast

cnúta 7 knu7táke snu 7 tá-ke yenu 7 tá-ke

bunion

yo ? nukslanAta-kú

1328 People

buttock, behind, small stool my buttock, my behind your behind his behind her behind

ohnátsha? khna 7 tshíne shna ? tshíne lahna ? tshí-ne yehna ? tshíne

calf (on) (on) (on) (on)

ohsiná-kala ? ksina ? kalá-ke tshina ? kaláke yehsina ? kalá ke lahsina ? kalá-ke

my calf your calf her calf his calf

cheek (on) my cheeks (on) your cheeks (on) her cheeks (on) his cheeks

onhó-kwa? kenho ? kwá-ke senho ? kwá-ke yenho ? kwá-ke lanho ? kwá-ke

chest (on) my chest (on) your chest (on) his chest (on) her chest

utskwé-na ? kutskwe ? náke sutskwe?ná-ke lutskwe ? ná-ke yakutskwe ? ná' ke

chin my chin your chin his chin her chin

ohyótsha 7 kehyo ? tshé-ne shyo ? tshé-ne lahyo ? tshéne yehyo ? tshé-ne

crotch

onikwí-tsya ?

ear my ear your ear his ear her ear

ohúhta 7 kahuhtá-ke sahuhtá-ke lahuhtá ke yuhuhtá ke

elbow (on) my elbow

ohyó lha 7 or olhyó-lha ? or owhyó-lha ? kehyo ? lhá-ke or kelhyo ? lhá ke or kewhyo?lhá-ke sehyo ? lhá-ke lahyo ? lhá-ke yehyo ? lhá-ke

(on) your elbow (on) his elbow (on) her elbow excrement

óta?

People 1329

eye my eye your eye his eye her eye in your eye

okála? kkahláke skahláke lakahláke yekahláke ská-laku

eye mucus

okahtsyó-ta 7

eyeball

okahlókwa 7

eyebrow my eyebrow her eyebrow his eyebrow

ona 7 wa-sá- or ona?wa-SA- or ona 7 wasé-

eyelash, strawberry top

o 7 nekXhtala 7

eyelid

okahkwilo 7 ókta 7

face, mask on my face on your face on his face on her face

okúhsa7

kna 7 waséne yena 7 waséne lana 7 wasé-ne

kúksne skúksne lakúksne yekúksne

finger See hand, fingers fingernail, toenail, claw my fingernail your fingernail his fingernail her fingernail

otsye 7 elá' ktsye 7 eláke stsye ? elá-ke latsye?eláke yetsye ? elá-ke

fist, button, turnip, knot

otsíhkwa 7

foot (on) my foot (on) your foot (on) her foot (on) his foot

ohsíta 7 kahsíke sahsí-ke yuhsfke lahsí-ke

forehead (on) my forehead (on) your forehead

okú-kwala? kku 7 kwaláke sku 7 kwalá-ke

1330 People

(on) his forehead (on) her forehead

laku ? kwaláke yeku ? kwaláke

genitals my genitals your genitals his genitals her genitals

óna? ke ? náke se ? ná-ke la ? ná-ke ye ? ná-ke

gums my gums your gums his gums her gums

ohyAhta? khyAhtáke shyAhtá-ke lahyAhtá-ke yehyAhtáke

guts, intestines

okahlósta 7

hair my hair your hair her hair his hair

onúhkwis aknúhkwis sanúhkwis akonúhkwis laonúhkwis

hand, fingers my hand your hand his hand her hand

oshnúhsa? keshnú-ke seshnú-ke lashnú-ke yeshnú-ke

hand, left hand my left hand your left hand his left hand her left hand

seknekwa-tí sehsnekwa-tí shanekwah' tsyenekwa-tí

hand, right hand my right hand your right hand his right hand her right hand

keyAtehtáhkwA seyAtehtáhkwA layAtehtáhkwA yeyAtehtáhkwA

head, cabbage my head your head his head her head

onutsí knutsíne snutsíne lanutsí-ne yenutsíne

People 1331

head, insides of the head

ona 7 alatsla-kú

head, skull inside my head inside your head inside her head inside his head

ona7a-lákna 7 ala-kú sna?alakú yena?alakú lana7alakú

heart my heart your heart his heart her heart

awe-láakwelyá-ne selyá-ne lawelyá-ne akawelyá-ne

heel (on) (on) (on) (on)

olatáklaté-ne slaténe lalaténe yelaté-ne

my heel your heel his heel her heel

hip my hips your hips his hips her hips

onhúskala7 kenhuskaláke senhuskaláke lanhuskaláke yenhuskalá-ke

intestines See guts, intestines joint my joint your joint his joint her joint my joints

tsi 7 tsi 7 tsi 7 tsi 7 tsi 7

jowl

onhóskwala 7

knee (on) my knee (on) your knee (on) his knee (on) her knee

útsha7 kutsháke sutshá-ke lutshá-ke yakutshá-ke

leg (on) my leg (on) your leg

ohsináksináke tshiná-ke

tewakestu-téle7 tesastu-téle7 tehostu téle7 teyakostu-téle7 tewakestutlúni^

1332

People

(on) his leg (on) her leg

lahsináke yehsináke

lips, mouth lips (on) my lips your lips his lips her lips my mouth in my mouth in your mouth in his mouth in her mouth

óhsa 7 kséne tshéne lahsé-ne yehsé-ne ksáke ksa-kú tshakú lahsakú yehsa-kú

liver my liver your liver

othwXhsa 7 akwathwXhsa 7 sathwXhsa 7

lung

yewelalákhwa 7

mouth (See also lips, mouth) my mouth your mouth his mouth her mouth

tsi 7 tsi 7 tsi 7 tsi 7

mouthful, inside of the mouth

onhóskwa7

muscles I have muscles you have muscles he has muscles she has muscles

ohtiláwakti-lále 7 sahtilále7 lohtilále7 yakohti-lále 7

ksaká-lute7 tshaká-lute7 lahsaká-lute7 yehsaká lute7

mustache See beard, mustache neck my neck your neck her neck his neck

onyalákenyaláke senyaláke yenyaláke lanyaláke

neck, nape of the neck, collar my nape of the neck, my collar

ohnyása 7 khnya 7 séne

People 1333

nipple, baby bottle my nipple your nipple his nipple her nipple

ohníhsya? khnihsyá-ke shnihsyá-ke lahnihsyá-ke yehnihsyá-ke

nose my nose your nose his nose her nose

o ? nyúhsa ? ke ? nyúke se ? nyúke la ? nyú-ke ye?nyú-ke

nostrils my nostrils your nostrils his nostrils her nostrils

teke ? nyuhsakálute ? tehse ? nyuhsaká-lute ? teha ? nyuhsaká-lute ? teye ? nyuhsaká-lute?

penis See genitals rear end See buttock, behind rib (on) my ribs (on) your ribs (on) his ribs (on) her ribs

ohtéhkala 7 ktehkaláke stehkalá-ke latehkalá-ke yetehkaláke

rib (less common) my rib(s) his rib(s)

kna?ahténe lana?ahténe

scalp, lawn, sod

onu?ú-la?

seat, part of the body one sits on

ótskwa7

shin

onyAtá-

(on) my shin (on) your shin (on) her shin (on) his shin shoulder my shoulder your shoulder

kenyAtáke senyAtáke yenyAtá-ke lanyAtá-ke ohnXhsa7 khnXksne shnXksne

1334 People

his shoulder her shoulder

lahnXksne yehnXksne

skull See head, skull snot

otsi ? nyúhkela ?

soles of the feet, my

kahsi?tokú

spine

oluhkwéna 7

spit, saliva

ótskla 7

stomach my stomach her stomach his stomach

kekhwalákhwa 7 yekhwalákhwa? lakhwalákhwa?

tail my tail your tail his tail her tail

otáhsa? kitáksne tsitáksne lAtáksne yetáksne

tear (in the eye)

okáhsla?

testicles, his

lanAyá-ke

thigh

ohnítsha 7

(on) (on) (on) (on)

my thigh your thigh his thigh her thigh

khnitshá-ke shnitshá-ke lahnitshá-ke yehnitsháke

throat my throat your throat his throat her throat

ohú-kwa ? khu ? kwé-ne shu ? kwé-ne lahu?kwéne yehu ? kwé-ne

thumb (on) my thumb (on) your thumb (on) his thumb (on) her thumb

owhyúhkala ? kewhyuhkalá-ke sewhyuhkalá-ke lawhyuhkalá-ke yewhyuhkalá-ke

People 1335

toe on my toe (on)your toe (on) her toe (on) his toe

ohyakwi-lákahyakwí-ke sahyakwí-ke yuhyakwí-ke lahyakwí-ke

tongue my tongue your tongue his tongue her tongue

awA?náhsa ? akwA ? náhsa ? SA?náhsa7 lawA ? náhsa ? akawA ? náhsa ?

tooth my tooth your tooth his tooth her tooth

onawi-láknawí-ke snawí-ke lanawí-ke yenawí-ke

underarm, armpit my underarm your underarm his underarm her underarm

kenhuhlokú senhuhlokú lanhuhlokú yenhuhlo-kú

urine

onhXha7

vagina See genitals vein

otsinuhyáhtu 7

womb my womb your womb her womb

kwilalákhwa ? swilalákhwa 7 yewilalákhwa 7

2.5. Having a body part arm tekanAtshute? it has an arm, it has sleeves (.nAtshut- plus te- dualic) beard, mustache tewakkustú-lhale7 I have a beard or mustache tehokustú-lhale7 he has a beard or mustache (.kustu ? lhal- plus te- dualic)

1336 People

blood yonikwXhsale7 lonikwXhsale7 (-nikwAhsal-)

it has blood on it he has blood on him

ear tewahúhtute7 it has an ear (.ahuhtut- plus te- dualic) tewahuhtu tw it has ears (.ahuhtutu- plus te- dualic) feather lotistó-slote7 (-sto'slot-)

they have feathers

feet teyohsí-tute7 it has feet (.ahsi'tut- plus te- dualic) fur lonhwa-lóte7 (-nhwalot-)

he has fur

hair yonuhkrvíslote7 (-nuhkwislot-)

she or it has hair

hands tekashnúhsute7 it has hands or fingers (.shnuhsut- plus te- dualic) head lonutsístute7 (-nutsistut-)

he has a head (implying that he's still alive)

leg tekahsi-núte7 it has legs (e.g., a cooking pot) (.hsinut- plus te- dualic) nose la 7nyúhsute7 ye7nyúhsute7 (-'nyuhsut-)

he has a nose she has a nose

People 1337

tail lAtáhsute7 kAtáhsute7 (-itahsut-) tooth lanawi-lóte^ yenawi-lóte7 (-nawilot-)

he has a tail she or it has a tail

he has a tooth, he has teeth she has teeth

tekanawilu-tw it has teeth (e.g., a comb, or a machine) (.nawilutu- plus te- dualic) REMARKS: These verbs describe having a body part. In some cases the part is not (necessarily) part of a person; rather it is part of an object. The forms for 'beard' (or 'mustache') and 'blood', which are things that can spread out, have the body part noun incorporated into the verb -1- be in or on. The forms for 'feather', 'fur', 'hair', and 'teeth', all of which can be pulled out, have the noun base incorporated into the verb -ot- (see -hnyot-/-ot- stand something upright, have). The remaining forms, which involve parts that one normally doesn't detach from the body, have the noun base incorporated into the verb -ut- (see-N-ut- attach, be attached).

