Eating Disorders - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ATING ISORDERS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Eating Disorders: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83620-5 1. Eating Disorders-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on eating disorders. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EATING DISORDERS .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Eating Disorders ......................................................................... 21 E-Journals: PubMed Central ..................................................................................................... 100 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .............................................................................. 101 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EATING DISORDERS ...................................................................... 225 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 225 Finding Nutrition Studies on Eating Disorders........................................................................ 225 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 229 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 230 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EATING DISORDERS ................................................ 233 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 233 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 233 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 240 General References ..................................................................................................................... 248 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EATING DISORDERS .................................................................. 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 Dissertations on Eating Disorders............................................................................................. 249 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 259 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND EATING DISORDERS............................................................. 261 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 261 Recent Trials on Eating Disorders............................................................................................. 261 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 267 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON EATING DISORDERS ............................................................................. 269 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 269 Patents on Eating Disorders ...................................................................................................... 269 Patent Applications on Eating Disorders .................................................................................. 284 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 289 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON EATING DISORDERS ................................................................................ 291 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 291 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 291 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 294 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 309 Chapters on Eating Disorders.................................................................................................... 311 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON EATING DISORDERS...................................................................... 313 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 313 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 313 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 314 Bibliography: Multimedia on Eating Disorders......................................................................... 315 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EATING DISORDERS ................................................... 317 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 317 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 317 Newsletters on Eating Disorders ............................................................................................... 323 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 324 Academic Periodicals covering Eating Disorders ...................................................................... 327 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 329 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 329 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 329 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 330

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Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 331 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 335 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 335 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 335 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 337 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 340 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 341 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 341 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 341 Associations and Eating Disorders ............................................................................................ 351 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 355 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 357 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 357 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 357 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 357 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 357 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 363 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 366 EATING DISORDERS DICTIONARY...................................................................................... 367 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 441

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with eating disorders is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about eating disorders, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to eating disorders, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on eating disorders. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to eating disorders, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on eating disorders. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on eating disorders.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and eating disorders, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Common Eating Disorders Source: Hospital Medicine. 27(2): 76, 78, 83-85. February 1991. Summary: This article reviews common eating disorders, notably anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The author discusses the cultural factors, predisposing psychological traits, and biologic abnormalities as possible causative or contributory agents. The importance of clinical findings (including patient and family history and physical examination) in diagnosing eating disorders is covered. Additional sections discuss laboratory findings, management, and prognosis for patients with eating disorders. 3 tables. 12 references.

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Diabetes and Eating Disorders Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 15(2): 106. 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This brief patient education handout reviews diabetes and eating disorders. Girls and young women with type 1 diabetes have about twice the risk of developing eating disorders as do their peers without diabetes. This may be because of the weight changes that can occur with insulin therapy and good metabolic control and the extra attention that people with diabetes must pay to what they eat. The handout outlines the two main eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The handout lists the early warning signs of eating disorders in people with diabetes and concludes by encouraging readers who are concerned about eating disorders to discuss their concerns with their diabetes health care providers.

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Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls and Young Adult Women with Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 15(2): 84-85. 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article, the first in a series of 5 articles, discusses eating disorders in adolescent girls and young adult women with type 1 diabetes. Girls and young women with type 1 diabetes have about twice the risk of developing eating disorders as do their peers without diabetes. This may be because of the weight changes that can occur with insulin therapy and good metabolic control and the extra attention that people with diabetes must pay to what they eat. Eating disorders are associated with poor metabolic control and earlier than expected onset of diabetes related complications, particularly retinopathy (eye disease). In this article, the authors describe their model for the interaction between type 1 diabetes and eating disorders, review the evidence to support this linkage, and consider its relevance for health care professionals involved in the care of this population. The quality of the family environment, maternal weight and shape concerns, and eating disturbances in young women with type 1 diabetes are closely interrelated. The authors note that the value of interventions to treat or prevent eating disorders in young women with diabetes is largely unknown. References are provided at the end of the five articles. 1 figure. 120 references.

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Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Girls with Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 15(2): 86-89. 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article, the second in a series of 5 articles, discusses the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent girls and young adult women with type 1 diabetes. The authors highlight changing diagnostic criteria and methodological and sample-size issues. The authors present strong evidence that eating disorders are twice as common in young women with type 1 diabetes as in their peers without diabetes. These data suggest the need for a high index of suspicion in this population and for the development of appropriate prevention and treatment interventions. One table lists the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,

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eating disorder not otherwise specific (ED-NOS), and subthreshold disorders. References are provided at the end of the five articles. 2 tables. 120 references. ·

Effects of Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls and Young Women with Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 15(2): 90-94. 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article, the third in a series of 5 articles, discusses the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent girls and young adult women with type 1 diabetes. The author notes that eating disorders are often undetected in diabetes health care settings because clinicians may not be aware that disordered eating and weight loss behavior can underlie noncompliance with the treatment regimen and unexplained impairment in metabolic control in their female patients. The author reviews the most common manifestations of disordered eating and weight loss behavior in young women with diabetes, namely binge eating and deliberate insulin omission for weight control; the importance of screening for these behaviors; and their impact on metabolic control and short-term and long-term diabetes related complications. The author concludes that research findings provide powerful evidence that eating disorders, including those of a lesser severity from a psychiatric point of view, place young women with diabetes at increased risk for earlier than expected serious diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Prevention efforts, early identification and screening strategies, and effective interventions are crucial in helping reduce the risk of the potentially devastating microvascular complications of diabetes in this high-risk group. References are provided at the end of the five articles. 5 figures. 120 references.

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Treating Eating Disorders in Young Women with Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 15(2): 99-105. 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article, the last in a series of 5 articles, discusses the treatment of eating disorders in adolescent girls and young adult women with type 1 diabetes. The author notes that few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment interventions for young women with an eating disorder and type 1 diabetes, yet there is speculation that this group is hard to treat. An integrated approach to treatment is recommended. The author discusses specific issues related to motivation and psychological and interpersonal functioning and describes cognitive-behavioral strategies. The author notes that individuals with diabetes who accept specialized treatment for eating disorders appear to benefit from established treatments. However, the effectiveness of these treatments may be enhanced in this population when they are modified to include attention to insulin omission, metabolic control, body mass index, diabetes-related dietary restriction, relationships with family and medical caregivers, and feelings about having diabetes. References are provided at the end of the five articles. 120 references.

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Eating Disorders: A Meter Tells the Real Story: Case Study Source: Diabetes Forecast. 55(9): 63-65. September 2002.

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Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article uses a case study of a young girl (age 10) with diabetes to explore the problem of eating disorders in children and adolescents with diabetes. The authors describe the situation and explain how the use of blood glucose meters with a memory feature can assist in identifying and monitoring discrepancies in blood glucose records. The authors follow the story of the girl, in which her eating disorder worsens through puberty. They describe how she used purging (vomiting) to rid her body of the insulin that she was taking. They also discuss the impact of disordered eating on diabetes management, notably hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). One sidebar summarizes the symptoms of an eating disorder. The article concludes with two resource organizations through which readers can get more information. ·

Eating Disorders in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Closer Look at a Complicated Condition Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(4): 67-74. April 2001. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Summary: This review article, the fourth of four articles on diabetes, discusses eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, focusing on the prevalence of disordered eating behavior among adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes, types of eating disorders, outcomes and complications linked to highly disordered eating patterns, and mechanisms and treatment of eating disorders. In adolescent females with diabetes, the increased focus on eating and the weight gain associated with good glycemic control likely increase their susceptibility to abnormal eating. Nonspecified and subthreshold eating disorders, and possibly bulimia and anorexia, are more common among adolescent females with diabetes. Intentional insulin omission is a frequent means of preventing weight gain or increasing weight loss in adolescent females with type 1 diabetes. Eating disorders should be suspected in patients who have recurrent ketoacidosis or poor glycemic control that is resistant to attempts at improvement. A key component of treatment protocols for at risk adolescent females is nutritional counseling that deemphasizes dietary restraint and promotes healthy eating with regular meal and snack times. Family counseling is also an important part of treatment. 19 references. (AA-M).

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Eating Disorders and Diabetes Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(11): 43-45. November 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article discusses the interplay between eating disorders and diabetes mellitus. Written for people who have diabetes, the article reviews the problems associated with eating disorders and their devastating impact on people who have diabetes. Eating disorders always pose a serious health threat. They can cause hormonal disturbances, anemia, brittle bones, and even death. Girls and women with diabetes who have an eating disorder also run a much higher risk of developing the serious medical complications of diabetes, such as kidney and eye disease. Eating disorders can also heighten their immediate risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life threatening condition. The author briefly describes anorexia nervosa (characterized by the pursuit of

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extreme thinness) and bulimia nervosa (characterized by episodes of binge eating, the uncontrolled consumption of large amounts of food). For women with diabetes, issues of food, weight, and emotions can be even more complicated than in women who do not have diabetes. Managing diabetes requires constant attention to food, blood glucose (sugar) levels, exercise, and weight. A diabetes-specific form of an eating disorder may develop in which the person reduces or skips her insulin doses in order to lose weight rapidly. The author offers practical strategies for avoiding the type of thinking that can lead to a problem with eating disorders, and tips for finding a social worker or psychologist to help with these issues. 2 figures. ·

What You Should Know About Eating Disorders Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15(1): 65-69. January-February 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article provides information about eating disorders and their occurrence among people with diabetes. Researchers have estimated that up to one percent of teenage girls have anorexia, and the rate of bulimia is reportedly as high as 19 percent among females. The author addresses bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating disorders; the prevalence of eating disorders among women; the connection between diabetes and eating disorders; and treatment. The author notes that psychological, societal, biological, and familial factors each contribute to the development of an eating disorder. Women with diabetes seem to be at particular risk, perhaps because of the importance that weight and food take on in the life of almost anyone with diabetes. The article points to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy as a well-researched treatment that has been successful in helping people who suffer from eating disorders. The author includes a list of four organizations that can provide additional information about eating disorders. (AA-M).

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Unhealthy Appetites: Eating Disorders and Diabetes Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 9(2): 40-42. March-April 1992. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing Company. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article discusses the interplay of eating disorders and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The author describes describing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, whether these disorders are indeed more likely to occur in women with diabetes and whether the disorders can interfere with diabetes management. Finally, suggestions are offered to help readers with concerns about eating, body shape, and weight.

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Eating Disorders and IDDM: A Problematic Association Source: Diabetes Care. 15(10): 1402-1460. October 1992. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In this article, the authors address the consequences and interrelationships of eating disorders in individuals with IDDM. They also consider whether eating disorders are more common in young women with IDDM than they are in women without diabetes. They hypothesize that certain aspects of IDDM and its management may

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trigger the expression of an eating disorder in susceptible individuals. Required dietary restraints and weight gain related to diabetes management are the factors most likely to be implicated. Omission or reduction of required insulin, an extremely common means of weight control in these young women, is likely to be an important factor in this regard. 2 tables. 60 references. (AA-M). ·

Eating Disorders in Young Adults with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Controlled Study Source: British Medical Journal. 303(6793): 17-20. July 6, 1991. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the prevalence of clinical eating disorders and lesser degrees of disturbed eating in young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and in a matched sample of nondiabetic female controls. One hundred patients with IDDM (54 women and 46 men) aged 17-25 and 67 nondiabetic women of the same age were assessed. Results showed that in both the IDDM and the non-diabetic groups disturbed eating was common, and in women with diabetes the degree of disturbance was related to control of glycemia. Twenty of the women with diabetes (37 percent) had omitted or underused insulin to influence their weight. This behavior was not restricted to those with a clinical eating disorder. None of the men showed any features of eating disorders, and none had misused insulin to influence their weight. 2 tables. 26 references. (AA-M).

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Eating Disorders as a Special Problem for Persons with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Source: Nursing Clinics of North America. 26(3): 707-713. September 1991. Summary: This article investigates eating disorders as a special problem for people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Topics covered include a definition of the different types of diabetes mellitus; the pathophysiology of IDDM; dietary restrictions and exercise guidelines for diabetes; psychosocial concerns; clinical signs and symptoms; diagnosis of eating disorders; and treatment issues, including control of diabetes and behavior modification. The author stresses that counseling and behavior modification are essential to prevent the development of complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), frequent hypoglycemia, and the early onset of chronic complications. 2 tables. 12 references.

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Eating Disorders and Intentional Insulin Undertreatment in Adolescent Females With Diabetes Source: Psychosomatics. 32(2): 171-176. Spring 1991. Summary: This article reports on a study in which intentional undertreatment with insulin was found to be a common method of inducing weight loss or preventing weight gain in this population of 121 female adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and eating disorders. More than half of those with eating disorders intentionally omitted insulin to produce hyperglycemia and weight loss. Individuals with eating disorders were also less compliant with other aspects of IDDM management and had poorer metabolic control than the rest of the sample. The authors suggest that intentional undertreatment with insulin in some individuals with IDDM may be regarded as an equivalent to purging, with similar purpose and consequences.

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Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Diagnosis and Management Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 3(6): 361-397. November-December 1990. Summary: This special section of Diabetes Spectrum addresses current research on the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of eating disorders in general and findings related specifically to eating disorders among people with IDDM. Two research articles report on a research study of abnormal eating attitudes in young people with IDDM and a comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group psychotherapy in treatment of bulimia nervosa. The ten research summaries cover relevant topics, including the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in the U.S. college student population; the development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia and bulimia; a comparison of the psychological treatments, including family therapy, for bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa; imipramine in the treatment of bulimia; eating disorders in female adolescents with IDDM; and nortriptyline and atenolol for the treatment of bulimia in women with diabetes. Each article includes references.

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Role of Third Molar Surgery in the Exacerbation of Eating Disorders Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 59(11): 1297-1300. November 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Eating disorders are a major public health problem. This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the role of dental surgery in the etiology and clinical course of these serious and occasionally life threatening disorders. Three questions concerning dental therapy were included in a pretreatment assessment of 97 consecutive patients entering an eating disorder therapy program during a 22 month period. These questions were designed to determine the influence of dental surgery, including frequency and severity, on eating disorders. All 97 patients (96 female) complied with the questionnaire; 75 of the 97 patients were 25 years or younger, and 53 of 97 were diagnosed as having anorexia nervosa. Sixteen patients (16.5 percent) reported having had orthodontic therapy, and 21 (21.6 percent) had undergone third molar (wisdom teeth) surgery. Nine patients (9.3 percent; 1 orthodontic, 8 third molar surgery) indicated that dental procedures had caused exacerbation or relapse of their eating disorders; 8 of 21 (38 percent) who had undergone third molar surgery were positive respondents. None of the patients linked dental care to the initial onset of their eating disorders. The authors conclude that a history of eating disorder should alert the practitioner to the risks of performing third molar surgery without a medical or psychotherapy consultation unless there is documentation of remission. Delay of surgical intervention is recommended if third molars are asymptomatic. If surgery is necessary, the surgeon and other members of the psychotherapy team should establish clear guidelines regarding behavior and postoperative nutrition and should monitor the patient's nutritional status. Appended to the article is a brief commentary. 4 tables. 17 references.

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Eating Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Approach Source: Dentistry Today. 18(5): 132-135. May 1999. Contact: Available from Dentistry Today Inc. 26 Park Street, Montclair, NJ 07042. (973) 783-3935. Summary: Eating disorders are a complex combination of physical and psychological problems. They may take the form of anorexia nervosa, bulimia, compulsive overeating,

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life long restrictive eating, or obesity. This article reviews eating disorders and their treatment, focusing on the dentist's potential role in a multidisciplinary treatment team. The authors briefly review anorexia and then focus on bulimia. The article is designed to assist dentists in recognizing bulimia, which has negative effects on dental, medical, and psychological well being. The authors offer guidelines for ways to talk with patients about bulimia and its effects on the teeth. Topics include the dental side effects of purging (self induced vomiting), damage to the dentition, disclusion of all posterior teeth in protrusive movements, how to rebuild loss of tooth structure, characteristic symptoms of patients with bulimia, conversational and diagnostic strategies for talking with the patient with suspected bulimia, and how to advise the patient about the damage caused by purging. 6 figures. 5 references. ·

Eating Disorders and the Dentist Source: British Dental Journal. 186(3): 109-113. February 13, 1999. Summary: Dentists are likely to encounter patients who have eating disorders. This article explains the various types of eating disorders and then considers the risk factors, the psychological complications, and the medical complications. The author outlines the effect of eating disorders on oral health and the principles of dental management of a patient who has an eating disorder. Patients whose teeth have been damaged as a consequence of an eating disorder are most likely to present first to the dentist in general practice. The author encourages dentists to remain alert to patients with eating disorders and to work in tandem with the patient's medical practitioner. The progress of behavioral therapy for eating disorders can help the dentist better plan the stages of dental treatment. 3 figures. 3 tables. 45 references. (AA-M).

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Oral Status of 81 Subjects with Eating Disorders Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 107(3): 157-163. June 1999. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018. (781) 388-8273. Fax (781) 388-8274. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to explore possible correlations between the oral status of patients undergoing treatment at a special outpatient psychiatric clinic for eating disorders and such variables as psychiatric diagnosis and duration of illness, oral hygiene habits, salivary function, and dietary habits. Healthy volunteers of a similar age were recruited for comparison. The study involved 81 participants (79 women, 2 men; age range 17 to 47 years). The eating disorders were diagnosed according to the American Psychiatric Association DSM III R criteria. The clinical and radiographic examinations were supplemented by standardized intraoral photographs, study models, and salivary analysis. The decayed, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS) index was 15.3 plus or minus 10.9 in the participants, which was a significantly higher caries frequency than for the reference group. More than half the participants had erosive tooth wear involving the dentine, and about one third had very low unstimulated salivary flow rates and very high counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Erosive tooth wear was significantly correlated to the number of years of binge eating. The authors conclude that, compared to age matched individuals, subjects with diagnosed eating disorders are more susceptible to both dental caries and erosion. They should be encouraged to adopt appropriately tailored prevention programs and to have regular dental check ups. 5 tables. 28 references.

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Distribution of Erosion in the Dentitions of Patients with Eating Disorders Source: British Dental Journal. 178(5): 171-175. March 11, 1995. Summary: This article reviews the effects of eating disorders on dental erosion. The authors report on a study undertaken to assess the effects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia on the erosion of teeth, relating the severity of erosion to factors such as the frequency of self-induced vomiting (SIV). One hundred and twenty-two patients with eating disorders and an equal number of controls matched for age, sex, and social class were studied. The study population was divided into subgroups according to the eating disorder. All the subgroups had significantly more abnormal toothwear than the controls, with the differences being most marked in the SIV groups. There was also no difference between those who routinely brushed their teeth immediately post-vomiting and those who did not. The authors note that the presenting age of patients with eating disorders at dental clinics is lower than at psychiatric clinics. It is therefore possible that patients seen by dentists for tooth wear problems may take some years to be diagnosed medically. The dentist is in an ideal position to raise the possibility of an underlying eating disorder from changes in the dentition. 5 figures. 1 table. 18 references. (AA-M).

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Overview of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa, and the Impact of Eating Disorders on the Oral Cavity Source: Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 14(12): 1594-1608. December 1993. Summary: The two most common eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa can severely impact oral health. This article discusses and describes the nature of these disorders and explains why it is usually women who suffer from them. Recommendations for rehabilitating patients are presented.

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Eating Disorders in Men: an Overview Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 16(4):52-55. July/August 2002. Summary: This article provides an overview of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in men. It compares the diseases in men and women, as well as men with and without the disorders. The clinical features, diagnosis, and prevalence of eating disorders are described. The reasons why men develop eating disorders are similar to those in women. Research also suggests that men respond to treatment at rates equal to women and that the long-term prognosis for men is similar to women. The mortality rate in male patients is unknown, however, deaths are reported and there is little reason to think that eating disorders are any more or less deadly in men than in women. As with women, appropriate treatment should include both nutritional and psychological components.

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Complications of Eating Disorders Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 115(2):28-29. March/April 2001. Summary: This article summarizes the mental and physical complications commonly associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Many of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa are directly related to the physical effects of starvation while others deal with attitudes and behavior toward eating and weight. Mental complications for anorexia nervosa include decreased energy, moodiness, denial of the eating disorder, inability to concentrate, social withdrawal, preoccupations with body, misperception of hunger and other bodily sensations, and sleep disturbance. Physical complications include

12 Eating Disorders

electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disturbances, abnormal temperature regulation, decreased bone mineral density, amenorrhea, anemia, and neurological, renal, and musculocutaneous changes. The person with bulimia may be of normal weight and may not experience the effects of starvation. The mental symptoms associated with bulimia include anxiety, depression, and other negative emotions; poor impulse control; feelings of isolation; constant concern with weight and body image; preoccupation with eating and food; purging and a binge/purge cycle; and dishonesty, lying, stealing, and suicidal tendencies or attempts. Physical problems associated with bulimia include electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disturbances, possible aspiration pneumonia due to aspiration of vomitus, possible abnormal temperature regulation, menstrual irregularities, possible anemia, neurological and musculocutaneous changes, and dental enamel erosion with vomiting. ·

Eating Disorders: All in the Family? Source: J Am Diet Assoc. 101(6): 622. June 2001. Summary: A team of researchers in Germany and the Netherlands has linked the agoutirelated protein gene (AGRP) to anorexia susceptibility in 11 percent of the test subjects. Many health professionals have long believed that a physiological cause of eating disorders can create an emotional response. However, an exact cause is difficult to pinpoint because of the complexity of eating disorders. Many believe that cultures that oppress women in conjunction 'with increased expectations of women tend to have more incidences of eating disorders.' Health professionals do agree that eating disorders are often a response to stress. Another theory about the increased prevalence of such disorders in developed countries is the intake of processed carbohydrates. Research shows that the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin increase temporarily when subjects eat processed carbohydrates and binge on foods like cookies and ice cream that cause a 'powerful, temporary boost in neurochemistry.' The article concludes by noting that at present, genetic research into eating disorders does not affect treatment issues.

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Development and Validation of a Screening Tool to Identify Eating Disorders in Female Athletes Source: J Am Diet Assoc. 101(8): 886-892. August 2001. Summary: The researchers of this study developed and validated a screening tool to identify an eating pathology in women college athletes. They established three crosssectional subject groups: athletes diagnosed with eating disorders, athletes without an eating pathology, and college women who did not participate in athletics but who had an eating disorder. The Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST) and three valid psychometric measures were administered to subjects in all groups. The researchers recruited 41 female college students between the ages of 18 and 23 from the University of Connecticut and St. Joseph College. A sports medicine team screened the athletes for eating disorders. Reliability analysis indicated a high internal consistency of the FAST. Athletes with eating disorders scored significantly higher on the FAST compared to athletes without an eating pathology and nonathletes with an eating pathology. Early detection of eating disorders can help prevent the onset or severity of a clinical eating disorder. By using this screening tool, validated for use in women athletes, dietetic professionals can identify athletes who need help with irregular eating behaviors.

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Diabetic Females: An at-Risk Population for the Development of Eating Disorders? Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(5): 71-73. September/October 2001.

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Summary: Studies are inconsistent in determining whether eating disorders are more prevalent among diabetic than among nondiabetic individuals. Women with diabetes appear to use some of the same compensatory behaviors as nondiabetics to control their body weight. In addition to these behaviors, women with diabetes may omit or reduce their insulin doses to prevent weight gain or increase weight loss. The article explores diabetes as a possible etiologic factor (the cause or origin of a disease) in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Schulken concludes that like other suspected risk factors for eating disorders, the role of diabetes in the development of eating disorders is complex. In all likelihood it involves the interaction of many factors, including biologic vulnerability, psychological predisposition, and sociocultural and environmental influences. Early identification of eating disorders and intervention is integral to the prevention of possible long-term diabetes-related consequences. ·

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition Intervention in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Eating Disorders not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) Source: J Am Diet Assoc. 101(7): 810-819. July 2001. Contact: www.eatright.com/adap0701.html. Summary: More than 5 million Americans suffer from eating disorders. Five percent of females and 1 percent of males have anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or a binge eating disorder. It is estimated that 85 percent of eating disorders occur during adolescence. Although eating disorders are categorized as psychiatric diagnoses, nutritional and medical problems and other issues require the expertise of a registered dietitian. Because of the complex biopsychosocial aspects of eating disorders, the optimal assessment and ongoing management of these conditions belongs with an interdisciplinary team consisting of professionals from medical, nursing, mental health, and nutritional disciplines. Medical nutrition therapy, provided by a registered dietitian trained in the area of eating disorders, plays a significant role in the treatment and management of eating disorders. The registered dietitian, however, must understand the complexities of eating disorders such as comorbid illness, medical and psychological complications, and boundary issues. The dietitian also needs to recognize the specific populations at risk for eating disorders and the special considerations necessary in dealing with these individuals.

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Eating Disorders Found To Be Clinically Similar in Men and Women Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(6): 82. November/December 2001. Summary: A study originally published in the American Journal of Psychiatry found few clinical differences between men and women with eating disorders. The Canadian study used data from a community survey to compare 62 men with full or partial eating disorders with 212 women with eating disorders and 3,769 men without eating disorders. The men and women with eating disorders had similar psychosocial morbidity with the exception of depression, which was higher among men. The men with eating disorders had more psychiatric disorders than men without eating disorders. The authors were unclear about whether the higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders among men with eating disorders was the result of the eating disorder or a factor contributing to the development of a disorder.

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Body Image Distortion and Eating Disorders: No Longer a 'Culture-Bound' Topic Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(6): 93-95. November/December 2001.

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Summary: This article outlines recent studies of body image distortion and eating disorders across cultures and ethnicities within the United States and provides practical suggestions for health practitioners on how to handle potential problems in a culturally sensitive way. Although eating disorders have often been associated with white, upper and middle class women, the prevalence of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders among diverse ethnic groups has increased. Because these individuals are acculturated into Western society, an identity conflict occurs between assimilation and acculturation to the new society and their cultural alliances to their own ethnic standards and beliefs. The article outlines three rules for the culturally sensitive practitioner. Rule one is to always ask, and not assume, that a female does not have a problem because of her outward appearance, culture, or ethnicity. Rule two is to refrain from asking questions in an offensive manner. The last rule is to find out more information about the client's culture before making any suggestions or recommendations about eating disorders. ·

Insurance Neglects Eating Disorders Source: Healthy Weight Journal. p.50. July/August 2000. Contact: B.C. Decker, Inc. 4 Hughson St. South, O.O. Box 620, LCD1, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7, Canada. 800-568-7281. 905-522-7017. [email protected]. Summary: Eating disorder claims are often rejected by insurance companies, and hospital stays are cut short by managed care. A survey of 109 eating disorder experts found that nearly one in five believe insurance companies have indirectly caused at least one of their patients to die. Nearly all these experts also report that some of their patients suffered relapse as a result of managed care coverage limits; that anorexic patients around the country are put in life-threatening situations because insurance policies mandate early discharge; and that managed care orders hospitalized patients discharged without considering their body weight percentages. However, a new Louisiana law, effective January 1, 2000, specifically identifies anorexia and bulimia for coverage, and California has just passed a similar law. Seven other states have also recently added mental health parity to their books, which may be more expansive in covering eating disorders.

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Is Bone Deterioration in Eating Disorders Permanent? Source: Healthy Weight Journal. p.50. July/August 2000. Contact: B.C. Decker, Inc. 4 Hughson St. South, O.O. Box 620, LCD1, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7, Canada. 800-568-7281. 905-522-7017. [email protected]. Summary: Weight gain, after eating disorder treatment, did not restore bone mineral density. A British study found that high levels of reduced bone density were measured in 56 eating-disordered women. Duration of amenorrhea, body mass index, frequency of vomiting, and cigarette and alcohol consumption accounted for 40 percent of the variance in spinal bone density measures. A follow-up bone scan 9 to 51 months later showed no improvement in bone density despite weight increases. The researchers reported that their study may be too short or subjects too few to record changes, but they cautioned that bone density can not be assumed to recover with weight gain.

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Current Perspectives on Drug Therapies for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Source: Drugs. 41(3): 367-377. March 1991. Contact: Available from ADIS International. Suite B-30, Oxford Court Business Center, 582 Middletown Boulevard, Langhorne, PA 19047. (215) 752-4500. ISSN: 0012-6667.

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Summary: This article presents current perspectives on drug therapies for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Topics include diagnostic considerations, drug treatment for anorexia nervosa, and drug treatment for bulimia nervosa. The authors maintain that there is little if any role for pharmacotherapy in anorexia nervosa. Drugs used to promote food intake and weight gain in bulimia nervosa have provided disappointing results. Newer antidepressants, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, lithium, fenfluramine, and opiate antagonists may prove useful, although all require further research. 1 table. 85 references. ·

Anorexia Nervosa in Males Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 87(8): 161-165, 168. June 1990. Summary: Although anorexia nervosa is usually considered a disorder of young women and girls, 5 to 10 percent of cases occur in men and boys. This article considers the diagnostic criteria, the typical course of the disease, the clinical picture, psychological factors, possible causes of the lower incidence in males compared to females, the physical manifestations, treatment, and expected prognosis. The author stresses that the unique conflicts that may lead to anorexia nervosa in males must be considered when treating this population. 31 references. (AA-M).

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Case Problem: Balancing Nutrition Advice with Dental Care in Patients with Anorexia and Bulimia Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 99(10): 1291-1292. October 1999. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. Summary: This article offers a case problem that highlights issues of how to balance nutrition advice with dental care in patients with anorexia and bulimia. The article reviews the case history of one patient, a 45 year old woman with a 24 year history of eating disorders and depression. After the presentation of the case, two dietitian authors offered commentaries on the types of treatment they would provide. The first author focused on helping the patient increase her energy intake, deal with her xerostomia (dry mouth), and return to her eating disorder therapist. The author notes that the prosthodontist was advised to consult with the patient's psychiatrist about the frequency of vomiting, as dental treatment could be counterproductive if the vomiting was not positively stopped. The second author first addresses the patient's oral pain problems, which are due to dental decay, changes in the anatomy of the jaw, and possibly poor health of the oral soft tissue. The author then reviews key concepts for this patient: eating patterns that include frequent consumption, combining foods within a meal to decrease risk for decay, xerostomia (mouth dryness), and calcium status. The author concludes that the most important rule in caring for this patient and in facilitating diet and nutrition counseling is to work within the guidelines developed by her therapist. 6 references.

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An Examination of Anorexia Nervosa Outcomes in the Twentieth Century Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 17(2):18. March/April 2003. Summary: A meta-analytic review of literature on anorexia nervosa outcome indicates that, despite changes in treatment approaches, the prognosis for those with anorexia nervosa did not significantly improve over the duration of the twentieth century. Over 120 German and English studies with more than 5,500 patients met the criteria for

16 Eating Disorders

inclusion in the analysis. Outcomes included high mortality rates, estimated to be 18 times the standard mortality rate. Data suggest that mortality among anorexia patients may include fewer deaths directly attributable to the disease and more deaths to suicide and unknown causes. Less than half of the anorexia patients in these studies fully recovered, about one-third improved and had residual features of the disease, and onefifth remained chronically ill. The study author identified vomiting, bulimia, and purgative abuse; length of illness; and obsessive-compulsive symptoms as the strongest predictors of an unfavorable prognosis. ·

Physiological Effects of Bulimia Nervosa on the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 11(5): 451-459. July-August 1997. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Summary: The article outlines the physiological effects of bulimia nervosa on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by frequent bouts of binge eating accompanied by compensatory behavior for preventing weight gain (purging, or vomiting). It is estimated that 3 to 5 percent of young women are affected by bulimia nervosa, and its prevalence is increasing. Bulimia nervosa affects both sexes and all races and can lead to serious medical complications. The expression of the disease in the GI tract may have a critical role in the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. The gastrointestinal tract undergoes tremendous insult from the effects of acute intakes of large amounts of food and the subsequent purging behaviors. Physiological effects of the disease on the GI tract include dental caries and enamel erosion; enlargement of the parotid gland; esophagitis; changes in gastric capacity and gastric emptying; gastric necrosis; and alterations of the intestinal mucosa. Identification of any of these factors may aid in establishing an early diagnosis, which has been shown to increase the likelihood of recovery. 2 tables. 79 references. (AA-M).

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Classification of Type 1 Diabetic Females with Bulimia Nervosa Into Subgroups According to Purging Behavior Source: Diabetes Care. 25(9): 1571-1575. September 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a study that classified women with type 1 diabetes and bulimia nervosa (BN) by type of inappropriate compensatory behavior (ICB) in order to prevent weight gain and to investigate the group differences. The groups were classified as follows: only severe insulin omission as an ICB (group called BN-I, n = 22); both severe insulin omission and self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse (BN-IP, n = 22), or no insulin omission but another ICB (BN-NI, n = 11). The clinical characteristics of these three groups and a binge-eating disorder (BED) group (n = 24) were compared. The results showed that the BN-IP and BN-I groups had the highest HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin, a measure of blood glucose over time) levels. The BN-IP group had the highest rates of diabetic neuropathy (nerve disease), retinopathy (eye disease) and nephropathy (kidney disease). The BN-NI group had the second highest rates of neuropathy and retinopathy. The BN-IP group had the highest frequencies of diabetesrelated and ketoacidosis-related hospital admissions, and the BN-I group had the second highest frequencies. The BN-NI group showed the highest scores on psychological tests related to depression, anxiety, eating disorder psychopathology, and

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perfectionism. Each BN group manifested more severe pathology than the BED group. 2 tables. 16 references. ·

Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Source: International Journal of Eating Disorders. 11(1): 45-53. January 1992. Summary: This article describes the treatment of patients with bulimia nervosa who also had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The researchers attempted to modify an established cognitive behavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa to accommodate IDDM. Treatment of IDDM patients proved more difficult than that of comparable patients without diabetes. The authors discuss the possible reasons for these difficulties, as well as strategies for overcoming them. They conclude that cognitive behavior therapy can be successfully modified for the treatment of such individuals, although adjunctive psychological and physical treatment techniques are required in some instances. Treatment usually results in improvement in both eating habits and glycemic control and is likely to reduce the risk of future diabetic complications. 1 table. 35 references. (AA-M).