2.6. Appearance and physical condition barefoot, be wakaskáwehsu7 I'm barefoot loskáwehsu7 he's barefoot yakoskáwehsu7 she's barefoot (-askawehsu-) bedbugs, have lotiséhtale7 (-sehtal-)

they are infested with bedbugs

bloated, be bloated, be constipated wakanitshehwA-kwA7 I'm bloated, I'm all bound up, I'm constipated lonitshehwA-kwA7 he's constipated yakonitshehwX-kwA7 she's constipated (-anitshehwA ? kwA-) boil, have yakotkahlo 7takwa-lúte7 she has a boil lotkahlo 7takwa'lúte7 he has a boil (-atkahlo'takwalut-)

1338 People

bruise, have tewakatahsa-tw Ihaveabruise tehotahsa-tw he has a bruise teyakotahsa-tw she has a bruise (.atahsatu- plus te- dualic) canker sores, have wakanitshókhwale7 I have canker sores lonitshó-khwale7 he has canker sores yakonitshó-khwale7 she has canker sores (-anitsho ? khwal-) chapped skin, have chapped or dry skin tewaklúkwas I have dry, chapped skin teyakolúkwas she has dry skin teholúkwas he has dry skin (.lukwas plus te- dualic) corn (on the foot), have wakatnAstate7 I have a corn yakotnAstate7 she has a corn lotnAstate7 he has a corn (-atnAstat-)

curly hair, have teyakonúhkeli she has curly hair (.nuhkli-/.nuhklik- plus te- dualic) curly hair, have all over teyakonuhklíkhu7 her hair is really curly, full of tight little curls tehonuhklíkhu7 his hair is curly (.nuhklikhu- plus te- dualic) dark complexion, have tetyakohná-kalahse7 her skin is dark, she has a dark complexion tethohná-kalahse^ his skin is dark, he has a dark complexion (.ihna'kala- plus tet- dualic and cislocative) dimple, have yakonho 7kwaká-lute7 she has a dimple lonho7kwaká-lute7 he has a dimple (-nho'kwakahlut-) dirty face, have tewaknisku-wále7 tehonisku-wále7

I have a dirty face he has a dirty face

People 1339

teyakonisku-wále7 she has a dirty face (.niskuwal- plus te- dualic) disease, have wakénhlayA? I have a disease lónhlayA? he has a disease yakónhl ayA7 she has a disease (-nhlayA-) disfigured, be lotye-lw he's disfigured yakotye-lw_ she's disfigured (-atyelu-) eye mucus, have large tewakkahtsyó-tes I have large crusty sleep in my eyes tehokahtsyó-tes he has large crusty sleep in his eyes teyakokahtsyó-tes she has large crusty sleep in her eyes (.kahtsyo'tes- plus te- dualic) gray hair, have wakenhlá-tA7 I have gray hair lonhlá-tA7 he has gray hair yakonhlátA7 she has gray hair (-nhla ? tA-) ingrown toenail, have wakattsye 7elenyu 7tu-ní I have an ingrown toenail lottsye7elenyu 7tu-ní he has an ingrown toenail yakottsye 7elenyu 7tu-ní she has an ingrown toenail (-attsye ? elenyu ? tuni-) lice, have wakkályahse7 I have lice lokályahse7 he has lice yakokályahse7 she has lice (-kalyahse?) waktsi7núhtale7 lotsi7núhtale7 yakotsi7núhtale7 (-tsi'nuhtal-) long hair, have waknuhkwalé-tes lonuhkwalé-tes

I have lice he has lice she has lice

I have long hair he has long hair

1340 People

yakonuhkwalé-tes (-nuhkwale ? tes-) naked, be wakhétkwale7 lohétkwale7 yakohétkwale7 (-hetkwal-)

she has long hair

I'm naked he's naked she's naked

naked, be naked from the waist up lohna7kwalóhsa7 or lohnakwalóhsa7 (-hna ? kwalohs-/-hnakwalohs-)

he's naked, he doesn't have any top on

pimple, have lottsi7nu-wát he has a pimple yakottsi7nuwát she has a pimple (-attsi ? nuwat-) scab, have wake 7nótstale7 I have a scab yako 7nótstale7 she has a scab lo 7nótstale7 he has a scab (-'notstal-) scar, have wakwí-lale7 I have a scar lowt-lale7 he has a scar yakowí-lale7 she has a scar (-wihlal-) spots, have spots, freckles, or moles lottsistóhkwale7 he has spots, freckles, or moles yakottsistóhkwale7 she has spots, freckles, or moles (-attsistohkwal-) sty, have wakattsihkáhkwalute7 I have a sty on my eye lottsihkáhkwalute7 he has a sty yakottsihkáhkwalute7 she has a sty (-attsihkahkwalut-) unwell, be unwell, be sickly waktsi 7yo há I'm unwell yakotsi7yo-há she's sickly lotsi7yo-há he's sickly (-tsi'yoha-)

People 1341

wart, have wakaninhé-klute? I have a wart loninhé-klute7 he has a wart yakoninhé-klute^ she has a wart (-aninhe ? klut-) well, feel or be well wakata ?kalit& I'm well yakota ?kali-té she's well lota7kali-té^ he's well (-ata ? kalit(e)-) REMARKS: The verbs in this list occur only in the stative aspect and so have the designation v.s. after the base in the Oneida-English dictionary. In addition, these verbs all have patient (objective) pronominal prefixes. The verbs describe a physical condition of the body, and many are health-related. 2.7. Personality and mental states amusing, be nya ?teholí-wake he's amusing nya7teyakolí-wake she's amusing (.lihwake- plus nya ? te- partitive, translocative and dualic) amusing, be amusing, be entertaining lo7nikuhlólyaht he's amusing yako ?nikuhlólyaht she's amusing (- ? nikuhlolya ? t-) brainy, be lo?nikú-lat he has brains, he's brainy yako?nikú-lat she's brainy Pnikuhlat-) capable, be lokwenya 7tsíhA he's capable yakokwenya7tsíhA she's capable (-kwenya ? tsihA-) care tehotíhA he cares teyakotíhA she cares (.tih(A)- plus te- dualic)

1342 People

compassionate, be lotAnitA-lú he's compassionate yakotAnitA-lú she's compassionate (-atAnitAl-) copycat, be thotna?ke-lA he's a copycat tyakotna7ke-lA she's a copycat (.atna ? kel- plus t- cislocative) cross, be cross, be bad-tempered loli7wá ksA he's cross, easy to anger, bad-tempered yakoli 7wá ksA she's cross (-li'waks(A)-) crybaby, be lotsi7tá-lu he's a crybaby yakotsi7tá-lu she's a crybaby (-tsi ? tahlu-) demanding, be demanding, be hard on the nerves tehotelyA?takályat he's misbehaving, hard on the nerves, demanding teyakotelyA7takályat she's demanding (.atelyA?takalyaht- plus te- dualic) devil, have in one lonishuhlonú-tslat he has the devil in him yakonishuhlonú-tslat she has the devil in her (-anishuhlonu ? tslat-) durable, be durable, be everlasting launhakátste7 he's durable, his life is everlasting yakaunhakátste? she's durable, her life is everlasting (-unhakatste-) flirt, be lo?téha he's a flirt yako 7téha she's a flirt (-i?teha-) friendly, be lotukwe?tátwekt he's friendly, he'll just talk to anybody yakotukwe7tátwekt she's friendly (-atukwe'tatwekt-)

People

funny, be funny, be amusing loste-líst he's funny yakoste-líst she's funny (-stelist-) good in one's heart, have lazvelyahsi'yó he has good in his heart yakawelyahsi-yó she has good in her heart (-elyahsiyo-) good mind, have lo?nikuhliyóstu he has a good mind ? yako nikuhliyóstu she has a good mind (- ? nikuhliyost-) good-natured, be good-natured, be well-behaved loli 7wi-yó he's good-natured yakoli 7w i • yó she's well-behaved, she's well-mannered (-li ? wiyo-) great mind, have yako 7nikuhlowa-nA she has a great mind, she thinks of ways to do things lo?nikuhlowa-nA he has a great mind (- ? nikuhlowanA-) honest, be lotlihwakwalíhsi he's honest yakotlihwakwalíhsi she's honest (-atlihwakwalihsyu-) impatient, be tewakeshlíhaht I'm impatient tehoshlíhaht he's impatient teyakoshlíhaht she's impatient (.shliha ? t- plus te- dualic) industrious, be industrious, be energetic, be a hard worker lotshá-nit he's a hard worker yakotshá-nit she's a hard worker (-tshahniht-) interested, be thotu-tákt he's interested tyakotu-tákt she's interested (.atutakt- plus t- cislocative)

1343

1344 People

joke, like to joke lowAnolé-tskwA he jokes, he likes to joke yakowAnalé-tskwA she likes to joke (-wAnole ? tskw-) know lonúhte7 he knows yakonúhte7 she knows yáh te 7yakonúhte7 she doesn't know (-anuht(e)-) know how lolA7nhá-u he knows how yakolA7nhá-u she knows how (-lA?nha-) lie, be a liar lono-wA he lies yakono• wA she lies (-anowA-) lucky, be lotla7swi-yó he has good luck yakotla 7swi• yó she has good luck (-atla'swiyo-) outstanding, be ya 7tehoké-tote7 he's outstanding ya 7teyakoké-tote7 she's outstanding (,ke ? tot- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic) perfectionist, be lotkwényest he's a perfectionist, he wants the best yakotkwényest she's a perfectionist (-atkwenyest-) picky, be picky, be choosy lotA7nikuhlakwényest he's picky yakotA7nikuhlakwényest she's picky (-atA ? nikuhlakwenyest-) power, have unusual powers, be able to see the future, be a mind reader lotukwe7tá tku7 he has unusual powers (-atukwe'tatku-)

People 1345

ready, be ready, be expecting lolha lé^ he's ready yakolha-lé^ she's ready, she's expecting, she's pregnant (-lhal(e)-) reliable, be reliable, be dependable lotivAno-ták he's reliable yakotWAno-ták she's reliable (-atwAnotak-) resentful, be loshwa7taní-u he's resentful or dissatisfied, he's complaining yakoshwa 7taní-u she's resentful (-shwa ? tani ? -) rough, be rough with, have a rough manner loyAno-káht he's rough (e.g., when he plays with his toys) yakoyAno-káht she's rough (-yAnoka ? t-) sad, feel tho7nikuhlA-u his spirit is down tyako7nikuhlA-u her spirit is down (. ? nikuhlA ? - plus t- cislocative) satisfied, be satisfied, be content tho7nikuhli-yó he's satisfied tyako 7nikuhli-yó she's satisfied (.'nikuhliyo- plus t- cislocative) satisfied with, be thawelyA 7ti-yó he's satisfied with the way it is tyakawelyA 7ti-yó she or someone is satisfied (.elyA'tiyo- plus t- cislocative) scared, be scared, be cowardly lohtlú-ni he's a scaredy-cat yakohtlú-ni she's a scaredy-cat (-ahtlu ? ni-) see everything tehokahtlú-ni he sees everything, he doesn't miss anything teyakokahtlú-ni she sees everything (.kahtlu ? ni- plus te- dualic)

1346

People

self-disciplined, be yakohtyawA-l& she's self-disciplined, she's strict with herself lonahtyawA-lé^ they are self-disciplined (-ahtyawAle-)

shy, be lotshe-yálA? he's shy yakotshe-yálA7 she's shy (-atsheyalA-/-atsheyalu-) still, be still, be quiet tehoto t& he's still teyakoto'té^ she's still (.atot(e)-/.at-N-atote- plus te- dualic) stingy, be loní-u he's stingy yakoní-u she's stingy (-ni?-) strong-willed, be lo7nikuhlatshá-nit he's strong-willed yako7nikuhlatshá-nit she's strong-willed (- ? nikuhlatshahniht-) talkative, be lotlihwatyé-ni he's talkative yakotlihwatyé-ni she's talkative (-atlihwatye ? ni-) touch everything teho 7nyalhá-te7 he touches everything (e.g., a child who's into everything) teyako 7nyalhá-te7 she touches everything (.?nyalha?t(e)- plus te- dualic) tough, be tough, be able to endure hardship lohkátste7 he's tough (e.g., able to endure cold) 7 yakohkátste she's tough (-ahkatst(e)-) treasure, value lonAste7 he treasures it yakonAstfP she treasures it (-nAst(e)-)

People

1347

unconscious, be lo?nikuhlahtú-u he's unconscious yako?nikuhlahtúu she's unconscious (- ? nikuhlahtu-) uneasy, feel lote^shAnáksA

he's uneasy

yakote?shAnáksA she's uneasy (-ate ? shAnaks(A)-) unlucky, be lotla?swáksA he has bad luck yakotla?siváksA she has bad luck (-atla ? swaks(A)-) well-off, be lo-kwáts he's well-off, he has a lot going for him yako-kwáts she's well-off (-kwat-) REMARKS: The verbs in this list are attested only in the stative aspect and so have the designation v.s. after the base in the Oneida-English dictionary. All the verbs share the property that they have patient (objective) pronominal prefixes. Thus the verbs in this list have the same structural characteristics as the verbs in the preceding category (Appearance and physical condition). From a semantic perspective, the verbs in this list have to do with a mental condition rather than physical. Therefore it is interesting that several of them include the noun base -'nikuhlmind, spirit.

2.8. Processes that affect the body asleep, for a part of the body to fall asleep ivakahsíthAhse^ some part of my body keeps falling asleep lohsithA-u some part of his body is asleep ukwahsíthA? some part of my body fell asleep (-ahsithA-)

bedridden, become lonaktanAtáktu he's sick in bed yakonaktatiAtáktu she's sick in bed wa ?akonaktan A - tákte7 she became bedridden, she took to her bed (-naktanAtakt-)

1348 People

blister on the hand, get úksyohke7 I got a blister on my hand wahóhsyohke7 he got a blister wa 7akóhsyohke7 she got a blister (-hsyohk-) bone, get stuck in one's throat ukestyA 7to-tá-se7 I got a bone stuck in my throat wahostyA 7to-tá-se7 he got a bone stuck in his throat wa 7akostyA 7to-tá-se7 she got a bone stuck in her throat (-styA ? tota ? s-) breath, be out of breath, pant wakolishA-u I'm out of breath, I'm panting laolishAu he's out of breath yakaolishA-u she's out of breath ukolíshA7 I panted, I got out of breath (-olishA-) buip thonya 7kwátha7 he keeps burping tukenyá-kwahte7 Iburped tahonyá-kwahte7 heburped tayakonyá-kwahte7 sheburped (.nya'kwaht- plus t- cislocative) burp a greasy burp ukwatyena 7kláhkwA7 I burped a greasy burp wahotyena 7kláhkwA7 he burped a greasy burp wa 7akotyena 7kláhkwA7 sheburped a greasy burp (-atyena ? klahkwAni-/-atyena ? klahkwA-) choke on fluid or liquid lohnekástihse7 he keeps choking lohnekastí-u he's choking ukhnekástine7 water went down the wrong way on me, I choked (-hnekasti 7 -) choke on food tehonya 7tha-lá-se7 he keeps choking tehonya7thalá-u he has choked, he's choking wa 7twakenya 7tha-láne7 it went down the wrong way, I choked (.nya ? thala ? - plus te- dualic)

People 1349

cold, catch a cold wakatholyahslú-se I have a cold lotholyahslúse he has a cold yakotholyahslú-se she has a cold wahotholyáhsluhse7 he caught a cold (-atholyahslu ? se-/-atholyahslu's-) cold ears, get tewakahúhtya7ks my ears are freezing tehohúhtya7ks his ears are freezing teyakohúhtya7ks her ears are freezing wa 7twakahúhtyahke7 my ears got cold (.ahuhtya 7 k- plus te- dualic) cold feet, get tewakahsAní'taks my feet are freezing cold wa 7twakahsAní-take'7 Igotcoldfeet wa 7thohsAní-take7 he got cold feet wa 7tyakohsAtií-take7 she got cold feet (.ahsAni?tak- plus te- dualic) cold hands, get tewakeshnúhsya7ks my hands are cold wa 7twakeshnúhsyahke7 my hands got cold (.shnuhsya'k- plus te- dualic) coughing attack, get wakatahsa 7ka 7tslolyA-níhe7 I'm getting a coughing attack ukwatahsa 7ka 7tslóli7 I started to get a coughing attack wahotahsa7ka?tslóli7 he got a coughing attack (-atahsa ? ka ? tslolyAni-/-atahsa ? ka ? tslolyA-) cramp, get uksiná-kalaste7 I have a cramp in my leg wahohsiná-kalaste7 he has a cramp in his leg wa 7akohsiná-kalaste7 she has a cramp in her leg (-hsina ? kalast-) cry out yehowAnake 7tótha7 he cries out (unintentionally) yehowAnake7tóhtu he has cried out yahukwAnaké-tohte7 I cried out (I didn't mean for my voice to sound) (.WAnake?toht- plus y- translocative)

1350 People

diarrhea, get tewakatya 7tukótha7 I have diarrhea tehotya 7tukótha7 he has diarrhea teyakotya 7tukótha7 she has diarrhea (.atya ? tukoht- plus te- dualic) dirty, become uknitsta-kwálalane7 I got dirty wahonitsta-kwálalane7 he got dirty wa 7akonitsta-kwálalane7 she got dirty (-nitstakwala 7 -) dizzy, become waktsihalatényehse7 I'm dizzy lotsihalatényehse7 he's dizzy yakotsihalatényehse7 she's dizzy uktsihalate-nr I got dizzy (-tsihalateny-) dream, be dreaming wakeslAhtaksXhsluhe7 loslAhtaksXhsluhe7 yakoslAhtaksAhsluhe7 (-slAhtaksAhslu-)

I'm dreaming he's dreaming she's dreaming

dream, have wakeslAhtáksAhse^ I'm dreaming, I have a dream ukeslAhtáksA7 I dreamed wahoslAhtáksA7 he dreamed (-slAhtaksA-) drunk, get lotinahalahtú-u wahotinahaláhtu7 (-nahalahtu-)

they are drunk they got drurik

eye, get something in ukká-l ise7 I got something in my eye wahoká-lise7 he got something in his eye wa 7akoká-lise7 she got something in her eye (-kahlis-) fever, get wakya7tatalihá-tu yakoya7tatalihá-tu loya7tatalihá-tu

I have a fever she has a fever he has a fever

People 1351

ukya 7tatalíhahte7 (-ya?tataliha?t-)

I got a fever

gasp for air after crying tyakoslatihAthos she's gasping for air, she's making a noise after crying tahoslatihAtho7 he gasped after crying (.slatihAtho- plus t- cislocative) hangover, have wakhnekályos I have a hangover lohnekályos he has a hangover (-hnekalyo-) heart attack, have tewakelyahsishúkhwa7 my heart is thumping, I'm having a heart attack wa 7twakelyahsíshuhkwe7 I had a heart attack wa 7thawelyahsíshuhkwe7 he had a heart attack wa 7tyakawelyahsíshuhkwe7 she had a heart attack (.elyahsishuhkw- plus te- dualic) heart, beat tewakelyákhwa7 my heart is beating tehawelyákhwa7 his heart is beating teyakawelyákhwa7 her heart is beating (.elyahkw- plus te- dualic) heartburn, have tewakenya7to-lAs I have heartburn tehonya7to-lAs he has heartburn teyakonya7to lAs she has heartburn (.nya?tolA- plus te- dualic) hiccup wakhnyó-skalus I have the hiccups lohnyó-skalus he's hiccuping yakohnyó-skalus she's hiccuping wahohnyó-skalu7 he started to hiccup (-hnyo 7 skalu-) hurt, ache ivakya 7tanú-waks my body aches loya7tanú-iuaks his body aches yakoya7tanú-waks her body aches wakahsi7tanú-waks my feet hurt wakahuhtanú-waks I have an earache waksinanú-waks my leg hurts

1352 People

wakhu7kwanú-waks I have a sore throat waknikwA7tanú-waks I have a bellyache waknutsistanú-waks I have a headache (-N-nuhwak-/-ya ? tanuhwak-) hurt, get hurt, hurt someone uknúlyahke7 Igothurt wahonú-lyahke7 hegothurt wahaknú-lyahke7 hehurtme (-nuhlya'k-) itch, feel itchy waklúhkwanihe7 lolúhkwanihe7 yakolúhkwanihe7 (-luhkwani-)

I'm itchy he's itchy she's itchy

itchy, get an itchy body ukya 7talúhkwA7 I'm itching, my body is itchy wakahsi 7talúhkwanihe7 I have an itchy foot wakeshnuhsalúhkwanihe7 my hand is itchy wake 7nyuhsalúhkwanihe7 my nose is itchy. (-N-luhkwani-/-N-luhkwA-/-ya ? taluhkwani-/-ya ? taluhkwA-) lose consciousness, faint yehohtu-ní he has fainted, he's unconscious yahukwáhtuhse7 I fainted yahóhtuhse7 he fainted ya 7akóhtuhse7 she fainted (,ahtuni-/.ahtu ? s- plus y- translocative) lose one's hair wahonuhkwislu-tf (-nuhkwisluty-) lose one's strength wa 7ako 7shatstAhslu-tf (- ? shatstAhsluty-)

he lost his hair

she lost her strength

lose one's voice wakatwAnahtú-u I have lost my voice yakotwAtiahtú-u she has lost her voice lotwAnahtú-u he has lost her voice wa?utwAnáhtu7 she lost her voice (-atwAnahtu-)

lose weight ukku 7tslu-tf I lost weight wahoku 7tslutr he lost weight wa7akoku 7tslu-tf she lost weight (-ku ? tsluty-) menstruate swAhni7tátshu7 swaknuhwáktanihe7 I'm menstruating szvAhni7tátshu7 tsyakonuhwáktanihe7 she's menstruating (swAhni ? tátshu ? .nuhwaktani- plus s- repetitive) muddy, get uknawá-tstalane7 (-nawa'tstala 7 -)

I got all muddy

nauseous, become twakne 7walá-tanihe7 Igetnauseous ukne7walá-tA7 or tukne7walá-tA7 I got nauseous (-ne 7 wala' ;> tani-/-ne ? wala 7 tA-) nightmare, have wakeslAhtoyúkhwa7 loslAhtoyúkhwa7 yakoslAhtoyúkhwa7 ukeslAhto-yúhkwe7 (-slAhtoyuhkw-)

I'm having a nightmare he's having a nightmare she's having a nightmare I had a nightmare

pale, become tewaklatyéhtu I'm pale teholatyéhtu he's pale teyakolatyéhtu she's pale wa 7twaklátyehte7 Ibecamepale (.latyeht- plus te- dualic) poison ivy, get wakhA-tálahse7 I get poison ivy I oh A'tála hse7 he keeps getting poison ivy ukhA-tálane7 I got poison ivy (-hAtala?-) rub the skin raw on one's heel ukla • tóke7 the skin on the back of my heel was rubbed raw wahola-tóke7 his heel was rubbed raw wa7akola-t óke7 her heel was rubbed raw (-latok-)

1354 People

severe, be getting severe or worse takatahaluní-s ele7 my condition is becoming more severe tayutahaluní-sele7 she's getting worse tahatahaluní-sele7 he's getting worse (,atahaluni ? sl- plus t- cislocative) sick, become waknuhwáktanihe7 I'm sick uknuhwáktA7 I got sick wahonuhwáktA7 he got sick wa 7akonuhiváktA7 she got sick (-nuhwaktani-/-nuhwaktA-) sleep waki-tá-s I'm sleeping lo-tá-s he's sleeping yako-tá-s she's sleeping waho-táwe7 he fell asleep (-ita 7 -/-ita ? w-) sleepy, become ukeslAhtalawe7 I got sleepy wahoslAhtalawe7 hegotsleepy (-slAhtala -slAhtala'w-) slip wa 7twakwísko7 I slipped wa 7tyakowísko7 she slipped (.wiskw- plus te- dualic) smile, laugh wakyéshuhe7 I'm smiling ukyéshu7 I smiled (-yeshu-) sneeze wa 7twakí-tsyuhkwe7 I sneezed wa 7thó-tsyuhkwe7 hesneezed wa 7tyakó-tsyuhkwe7 shesneezed (.i ? tsyuhkw- plus te- dualic) sneeze repeatedly tewaki 7tsyuhkwányuhe7 I'm sneezing teho 7tsyuhkwányuhe7 he's sneezing teyako 7tsyuhkwányuhe7 she's sneezing (.i?tsyuhkwanyu- plus te- dualic)

People 1355

snotty, get a snotty nose, sniffle waktsi ?nyúhklote7 I have a snotty nose, my nose is running uktsi 7nyuhklo-tv my nose got full of snot (e.g., when I have a cold) wahotsi ?nyuhklo-tX- his nose got full of snot (-tsi ? nyuhklot-) stitches, get tsyuke7níkhu? I have stitches, someone has stitched me sayuke 7níkhu7 I got stitches (.?nikhu- plus s- repetitive) stutter lowAnánhihse7 he stutters yakoiVAtiánhihse7 she stutters (-WAnanhihs-) sweat teivakate 7tukhwálha7 I sweat tewakate 7túkhwale7 I'm sweating tAwakate7tukhwa-h± I will sweat (,ate?tukhwal- plus te- dualic) taken, be taken by, be overcome by ya 7thoku-tX- it took him (death, or some other disaster) ya7tyakoku-tA it took her (.kut- plus ya ? te- translocative and dualic) teary-eyed, become twakkáhslote7 my eyes are watering (e.g., when I'm chopping onions) thokáhslote7 he's teary-eyed tyakokáhslote7 she's teary-eyed tukkahslo-tv I got teary-eyed (.kahslot- plus t- cislocative) twitch, one's eye wakkahti7klúkwas yakokahti7klúkwas lokahti7klúkwas (-kahti'klukw-)

my eye is twitching her eye is twitching his eye is twitching

unwell, become unwell, become sickly uktsi 7yo-háne7 I'm starting to be unwell wahotsi 7yo-háne7 he's starting to be unwell (-tsi 7 yoha ? -)

1356 People

vomit, make ukwatstiká-tA? wahotstiká-tA7 wa 7akotstiká-tA7 (-atstika ? tA-)

it made me vomit it made him vomit it made her vomit

yawn wa 7twakatskalá-wahte7 Iyawned (,atskala ? waht- plus te- dualic) REMARKS: The verbs in this list are active verbs, which means that they occur in the habitual or punctual aspect, or both, and sometimes also in the stative aspect. Active verbs have the category designation v.a. after the base in the OneidaEnglish dictionary. The active verbs in this list all have patient (objective) pronominal prefixes, regardless of the aspect. (In fact, the majority of active verbs have patient pronominal prefixes only in the stative aspect and agent prefixes in the habitual and punctual aspects. See, for example, the next category.) The verbs describe phenomena that happen to the body, mostly unintentionally or spontaneously and mostly health-related.