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Oral Care for Patients with Bulimia Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 133(12): 1689-1691. December 2002. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Observable tooth erosion is a major sign of bulimic (so called 'binge-purge') behavior. As bulimia continues for longer periods, the teeth have generalized erosion, an unsightly appearance, and moderate-to-severe sensitivity. This article reviews the recommended oral care for patients with bulimia, including differential diagnosis, typical symptoms, communication with parents, patient referral, and treatment for teeth with moderate and severe destruction caused by bulimia. The author summarizes recommendations as follows: the dentist should confirm the possibility of bulimia, refer the patient to a competent eating-disorder clinic, counsel the patient about her or his condition, and restore the patient's mouth to a state of health and esthetic acceptability. Dental treatment of such patients will vary depending on the severity of the erosion.

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Bulimia and Tooth Erosion Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 56(1): 36-40. February 1998. Contact: Available from Scandinavian University Press North America. 875 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 84, Cambridge, MA 02139. (800) 498-2877 or (617) 4976515. Fax (617) 354-6875. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.scup.no. Summary: Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating and self induced vomiting, episodes of strict dieting or fasting, and use of laxatives or diuretics. Eating disorders are often associated with regurgitation of gastric contents into the mouth and with dental erosion. This article reports on a study in which the dental status was evaluated in patients with bulimia. The study involved 35 people with bulimia, diagnosed in the Outpatient Departments of Psychiatry and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, and 105 controls matched for age, sex, and educational level. Each participant was examined clinically, and the factors associated with dental erosion and caries were evaluated in an interview. Severe dental erosion and dental caries were significantly more common among people with bulimia

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than controls. People with bulimia commonly had a low salivary flow rate, but other apparent risk factors of dental erosion did not differ from those of controls. A feeling of dry mouth was more common among people with bulimia than with controls, and people with bulimia had an increased tooth sensitivity to cold and touch. The authors conclude that more should be done to protect teeth from dental erosion among people with bulimia, because loss of tooth tissue remains, even if the eating disorder disappears. 2 figures. 5 tables. 31 references. (AA-M). ·

Signs of Bulimia Should Be Noted Source: CDA Journal. California Dental Association Journal. 25(12): 832. December 1997. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: This brief article reminds dentists of the symptoms of bulimia. The author contends that the most common oral manifestations of bulimia nervosa are easily observed, so dentists should watch for them and refer when indicated. Bulimia nervosa, a psychological eating disorder, is characterized by frequent binge eating episodes followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, or usage of laxatives or diuretics. Enamel erosion or perimylolysis is one of the most common oral manifestations of bulimia and is a result of the repeated regurgitation of gastric contents. Another frequent oral manifestation of bulimia is an enlargement or swelling of the salivary glands. The oral and pharyngeal mucosal membranes of people with bulimia are often traumatized as a result of the rapid ingestion of large quantities of food and the rapid and forceful regurgitation of the stomach's acidic contents. The membranes of the soft palate and pharynx may have abrasions and bleeding. Other mucosal symptoms include gingival recession due to frequent and rigorous tooth brushing, and angular cheilosis resulting from nutritional deficiency and tissue trauma. The article concludes that any woman displaying one or more of these oral manifestations and who is in the high risk age group (17 to 25 years) should be considered for the possibility of bulimia nervosa and be appropriately referred.

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Oral Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa Source: Journal of the Greater Houston Dental Society. 69(1): 31-34. August 1997. Contact: Available from Greater Houston Dental Society. One Greenway Plaza, Suite 110, Houston, TX 77046. (713) 961-4337. Fax (713) 961-3617. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ghds.com. Summary: Bulimia nervosa is a psychological compulsive eating disorder that is characterized by frequent binge-eating episodes followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, or the use of laxatives or diuretics. This article reviews for dentists the oral signs and symptoms of bulimia nervosa. The author first reviews the diagnostic criteria for bulimia and discusses the medical complications associated with the disease. The author then outlines the oral complications, which can be easily observed. In general, the occurrence and severity of the oral disturbances are proportional to the duration and extent of the bulimic behavior. The cariogenicity (cavity causing tendencies) of the individual's diet and their personal oral hygiene habits also play a role in the extent of damage that occurs to the oral tissues. Oral complications of bulimia can include: perimyolysis (erosion of the tooth enamel), sialadenosis (swelling of the salivary glands), xerostomia (dry mouth), hyperamylasemia (elevated blood amylase values), mucosal trauma, and dysphagia (altered swallowing). The author concludes that any young woman who displays one or

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more of these oral manifestations, and who is in the high-risk age group should be considered for the possibility of bulimia nervosa and be appropriately referred. 2 tables. 33 references. ·

Bulimia: Dentomedical Complications Source: General Dentistry. 40(1): 22-25. January-February 1992. Summary: This article explores the dentomedical complications of bulimia, an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or use of laxatives or diuretics. Topics include its epidemiology; etiology; the binge-purge cycle, including emetic and laxative drug abuse; and complications, including enamel erosion (perimylolysis), mucosal trauma, salivary gland enlargement and xerostomia. The authors conclude that bulimia has been associated by the dental community with destructive enamel erosive effects. However, enamel erosion is only one of several oral complications of bulimia. It is important for dentists and dental health professionals to understand the multisystem effects of the disorder to ensure that diagnosis and treatment are appropriate and uncomplicated. 3 figures. 52 references.

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Does Child Obesity Treatment Increase the Risk for the Development of Bulimia Nervosa? Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 16(1):2-3. January/February 2002. Summary: A study published in the Journal of Pediatrics followed 64 children aged 8 to 12 for 2 years to determine if pediatric weight management programs that incorporate dieting increase the risk of developing bulimia nervosa. Children and their families were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving different program support. In one group, problem-solving skills were taught to parents and children. In another, problem-solving skills were taught to children only. No additional problem-solving skills were taught to the last group. All groups received information on diet, activity, and behavior change techniques. The Traffic Light Diet was used to decrease calorie intake and promote a balanced diet. This diet classifies foods as red, yellow, or green based on caloric content and nutrient density. An activity program focused on increasing lifestyle physical activity. The Kids Eating Disorder Survey (KEDS) was used to evaluate disordered eating symptoms among the children. The researchers found a mean decrease of 12.5 in percent overweight among the children. No significant changes in children's self-reported symptoms of disordered eating, purging, or weight dissatisfaction were detected.

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Overcoming Binge Eating Disorder Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 19(2): 13-21. March-April 2002. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: Binge eating disorder affects both men and women, as well as people of all ages and ethnic backgrounds. This article describes binge eating disorder, with a special focus on the implications of eating disorders in people with diabetes. The author differentiates between overeating and binge eating, defining binge eating as an overwhelming urge to eat and consume a larger quantify of food more quickly than usual and in a short period of time. The amount of food consumed is definitely more than most people would eat in that amount of time. The person eats despite the absence of hunger or how full they feel; they may not stop eating until they feel very painfully

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full. In addition, it is common for a person with binge eating disorder to eat normally or restrictively in front of other people and to binge in secret to avoid embarrassment about the amount of food being consumed. When episodes of binge eating become frequent (at least two times a week) and persist for six months, it is called binge eating disorder. Binge eating disorder is similar to bulimia except that people with binge eating disorder do not attempt to rid themselves of the food they consume during a binge by vomiting, using laxatives, decreasing or omitting insulin doses, or exercising excessively. The author describes the etiology (cause) of binge eating, psychosocial factors, biological factors, learned and family factors, the complications of binge eating, treatment strategies, the role of support groups, nutrition counseling, and self care. One sidebar lists resources organizations that can provide more information about eating disorders and referrals to professionals in this area. ·

An Update on Binge Eating Disorder Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 16(2):20-23. March/April 2002. Summary: The author of this article provides an update on binge eating disorder (BED), a term adopted in 1992 at an International Eating Disorders Conference. BED is used to describe and distinguish individuals who binge eat, but do not use severe compensatory weight control behaviors such as fasting or purging, from those with bulimia nervosa. Binge eating causes individuals to feel out of control, isolated, ashamed, and depressed. BED appears to afflict a more diverse group than other eating disorders. Men, women, African Americans, and Caucasians appear to be at equal risk. The age range for those with BED is also broader than usually found in those with the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. BED treatment emphasizes the individual's binge eating; compulsivity with food; inability to control food intake; and use of food to cope with depression, anxiety, or other issues. The author, who treats patients with BED, provides a case study to show how she helps patients develop a healthy relationship with food.

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Binge Eating in Obesity: Treatment and Weight Management Issues Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 16(2):24-26. March/April 2002. Summary: This article compares overweight nonbingeing individuals with obese binge eaters. Obese binge eaters are usually more overweight; have lower self- esteem; and have higher levels of perfectionism, anxiety, depression, and body shame. They often feel depressed, disgusted, and/or guilty after a binge. Binge eating disorder (BED) is usually diagnosed when binge eating occurs at least twice a week for a minimum of 6 months, accompanied by feeling out of control and an absence of behavior such as purging or fasting. Treatment for binge eating consists of assessing eating behavior, regulating eating behavior, distinguishing real hunger from emotional hunger, improving control over binge foods, decreasing depression and anxiety, increasing wellbeing, managing high- risk situations, and changing self-defeating food thoughts. Managing binge eating before trying to lose weight is recommended.

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Frequency of Binge Eating Disorder in an Outpatient Weight Loss Clinic Source: J Am Diet Assoc. 102(5):697-699. May 2002. Summary: This study assessed the prevalence of binge eating disorder (BED) in an outpatient weight-loss clinic. Among those who seek nutrition counseling for weight loss, it also determined readiness to start an intervention program. Thirty-six weightloss patients were given diet readiness questionnaires. Fifty-six percent of the group failed the questionnaire, indicating a lack of willingness to initiate lifestyle changes.

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Frequency of BED was 22 percent. In this small study, there was an association between lack of diet readiness and BED. The authors note that this relationship deserves more attention. Patients with BED frequently seek weight-loss counseling, and better patient service includes screening for BED. ·

Body Image, Binge Eating, and Obesity in Males Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 16(4):56-58. July/August 2002. Summary: This article provides an overview of body image, binge eating disorder (BED), and obesity in men. Data support the idea that males are experiencing an increased pressure to be slender and muscular. Men's food choices and eating style may present a paradox in relation to body image, as it is culturally acceptable for men to eat heartily, yet less acceptable for them to be overweight. Research suggests that men and women with BED have similar demographics, frequency of interpersonal problems, selfesteem, eating-disordered behaviors, and eating-disordered psychopathology. More than half of adults in the United States are overweight and males have shown more significant increases in obesity than females. The authors conclude that although there is a tendency to believe that eating disorders are more common in women than in men, men are concerned about issues of body shape and weight, overeating, and obesity. Health professionals working with patients who have eating disorders should be aware of the increasing prevalence of weight-related concerns for males and how these concerns differ from females.

Federally Funded Research on Eating Disorders The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to eating disorders. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to eating disorders. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore eating disorders. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for eating disorders: ·

Project Title: 5-HT2A RECEPTOR STRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Westkaemper, Richard B. Associate Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2006

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Serotonin has been implicated in a large number of processes including the regulation of sleep, appetite, mood, aggression, perception, memory, and anxiety. At least 14 separate 5-HT receptors have evolved, which are divided into seven main families. Not surprisingly, alterations of 5-HT receptor activity have been shown to occur in many psychiatric diseases including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and many drug-induced psychotic states. Additionally, a number of effective psychopharmacologic agents for diseases as diverse as schizophrenia and anxiety have been developed which either specifically alter brain levels of serotonin or bind to 5-HT receptor subtypes. We propose to use a novel tripartite approach to develop an understanding of the relationships between ligand structure, neurotransmitter receptor structure, and ligand-receptor association. Specifically, we intend to elucidate the molecular determinants of the interactions between 5-HT2 receptors and a series of novel tricyclic antagonists using an integrated approach that combines information from site-directed mutagenesis and ligand structure-activity relationships (SAR) to refine hypothetical three-dimensional (3D) receptor models. The first and most basic event that determines the pharmacological activity of an agent is the association of a ligand with the receptor. The ultimate pharmacological outcome is a result of receptor activation or deactivation following formation of the ligand-receptor complex. Since there are no direct experimental structures for the membrane bound G-protein coupled receptors, the molecular details of ligand-receptor structure can only be investigated indirectly by examining ligand SAR and receptor SAR by site-directed mutagenesis. Computational chemistry and molecular modeling provide means to evaluate and organize indirect data into a hypothetical 3D framework at the atomic level of detail. Such 3D models provide a means to not only organize experimental observations but also to generate testable hypotheses concerning ligand-receptor interactions. We will synthesize and evaluate compounds designed specifically on the basis of receptor models to test the importance of certain amino acid residues for ligand binding and receptor function, thus testing model accuracy. The affinities and functional properties of the designed target compounds will be evaluated with both the native and selected mutant receptors. This is one of the first times that a combined approach, utilizing receptor modeling, modelspecific ligand design, and model-directed mutagenesis, has been applied to 5-HT receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: A BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Schatzberg, Alan F. Professor and Chair; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This is an application for Competitive Renewal of an institutional training grant. The intent of this training program is to prepare MD's and PhD's for a career in clinical research. Physicians are eligible if they have completed the PGY 3 year of psychiatry training; psychologists if they have completed a clinical internship. The program is centered on three disease entities; mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders, reflecting the ongoing and long-standing research interests of the core faculty involved in the program. Fellows work with a mentor who is a member of the Stanford University faculty for a period of two years on projects related to the phenomenology, clinical biology, treatment, and outcome in the three major classes of disorders. The Program includes formal seminars in research methodology, and clinical research design. In addition, all Fellows are required to take a course focused on ethics

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in medical research. Trainees also have access to a wide array of more specialized course work. All Fellows are expected to design and conduct their own research projects. Assistance is given in preparing trainees to apply for their own funding to support their research post fellowship. Program oversight and continual review of both the program and the trainees progress is provided by an Executive Committee representing the principal areas of research and the training sites. The Program is now in its 4th year. Ten trainees have been entered into the program (five MD's and five PhD's), and seven Fellows are currently being trained. Thus, the program has been successful in recruiting both M.D.'s and PhD.s to the program, in filling all the funded positions available, and in retaining all Fellows accepted to the program. To date, one class has completed training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: A SCREENING LIBRARY FOR PEPTIDE-ACTIVATED GPCR'S Principal Investigator & Institution: Saunders, John; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 10555 Science Center Dr San Diego, CA 921211100 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: One subset of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily is that which is activated by a peptide carrying an obligatory positively charged residue (GPCR-PA+). This subclass is exemplified by receptors for melanocortins, GnRH galanin, MCH, orexin and chemokine receptors variously involved in eating disorders, reproductive disorders, pain, narcolepsy, obesity, and inflammation. In Phase-I, a region of chemical property space enriched in GPCR ligands was identified. This was used to design and synthesize a 'test' library of 2025 single, pure compounds to sample portions of this property space associated with GPCR-PA+ ligands. This library was evaluated by high-throughput screening against three different receptors and found to be highly enriched in ligands (4.5 to 61-fold) compared to a control set of 2024 randomly selected compounds. In Phase II we propose to expand the size of this library to at least 6749 compounds to complete the sampling of this GPCR-PA+ ligand-rich region and to better define it's borders. This completed library will be screened against an expanded array of receptor targets and hits so identified used as a starting point for lead optimization against a selected target. The resulting library should be a valuable resource for the rapid identification of ligands to a range of therapeutically important receptors. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The project, if successful, will result in a library of small molecule compounds with a high probability of yielding multiple modesty, active molecules for any G-protein coupled receptor for positively charged peptide ligands. From this information, an interactive process of design, synthesis and screening will afford potent, selective ligands, Thus, this library will accelerate Neurocrine's in-house drug discovery efforts focused on members of this class of receptors and against novel members as they become available. Additionally, the library may be licensed to other companies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ACTIONS OF OPIATE DRUGS--DIETARY MODULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kanarek, Robin B. Psychology; Tufts University Medford Boston Ave Medford, MA 02155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1987; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The endogenous opioid system is important for energy balance, that is, food intake and exercise. Opioid agonists increase food intake while

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antagonists decrease food intake. However, opioids do not uniformly affect intake of all types of foods. Rather intake of palatable foods and fluids is altered to a greater degree than intake of less palatable items. A reciprocal relationship may exist between opioids and intake of palatable fare. Intake of preferred foods moderates the behavioral consequences of opioid drugs. Similarly, exercise can mediate the effects of opioid drugs. It is hypothesized that both palatable comestibles and exercise act directly on the endogenous opioid system to influence the actions of opioids. The primary goal of this proposal is to elucidate the role of diet and exercise in moderating the behavioral outcomes of opioid agents. First, the effects of intake of palatable fluids on opioidinduced analgesia will be examined. Experiments will investigate the role of palatable ingesta in modulating the antinociceptive actions of peripherally and centrally administered opioid agonists using several tests of nociception. Second, similar experiments will be conducted to illustrate the interaction between exercise and opioidinduced analgesia. The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm has been used to measure the rewarding effects of drugs. The CPP paradigm will be used to determine whether intake of palatable fluids or exercise changes the rewarding effects of morphine and other opioid agents. Additionally, other studies will examine whether these factors can moderate the development of a conditioned place aversion to opioid antagonists. Intake of palatable foods may increase opioid receptor binding. If this is the case, animals with a history of consuming these foods should be more sensitive to the orexigenic actions of opioid agonists, and the anorectic effects of opioid antagonists. To test this theory, the actions of centrally and peripherally administered opioid agonists and antagonists on appetitive behaviors will be examined in animals with prior experience consuming palatable fluids. The relationship between diet and exercise and opioid drugs has implications for both the basic understanding of the endogenous opioid system, and a number of clinically relevant problems including pain management, eating disorders, and drug addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ACTUARIAL STRATEGIES IN CHILD DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Chorpita, Bruce F. Psychology; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, HI 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The proposed project involves a preliminary investigation of potentially significant methodological advance in diagnostic assessment. The current state-of-theart in diagnostic assessment involves the use of a structured interview. Typically, structured interviews involve a static skip structure, i.e., some portions of the interview are administered conditional on particular responses to prior questions. For example, if there is a negative response to a question about depression and anhedonia, most structured interviews require the clinical to skip the remaining questions about associated symptoms (e.g., sleep disturbance, impaired concentration, etc.). Although structured interviews represent an enormous advantage over earlier diagnostic procedures, their inflexible structure is often incompatible with the heterogeneity of most child and adolescent populations, and can result in superfluous questioning about uncommon disorders and insufficient follow-up about more common ones. Many interviews do not make exceptions for individual characteristics. For example, 1) a 17 year old boy might need to answer "no" to 5 or 6 questions about separation anxiety before the interviewer may move on to another set of questions; or 2) an underweight 16 year old girl might not be asked important follow-up questions when replying "no" to the initial question about eating disorders. One might conclude that introducing more

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clinician flexibility would be the solution; however, the literature on clinical judgment suggests that increasing clinician involvement in determination of interview structure would likely degrade classification accuracy and introduce unwanted sources of error and bias. To address this issue in another manner, the principal investigator has developed a data-driven, actuarial expert system to guide a flexible interview structure. Thus, interview structure is dynamically responsive to individual characteristics, without introducing error associated with qualitative clinical judgments. Pilot modeling revealed that his system offers advantages in classification accuracy over state-of-the-art diagnostic approaches, with the additional benefit of reducing administration time for particular disorders. The current project is planned to generate requisite data to develop a formal expert system and to forecast its relative accuracy and efficiency in a child and adolescent population. It is predicted that this system will demonstrate improvements in classification accuracy over a static structured interview approach, with reduced administration time. If the data are supportive, these developments have the potential to significantly advance the manner in which future diagnostic interviews are conducted with mental health populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ACUTE CORTICOSTERIOD ACTIONS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tasker, Jeffrey G. Professor; Cellular and Molecular Biology; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, LA 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stress is associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increased levels of circulating adrenal corticosteroids. Glucocorticoids feed back onto the hypothalamus to inhibit not only corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) secretion and HPA activation, but also many other hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The negative feedback regulation by glucocorticoids occurs in two stages: an acute inhibition of the release of CRH, and a slower down-regulation of CRH and vasopressin synthesis in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). To date, it is not known where in the brain glucocorticoids exert their negative feedback regulation of hypothalamic neurosecretion, and what the cellular mechanisms of this feedback are. These questions have profound significance for the treatment of widespread affective disorders, including stress, depression, and eating disorders, that impact large numbers of people. The overall purpose of this proposal is to determine whether acute negative glucocorticoid regulation of PVN neuroendocrine systems occurs directly at the hormone-secreting neurons in the PVN, and to characterize the cellular mechanisms of this regulation. We have preliminary evidence for rapid inhibitory glucocorticoid effects in the PVN mediated by membrane receptor activation and the release of a retrograde endocannabinoid messenger that suppresses excitatory and facilitates inhibitory inputs to PVN neurons. Based on these findings, we propose to conduct whole-cell patchclamp recordings in acute rat hypothalamic slices to test the following specific hypotheses: 1. glucocorticoids inhibit PVN neurons directly by stimulating an endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of glutamate release and facilitation of GABA release; 2. glucocorticoids elicit retrograde endocannabinoid release from PVN neurons by activation of a postsynaptic G protein-coupled receptor and lipid messenger signaling cascade; 3. the endocannabinoid-mediated changes in glutamate and GABA release in the PVN are mediated by presynaptic, G protein- and protein kinasedependent signaling mechanisms. These studies will reveal for the first time the site and physiological mechanisms of fast glucocorticoid actions in the hypothalamus. Fast

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glucocorticoid feedback in the hypothalamus plays a critical role in the organism's holistic response to stress, and understanding the mechanisms of glucocorticoid actions in the hypothalamus will provide important cellular targets for the treatment of HPArelated pathologies. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid-endocannabinoid link opens interesting possibilities for interactions between hypothalamic function and the cannabinoids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ADOLESCENT EATING DISORDERS: A SECOND LOOK Principal Investigator & Institution: Petkova, Eva; Assistant Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Description (adapted from the investigator's abstract): Eating disorders, a public health problem because of their chronicity and impact on health, typically begin during adolescence. The goal of this study is to identify potential risk and protective factors in adolescents, that may be useful in screening for typical and atypical eating disorders in pediatric practice, and that may generate hypotheses about the etiology of these disorders. A secondary analysis of a two-stage epidemiological study of a countywide high school population (n=5596) completed in 1984-1985, is proposed. The first stage consisted of a survey questionnaire, which provided dimensional assessments of eating attitudes, behaviors, other psychopathology, as well as weight history, medical problems, and menstrual history. The second stage consisted of semi-structured diagnostic interviews, conducted by experienced clinicians, which yielded psychiatric diagnoses for eating disorders, other selected disorders, as well as more detailed information on correlates of eating disorders. The primary data analysis focused on the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in adolescents, and data regarding the relation of potential risk factors to eating disorders was explored only in a preliminary way. Given advances in the nosology of eating disorders and in statistical methods, a second look at this data set is important and timely. In a series of analyses which will include adequate sophisticated statistical techniques, we propose to accomplish the following specific aims: (1) to determine, in boys and girls separately, the relation of potential risk and protective factors for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN); factors to be examined include developmental, dieting, weight, health, other psychopathology, family, and demographic factors; (2) to determine if DSM IV eating syndromes are distinct from AN and BN, such as Binge Eating Disorder can be identified in this population and, if so, to determine potential risk factors for these syndromes; (3) to develop efficient screening protocols for eating syndromes, which will exploit not only the cardinal features of each syndrome but also potential risk factors identified above. The strengths of this application lie in the application of both recent advances in the nosology of eating disorders and sophisticated statistical techniques applied to an existing data set. This unique epidemiological dataset, although crosssectional, contains unparalleled information on the correlates of eating pathology. Findings from this study will contribute to the description and detection of eating disorders in adolescents, will identify potential risk and protective factors for eating pathology and will help generate hypotheses about the etiology of adolescent eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AMYGDALA CIRCUITS AND CONTROL OF FEEDING BY LEARNED CUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Petrovich, Gorica D. Psychological & Brain Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The work under the research plan in this application will extend our understanding of neural systems through which signals from the environment control feeding behavior, while also developing the potential for the applicant, Dr. Gorica Petrovich, to become an independent investigator. The proposed research builds on evidence that food consumption can be modified by learned cues, based on motivational value acquired through association with either rewarding or aversive events. Applying a combination of behavioral and neural systems analysis, Dr. Petrovich proposes to determine the exact brain circuits that allow learning to modulate eating, including the amygdala complex and related forebrain systems. Delineating the brain systems needed for control of food consumption by environmental signals, is a necessary first step toward development of animal models in which factors that control feeding behavior and its associated disorders can be better studied. In these experiments, Dr. Petrovich will extend her technical expertise in neuronal systems and build on a foundation of behavioral theory and empirical studies using a range of learning paradigms. Dr. Gallagher (her sponsor), along with Drs. Peter Holland and Tim Moran will oversee her development under the award, toward the goal of becoming a productive independent scientist and academic faculty member. The mentored career award will also allow the applicant to gain a fuller understanding of the clinical conditions, such as eating disorders; to which her basic research has relevance. The environment at Johns Hopkins University is particularly well suited to the applicant's training with a strong presence in both basic research and clinical areas in the field of neuroscience. All facilities required for the proposed research are available to the applicant, including dedicated office and research space. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: APPETITE AWARENESS IN THE PREVENTION OF BINGE EATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Elder-Paquette, Katherine A. Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: Approximately 3-6 percent of women in the general population meet full criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Individuals who suffer with BED for extended periods of time not only develop the emotional distress, which accompanies eating disorders, but are also at risk for obesity. Providing intervention to individuals before the typical onset of BED (onset typically occurs between 19 and 26 years old) may be an effective method of avoiding the long-term negative effects of this eating disorder. The objective of the proposed study is to develop a prevention program for college students at risk for developing eating disorders, in particular, binge eating problems. The prevention program will be based on Appetite Awareness Training (AAT), a treatment focused on retraining eating in response to appetite cues which was developed specifically for individuals with BED. The primary goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of AAT in preventing the escalation of eating disordered symptoms in individuals with subclinical BED. This will be accomplished by comparing AAT to a standard psychoeducational program for eating disorders at 5 points: post-intervention and 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow ups. If successful, the prevention program could help

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individuals at risk for binge eating problems avoid the development of full syndrome BED as well as weight gain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: APPETITE FOCUSED CBWL FOR BINGE EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Craighead, Linda W. Professor; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Over 58 million adults are 20% or more overweight. Between 5-8% of overweight individuals in Community samples, and 30% of those in hospital-affiliated weight loss programs, meet Criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Cognitive and behavior therapies are the most widely used treatments for eating disorders and obesity. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) adapted to treat BED has been shown to reduce binge eating significantly; weight does not change but does remain stable during treatment and follow-up. Standard behavioral weight loss (BWL) has been shown to reduce binge eating as effeCtively as CBT while modest weight loss is achieved, but some of the weight lost is not maintained during follow-up. Thus, more effective treatments are still needed for BED, particularly for those who are also obese, because weight loss and maintenance of weight loss remains problematic--even for those who stop binge eating. The PI has expanded the cognitive model developed for bulimia to address binge and overeating specifically, and she has developed an intervention based on that model which is centered around appetite monitoring. This intervention, Appetite Awareness Training (AAT), is designed to train clients to become more aware of moderate hunger and satiety cues and to teach them to shift control over regulation of eating to these cues. This type of control is hypothesized to be particularly helpful in reduce overeating because the cue to stop eating is internal; for the same reason, this type of control may be easier to maintain long term, potentially enhancing maintenance of weight loss. Pilot data indicate AAT has effects similar to those obtained with standard CBT in initial binge eating reduction, and AAT additionally reduces overeating episodes without promoting increased experiences of hunger. Thus, we hypothesize that integrating the appetite focus of AAT with standard CBT and continuing that focus during subsequent BWL will enhance binge reduction and facilitate weight loss as well as maintenance of weight loss. The proposed project is to develop a treatment manual that fully integrates CBT and BWL with the appetite focus (CBWL-AF). which would be appropriate for obese individuals with BED. After the manual has been developed and initially tested with training cases, we propose a pilot study for 52 obese women with BED; participants will be randomly assigned to either CBWL-AF or standard BWL. Treatment effects will be assessed at posttest as well as at 3, 6 and 12-month follow-ups. Results from this pilot will be used to revise the manual and provide information regarding whether a larger clinical trial is warranted. A larger trial will be needed for adequate statistical power to identify clear treatment differences and to determine if certain participant characteristics are associated with better response to one of the treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASSOCIATIVELY-ACTIVATED EVENT REPRESENTATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Holland, Peter C. Associate Professor; Psychology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Most contemporary learning theorists describe conditioning in terms of the acquisition of associations between internal representations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). These associations allow presentation of the CS to activate the US representation, so that the CS can substitute for the US in a variety of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive functions originally controlled by the US alone. The proposed research would explore the nature and function of CS-evoked event representations, especially their ability to activate perceptual or memorial images of the US, allowing the formation of new associations with that US, even in its absence. The research would determine the conditions under which various functions of CS-activated event representations are displayed, and would explore a number of limitations on those functions. Although the proposed research is primarily intended to address questions about fundamental behavioral properties of learning and memory, it also has clinical relevance For example, food aversions mediated by evoked cognitive images rather than physical illness may contribute to eating disorders. Similarly, implicitly conditioned imagery may contribute to the establishment and display of inappropriate emotional behavior in some cases of anxiety and reaction to trauma. Likewise, many clinical therapeutic treatments involve patients' use of techniques of imagery in which activation of images of emotionally significant events is placed under the control of explicit prompts through conditioning-like procedures. The proposed research provides a basis for the understanding of basic processing of imaginal events in associative learning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ATHLETICS & EATING PROBLEMS IN NATIVE & CAUCASIAN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Lynch, Wesley C. Psychology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, MT 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Current literature indicates that risk factors for eating disorders (ED) among native Americans are poorly understood. However, available evidence suggests that Native American adolescents females are one of the few groups at equal or greater risk for eating disorders than age-matched Caucasian females. Other recent research suggests that strenuous physical activity may be an independent risk factor for ED, although it remains unknown whether or not this applies to sub-clinical eating problems in adolescents. Still other evidence suggest that athletic involvement may either enhance or reduce the risk of ED depending on factors such as age, self-esteem, and level of competition. In light of this, the proposed study has two main goals: 1) to characterize the weight control practices of matched samples of Caucasian and Native American females at various ages pre-and post puberty and 2) to determine what aspects of athletic involvement may increase or reduce ED risks in each group. We expect athletic involvement to modify the risk for maladaptive weight control behaviors depending on ethnicity, type and level of athletic involvement, and the individual's level of sexual maturation. A proposed structural equation model (SEM) expressing specific hypotheses about various potential risk factors will be tested with data from each ethnic group. A cross-sectional survey will be administered to students in grades 5-10 from selected public schools in Billings and Hardin, MT. Measures of maladaptive weight control behavior, assessed by the Mc Knight risk factor Survey (MRFS-IV) and ED symptom profiles, assessed by the Eating Disorders Symptoms Checklist, will provide measures of the main dependent variables. As a supplement to goodness-of-fit analyses of the proposed model, a more exploratory regression-tree

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analytical approach will be used to examine which of several independent variables (predictors), including ethnicity, age, gender, maturational status, body shape satisfaction, height, weight, waist/hip ratio, and BMI, best predict specific ED symptoms. In addition of the survey data, a selected sample of the oldest students will participate in interviews designed to assess the onset-age and development history of specific weight control behaviors and physical activity patterns. A part of each interview will also assess differences in Native and Caucasian cultural views regarding eating weight-management and related issues. This work is a first attempt to our knowledge to compare age-matched Native American and Caucasian youth along these dimensions and should provide valuable data not currently available. Ultimately this work should inform decision-making regarding the advisability of specific types of athletic participation as interventions aimed at reducing the risk of eating disorders and/or obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: AUTOMATION OF MENTAL CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Wegner, Daniel M. Professor; Psychology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, MA 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1992; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Effective social interaction and personal adaptation requires that people often try to influence their own minds. People engage in such mental control when they try to stop thinking about something, for example, or when they attempt to avoid unwanted or inappropriate emotions or desires. Attempts to control mental states often fail, however, and past research suggests that this happens because mental control produces ironic processes unconscious failure-monitoring processes that promote the appearance of the mental states people most hope to avoid. This is why unwanted thoughts and emotions often arise at precisely the worst times. The specific aim of this project is to see whether such ironic processes are overcome when mental control is practiced repeatedly and becomes automatized Like any practiced skill, mental control should become more effective with rehearsal, and this research examines its possibility by focusing both on rehearsal of mental control in the laboratory and on the testing of special populations who are likely to have engaged in chronic mental control in the past. But also like any skill that has become automatic, mental control can be disrupted whenever the person renews conscious control and monitoring of the process. This fragile automaticity hypothesis is tested in these studies, to see whether remembering that one is trying to control one's mind can reintroduce ironic thoughts and emotions even after mental control has become automatic. This research should have several key implications for mental health. The automatization of mental control processes, and its accompanying fragile automaticity, may be implicated in the etiology of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders, and may also underlie social interfactional problems that arise from error in the control of socially inappropriate behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF BODY WEIGHT AND FEEDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Powley, Terry L. Distinguished Professor; Psychological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1980; Project End 30-NOV-2006