2.9. Grooming bath, take a bath, swim kata-wAhe7 I'm taking a bath, I'm swimming wahata •wA• he took a bath, he took a swim (-atawA-) blow one's nose wa7kattsi?nyuhklu-tf wahattsi7nyuhklu-tf (-attsi ? nyuhkluty-)

I blew my nose he blew his nose

brush one's teeth yutnawilóhalehe7 she's brushing her teeth latnawilóhalehe7 he's brushing his teeth wa7katnawilóh ale7 I brushed my teeth satnawilóhale Brush your teeth! (-atnawilohale-) comb one's hair tehatnathálhos he's combing his hair tehatnathálhos he's combing his hair tusahatnathálho7 he combed his hair again kanathálho7 comb (.atnathalho- plus te- dualic)

curl one's hair tekatatnuhklista7 I'm curling my hair wa 7tkatatnúhkliste7 I curled my hair (.atatnuhklist- plus te- dualic) put on face powder wa 7utwisklálho7 yutwisklalhó-tha7 (-atwisklalho-)

she put on powder face powder

put on lipstick yutnikwAhtalálhos she puts on lipstick wa 7utnikwAhtalálho7 she put on lipstick HUtnikwAhtalalhó-tha7 lipstick (-atnikwAhtalalho-) put on perfume or cologne kateslaku 7ú sta? I'm putting on perfume or cologne Akatesláku 7u ste7 I will put on perfume or cologne (-ateslaku ? ust-) rinse one's mouth wa 7katenhoskóhale7 wahatenhoskóhale7 wa 7utenhoskóhale7 (-atenhoskohale-)

I rinsed my mouth he rinsed his mouth she rinsed her mouth

shave latkustú-lhya7ks he's shaving wahatkustú-lhyahke7 he shaved (-atkustu ? lhya?k-) wash oneself latya 7tóhalehe7 he's washing himself wahatya 7tóhale7 he washed himself wa 7kalahsi 7tóhale7 I washed my feet satkuhsóhale Wash your face! (-atya?tohale-/-at-N-ohale-) wash the hands wa 7kahtsyóhale7 I washed my hands sahtsyóhale Wash your hands! (-ahtsyohale-)

1358 People

wipe one's nose kattsi7nyuhkloke-wás I'm wiping my nose wa 7kattsí 7nyuhklo-kéwe7 I wiped my nose (-attsi'nyuhklokew-) wipe oneself wa 7katya 7to-kéwe7 I wiped myself salahsi7to-kéw Wipe your feet! wa 7katkuhso-kéwe7 I wiped my face (-atya 7 tokew-/-at-N-okew-) wipe the hands wa 7kahtsyo-kéwe7 (-ahtsyokew-)

I wiped my hands

REMARKS: The verbs in this list are active verbs, and so they can occur in all three aspects although we don't give forms in all the aspects here. Active verbs have the category designation v.a. after the base in the Oneida-English dictionary. The active verbs in this list have agent (subjective) prefixes in the habitual and punctual aspects and the corresponding patient (objective) prefixes in the stative aspect.

2.10. Position of the body arm, be hooked over tehanAtshotálhu he has his arm through something (e.g., handcuffs) teyenAtshotálhu she has her arm through something (.nAtshotalho- plus te- dualic) arm, be raised knAtshote7 I have my arm raised lanAtshote7 he has his arm raised yenAtshote7 she has her arm raised (-nAtshot-)

behind, have one's behind up kesló-khote7 I'm in a position such that I have my behind up lasló• khote7 he has his behind up yesló-khote7 she has got her behind up (-slo ? khot-/-islo ? khot-) crossed arms, have teyenAtshá-selu7 her arms are crossed tehanAtshá selu7 his arms are crossed (.nAtsha?slu-/.nAtsha?sel- plus te- dualic)

People 1359

teyenAtsha 7slúni7 she has her arms crossed tehanAtsha 7slúni7 he has his arms crossed (.nAtsha?slunyu- plus te- dualic) crossed legs, have teksiná-selu7 I'm sitting with my legs crossed teyehsiná-selu7 her legs are crossed tehahsináselu7 his legs are crossed (.hsina ? slu-/.hsina ? sel- plus te- dualic) teksina 7slúni7 I have my legs crossed tehahsina 7slúni7 he has his legs crossed teyehsina 7slúni7 she has her legs crossed (,hsina?slunyu- plus te- dualic) draped, be draped over, be leaning over tekya 7kalotálhu I'm draped or leaning over (it) tehaya7kalotálhu he's draped over (it) teyeya7kalotálhu she's draped over (it) (.ya ? kalotalho- plus te- dualic) hang, for someone to be hanging laya7tíh ale7 he's hanging yeya 7tíhale7 she's hanging (-ya?tihal-) head back, have one's head back kha 7kwáwelu7 my head is back and my throat is facing upwards laha 7kwáwelu7 he has his head back and he's looking up yeha 7kwá welu7 she has her head back and she's looking up (-ha'kwawelu-) head, be standing on yelú • tote7 she's standing on her head lalú-tote7 he's standing on his head (-Iu?tot-) head, have lying or propped up tsi7 nukwá• kkA-hX- where I have my head propped up tsi7 nukwá• yakwakA -hA- the side where we have our heads (-kAhA-)

1360 People

kneel, be kneeling tekútsh ote7 I'm kneeling tehlútshote^ he's kneeling teyakútsote7 she's kneeling (.utshot- plus te- dualic) lean, be leaning back, be lying back késhate7 I'm lying (on my) back, I'm leaning back láshate? he's lying back yéshate7 she's lying back (-shat-) lean, be leaning over to one side laya 7takalX-le7 he's standing leaning over to one side yeya 7takalX-le7 she's standing leaning over to one side (-ya?takalAhl(e)-/-akalAhl(e)-/-kalAhl(e)-) lie, be lying curled up kná-skwayA7 I'm lying down curled up (rather than stretched out) laná-skwayA7 he's lying down, he's in bed yená-skwayA7 she's lying down, she's in bed (-na ? skwayA-) lie, be lying curled up in a ball ki7tsyúhkwayA7 I'm lying all curled up in a ball ye 7tsyúhkwayA7 she's lying all curled up 1A 7tsyúhkwayA7 he's lying all curled up (-i ? tsyuhkwayA-) lie, be lying curled up on something lana 7skwáhele7 he's lying up on something (e.g., on the couch) yena7skwáh ele7 she's lying up on something (-na?skwahel-) lie, be lying down stretched out kit a- kéle7 I'm lying down stretched out I A ta-kéle7 he's lying down yeta kéle7 she's lying down (-itakel-/-itakl-) side, be lying one one's side kya7takwalu t& I'm lying on my side laya 7takwalu-& he's lying on his side yeya 7takwalu-t&_ she's lying on her side (-ya?takwalut(e)-)

People 1361

sit, be sitting, be at home kítelu7 I'm sitting, I'm at home lAtelu7 he's sitting, he's at home yé-telu? she's sitting, she's at home (-i ? tlu-/-i ? tlut-) sit, be sitting perched kit skw áh ele7 I'm sitting down, I'm perched I At skw áh ele7 he's perched yet skw áh ele7 she's perched (-itskwahel-/-itskwahl-) sit, be sitting kitskote7 lAtskote7 yétskote7 (-itskot-)

up I'm sitting up he's sitting up she's sitting up

squat, be squatting close to the ground teknu•sáyA 7 I'm squatting tehanu-sáyA7 he's squatting teyenu-sáyA7 she's squatting (.nusayA- plus te- dualic) squat, be squatting or crouching teknu-sóte7 I'm squatting tehanu-sóte7 he's squatting teyenu-sóte7 she's squatting (.nusot- plus te- dualic) stand, be standing i • kéte7 I'm standing íh s ete7 you're standing í • I ate7 he's standing i • yéte7 she's standing I • káte7 she or it is standing (-t-/-et-) stomach, be on tekhyeskwAht ale7 I'm lying on my stomach tehahyeskw Aht ale7 he's lying on his stomach teyehyeskwAh tale7 she's lying on her stomach (.hyeskwAhtal- plus te- dualic)

1362 People

stooped, be wake 7no-yóte7 I'm stooped lo 7no-yóte7 he's stooped yako 7no-yóte7 she's stooped (-'noyot-) stooped, be sitting stooped or hunched over kA 7 ke7nowáhele7 here I am sitting bent over it (e.g., the work on my lap) la7nowáh ele7 he's sitting hunched over ye7nowáhele7 she's sitting bent over (-?nowahel-/-'nowahl-) stooped over, be teho 7nowá-ktu he's stooped over teyako 7nowá-ktu she's stooped over (. ? nowa ? kt-/. ? nowa ? ket- plus te- dualic) tiptoes, be on lehahyakwi-lóte7 he's on his tiptoes teyuhyakwi-lóte7 she's on her tiptoes (.ahyakwilot- plus te- dualic) REMARKS: The verbs in this category occur only in the stative aspect, and so have the designation v.s. after the base in the Oneida-English dictionary. Except for the verbs for 'stooped, be' and 'stooped over, be', the verbs have agent (subjective) pronominal prefixes. Many of the verbs have incorporated into them noun roots for specific body parts (e.g., -nAtsh- arm) or shapes (e.g., -'now- hump or dome shape, or -nus-, which occurs in verbs for 'squatting').

2.11. Getting into position behind, put one's behind up lanislo 7khótha7 he gets into a position so that his behind is up yakonisló-khote7 she has gotten her behind up wahanislo 7kho-tA^ he got his behind up (-anislo'khot-) bend over, become crooked tekatshá'ktus I keep bending over tewakatshá-ktu I'm bending over, I'm bent over tehotshá-ktu he's bent over wa 7tkatshá-kete7 Ibentover (,atsha ? kt-/.atsha ? ket-/.at-N-a ? kt-/.at-N-a 7 ket- plus te- dualic)

People 1363

bend to one side tehatya 7tá-ktus he can bend over (to the right or to the left) tehotya 7tá-ktu he has bent to one side wa ?thatya 7tákete7 he bent over to one side ( , a t y a 7 t a ? k t - / . a t y a ? t a ? k e t - plus te- dualic) cross one's arms tekattiAtsha ?sélha7 I'm crossing my arms wa 7tyutriAtshá-selu7 she crossed her arms (.atnAtsha 7 sel-/.atnAtsha 7 slu- plus te- dualic) cross one's legs tekatshina 7sélha7 I'm crossing my legs wa 7tkatshiná-selu7 I crossed my legs wa 7thatshiná-selu7 he crossed his legs wa ?tyutshiná-selu7 she crossed her legs (.atshina ? sel-/.atshina ? slu- plus te- dualic) fall back loshatá-u he has fallen backwards wa 7kesha-táne7 I fell flat on my back (unintentionally) wahasha-táne7 he fell back (-shata7-) fall down yetáklahse^ she keeps falling down wa 7kitáklane7 I fell down (e.g., while I was walking) wah A táklane7 he fell down (-itakla7-) fall on one's face yehakuhso-tá-se7 yehokuhsotá-u he yahakuhso-táne7 (.kuhsota 7 - plus y-

he falls right on his face has fallen right on his face he fell right on his face translocative)

fall on one's stomach tekhyeskwAhtalahse7 I keep falling flat on my stomach tewakhyeskwAhtalá-u I have fallen on my stomach wa 7tekhyeskwAhtalane7 I fell flat on my stomach wa 7thahyeskwAhtalane7 he fell flat on his stomach wa 7tyehyeskwAhtalane7 she fell flat on her stomach (.hyeskwAhtala 7 - plus te- dualic)

1364 People

fall over, pass out laya 7tye-nA-se7 he keeps falling over, he keeps passing out wahaya 7tye-nAne7 he fell over, he passed out (-ya'tyenA 7 -) flip over, get upside down tekatii 7taketskwátha7 I'm flipping over tewakani7taketskwáhtu I have flipped over, I'm hanging upside down wa ?thani ?takétskwahte7 he flipped over tAhsani 7takétskwahte7 you will get upside down (.ani'taketskwaht- plus te- dualic) get up katkétskwas I keep getting up wakatkétskwA I have gotten up, I'm up wa 7katkétsko7 Igotup (-atketskw-) kneel down tekatutshótha7 I keep kneeling down tewakatútshote7 I have knelt down (and now I'm kneeling) wa 7tkatutsho-tA• Ikneltdown wa7thatutsho-Lv he got on his knees tAkatutsho-tA^ I will kneel down (.atutshot- plus te- dualic) lean back lotesháthu he has leaned back wa 7kateshátho7 I leaned back wahateshátho7 he leaned back (-ateshatho-) lean over, stretch over tehatya 7kalétsta7 he's leaning over with his body to reach something tehotya?kalétstu he has leaned over wa 7tkatyá-kaletste7 I leaned over (.atya'kaletst- plus te- dualic) lie down wakala-tú I have lain down wa 7ka-láte7 Ilaydown waha láte7 he lay down wa7u• late7 she lay down (-alat-)

People 1365

lie down, curl up in a ball lani 7tsyúhkway Ahe7 he lies down so that he's curled up in a ball wahani 7tsyúhkwayA7 he lay down all curled up (-ani ? tsyuhkwayA-) lie down, curl up, snuggle under the covers lotná-skivayA7 he has lain down (so that he's curled up) wa ?katná-skwayA? I lay down, snuggling under the covers, I went to bed wa 7utná-skwayA7 she lay down (-atna'skwayA-) perch lanitskwahé Iha7 he keeps getting into a perching position lonitskwáhele7 he has gotten into a perching position wahanitskwá-lA7 he perched (-anitskwahel-/-anitskwahl-) remove oneself from a seat, get up lanitskwahlákwas he's moving himself off the seat (e.g., a chair) lonitskwahlákwA he has moved himself from the seat wa 7kanitskwahlakó• I moved myself off the seat (-anitskwahlakw-) side, get onto one's side wa 7katya 7takwalu-táte7 wahatya 7takwalu-táte7 wa 7utya 7takwalu-táte7 (-atya?takwalutat-)

I got onto my side he got onto his side she got onto her side

sit down látyAhe7 he sits down, he's getting into a sitting position lótyA? he has sat down wa ?káti1 I sat down (-atyA-/-atyAt-) spread the legs wa ?thate ?khaha-káwe7 he spread his legs wa 7tyute 7khaha-káwe7 she spread her legs (.ate ? khahakaw- plus te- dualic) slump over tehotluhkwe 7n á ktu he's slumped over 7n á ktu teyakotluhkwe she's slumped over 7ná-kete7 wa 7thatluhkwe he slumped over (.atluhkwe ? na 7 kt-/.atluhkwe ? na ? ket- plus te- dualic)

1366 People

squat close to the ground tAkatnu-sáyA7 I will squat (.atnusayA- plus te- dualic) squat, crouch tewakatnu-sóte7 I have gotten into a squatting position tAkatnuso-tX/ I will squat (.atnusot- plus te- dualic) stand on one's head wahatlu7to-tA^ he stood on his head wa7utlu7to-tv she stood on her head (-atlu'tot-) stand up, stand still, stop wa 7téktane7 I stood up, I stopped in my tracks wa 7tha-táne7 he stopped in his tracks wa 7tka • táne7 she or it stood up or stopped (,ta ? - plus te- dualic) stomach, get on tehathyeskwAhtálhos he gets on his stomach tehothyeskwAhlálhu he has gotten on his stomach wa 7tkathyeskwAhtálho? I got on my stomach (.athyeskwAhtalho- plus te- dualic) stoop over tekate7nowá-ktus I stoop over tewakate7nowá-ktu I'm stooping over wa 7thate 7nowá-kete7 he stooped over wa 7tyute 7nowá-kete7 she stooped over (,ate ? nowa ? kt-/.ate ? nowa ? ket- plus te- dualic) stoop over, hunch over wa 7kate7nowá-lA7 I stooped over it, I hunched or bent over it (-ate'nowahl-) turn a direction, face a direction kAh nukwá• niwakatyelá-tu I'm turned or facing this way a7é• niwakatyelá-tu I'm turned or facing the other way a 7é- na ?katye-lá te7 I turned that way (.atyela't- plus n- partitive) turnaround tekatkalhatényehse7 tewakatkalhaténi

I keep turning around I have turned around

People 1367

wa 7tkatkalhatenf I turned around (.atkalhateny- plus te- dualic) turn over, tip over latkalháthos he's turning over (intentionally) wakatkalháthos I keep flipping over (accidentally) wa 7katkalhátho7 I turned over wahotkalhátho7 he flipped over (-atkalhatho-) REMARKS: This list gives verbs that describe moving the body into some position. These verbs are active verbs, designated v.a. in the Oneida-English dictionary, and they can occur in the three primary aspects. They all have agent (subjective) prefixes in the habitual and punctual aspects and patient (objective) prefixes in the stative aspect. In addition, the bases of almost all these verbs either have the semireflexive prefix ( - a t - / - a t e - / - a t A - / - a n - / - a l - / - a - ) or the inchoative suffix (- 7 -).

2.12. Perception hear, be hearing wakathu-t& I hear it lothu-té^ he hears it yakothu-t& she hears it (-athut(e)-) hear ukwathu-táne7 wahothu-táne7 Awakathu-táne7 (-athuta7-)

I heard it he heard it I will hear it

listen, be listening wakatahúhsate7 I'm listening yakotahúhsate7 she's listening lotahúhsate7 he's listening (-atahuhsat-) listen katahúhsatats I listen wa 7katahúhsatate7 I listened (-atahuhsatat-) see, fix one's sight on, look katkáthos I keep seeing it yutkáthos she or someone sees

1368 People

wakatkáthu I have seen it wahatká tho? he sees it, he saw it wa 7katkátho7 I see it, I saw it (-atkatho-/-atkaht-) see, be able to see, have eyesight tkkAhe7 I can see lakAhe7 he sees, he has eyesight wa 7khekA• I saw or I see her or them, I caught sight of her or them wahikA• I saw him (-kA-)

smell, get a whiff of wakéshwas I keep smelling it, I'm smelling it, I get a whiff of it ukéshwA7 I smelled it, I got a whiff of it (-shw-) smell lateshwátha7 he's smelling it (intentionally) yuteshwátha7 she's smelling it wahatéshwahte7 he smelled it (-ateshwaht-) watch, look katló-loks I watch, I look (with attention) wakatló-lu I have watched, I'm watching yakotló-lu she or someone is watching wa 7katló-loke7 I watched (-atlohlok-/-atlohl-) REMARKS: The verbs for 'hear, be hearing' and 'listen, be listening' are stative verbs—they occur only in the stative aspect. Both verbs have patient (objective) prefixes. The other verbs are all active verbs and can occur in all three primary aspects. The verbs for 'hear' and 'smell, get a whiff of have patient (objective) prefixes in all three aspects. The verbs for 'listen', 'smell something', and the three verbs that have to do with sight have agent (subjective) prefixes in the habitual and punctual aspects and the corresponding patient prefixes in the stative aspect.

2.13. Speaking ask kli7wanútha7 I keep asking, I'm asking wa7kli7wanu tA^ I asked wa 7kheli7wanu-tA I asked for her (-li ? wanut-/-li 7 wanutu-)

People 1369

ask someone yukli7wanutú-sehe7 she or someone asks me yukW^wanutú-se they have asked me wa 7kuli 7wanu-tú-se7 I asked you wa 7kheli7wanu• tú-se7 I asked her or someone (-li ? wanutu ? se-/-li 7 wanutu ? s-) call out to someone thuwahAlha7 she's calling him (towards her) yehuwah Alha7 she's calling out to him tutahákhAle7 he called me back yusahuwáhAkP she called him back again (.hAl- plus t- cislocative or y- translocative) call out to someone, summon someone yehiná-tuhe7 I'm calling out to him, I'm summoning him ya7khená tu7 I summoned her yusahuwaná-tu7 she called over to him again (.na ? tu- plus y- translocative) cry out yehowAttake 7tótha7 he cries out (unintentionally) yehowAnake7tóhtu he has cried out yahukwAnaké-tohte7 I cried out (,wAnake?toht- plus y- translocative) groan wakunhénha7 I'm groaning launhénha7 he's groaning yakaunhénha? she's groaning (-unhen-) holler, yell tewakhAlétha7 I'm yelling wa 7twakhA-léhte7 I hollered wa 7thohA-léhte7 he hollered wa 7tyakohA-léhte7 she hollered (.hAleht- plus te- dualic) lose one's voice wakatwAnahtú-u I have lost my voice yakotwAnahtú-u she has lost her voice lotwAnahtú-u he has lost his voice wa7utwAtiá htu7 she lost her voice i-wélhe 7 ahatwAnáhtu7 he's losing his voice, he's hoarse (-atwAnahtu-)

1370 People

moan lawAshénhu he's moaning yakawAshénhu she's moaning (-Ashenhu-) say ka-túhe7 I say wa kA I have said wa 7kílu7 I said wahX-lu7 he said wa 7yai-lu7 (short form: wa7í-lu?) she said tákA7 náhte7 Ahsí-Ju Don't say anything! né• kwí• tshika-túhe7 that's what I said (-atu-/-A-/-ihlu-) say, be saying ka-téI'm saying la-téhe's saying yu-té• she's saying (-ate-) speak kata-tíhe7 I speak (regularly) wakata-tí I have spoken wa ?ka ta-tf I spoke Aka ta tf I will speak (-atati-/-ataty-) speak in a language katWAnutákhwa7 I speak in a language wakatWAnutáhkwA I'm speaking, I have spoken this way wa 7katwAnu-táhkwe7 that's the way I spoke AkatwAnu-táhkwe7 I will speak (-atwAnutahkw-) speak out finally lawAntnikAhse^ wahawAnínikAne7 wa7ewAtiínikAne7 (-WAninikA?-)

he speaks out or up he spoke up she spoke out

speak out, speak for ya 7ka ta tf I spoke out (e.g., into a microphone), I spoke for it, the tab's on me yaha ta-tf he called over yAkata-tf I will speak for it (.atati- plus y- translocative)

People 1371

speak to someone thakivA-nálahse7 hespeakstome thakwAnalá-u he was speaking to me takhewA-nálarte7 I spoke to her, I answered her ya ?khewA-nálane7 I spoke at or to her (.wAnala 7 - plus t- cislocative or y- translocative) speak up, answer thatatíhe7 he speaks up takatatf I spoke up, I answered Atyuta tf she or someone will speak up (.atati-/.ataty- plus t- cislocative) speak up, answer someone back thakwatatyá-sehe7 he's answering me back tahakwatátya hse7 he answered me back, he spoke back at me (.atatya ? se-/.atatya?s- plus t- cislocative) speak up, talk back tutakata-tf I talked back tutahsata-tr you talked back. (.atati-/.ataty- plus tet- dualic and cislocative) speak up, talk back to someone tethiyatatyá-sehe7 I talk back to him (indicating some disrespect) tutahiyatátyahse7 I spoke back to him tákA 7 tAteskwatátyahs Don't talk back to me! (.atatya ? se-/.atatya 7 s- plus tet- dualic and cislocative) stutter lowAtiánhihse7 yakowAnánhihse7 (-wAnanhihs-)

he stutters she stutters

talk, be talking wakéthale7 I'm talking lóthale^ he's talking yakóthale7 she's talking (-thai-) talk, converse tetnithálha7 you and I (incl.) talk every now and then tewakéthale7 I'm having a conversation wa 7thatha-Lv he did the talking wa7tetnitha-lA^ you and I talked (.thai- plus te- dualic)