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Summary: The proposed project continues a programmatic investigation of the neural mechanisms of feeding and body weight regulation. The long- range goal of the project is a comprehensive functional neuroanatomy of energy homeostasis. For the immediate future, the proposed experiments concentrate on a series of structure-function analyses of the vagus nerve. Extensive evidence has established that the vagus, the Xth cranial nerve, is critically involved in controlling ingestion and body energy regulation. Presently, however, continued progress in analyzing vagal mechanisms involved in ingestive behavior and physiology is seriously limited by a lack of fundamental structural information about the vagal projections to the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, the immediate goal of the project is the completion of a series of promising analyses that are characterizing the morphological types, regional topographies and functions of vagal projections linking the brain and GI tract. The first aim is to complete a series of experiments on vagal afferent, or sensory, endings in the alimentary canal. This aim includes characterizing structurally and then classifying afferent terminals in the mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract. It also includes developing topographic maps of the concentrations of these chemo-, osmo-, thermo- and mechano- receptors throughout the GI tract. The second aim is to characterize the patterns and timetables of regeneration of each of the different types of vagal projections to the GI tract. These experiments will also correlate the newly identified patterns of structural plasticity with recovery of function. The third aim is to extend our structure-function analyses by screening mutant mice with selective afferent vagal ablations for potential alterations in feeding behavior. Inventories of the different vagal endings, surveys of their terminal distributions, and characterizations of the plasticity in these vagal projections produced by damage or mutation will yield information needed to design, guide and interpret both experimental and surgical manipulations of the autonomic nervous system and GI tract. The program outlined also will extend our understanding of major neural mechanisms implicated in metabolic and digestive diseases including obesity, eating disorders, anorexia, disorders of swallowing, diabetes, vagal dysfunction, autonomic neuropathies, visceral pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and peptic ulcers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE: EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Janelle, Christopher M. To Be Determined; University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Body image disturbance is a precursor to eating disorders, which in turn afflict approximately 4% of the population of the United States. Though numerous attempts have been made to delineate the emotions experienced by individuals with body image disturbance, existing research is largely observational descriptive, and selfreported. Combining psychophysiological and self-report measures will permit a more direct and comprehensive account of the multidimensional nature of emotion among individuals with body image disturbance. In the context of the biphasic theory of emotion, the overall objection of the proposed research will be to assess and compare the emotional reactivity of males and females who are symptomatic (body image disturbed) and asymptomatic (not body image disturbed) for eating disorders. How attentional biases and emotional reactivity differ among these groups, while viewing pictures of themselves as well as individuals with societal ideal bodies, will be determined. Psychophysiological measures known to index emotional reactivity among clinical and subclinical will be collected using a startle prove in the context of a pictureviewing paradigm, and are expected to reliably differentiate symptomatic and

32 Eating Disorders

asymptomatic individuals. As indexed by eye movements, symptomatic individuals are predicted to attend more to somatic regions of body dissatisfaction than will asymptomatic individuals when viewing themselves, but will avoid these areas when viewing others. They are also expected to exhibit greater potentiation of the reflexive eyeblink in response to the startle probe as compared to asymptomatic individuals when viewing physique pictures of themselves and others. Also, the P3 wave of the cortical event-related potential to the startle probe will be smaller in amplitude to physique pictures of themselves and others for the symptomatic as compared to the asymptomatic individuals. Finally, symptomatic participants will report more emotional and mood disturbance while viewing pictures of themselves and aesthetically ideal bodies compared to the asymptomatic participants. Findings obtained from this investigation will permit researchers and clinicians a greater understanding of how commonly encountered environmental stimuli are differentially attended to, processed, and responded to among individuals with body image disturbance; thus leading to the development and refinement of effective interventions to alleviate the negative emotional responses that preclude and perpetuate eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BULIMIA NERVOSA:COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR LATINOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reyes-Rodriguez, Mae L. Psychology; University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Rio Piedras Sta San Juan, PR 00931 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by candidate): Eating disorders have traditionally been considered to be a phenomena specific to Western culture, and a few studies have been conducted among ethnic minorities. Consequently, the design and implementation of intervention for treating bulimia nervosa has been carried out only with primarily with Anglo populations. As a result, Latino populations are under-represented in both efficacy and effectiveness studies for this disorder. Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a major source of psychiatric and medical morbidity, often impairing several areas of functioning. This study is a first step to bring the benefits of clinical developments for BN to Latinos. The literature revision concluded that CBT is a useful tool in the management of bulimia nervosa. The aim of the proposed research is to adapt a cognitive behavioral treatment manual for bulimia nervosa, creating a version that's culturally applicable to Latinos. The proposed study will develop, adapt and conduct the treatment with 20 patients, ages 18 and above meeting DSM-IV diagnosis criteria for BN. The specific aims are: 1) to culturally translate into Spanish a therapist CBT BN manual; 2) Develop and culturally adapt a patient CBT manual for BN; and 3) to conduct an open trial of the manualized intervention to generate estimates of effect sizes and determine the feasibility of the manualized intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BULIMIC SYNDROMES: SECULAR & LONGITUDINAL TRENDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Keel, Pamela K. Associate Professor; Psychology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, MA 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Very little is known concerning the secular and longitudinal trends associated with bulimic syndromes. This study offers a unique opportunity to 1) examine rates of bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorders not

Studies 33

otherwise specified (EDNOS) across 1982, 1992, and 2002 in college students, 2) examine and compare the longitudinal courses of BN and EDNOS at 10- and 20-year follow-up, and 3) evaluate secular trends, longitudinal course, and prognostic utility of eating disorder-related variables such as weight, body image disturbance, dieting, and disordered eating behaviors. Thus, this investigation could provide much needed data for a significant source of psychiatric morbidity among young adult women. In the springs of 1982 and 1992, a total of 2400 Harvard undergraduates (1600 women and 800 men) were randomly sampled to participate in a study of weight, body image disturbance, dieting, disordered eating behaviors, and BN. In 1992, participants in the 1982 study were contacted to participate in a follow-up study. In the spring of 2002, this study proposes to collect data from a new cohort of undergraduates (800 women and 400 men) and to contact participants from the 1992 and 1982 cohorts (1189 women and 511 men) for 10- and 20-year follow-up evaluations, respectively. The investigation will be conducted in two phases: a survey phase and an interview phase. The survey phase will replicate methods employed for data collection in 1982 and 1992 in order to insure comparability of results. Surveys include items about demographic background, height and weight; concerns about dieting, body weight, and shape; 5 scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (Buhrnia. Drive for Thinness, Maturity Fears, Perfectionism, and Interpersonal Distrust); and BN symptoms. In addition, surveys will include the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale for termination of DSM-IV symptoms of anorexia nervosa, BN, and binge eating disorder. On the basis of self-report survey data, all subjects diagnosed with BN or EDNOS and controls matched to these subjects on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and SES will be recruited for participation in the interview phase of the study. Interviews will establish the validity of survey assessments, as well as provide data on psychosocial function, comorbidity, and treatment history for a nonclinical sample of individuals with eating pathology. The long-term goals of this study are to capture the changing epidemiology of bulimic disorders; to evaluate the long-term correlates and consequences of bulimic syndromes that support meaningful distinctions between BN and its subthreshold forms; and to identify contributants to the development, maintenance, and outcome of BN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CHOLECYSTOKININ MECHANISMS IN CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Reidelberger, Roger D. Biomedical Sciences; Creighton University 2500 California St Omaha, NE 68178 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAY-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2001 Summary: (adapted from the Abstract): This is a new application seeking three years of support to identify the actions through which endogenous CCK affects food intake. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide that is found throughout the brain and in neurons and endocrine cells of the gut. Recent studies demonstrating that devazepide, a CCK-A receptor antagonist that penetrates the blood/brain barrier, stimulates feeding in a variety of species provide compelling evidence that CCK is an important satiety factor. However, whether CCK is acting peripherally, within the brain, or at multiple peripheral and central sites to produce satiety remains to be determined. Recent work demonstrating the existence of CCK-A receptors on vagal afferent neurons, activation of vagal afferent neurons by exogenous CCK, and attenuation of exogenous CCK and duodenal nutrient induced inhibition of feeding by vagal neural lesions has led to the following hypothesis of endogenous CCK's action which is to be tested by the proposed studies: CCK secreted from the upper intestine in response to duodenal delivery of

34 Eating Disorders

nutrients acts through paracrine or neurocrine stimulation of intestinal vagal sensory neurons to produce satiety. In the proposed research the Principal Investigator and his colleagues will use a sham feeding rat model (ingested food drains from a gastric cannula) to test this hypothesis. The specific aims are: (1) to use receptor subtype and site specific CCK antagonist (devazepide, A70104, CCK monoclonal antibody, JMV-180) to determine the relative contribution and site of endogenous CCK action in mediating the satiety produced by duodenal delivery of various nutrients; (2) to use region-specific lesions of vagal afferent neurons (truncal vagal rizotomy, perivagal capsaicin, celiac vagal rizotomy) to assess the role of intestinal vagal sensory neurons in mediating the satiety produced by duodenal delivery of various nutrients; and (3) to evaluate the role of intestinal CCK in mediating the activation of vagal sensory neurons by duodenal delivery of various nutrients. In this project, the researchers will examine whether peripheral CCK receptor blockade attenuates duodenal nutrient-induced activation of brain stem neurons in the dorsal vagal complex as evidenced by immunohistochemical detection of c-fos expression. These studies should advance our understanding of the mechanisms of CCK actions and the physiological controls of food intake. They should also provide direction in the search for pathogenic mechanisms of eating disorders and strategies for their treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CIRCUIT-LEVEL ENHANCEMENT

ANALYSES

OF

CONDITIONED

BLINK

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lindquist, Derick H. Psychology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal will test several hypotheses relevant to a circuit-level model of Pavlovian fear conditioning that our lab has been developing. As part of this effort, we developed a new procedure for assessing acquired fear in rats based on conditioned enhancement of the RI component of the eyeblink reflex. This general paradigm, which has a half-century tradition at Yale, was originally derived from the learning theory of Clark Hull. Conditioned RI enhancement is especially amenable to detailed analysis because of its neurophysiological and biomechanical simplicity. Importantly, the methods and results translate easily to non-invasive studies of emotion in humans. The proposed experiments test four hypotheses derived from our conceptual model of acquired fear. Over the long term, these kinds of experiments will contribute significantly to a deep understanding, through this simple model system, of the neurobiology of simple associative learning in general and acquired emotions in particular. Such information has obvious neurobiological and health significance. In regard to the latter, mood and emotional disorders (including bipolar disorders, phobias, post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression and suicide, chronic anxiety, possibly borderline personality disorders, attendant drug abuse and eating disorders, and more general consequences of these conditions) are well recognized to rank among the most important health problems facing the nation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COGNITIVE THERAPY VIA CD ROM FOR BINGE EATING DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Bulik, Cynthia M. Professor; Psychiatry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568

Studies 35

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Although eating and weight-related disorders are treatable, most afflicted individuals never receive proper treatment. Despite the existence of excellent prototype cognitive-behavioral programs for the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED) and other eating disorders, we face a crisis of dissemination. The goal of this project is to join cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with novel information technology to develop an interactive CBT program that will allow individuals to experience the basics of CBT in the privacy of their own homes. This Exploratory/Development Grant for Mental Health Intervention (R21) proposes a four stage project to develop a CD-ROM-based program for the effective delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to obese individuals with binge-eating disorder (OBED) and other unhealthy eating behaviors. In Phase 1 of the project, we will continue development of a CD-ROM program that we began in 1998. The program will be a rich, vivid, and interactive approach to CBT that provides helpful psychoeducation on unhealthy eating and weight-related practices; clearly introduces the basic concepts and techniques of CBT; provides rich and vivid examples of techniques; provides individualized and interactive exercises for practicing CBT principles; and enables users to contact the central web site and staff with questions. This program will be applicable to a broad range of adult women and men of all races and backgrounds. In Phase 2, we will implement a rigorous four-stage betatesting procedure that includes: group testing sessions followed by individual and focus group debriefing for feedback; peer review by experts in the field of CBT for eating disorders; and in-home beta testing prior to final production. Phase III of the project will be a small feasibility and pilot study comparing the efficacy of the CD-ROM-based delivery of CBT to traditional manual-based group therapy for individuals with OBED and a wait list control. Data from this pilot study will be used to support Phase IV, which will develop a proposal for a large-scale clinical trial comparing CD-ROM-based intervention with traditional group therapy. We anticipate that a CD-ROM-based program will be an efficacious and cost-effective intervention. For some, this program may suffice for treating their eating and weight-related problems. For others, it may be a useful adjunct to traditional psychotherapy or an introductory step to treatment which will familiarize them with the principles and techniques of CBT and increase their comfort and motivation to seek additional professional care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COMPARISON OF DBT AMD SUPPORTIVE THERAPY FOR BED Principal Investigator & Institution: Safer, Debra L. Psychiatry; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-APR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overarching objective of the candidate's application for an individual Research Career Award (K23) is to train the candidate to become an independent clinical researcher in an academic setting in order to develop an expertise in the treatment of individuals with eating disorders. Binge Eating Disorder (BED), a proposed diagnostic category in DSM-IV, is associated with impairments in physical, psychological, and social functioning. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), based on the restraint model, has been the most studied treatment for BED. Given that the average rate of abstinence from binge eating at the end of CBT treatment approximates 50% across multiple studies, potentially more effective treatment interventions merit consideration. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), based on the affect regulation model linking binge eating with emotional distress, is one such treatment approach. Preliminary studies indicate that abstinence rates at the end of 20

36 Eating Disorders

weeks of manualized DBT adapted for BED in a group format range from 82-89%. At the same time that new and more efficacious treatments for BED are being developed, current BED research has not as yet demonstrated consistently significant outcome differences among existing therapies. This suggests that nonspecific therapeutic factors (e.g. therapist-patient interactions) and/or baseline factors (e.g. patient expectations) may account for much if not all of BED treatment outcome. As no studies to date have compared the outcome of a specific psychotherapeutic treatment for BED with a therapy controlling for nonspecific factors, the candidate will conduct a randomized clinical trial comparing the outcome of manualized DBT to a manualized Supportive Group Therapy for adults. Assessed will be the short (post-treatment), medium (3 mo, 6 mo) and longer term (12 mo) outcomes of these treatments as well as mediators and moderators of abstinence. The candidate's specific aims for this K23 award are: 1) to obtain training in research design, statistical analysis, and the theory and process of research through an individualized program of coursework at the Stanford University School of Medicine, with a focus on health outcomes and emotion regulation research and theory; 2) to contribute meaningfully to the understanding of efficacious treatments for BED by conducting a randomized clinical trial and 3) to expand the candidate's skills so that she can develop into a successful and independent investigator capable of obtaining future support for patient-oriented research, such as an R01. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CONTINGENCIES OF SELF ESTEEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Crocker, Jennifer K. Professor; Res Center for Group Dynamics; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Self-esteem (SE) is a central aspect of mental health. Yet, research investigating the role of SE in forms of psychological distress such as depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders has failed to demonstrate a causal role of low SE in the development of disorders. The PI proposes that in addition to level of SE, the contingencies on which SE I based are critically important to the functioning of SE, vulnerability of SE in the face of stressful events, and vulnerability to psychological distress. The proposed research will be conducted in three phases: In phase 1, five studies will focus on the development of reliable and valid measures of contingencies of SE among college students, and exploring the role of contingencies of SE as prospective predictors of the activities and psychological distress experienced by college freshmen. In phase 2, studies will explore the implications of contingencies of SE for several controversial issues in the SE literature: two studies using a daily report methodology will explore the hypothesis that instability of SE across time depends jointly on an individual's contingencies of SE and the relevance of daily events to those contingencies. Three experiments will explore the hypotheses that defensiveness among high SE individuals is found among those with highly contingent SE, but not those with noncontingent SE; that whether high SE individuals become defensive in the face of threat depends on the relevance of the threat to their particular contingencies of SE, and that people with different contingencies of SE tend to show different types of defensiveness. A correlational study will test the hypothesis that SF is more strongly related to people's objective characteristics if they have highly contingent SE. In phase 3 of the project, four studies will investigate the role of contingencies of SE as vulnerability factors fol low SE among members of stigmatized groups. One study using a daily report methodology will examine whether minority college students' Se

Studies 37

fluctuates in concert with the experience of prejudice, and whether this variability in SE is more characteristic of those with highly contingent SE. A second study will use correlational methods to examine whether the association between perceived racial disadvantage with SE depends on contingencies of worth. A third study will examine daily fluctuation in the self-esteem of women who feel overweight or normal weight, as a function of their contingencies of SE and whether the social contexts they are in objectify them. A fourth study will examine daily fluctuations in the SE of gay and lesbian students as a function of their sexual contingencies of worth and whether they are attempting to conceal their orientation from others. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE IN PRIMATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cameron, Judy L.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The overall goal of this project is to determine the roles that neuropeptide Y and POMC neuronal systems play regulating food intake in primate species. Neuropeptide Yis a very potent orexigenic agent in rodents, and POMC neurons that produce a-MSH appear to be in a position to play a key role in the inhibition of food intake in rodents, by acting through melanocortin type 4 (MC4) receptors. An interesting link between these systems has recently been established by our studies showing that in the rat arcuate nucleus NPY neurons contain mRNA for agouti-related peptide, AGRP, which is an endogenous inhibitor of the MC4 receptor. In contrast to the large number of studies seeking central neural systems that control food intake in rodents species, very little work has been done in primate species to determine if the control of food intake in the primate is similar to that in the rat. We have recently shown that administration of NPY can stimulate food intake in the adult male rhesus monkey, but that the feeding sensitive NPY system in the primate is much more complex than in the rat. The goal of the project we propose in this grant is to continue our studies in the non-human primate to determine (a) the degree to which food intake is controlled by NPY and POMC systems, (b) which population(s) of NPY and POMC neurons modulate food intake in the primate, and (c) what metabolic and neural signals regulate NPY and POMC lean primates. Increased understanding of the neural systems controlling food intake in the primate will provide important new information that will e useful in devising new treatments for obesity, a condition that leads to a large increase in human morbidity and mortality, resulting from an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and associated problems in vision, kidney and liver function. Converse, this information will also be of utility in designing new treatments for people with lifethreatening eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marcus, Marsha D. Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant); The overall mission of the BATC is to maintain and extend the rich tradition of behavior focused research initiated under the leadership of Dr. Rena Wing, Director of the Pittsburgh ONRC from 1992-March 2000. Specifically, under the leadership of the current Director, Dr. David Kelley, the objectives of the

38 Eating Disorders

BATC are to promote the development and implementation of treatments that target special populations (e.g., children, bariatric surgery patients), and to develop and evaluate innovative approaches to obesity management (e.g., weight gain prevention, new motivational interventions). A second, related agenda is to promote the study of eating disorders, in particular, the investigation of brain/behavior relationships in eating disorders using fMRI and PET technologies. The BATC provides a variety of services to investigators involved in behavioral research related to obesity that are not otherwise available, and that enhance the ability of researchers to do work consistent with the mission of the ONRC. Thus the purpose of the BATC is to expand the resources available to promote behavioral research related to obesity and nutrition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CORE--OBESITY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jeffery, Robert W. Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Taken directly from the application) The overall goals of the Epidemiology and Intervention Core is (sic) to make high quality services for epidemiologic and behavioral intervention studies available to MORC investigators. These include population selection, recruitment, and survey; data base management; nutrition assessment; body composition, energy expenditure, and fitness assessment; intervention development for outpatient and community studies; and eating disorders assessment. The services provided through this Core are organized in five sections: 1. A data services section provides expertise in population selection, survey, study participant recruitment and follow-up; data entry, and data base management. 2. The nutrition assessment section provides expertise in dietary assessment methods, including instrument design, data collection, and nutrient analyses. 3. The physical activity section provides expertise in measurement of body composition, energy expenditure, fitness testing, and exercise prescription. 4. The intervention section provides guidance in the development of diet and exercise interventions for outpatient populations in clinic and community settings. 5. The eating disorders section provides training and guidance in the assessment and treatment of eating disorders. Each of these service sections provides a range of services, including consultation on methods selection and development, assistance with data collection, and training of study staff and students in these methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenhill, Laurence L. Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Psychopharmacology Core is designed to be a unit that is tightly integrated into the general intervention research program as one element of the approach to treating childhood onset psychiatric disorders. The central goals of the Core will be to facilitate the conduct of state-of-the-art studies of the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders and to facilitate the examination of the mechanisms of action of such interventions. The necessity of a Core such as this is evident from the fact that there is marked discrepancy between the data on pediatric medication usage and the studies

Studies 39

of efficacy. There are simply insufficient data on safety and efficacy. This is because there are remarkably few methodologically-sound, randomized controlled trials of medications in the treatment of childhood onset psychopathology. This is complicated further by the lack of adequate studies that investigate the basic mechanisms of response to medications in children and adolescents, including pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, neurotransmitter and pharmacogenetic studies. The absence of these sorts of strategies in child and adolescent psychopharmacology also means that there is a shortage of medications designed specifically to address childhood onset disorders. These are pressing problems that are significantly limiting progress in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In advance of this application, the program at Columbia has had active investigations in the area of pediatric psychopharmacology. These have been funded from a variety of sources including NIH, pharmaceutical companies and foundation monies. There are extensive previous and ongoing studies on the use of pharmacologic agents to treat depression, anxiety disorders, ADHD and eating disorders. There have also been extensive studies of the mechanism and prediction of medication response or adverse effects. Some of these studies have been quite basic, but nonetheless important, while others have been innovative and creative. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CRF-TYPE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS FOR ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gogas, Kathleen R. Principle Scientist; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 10555 Science Center Dr San Diego, CA 921211100 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-JAN-2002; Project End 13-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since the CRF2 receptor was cloned in 1995, relatively little has been learned about its functional biology due primarily to the lack of pharmacological tools. Anatomical distribution data had suggested that the CRF2 receptor could be involved in feeding behaviors, which led to the idea that an antagonist to this receptor could have utility in treating eating disorders like anorexia nervosa. Recently, however, a selective peptide antagonist (antisauvagine-30) and agonist (urocortin II) have become available. Preliminary data obtained with antisauvagine-30 and urocortin II verified the importance of the CRF2 receptor in anorectic behavior, but the antisauvagine-30 (ASV-30) data also suggested that the CRF2 receptor may be involved in emotional behavior and anxiety. Thus, the potential therapeutic market for a CRF2 receptor antagonist could include a much broader spectrum of emotional disorders than anorexia nervosa. Therefore, we have proposed to investigate the possibility that the CRF2 receptor plays a role in anxious behavior, using ASV-30 and urocortin II as pharmacological tools. In anticipation of a positive finding, we have also proposed to begin the process of identifying a selective, high affinity, orally available CRF2 antagonist that could be used not only for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, but also for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Therefore, Phase I is focused: 1) on biological proof of principle for the role of CRF2 receptors in anxiety, and 2) on the initial identification of a high affinity CRF2 antagonist. Phase II would follow up with the actual development of such an antagonist, fine-tuning for selectivity, oral bioavailability and safety. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: A small molecule CRF2 receptor antagonist could represent an anti?anxiety therapeutic with a novel mechanism of action and the potential to provide an improved efficacy and side effect profile in comparison to available therapeutics. Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the United States, with an estimated one year prevalence of 16.4%, and an estimated cost of $993/year/person (USDHHS, et al., 1999). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

40 Eating Disorders

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Project Title: DECREASING PREADOLESCENT

WEIGHT

GAIN

IN

AFRICAN

AMERICAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Klesges, Robert C. Executive Director; None; University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: In this response to NHLBI RFA Number HL-98-010, we propose, as a field center: In Phase I: To conduct a two year intervention planning phase to: (a) identify potentially modifiable social and behavioral determinants of the behaviors and processes that will form the core of the intervention program, particularly those that may have been previously unrecognized or that have different characteristics in African American girls than would be assumed based on studies in Euro American girls; (b) identify important contextual variables (e.g., cultural, situational, familial, or developmental factors that will clearly influence adoption and long term adherence, but which cannot be directly addressed by the intervention) and specify their implications for the intervention design and implementation; (c) for both the social/behavioral and contextual variables, distinguish between cultural variables that are common to African Americans across socioeconomic status from those that seem to apply primarily to high or low SES girls or their families, in order to clarify what differences in assumptions and approaches would apply to interventions stratified or not-stratified on SES; (d) refine proposed data collection methods to improve the validity and appropriateness of all measures for pre-pubertal African American girls, considering physiological and cognitive development, body composition issues, and psychosocial factors; (e) revise the proposed design, recruitment, intervention, and measurement plans as indicated; and (f) feasibility test all aspects in a formal 12 week pilot study with participants similar to those to be included in the Phase II study. In Phase II: To conduct a two year (Phase II) randomized clinical trial of two family-based interventions compared to a standard care condition. The primary outcome measure will be the between group differences in BMI and DEXA at 1 and 2 years of follow up. Secondary outcomes will be percent body fat, fasting insulin, glucose, and c-peptides. Intermediate outcome measures will include between group differences in dietary intake and physical activity. Measures of intervention safety and potential negative side effects of intervention will include measures of bone mass, sexual maturation, eating disorders, and rates of smoking. Because the type of intervention that will be effective will involve an interactive process of tailoring and responding to participant needs and interests, rather than fixed content offered in a fixed format, an additional aim of Phase II will be to document the interventions to allow for later dissemination. This will be accomplished through continued monitoring of the implementation process and development of a scheme for describing how the process evolves and how it can be replicated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PREVENTION

DENTAL

PRACTITIONERS

AND

EATING

DISORDER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Debate, Rita F. Health Behavior & Admin; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, NC 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The role of the dental practitioner is significant in early identification of eating disorders because dentists and dental hygienists are often the first health professionals to observe early overt medical and dental complications

Studies 41

from the disorder. Moreover, the role of these health professionals in the secondary and tertiary prevention of eating disorders extends to management of dental manifestations as well as referral and case management. This application is devised to meet specific oral and mental health objectives as stated in Healthy People 2000, Healthy Communities 2000, and Healthy People 2010. The objective of this unique and theoretically-based application is to increase the proportion of dental practitioners who appropriately assess patients for oral and physical symptoms of eating disorders and refer appropriately. This objective will be met through the following aims: 1. Conduct a needs assessment regarding current dental practitioners' attitudes, beliefs, skills, roles and self-efficacy beliefs in the identification, treatment, referral, and case management of eating disorders achieved through a random sample of dental practitioners in the US; 2. Program development based on the triangulation of needs assessment data, focus group data, and theory using the Precede/Proceed planning framework; and 3. Implement and evaluate developed programming via a sample of dental practitioners. The specific aims, when fulfilled, will be significant given the reduced quality of life and increased health care costs associated with eating disorders and associated medical and dental complications. This project is unique in that it takes a theoretical approach involving the dental practitioner as a key participant in the secondary and tertiary prevention of eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DEVELOPING IDENTITY: AN EATING DISORDERS NURSING THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stein, Karen F. Associate Professor; None; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa(BN) are life-threatening health problems that affect as many as 5 million American females each year. Although a number of psychotherapeutic approaches to treatment have been developed, their effectiveness in producing recovery is low. One limitation of existing treatment approaches is that they tend to focus on altering symptoms of the eating disorders but do not systematically address underlying cause. The intervention program tested in this study is founded on the cognitive approach to the study of the self-concept and an empirically-supported model that suggests that the eating disorders of AN and BN stem from deficits in overall identity development. More specifically, the model suggests that the availability in memory of few positive and many negative selfcognitions and high interrelatedness among the self-cognitions contributes to the disordered attitudes and behaviors associated with AN and BN. A randomized clinical trial will test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral social identity intervention program in fostering development of new and separate positive self- cognitions and promoting recovery from AN and BN. It will further examine the effects of these selfcognition changes on nutritional, psychological and functional health. An experimental pretest-posttest design will be used with supportive psychotherapy as the control intervention. Based on American Psychiatric Association Guidelines, nutritional counseling and medical care components of treatment will be held constant across both experimental and control intervention conditions. The effects of the intervention on selfcognitions, eating disordered attitudes and behaviors, nutritional, psychological and functional health will be monitored pre and post-intervention (immediate, 6 and 12 months post-intervention) in 150 women with threshold and subthreshold levels of AN

42 Eating Disorders

and BN. The Structured Clinical Interview will be used to establish the eating disorder diagnosis and Ecological Momentary Assessment methodology will be used to prospectively measure eating disorder behaviors. This project extends an established program of research on the role of self-cognitions in emotional and behavioral selfregulation and holds the potential for contributing to the development of an evidencebased psychiatric nursing treatment to promote the recovery of health in women with an eating disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EARLY CHILDHOOD FEEDING INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hodges, Eric; Population Base Nursing; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of the proposed study is to examine the quality of feeding interactions over time and to develop an observational tool for parenttoddler interactions that will have utility in both research and clinical practice. Infancy and toddlerhood are marked by the emergence of autonomy and the establishment of independent feeding patterns that may contribute to either healthy growth and development or poor nutritional outcomes, such as failure to thrive, obesity, or later eating disorders. These poor nutritional outcomes have detrimental health consequences in childhood and into adulthood. Research on feeding interactions is limited by the lack of tools that assess feeding beyond the first year of life. Therefore, a secondary analysis of mother-toddler feeding interactions (N = 126), videotaped at 12, 24, and 36 months as part of a longitudinal, observational study, is proposed to assess the reliability and validity of the Nurse Child Assessment of Feeding Scale (NCAFS) at 24 and 36 months. A second aim is to assess how maternal characteristics and child temperament contribute to variations in feeding interactions, initially at 12 months and subsequently at 24 and 36 months, if NCAFS reliability and validity are established. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EARLY DIETING IN GIRLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Birch, Leann L. Professor; Human Development and Family Studies; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, PA 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAY-1996; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (investigator's abstract) This competitive continuation grant proposes 5 years of funding to continue the prospective longitudinal study of the developing behavioral controls of food intake, with a focus on dieting, and concurrent emergence of problems of energy balance (overweight, obesity, and eating disorders) among girls. 192 girls were followed longitudinally from ages 5 to 9 years, and this application proposes to continue through 11, 13, and 15 years, when problems of energy balance are pervasive among girls. Overweight, obesity, and chronic dieting have reached epidemic proportion in the US and pose major threats to adolescent girls' health, including elevated risk for CVD, NIDDM, cancer, depression, and low self-esteem. Specific aims are unchanged: 1) to characterize individual differences among girls in the development of the behavioral controls of food intake and weight status from middle childhood through middle adolescence. 2) To identify familial predictors of individual differences among girls in the behavioral controls of food intake and weight status. The investigators propose to use longitudinal data to evaluate whether familial influences such as parents' weight

Studies 43

status, dieting history and child feeding strategies identified in childhood predict differences in eating and weight patterns into adolescence. Such information is essential in designing effective preventive interventions to address the epidemic levels of overweight, chronic dieting and weight concerns among girls and women. 3) To obtain descriptive data on what girls are doing when they report dieting. Girls report that they are dieting, but specific weight control strategies used can have very different implications for health; for example, are dieting girls eating more fruits and vegetables, or using purgatives and fasting? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EATING AND QUALITY OF LIFE POST BARIATRIC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mitchell, James Neuropsychiatric Research Institute Fargo, ND 58103

E.

Professor

&

Chair;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This grant is submitted in response to RFA:DK-03006 "Bariatric Surgery Clinical Research Consortium". We are making application to be one of the interactive Clinical Centers in this Consortium. Our research group has had a longstanding interest in eating disorders and eating problems, and has recently been interested in research in binge eating disorder, obesity and bariatric surgery. As noted in the RFA, obesity has become an alarmingly common problem in America, and baritaric surgery procedures appear to be the treatment of choice for patients with severe obesity. However, a number of important research questions have yet to be answered. In this application we review various areas of research including the relationship between psychopathology and outcome of bariatric surgery, particularly as it relates to binge eating and binge eating disorder, the development of eating disorders as a consequence of bariatric surgery, the psychosocial outcomes of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery, psychosocial interventions for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, and peptides and feeding in bariatric surgery. Preliminary data are included detailing our experiences in working with this population including an ongoing project collecting standardized databases on patients undergoing bariatric surgery at various sites, two follow-up studies that have been completed status postgastric bypass, and our experience with various modalities which could be helpful to the consortium. These include ecological momentary assessment paradigms, the use of structured and self-report instruments, the assessment of quality of life and studies of eating behavior and peptides in our human feeding laboratory. We propose two experiments. The first is a short-term study examining eating behavior both pre- and post-bariatric surgery using 72 hour dietary recall, ecological momentary assessment and feeding laboratory assessment over a period of 9 months. A second longer-term study would involve a 24 month prospective longitudinal design with a careful assessment of psychopathology and various behavioral variables that might impact on response to surgery, on the amount of weight loss, the amount of weight regained, and on psychosocial complications post operatively, as well as quality of life. Specific hypotheses are offered regarding both of these experiments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EATING DISORDERS AND IMPULSIVITY--A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Neuropsychiatric Research Institute Fargo, ND 58103

44 Eating Disorders

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: There is increasing empirical evidence suggesting that a significant subset of eating disordered individuals with high degrees of trait impulsivity display complicated psychopathology, negative course of their eating disorder, and do not respond well to traditional eating disorder treatments. Very little data is available about the day-to-day activities and behavioral patterns of these individuals, frequently referred to as "mu1tiimpulsive" or borderline-type eating disordered patients. Furthermore, there is apparently no effective treatment for these individuals. This grant represents a conceptual model of self-destructive behavior in eating disordered individuals which incorporates both trait-constructs and daily events, moods, and behaviors to account for such self-destructive behavior. This model specifically examines the role of certain personality traits (affective lability, impulsivity), childhood adversity, daily events, daily moods, and daily coping behaviors in the prediction of self-destructive behavior. Furthermore, the present study proposes to test this model utilizing electronic daily diary technology to assess the behaviors of interest. We believe that this methodology will provide reliable data that is less affected by retrospective recall bias which characterizes previous research in this area. One hundred and twenty subjects will complete electronic diaries for thirty consecutive days, which will allow the collection of a sufficient amount of data to adequately test the proposed model. We believe that this methodology will allow us to identify antecedent and consequent conditions surrounding self-destructive behavior in eating disordered individuals. This will provide important information regarding the development of treatments for this group of individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EATING DISORDERS IN TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirkpatrick, Kimberly A. Clinical & Health Psychology; University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-JUN-2001 Summary: (applicant?s abstract): There is a lengthy literature showing the association between Type 1 Diabetes and eating disorders (ED) in both adult and adolescent populations (for review see Daneman & Rodin, 1999; Rodin & Daneman, 1992). The co morbidity of EDs in Type 1 patients can disrupt adherence to the Diabetes daily treatment regimen, result in poor glycemic control, and increase the risk of diabetesrelated complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease) (e.g. Cantwell & Steel, 1996; Fairburn, Peveler, Daview, Mann & Mayou, 1991). There is a very small literature documenting EDs in Type 2 patients as well (Herpertz, et al., 2000; Kenardy, Bowen, Mensch, & Pearson, 1994; Wing, Marcus, Epstein, Blair, Burton, 1989). However, this literature addresses comorbidity in adults only, as Type 2 Diabetes is usually diagnosed in late adulthood. Comparisons in the adult literature have suggested that while the prevalence of EDs is similar in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients, the distribution of the type of ED is different (Herpertz et al., 1998). This study, in adolescents with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, aims to: 1) assess the association between disordered eating attitudes/behaviors and glycemic control, 2) assess the association between eating attitudes/behaviors and adherence to physician recommended diabetes management, 3) compare scores on the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory and the distribution of clinically diagnosed eating disorders using the Eating Disorder Examination structured interview. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies 45

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF WHAT IS KNOWN ON MEMORY FOR WHAT IS NEW Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Douglas L. Psychology; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, FL 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1976; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Seeing a familiar word unconsciously activates related associates in memory that affect how well it is remembered later on (e.g., Dime activates penny, nickel, and so on). In this research participants study words, and then their memory is tested by presenting cues to help them remember the words actually seen. We vary how the words are studied and tested and whether attention to the memory task is disrupted before the test. In what is unique about this project we vary the associative structure of the unconsciously activated associates. Associative structure refers to connections among words acquired in everyday life prior to the laboratory task, and these connections have been measured in our lab for thousands of words using normative procedures. These procedures have shown that words vary systematically in terms of how many associates they have and in terms of how organized or connected these associates are. Our memory work shows that memory for a word actually seen is better when its associates are fewer and more densely interconnected, and that these effects depend on both how good the test cue is and whether attention to the memory has been disrupted prior to testing. What is most interesting about this finding is that it indicates that unconsciously activated past experience effects memory for something recently seen. What is known affects memory for what is new. This project will test predictions of a new model for explaining these and many other findings. This work carries implications for health research. For example, the findings show that people often remember associated memories in place of what was actually experienced. False memories may be produced by similar processes. Furthermore, the project offers a new way to explore individual differences. Differences in effects related to manipulations of associative structures in special as compared to normal populations (e.g., the elderly, stroke victims, substance abusers, deaf, depressed) can provide useful diagnostic information about how these individuals process information. The ideas about activating associative structures developed in this project are being actively applied currently to the study of expectations concerning eating disorders, alcohol, and pain perception. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENERGY INTAKE IN OBESE BINGE EATING DISORDER INDIVIDUALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Raymond, Nancy C. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (investigator's abstract): Over the last decade there has been increased recognition that a subset of obese patients report binge eating episodes similar to those seen in patients with bulimia nervosa. However, individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) do not engage in compensatory behavior and therefore tend to become obese. These individuals with BED have the increased health risk associated with obesity, are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, and have high rates of treatment failure making this an important disorder to study. While certain aspects of the eating behavior of individuals with BED have been studied, important questions about energy intake patterns, nutrient composition and food selection remain unanswered.