1372 People

talk to, advise kuthala-níhe7 I'm giving you advice, I tell you what to do or how to behave shako thala-ní he has ad vised her or them wa 7kuthálhahse7 I advised you (-thalani-/-thalhahs-) talkative, be wakatlihwatyé-ni I'm talkative yakotlihwatyé-ni she's talkative lotlihwatyé-ni he's talkative (-atlihwatye'ni-) tell kathlo-líhe7 I keep telling about it lakwathlo lí he's telling about me wa7kathlo-lf I told wahathlo-lf he told wa7uthlo-lf she told Akathlo-lf I will tell (-athloli-/-athloly-) tell someone kuhlo-líhe7 I keep telling you yukhlo-lí she or someone has told me wa7khehlo-lf I told her or someone Ahetshlo-lf you will tell him (-hloli-/-hloly-) voice, have a strong or loud voice loluhkwA ?tstowa-nA he has a strong or loud voice, he talks or cries loudly yakoluhkwA ?tstowa-nX she has a loud voice (-luhkwA ? tstowanA-) whimper yutshi 7tAtha? she's whimpering latshi?tAtha7 he's whimpering yakotshi?tAhtu she has whimpered wa?utshí'tAhte^ she whimpered (-atshi'tAht-) whisper tewaketsyáhu 7 I'm whispering tehotsyáhu 7 he's whispering teyakotsyáhu7 she's whispering (.tsyahu- plus te- dualic)

People 1373

REMARKS: These are some of the verbs in Oneida that have to do with speaking or using one's voice in some way. Several verbs in this list have many more forms which are given as subentries in the Oneida-English and English-Oneida entries, and several verbs have related verbs as well; so those who are interested in these verbs are encouraged to look through the Oneida-English or English-Oneida entries. Most of the verbs in this list are active verbs (v.a.) which can occur in the three primary aspects. The verbs for 'moan', 'say, be saying', 'stutter', 'talk, be talking', 'talkative, be', 'voice, have a strong or loud voice', and 'whisper' are stative verbs (v.s.), occurring only in the stative aspect. Of these, 'say, be saying' takes agent (subjective) prefixes; the others all take patient (objective) prefixes. The verbs for 'cry out', 'groan', and 'holler, yell' are active verbs that take patient prefixes in all three primary aspects. All the other verbs are active verbs that take either interactive prefixes (designating two participants—the person speaking and the person who is spoken to) in all three aspects, or agent prefixes in the habitual and punctual aspects and the corresponding patient prefixes in the stative aspect.

Appendix 3: Household and Community

3.1. Clothing and accessories apron

atkAhanyutákhwa 7

backpack

yutyalakehtákhwa 7

bandanna See headband, bandanna, kerchief bandage

yuthwa ? estákhwa ?

beads, small beads, nits

otsi 7 néhtala 7

belt my belt your belt his belt her belt her or its belt

atu 7 kwánha 7 akwatu 7 kwánha 7 satu 7 kwánha 7 laotu 7 kwánha 7 akotu 7 kwánha 7 aotu7kwánha7

blouse my blouse your blouse his shirt her blouse her or its blouse

oyá-ta 7 akyá-ta 7 sayáta7 laoyáta? akoyáta? aoyá-ta ?

bra

teyutnu ? tohlalákta ?

bracelet

teyutnAtshanhásta 7

brim of a hat

otalá-

Household and Community 1375

brooch

yuthnyotákhwa?

button, fist, turnip, knot

otsíhkwa 7

cane

atXnis

clothes my clothes your clothes her clothes his clothes

atslunyákhwa? akwatslunyákhwa? satslunyákhwa? akotslunyákhwa? laotslunyákhwa?

coat See dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse collar, nape of the neck

ohnyása?

comb

kanathálho 7

diaper

o ? tsyúkhale ?

dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse my dress your dress his coat or jacket her dress her or its dress

atyá-tawiht akwatyá-tawiht satyá-tawiht laotyá-tawiht akotyá-tawiht

earring garter girdle glasses glove, mitten my glove your glove his glove her glove her or its glove

aotyátawiht teyute ? washalutákhwa ? or o?wáshale ? atshínha ? teyutya ? tohlalákta ? teyutwisutákhwa 7 a ? nyanáwA ? akwa ? nya-náwA? sa ? nya-náwa ? lao ? nyanáwa ? ako ? nyanáwa ? ao ? nya-náwa ?

handkerchief

atkAhányaks

hat my hat

análole ? akwanálole 7

Household and Community 1376

your hat his hat her hat her or its hat

saná-lole? laonálole 7 akoná-lole 7 aoná-lole?

hat, top hat

teyoná-tsyes

headband, bandanna, kerchief

atna 7 alanhásta 7 or

hood

o ? wháhsa 7

housecoat, robe

tyutketskwátha 7

teyutna 7 alanhásta 7

atyá-tawiht

kerchief See headband, bandanna, kerchief lipstick

yutnikwAhtalalhó-tha 7

longjohns

teyohsí-tute 7 a 7 nhuskwá-lha 7

mitten See glove, mitten moccasin

ka7nyúkel

nail polish

yuttsye ? elahsókhwa 7

necklace, string of beads

ostaló-kwa 7 or yutestalo 7 kwanyákta 7

pants, trousers my pants your pants his pants her pants her or its pants

a 7 nhuskwá-lha 7

pant leg

olísla 7

powder, face powder

yutwisklalhó-tha 7

purse, wallet, suitcase, pocket

kahná-tal

ribbon, strap

ká-nheks

ring

anishnuhsohlókta 7

scarf, tie, necklace

anihtyákta 7 or yunihtyákta 7 or yunihtyásta 7

akwa 7 nhuskwá-lha 7 sa 7 nhuskwá-lha 7 lao 7 nhuskwá-lha 7 ako ? nhuskwá-lha 7 ao 7 nhuskwá-lha 7

Household and Community 1377

shawl (or any covering on the body)

yuhkwátsta 7

shirt See dress, shirt, jacket, coat, blouse shoe my shoes your shoes his shoes her shoes her or its shoes

áhta^ akwáhta 7 sáhta 7 laóhta ? akóhta 7 aóhta 7

shoelace

a 7 nekahtsyé-na 7

skirt my skirt

o 7 kóhsa 7 akwa 7 kóhsa ?

sleeve, arm my sleeve

kanXtsha7 aknXtsha7

slip, skirt my slip your slip her slip her or its slip

kákhale7 akékhale7 sákhale7 akókhale7 aókhale7

sock, stockings my socks, stockings your stocking his stocking her stocking her or its stocking

atláhtí^ akwatláhtí^ satláhd^ laotláhtí 7 akotláhti 7 aoláhti 7

sole of a shoe

olakwáhta 7

tie See scarf, tie, necklace trousers See pants, trousers umbrella

atahalanAstákhwa?

underpants

na 7 kúkha 7 a ? nhuskwá-lha 7

underwear

na 7 kúkha 7

Household and Community 1378

3.2. Dressing and undressing belt, put on wakatu 7kwánhA I have a belt on lotu 7kwánhA he has a belt on yakotu?kwánhA she has a belt on wa 7katu 7kwánhake7 I put my belt on (-atu 7 kwanhak-/-atu ? kwanh-) blouse, put on wakatyá-tute7 I have a blouse on yakotyá-tute7 she has a blouse on wa7katya7tu-tA^ I put on a blouse (-atya'tut-) dress, put on wakatya7tawí-tu I'm wearing a dress, I have a dress on yakotya 7tawí-tu she has a dress on lotya 7tawí-tu he has a coat on katya 7tawí-tha7 I'm putting on a dress, shirt, jacket, coat, or blouse wa 7katyá-tawihte7 Iputonadress Akatyá-tawihte7 I will put on a dress (-atya ? tawi?t-) dress, take off katya 7tawi7táhsyus I'm taking my dress off w a 7ka tya7tawi7tá hsi7 I took off the dress (-atya ? tawi ? tahsyu-) dress, get dressed katslu-níhe7 I'm getting dressed wakatslu-ní I'm dressed lotslu-ní he's dressed yakotslu-ní she's dressed wa 7katslu-nf I got dressed (-atsluni-/-atsluny-) fasten oneself, button oneself tekatnahsútha7 I'm buttoning up (e.g., my shirt) wa7tekatnahsu-tA^ I buttoned it up (.atnahsut- plus te- dualic) girdle, put on tekatya 7tó-lalaks I'm putting a girdle on wa 7tkatya 7tó-lalake7 I put a girdle on (.atya'tohlalak- plus te- dualic)

Household and Community 1379

glasses, put on tewakatwi-súte7 I have my glasses on teyakotwi-súte7 she has glasses on tehotwi-súte7 he has glasses on tAkatwisu-Lv I will put my glasses on (.atwisut- plus te- dualic) glasses, take off wa 7tkatwisuta-kó• I took off my glasses (.atwisutakw- plus te- dualic) gloves or mittens, put on tewaka 7nya-náwA7 I have my gloves on teho 7nya-náwA7 he has gloves on teyako?nya-náwA7 she has gloves on wa 7tka 7nya-náwAke7 I put on my gloves tAka 7nya-náwAke7 I will put on my gloves (.a ? nyanawAk-/.a ? nyanawA- plus te- dualic) gloves or mittens, take off wa 7tka 7nyanawAksi7 I took off my gloves, mitts (,a ? nyanawAksyu- plus te- dualic) hat, put on wakana?alo-lú I have a hat on yakona 7alo-lú she has a hat on lona7alo-lú he has a hat on wa 7kana 7alo-lóke7 I put on a hat (-ana?alolok-/-ana?alol-) hat, take off wa 7kana 7alolóksi7 (-ana ? aloloksyu-)

I took my hat off

headband, bandanna or kerchief, put on tewakatna 7alánhA I have a headband on tehonatna 7alánhA they have headbands on wa 7tkatna 7alánhake7 I put on a headband (.atna ? alanhak-/.atna ? alanh- plus te- dualic) necklace, be wearing wakestalo 7kwáni7 yakostalo 7kwáni7 (-stalo ? kwanyu-)

I'm wearing a necklace she's wearing a necklace

Household and Community 1380

necklace, put on wa ?katestalo 7kwányake7 (-atestalo'kwanyak-)

I put on a necklace

overshoes, put on wa ?thalahtahkwanétane? he put on overshoes (.alahtahkwaneta 7 - plus te- dualic) pants, put on tewaka 7nhuskwa ?lho lú I have pants on teho?nhuskwa7lho-lú he has pants on wa 7tka ?nhuskwa ?lho-lóke7 Iputonpants tAka ?nhuskwa ?lho-lóke? I will put on pants (.a ? nhuskwa ? lholok-/.a ? nhuskwa ? lhol- plus te- dualic) pants, take off wa 7tka ?nhuskwa ?lholóksP I took my pants off (.a ? nhuskwa ? lholoksyu- plus te- dualic) pant leg, roll down takatli-slAh UP I rolled down my pant legs (.atlislAht- plus t- cislocative) pant leg, roll up wa ?tkatlislakwátho? I rolled up my pant legs (.atlislakwatho- plus te- dualic) ribbon, put on wakate ?nhéksote7 I have a ribbon on wa ?kate ?nhekso-tA- I put on a ribbon (-ate ? nheksot-) ring, put on wakanishnuhsó-lu I have put a ring on yakonishnuhsó-lu she has a ring on wa ?kanishnuhsó-loke? Iputonmyring (-anishnuhsohlok-/-anishnuhsohl-) ring, take off wa ?kanishnuhsohlóksP (-anishnuhsohloksyu-)

I took my ring off

scarf, tie or necklace, have on wakíhti I have a scarf on (-ihty-/-ihtyak-)

Household and Community 1381

scarf or tie, put on wa 7ka n íh tyake7 (-anihtyak-) shoes, have on tewakahtáli7 tehohtáli7 teyakohtáli7

I put on a scarf

I have shoes on he has shoes on she has shoes on

(.ahtalyu- plus te- dualic) shoes, put on wa 7tkaláhtane7 I put my shoes on tAkaláhtane7 I will put my shoes on (.alahta 7 - plus te- dualic) shoes, take off wa 7thalahtáhsi7 he took his shoes off tAkalahtáhsi7 I will take my shoes off (.alahtahsyu- plus te- dualic) skirt, put on yakota 7kóhsute7 wa7kata7kohsu-tA^ (-ata ? kohsut-)

she has a skirt on I put on a skirt

sleeve, roll down teknAtshAtha 7 akwatyá-tawiht I'm rolling down my sleeve (.nAtshAht- plus t- cislocative, and atyá-tawi ? t) sleeve, roll up wa 7tkatnAtshakwátho7 I rolled up my sleeves (.atnAtshakwatho- plus te- dualic) slip, put on wakaté-khale7 I have my slip on wa7kate7kha-lA^ I put my slip on Akate7kha-1A^ I will put my slip on (-ate ? khal-) socks, put on tewakatlahtí-tslute7 I have socks on tehotlahtí-tslute7 he has socks on teyakotlahtí-tslute7 she has socks on wa7tkatlahti7tslu-tA^ I put my socks on tAkatlahti7tslu-tXr I will put my socks on (.atlahti'tslut- plus te- dualic)

Household and Community 1382

socks, take off wa ?katlahti 7tsluta-kó• I took my socks off (,atlahti ? tslutakw- plus te- dualic) undress katslunyáhsyus I'm undressing wakatslunyáhsi I have undressed wa 7katslunyáhsi? I undressed (-atslunyahsyu-)

3.3. Cooking implements baking dish

yutna ? talutákhwa ?

barbecue

átste ? wate 7 wá-lute ?

bottle, jar, quart

kátshe 7

bottles, jars

katshe ? shúha

bottle opener

yenuteksyá-tha?

bowl, dish, plate

yuteksahlákhwa 7

bowl, mixing bowl

teyeyestanyu ? tákhwa ? átsi^

bowl, soup bowl

yutsholyá-tha ?

butter churn

yenu ? tathe ? tákhwa ?

container

yelákhwa 7

cooking pot

yeliha ? tákhwa ?

cornbread paddle

atkólyaht

cover, lid

atnutékta? or yutnutékta?

cup, glass

yehnekihlátha?

cutter, anything that cuts

yekwe ? talátha ?

dish

yuteksahlákhwa 7

dish, plate, bowl

á t s P or kátsi?

dishes

atsyA ? shúha or katsyA ? shúha

egg turner, spatula

yekalhatho ? tákhwa ? or

fork

áshekwe 7

frying pan

ate ? skutákhwa ?

glass, cup

yehnekihlátha 7

jar, bottle, quart

kátshe?

jug, one jug

swahkwesAtát

kettle

yehnekataliha ? tákhwa ?

kettle, pail, pot

kaná-tsi ?

yekalhathó-tha 7

Household and Community 1383

kettle, pail

u-ták

knife, sickle

á-shale ?

knife, butcher knife

ye ? wahlakwe ? talá-tha ?

ladle

teyuwAlye ? tákhwa ?

lid, cover

atnutékta ? or yutnutékta?

meat grinder

teye ? wahlahlihtákhwa ?

nutcracker

teyehso ? kwahlihtákhwa ?

pail, pot, kettle

kanátsP

pails

kana ? tsya ? shúha

pail, kettle

u-ták

pepper shaker

yenuhkwa ? tslalákhwa ?

pestle

ahsi-sát

plate, bowl, dish

átsi ? or kátsi7

pot, pail, kettle

kaná-tsi'

pot, cooking pot

yeliha'tákhwa 7

pot, potato pot

yehnana ? tókhwa?

potato masher

teyehnana ? tahlihtákhwa ?

pots, pans

yekhunya 7 tákhwa ?

roasting pan

yute ? wahlutákhwa ?

rolling pin

teyeshe ? lhakwAhtalhó-tha ?

salt shaker

yehyo ? tsistalákhwa ?

saucer

teyuthnekutákhwa 7

spatula, egg turner

yekalhatho ? tákhwa ? or

spoon

atókwaht

sugar bowl

yenutakli ? tslalákhwa ?

tea canister

yeti ? tslalákhwa ? or

teakettle

yuthnekataliha ? tákhwa ?

teapot

yuti ? tslunyá-tha ?

yekalhathó-tha ?

yutti ? tslalákhwa ?

Household and Community 1384

3.4. Cleaning gear, appliances, furniture, decor, and parts of houses bag, sack

kayále7

barrel, tub, drum

ka 7 náhkwa 7

basement

ohutsya-kú

basin, tub

yutawAstákhwa 7

basket (with a handle)

ashé-nute7

basket

a 7 áhselP

bathroom

átste 7 yAhtákhwa?

bed, place, space

kanákte 7

bedroom

tsi 7 tyunuhwetstákhwa? or tsi 7 tyunuhwétsta7 or tsi 7 tyakota ? wásta 7

bedspread, comforter, blanket

teyutkAhaneta ? ásta 7

bell

yutlistakalehlásta 7

bench, seat

yutyAtákhwa 7

blanket, cloth, fabric

okXha7

blanket, bedspread, comforter

teyutkAhaneta ? ásta 7

board, floor

oshú-kale 7

bobbin

olhyóhkwala 7

book, paper, letter

kahyatúhselP or kahyatúhslP or

kahyatúhsela 7 kahyatúhsla 7

books, papers

kahyatuhsli 7 shúha

bottom of a container

o7núhkwa7

box

kanutó-tshelP

broom

yakuhewátha 7

bundle

k a h l é n a 7 or kahlé nayA 7 or kahlé-note7

bundle, parcel, package

otstótshelP or otstótshela 7

bundle, pouch

kanóhkwa 7

bunk beds

tekanaktanetáli 7

camera

kaya ? tálha 7

candle

ohakáta7

candlewick, soot

oha-kXhte 7

carpet, rug, linoleum

yutkAhakwAhtalhótha 7

ceiling

tsi 7 tkanAstíhale7

chair

anitskwahlákhwa 7

chimney, lamp globe, stovepipe

o7nyú-la7 or ka7nyú-lote7

clock

kahwista 7 ékta 7

Household and Community 1385

cloth, fabric, blanket

okXha7

cloth, piece of cloth, rag

o-hná-

coat rack, coat hanger, coat hook

yutya 7 tawi 7 tslihalákhwa 7

colour, paint

yuhsókhwa 7

comforter, blanket, bedspread

teyutkAhaneta ? ásta ?

computer

kawAnálha 7 or ka 7 nikuhlalóloks

copier

tekahna 7 netáhkwas

corner of the house, at

tsi 7 tyotnuhsakalAhlákwA

cotton

kakAhatXsha

cotton batting, fuzz, furry hair, wool

onuhwé-lha7

couch

yutolishAtákhwa 7

cradleboard

kálhu 7

cupboard

yeksayAtákhwa 7

curtain

kakAhani-yúte 7

curtain rod

yekAhanyutákhwa 7

cushion, saddle

yunitskwakA 7 slákhwa 7

cylinder, pipe

oholóta 7

dipper

yehnekotsyAhtákhwa 7

dirty things (clothes)

onitsta-kwála 7

dishtowel

yeksokewátha 7

door

kanhóha 7 or kánhohe7

doorway

yonhokálute 7

doormat

yulahsi 7 tokewátha 7 or yulahsi 7 tokewa ? tákhwa 7

drawer, have

yonutó-tslute7

drawer, have several

yonuto7tslu-tú-

dresser

atslunyahkwayAtákhwa 7

dryer

kastathá tha 7 or

dustpan

teyu ? kAhlahkwá-tha 7

eraser

tetyuhtu 7 tákhwa 7 or yohtu 7 tákhwa 7

fabric, cloth, blanket

okXha7

fax machine

yewatlihwatAnyétha 7

fence

atA?A-la7

fireplace

kahsúhtaku yuteka 7 tákhwa ?

floor, board

oshú-kale7

floor, on the floor

oshu ? kalá-ke

footstool

teyulahsi 7 tahlákhwa 7

kastatha 7 tákhwa ?

Household and Community 1386

furnace

kanuhsataliha ? tákhwa 7 or watnuhsataliha ? tákhwa ?

fuzz, furry hair, wool, cotton batting

onuhwélha?

gate

yotA?Ahlaká-lute?

glue

teyekhAtákhwa 7

hammock, swing, rocking chair

teyutkalAhlúkhwa?

hand towel

yuhtsyokewátha?

handle

yoneklahétshute? or yeyenásta?

hook

tewatotálhos

house, building

kanúhsa?

house, standing

kanúhsote7

houses, standing

kanuhsotú-

iron

kalfstatsi 7

iron (for ironing clothes)

yelistalhótha 7

joint

tewahsu-téle 7

key

atenhotukwátha 7

kitchen

yekhunyátha 7

lace, met

ó-wale 7

lamp

yetsistotákhwa 7

lampshade

wattsistolókta 7

lantern

yetsistalákhwa 7

laundry

kanohaléni 7 or kanohalényu^

leather, hide

ohnakXhsa 7

linoleum, rug, carpet

yutkAhakwAhtalhó-tha 7

mat, corn husk mat or rug

onolá-

mirror

yutke 7 totákhwa ?

money, dollar

ohwísta 7

mop

yuteshu 7 kalohale ? tákhwa 7

needle, pin, nail, wire

kanu-wále7 or kalu-wále7

net, lace

ó-wale 7

package, parcel, bundle

otstótsheli^ or otstótshela7

padlock

o 7 nowá-

pail

yetsyAhtákhwa 7

paint, colour

yuhsókhwa 7

paper, book, letter

kahyatúhseli 7 or kahyatúhsela 7 kahyatúhslP or kahyatúhsla 7

papers, books

kahyatuhsli ? shúha

Household and Community 1387

parcel, bundle, package

otstótshelP or otstótshela7

pencil, pen

yehyatúkhwa 7

picture

kayá-tale 7

pillow

atku 7 slákhwa 7 or yutku ? slákhwa ?

pillowcase

yutku 7 slolókta 7

pin, needle, nail, wire

kanu-wále7 or kalu wále 7

pipe, cylinder

oholó-ta7

polish

teyestalathe 7 tákhwa 7

pouch, bundle

kanóhkwa 7

quilt

tekAhnakháni 7

rafters

kanXstote7

rag, cloth, piece of cloth

o-hná-

railing

watA 7 AhlahlátP

refrigerator

kakhwawistótha 7 or kawistótha7

rocking chair, swing, hammock

teyutkalAhlúkhwa 7

roof

áskwa 7 or kanuhsáhele 7

room, built-on room or porch

yóskute7

room, it has a room

yonúhsute7

rooms

yonuhsu-tú-

rope

a 7 nha-lúk

rug, carpet, linoleum

yutkAhakwAhtalhótha 7

saddle, cushion

yunitskwakA 7 slákhwa 7

safety pin

katsihkóhal

scissors

ata 7 shali-sás

scrub board, washboard

teyushalanye 7 tákhwa 7

seat, stool

onítskwa7

sewing machine, sewing needle

ye 7 nikhúkhwa 7

sheet

yunitskalákhwa 7

sheet, cover

kAtskale7

silk, taffeta

ka 7 nhehsatXsha or ka 7 nheksatXsha

sinew

cnú ya 7 or otsinuhyáhta 7 ahsli-yé-

soap

onohalétha 7

soot, candlewick

oha-kXhte 7

steps, stairs

kalistakhwá-tslote 7

stool, seat

onítskwa7

stove

yenAstaliha ? tákhwa 7 or yonAstaliha ? tákhwa 7

Household and Community 1388

stovepipe, chimney, lamp globe

o?nyú-la? or ka ? nyúlote?

string, thread, yarn

ahsli-yé-

swing, rocking chair, hammock

teyutkalAhlúkhwa 7

table

atekhwahlákhwa?

tablecloth

yutekhwahla ? tslolókta ?

taffeta, silk

ka ? nhehsatXsha or ka ? nheksatAsha

telephone

yutwAnata ? ásta ?

thimble

ye'nikhúkhwa 7 anishnuhsohlókta 7

thread, string, yarn

ahsli-yé-

towel, hand towel

yuhtsyokewátha?

trash

aksAske'shúha

typewriter

tekalistó-lalaks

tub, barrel, drum

ka ? náhkwa ?

tub, basin

yutawAstákhwa ?

wall

ohsúhta?

wash basin

yuhtsyohale'tákhwa^

washboard, scrub board

teyushalanye'tákhwa 7

washing machine

kanohalenyu ? tákhwa ?

washtub

yenohalenyu ? tákhwa ?

wet, something dripping wet

okwahalóhsa ?

window, ice, glass

o-wíse ?

window

yohsuhtaká-lute ?