46 Eating Disorders

Additionally, some of the best methods that are available for the study of human energy intake have not yet been applied to this population. We propose to use a comparison of results from several methods to develop a detailed understanding of total energy intake, meal patterning, and nutrient and food selection in obese individuals with BED compared to body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) matched individuals with no history of binge eating. The specific aims of this study are to determine: (1) whether individuals with BED have a higher daily energy intake on average than their non-BED counterparts, (2) how the patterns of energy intake, food selection and nutrient composition differ between individuals with and without a BED diagnosis during meals and overeating episodes, determine the nature of binge eating episodes in the BED population. We hypothesize that: (1) there will be a significant elevation in the total energy intake per day in individuals with BED compared to non-BED individuals; (2) patterns of energy intake will be significantly different between the two groups and; (3) nutrient selection and food selections will differ between individuals with BED and individuals who do not have current or past binge eating episodes. We propose to add to the current body of knowledge in this area with the use of the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique to validate the accuracy of self-reported energy intake records. This study will provide the first direct evidence of the relationship between energy expenditure and self-reported energy intake in individuals with BED. We propose the use of random 24-hour dietary recall interviews to collect dietary intake data in individuals with and without a BED diagnosis. This method has not previously been applied to the study of this disorder. We propose to compare energy intake data collected during binge eating episodes and normal meals in a laboratory setting with comparable data collected during the random dietary recall interviews and the DLW study. A thorough understanding of the energy intake patterns in BED and non-BED individuals will lead to a better understanding of the descriptive nature of the disorder. It will also help to guide treatment priorities and aid researchers in prioritizing which biological systems to study gain insight into the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EXPLORING DIABETES AND DEPRESSION IN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Mckeown, Robert E. Graduate Director for Epidemiology; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, SC 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exploring Diabetes and Depression in Youth (EDDY) is a response to RFA-DK-02-009: Depression and Mental Disorders in Diabetes, Renal Disease, and Obesity / Eating Disorders. EDDY will focus on depression and diabetes in 10 to 19 year old youth at two ethnically diverse sites: South Carolina and Colorado. EDDY is an ancillary study to SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, a CDC- and NIDDK-funded, multisite investigation for population-based case ascertainment and classification of both prevalent and incident cases of diabetes in youth. This case-cohort will allow investigation of the complex association between diabetes and depression in three major ethnic groups, African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Whites. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the third most prevalent severe chronic disease of childhood, and a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and compromised quality of life. Childhood DM is now acknowledged to be a complex and heterogeneous disorder, with increasing rates of type 2 DM. A few smaller studies have found that children with DM are at higher risk for depression and that depressed children with DM may be at increased risk

Studies 47

of poor management and complications. Existing studies have been small, and restricted to type 1 diabetes. The overall aim of this application is to explore the complex associations of depression and diabetes, which may differ for type 1 and type 2, in the SEARCH case cohort in SC and CO. We will examine the mutual impact of depression on diabetes management, glucose control, quality of life, and complications, as well as the impact of DM disease burden on the risk for depression. Specifically, we will estimate the prevalence and incidence of depression and related affective and anxiety disorders among youth with DM, and explore the correlates and predictors for depression among children and teens with DM, including parenting, self-efficacy, body image, and self-esteem. We will also investigate the impact of depression on diabetes management, clinical course, and complications in both type 1 and type 2 DM, and examine the extent of effective treatment for depression, and the impact of treatment on DM outcomes. Finally, we will explore the pathways involved in the association between DM and co-morbid depression and recurrent depression, with particular attention to disease burden, self-concept, obesity, and parenting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS AND EMBRYONIC ORGAN FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernfield, Merton R. Clements Smith Professor of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, MA 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Syndecans, cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, (HSPG) bind and modulate the activity of a large number of extracellular effectors. The ectodomains of the syndecans can be shed, generating soluble HSPGs that can inhibit these cell surface interactions. Several transgenic mouse lines that express high levels of cell surface syndecan- 1 under the control of a CMV promoter/enhancer were generated to evaluate its functions in vivo. Syndecan- 1 was expressed in multiple somatic tissues and in the hypothalamic areas that regulate body weight. The transgenic mice mimic (i) obese mice with abnormalities in melanocortin-4 receptor function and (ii) humans with the Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a genetic malformation and obesity syndrome of unknown etiology. Transgenic expression of syndecan- 1 appears to have has uncovered a physiological control of feeding behavior. These studies define new functions for syndecans and have important implications for understanding eating disorders, both obesity and cachexia. Obesity is a significant public health hazard; about half of U.S. women and men are now considered overweight and the IOM indicates that this costs more than $70 billion annually in the U.S. Thus, syndecan induction and syndecan interactions are potentially important new targets for pharmacological control of body weight. Specifically, the investigators aim to explore the remarkable phenotypes produced by syndecan- 1 overexpression: (i) establish the role of syndecans in melanocortin receptor function by characterizing the interaction of syndecans with agouti/AGRP peptides and analyzing how this interaction modulates melanocortin receptor signaling both in vitro and in vivo. (ii) evaluate whether hypothalamic expression of syndecan-3 is a physiological regulator of feeding behavior by characterizing the induced expression of hypothalamic syndecan-3. analyzing feeding behavior in syndecan-3 null mice and identifying potential regulators of hypothalamic synce~an-3 expression. (iii) analyze the obesity and morphogenetic abnormalities of the syndecan- 1 overexpressing mouse by evaluating the mouse as a genetic model of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome and by identifying the genes responsible for morphogenetic abnormalities and for reducing the obesity.

48 Eating Disorders

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FACILITATING INTERNAL REGULATION OF EATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Chatoor, Irene; Professor; Children's Research Institute Washington, D.C., DC 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The number of adolescents and adults with eating disorders has been increasing, and it has been reported that up to one third of elementary school children are preoccupied with dieting and weight. Although longitudinal research suggests that feeding problems and eating disorders often start early and are stable over time, little is known about how the regulation of eating develops in infants and young children. It is proposed that the regulation of eating in infancy develops in the context of parent-infant interactions. Feeding disorders develop when specific infant and parent vulnerabilities interact and difficulties arise during feeding. The specific aims of this project are twofold: 1) To further validate this transactional model for the regulation of eating in infants and young children; 2) To test the effectiveness of a short-term intervention based on this transactional model for a specific feeding disorder-Infantile Anorexia. Infantile Anorexia is characterized by the onset of persistent food refusal during the transition to self-feeding, malnutrition, parental anxiety about the infant's poor food intake, and mother-infant conflict during feeding. It is the most severe form of a spectrum of feeding problems in infants and young children. A partial dismantling design has been chosen to test the transactional model and the efficacy of a brief intervention, based on this model, to treat infantile anorexia. There will be two treatment groups with 55 infants in each group. The infants will be randomly assigned to one of two interventions. Intervention Group I will receive the full treatment model: a Psycho-Educational Treatment which will address the infant's temperament and the parent's vulnerability in regards to limit setting. This intervention will prepare the parents for the second part of the intervention, the Parent Training, which gives the parents specific suggestions on feeding routines and behavior management of the infant in order to facilitate internal regulation of eating. Intervention Group II will receive Parent Training plus four hours of therapist contact which serves as a Control Condition. This Control Condition was chosen to be as non-specific and as different as possible from the Psycho-Educational Treatment. If, as hypothesized, the PsychoEducational Treatment plus Parent Training brings the greatest improvement in parentinfant interactions and thus facilitates the infant's eating and gaining weight, these data will further validate the transactional model for Infantile Anorexia. In addition, these data will clarify how to facilitate internal regulation of eating in infants and young children in general. The principles of internal regulation of eating can be applied to the prevention and treatment of other eating disorders of children and adolescents as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FAMILY THERAPY FOR ADOLESCENT BULIMIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Le Grange, Daniel; None; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, IL 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a disabling eating disorder and affects as many as 2% of young women. It is a major source of psychiatric and medical morbidity that often impairs several areas of functioning. BN is occurring with increasing frequency among adolescents and preadolescents. Applying stringent

Studies 49

diagnostic criteria for BN, studies have found 2-5% of adolescent girls surveyed qualify for diagnosis of BN. Research specific to treatment of child and adolescent eating disorders remains limited. No psychological treatment has been systematically evaluated in the treatment of adolescents with BN. The rationale for the proposed study derives from the candidate's participation in the conduct of treatment studies for adolescents with anorexia nervosa at the Maudsley Hospital in London. These data indicate that a specific form of family therapy is effective in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Involving the parents and siblings in treatment has beneficial effects on reversing the course of the eating disorder as well as improving family interaction. A preliminary report from the Maudsley group has also shown that this family therapy may be helpful in the treatment of adolescents with BN. Because most young adolescents still live with their families of origin, and are embedded in their families. This raises the important clinical possibility that adolescent BN patients can also be successfully treated with family therapy. We hypothesize that family therapy is an effective and essential way to reduce binging and purging in adolescents with BN, and will lead to long-term amelioration of bulimic symptoms. In the proposed study we aim to adapt and pilot a recently developed family therapy manual for adolescent anorexia nervosa for use in the treatment of adolescent BN patents, and to compare the efficacy of this conceptually and procedurally distinct family therapy treatment with a manualized individual control psychotherapy. To achieve these aims, we propose a fiveyear controlled treatment study to be carried out at The University of Chicago. Ninety newly referred adolescents meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for BN will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: 1) family therapy or 2) individual supportive control treatment. All patients will receive the same medical evaluation and monitoring throughout the study period. Assessment of psychiatric and medical outcome measures will be carried out at the onset of treatment, during treatment, at the end of treatment, and again at six-month follow-up. The primary clinical outcome variables assessed will be binge and purge frequency (Eating Disorder Examination), while secondary outcome variables will include the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and Expressed Emotion. The candidate is a clinical psychologist who seeks to acquire skills in sophisticated statistical techniques for longitudinal data analysis, more in-depth knowledge of child and adolescent development and mentoring to conduct an independent controlled treatment trial in adolescent BN. This award will allow the candidate to train in appropriate research methodology and statistical procedures, and provide instruction, mentorship and experience in conducting a randomized trial of psychosocial treatments. Dr. Le Grange will engage in course work, workshops, controlled treatment trial research, and have ongoing mentorship from experts in the field. Through this award, the candidate will be able to build upon his prior experience as a participant in the conduct of controlled studies, put himself in a competitive position to apply for funding in the future, and establish himself as an independent treatment outcomes researcher. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FOSTERING A RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT AT A WONEN'S COLLEGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoegler, Carl; Biology; Marymount College Tarrytown, Ny 10591-3796 Tarrytown, NY 10591 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: At Marymount College Tarrytown, a liberal arts college for women, Dr. Carl Hoegler, Extramural Associate is submitting a competitive renewal proposal for

50 Eating Disorders

continuance of EARDA (Phase II) to encouraging faculty and students to pursue biomedical and behavioral research and research training. This new Plan will build on progress during Phase I to strengthen the research and communication infrastructure. The Office of Information Exchange will continue to publish a regular newsletter and update its Web page highlighting campus researchers and announcing new grants. Contacts with researchers at new external research sites will be pursued. Through incentives, an increase in the number of grant proposals written and in the number of faculty and students involved in research and participation in intercollegiate conferences will take place. The regular series of lecture and field trips will increase the number of students involved in research and research training. The College expects to develop a more formal network with external researchers, leading to more collaborative ventures. One particular mission is to develop a strategy for increasing the number of successful grants through greater interaction with grant program directors as well as contact with grants offices at other colleges, and by way of grant consultants. There will be an increase in collaboration between grant writers and the development office, so that more proposals are submitted to both governmental agencies and private foundations. Since a new departmental concentration in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has just been approved, and the recent General Education CAP (career achievement portfolio) program will be soon effective, these may offer opportunities for students to undertake more mentored research projects. In collaboration with the faculties of nutrition, psychology and biology, EARDA funding for an eating disorders conference on campus in 2003 is being sought. This will involve the participation of students, experts and faculty of these departments in an interdisciplinary educational venture that will promote an understanding of a serious health problem, common to women. Anticipation of the future conference will facilitate involvement of faculty and students in research activities in this area. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING OF THE HEDONIC ASPECT OF TASTE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cerf-Ducastel, Barbara I. Assistant Research Professor; Psychology; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the present project is to investigate the neurophysiological substrate of the hedonic component of taste perception in humans, as a critical determinant of food selection. Sensible eating behavior is a key to good health and eating disorders often result in aggravated risks of disease and decrease in quality of life. A clearer understanding of the hedonic aspect of taste perception may suggest strategies to promote healthy eating patterns in the general population and in those with eating disorders. The present project will specifically address two questions. (1) Which cortical areas code the hedonic component of taste perception? (2) Does activation of these areas vary in different hedonic contexts? The project will take advantage of the power of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique to image the brain with resolution sufficient to analyze the activation in individual subjects. The ability to take into account inter-individual differences is critical to the study of hedonic judgments, which are highly dependent on subjects' experience and culture. Emphasis will be placed on parallel psychophysical investigation of subjects in order to optimize the choice of stimuli and to correlate fMRI data with psychophysical parameters. The first question will be addressed by presenting

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pleasant and unpleasant taste stimuli to subjects in an fMRI scanner and by identifying cortical activation associated with stimulus pleasantness. The second question will be addressed by examining the cortical activity of the previously identified areas under different contextual conditions. Context will be manipulated through the visual presentation of appetizing or disgusting food pictures during stimulus tasting, as visual inputs represent a major source of sensory information possibly affecting cognitive states. A psychophysical investigation will aim at measuring the effect of visual information on hedonic evaluation of taste stimuli and the fMRI experiment will aim at identifying the cortical substrate of this effect; i.e. the areas with activity modulated by the hedonic changes related to the context modification. New knowledge about taste hedonics is critical to understanding food intake in order to facilitate development of strategies to promote healthy eating patterns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FOR EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klump, Kelly L. Assistant Professor; Psychology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, MI 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have some of the highest mortality rates (i.e., > 10 percent) of any psychiatric illness. The overall purpose of the proposed study is to increase understanding of the epidemiology of these disorders by examining genetic and environmental risk factors using a developmental, behavioral genetic approach. Data for this project come from 680 11 year-old twins participating in the population-based, longitudinal Minnesota Twin Family Study. Twins from this larger project were assessed at three-year intervals following baseline (i.e., ages 11, 14, 17), and data from all three timepoints will be used in analyses. The first aim of the proposed study is to examine developmental differences in genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors across adolescence (i.e. at ages 11, 14, and 17). It is hypothesized that genetic influences will increase and environmental influences will decrease in magnitude across these three adolescent ages. The second aim is to determine the role of puberty in these developmental differences. It is hypothesized that eating pathology will show negligible genetic influence in pre-pubertal twins, but significant genetic effects in post-pubertal twins. Structural equation modeling will be used to examine each of these first two hypotheses. The final aim of the proposed project is to identify specific genetic and environmental risk factors for eating disorders by examining Time 1 (age 11) psychiatric (depression, anxiety, and disordered eating), temperamental (negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and constraint), physical/maturational (body mass index (BMI), pubertal status), and family (relationships with parents, marital discord) predictors of Time 3 (age 17) eating disorder status. The nature (i.e., genetic versus environmental) of significant risk factors will then be examined. It is hypothesized that anxiety disorders, negative emotionality, pubertal status, and BMI will be the most significant predictors of eating pathology. Further, risk factor/eating disorder covariations are hypothesized to be due to common genetic rather than common environmental factors. These last hypotheses will be tested using logistic regression analyses as well as structural equation modeling. Findings from this study will significantly increase understanding of developmental risk factors for eating disorders and potentially inform intervention and prevention efforts aimed at their amelioration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIOR

GENETIC

APPROACHES

TO SEROTONIN AND FEEDING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Tecott, Laurence H. Assistant Professor; Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Brain serotonin systems are strongly implicated in the regulation of normal feeding behavior and in the dysregulation of feeding observed in eating disorders. Several lines of evidence indicate that serotonin 5-HT2C receptor subtype contributes significantly to the serotonergic inhibition of food intake. Consistent with this, mice lacking functional setotonin 5-HT2C receptors display reduced sensitivity to appetite suppressant drugs that act through serotonin systems. In addition, these animals exhibit a dysregulation of feeding behavior leading to chronic elevations of food intake, late-onset ('middle-age") obesity and enhanced susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Several features of this obesity syndrome are reminiscent of common forms of the human condition. It is proposed that 5-HT2C receptor mutants provide a unique genetic model in which obesity results from a primary defect in feeding behavior rather than a direct effect of the mutation on energy expenditure. In addition to testing this hypothesis, the neural mechanisms through which 5-HT2C receptors regulate feeding will be explored. In Aim 1, detailed studies of feeding behavior will be performed to test the hypothesis that 5-HT2C receptor mutants compensate for their overeating by increasing energy expenditure and that subsequent obesity results from an age dependent failure to maintain this compensation. In aim 3, mechanisms through which serotonin systems compensate for the 5-HT2C receptor mutation will be explored. Particular attention will be paid to potential compensation by the 5-HT1B receptor, including studies of feeding behavior and energy balance in "double-mutant" mice lacking both the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptor subtypes. Studies of Aim 4 will identify brain regions and transmitter systems through which 5-HT2C receptors may regulate feeding. Hypotheses generated from the results of aim 4 will be tested in Aim 5 through the development of mice in which 5-HT2C receptor mutations are localized to restricted brain regions and cell types. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETIC DISSECTING SEROTONERGIC PHENOTYPES IN C ELEGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sze, Ji-Ying Y. Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, CA 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): During the terminal differentiation, every neuron must choose a transmitter. Many different neurons choose the same transmitter, thus the same neurotransmitter may subserve many different functions. Although factors regulating early stages of neurogenesis are beginning to be elucidated, the genetic network determining neurotransmitter phenotypes is largely unknown.This proposal uses genetic approaches to identify genes determining the serotonergic phenotype and to study the role of serotonergic neurons in metabolic control in C. elegans. The proposed experiments take advantages that serotonin-deficient worms are fully viable, and the serotonergic system, including 5 classes, a total of 9 neurons, offers both the simplicity and diversity for genetic and physiological analysis.First, we will identify genes regulating serotonergic neuron development. We have isolated 2 classes of

Studies 53

mutations affecting the development of particular serotonergic neurons. We will assess if the mutations prevent the neuron generation, or if they affect particular aspects of the final neuronal identity. We will clone 2-3 genes likely acting in the terminal differentiation and determine their expression pattern. Second, we will determine if there are cell-specific regulators directing serotonin synthesis. Through molecular dissection of the promoter of the serotonin synthetic enzyme gene tph-1, we will determine if discrete sequence motifs direct tph-1 expression in particular neurons. We will test if the POU-transcription factor UNC-86 that is required for tph-1 expression in a subset of the serotonergic neurons directly regulates tph-1. Third, we will assess the role of serotonergic neurons in metabolic control. Our previous study indicated that serotonin regulates the TGF-b and insulin neuroendocrine pathways to modulate C. elegans metabolism. We will test if mutations affecting particular serotonergic neurons affect a specific metabolic regulatory pathway, and if restoration of serotonin production in particular neurons rescues the metabolic defects of serotonin deficient mutants. Fourth, We will use genetic epistasis analysis to assess the interaction of serotonin and other neural signaling that also regulate metabolism. The goal is to explore how serotonin signals are integrated to modulate metabolism.Dysregulations of serotonin signaling have been associated with eating disorders, type II diabetes, and obesity. Identification of genes that determine the serotonergic phenotype and understanding the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of metabolism in C. elegans will provide reagents to study the development and function of serotonergic neurons in human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETICS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Berrettini, Wade H. Karl E. Rickels Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic and often fatal disorder that affects 0.3% of women. There is no FDA-approved treatment, and the mortality rate is 5% per decade. In addition to environmental influence, family and twin studies demonstrate substantial heritability for AN. Because the etiology of this devastating illness is not known, we undertook a pilot study to examine its genetic underpinnings. With the support of a private foundation, our multicenter collaboration has collected 196 multiplex AN kindreds from 7 sites across North America and Europe. With a limited sample, this pilot study has produced four suggestive linkages from a genome-wide scan, one very close to genome-wide significance (Chromosome 1 at 70 cM, p - 0.0001; Chr. 1 at 202 cM, LOD = 3 46. p = 0.00003; Chr. 2 at 102 cM, LOD = 2.22: p = 0.00070; and Chr. 13 at 102 cM. LOD = 2.50; p = 0.00035) The first suggestive linkage results from a subset of the sample, namely individuals with the restricting subtype of AN. The other results were obtained by incorporating two covariates, drive-for-thinness from the Eating Disorders lnventory-2 and the total score from the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, into covariate-based linkage analysis. Based on these very promising linkage findings, we believe genes underlying liability to AN can be mapped by augmenting the pilot sample. Thus support is requested for a multicenter effort to collect 400 affected relative pairs with AN. Over a five year period, the 11 collaborating groups (10 clinical, 1 analytic) will collect diagnostic and other phenotypic data and blood samples from 400 multiplex AN kindreds. The UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH is one of these research groups. each of which is submitting a nearly identical application as a group of collaborating ROls. Microsatellites will be genotyped at H 10 cM intervals

54 Eating Disorders

across the genome using all new families. Linkage analyses will be conducted by using diagnostic and phenotypic data to confirm suggestive linkages from the pilot study and to identify new genomic regions of interest. The diagnostic and genetic data and lymphoblastoid cell lines (derived from blood samples) will become part of a national archival resource for genetic studies of AN through the NIMH Genetics Initiative. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HINDBRAIN AND NEUROPEPTIDE Y--CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Corp, Eric S. Psychology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, MA 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (applicant's abstract): The goal of this project is to elucidate in rats the neuropeptide Y (NPY) circuitry and specific receptor subtypes in the hindbrain that may participate in a larger neural network involved in the control of food intake and the regulation of body weight. Most attention given to NPY's role in food intake has focused on the hypothalamus. The hindbrain has received less attention, even though NPY and its receptors are widespread in hindbrain and NPY-related agonists stimulate feeding when their distribution is restricted to the hindbrain. Experimental aims in this proposal focus on hindbrain NPY and NPY receptors and address several questions: Does NPY activity in hindbrain participate in the physiological control of food intake? This question will be pursued using fourth ventricular administration of specific NPY receptor antagonists. Where is the locus, or loci, where NPY acts to stimulate feeding? Based on preliminary results, we hypothesize a locus exists in the dorsal pons central gray area. This locus, we predict, will be more sensitive than other hindbrain sites to microinjections of an NPY- related agonist. What effect do lesions of this sensitive locus have on ad libitum and deprivation-induced food intake? What is the origin of NPY afferents to this locus? Experiments addressing this question will employ retrograde labeling methods combined with immunostaining for NPY. What is the distribution and binding characteristics of the specific NPY receptor subtypes that mediate NPY's effects on food intake? For these experiments we will combine behavioral methods using microinjection of NPY receptor agonists and antagonists with receptor binding methods using quantitative autoradiography. The major emphasis of this proposal is on NPY afferents in the dorsal pons and the locus or synaptic field where NPY acts to stimulate food intake. Towards the long range aim of mapping the larger NPY neural circuitry, I propose additionally to investigate NPY gene expression in response to food deprivation in locus coeruleus and dorsal tegmental nuclei, two dorsal pontine loci with NPY efferent projections to forebrain and perhaps hindbrain targets involved in NPYstimulated food intake. The hindbrain locus for NPY action in feeding is a doorway through which to approach the broader neural circuitry regulating energy balance. I plan as long term goals to characterize the functional and anatomical relationship between NPY and other neuro- transmitters, and the relationship between hindbrain and hypothalamic neural substrates involved in the control of food and regulation of body weight. Results will contribute to the overall understanding of the neurobiology underlying obesity and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HORMONES, BRAIN FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Wade, George N. Professor; Psychology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, MA 01003

Studies 55

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1979; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: In female mammals, reproduction is extremely sensitive to the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels. When food intake is limited or when an inordinate fraction of the available energy is diverted to other uses such as exercise or fattening, reproductive attempts are suspended in favor of processes necessary for individual survival. Both reproductive physiology and sexual behaviors are influenced by metabolic fuel availability. Nutritional effects on reproductive physiology are mediated by changes in the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the forebrain, whereas the suppression of sexual behaviors appears to be due, at least in part, to decreases in estrogen receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Work using pharmacological inhibitors of glucose and fatty acid oxidation indicates that reproductive physiology and behavior respond to short-term (minute-to-minute or hour-to-hour) changes in metabolic fuel oxidation, rather than to any aspect of body size or composition (e.g., body fat content or fat-to-lean ratio). These metabolic cues seem to be detected in the viscera (most likely in the liver) and in the caudal hindbrain (probably in the area postrema). This metabolic information is then transmitted to the GnRHsecreting or estradiol-binding effector neurons in the forebrain. This metabolic fuels hypothesis is consistent with a large body of evidence and seems to account for the infertility that is seen in a number of situations, including famine, eating disorders, excessive exercise, cold exposure, lactation, some types of obesity, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. The experiments proposed in this application focus on the physiological processes mediating deficits in female sexual behavior that are seen in nutritional infertility. One group of proposed experiments is directed at determining how information about metabolic fuel availability is transmitted from the putative detectors to forebrain effector cells, including the neural pathways and neurotransmitters involved. Another group of experiments addresses the potential role of the adipose tissue hormone, leptin, in the behavioral aspects of nutritional infertility. A third proposed line of research examines the effects of altered partitioning of metabolic fuels on estrous behavior and neural steroid receptors. The fourth group of experiments assesses the effects of energetic challenges on preoptic area steroid receptors and positive feedback effects of estradiol and progesterone on LH release. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HUMAN TISSUE CELL-BASED TOXICITY BY FLOW CYTOMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ransom, John T.; Novasite Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 11095 Flintkote Ave San Diego, CA 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose a novel in vitro human tissue cell-based toxicology screening approach based on Flow Cytometry (FCM) that can quickly and inexpensively identify toxic drug candidates and has the potential to uncover the molecular basis of the observed toxic effect. The lower costs and throughput of cellbased toxicity screening of hundreds of primary human cell lines derived from different tissues would enable efficient toxicity testing of early-stage drug candidates. Novasite's existing flow cytometry-based single cell screening technology platform is uniquely positioned to develop this approach. We have develop automated sample input and output handling devices for Flow Cytometry (FCM) that enable rapid screening of multiple tissue-specific human cell lines. Multiparametric capabilities enable simultaneous detection of multiple toxic effects of drug candidates on human cells based on their mechanism of action. Our high speed FCM sorter enables fast and accurate sorting of toxic versus non-toxic cells from a population of cells belonging to

56 Eating Disorders

the same type. The differential pattern of gene expression in toxic versus non-toxic cells enables the identification of the molecular targets responsible for the observed toxicity. The serotonin system has been implicated in a wide range of psychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, eating disorders and substance abuse and dependence. The multiplicity of serotonergic molecular targets and their widespread distribution throughout the human body renders serotonin physiology extremely complex, both centrally and peripherally, with a common presence of important side effects for serotonergic drugs. The serotonin system is thus an excellent test case to probe the power of our novel human tissue cellbased toxicity approach to identify not only such side effects, but also the molecular targets responsible for the unwanted effect, which would guide medicinal chemistry approaches to remove the undesirable activity of drug candidates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HYPOTHALAMIC 5-HT2C RECEPTOR CONTROL OF ENERGY BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Akana, Susan F. Associate Research Physiologist; Physiology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): 5-HT is a pivotal CNS regulatory molecule of food intake, energy usage and deposition. 5-HTergic drugs have long been used in the treatment of obesity and other eating disorders, thereby increasing the importance of understanding 5-HT's role in energy balance. Unfortunately, due to the lack of drugs specific for the many 5-HTergic receptors, studying this role has been difficult. To circumvent this, we propose to use a mouse with a targeted deletion (KO) of the 5-HT2CR to elucidate the action of the 5-HT2CR in the hypothalamic circuitry regulating energy balance. These mice are slightly overweight and have aberrations in energy regulation. Our studies and those of others suggest that the 5-HT2CR is important in the CNS processing of peripheral metabolic cues. This mouse serves as an excellent model to study energy balance regulation. Specific Aim 1 determines the importance of the 5-HT2CR in CNS energy balance circuitry. A battery of metabolic signals will be given to KO and wildtype (WT) mice. They will be examined: (1) anatomically, with fos, to determine CNS sites that require the 5-HT2C receptor for metabolic processing, and (2) physiologically, measuring food intake, oxygen consumption, and hormone levels, to determine whether these mice have normal physiologic responses to metabolic cues, and (3) with manipulations of 5-HT systems in normal mice to see if we can mimic the responses of KO mice with deletions of 5-HT in specific CNS regions. Specific Aim 2 will elucidate interactions of 5-HT2CR and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the hypothalamus. NPY induced feeding is modulated by 5HT and by drugs acting at the 5-HT2CR. Three sets of questions will be asked: (1) Do KO mice have normal food intake and SNS responses to icv NPY injection? (2) Is the regulation of NPY at the arcuate nucleus normal in fed and fasted KO mice? (3) What are the projections of hypothalamic 5-HT2CR containing cells? From the experiments of this grant application, we will have an enhanced understanding of the CNS sites important for processing of peripheral metabolic signals, the role of the 5-HT2CR in those sites, and the involvement of 5-HT and the 5-HT2CR in hypothalamic NPY circuitry as it relates to energy balance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE EATING DISORDER RISK FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Craig B. Professor; Psychiatry; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Description (adapted from the investigator's abstract): Unhealthy weight control methods and body image concerns, which may predispose to clinical and subclinical eating disorders, are widespread among college students. The primary aim of this application is to determine if reducing eating disorders risk-factors (excessive weight/shape concerns and/or bingeing) in female college students reduces the incidence of these disorders. Secondary aims are to evaluate the long-term effects, of a moderated, interactive, multimedia intervention to: reduce potential risk factors for eating disorders, determine the importance of weight gain, evaluate the role of upsetting events, detect new onset of other psychiatric disorders or alcohol and drug abuse on precipitating subclinical/clinical eating disorders. Six hundred sixty students at high risk of developing eating disorders from 3 different colleges/universities will be selected for the project. Students will be selected as being at risk based on high scores on the weight concerns scale. High-risk students will then be randomized into a multimedia risk-reduction program or to no-intervention and followed for up to twoand-a-half years. We expect that 10 percent of the students in the high-risk untreated group will develop eating disorders in one year and that the intervention will reduce this rate by 50 percent (a 5 percent difference). The multimedia risk-reduction program was chosen for the intervention because it was proven effective in a series of pilot studies and can be provided to students at relatively low cost. The intervention is a structured 9-week program which includes sections on reducing body image and weight/shape concerns, the risks of eating disorders, and increasing healthy weight regulation practices. The program also includes weekly readings and writing assignments and participation in a moderated electronic discussion group. The program automatically monitors adherence. Quarterly booster sessions will be provided to help ensure maintenance of risk factor reduction. The primary outcome measure will be oneyear incidence of eating disorders determined by a diagnostic interview. Secondary outcome measures will include weight concerns, eating disorder symptoms, body shape and eating disorder attitudes, distress and treatment seeking. Changes in BMI, the occurrence of major stressors and psychiatric events will also be assessed to determine their impact on the incidence of eating disorders. Incidence rates will be compared using a chi-square statistic. Survival analyses and other multivariate statistics will be used to examine secondary hypotheses and exploratory analyses. The application focuses on issues relevant to recently described NIMH priorities in prevention. Developing and evaluating interventions to reduce eating disorders in this high-risk population is of extreme public health importance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LEPTIN ACTION ON HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDES GOVERNING FEEDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Sahu, Abhiram; Research Associate Professor; Cell Biology and Physiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The goal of this project is to understand the neurobiological basis of food intake and body weight regulation. Leptin, a product of the obese gene in fat cells, is one

58 Eating Disorders

of the most important peripheral satiety factors that inhibits food intake and body weight by acting in the brain. Since obese humans, and mice made obese by dietary manipulation, have elevated levels of circulating leptin but maintain a normal food intake, it is thought that obese individuals are relatively insensitive to endogenous leptin. In rodents, chronic leptin infusion produces resistance to the satiety action of leptin. The hypothalamic mechanisms for the development of resistance to leptin's satiety action are unknown. This problem will be addressed here in a chronic leptin infused rat. A simple hypothesis that alterations in the secretion and actions of a model orexigenic, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and anorectic, neurotensin (NT), peptide underlies the resistance to leptin's satiety action will be tested. The following Specific Aims will be addressed. Specific Aim 1: To determine whether decreased NPY secretion (synthesis and release) and/or increased NT secretion in the arcuate nucleus (ARC)paraventricular nucleus (PVN) pathway can account for the acute leptin induced decrease in food intake; and whether changes in responsiveness to the actions of NPY and NT are also involved; Specific Aim 2: To determine whether the changes in secretion and action of NPY and NT that are established to underlie the acute effects of leptin are reversed with chronic leptin exposure and lead to the development of resistance to leptin's satiety action; Specific Aim 3: To determine the changes in leptin receptor activity and gene expression during the acute hypophagia induced by leptin and during the development of resistance to leptin's satiety action; Specific Aim 4: To describe the reversals in activities of the NPY and NT systems and in leptin receptor function that may be anticipated to occur in association with the hyperphagia and subsequent return to the control condition that follows withdrawl from chronic leptin infusion. Peptide neurosecretion will be evaluated by assessing synthetic potential (mRNA), availability for release (peptide content), and output (in vivo and in vitro release). Peptides and hormones will be measured by RIA. Prepro-mRNAs for neuropeptides and their receptors, and for leptin receptors will be measured by in situ hybridization technique. NPY and NT receptor activities will be assessed by ligandbinding assay. These studies will further our understanding of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus in relation to feeding, and therefore will be relevant to the development of therapeutic approaches to eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MECHANISM OF ESTROGEN'S INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON FEEDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Eckel, Lisa A. Psychology; Florida State University 118 North Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, FL 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ovarian cycle has profound effects on food intake in a variety of species, including humans. This effect is very prominent in female rats which display a 20 - 40 percent decrease in food intake during the estrous (sexually receptive) phase of the cycle. This decline in food intake during estrus appears to be mediated, at least in part, by increased sensitivity to the satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK), a gut peptide that is released during meals and functions to decrease food intake by generating a satiety signal that is relayed to the brain via the vagus nerve. The importance of the rat's ovarian cycle in the control of food intake is revealed by ovariectomy, which increases food intake, decreases sensitivity to CCK, promotes body weight gain and, in the absence of estrogen replacement, induces obesity. Although the decline in estrogen activity appears to mediate the hyperphagia and associated body weight gain following ovariectomy, it is not known whether changes in endogenous

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estrogen activity mediate the decrease in food intake and increase in CCK satiation expressed during estrus in cycling rats. One goal of this proposal is to determine whether antagonism of central estrogen receptor activity will block the estrous-related decrease in food intake and increase in CCK satiation. To investigate this hypothesis, food intake and meal patterns will be monitored in cycling rats treated with an antiestrogen at various phases of the estrous cycle. A second goal is to use c-Fos immunocytochemistry, a marker of neuronal activity, to determine whether increased sensitivity to the satiety effects of CCK during estrus is mediated by increased responsivity of neurons that process satiety signals generated by consumption of a meal and by injection of CCK. A third goal of this proposal is to determine the brain areas where endogenous estrogen acts to decrease food intake and increase CCK satiation during estrus. In this experiment, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry techniques will be combined to determine whether those neurons that are activated by CCK express estrogen receptors. Together, these studies have the potential to broaden our understanding of the mechanism by which food intake is controlled across the estrous cycle of female rats. Because eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men, this proposal targets an important research question with clear clinical relevance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DISORDER

MEDITATION-BASED

TREATMENT

FOR

BINGE

EATING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kristeller, Jean L. Psychology; Indiana State University 217 N 6Th St Terre Haute, IN 47809 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: As many as 30% of individuals seeking treatment for obesity meet DSM-IV criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) (1). BED is marked by recurrent episodes of bingeing, accompanied by feelings of loss of control, and involves chronic disregulation of physiological, emotional and behavioral systems (2). Meditation-based interventions have been used successfully to treat disorders with similar addictive and disregulatory characteristics (3), but have not been applied to treating BED. Data from an uncontrolled pilot study (4) suggests that such an intervention can have marked immediate impact on decreasing episodes of binge eating and other associated characteristics in obese women. Therefore, this study incorporates appropriate comparison conditions to further investigate the efficacy of a mindfulness meditation-based intervention as a treatment component for treating BED symptoms. Exploratory aspects include further development of a manual, establishment of effect size (in comparisof'to appropriate comparison groups), inclusion of a more diverse population, and of measures that address: 1) individual differences in treatment response, 2) possible mechanisms, 3) time course of response, and 3) impact on medical/health variables. Women (approximate N=162) from two communities will be randomly assigned to 3 conditions: 1) an 8-week manualized meditation-based group intervention, 2) a psychoeducational comparison condition, or 3) a waiting-list control. Primary outcome variables will be changes in binge eating behaviors, and associated measures of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and diet; secondary variables include medical variables sensitive to dietary change (i.e., weight; blood pressure; lipid profile; blood glucose levels), and process variables related to meditation practice, such as the Tellegen Absorption Scale, perceived value and use of the meditation practice, and experiences of increased control and awareness. Participants will be evaluated pre- and post-treatment, and at 1, 3, and 6 months

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followup. This data would then support the further investigation of a meditation-based intervention as part of a more comprehensive treatment program for BED. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MELANOCORTINS, OPIOIDS AND FEEDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Giraudo, Silvia Q. Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is a significant health problem leading to increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The control of body weight is a complex process that likely involves the interplay of numerous molecular mechanisms and neural circuits, many of them yet undefined. Recent research advances have highlighted the crucial role of brain circuitry in body weight regulation, but for every advance in this area new questions have risen. Our long-range goal is to determine the extent to which melanocortins and opioid peptides are functionally related to each other in the regulation of food intake. The objective of this application is to understand whether the melanocortin and opioid peptides affect consummatory behavior in a coordinated manner, affecting the rewarding aspects of food intake. The central hypothesis of the application is that there is a functional interaction between food intake mediated through the a-MSH/Mc4-R system and opioid-related reward pathways in the arcuate-paraventricular nucleus projection. The rationale for the proposed research is based on preliminary results produced in our laboratory, which indicate that aMSH/MC4-R and opioid systems influence one another in the control of food intake. The significance for the proposed research is that information regarding the mechanism by which the melanocortins and the Mc4-R modulates feeding could eventually lead to the development of pharmacological agents to treat obesity and other eating disorders. Part b, do melanocortin agonist/antagonists affect the rewarding aspects of ingestive behavior? Part II: Determine the extent to which the melanocortin and opioid systems affect each other.Part III: To what extents do melanocortin and opiold-related feeding signals regulate the expression of the melanocortin receptors in the hypothalamus? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MENTAL ILLNESS CURRICULUM FOR ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, Cynthia D.; Danya International, Inc. 8737 Colesville Rd, Ste 1200 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Danya International proposes to develop the Mental Illness Curriculum for Adolescents, a multimedia, modular curriculum package designed to educate adolescents, ages 13 to 15 in grades seven through nine, about mental illness. The curriculum consists of an interactive CD-ROM, teacher's resource guide, counselor's guide, parent newsletters, and posters. The curriculum will consist of four modules that cover the topics of Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. During Phase I, Danya will develop the content of each module of the curriculum and program the Mood Disorders module of the CD-ROM curriculum. During the final two months of the Phase 1 period, a randomized experimental/control group feasibility study will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mood Disorders module to influence knowledge and attitudes about mental illness in a group of students in the target age group. The Phase

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II project period will be devoted to refining and programming the CD-ROM and conducting a full-scale evaluation of the entire curriculum package. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MINNESOTA OBESITY CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Allen S. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The mission of the Minnesota Obesity Center is to find ways to prevent weight gain and secondarily the onset of obesity and complications of obesity. Obesity is clearly a major source of illness and death, and is the most common nutritional ailment in the United States. Despite its prevalence, there is little known about effective measures to prevent obesity, and therefore its attendant complications. Further, it is well known that obese individuals can more easily lose weight than maintain the loss. It now seems clear that the emphasis should be prevention of initial weight gain, and failing that, prevention of regain after weight loss. With the mission of prevention defined, our vision establishes three goals: 1) find the underlying problems that lead to obesity, 2) identify behaviors that lead to obesity and find ways to help change those behaviors, and 3) determine public health and public policy measures that will reduce the frequency and severity of obesity. Our Center is primarily a research center, so we plan encouragement and support of studies directed at these aims. With respect to these goals, the role of our center is to: assist principal investigators in conducting relevant research by providing resources through the core system; stimulate new interest in collaborations in research into obesity, eating disorders and energy metabolism; support new research efforts in these areas related to obesity; and support education in obesity and eating disorders in our academic and public communities. The Minnesota Obesity Center has a strong and diverse research base consisting of 46 active investigators with 87 funded projects in obesity, energy metabolism and eating disorders, generating over 18 million dollars per year in grant support for their investigations. We propose the establishment of four core facilities including: 1) Administration will provide vision, leadership, and oversight of other core activities, 2) Basic Mechanisms Core will provide molecular biologic support for studies of nutritional affects on gene expression in a variety of tissues and support the emerging interest in linking epidemiological and behavioral intervention studies available to ONRC participants, 4) Human Metabolic Core Laboratory will provide access to established and state-of-the-art methods for studying energy metabolism and nutrient partitioning all the whole body level in humans. In addition, resources for pilot/feasibility projects and an educational program have been established. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanlon, Erin C. Psychiatry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A better understanding of sleep and appetitive behavior is particularly relevant in view of the fact that a variety of common disorders of appetitive behaviors, such as eating disorders and substance abuse, often develop in adolescents, who are frequently sleep deprived. In rodents, prolonged sleep deprivation (SD) leads to weight loss, increased feeding, and increased energy expenditure. The

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mechanisms by which sleep and appetitive behaviors interact are currently unknown, but common pathways underlying these behaviors suggest possible ways they may interact. The nucleus accumbens (Acb) has well recognized participation in motivationally relevant behavior. Modulation of the Acb can result in alteration of appetitive instrumental behavior and feeding. We hypothesize that SD alters the motivational attributes of the Acb. To investigate this hypothesis, we will test sleepdeprived rats using tasks known to be dependent on the Acb. We will also compare changes in gene expression in the Acb and hypothalamus in sleep deprived versus normal control rats. Results from these studies will provide a comprehensive analysis of the effects of SD on the Acb and appetitive behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MUTANT 5-HT2C SEROTONIN RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Herrick-Davis, Katharine; Associate Professor; Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Union University Albany, NY 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAR-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term objective of this application is to gain a better understanding of the physiological roles(s) played by 5HT2CRs in the CNS. 5-HT2CRs are widely distributed throughout the CNS. Several studies have provided evidence implicating 5-HT2CRs in appetite regulation. Agonistinduced activation of postsynaptic 5-HT2CRs causes hypophagia in starved mice, while transgenic mice lacking functional 5-HT2CRs are obese. 5-HT2CRs activate phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis by interacting with G proteins. Recently, somatic mutations or polymorphisms in GPCRs have been identified in several diseases, including cancer. These mutations render the receptors constitutively active (capable of activating intracellular events in the absence of agonist). These observations unite to form an intriguing hypothesis that altered 5-HT2CR function may play a role in eating disorders, leading to obesity in the case of inactivation or anorexia in the case of overactivation. In order for the hypothesis to be valid, first it must be demonstrated that 5-HT2CRs can be rendered constitutively active. Preliminary studies from our laboratory indicate that mutation of a single amino acid in the third intracellular loop of the 5-HT2CR confers constitutive activity. Therefore, the specific aims of this application involve testing the hypothesis that 5-HT2CRs can be rendered constitutively active by specific amino acid substitutions within critical domains of the receptor. This will be accomplished using site-directed mutagenesis to create mutant receptors. Constitutive activity will be monitored using radioligand binding and PI hydrolysis to demonstrate increased agonist affinity, potency, and second messenger activation in the absence of agonists (hallmark features of constitutively active GPCR). Constitutively active receptors will be expressed in mammalian cells to determine if the constitutive activity is relevant at the cellular level. Antagonists will be tested for inverse agonist activity (ability to reverse constitutive activity of mutant 5-HT2CRs). These studies will enhance our understanding of 5-HT2CR function at the molecular level, provide a new model system for exploring the role of 5-HT2CRs in appetite regulation, and may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutics for regulating appetite. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AVERSION

MOLECULAR

MECHANISMS

OF

CONDITIONED

TASTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Houpt, Thomas A. Assistant Professor; Biological Science; Florida State University 118 North Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, FL 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of associative learning in which an animal avoids and reacts aversively to the taste of a food that has previously been paired with illness. CTA has been described in many species, from invertebrates to humans, and has important implications in drug and radiation therapies. It is also a model for altered responsiveness in ingestive behaviors, as in eating disorders. We have discovered that the induction of the immediate-early gene c-Fos by intraoral infusion of sucrose in the medial intermediate region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (iNTS) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the rat appears to be a specific and quantifiable neuronal correlate of the expression of a CTA previously acquired by pairing intraoral infusions of sucrose with lithium chloride. We hypothesize that cFos expression reveals functionally important brain sites mediating CTA, and that the time course of CTA consolidation and c-Fos expression in some of these sites reveals the time and place of gene expression that mediates CTA learning. We will make fiber-sparing, excitotoxic lesions of brain sites that express c-Fos after CTA acquisition and expression. Alterations in CTA induced by lesions will be measured by quantifying intake, taste reactivity, and c-Fos expression. We will quantify the time course of consolidation of long-term CTA memory, and determine the critical period of gene expression required for consolidation with site-specific injections of protein synthesis inhibitors. We will then use single-cell antisense RNA amplification to identify the neurochemical phenotype and gene expression profile of c- Fos-positive cells in critical brain sites at critical times of consolidation. This proposal presents a novel approach to CTA by correlating the effects of fiber-sparing lesions on behavior with effects on the pattern of c-Fos expression, and by examining molecular correlates of the transition from shortterm to long-term memory in CTA learning. These experiments will contribute to an understanding of the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying changes in food preferences that occur in eating disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NPY-INDUCED FEEDING IN RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheriff, Sulaiman T. Surgery; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, OH 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide present in high concentration in mammalian brain. Injection of NPY into hypothalamic regions elicits a powerful feeding response in rats, and NPY has been strongly implicated in diabetes and obesity. The peripheral satiety factor, leptin, has been shown to exert a satiety stimuli in mice and rats by inhibiting the synthesis and release of NPY in hypothalamic sites that are known to regulate eating behavior. Most importantly, PYY 3-36, a peripheral homologue of NPY released from the L-cells of the gut into the circulation after a meal, is reported to act as a satiety signal. Administration of PYY 3-36 in humans significantly decreased appetite and attenuated food intake by 33 percent for up to 24 hours. Recent surveys show that obesity in USA has increased from 17.9 percent in 1998 to 18.9 percent in 1999, and a sharp increase in diabetes is expected.

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Excess body weight and obesity also increase the risk of other problems such as hypercholesterolemia and heart disease. In an attempt to understand the causes of eating disorders and obesity, we propose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating NPY-induced feeding in the hypothalamus. Activation of Y1 and Y5 receptors of NPY in the hypothalamic PVN by NPY trigger the hunger signal by inhibiting cAMP accumulation and mobilizing intracellular Ca++. These two prominent second messengers activate a transcription factor, CREB, the activation of which regulates many CREB-dependent genes. These biochemical events translate into a hunger signal. PYY 3-36 activates hypothalamic Y2 receptors to turn off the hunger stimuli. Our long-term goal is to investigate the signal transduction cascade and the regulatory genes involved in maintaining energy homeostasis. In ,the present research proposal we will investigate three specific aims:l) To determine whether the changes in the circulating hormones that regulate feeding behavior alter hypothlamic cAMP/PKA and phosphoCREB activities, 2) To investigate whether the food-induced release of gut peptide PYY 3-36 blunts the activity of CREB to elicit a satiety signal, and 3) To determine whether Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes act through the inhibition of cAMP and stimulation of CREB signaling system. These findings are critical to understanding the molecular bases of obesity development and to develop a treatment plan. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOTHERS, DISSOCIATIVE STATES, & ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Howard R.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cocaine is one of the most powerful addictive drugs of abuse, uses of which peaked around 1985 especially by women. The use of this drug has been associated with significant symptoms of anxiety. Dissociation is a defense mechanism used to cope with high levels of anxiety. The purpose of this study is to determine if cocaine using mothers show a greater tendency to employ dissociation as a means of coping with anxiety compared to non-cocaine using mothers. It has been suggested that failure to recognize dissociative states among clinical populations may account for poor therapeutic outcomes, particularly for dissociative-based conditions, such as for some eating disorders. If dissociation is observed within a cocaine using population, this finding would suggest the utility of specific therapeutic interventions such as hypnotherapy. Other therapy implications include focusing on teaching the individual to recognize her ability to dissociate. Such interventions might also have a positive impact on the development of their drug exposed infants. The following specific aims will be addressed: 1) To examine the level, extent and nature of anxiety symptoms reported by cocaine using versus non-cocaine using mothers. 2) To assess for tendencies toward dissociation as a coping mechanism for anxiety symptoms in cocaine using versus noncocaine using mothers. The following research hypotheses are being addressed: 1) Cocaine using mothers will demonstrate higher levels of anxiety than non using mothers. 2) Cocaine using mothers will demonstrate higher levels of three dimensions of dissociation than non using mothers as measured by a dissociation scale, a measure of absorption, and an assessment of hypnotizability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MULTIMEDIA FOR COLLEGE STUDENT EATING DISORDER EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Raalte, Judy L.; Virtual Brands 10 Echo Hill Rd Wilbraham, MA 01095 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 21-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Eating disorders and sub-clinical eating disturbances are widespread among female college students. Unfortunately, many college students with disordered eating fail to seek help due to embarrassment and privacy concerns. The purpose of this STTR project is to develop an interactive CD-ROM to educate college students about essential eating disorder issues. Using existing interactive text, audio, and video technology in a novel way, the CD-ROM will address the diagnosis, etiology, treatment, and prevention of eating disorders in the general college student population and specific college student subpopulations at risk for eating disorders. Options for healthy eating in the college environment will be presented, along with referral strategies, Internet-linked eating disorder resources, and customizable lists of on-campus resources. Navigational paths through the CD-ROM will be tailored to users' level of motivational readiness to change their eating behavior and selected demographic characteristics. Phase I tasks will include: (a) developing content for the CD-ROM; (b) examining the accuracy and usability of the generated content; (c) producing a prototype CD-ROM; (d) evaluating the acceptability, usability, and potential utility of the prototype CD-ROM with the target population; (e) pilot testing measures and procedures to be used in Phase II; and (f) finalizing plans to produce a revised prototype CD-ROM and evaluate its effects on college student knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and behavioral intentions regarding eating disorders in Phase II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL AND GI SUBSTRATES IN BOMBESIN SATIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ladenheim, Ellen E. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to identify novel actions of mammalian bombesin (BN)-like peptides in the controls of food intake and energy balance. The mammalian BN-like peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB) have been demonstrated to reduce food intake following both peripheral and central administration, but little is known about their underlying mechanisms of action. The proposed experiments examine aspects of three different hypotheses. The experiments under Specific Aim 1 will assess the idea that a GRP-ergic pathway from the hypothalamus to the caudal hindbrain plays a pivotal role in the ability of metabolic signals such as leptin to affect food intake through alterations in meal size. The experiments under Specific Aim 2 will focus on how metabolic signals indicating positive or negative energy balance alter the ability of peripheral and central GRP and NMB to inhibit food intake. Based on the demonstration that bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) knockout mice are hyperphagic and obese, experiments under Specific Aim 3 will identify the role of this novel receptor signaling system in the control of food intake and energy balance. The experiments addressing these hypotheses will employ multiple measures of food intake and specific receptor agonists and antagonists to characterize intake and identify roles of specific receptor subpopulations, c-Fos expression as a measure of cellular activation to identify candidate brain sites

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where interactions occur and double-labeling techniques to characterize the phenotype of these cellular populations. Together, these studies will greatly enhance our understanding of the role of mammalian BN-like peptides in the interactions between short-term satiety signals and signals that regulate overall energy balance. Such an understanding will significantly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying overall energy regulation and may lead to novel treatments for obesity or eating disorders Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROANATOMIC MECHANIMS OF LEPTIN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Elmquist, Joel K. Associate Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: An increased understanding of the basic physiology and neurobiology of energy metabolism and homeostasis is critical in the prevention of obesity and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. Recent studies indicate that leptin, produced by white adipose tissue, is critical in regulation of energy balance and neuroendocrine function. It is now clear that the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, is intimately involved in responding to circulating leptin, but the specific neuroanatomy underlying these responses remain poorly characterized. In this proposal, we offer a unique neuroanatomical model of leptin action and describe experiments designed to characterize the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) in the production of the physiological responses to circulating leptin. We hypothesize that the DMH is a key component of a neuroanatomic pathway which produces leptin responses as the DMH contains leptin receptors, is activated by intravenous leptin, and projects to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). The PVH is ideally positioned to regulated multiple aspects of responses to leptin and changing energy availability because it possesses chemically and anatomically specific projections to autonomic and endocrine control sites involved in maintenance of homeostasis. This proposal describes anatomic and physiologic experiments designed to critically test specific component of our model. First, we will determine the chemical phenotype of leptin-activated neurons in both fed and fasted rats. This will be accomplished using immunohistochemistry for the FOS protein, and immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization for neuronal phenotypic markers. Second, using retrograde tracing techniques, immunohistochemistry for the Fos protein, and immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization for neural phenotypic markers, we will determine the chemical phenotypes of leptin-activated neurons that innervate the PVH. Third, using anterograde tracer injections into the DMH, retrograde tracer injections into the medulla and spinal cord, and immunohistochemistry for Fos and neuronal markers, we will determine whether DMH efferents innervate leptin-activate PVH neurons that project to autonomic preganglionic neurons. Fourth, using a novel experimental preparation which allows us to assess physiological responses and Fos distributions following microinjections into the hypothalamus, we will directly microinject leptin into the DMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (regions which contain leptin receptors and project to the PVH). These experiments will determine whether activation of leptin receptors in different hypothalamic sites produces distinct physiological responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF GNRH RELEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Jon E. Associate Professor; Neurobiology and Physiology; Northwestern University 633 Clark St Evanston, IL 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant) The nervous system regulates the reproductive axis through the activity of the "GnRH pulse generator," neurons in the hypothalamus whose activity governs pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The amplitude and frequency of GnRH pulses are, in turn, regulated by physiological signals, some of which evoke sustained shifts in the activity of the GnRH pulse generator and hence, in overall reproductive state. Metabolic cues, for example, are clearly important for maintenance of GnRH pulsatility in adult animals, and in the deceleration of GnRH pulsatility that occurs under conditions of negative energy balance. Cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating physiological shifts in GnRH pulse generator activity remain unknown. These studies will test the hypothesis that metabolically-linked adjustments of GnRH pulse generator activity are mediated by regulation of ion channels, specifically those known to link cell metabolism to cell excitability - the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K+ATP channels). The K+ATP channel closes upon binding AlP, leading to reduced cellular K+ permeability, membrane depolarization and thus, increased cell excitability; reduced intracellular ATP produces the opposite conditions, reducing cell excitability. Preliminary work implicates hypothalamic K+ATP channels activity in the modulatation of GnRH release. The proposed studies are therefore designed to determine whether K+ATP channel opening and closing in vivo lead to alterations in GnRH pulse generator activity (Aim 1), assess whether opening of K+ATP channels mediates inhibition of GnRH pulsatility during food-restriction (Aim 2), determine the molecular and functional properties of KATP channels in identified GnRH neurons [Aims 3,4], and determine whether suppression of hypothalamic K+ATP channel expression reverses effects of negative energy balance on GnRH pulsatility (Aim5) A transgenic mouse will also be developed (Aim 6) in which expressesion of overactive (open) K+ATP channel subunits will be targeted to GnRH neurons, permitting examination of the reproductive consequences of K+ATP channel hyperactivity in GnRH neurons. These studies may provide new and important information on cellular mechanisms mediating many major physiological alterations in GnRH pulse generator activity. They may also permit an understanding of how GnRH pulse generation is inhibited in feeding disorders such as anorexia nervosa, or in other hypogonadotropic states, such as functional hypothalamic amenorrhea associated with subclinical eating disorders or rigorous exercise training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION--PANCREATIC HORMONE SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greeley, George H.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, TX 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-SEP-1985; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Our principal hypothesis is that secretion of the intestinal hormone, Cholecystokinin (CCK), as mediated by luminal CK-releasing factor (LCRF). Emerging evidence how indicates that mechanisms underlying stimulation of intestinal peptide hormone secretion involve luminal endocrine-like releasing factors. The long sought after luminal releasing factor for cholecystokinin (CCK) or Luminal Cholecystokinin Releasing Factor (LCRF) has recently been isolated. Our laboratory has shown that

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LCRF is expected primarily in the intestinal epithelium Brunner's glands and pancreatic ductules. We have measured secretion of LCRF into the intestinal lumen by radioimmunoassay. We propose that luminal nutrients provoke LCRF release from the intestinal epithelium. Brunner's glands and pancreatic ductules into the lumen; luminal LCRF than triggers intestinal CK secretion. We also have preliminary data to show the existence of large species of LCRF in the intestinal epithelial and lumen, and that a peptide hormone processing enzyme, pro-hormone convertase- 5 (PC-5) is co-localized and co-secreted with LCRF into the lumen. These findings suggest that LCRF is processed before secretion and post- secretory within the intestinal lumen to a biologically active form by PC- 5. The primary objectives of this research proposal are to characterize the biological activity of LCRF on CCK secretion, and to test the hypothesis that luminal LCRF regulates intestinal CCK secretion. The Specific Aims of this research proposal are; 1) to characterize the biological activity of LCRF on CCK secretion; and, 2) to demonstrate that LCRF mediates physiologically relevant intestinal CK secretion. Accomplishment of our proposed aims will result in fundamental new knowledge regarding the role of LCRF in the regulation of CCK secretion and its potential for therapeutic applications in digestive diseases, including pancreatitis, gallstone diseases, motility and eating disorders. LCRF appears to represent a unique model of endocrine peptide secretion and processing since LCRF may be the first described lumone. Lumones are hormone- like factors produced by intestinal cells, secreted into the intestinal lumen and delivered to their target cells residing in the intestinal epithelium. The intestinal lumen may be an important pathway for endocrine secretion and action and regulation of gastrointestinal function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Foster, Douglas L. Professor & Research Scientist; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: When nourishment is inadequate or energy expenditure is great, fertility is reduced in the adult, and puberty is delayed in the developing individual. This suppression of reproductive activity is not understood mechanistically. We believe this to be an integrative problem at this stage of inquiry that requires both physiologic and pharmacologic approaches to answer broad questions about how the brain discriminates how well nourished and how mature the body is. Our broad objective is to understand the physiological mechanisms by which changes in nutrition and metabolism control reproduction, specifically the signals, sensors, and pathways whereby blood-borne information regulates GnRH secretion. To progress further in understanding the relationship between growth, metabolism and production of high frequency GnRH pulses during development, we must first determine how energy metabolism regulates GnRH secretion. To progress further in understanding the relationship between growth , metabolism and production of high frequency GnRH pulses during development, we must first determine how energy metabolism regulates GnRH secretion in the adult. Thus, we will first evaluate how changes in glucose availability and leptin modify GnRH secretion during adulthood and then determine if such a mechanism might be timing puberty during growth. The sheep will be used because its large size and long lifespan permits individuals to be studied longitudinally through their development and permits detailed studies in adults. Importantly, it is well suited for the characterization of hypophysiotrophic hormone patterns. Specific Aim 1

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will determine if the hindbrain and the liver contain sensors that transmit information about glucose availability to regulated GnRH secretion. We will both increase and decrease availability locally in each site to establish their function and their interrelationships. Specific Aim 2 will determine the role of leptin as a signal to regulate the pulsatile secretion of GnRH. This will be achieved through central administration of leptin during both acute fasting and chronic low nutrition. Although widely studied in feeding behavior, we have little understanding of its physiologic role in regulating GnRH secretion. Specific Aim 3 will assess "nutritional stress" as a cause hypogonadotropism through reduced GnRH secretion by monitoring of stress peptides in the pituitary portal circulation and by antagonizing their action during acute fasting and chronic low nutrition. Specific Aim 4 will determine if glucose availability times the pubertal GnRH increase by using the power of our large animal model in which we can chronically administer metabolically important signals such as insulin and leptin. Understanding the metabolic control of GnRH secretion has broad application both to growth and maturation and to other physiologic conditions in which reduced GnRH secretion may contribute to infertility because of altered energy metabolism. These include dietary malnutrition from eating disorders; during high-energy expenditure, as in exercise- induced amenorrhea and lactational anovulation; during type 1-diabetesinduced infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROLOGICAL & METABOLIC DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moss, Donald; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, TX 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) seeks to promote a new research focus for the Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC) in the area of Neuroscience and Metabolic Disorders. This will be accomplished through (1) support of a new existing faculty member in Biological Sciences for the study of the neurochernical basis of sleep and sleeping disorders; (2) upgrading of a Neuroscience Lab for neurochemical and behavioral studies in animal models of brain trauma and eating disorders; (3) technical assistance to increase research productivity; (4) support for accomplished visiting research scientists for brief periods of residence to provide training and establish continuing collaborations with BBRC researchers; (5) support for a visiting clinical scientist to participate in both clinical and animal studies on the genetic basis and nutritional treatment of diabetes mellitus; (6) sabbatical awards to enhance the competitiveness of UTEP faculty through work with accomplished investigato rs at other institutions; (7) travel support to attend national meetings for presentation of research results, participation in workshops, or consultation with senior colleagues; and (8) augmentation of information retrieval capabilities by supplementing the library's serial subscriptions and monographs in the areas of neuroscience and metabolic disorders, and through telecommunications upgrades to better access the world's biomedical literature. These measures are designed to (1) raise the quality of research in neuroscience and metabolic disorders at UTEP to a nationally competitive level capable of sustaining independent funding, and (2) promote the application of basic research findings to the health problems of UTEP's predominantly minority service population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROPEPTIDE Y RECEPTORS AND HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Urban, Janice; Assistant Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Finch Univ of Hlth Sci/Chicago Med Sch North Chicago, IL 60064 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) process information from NPY afferents relaying sensory, cardiovascular and endocrine information from the brainstem and hypothalamus. Any perturbation in this system, such as that perceived during stressful conditions, will alter the activity of the PVN. Y1 and Y5 receptor levels in the PVN are in part responsible for fine tuning these inputs and producing an efferent signal that will affect corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) secretion, cardiovascular and sympathetic tone. The long- range objective of this proposal is to examine the anatomical distribution and regulation of Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes within the PVN as they relate to the regulation of stress hormone secretion. The hypothesis that Y1 and Y5 receptors are present on neuroendocrine neurons that regulate CRF and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion will be assessed. In addition, we will test the hypotheses that Y1 and Y5 receptor expressing neurons are activated during stressful conditions and that NPY regulates the expression of its own receptors. The following specific aims will be tested: 1. Determine whether NPY neurons projecting to the PVN and Y1 and Y5 receptor-containing neurons are activated during stress: 2. Determine the ultrastructural localization of NPY Y1 and Y5 receptors within the PVN: 3. Identify the phenotype and projections of hypothalamic Y1 and Y5 receptor immunoreactive neurons in the PVN: 4. Examine the regulation and processing of Y1 and Y5 receptors by elevated levels of NPY. This will be accomplished by using a combination of anatomical tracing methods combined with single and double label immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscope levels to determine the projections and phenotype of Y1 and Y5 receptive neurons in the PVN. Different stressors (physical, psychological and nutritional) and chronic administration of NPY will be used to test the responsiveness and regulation of Y1 and Y5 receptors to these challenges. These studies will provide significant information on the distribution and neuroanatomy of Y1 and Y5 receptor expressing cells in the PVN and their potential role in integrating stress responses in the PVN. The identification of NPY receptors on neural pathways and hypothalamic neuropeptide neurons will provide important information regarding the regulation and integration of stress hormone secretion and food intake. Dysregulation of these systems may be implicated in the development of stress related illness such as depression and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROPEPTIDES AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Watts, Alan G. Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1991; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to identify the afferent signalling mechanisms, cellular responses, and topography of the limbic forebrain neural circuits that help regulate homeostasis in the rat. This portion of the forebrain is critical for regulating the behavioral, autonomic and endocrine response of the animal to homeostatic disturbance. The central hypothesis is that homeostatic disturbances modify chemically-coded information contained within neurons by modulating the