wool, fuzz, furry hair, cotton batting

onuhwélha 7

worm powder

onlXha 7 yotílyos

yarn, string, thread

ahsli-yé-

3.5. Tools and heavy equipment axe

ato-kX-

baler

tewanekló-lalaks

combine

kahwá-eks

disk

tewa ? kAhlahlihtákhwa ?

drill

yehlalákta?

hammer

a ? nikuhlésta ?

hoe

atshó-kta ?

ladder

yelathAstákhwa 7

Household and Community 1389

lawnmower, scythe

watAnekli yá ks or yunekliyákta 7 or yutAnekliyá-kta 7

nail, wire, needle, pin

kanuwále 7 or kalu-wále7

pliers

teyeluwalyákta 7

plow

yekalhathótha7

rake

yuneklalohlókta 7

road grader

wathahake-tás

rope

a7nhalúk

ruler, tape measure

yute?nyAtXsta7

saw, cross-cut or long saw

teyelutyá-kta 7 or teyelutya 7 khúkhwa 7

sawhorse

teyeshu 7 kalyákta 7

shovel

yu ? kwátsta 7

snowblower

tewatenyAhtokwátha 7

snowplow

tewatenyAhtohtálhos

spade

yena 7 tslunyá-tha 7

string, thread, yarn

ahsliyé-

thrasher, barn

yehwa 7 ékta 7

tools

atsta 7 shúha or yutsta 7 shúha

weeding tool

tehatinathálhos

wrench

yehwatasétha 7

3.6. Transportation airplane

tekatXhe7

bicycle

tékni teyokahkwX • tute 7

boat

kahuweyá-

bridle

kohsa tXs thotakwalihsyá tha 7

bus

yakoya 7 takalényehse 7

convertible car

wataskwáhele 7

gasoline, grease, fat, gravy

kA-yé-

gear, section, piece, second

ohíkala7

harness

atya 7 totalhósta 7

limousine

ka 7 sléhtes

oar

yekawe 7 tákhwa 7

sled

teyute 7 slehtahlákhwa 7

sleigh, toboggan

waté-slehse 7

steering wheel

tyetakwalihsyá-tha 7

1390 Household and Community

tire, rubber, rind, skin

ohna-kwála 7

tow truck

yo?slehtA?tú-ne7

train

tsyo 7 slehtá-kat

vehicle

ká-slet

wagon, bobsled

tekaya 7 tanáhsute 7

wheel

okahkwA-ta 7

3.7. Community buildings and structures auction, at the auction

tsi 7 thatitsihkwXtha 7

ballpark

tehuttsihkwa ? ékta 7

bank

latihwistayAtákhwa 7 or yehwistayAtákhwa 7

barn, thrasher

yehwa 7 ékta 7

beauty salon

teyutatnuhklistákhwa 7

brick house

kanAyalíhtu

bridge

waskóhu

cemetery

tsi 7 tyeya 7 tatáli 7

church

yutlAnayAtákhwa7

council building

latihashAtákhwa 7

dump

tsi 7 yeyakotyehtákhwa 7

fairgrounds

tethutkAnyé-tha7

garage

yute ? slehtayAtákhwa ?

grain elevator

waneklalathXsta 7

high school

kanuhsate 7 kó-

hospital

teyutateshnyétha 7

jail

yutatenhotúkhwa 7

log cabin

tekalu-tátu 7

Longhouse

Kanuhséshne

parking lot

thute 7 slehtayAtákhwa 7

post office

yehyatuhslayAtákhwa 7

railroad tracks

kalistatátP

Reserve

ukwehuwéne

restaurant

yutekhunyátha 7

school

yutatlihunyAni'-tha7

silo

latihelayAtákhwa 7

store

yutAhni-núhe7

Household and Community 1391

3.8. Games, toys, and musical instruments accordion

teyehna ? tatslatilútha ?

ante-ante-over

yonuhsawX-lats

arrow

kayu-kwíle 7

ball

ahtá-nawA?

balloon

kawe-lít

baseball diamond, square

kayé na ? teyotakwalu-té-

bat

ká-nhyA? or kánhi?

bow

a?A-ná-

dingball

tekahlahtanáhsute?

doll

kaya ? tuní

fiction

yakA ? shúha

fishing pole

yuhlyohkawine ? tákhwa ?

floater (for fishing)

owelóhkwa 7

goalie

tehatenhohótha?

gun

káhule?

hide-and-seek

teyutatahtútha 7

hockey stick

teyotnakalá-ktu

home plate

latihwá eks tsi ? tehatitásta ?

instrument, string instrument

o ? no-wá- wahsliye ? tatáti 7

instrument, wind instrument

oholóta? watlAnótha 7

lacrosse

kálahse?

race

tehulelúhe?

sinker, ring, hoop

olhyóhkwa 7

skates

ata 7 khétsta ?

song

kalA-ná-

story

okalá-

television, movie

watahsatálha?

toy

atnutolya ? tákhwa ?

tug-of-war

tehu ? nhalukslatilútha ?

Household and Community 1392

3.9. Money How much does it cost? How much will it cost? the value or worth it's expensive it's so expensive it's cheap

tó- nikano lútó- nAkaka-láhte? yoka-láyA? kanolútsi ? nikano lúwatyesA

cent, penny one cent five cents ten cents

kwénis úska kwénis wísk kwénis oye lí- kwénis

quarter, shilling twenty-five cents fifty cents seventy-five cents

silu tékni sflu kayé silu y á y a ? k silu

dollar, money one dollar two dollars one hundred dollars

ohwísta? skahwístat tekahwístake úska tewA?nyáwelu ? nikahwístake

3.10. Measures cord of wood: one cord of wood

skayA-tát

cornbread: one wheel

skakahkwX-tat

cornbread: one cake

skanátalat

cup: one cup two cups three cups

skakápslat or skatikápslat tekakápslake_ or tekatikápslake áhsA nikakápslake or áhsA nikatikápslake

foot: one foot two feet six feet

tsyohsí-tat teyohsí-take yá-ya'k niyohsí-take

handful: one handful two handfuls

swahtsyá-nat tewahtsyá-nake

Household and Community 1393

hill of plants: one hill two hills

skana'kúhslat tekana'kúhslake

inch: one thumb measure

tsyowhyúhkalat

jug: one jug two jugs

swahkwesA-tát tewahkwesA-táke

measurement

yute ? nyAtAstákhwa ?

pair

tsyoyanát

piece: one piece (e.g., of pie) two pieces

tsyohíkalat tekahi'kala-ké

pound: one pound

skakútslat

quart: one quart

skatshétat

ruler, tape measure

yute?nyAtAsta?

slice: one slice (e.g., of bread) two slices

skakwe?talátslat tekakwe ? talá tslake

slice of meat: one slice of meat two slices of meat

skahúhsat tekahúhsake

spoon: one spoon or spoonful two spoons or spoonfuls large spoon or a tablespoon small spoon or a teaspoon

swatokwá-tslat tewatokwátslake watokwa ? tslowa-nA kA? niwatokwa'tslá^

yard: one yard (e.g., of cloth)

swatáhslat

3.11. Attaching and placing objects connect, join, plug in tewahsu• téle? it's connected, it's plugged in tekahsutélha7 I'm connecting it, I'm plugging it in (.ahsutel-/.ahsutl- plus te- dualic) connect several tekahsutlúnyuhe7 I'm connecting or attaching several things (.ahsutlunyu- plus te- dualic)

Household and Community 1394

fasten, button tekanáhsute7 it's fastened to something teknahsútha7 I'm fastening it to it, I'm buttoning it (.nahsut-/.ya ? tanahsut- plus te- dualic) hang, be attached hanging yohlA-tuhe7 it's hanging (-hlA?tu-/-A?tu-) hang, for several to be attached hanging yohlj\ 7túnyuhe7 several of them are hanging (-hlA?tunyu-/-A ? tunyu-) hang up káh ale7 it's hanging up wa7kha-W I hung it up (-hal-/-ihal-) hang up, for several to be hanging up kah a lú_ several things are hanging up (-halu-/-ihalu-) hang up several wa 7khalúni7 Ihung them up (-halunyu-/-ihalunyu-) hook, drape over, harness yotáIhu it's draped or hooked over wa 7kotálho7 I draped it wa 7kheya 7totálho7 I harnessed them (e.g., a team of horses) (-otalho-/-ya ? totalho-) insert yó-lu it's stuck, it's inserted (e.g., keys in the ignition) wa 7kó-loke7 I inserted it, I stuck it in (-ohlok-/-ohl-) lay down something, have or own ka yA- it's lying there waha-yA• he put it down (-yA-/-yAt-) piece together tekakháni7 it's pieced together wa 7tkekháni7 I pieced it together (e.g., a jigsaw puzzle or a quilt) (.khanyu- plus te- dualic)

Household and Community 1395

pile up, heap up yotstényote7 there's a big pile, it's heaped setstenyo-tA Pile it (-tstenyot-) put or set down káh ele7 it's sitting there wahú-Ia 7 he set it on it (-hel-/-hl-) put over the tip of, insert the tip yóhale7 it's hooked onto it wa 7koha-lXI hooked it (-ohal-) spread with, cover with wakélhu I have spread it (e.g., butter on toast) Akélho7 I will spread it (-lho-/-elho-) stack, pile tehaya 7sélha7 he's stacking or piling things wa7thayá-slu7 he stacked (.ya ? sel-/.ya ? slu-/. ? sel-/. ? slu- plus te- dualic) stack several, pile several wa 7tekya 7slúni7 I piled them (,ya ? slunyu-/. ? slunyu- plus te- dualic) stand or set something upright ká-nyote7 it's standing upright wa7khnyo-tX^ I stood it upright (-hnyot-/-ot-) stick something on something, attach kla 7n Atákta7 I'm sticking it on something (e.g., I'm putting up notices) (-la ? nAtakt-/-nAtakt-) stick something on something, be sticky kla 7nA-táks I'm sticking something on something (e.g., a stamp on an envelope) (-la ? nAtak-/-la ? nAt-/-nAtak-/-nAt-) stick something on something here and there, attach several lala7nAtaktányuhe7 he's attaching several things (-la ? nAtaktanyu-)

Household and Community 1396

suspend, hang kani-yií te? it's hanging wa ?kenyu tA I suspended it (-nyut-/-niyut-) tie kahwánhA it's tied up wa ?khwánhake7 I tied it (-hwanhak-/-hwanh-/-nhak-/-nh-) REMARKS: The verbs in this list describe how objects are attached or connected to something (or each other) or how they are positioned. All of them are active verbs, designated v.a. in the Oneida-English dictionary, because they can occur in all three primary aspects. In addition, most of the verbs have a form in the stative aspect with the neuter agent prefix (ka-, w - , or y-). This form, when it is attested, is given first.

Appendix 4: Exclamations and Slang

4.1. Exclamations Ake• Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! Ouch!

Aké- nyóh

Ouch!

Akíh

Gee! Darn!

Anísta 7

Oh boy!

A-thu

AtnAyálho7 Bóks

úhte

Bang! Oh, look at you!

Nihsya?tó-tA ó ke-

Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz! Oh me! Oh my! Gee whiz!

ó ke• sXh Olátsku Onísta 7

7

úhte

Darn it!

Oh boy! Oh darn!

Onísta 7 úhte OthetkA-ta ótkuhte

Darn it!

7

Oh boy! Oh darn! úhte

Oh shucks!

Oh gosh! Darn!

1398 Exclamations and Slang

0-tshe-

Oh dear me!

O 7nikú-la

7

Gee!

uhte

Tá-im

No, no way!

Yá-ts

Oh! Look 'it! Golly!

Yóts

Look out! Watch it!

4.2. Slang Kwa7nyó

wt• tehsanahwílo7oks

Boy, you're crazy!

Oh be quiet!

Nya7snAwXhslayA

Oh be quiet!

SatriAwXhslayA Satnutlí-tayA

Sit on it, Shut up!

Satnutli7táthi

Get the heck out of the way!

ShetkX-tayA

Just never mind!

Shlakó-tayA

Never mind, shut up, go on!

Yawelu 7uháti7 Ya 7khetkA 7táhsa

Oh never mind! 7a

YekA 7tahetkA- tayA

hte7

I used it all the heck up!

Oh just really never mind!

REMARKS: These exclamations and slang expressions come primarily from the stories and events that people tape-recorded for us. Exclamations are sometimes called "emotives" because they project some emotion of the speaker. Most of the exclamations were spoken in humour and are accompanied by laughter. For the composition of the slang expressions, the user may consult the entries in the OneidaEnglish dictionary.