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mRNAs that code for singly- and co-expressed neuropeptides. These cell- and stimulusspecific modifications facilitate the appropriate response by the animal, either by modulating the activity of the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine function, or perhaps by modifying the central pattern generators that develop and regulate goaldirected behaviors. Because of the relative simplicity of the underlying physiology and behavior along with an extensive literature, the project concentrates on investigating the organization of the circuits and mechanisms controlling fluid balance in the rat. Two experimental models are used; 1), cellular dehydration provided by salt-loading; and 2), extracellular dehydration provided by iso-osmotic volume depletion. Relating the results to important and well documented models allows the interpretation of data within a compelling and contextual framework not possible with many other currently used 'stress' models. The assay methods used-principally in situhybridization and immunocytochemistry-allows the detection of changes in mRNAs and their cognate peptides in anatomically defined regions and cell types of the rat hypothalamus and amygdala in response to these two distinct, but related stimuli. This proposal will investigate the transmitter and signal transduction mechanisms underlying modified peptide gene expression. Similarly, it addresses the possibility that the way corticosterone regulates peptide gene expression may be determined by the animals physiological status. It will begin investigating how the limbic forebrain might integrate inputs from multiple stimuli to formulate an appropriate response. Finally, the proposal will address some topographical aspects of the circuits by looking at peptide (rather that mRNA) responses, and the behavior and possible significance of peptide receptor mRNAs during the imposition of the 2 dehydration stimuli. In the long term, investigating the topography and mechanisms operating within the circuits regulating homeostasis will provide a framework for addressing many of the clinical disorders (eg. hypertension, obesity, eating disorders) currently of central importance to human health, that have perturbed homeostatic regulation at the core of their etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEW PET RADIOLIGAND FOR THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Huang, Yiyun; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this application is to develop an F-18 labeled PET radiotracer to image the serotonin transporter (SERT) in discrete brain areas, especially areas with low density of SERT. The SERT, located on the cell bodies and terminals of the 5-HT neurons, is a marker of 5-HT innervation. Alterations in 5-HT transmission and SERT densities have been described in a number- of neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, drug abuse, alcoholism, eating disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The currently available PET radiotracer, [11C](+)-McN5652, suffers from many limitations, including high levels of nonspecific binding, poor in vivo signal to noise ratio, and slow brain kinetics. Due to these drawbacks, [11C](+)-McN5652 can only be used to image the brain regions with high SERT densities (midbrain, thalamus and striatum), but not those with lower SERT densities, such as hippocampus, amygdaIa and neocortex, where localized alterations in SERT densities have been identified in postmortem studies. In this application we propose to develop a new ligand, 2-[2-(dimethylaminomethyl) phenylsulfanyl)]-5-fluoromethylphenylamine, or AFM, into a PET ligand. AFN is a potent and selective SERT ligand that can be radiolabeled with either C-11 or F-18. Preliminary results indicate that [11C]AFM possesses high affinity and excellent binding

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specificity in vivo. Imaging studies in baboons demonstrates that [11CIAFM is a PET tracer with superior imaging properties, including faster kinetics and a higher signal-tonoise ratio compared to [11C](+)-McN5652. These characteristics make it possible to image brain regions with low SERT densities. We propose to develop [ 11C]AFM and [18F]AFM for clinical imaging applications. Experiments are designed to: 1) characterize fully the in vivo pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of [11C]AFM and [18F]AFM; 2) assess the potential and suitability of [11C]AFM and [18F]AFM to image the SERT in brain regions of both high and low SERT densities; and 3) characterize the imaging properties of [11C]AFM and [18F]AFM in healthy human subjects. The ultimate goal is to introduce [11C]AFM and [18F]AFM into the clinics to probe the role of SERT in neuropsychiatric disorders. Introduction of [18F]AFM would constitute the first PET tracer for the SERT that can be prepared in a central facility and distributed to various sites for clinical imaging purposes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OBESITY/NUTRITION RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, David E. Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The University of Pittsburgh is seeking to renew funding of the Obesity and Nutrition Research Center for its third five-year period. Established in 1992, the initial focus of the Pittsburgh Center was on behavioral interventions. During the current funding cycle, under its new leadership, the Center has retained its focus on clinical investigation, but has substantially expanded its scope to include involvement with metabolic, epidemiological, body composition, genetic and laboratory investigations of obesity and nutrition. At the same time the Center has built upon the prior strength in behavioral interventions for obesity by expanding these endeavors into eating disorders and additional aspects of physical activity and nutrition. Collectively, the goal of the Pittsburgh ONRC is to facilitate and promote research, especially collaborative and multi-disciplinary efforts, to develop more effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of obesity and to gain a more complete understanding of the causes and complications of obesity and other nutritional disorders. This goal is of major public health significance because a majority of adults in this country are overweight or obese, this prevalence is increasing, and the prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically during the past two decades. Two of the major complications of obesity are cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, and the research base in these areas is very strong at the University of Pittsburgh. During the past funding cycle, several of the cores have grown significantly. There is now a robust program of body composition, bio-imaging and metabolic research in children and adults, and numerous large epidemiological trials entailing nutritional and activity interventions with vascular disease outcomes. The program and core support for behavioral interventions has also grown substantially, from a few senior investigators into a group of interactive, strongly funded investigators with complementary expertise for whom the presence of the ONRC core facilities has been pivotal. There are several key new initiatives underway including multi-disciplinary programs in childhood obesity and bariatric surgery. Bolstered by strong institutional support, a more diverse scientific base, new facilities, and new partnerships with the adult and pediatric GCRCs, the Pittsburgh ONRC is prepared to continue its important leadership role in clinical research for obesity and nutritional disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OPIOID MECHANISMS THAT FACILITATE REWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Carr, Kenneth D. Psychiatry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, NY 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: In this application for continuation of a NIDA/NIH Independent Scientist Award, a program of research is proposed to elucidate endocrine and brain dopamine mechanisms that underlie the augmentation of drug reward by chronic food restriction in rats. Previous work in this laboratory indicates that chronic food restriction enhances central sensitivity to the rewarding, locomotor- and cellular- activating effects of diverse drugs of abuse. Preliminary results indicate that the augmentation is reversed by one week of restored ad libitum food access or subchronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) insulin injection. In Study I of this application, the sustained subnormal levels of central insulin and leptin that characterize the food-restricted rat are further investigated as possible triggers of the augmenting effect of food restriction on drug reward. Study II examines whether downregulation of the D-3 dopamine receptor could plausibly contribute to the augmentation of drug reward by food restriction. Studies III-VI investigate whether chronic food restriction alters immediate early gene expression and/or signal transduction mediated by multiple dopamine receptor types in limbic forebrain structures that regulate drug reward. Specifically, Study III examines c-fos expression induced by individual and combined administration of dopamine receptor type-selective agonists. Study IV examines functional coupling between D-2 receptors and G-protein by measuring quinpirole- stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding. Study V examines D-1-agonist- induced stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Study VI examines amphetamine-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Finally, Study VII seeks to establish whether the neuroadaptations identified in Studies III-VI are reversed by the same regimens of restored ad libitum feeding or subchronic i.c.v. hormone administration that reverse the behavioral effects of food restriction. By clarifying the relationship between endocrine adiposity hormones, central neurotransmission, and sensitivity of brain reward circuitry, this work may improve our understanding of organismic variables that affect vulnerability to drug abuse and help explain the high comorbidity of drug abuse and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OPIOID SYSTEMS IN VENTRAL STRIATUM AND FOOD REWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, Ann E. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract) Two of the greatest threats to public health in the United States as we enter the next century are drug addiction and obesity. Annual deaths attributable to nicotine and alcohol dependence alone are estimated at 450,000. Moreover, the surgeon general has noted that." after smoking, weight related conditions are the second leading cause of death in the U.S. resulting in about 300,000 lives lost each year." These individuals are at greatly elevated risk for many disorders, such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. While these two health issues do not appear related in terms of etiology or phenomenology, they share important commonalities. The neural circuits affected by rewarding drugs and presumed to be profoundly altered in addiction are the very pathways that control intake of our most vital natural reward, food. The neural system most clearly implicated in drug addiction con stitutes the ventral striaturn (includin nucleus accumbens) and its

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associated circuitry, a region that also subserves motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, sexual behavior, and incentive learning. In order to develop successful treatments for addiction and eating disorders, it is necessary to further understand the biological mechanisms underlying motivation. Specifically, it would be useful to investigate in detail the neural mecahnisms underlying the hedonic aspects of eating ("food reward"). The research proposed here will address this question, integrating behavioral, pharmacological, anatomical and molecular biological (in situ hybridization) techniques. The main hypothesis that guides the proposed experiments is that opioid systems, particularly in the ventral striaturn, play a critical role in an animal's affective response to food; that is in the "liking" process, or the orosensory pleasure derived from highly palatable foods. It is further proposed that the ventral striaturn is a key brain region where peripheral metabolic neurohumoral signals are integrated with central control of motivational states and adaptive responding. In these experiments, we will analyze the role of signal transduction pathways, enkephalin gene expression, and circulating insulin in opioid-mediated feeding, and will also examine organization of underlying circuitries that may be involved in processing of palatability signals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OVARIAN HORMONAL CONTROL OF MEAL SIZE Principal Investigator & Institution: Geary, Norcross D. Professor; Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This application proposes behavioral and physiological investigations of the mechanisms by which the ovarian steroid hormone, estradiol, modulates feeding in female rats. There are prominent sex differences in food intake in animals and humans. Eating disorders, such an anorexia nervosa and obesity, constitute major health care problems and also display marked sex differences. Unfortunately, the causes of sex differences in appetite and in the pathologies of eating disorders are not well understood. In many situations, meal size appears to be decreased by estradiol. In laboratory rodents, a decrease in meal size follows the pre-estrus increase in circulating estradiol. Similarly, ovariectomy causes an increase in meal size and body weight that can be reversed by peripheral, and perhaps central, estradiol administration. The mechanisms mediating these changes in meal size, however, are unknown. Therefore, this application proposes a series of experiments to determine how peripheral and central estradiol influence the potencies of pregastric, gastric, and intestinal food stimuli that are candidate physiological controls of meal size. The proposal has four specific aims. Aim 1 pursues a recent demonstration that paraventricular hypothalamic lesions block the decrease in food intake following peripheral estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats by determining whether paraventricular estradiol implants decrease meal size in ovariectomized rats and whether paraventricular lesions block the pre- estrus decrease in meal size in gonadally intact rats. Aim 2 is to determine the influence of peripheral and central estradiol on the positive pregastric effect of sweet taste that stimulates feeding and on the negative pregastric feedback that inhibits feeding. Aim 3 is to determine the effects of peripheral and central estradiol on gastric satiety signals, including tests of the putative gastric satiety signal bombesin. Aim 4 is to determine the influence of peripheral and central estradiol on intestinal satiety signals, including tests of stomach emptying and of pancreatic glucagon. The sensitivity and physiological relevance of the proposed experiments are increased by using a lick-bylick analysis of the microstructure of ingestion, by testing spontaneous meals as well as scheduled tests meals, and by using a cyclic regimen of estradiol replacement to mimic

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the natural estrus cycle in ovariectomized rats. The long term goals of the research are to understand the physiological interactions of estradiol with peripheral controls of meal size in rats and to use this information to model the effect of estradiol on appetite and food intake in women and to model how normal or low concentrations of estradiol are involved in the vulnerability of women to eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS AND FEEDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Trifunovic, Radmila D. Psychology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Eating disorders represent one the most rapidly growing health problems. Abnormal food intake may, in extreme cases, lead to malnutrition or obesity with their attended medical complications. Thus, research concerning the mechanisms governing the cessation of feeding advances our understanding of, and the development of treatments for, eating disorders. Two drugs that are known to suppress food intake, presumably through different mechanisms, are cholecystokinin (CCK), a gut-brain peptide, and d-fenfluramine (DFEN), a serotonin agonist. Using solid food, data reported in the preliminary studies show that the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a critical central site for the action of these anorectic drugs. Specifically, lesions of the lateral PBN (a component of the central visceral system) abolished the anorexia induced with CCK but not DFEN, whereas lesions of the medial PBN (a part of the central gustatory system) enhanced the anorectic action of DFEN but not CCK. The goal of the proposed experiments is to investigate the pharmacological basis of this double dissociation of function within the PBN. Assessing the method of food presentation, Specific Aim 1 will determine if PBN lesions disrupt the anorectic effect of systemic CCK and DFEN on liquid, as well as solid, food intake. If our expectations are realized, liquid food will be used in all subsequent experiments because it affords a more accurate analysis of ingestive behavior. Using centrally administered selective CCK-A or CCK-B receptor antagonists alone or in combination with peripherally or centrally infused CCK, Specific Aim 2 begins our evaluation of the role of lateral PBN CCK receptors in food intake. Finally, using drugs that modulate the release and postsynaptic action of serotonin, the experiments of Specific Aim 3 will further our understanding of the role of the medial PBN in the anorectic action of systemic DFEN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PET IMAGING AND SEROTONIN LIGANDS IN EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaye, Walter H. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that brain serotonin alterations occur in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) when they are ill and after recovery. In theory, a trait-related increase of 5-HT neurotransmission may contribute to vulnerabilities (restricted feeding, obsessions with order and perfectionism, harm avoidance and negative affect) that contribute to developing AN and BN. In turn, malnutrition may reduce 5-HT neuronal activity, which in turn reduces dysphoric affective states, particularly in AN. New technologies offer the potential of

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direct characterization of dynamic relations between 5-HT receptor function and human behavior. In the short term (years 1 to 4), funded studies will investigate five groups of women 18 to 45 years old: 1) ill AN and BN women; 2) recovered AN and BN women (greater than 1 year normal menses, no binging and purging, and healthy and stable weight); and 3) healthy control women. In Aim 1, 150 PET imaging and 18-F-altanserin will assess 5-HT-2A postsynaptic receptor binding. Preliminary data support the possibility that recovered AN and BN women will have a reduction of orbitofrontal 5HT-2A receptor finding associated with evidence of increased extracellular 5-HT. Increased 2A finding and decreased extracellular 5-HT will occur in ill AN and BN subjects. In Aim 2 150 PET imaging and 11-C-WAY100635 studies will assess 5-HT-1A receptor binding. Knockout gene studies in mice support the hypothesis that a malfunction of pre-synaptic raphe autoreceptors could contribute to increased 5-HT activity and behavioral symptoms. Thus, 1A binding may not change with state of the illness. Aim 3 will test whether core AN or BN symptoms or impulse control are related to 5-HT neuronal activity. To fully characterize the 14 or more receptors and other components of the 5-HT neuronal pathways may require multiple ligands. In the long term (years 3 to 5) the candidate seeks to use this K05 to develop a multicenter collaborative study to 1) use PET imaging and radioligands to comprehensively characterize 5-HT and related systems in AN and BN and 2) develop rodent models relating 5-HT to behavior. In addition, this K05 award will support training the candidate, who in turn will train established and young investigators in these new technologies. Understanding whether biologic vulnerabilities, such as a 5-HT disturbance, occurs in AN and BN may contribute to developing a new treatment interventions for these often chronic and deadly disorders as well as shed light on the relation of 5-HT neurotransmission and behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & WEIGHT CONCERNS: ADOLESCENT GIRLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spruijt-Metz, Donna D. Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Physical inactivity increase risk for obesity, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. Obesity has been directly related to weight concerns and negative body image in adolescent girls, putting them at risk for eating disorders, lowered self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Further, physical inactivity has been directly related to smoking uptake in adolescents. Compelling evidence now suggests that marked decline in physical activity in girls occurs during early adolescence. However, the documented decline in physical activity is not well understood, and existing theories have consistently failed to describe or predict adolescent exercise patterns. In previous work the Principle Investigator has developed the Theory of Meanings of Behavior, and shown that this is an important psychological element that explains behavioral changes in dietary changes in dietary patterns and sleeping habits in adolescence. In the current proposal, we hypothesize that this new theory will help to explain the decline in physical activity in adolescent girls and provide an innovative approach for interventions that will increase physical activity. This study proposes 1) an in-depth study of the determinants of physical activity in adolescent girls as well as an investigation of the mechanisms that link physical activity to various outcomes, focusing on how long girls interpret the meanings of physical activity, and 2) the development of culturally sensitive intervention to improve physical

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activity in Hispanic and Caucasian adolescent girls. Dr. Spruijt-Metz's short-term training goals are to acquire skills in body composition research, physical activity and nutrition in children and adolescents, and in advanced statistics. Her long term career goal is to become an independent researcher with an integrated program in adolescent health. The University of Southern California provides an outstanding environment for physical activity and health promotion research in children and adolescents. The department of Preventive Medicine has long fostered the careers of young scientists. The ability of the P.I. to interact with the sponsor, Dr. Goran, in addition to Dr. AndersonJohnson, Dr. Stacy, Dr. Chou, and other excellent scientist at USC will promote her continued development as an independent researcher. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PILOT AND FEASIBILITY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ong, David E. Professor; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (adapted from the application): The Pilot/Feasibility Program of the CNRU id a vehicle to encourage faculty members to pursue research in nutrition. Dr. David Ong has taken primary responsibility for the program and he has made several changes in it since the last competitive review. Pilots are intended to provide initial support for new investigators in nutrition research or allow exploration of possible innovative new directions for established investigators in obesity/eating disorders, energy regulation/expenditure, and nutrition research that represents a significant departure from their ongoing funded research. Investigators who are eligible for standard NIH funding are eligible for these pilots. Trainees who are recipients of an NRSA individual award (F32) or are supported by an institutional training grant (T32) may also be eligible if they (1) are in their last year of training, (2) have had a minimum of one year of research laboratory experience, (3) have suitable expertise and independence to design and carry out the planned experiments, and (4) have permanent resident status in the United States. Trainees requesting pilot funds should have a letter of commitment from the mentor sponsoring the projects which clarifies the independence of the project as well as a statement of continued funding for independent study. Pilot funds cannot be used to supplement NRSA stipends, but may be used for supplies, technical support, or special services. These pilot projects are funded for one calendar year. The program offers modest funding, with a maximum direct cost of $20,000 for the year. Investigators who received an award for the previous year are invited to reapply for a second year of funding if they so desire. A maximum of two years of funding is allowed per project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING IN EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibbs, James P. Professor of Psychiatry; Psychology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1987; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEOMIC TRANSPORTERS

/GENETIC

APPROACHES

TO

MONOAMINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Torres, Gonzalo E. Cell Biology; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Biogenic amine transporters have emerged as the indispensable molecules regulating monoamine transmission in the brain by controlling the duration and intensity of transmitter actions at specific molecular targets. Three distinct genes encode closely related plasma membrane transporter proteins: the dopamine transporter (DAT), the norepinephrine transporter (NET), and the serotonin transporter (SEPT). The primary role of these transporter proteins is to remove released transmitters from the synaptic cleft back into presynaptic terminals for subsequent vesicular storage and release. Deletion of the genes encoding biogenic amine transporters in mice results in profound neurochemical and behavioral changes, thereby, illustrating the impact of these transporters in controlling presynaptic monoamine homeostasis. A wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse, affective disorders, and Parkinson's disease is thought to involve monoamine transmission and monoamine transporters. Indeed, it has been well established that biogenic amine transporters are the biological targets for potent psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, and (+)-3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) as well as therapeutic agents used to treat mental disorders including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. Recently, results from our and other laboratories suggest that monoamine transporters are highly regulated proteins and indicate a more complicated degree of organization for these transporters than previously anticipated. Findings include the elucidation of the oligomeric nature of DAT, the identification of domains involved in assembly and trafficking, and the identification and preliminary characterization of interacting proteins that regulate the targeting, trafficking, and function of monoamine transporters. Based on these results, I hypothesize that monoamine transporters exist as highly regulated macromolecular protein complexes in neurons. Thus, the overall goal of this research proposal is to provide a clearer understanding of the cellular regulatory mechanisms associated with monoamine transporters by identifying interacting proteins and establishing the role of such protein-protein interactions in transporter function. The following specific aims are proposed: Aim I: To determine the total complement/network of protein-protein interactions involved in biogenic amine transporter complexes in vivo using proteomic approaches. Aim II: To elucidate the physiological role of PICK1 and Hic-5 in the regulation of DAT function using genetic approaches. Aim IlI: To examine biochemically and functionally if putative interacting proteins identified previously in a yeast two-hybrid screen are real DAT interacting proteins. These studies should provide unprecedented insights into the regulation of monoamine transporters in brain and novel molecular targets for therapeutic approaches. This research proposal has also been designed to further develop the scientific career of the P.I. in preparation for an independent faculty position by acquiring expertise in proteomic and genetic approaches from internationally recognized scientists to better address the role of biogenic amine transporters in normal and abnormal brain function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cottler, Linda B. Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1983; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This NIMH Training Grant, in its nineteenth year, is seeking continued support for Post-doctoral training slots. The Department of Psychiatry, the parent Department of this T32, has noted strengths in the areas of Epidemiology and Prevention, Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, and Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. With research programs in areas such as mood and substance use disorders, schizophrenia, PTSD, Alzheimer's, child disorders, pathological gambling, personality disorders, and eating disorders, applicants have a wide range of opportunities for research training and career development. The training program allows trainees the opportunity to work with Preceptors in all of these areas. In the past ten years, the program has funded 22 individuals with the five awarded slots per year. We are now requesting eight slots per year, with four dedicated slots for Child Psychiatry, reflecting the increased requests for training in this field. The goals of this training grant have been enhanced to take into consideration the changing nature of our field, and the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences' report for welltrained psychiatric epidemiologists with interdisciplinary research skills. Thus, we have added, to our already rich training repertoire, the participation of a number of additional faculty who support interdisciplinary research. The focus of our training program is: ( i.) to increase the opportunities for interdisciplinary research training with the broadest range of research opportunities for persons wishing to specialize in psychiatric epidemiology; (ii.) to train in areas of perceived shortage in behavioral research; (iii.) to recruit and equip researchers from diverse academic backgrounds with the skills needed to address challenging problems related to psychiatric disorders; (iv.) to provide trainees with an apprentice-type experience, along with traditional education, to master the skills needed to critically evaluate data and to conduct every aspect of psychiatric epidemiologic research in order to become successful, independent investigators; (v.) to train individuals to maintain the highest ethical standards in their academic community and profession. The experience of the Training Director and CoDirectors bodes well for the continued success of this program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT & METABOLIC CONTROL IN LATINOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rossello, Jeannette M. Psychology; University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Rio Piedras Sta San Juan, PR 00931 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (taken from the application) Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a serious chronic illness and a highly prevalent disease among Latino youth. Although numerous studies have been carried out with young IDDM patients in the United States, few have been developed with Latino youth and with Puerto Rican populations. The understanding of IDDM and what leads to adequate metabolic control is of utmost importance to guarantee an improved quality of life for IDDM patients. In order to understand the characteristics of IDDM Latino youth that correlate with difficulties in metabolic control, the following research has been designed. This study aims to provide a descriptive profile and to identify the needs, strengths and weaknesses of this

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population. It will estimate which variables correlate with metabolic control. Finally, it aims to test a predictive model in order to determine which variables contribute most to metabolic control. This project will evaluate psychosocial characteristics that have been suggested in the literature as important and significant to metabolic control such as age, gender, psychological adjustment or mental health problems (depression, suicide, ideation, anxiety and eating disorders symptomatology), social support, coping styles, and cognitive appraisals (self concept, body image, and attributional style). One hundred IDDM youth, aged 9 to 18 years will be evaluated with standardized selfreport instruments to measure the variables. A control group matched for age, gender and sex will also be evaluated. Descriptive frequencies of the variables and comparisons between the IDDM and control group will be calculated. Correlations with metabolic control glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be analyzed. Finally, a multiple logistic regression analysis will be performed to determine the best predictive model of metabolic control. The findings of this study will permit us to: 1) raise the awareness of health professionals about the particular difficulties faced by IDDM children and adolescents in Puerto Rico; 2) design early diagnostic procedures to identify comorbid mental health problems in this population; and 3) design and test for effective preventive and treatment interventions for the conditions that affect metabolic control in this population. This will ultimately result in healthier IDDM youth, less hospitalizations, and fewer diabetic complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PURIFIED SEROTONIN RECEPTORS FOR STRUCTURAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Salom, David; Novasite Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 11095 Flintkote Ave San Diego, CA 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the aetiology of numerous Mental Health disorders, including depression, anxiety, social phobia, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders, migraine, and eating disorders. There are 12 5-HT receptor subtypes with similar recognition properties yet widely divergent physiological roles that belong to the same family of G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), hindering the discovery of subtypeselective drugs. Knowledge of the 3-dimensional structure of these receptors would enable the design of selective drugs. However, solving the structure at atomic resolution of membrane proteins such as GPCRs has been hampered by the difficulty to purify sufficient amounts of homogeneous and functional protein. Here, it is proposed a novel, proprietary expression system combined with a purification method to generate large amounts of high quality purified receptor, which could solve the bottleneck for structural elucidation of these important drug targets. In Phase I, the feasibility of the proposed approach will be tested for all the 12 human 5-HT GPCRs. In Phase II, this approach will be developed resulting in purified homogenous protein for each human 5- HT receptor subtype. This high quality purified material will be a highly valuable product enabling structural elucidation of these receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF AMPHETAMINE REWARD BY CENTRAL INSULIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hao, Joy; Cell Biology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, NY 10016

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Basic and clinical research indicate a close association between ingestive behavior and drug-seeking. This laboratory has shown that sustained negative energy balance augments behavioral and cellular effects of psychostimulants. A key endocrine response to negative energy balance is hypoinsulinemia, evident in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The objective of this proposal is to determine whether central insulin replacement, as delivered by osmotic minipumps, prevents the augmentation of amphetamine effects in chronically food-restricted rats. The first aim is to determine if the output of the minipump remains stable throughout a 14-day period, and whether addition of an anti-aggregant or protease inhibitor helps to maintain delivery of the intended dose. The second aim is to determine the dose of insulin that restores CSF insulin level of food-restricted rats to the control level, as measured by CSF sampling and radioimmunoassay. The third and fourth aims are to determine if intracerebroventricular insulin replacement during food restriction reverses the augmentation of amphetamine's stimulant and rewarding effects. Stimulant effects are measured using photobeam interruption to count horizontal and vertical movements. Rewarding effects are measured by the degree of thresholdlowering for electrical brain stimulation reward. Results of this research may shed light on the high comorbidity of drug abuse and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RESEARCH TEACHING DAY AND CONFERENCE ON EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Striegel-Moore, Ruth H. Professor; Psychology; Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 06459 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-FEB-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Eating disorders are serious mental health problems, affecting primarily adolescent girls and young adult women. The public health significance of eating disorders derives from the fact that they are common among adolescent girls, often take a chronic course, are associated with psychiatric comorbidity and lasting adverse health outcomes such as infertility and osteoporosis, and contribute to elevated health services utilization. Because eating disorder research has a relatively short history, challenges remain in the field concerning the recruitment and training of young scholars into research careers in eating disorders. Moreover, the multifactorial etiology and complex clinical picture of eating disorders require the collaboration of experts from a range of disciplines to advance the scientific knowledge base needed for identifying effective treatments and prevention strategies. Translational research promises to advance the field, yet few avenues exist for a productive exchange of research findings within a translational framework. Finally, dissemination of scientific knowledge to clinicians remains an important concern as studies have shown that only a minority of clinicians in the field uses the empirically validated and effective treatments for eating disorders. Support is requested to enhance the training function of the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED) Conference. Three program components are proposed: 1) a Junior Investigator Travel Program to provide financial support for outstanding students, post-doctoral fellows, and residents to attend the AED meeting; 2) a Research Teaching Day to be offered to the Travel Fellows the day preceding the AED conference; and 3) an NIMH sponsored symposium featuring cutting edge research of interest to basic and applied researchers. Support is requested for four years and the success of the program will be evaluated annually. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RISKS & CORRELATES OF PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING AMONG WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Volberg, Rachel A.; National Opinion Research Center 1155 E 60Th St Chicago, IL 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This study will contribute substantially to the relatively sparse literature on the risks and correlates of problem and pathological gambling among women. It will take advantage of a timely opportunity to add a state-of- the-art gambling component to one of the premier longitudinal studies of substance abuse and mental health issues, the National Study of Health and Life Experiences among women. This survey, which will begin questionnaire pretesting in mid-2000, is comprised of screened-in oversamples of women who have reported moderate to heavy levels of drinking a behavior pattern which appears to be a strong correlate of at- risk, problem, and pathological gambling, according to the relatively crude measures available from previous surveys that covered both factors. As funded by a current NIAAA grant, the NSHLEW will administer a 75minute interview to approximately 1,550 women in 2001. The interview as currently designed will cover many aspects of health-related behavior; the present proposal will add a six-minute module to the questionnaire focusing on specific gambling attitudes, behaviors, and psychiatric disorders of particular relevance to women, based on careful refinement of a recent national telephone and in-person patron-intercept survey of adult women and men conducted for the National Gambling Impact Study Commission. The specific aims of this study are (1) to test hypotheses about the risks and correlates of problem and pathological gambling in women as measured by the NORC Diagnostic Screen (NODS), which is a DSM-IV based assessment of gambling disorders, used in the recent Commission survey. Correlates to be tested, which are well covered in the NSHLEW time series include social affiliation and isolation, substance use, depression, suicide, eating disorders, risky sexual behavior, childhood sexual abuse, and spousal alcohol problems or gambling disorders. (2) to determine how different types of gambling patterns, particularly multiple game playing, preference for electronic gaming devices, and proximity to and density of particular types of gaming venues are related to prevalence of problem and pathological gambling; and (3) to assess the relationships between gambling participation, DSM problem levels, and particular motives for gambling, including escape from personal problems practice of perceived skills, and seeking to win money. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF LEPTIN IN THE NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO FASTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Mantzoros, Christos S.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the last several years, an explosion of data on the role of distinct peptides in regulating food intake and energy expenditure has fundamentally altered our understanding of regulation of body weight and energy expenditure and has broadened significantly our view of the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of eating disorders, including obesity and anorexia nervosa. Central to these observations was the discovery of leptin which plays a central role in signaling the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue to the central nervous system. In addition to its role in obesity,

Studies 83

our laboratory has explored two additional central roles of leptin, i.e. the role of leptin in regulating immune function and in mediating the neuroendocrine response to states of caloric deprivation in rodents. The current proposal will provide a transition from our laboratory observations to studies in normal human volunteers. Thus, we will study the physiology of leptin's secretion in lean and obese subjects and we will investigate the potential role of leptin as a regulator of energy expenditure and immune function and as mediator of the neuroendocrine response to food deprivation in humans. We hypothesize that 1) A fall in leptin blood levels and/or a change in its pattern of secretion in response to food deprivation are associated with the food deprivationinduced neuroendocrine and/or immune changes in humans, 2) Leptin administration to fasted humans will ameliorate the immune and/or neuroendocrine changes associated with food deprivation and 3) There are differences in leptin's role between men and women as well as lean and obese subjects. To examine these three hypotheses, we will measure energy expenditure and immune function and we will perform frequent blood sampling (every 15 min.) for 24 hours to assess hypothalamic-pituitaryend organ axes in a total of 32 subjects: 8 lean men, 8 lean women, 8 obese men and 8 obese women. Subjects will be studied under three conditions: a) Baseline, i.e. normal food consumption with placebo subcutaneous injections b) Following 3 days of food deprivation with placebo leptin subcutaneous injections, and c) Following 3 days of food deprivation with recombinant human leptin subcutaneous injections (The order of b and c will be randomized and double-blind). Data derived from these studies will increase our understanding of the normal physiology of leptin and its role in regulating energy expenditure, neuroendocrine and immune response in the fed and fasted states in normal humans, In addition, these data will provide important insights into the neuroendocrine response to therapeutic dieting in obesity and elucidate the pathophysiology of the neuroendocrine changes seen in anorexia nervosa and may also provide the basis for future therapeutic interventions for obesity and anorexia nervosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SELF-HELP COMPUTER SERVICES FOR EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bedrosian, Richard C.; Myselfhelp.Com, Inc. 184 Otis St Northboro, MA 01532 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-SEP-2001; Project End 20-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes research related to NIMH Division of Services and Intervention Research. The aim is to design and test the first prototype of an interactive self-help computer program for binge eating disorder. The prototype will be based on an integrative view of the etiology of binge eating disorder, and will combine elements of various empirically supported treatment approaches. Each user will receive a customized learning experience, resulting in customized feedback from the program. We will conduct the following evaluations of the module: (1) Expert Reviews of Content and Usability, (2) Stage One Usability Test (with eating disorder subjects), and (3) Stage Two Usability Test (with eating disorder subjects). Dependent measures and formal criteria for success are specified. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Potential commercial markets for eating disorders self-help technology include psychotherapy clients, mental health professionals, and health maintenance organizations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESPONSES

SEROTONIN

AND

STIMULUS

CONTROL

OF

INGESTIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Simansky, Kenny J. Professor; Pharmacology and Physiology; Mcp Hahnemann University Broad & Vine Sts Philadelphia, PA 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The goal of this project is defining the role of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain in reducing the control of eating by environmental stimuli. The studies will test the hypothesis that stimulating 5-HT1B (formerly, 5-HT1Dbeta) receptors inhibits learned ingestive responses. Pavlovian conditioning of jaw movements in rabbits will be used. This well-established model allows precise: definition of the physical properties of the conditioned (external) stimuli (CS's) and the unconditioned (appetitive) stimuli (US's); control of the temporal relationship between presentation of the CS and US; and measurement of the characteristics of the conditioned (CR) and unconditioned (UR) responses. Thus, this model is a powerful tool for analyzing the effects of drugs on associative learning and the mechanisms for these actions. CS's (tones) will be paired with intraoral infusion of the US, sucrose. In initial data, systemic injection of a 5-HT1B agonist selectively decreased expression of appetitively conditioned but not unconditioned jaw movements. Experiments will analyze the actions of 5-HT1B agonists on the: acquisition and expression of CR's; and the threshold intensity for CS's to elicit CR's ("CS excitability"). Stimulating 5-HT1B receptors promotes satiation in rabbits. Thus, controls for nonassociative behavioral effects and pharmacological selectivity of action will be included. We predict that stimulating 5-HT1B receptors will dampen CS excitability and therefore reduce the frequency of CR's. The nucleus accumbens (NAC) contains a shell (involved in primary aspects of reward) and a core (for associating external stimuli with rewards and expressing motor responses to incentive stimuli). We hypothesize that the NAC plays a role in serotonergic control of appetitive CR's. 5-HT1B receptors are distributed throughout the NAC; thus studies will map the critical site(s) in the NAC where 5-HT1B agonists dampen conditioned jaw movements. We will then determine whether: infusing 5-HT1B antagonists will enhance CS excitability; and destroying 5-HT innervation of the NAC will potentiate agonist actions on CR expression and on cellular signaling. Overall, the results will provide new information for elucidating neurochemical bases for cognitive processes that initiate, sustain and terminate eating. Rabbits, unlike rodents, express the human form of 5-HT1B receptors. Thus together, the data should be relevant for developing novel strategies for treating obesity, eating disorders and compulsive disorders underlying self-administration substances such as drugs of abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SEROTONIN FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jimerson, David C. Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 30-SEP-1991; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are serious psychiatric syndromes affecting 2 to 3 percent of young women, and significant although smaller number of young men. Women with bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa manifest abnormalities in regulation of serotonin, a central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter involved in regulation of food intake, mood and impulsive/obsessional behaviors. The goal of the current project is to evaluate whether abnormalities in serotonin regulation reflection reflect trait-related

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characteristics present in individuals who develop an eating disorder. Recurrent dieting is a frequent precursor to bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. In healthy controls, dieting decreases blood tryptophan levels, resulting in an apparent decrease in CNS serotonin synthesis. Normally, serotonergic pathways are though to respond to dieting through augmentation of post-synaptic receptor responsiveness. It is hypothesized that in women with a neurobiological predisposition to eating disorders, CNS receptors are not able to respond adequately to compensate for diet-associated decreases in serotonin synthesis. This deficiency could contribute to the onset of eating disorder symptoms. Study groups will include women who have recovered from bulimia nervosa, women who have recovered from anorexia nervosa, and healthy female controls. Based on a randomized, controlled, crossover design, subjects will participate in low-tryptophan and normal tryptophan eight-day study diets. In comparison to results in controls, the long-term remitted patient groups are anticipated to respond to a low-tryptophan diet with significantly impaired diet-induced augmentation of dexfenfluramine-stimulated prolactin response. Indirect measures of physiological/metabolic response to dietary changes, including blood leptin concentration, will be compared across study groups. These studies will provide important new information on the potential roles of dieting and serotonin in the development of eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SEROTONIN REGULATION IN EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolfe, Barbara E.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): This project investigates the contribution of altered central nervous system (CNS) serotonin function to the abnormal eating patterns characteristic of bulimia nervosa. This serious psychiatric disorder leads to severe psychosocial distress and potentially serious medical consequences in approximately two percent of young women, the population at greatest risk for eating disorders. Binge eating in bulimia nervosa is thought to result in part from a deficiency in the satiety response that normally leads to meal termination. Hypo thalamic serotonin is important in meal-related satiety. Patients with bulimia nervosa have abnormalities in serotoninmediated release of neuroendocrine hormones. The primary goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that serotonin-mediated satiety responses are abnormal in bulimia nervosa. To evaluate serotonin-mediated satiety responses, this project measures the decrease in food intake during a single-item test-meal following administration of a single oral dose of the serotonin-agonist medication m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) (0.4 mg/kg). During the three year project, serotonin-mediated satiety and neuroendocrine responses will be compared in 18 medication-free women who meet DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa and 18 health female volunteers. Although dieting behaviors per se can influence serotonin function, alterations in CNS serotonin regulation in bulimia nervosa are postulated to occur independently of the effects of dieting. To test this hypothesis, this project includes a second comparison group of 18 healthy female volunteers studied while following a reduced calorie diet. This project will also assess whether stable recovery in a group of 18 women with a history of bulimia nervosa is associated with a normal pattern of decreased food intake following mCPP administration. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to mCPP will be evaluated using a placebo-controlled, randomized design. Subject groups will be matched for age and height-adjusted weight, with studies scheduled during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Further exploratory analyses will evaluate the

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relationship of serotonergic responses in bulimia patients to associated psychiatric symptoms, including depressed mood and impulsive and aggressive behaviors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SEROTONIN'S ROLE IN PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Attia, Evelyn; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness that is characterized by significant weight loss, hormonal disturbance reflected in amenorrhea, and cognitive distortions about body weight and shape. The purpose of this Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Development Award (MPORCDA), is to develop and execute a program of research that will investigate biological disturbances and associated clinical symptoms in women with AN, in order to elucidate some of the factors which may contribute to the development, as well as the high degree of tenacity, of this disorder. Specifically, it will test the hypotheses that 1) normal-weight women with history of AN have higher measures of serotonin, as evidenced by plasma tryptophan levels, and CSF 5-HIAA than age- and weight-matched healthy control women; 2) recently weight-restored women with AN will have lower measures of serotonin and its activity than will long-term weight restored women, as evidenced by plasma tryptophan, CSF 5-HIAA, and tryptophan-depletion challenge; and 3) long-term weight restored women will have evidence of lower serotonin transporter (SERT) binding potential (BP) as measured by PET study, compared with healthy controls, presumably because higher neurochemical levels led to down-regulation of receptor concentration. Under the strong mentorship of individuals with expertise in clinical research training and AN, neuroscience (specifically serotonergic activity and its assessment), and consultation from individuals with expertise in psychobiology of eating disorders, in brain imaging, in biology of eating and feeding behavior, and in the role of serotonin in gastrointestinal function, this MPORCDA will provide the candidate with the skills and further experience to integrate the advances of the fields of anorexia nervosa, neuroscience and biological psychiatry. The long-term goal of this award is for the candidate to become an expert and independent researcher in the psychobiology of eating disorders, with special application to anorexia nervosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SIGNALS MECHANISMS

TO

FEED:

BIOLOGICAL

AND

ASSOCIATIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Davidson, Terry L. Psychological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Disorders of memory function and of food intake regulation may seem to have little in common, except for the fact that both can have very negative effects on health and well-being. Yet, new data and new interpretations of older findings, suggest the existence of a number of intriguing links between the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory and the physiological processes involved with food intake regulation. The long-term goal of the proposed research is to understand how these processes are interrelated. Using a rat model, this work will focus on three neuropetides, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, each of which have been proposed to

Studies 87

provide information to the brain about the status of bodily energy resources, and each of which appears to be involved with the function of the hippocampus, a brain structure long considered to be an organ of learning and memory. In the initial phase of this research, behavioral paradigms will be used that can assess the extent to which these neuropeptides influence food intake regulation by (a) producing interoceptive hunger or satiety stimuli like those produced by periods of fasting or ad lib feeding; (b) altering the orosensory consequences of eating;(c) altering the post-ingestive after affects of eating and/or; (d) serving as predictive signals for when particular orosensory or postingestive consequences are likely to occur. Secondly, this research will use the role of the hippocampus in food intake regulation. The effects of selective neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus on the learned and physiological controls of intake regulation will be evaluated. Thirdly, this research will begin to study systematically the possibility that processes involved with food intake regulation mediate the performance of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory functions. The goal of these experiments will be to determine if rats that have been made insulin-deficient or insulin-resistant show patterns of impairment on different learning and memory tasks that are like those shown by rats without a hippocampus. It is hoped that the research proposed here will enable us to identify common neural and associative bases for the control of learning and memory and food intake regulation. Discovery of how these mechanisms are interconnected should have important implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating disorders of both memory and energy regulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SOCIAL AGGRESSION: PRECURSORS AND OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Underwood, Marion K. Associate Professor of Psychology; Psychology; University of Texas Dallas Box 830688 Richardson, TX 75080 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This longitudinal investigation will examine developmental precursors and outcomes of engaging in and being the victim of social and physical aggression. Whereas physical aggression inflicts or threatens bodily harm, social aggression hurts others by damaging their friendships, peer relations, or social status. Social aggression includes behaviors such as social exclusion, friendship manipulation, malicious gossip, and non-verbal efforts at alienation and manipulation. Preliminary studies have established that social aggression hurts children and is related to psychosocial maladjustment, but longitudinal research is needed to explore precursors, stability, and sequelae of perpetrating and being victimized by social and physical aggression. This study will follow a normal sample of 300 children from ages 9 - 14, a developmental period in which social aggression has been shown to become more frequent and intense. This investigation will examine how frequently children engage in and experience these behaviors and explore whether and when gender differences emerge, using multiple methods to measure social aggression (observations and telephone interviews, as well as peer nominations and teacher and parent reports). This study will explore factors that may contribute to individual differences in engaging in and being victimized by social and physical aggression: family, peer group, and school factors. This research will investigate developmental outcomes associated with engaging in and being the victim of social and physical aggression: qualities of peer and romantic relationships, self-concept, academic progress, identity formation, externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, personality difficulties, and eating disorder symptoms. This study will explore developmental precursors of adolescent psychopathology for both girls and boys, with the long-term goal of determining

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whether reducing social aggression might be helpful in preventing externalizing symptoms, internalizing problems, personality disorders, and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SOCIAL TRANSITION AND RISK FOR DISORDERED EATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Becker, Anne E. Assistant Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application for a Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Development Award with a focus on developing expertise in the investigation of sociocultural risk factors for eating disorders by combining perspectives from epidemiology, anthropology, and psychiatry. Candidate: The Candidate, already an established medical anthropologist and psychiatrist with clinical expertise in eating disorders, now seeks additional training (with a primary focus in epidemiology) to make her research more clinically relevant by integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches. Career development plans include training in (1) psychiatric epidemiology; (2) advanced qualitative methods; (3) skills for research with Puerto Ricans; and (4) the responsible conduct of research. Formal coursework, culminating in a master's of science degree in the psychiatric epidemiology program at the Harvard School of Public Health, and supervision with consultants with expertise in both qualitative and quantitative methods will lay the foundation for future independent investigation by the Candidate in this area. Environment: The proposed study will be based at the Massachusetts General Hospital under the supervision of Sponsor, Dr. Jane Murphy, and Co-Sponsor, Dr. Ruth StriegeI-Moore, with consultation from additional experts. Research Plan: Population data based studies suggest that several forms of social transition are associated with increased prevalence of disordered eating in young women across extremely diverse cultural groups. This study will build on the Candidate's previous research demonstrating an increase in disordered eating behaviors and attitudes among ethnic Fijian girls in the setting of rapid modernization in Fiji. Qualitative and quantitative methods and data will be used iteratively in separate studies in two distinct study populations of 15-24 year old females ethnic Fijians in Fiji and mainland Puerto Ricans in Boston. Study I will test hypotheses derived from the Candidate's previous qualitative research in Fiji with a cross-sectional survey to examine associations between primary predictors (relating to dimensions of social transition) and outcomes (relating to disordered eating) in Fijians. Study II will develop a general model for how social transition may contribute to risk for disordered eating across diverse populations by analysis of interview and focus group data exploring applicability of this model to a mainland Puerto Rican study population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPECIAL REPORT: IMPROVING BODY IMAGE IN MIDDLE SCHOOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Cousineau, Tara; Inflexxion, Inc. Newton, MA 02464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose the development of an interactive, school-based multimedia program that addresses body dissatisfaction in adolescents (BDIA) called Special Report: Body Talk. The proposed program will be designed for early adolescents, ages 12 to 14, when maturation, body image and weight concerns are highly salient. Body dissatisfaction is considered one of the most robust factors in the

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onset of body disturbances and harmful dieting, such as eating disorders. Through the use of an interactive CD-ROM incorporating engaging video, audio and graphic features, education will be delivered through a newsroom format where student users work with on-screen teens to create news stories focused on education of physical maturation and healthy eating, media literacy skills on cultural standards for attractiveness, and body image issues. Using empirically-sound prevention strategies, Special Report: Body Talk is one 45-50 minute session that will include: (1) risk assessment with tailored normative feedback, (2) basic knowledge test, (3) media literacy awareness exercise, (4) personally relevant education about weight management and nutrition, and skill building exercises to resist weight related teasing and increase body satisfaction. While the program is intended to be offered in school, the flexible selfcontained design of the program will allow it to be readily used in other settings (e.g., primary care offices, youth centers). If such a program demonstrated effectiveness in reducing risk behaviors over traditional education approaches, school administrators and health educators would likely view it as a desirable and cost effective way to offer BDIA education and prevention to middle and junior high school students. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: STABILITY OF COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdowell, Bradley D. Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Preliminary research suggests that the cognitive of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) improve over the course of inpatient treatment. The psychological and physiological factors that are associated with improvement of cognitive abilities one year after discharge will be determined. Funding of this project will also provide the resources needed to organize a database of patients with eating disorders to be recruited for subsequent research projects. The primary hypothesis that cognitive abilities measured one year after discharge will be significantly associated with the severity of AN symptoms. If AN severity worsens from post-treatment levels, the gains made during inpatient treatment will decay; if AN severity improves, the gains made during inpatient treatment will be further enhanced. Other predictors of cognitive improvement will be evaluated. Specifically, we will look at baseline and post-treatment levels of depression and anxiety, obsessive measures, and general functioning as they relate to neuropsychological performance at baseline, post-treatment, and follow- up. The results will allow the stability of cognitive performances to be determined, and allow the relationship between neuropsychological test results and the core AN psychopathology to be clearly defined. Such findings could provide to be quite clinically useful. Likewise, practitioners should know whether these skills stabilize after hospitalization or if they require more frequent monitoring. Such information also informs our basic understanding of how the brain recovers from the effects of starvation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE OF AN EDITING ENZYME DSRNA ADENOSINE DEAMINASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rich, Alexander; Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139

90 Eating Disorders

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: All metazoan cells examined have a enzyme which deaminates adenine in mRNA to produce inosine which codes as if it were guanine. This editing process changes the genetic message by changing a codon and, hence, an amino acid in a protein. The enzyme that does this binds to double- stranded RNA and is called doublestranded dsRNA adenosine deaminase. In the central nervous system glutamate receptors which are ion channels have proteins which are edited. In one type of editing a glutamate residue in the ion channel is changed to arginine with the result that the influx of calcium ions is blocked. This causes a profound change in the function of the cell, and eliminating this enzyme is associated with acute epilepsy and early death in mice. The serotonin receptor in the central nervous system is also edited, and those changes alter its signal transduction activity. Disruption in the activity of these serotonin receptors are associated with eating disorders and epilepsy. This type of editing has also been found in voltage-gated potassium channels as well as in sialil transferases which add sialic acid to glycoproteins. Editing in that case changes the secretory pathway and half-life of the transferase. There are many unsolved problems associated with the mode of action of this class of editing enzymes. The enzyme only binds to double-stranded RNA formed by a foldback structure involving intron - exon pairing. We propose to solve its three-dimensional structure in order to gain insight into its mode of action. The enzyme is large, containing 1226 amino acids and has several different domains including a catalytic deaminase domain, three double-stranded RNA binding domains and 2 domains which bind with high affinity to left-handed Z-DNA. We propose to solve the structure of some of these isolated domains by X-ray crystallographic or NMR studies in solution. We plan to crystallize larger segments up to and including the entire enzyme. We plan to solve the structure of the enzyme when it is complexed to its substrates double-stranded RNA as well as left-handed DNA. Knowledge of the structure of the enzyme associated with its complex substrates should provide significant insight into the manner in which this enzyme selectively alters the genetic message. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SUBSTANCE ANOREXIA/BULIMIA

USE

DISORDERS

IN

WOMEN

WITH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Herzog, David B. Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-MAY-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are prevalent disorders in adolescent and adult women and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Substance use disorders (SUDs) often co-occur with eating disorders (EDs); however, the development of comorbidity and the relationship between the disorders have not been adequately described. Using a unique data set gathered from a longitudinal study of EDs, this proposal seeks to examine the cooccurrence of SUDs with AN and BN through a series of secondary analyses. The aims of this study are to describe the influence of SUDs in women with EDs by evaluating their impact on ED course and outcome. We will examine differences between women with and without SUDs in ED symptomatology, rates of ED recovery and relapse, comorbid psychopathology, suicidality, treatment participation and psychosocial functioning. Additionally, potential predictors of onset, recovery, relapse and suicidality will be examined. [Lastly, the interaction between SUDs and specific covariates -including MDD, markers of impulsivity, and life events -- will be described, and the

Studies 91

mediating effects of these covariates on time to relapse and recovery will be examined.] Data were gathered on 246 women recruited into the Longitudinal Study of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Weekly assessments of ED symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, and treatment participation, as well as monthly ratings of psychosocial functioning were collected. A median of 9 years of data have been gathered, and the attrition rate is a low 7%. RDC diagnoses of alcoholism (ALC) and DUDs were used. DUDs were categorized into 3 groups: marijuana, stimulants, and other. DUD and ALC were found in 31 (13%) and 42 (17%) participants at intake, respectively. Ten new onset cases of DUD and 24 new onsets of ALC brought lifetime histories of DUD and ALC to 41 (17%) and 66 (27%), respectively, over the course of follow-up. To date, 11 women have died (10 AN, 1 BN). Controlling for age and duration of ED episode at intake in AN, presence of an SUD during the course of the study was significantly associated with increased hazard of death, (DUD: LRT=4.96, df=l, p=.026; ALC: LRT=ll.0, df=l, p=.0009). Findings from this project will increase our understanding of the longitudinal sequence of comorbidity between EDs and SUDs. They will also create a framework for the evaluation of current treatment efforts, assist in the design of future treatment studies, and provide clinicians, researchers and patients with important clinical information about comorbid SUDs and EDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SUGAR ADDICTION IN RATS: LINKS TO DRUGS OF ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Avena, Nicole M. Psychology; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, NJ 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives and aims of this research proposal are to investigate the neural and behavioral correlates of sugar and drug addictions. The recent increased awareness of eating disorders and obesity in our country has led many to speculate about the addictive properties of food, and how this addiction may be related to the over-eating epidemic our society is currently facing. Recent research in rodents has indicated that sugar bingeing can lead to dependency that shares some behavioral and neurochemical similarities with drug dependency (Colantuoni et al., 2001; Colantuoni et al., 2002). This proposal plans to elaborate on these findings, by behaviorally investigating sugar craving, sensitization and cross-sensitization with other known drugs of abuse. Moreover, this research will examine neurochemical similarities between sugar and drug addiction in the nucleus accumbens. By further elucidating a possible link between food and drugs, new pharmacological and behavioral treatments may be developed to treat eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETED MOTOR NEURON GENE DELIVERY FOR SPASTICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Boulis, Nicholas M.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Technological advancements have provided neurosurgery with new paradigms for the restoration of neural function. The dual emergence of accurate stereotaxis and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have generated a revolution in the application of targeted neuromodulation applied to movement disorders, epilepsy, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disease, and pain (Appendix C). Nonetheless, because DBS depends on the focused delivery of electric

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current, it is incapable of pharmacological specificity. Rather than delivering electric current, viral vectors can alter synaptic function with molecular specificity. Further, vector tropism can be modified, creating the potential for system specific neuronal gene delivery. The experiments outlined in this proposal attempt to develop a vector capable of both neural tropism and neuromodulation. To test these concepts, we propose to develop a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) capable of synaptic inhibition and motor neuron tropism. We have chosen the spinal reflex arc as a simple mammalian functional system amenable to neuromodulation. In addition, the functional disorder, spasticity, provides a target for the study of applied neuromodulation. We hypothesize that an rAAV vector capable of specific motor neuron inhibition will have therapeutic efficacy in animal models of spasticity. In addition to providing a novel approach to spasticity, data from these studies will permit the rational design of rAAV vector(s) for application to motor neuron disease (ALS) and stereotactic neuromodulation. There are 3 Aims: 1) Construct novel vectors capable of focused synaptic inhibition, 2) develop strategies for targeted gene delivery to motor neurons with rAAV, 3) apply targeted rAAV capable of synaptic inhibition in models of spasticity. The applicant has developed a focused interest in the neural basis for behavior in both normal and pathological states. His early training in simple systems neurophysiology, and later training in biochemistry and molecular biology have prepared him for a career in the study of focused gene-based neuromodulation. His appointment to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation will give him access to one of the most active programs in Functional Neurosurgery, and create opportunities for clinical application of his work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TASTE CODING BY NEURAL CIRCUITRY IN THE BRAIN STEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Di Lorenzo, Patricia M. Professor; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, NY 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is designed to study the neural coding of taste by learning about the circuitry of the first central synapse of taste-related nerves, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). How the brain encodes taste is important because the coding mechanisms that are used by the taste system may also apply to other sensory systems. In addition, because of the link between taste and ingestion, the study of the taste system may provide insight into the etiology and/or treatment of eating disorders. Recent behavioral studies have suggested that the chorda tympani (CT) and the glossopharyngeal (GP), which innervate taste buds on the rostral 2/3 and caudal 1/3 of the tongue respectively, serve different functions in taste coding. At the present time, however, a description of the underlying circuitry in the central nervous system and of the functional interactions that support such a hypothesis is lacking. The long-term objective of the present proposal is to provide a description of the interaction of inputs onto taste cells in the NTS and the relationships of these inputs to the projection patterns of NTS cells. The specific aims are: 1) Evoked responses from electrical stimulation of the CT and GP nerves will be recorded in NTS cells and correlated with patterns of taste sensitivity. First, this experiment will test the hypothesis that the respective sensitivity patterns of the CT and GP nerves are conserved in the response profiles in NTS cells. Second, based on several suggestions in the literature, the hypothesis that input from the CT nerve inhibits input from the GP nerve will be tested using paired pulse electrical stimulation. 2) Evoked responses from electrical stimulation of the CT and GP nerve will be recorded in NTS cells, as well as evoked responses from electrical stimulation of the parabrachial nucleus of the pons (PbN), the second synapse in the ascending gustatory

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pathway. This experiment will test the hypothesis that the response profiles of NTS-PbN relay cells reflect parallel processing of taste stimuli by NTS cells receiving either CT or GP input. 3) Evoked responses from electrical stimulation of the CT and GP nerves and the gustatory neocortex (GN) will be recorded will be recorded in NTS cells. Taste responses in these cells will also be recorded before and after anesthetization of the ipsilateral and contralateral GN. This experiment will test the hypothesis that descending input from the GN differentially affects those cells that receive CT and GP input. By describing the taste responsivity of inputs and outputs of NTS cells, data from this project will help provide an understanding of information processing in the NTS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: THE DEVELOPMENT OF EATING DISORDERS IN MALES AND FEMALES Principal Investigator & Institution: Field, Alison E. Assistant Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: This proposal is to follow 9,039 girls and 7,843 boys, currently ages 14- 19., through their transition to late adolescence and early adulthood. The girls and boys are members of the Growing Up Today Study, which was established in 1996 when the participants were 9 to 14 years of age. The cohort was initially funded by NIDDK to assess predictors of dietary intake, activity, and weight gain during a four year period. We now seek to follow the cohort for five additional years to investigate determinants of purging (i.e., use of vomiting or laxatives) and eating disorders of at least subsyndromal severity. The mothers of the children are participants in the ongoing Nurses' Health Study II and have been followed biennially since 1989. We will obtain information annually from the participants, as well as continue to collect information from the mothers on their weight, concern with weight, weight control behaviors, and concern with their child's weight. Using this data we will assess the predictiveness of personal factors, peer influences, family influences and media influences on the development and course of purging and eating disorders of at least subsyndromal severity. Eating disorders are difficult to treat, Therefore, we believe it is essential to identify and quantify their risk factors so that better means of prevention can be developed. Not only do eating disorders have serious physical health consequences, but also their precursors, weight concerns, are associated with obesity and can lead young people to adopt unhealthy weight control behaviors, such as smoking. Thus eating disorders and their precursors are associated with two serious public health problems among young people in the United States. Due to the paucity of prospective cohort studies, little is known about the etiology and course of development of eating disorders in young women and much less is known in men. This study will have sufficient power to detect associations of at least moderate magnitude (e.g., RR> 1.7). By following the approximately 16,000 adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study for five additional years we will have the largest prospective cohort study capturing the time periods of highest risk of developing disordered eating. The size of the cohort and the length of follow-up (9 years) will enable us to answer many questions about the development and course of purging and eating disorders that no other prospective study has the statistical power to address. Moreover, since this is the only large prospective cohort study to assess the development of eating disorders in males, our results will make a lasting contribution to the field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE GENETICS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Halmi, Katherine A. Professor; Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic and often fatal disorder that affects 0.3% of women. There is no FDA-approved treatment, and the mortality rate is 5% per decade. In addition to environmental influence, family and twin studies demonstrate substantial heritability for AN. Because the etiology of this devastating illness is not known, we undertook a pilot study to examine its genetic underpinnings. With the support of a private foundation, our multicenter collaboration has collected 196 multiplex AN kindreds from 7 sites across North America and Europe. With a limited sample, this pilot study has produced four suggestive linkages from a genome-wide scan, one very close to genome-wide significance (Chromosome 1 at 70 cM, p - 0.0001; Chr. 1 at 202 cM, LOD = 3 46. p = 0.00003; Chr. 2 at 102 cM, LOD = 2.22: p = 0.00070; and Chr. 13 at 102 cM. LOD = 2.50; p = 0.00035) The first suggestive linkage results from a subset of the sample, namely individuals with the restricting subtype of AN. The other results were obtained by incorporating two covariates, drive-for-thinness from the Eating Disorders lnventory-2 and the total score from the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, into covariate-based linkage analysis. Based on these very promising linkage findings, we believe genes underlying liability to AN can be mapped by augmenting the pilot sample. Thus support is requested for a multicenter effort to collect 400 affected relative pairs with AN. Over a five year period, the 11 collaborating groups (10 clinical, 1 analytic) will collect diagnostic and other phenotypic data and blood samples from 400 multiplex AN kindreds. The UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH is one of these research groups. each of which is submitting a nearly identical application as a group of collaborating ROls. Microsatellites will be genotyped at H 10 cM intervals across the genome using all new families. Linkage analyses will be conducted by using diagnostic and phenotypic data to confirm suggestive linkages from the pilot study and to identify new genomic regions of interest. The diagnostic and genetic data and lymphoblastoid cell lines (derived from blood samples) will become part of a national archival resource for genetic studies of AN through the NIMH Genetics Initiative. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE PREVALENCE OF TWO EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stunkard, Albert J. Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Two eating disorders, binge eating disorder (BED) and the night eating syndrome (NES), have been associated with obesity. There is reason to believe that they contribute to the obesity and that controlling them might contribute to the control of obesity. The prevalence of these disorders is not known. We hope that this proposed study will help to determine this prevalence and the extent to which the disorders are associated with the severity of obesity. Binge eating disorder is characterized by a subjective feeling of loss of control over what is being consumed and an objective consumption of an amount of food "definitely larger than most people would eat." Night eating syndrome consists of morning anorexia, evening hyperphagia, lowering of mood late in the day, and nighttime awakenings, during which time foodusually high in carbohydrates is consumed. Our proposed study seeks to delineate how

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common each of these eating disorders is among the Look AHEAD population and, if possible, the stability of the diagnosis in the course of the first year of treatment. One thousand randomly selected subjects from five Look AHEAD sites, including both men and women and irrespective of race or ethnicity, will be administered screening questionnaires that assess both the BED and NES criteria. From those screening questionnaires, 20 percent of persons with the highest scores for NES and those scoring above a cutoff (20 percent +/-5 percent) for BED will be contacted for follow-up clinical phone interviews to reduce the number of subjects who are falsely self-identified. This information will be gathered upon subjects' entry into the Look AHEAD trial and again at six months and one year into treatment to assess the stability of the diagnosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: THE TREATMENT OF EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crow, Scott J. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: This proposal for an independent Scientist Award (K02) to support my research program in the area of the treatment and outcome of eating disorders. This has been the focus of my work since finishing residency in 1992 and since 1995 I have been the principal investigator of an active and productive research group focused on eating disorders treatment and outcome issues. The application centers around R01 grant "Stepped Care vs. Best Available care for Bulimia Nervosa" (R01-MH-59304). This is a five year study (now in its third year) examining the use of different sequences of selfhelp, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat bulimia nervosa. In addition to measuring the efficacy of these various treatment packages, cost efficacy will also be measured. The Department of Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota has made a strong institutional commitment to this award. The department provides strong administrative support and a highly supportive environment for research activities, and recently completed construction of a 4000 square feet Psychiatry Ambulatory Research Center (ARC) that houses my ongoing research activities. If funded, this award will free me up from substantial clinical duties and protect fully 75% of my time for research activities. This increased time will allow for advanced specialized training in cost efficacy analysis, specific training in sophisticated clinical outcomes research techniques through the Clinical Outcomes Research Center at the University of Minnesota, active consultation regarding ED treatment study issues with B. Timothy Walsh, M.D and active consultation on eating disorder course and outcome study issues with Christopher Fairbum, M.D. These career development activities will enable me to utilize the unique research populations and data available at Minnesota to pursue my research goals in the areas of studying effective and cost effective treatment for eating disorders and examining their course and their costs. Numerous studies are planned during this award and in the years that follow to leverage these new skills and unique resources. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TIME COURSE AND POTENTIATION OF FLUOXETIN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Van De Kar, Louis D. Professor; Pharmacol & Exper Therapeutics; Loyola University Medical Center Lewis Towers, 13Th Fl Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term goal of the proposed studies is to provide novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of mood disorders that will work more rapidly and more effectively than the currently available medications. The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac) has revolutionized psychiatry. In addition to their effectiveness in the treatment of depression, SSRIs also have proven effective for the treatment of several mood disorders for which the older medications were ineffective. These disorders include anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, aggression, eating disorders and premenstrual syndrome. However, a lag time of about 2-3 weeks exists from the onset of medication until the first signs of improvement appear. This delayed onset of therapeutic effects is a severe problem. Some of the suicides of depressed patients occur during this lag time. Therefore, there is a great need to find therapeutic approaches that will work more rapidly. Studies supporting the parent grant indicate that treatment with SSRIs produces a delayed-onset, homologous desensitization of post-synaptic serotoninlA( 5HT1A) receptors in the hypothalamus. This desensitization is most likely mediated by increased levels of 5-HT in the synapse and the resulting over-activation of postsynaptic receptors. Studies in depressed patients indicate that the therapeutic effectiveness of SSRIs is dependent on maintaining high levels of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. The 5-HT reuptake mechanism is the primary mechanism terminating the activation of post-synaptic receptors by 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. However, the release of 5-HT from the nerve terminals is highly regulated by inhibitory 5-HT1A autoreceptors on the soma and dendrites of the serotonergic cells in the raphe nuclei and by inhibitory 5-HT1B/1D autoreceptors on the serotonergic nerve terminals in forebrain regions. Thus, the overall hypothesis is that during SSRI therapy, the inhibitory influences of 5-HT autoreceptors must be overcome to allow SSRIs to increase the levels of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. The proposed studies will use in vivo microdialysis approaches to investigate the time courses of changes in both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/1D autoreceptors, and thus determine whether these receptors contribute to the delay in onset of fluoxetine-induced increase in extracellular levels of 5-HT in several forebrain regions. In addition, the studies will investigate whether combining fluoxetine with selective 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B/1D antagonists will accelerate the fluoxetine-induced increase in extracellular levels of 5-HT. The results of the present studies will provide the scientific foundation for the use of specific autoreceptor antagonists as adjunctive therapy with SSRIs to produce a more rapid and effective therapy of mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH ON EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Bernard T. Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, are psychiatric illnesses of uncertain etiology which affect a significant number of women and which are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. A central behavioral feature of these disorders is a disturbance in the control of meal size. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by abnormally small meals and Bulimia Nervosa by abnormally large ("binge") meals. Substantial progress has been made in the last two decades in understanding the controls of meal size in laboratory animals, but direct applications of these models to disordered eating are lacking. A second clinical characteristic of eating disorders is a narrowing of behavioral repertoire so that foodrelated thinking and behavior progressively interfere with other occupational and social

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activities. This pattern is reminiscent of the behavior of individuals dependent on drugs. There are substantial preclinical data documenting the behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs of abuse, but, again, there have been few attempts to examine systematically the utility of this information in understanding eating disorders. This proposed R21 Developmental Grant will translate preclinical knowledge of the controls of eating behavior and of substance use to the study of human eating disorders. A formal collaboration will be established between investigators with expertise in the study of feeding behavior in animals, investigators with expertise in the study of human substance abuse and investigators with expertise in the study of human eating and eating disorders. This research group will develop and conduct experiments to translate basic animal research into the study of human eating disorders and, conversely, to examine in animal models phenomena described in clinical experience with patients with eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TREATMENT FOR OBESITY AND BINGE EATING DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Grilo, Carlos M. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application seeks funds to conduct a study of cognitive behavioral and behavioral weight loss treatments for obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED). The proposed study builds directly upon the findings of the initial project that examined the efficacy of fluoxetine treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the relative efficacy of the treatments alone and in combination for patients with BED (balanced 2 x 2 factorial design). CBT produced significant and clinically meaningful improvements in the behavioral (binge eating), cognitive (attitudinal features of eating disorders), and associated psychological (depression) features of BED, but not for the physical problem of obesity. In the 2 x 2 factorial design: (1) CBT was superior to treatment without CBT, treatment with fluoxetine was not superior to treatment without fluoxetine, and no interaction between treatments occurred; (2) Specific comparisons among specifc treatments revealed that fluoxetine was not superior to placebo, CBT + Placebo and CBT + Fluoxetine were similar, and CBT + Placebo and CBT + Fluoxetine were superior to Fluoxetine-only and Placebo-only. Findings suggest that CBT has efficacy for the behavioral, cognitive, associated psychological features of BED. The strong association between BED and obesity, and the major health risks associated with obesity highlight the need for developing interventions that also reduce weight. It remains uncertain whether behavioral weight loss (BWL) has efficacy for producing weight loss in BED or for reducing binge eating and its associated features. The proposed study involves a comparison of three treatment conditions: (1) CBT; (2) BWL, and (3) a sequential (twopart) treatment consisting of CBT followed by BWL. Assessments will occur at baseline, bimonthly during treatment, and 6-and 12-months post-treatment. The primary specific aim is to test the relative efficacy of CBT, BWL, and a sequential treatment consisting of CBT followed by BWL. Secondary aims are to (1) explore predictors and processes of change during the acute treatment and follow-up period, and (2) examine whether (a) BWL ("dieting") after the CBT produces weight loss, and (b) weight regain (if it occurs following BWL) is accompanied/followed by reoccurrence of binge eating, attitudinal features of eating disorders, psychological distress, or psychiatric disturbances. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRIGGERED-SUGGESTION DEVICE WITH THERAPY FOR WEIGHT LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grant, Kimberly S.; Progenesis, Inc. 15127 Ne 24Th St, Pmb 354 Redmond, WA 98052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: Obesity represents a significant public health concern and is associated with medical complications that include premature mortality. The proposed Phase I study will evaluate the feasibility of the Triggered Suggestion Device (TSD) as a therapeutic aid in the behavioral treatment of overweight individuals. The TSD is a custom wristwatch that provides visual, auditory, and tactile cueing to the wearer. Signals from the TSD are linked to therapeutic goals that are developed with a therapist/counselor and augmented with an audio CD that is focused on weight loss and healthy living. Individuals with BMIs of 25 to 35 will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups, behavioral therapy alone or behavioral therapy plus the TSD. After 8 weeks of treatment, the following primary and secondary variables will be measured: change in BMI, satisfaction with treatment method, change in physical activity, and life satisfaction rating. Study results will provide significant support for the commercial viability of the TSD as a therapeutic tool for weight loss. Strong anecdotal evidence from psychotherapists supports the application of the TSD to weight loss and further scientific investigation is warranted. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The TSD will be of value to mental health professionals and physicians who provide treatment for weight loss, clinical eating disorders, and patients with weight-related illnesses. Its nonpharmaceutical design makes it an appropriate choice for groups such as adolescents and pregnant women. The TSD is currently in commercial production under the brand name "HabitEX- Manage Your Weight Successfully" and is being used in private psychotherapy practices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UCLA TRAINING PROGRAM IN NUTRITION AND OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Heber, David; Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: This proposal requests renewed support for the UCLA Nutrition and Obesity Training Program in order to continue to train diverse and highly trained clinical and basic scientists in nutrition and obesity research. Through stipends and educational support of four postdoctoral M.D. or Ph.D. trainees, this program seeks to develop a new generation of scientists and physician-scientists capable of translating advances in the understanding of gene-nutrient interactions relevant to obesity and obesity-related diseases to clinical medicine and community health both nationally and internationally. Obesity-related diseases account for 300,000 deaths per year and one of 9 health care dollars are spent on over 30 obesity-related diseases. This program was established in 1992, and has since developed a cadre of dedicated faculty, a clear record of accomplishment among nutrition fellows who have advanced their careers to become competitively funded investigators in nutrition and obesity-related research areas. Since the last renewal, the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition has grown considerably with the funding in 1999 of the UCLA P50 Center for Dietary Supplements Research:Botanicals (CDSRB), and the NCI -funded P30 Clinical Nutrition Research (CNRU) which was competitively renewed for five years in 2002. All of these programs

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are housed in the Center for Human Nutrition which also is the site of successful clinical programs integrated into the research training of both basic and clinical scientists including the University Obesity Center, the Surgical Obesity Program, the Primary Care Network, and Community Outreach Programs in the Venice Family Clinic and Martin Luther King Medical Center. The Administrative Unit of the Center will administer the training program and foster the growth of the trainees. The training program will be directed by a Steering Committee including Principal Training Faculty from six broad areas: 1 ) The Genetics of Obesity; 2) Adipocyte and Lipid Metabolism; 3) Neuroregulation and Satiety; 4) Eating Disorders and Behavioral Medicine; 5) Clinical Research and Biostatistics; and 6) Minority and International Nutrition Research. The UCLA Center for Human Nutrition including the Nutrition Research Laboratories and the Scientific Core Laboratories of the CNRU and the CDSRB will provide laboratory resources and faculty expertise. Trainees in basic and clinical sciences training side by side will be prepared for the research agenda mandated by the growing epidemic of obesity through the acquisition of skills in molecular biology, genetics and neurosciences while critically understanding their translation to the clinical and public health challenges of the epidemic of obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: URGENCY IN PROBLEM DRINKING AND BINGE EATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fischer, Sarah F. Psychology; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, KY 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goal of this program of research is to test a model for the development of behavioral addiction incorporating trait based risk factors with psychosocial learning risk factors. The model is that trait urgency, the tendency to act rashly to relieve distress, is a broad, distal risk factor for maladaptive addictive behaviors such as problem drinking and binge eating, while specific, psychosocial learning based risk factors such as expectancies influence the specific behaviors that one chooses to engage in. Cross-sectional, correlational support for this model has been found in a college student sample. The specific goal of this project is to replicate the findings supporting this model in a clinical sample of individuals with alcohol use disorders and binge eating disorder. A sample of patients with alcohol use disorders, a sample of patients with binge eating disorder, and a comparison community sample of adults will be given structured interviews for alcohol use disorders and eating disorders, and complete self-report measures assessing urgency, sensation seeking, and other forms of impulsivity, as well as expectancies for alcohol use and eating. We predict that, as in the college student sample, urgency will correlate with both alcohol use and binge eating, and that urgency will positively correlate with positive expectancies for alcohol use and positive expectancies for eating. However, we predict that the specific expectancies for alcohol use will correlate with drinking, but not binge eating or eating expectancies. Similarly, specific expectancies for eating will correlate with binge eating, but not with either drinking or drinking expectancies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: USE OF DHEA TO PREVENT OSTEOPOROSIS IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, Catherine; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, MA 021155737

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The proposed clinical study will test the hypothesis that 12 months of DHEA therapy will increase bone mineral density, as well as increase markers of bone formation and decrease markers of bone resorption in young women with anorexia nervosa. The investigators will examine whether augmenting the low adrenal androgen DHEA level back to the level seen in young adults will increase bone formation and decrease bone resorption, trends reflected in the pilot data, thereby attenuating the bone loss associated with this disease. A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial will include two treatment arms of 30 patients each. Group 1 will receive daily doses of 50mg of DHEA while group 2 will receive a standard regimen of estrogen cycled with progesterone. According to data obtained in the pilot study, a dose of 50mg restores DHEA levels to a range characteristic of the second decade of life. Bone mineral density and bone composition will be measured at baseline and after completion of the study, by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The determination of body compostition will permit the investigators to assess the effects of DHEA on fat and lean body mass. Fasting bloods will be obtained to follow other laboratory parameters, although no signs of toxicity were noted (physical or biochemical) during the pilot study. Levels of specific circulating hormones will also be monitored. Determination of the effects of DHEA on markers of bone formation and on indices of bone resorption will be made. Measurement of parameters of bone turnover will provide data as to the effects of DHEA and other androgens on bone formation and resorption. This model will address the longitudinal effects of DHEA on markers of bone turnover and to determine whether restoring the DHEA levels of young women with anorexia nervosa to the normal range of early adulthood will be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. The investigators anticipate that these studies will enable them to evaluate the efficacy of oral DHEA as a treatment strategy to optimize peak bone mass and to prevent development of osteoporosis in patients with eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for eating disorders in the PubMed Central database: ·

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Decreases in blood perfusion of the anterior cingulate gyri in Anorexia Nervosa Restricters assessed by SPECT image analysis. by Naruo T, Nakabeppu Y, Deguchi D, Nagai N, Tsutsui J, Nakajo M, Nozoe SI. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32312 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. by Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, Olmsted MP, Rodin G. 2000 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27398

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Eating disorders present tricky diagnosis. by [No authors listed]; 2001 Mar 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80830

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Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. by Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. 1999 Mar 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27789

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Randomized controlled trial of a treatment for anorexia and bulimia nervosa. by Bergh C, Brodin U, Lindberg G, Sodersten P. 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123167

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The SCOFF questionnaire and clinical interview for eating disorders in general practice: comparative study. by Luck AJ, Morgan JF, Reid F, O'Brien A, Brunton J, Price C, Perry L, Lacey JH. 2002 Oct 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128378

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The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. by Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. 1999 Dec 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28290

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with eating disorders, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for eating disorders (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

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A case report: recognizing factitious injuries secondary to multiple eating disorders. Author(s): Johnson CD, Cunningham J, Sullivan CC, Bebermeyer R. Source: J Gt Houst Dent Soc. 1999 March-April; 70(8): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686897&dopt=Abstract

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

102 Eating Disorders

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A cognitive distortion associated with eating disorders: thought-shape fusion. Author(s): Shafran R, Teachman BA, Kerry S, Rachman S. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1999 June; 38 ( Pt 2): 167-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389598&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of different methods for assessing the features of eating disorders in patients with binge eating disorder. Author(s): Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 April; 69(2): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393608&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder on body image and psychological adjustment. Author(s): Rosen JC, Ramirez E. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 March-April; 44(3-4): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587886&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of inpatient and outpatient women with eating disorders. Author(s): White JH, Litovitz G. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1998 August; 12(4): 181-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714937&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled evaluation of an eating disorders primary prevention videotape using the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. Author(s): Withers GF, Twigg K, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 November; 53(5): 1021-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445591&dopt=Abstract

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A cross-cultural study of parental conflict and eating disorders in a non-clinical sample. Author(s): Mujtaba T, Furnham A. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2001 Spring; 47(1): 24-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322404&dopt=Abstract

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A European perspective on eating disorders. Author(s): Lask B, Bryant-Waugh R. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1995 June; 16(6): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669791&dopt=Abstract

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A high exercise load is linked to pathological weight control behavior and eating disorders in female fitness instructors. Author(s): Hoglund K, Normen L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2002 October; 12(5): 26175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383071&dopt=Abstract

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A measure for the assessment of eating disorders: reliability and validity studies of the Rating of Anorexia and Bulimia interview - revised version (RAB-R). Author(s): Nevonen L, Broberg AG, Clinton D, Norring C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2003 September; 44(4): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887551&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between child sexual abuse and eating disorders. Author(s): Smolak L, Murnen SK. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 March; 31(2): 136-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920975&dopt=Abstract

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A proactive approach to assessing men for eating disorders. Author(s): Laws TA, Drummond M. Source: Contemp Nurse. 2001 September; 11(1): 28-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785861&dopt=Abstract

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A psychoanalytic study of eating disorders: I. A developmental profile of 67 index cases. Author(s): Bemporad JR, Beresin E, Ratey JJ, O'Driscoll G, Lindem K, Herzog DB. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1992 Winter; 20(4): 509-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1291541&dopt=Abstract

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A psychoanalytic study of eating disorders: II. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons. Author(s): Bemporad J, O'Driscoll G, Beresin E, Ratey JJ, Lindem K, Herzog DB. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1992 Winter; 20(4): 533-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1291542&dopt=Abstract

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A review of eating disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Ponton LE. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 20: 267-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598191&dopt=Abstract

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A service to help families deal with eating disorders. Author(s): Elliott A. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 February 7-13; 98(6): 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892486&dopt=Abstract

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A slimming program for eating disorders not otherwise specified. Reconceptualizing a confusing, residual diagnostic category. Author(s): Andersen AE, Bowers WA, Watson T. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416927&dopt=Abstract

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A special foodservice challenge: cooking for patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Marchiony A. Source: Healthc Foodserv. 1996 Fall; 6(4): 10-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10164385&dopt=Abstract

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A transcultural outcome study of adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Boyadjieva S, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Seidel R, Winkler Metzke C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 January; 101(1): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674951&dopt=Abstract

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A true picture of eating disorders among African American women: a review of literature. Author(s): Tyler ID. Source: The Abnf Journal : Official Journal of the Association of Black Nursing Faculty in Higher Education, Inc. 2003 May-June; 14(3): 73-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856447&dopt=Abstract

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AAP releases policy statement on identifying and treating eating disorders. Author(s): Ressel GW; American Academy of Pediatrics. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 May 15; 67(10): 2224, 2226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776976&dopt=Abstract

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Aberrant snacking patterns and eating disorders in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): O'Rourke DA, Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ, Tsay R, Gleason R, Baer L, Jenike MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 October; 55(10): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7961522&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal liver enzymes in outpatients with eating disorders. Author(s): Mickley D, Greenfeld D, Quinlan DM, Roloff P, Zwas F. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 November; 20(3): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912046&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal psychosocial situations and eating disorders in adolescence. Author(s): Horesh N, Apter A, Ishai J, Danziger Y, Miculincer M, Stein D, Lepkifker E, Minouni M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 July; 35(7): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768353&dopt=Abstract

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Abuse of drugs associated with eating disorders. Author(s): Bulik CM. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 1992; 4(1): 69-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1627993&dopt=Abstract

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Academy for Eating Disorders International Conference on Eating Disorders. Denver, CO, USA, May 29-31, 2003. Author(s): Kaplan AS. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2003 August; 12(8): 1441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882630&dopt=Abstract

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Academy for eating disorders. Author(s): Powers PS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 January; 19(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640196&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescents with eating disorders. Primary care screening, identification, and early intervention. Author(s): Martin H, Ammerman SD. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 2002 September; 37(3): 537-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449011&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in eating disorders offer food for thought. Author(s): Lamberg L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 17; 290(11): 1437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129966&dopt=Abstract

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Aetiology of eating disorders in the 21(st) century: new answers to old questions. Author(s): Schmidt U. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I30-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567213&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol and eating disorders: implications for alcohol treatment and health services research. Author(s): Sinha R, O'Malley SS. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000 August; 24(8): 1312-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968671&dopt=Abstract

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Alcoholics with eating disorders. Author(s): Williams K. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 December; 163: 834-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8306134&dopt=Abstract

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Alexithymia and depression in eating disorders. Author(s): Corcos M, Guilbaud O, Speranza M, Paterniti S, Loas G, Stephan P, Jeammet P. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 April 10; 93(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760385&dopt=Abstract

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Alexithymia in patients with eating disorders: an investigation using a new projective technique. Author(s): Smith GJ, Amner G, Johnsson P, Franck A. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1997 August; 85(1): 247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293583&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations in expression and in serum activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, CD26) in patients with hyporectic eating disorders. Author(s): Hildebrandt M, Rose M, Mayr C, Schuler C, Reutter W, Salama A, Klapp BF. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1999 November; 50(5): 536-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564557&dopt=Abstract

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Ambivalent attachment in female adolescents: association with affective instability and eating disorders. Author(s): Salzman JP. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 April; 21(3): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097198&dopt=Abstract

Studies 107

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An eating disorders prevention program. Author(s): Chally PS. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 1998 April-June; 11(2): 5160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923224&dopt=Abstract

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An empirical study of the classification of eating disorders. Author(s): Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Kendler KS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 157(6): 886-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831467&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemiological study of eating disorders in a northern area of Japan. Author(s): Nadaoka T, Oiji A, Takahashi S, Morioka Y, Kashiwakura M, Totsuka S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 April; 93(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712032&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Iran. Author(s): Nobakht M, Dezhkam M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 November; 28(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942912&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norwegian psychiatric institutions. Author(s): Gotestam KG, Eriksen L, Hagen H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 November; 18(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556022&dopt=Abstract

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An exploration of eating disorders in a Georgian sample. Author(s): Tchanturia K, Katzman M, Troop NA, Treasure J. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2002 September; 48(3): 220-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413250&dopt=Abstract

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An interactive internet-based intervention for women at risk of eating disorders: a pilot study. Author(s): Zabinski MF, Wilfley DE, Pung MA, Winzelberg AJ, Eldredge K, Taylor CB. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 September; 30(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449446&dopt=Abstract

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An observational study of mothers with eating disorders and their infants. Author(s): Stein A, Woolley H, Cooper SD, Fairburn CG. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1994 May; 35(4): 733-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040225&dopt=Abstract

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An outpatient eating disorders program in a CMHC. Author(s): Zastowny TR, O'Brien C, Young R, Barclay C. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1991 December; 42(12): 1256-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1810867&dopt=Abstract

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Analyzing the relation between self-esteem and eating disorders: differential effects of self-liking and self-competence. Author(s): Silvera DH, Bergersen TD, Bjorgum L, Perry JA, Rosenvinge JH, Holte A. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1998 June; 3(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728157&dopt=Abstract

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Anger and personality in eating disorders. Author(s): Fassino S, Daga GA, Piero A, Leombruni P, Rovera GG. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 December; 51(6): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750298&dopt=Abstract

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Anger attacks in eating disorders. Author(s): Fava M, Rappe SM, West J, Herzog DB. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 April 28; 56(3): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7568542&dopt=Abstract

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Anorexia and bulimia nervosa (the eating disorders): conditions of interest to the dental practitioner. Author(s): Robb ND, Smith BG. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1996 January-March; 24(1-2): 7-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636495&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety and defense styles in eating disorders. Author(s): Vidovic V, Henigsberg N, Juresa V. Source: Coll Antropol. 2003; 27 Suppl 1: 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12955902&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety disorders in subjects seeking treatment for eating disorders: a DSM-IV controlled study. Author(s): Godart NT, Flament MF, Curt F, Perdereau F, Lang F, Venisse JL, Halfon O, Bizouard P, Loas G, Corcos M, Jeammet P, Fermanian J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 March 25; 117(3): 245-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686367&dopt=Abstract

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Application of artificial neural networks to eating disorders. Author(s): Buscema M, Mazzetti di Pietralata M, Salvemini V, Intraligi M, Indrimi M. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1998 February; 33(3): 765-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533740&dopt=Abstract

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Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology. Author(s): Keel PK, Klump KL. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 2003 September; 129(5): 747-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956542&dopt=Abstract

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Are eating disorders more prevalent in females with type 1 diabetes mellitus when the impact of insulin omission is considered? Author(s): Affenito SG, Adams CH. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 June; 59(6): 179-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444595&dopt=Abstract

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Are fashion models a group at risk for eating disorders and substance abuse? Author(s): Santonastaso P, Mondini S, Favaro A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2002 May-June; 71(3): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021560&dopt=Abstract

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Are top journals biased against eating disorders topics? Author(s): Frost S, Murphy R, Webster P, Schmidt U. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562585&dopt=Abstract

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Are two interventions worse than none? Joint primary and secondary prevention of eating disorders in college females. Author(s): Mann T, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Huang K, Burgard D, Wright A, Hanson K. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1997 May; 16(3): 215-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9152699&dopt=Abstract

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Are young women in Japan at high risk for eating disorders?: Decreased BMI in young females from 1960 to 1995. Author(s): Kiriike N, Nagata T, Sirata K, Yamamoto N. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 June; 52(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681578&dopt=Abstract

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Aspects of the neuroendocrine control of somatotropic function in calorically restricted dogs and patients with eating disorders: studies with cholinergic drugs. Author(s): Muller EE, Rolla M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1996 April 16; 62(1): 51-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739115&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing readiness for change in the eating disorders: the psychometric properties of the readiness and motivation interview. Author(s): Geller J, Cockell SJ, Drab DL. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2001 June; 13(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433794&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the prevalence of eating disorders in an Australian twin population. Author(s): Wade T, Heath AC, Abraham S, Treloar SA, Martin NG, Tiggemann M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 December; 30(6): 845-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9034476&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of body image in eating disorders with the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Author(s): Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995 January; 33(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7872941&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eating disorders in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Author(s): Passi VA, Bryson SW, Lock J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 January; 33(1): 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474198&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eating disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Author(s): Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 December; 28(4): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054796&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eating disorders: comparison of interview and questionnaire data from a long-term follow-up study of bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Keel PK, Crow S, Davis TL, Mitchell JE. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 November; 53(5): 1043-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445594&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Author(s): Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 December; 16(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866415&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eating disorders: interview versus questionnaire. Author(s): Black CM, Wilson GT. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 July; 20(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807351&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of risk of eating disorders among adolescents in Appalachia. Author(s): Miller MN, Verhegge R, Miller BE, Pumariega AJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 April; 38(4): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10199116&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of two self-reporting questionnaires for eating disorders in women. Author(s): Augestad LB, Flanders WD. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2003 March; 8(1): 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762620&dopt=Abstract

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Association between 5HT2A receptor gene promoter region polymorphism and eating disorders in Japanese patients. Author(s): Nishiguchi N, Matsushita S, Suzuki K, Murayama M, Shirakawa O, Higuchi S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 July 15; 50(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526993&dopt=Abstract

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Association of alkaline urine with eating disorders. Author(s): Robson WL, Leung AK. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1991 October; 145(10): 1091-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927995&dopt=Abstract

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Athletes and eating disorders: the National Collegiate Athletic Association study. Author(s): Johnson C, Powers PS, Dick R. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 September; 26(2): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422607&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment patterns in eating disorders: past in the present. Author(s): Ward A, Ramsay R, Turnbull S, Benedettini M, Treasure J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 December; 28(4): 370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054783&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment processes in eating disorders. Author(s): Ramacciotti A, Sorbello M, Pazzagli A, Vismara L, Mancone A, Pallanti S. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2001 September; 6(3): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589419&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment research in eating disorders. Author(s): Ward A, Ramsay R, Treasure J. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 2000 March; 73 ( Pt 1): 35-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759049&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment theory, metacognitive functions and the therapeutic relationship in eating disorders. Author(s): Ardovini C. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2002 December; 7(4): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588063&dopt=Abstract

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Attentional biases in eating disorders: a visual probe detection procedure. Author(s): Rieger E, Schotte DE, Touyz SW, Beumont PJ, Griffiths R, Russell J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 March; 23(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503245&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical eating disorders. Author(s): Mitrany E. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1992 July; 13(5): 400-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1390797&dopt=Abstract

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Australian adolescent medicine physician appreciates journal of adolescent health issue on eating disorders. Author(s): Selzer R. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1996 April; 18(4): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8860787&dopt=Abstract

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Balancing the scales. Nutritional counseling for women with eating disorders. Author(s): Herrin M. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 1999 August-September; 3(4): 26-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690009&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to treatment for eating disorders among ethnically diverse women. Author(s): Cachelin FM, Rebeck R, Veisel C, Striegel-Moore RH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 November; 30(3): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746286&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior genetics and eating disorders. Author(s): Hewitt JK. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 355-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550878&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral, psychological, and physical characteristics of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Author(s): Beals KA, Manore MM. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 June; 10(2): 128-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861334&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviors and attitudes related to eating disorders in homosexual male college students. Author(s): Yager J, Kurtzman F, Landsverk J, Wiesmeier E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 April; 145(4): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3162355&dopt=Abstract

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Beneath the surface of eating disorders. Author(s): Lavalle A. Source: School Nurse News. 2003 January; 20(1): 26-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616767&dopt=Abstract

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Bias in interpretation of ambiguous scenarios in eating disorders. Author(s): Cooper M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 July; 35(7): 619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193125&dopt=Abstract

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Binge/purge symptoms and comorbidity in adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Geist R, Davis R, Heinmaa M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 June; 43(5): 507-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9653536&dopt=Abstract

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Biologic considerations in the etiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Yates A. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 November; 21(11): 739-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1484748&dopt=Abstract

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Biomedical variables in the eating disorders. Author(s): Kaplan AS. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1990 December; 35(9): 745-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282628&dopt=Abstract

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Blockade of cholinergic muscarinic receptors by pirenzepine and GHRH-induced GH secretion in the acute and recovery phase of anorexia nervosa and atypical eating disorders. Author(s): Rolla M, Andreoni A, Belliti D, Cristofani R, Ferdeghini M, Muller EE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 June 1; 29(11): 1079-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1908328&dopt=Abstract

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Body and self in feminine development: implications for eating disorders and delicate self-mutilation. Author(s): Cross LW. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Winter; 57(1): 41-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8443617&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition in early onset eating disorders. Author(s): Nicholls D, Wells JC, Singhal A, Stanhope R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 56(9): 857-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209374&dopt=Abstract

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Body experience in eating disorders before and after treatment: a follow-up study. Author(s): Probst M, Vandereycken W, Van Coppenolle H, Pieters G. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 1999 October; 14(6): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572365&dopt=Abstract

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Body image assessment and treatment in controlled studies of eating disorders. Author(s): Rosen JC. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 December; 20(4): 331-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8953321&dopt=Abstract

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Body image changes in adolescents II comparison among patients with eating disorders and controls with thin, normal and obese body shapes. Author(s): Tadai T, Kanai H, Nakamura M, Nakajima T, Fujita M, Nakai Y. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1994 September; 48(3): 540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7891416&dopt=Abstract

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Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. Obsessions or delusions? Author(s): Phillips KA, Kim JM, Hudson JI. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1995 June; 18(2): 317-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7659601&dopt=Abstract

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Body image in eating disorders and analysis of its relevance: a preliminary study. Author(s): Fernandez-Aranda F, Dahme B, Meermann R. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1999 November; 47(5): 419-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624840&dopt=Abstract

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Body image measurement in eating disorders. Author(s): Garner DM, Garfinkel PE, Bonato DP. Source: Adv Psychosom Med. 1987; 17: 119-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3296687&dopt=Abstract

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Body size and parenting in eating disorders: a comparative study of the attitudes of mothers towards their children. Author(s): Evans J, le Grange D. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 July; 18(1): 39-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670442&dopt=Abstract

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Body-size estimation in eating disorders using video distortion on a life-size screen. Author(s): Probst M, Vandereycken W, Van Coppenolle H. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097336&dopt=Abstract

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Bone metabolism and osteopenia in eating disorders. Author(s): Carmichael KA, Carmichael DH. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1995 September; 74(5): 254-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7565066&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral status in adolescent girls: effects of eating disorders and exercise. Author(s): Carruth BR, Skinner JD. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2000 May; 26(5): 322-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775824&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline personality disorder and perceived family dysfunction in the eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 October; 182(10): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7931200&dopt=Abstract

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Brain glucose metabolism in eating disorders assessed by positron emission tomography. Author(s): Delvenne V, Goldman S, De Maertelaer V, Lotstra F. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 January; 25(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924650&dopt=Abstract

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Brain, food. Drugs based on neuropeptides may soon treat eating disorders. Author(s): Erickson D. Source: Scientific American. 1991 November; 265(5): 124, 126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1785036&dopt=Abstract

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Bulimarexia and related serious eating disorders with medical complications. Author(s): Harris RT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 December; 99(6): 800-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6360000&dopt=Abstract

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Can bioelectrical impedance improve the prediction of body fat in patients with eating disorders? Author(s): Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Freeman CP, Wrate RM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 October; 47(10): 741-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269889&dopt=Abstract

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Candidate gene polymorphisms in eating disorders. Author(s): Hinney A, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 December 27; 410(2-3): 147-159. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134666&dopt=Abstract

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Candidate genes in eating disorders. Author(s): Tozzi F, Bulik CM. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2003 February; 2(1): 319. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769810&dopt=Abstract

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Causes of eating disorders. Author(s): Polivy J, Herman CP. Source: Annual Review of Psychology. 2002; 53: 187-213. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752484&dopt=Abstract

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Central and peripheral noradrenalin regulation in eating disorders. Author(s): Pirke KM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1996 April 16; 62(1): 43-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739114&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with eating disorders: relation to clinical and biochemical variable. Author(s): Demitrack MA, Heyes MP, Altemus M, Pigott TA, Gold PW. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 April 15; 37(8): 512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542489&dopt=Abstract

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Challenges in eating disorders: past and present. Author(s): Tenore JL. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 August 1; 64(3): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515826&dopt=Abstract

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Change in eating attitudes: an outcome measure of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Eiger MR, Christie BW, Sucher KP. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 January; 96(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8537572&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in child and adolescent disorders, eating disorders, and the multiaxial system. Author(s): Frances AJ, First MB, Pincus HA, Davis WW, Vettorello N. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994 March; 45(3): 212-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8188190&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in health related quality of life among patients treated for eating disorders. Author(s): Padierna A, Quintana JM, Arostegui I, Gonzalez N, Horcajo MJ. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2002 September; 11(6): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206575&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in ultrasound appearance of the internal female genital organs during treatment for eating disorders. Author(s): Andolf E, Theander S, Aspenberg P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1997 May; 73(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9175689&dopt=Abstract

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Changing rates of eating disorders: what does it mean? Author(s): Halmi KA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 September; 152(9): 1256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653677&dopt=Abstract

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Changing symptomatology in eating disorders. Author(s): Ash JB, Piazza E. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 July; 18(1): 27-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670441&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of alexithymia and eating disorders in college women. Author(s): Laquatra TA, Clopton JR. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1994 July-August; 19(4): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7992672&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of eating disorders among young ballet dancers. Author(s): Abraham S. Source: Psychopathology. 1996; 29(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865353&dopt=Abstract

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Child and adolescent predictors for eating disorders in a community population of young adult women. Author(s): Moorhead DJ, Stashwick CK, Reinherz HZ, Giaconia RM, Streigel-Moore RM, Paradis AD. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 January; 33(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474194&dopt=Abstract

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Child physical and sexual abuse and eating disorders: a review of the links and personal comments on the treatment process. Author(s): Brown L. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 April; 31(2): 194-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140625&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood abuse, body image disturbance, and eating disorders. Author(s): Schaaf KK, McCanne TR. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1994 August; 18(8): 607-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7953901&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 March; 159(3): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870002&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood eating disorders. Author(s): Sokol MS, Steinberg D, Zerbe KJ. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1998 August; 10(4): 369-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757361&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype. Author(s): Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe-Hesketh S, Treasure J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562569&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder in the eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1994 January; 18(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124602&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood social arena and cognitive sets in eating disorders. Author(s): Troop NA, Bifulco A. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2002 June; 41(Pt 2): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034006&dopt=Abstract

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Children and adolescents with eating disorders: the state of the art. Author(s): Rome ES, Ammerman S, Rosen DS, Keller RJ, Lock J, Mammel KA, O'Toole J, Rees JM, Sanders MJ, Sawyer SM, Schneider M, Sigel E, Silber TJ. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 January; 111(1): E98-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509603&dopt=Abstract

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Children into DSM don't go: a comparison of classification systems for eating disorders in childhood and early adolescence. Author(s): Nicholls D, Chater R, Lask B. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 November; 28(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942918&dopt=Abstract

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Children's representation of family mealtime in the context of maternal eating disorders. Author(s): Park RJ, Lee A, Woolley H, Murray L, Stein A. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2003 March; 29(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603356&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic fatigue syndrome and eating disorders: concurrence or coincidence? Author(s): Fisher M, Krilov LR, Ovadia M. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 307-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613112&dopt=Abstract

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Classification of eating disorders. Author(s): Chandarana P. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 October; 40(8): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681266&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of eating disorders and individual psychological functioning. Author(s): Swain B, Shisslak CM, Crago M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1991 September; 47(5): 702-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939718&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical implications of brain imaging in eating disorders. Author(s): Chowdhury U, Lask B. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 227-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416923&dopt=Abstract

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Clozapine, eating disorders and substance abuse. Obstacles to innovation in a peripheral hospital. Author(s): Launer M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 October; 167(4): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829707&dopt=Abstract

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Codependency as a mediator between stressful events and eating disorders. Author(s): Meyer DF. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997 February; 53(2): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029340&dopt=Abstract

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Cognition in eating disorders. Author(s): Jones BP, Duncan CC, Brouwers P, Mirsky AF. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991 September; 13(5): 711-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955527&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Author(s): Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 May; 41(5): 509-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711261&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive bias in eating disorders: implications for theory and treatment. Author(s): Williamson DA, Muller SL, Reas DL, Thaw JM. Source: Behavior Modification. 1999 October; 23(4): 556-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533440&dopt=Abstract

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Combined cognitive-behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in eating disorders. 1. Anorexia nervosa--restricted type. Author(s): Brambilla F, Draisci A, Peirone A, Brunetta M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 32(2): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7477800&dopt=Abstract

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Combined cognitive-behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in eating disorders. 2. Anorexia nervosa--binge-eating/purging type. Author(s): Brambilla F, Draisci A, Peirone A, Brunetta M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 32(2): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7477801&dopt=Abstract

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Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Mitchell JE, Peterson CB, Myers T, Wonderlich S. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 315-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416931&dopt=Abstract

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Coming alive: the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): de Groot J, Rodin G. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 May; 43(4): 359-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598272&dopt=Abstract

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Common biological pathways in eating disorders and obesity. Author(s): Ericsson M, Poston WS 2nd, Foreyt JP. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1996 November-December; 21(6): 733-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904939&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity and outcome in eating disorders. Author(s): Herzog DB, Nussbaum KM, Marmor AK. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 843-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9045226&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Author(s): Godart NT, Flament MF, Perdereau F, Jeammet P. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 November; 32(3): 253-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210640&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of diabetes and eating disorders. Does diabetes control reflect disturbed eating behavior? Author(s): Herpertz S, Albus C, Wagener R, Kocnar M, Wagner R, Henning A, Best F, Foerster H, Schulze Schleppinghoff B, Thomas W, Kohle K, Mann K, Senf W. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 July; 21(7): 1110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9653604&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a follow-up study. Author(s): Herpertz S, Albus C, Kielmann R, Hagemann-Patt H, Lichtblau K, Kohle K, Mann K, Senf W. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 November; 51(5): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728508&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of DSM-III-R axis I and II disorders among female inpatients with eating disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM, Levy KN, Becker DF, Edell WS, McGlashan TH. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1996 April; 47(4): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689379&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of DSM-III-R eating disorders and personality disorders. Author(s): Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Hyler SE, Kellman HD, Doidge N, Davies M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 December; 14(4): 403-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293022&dopt=Abstract

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Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. Author(s): Holderness CC, Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 July; 16(1): 1-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7920577&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Lennkh C, Strnad A, Bailer U, Biener D, Fodor G, de Zwaan M. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1998 March; 3(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234253&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorders and duration of eating disorders. Author(s): Milos G, Spindler A, Ruggiero G, Klaghofer R, Schnyder U. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920989&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing clinical and research treatments for eating disorders. Author(s): Haas HL, Clopton JR. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 May; 33(4): 412-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658671&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of eating disorders and other dietary/weight groups on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, and self-directed hostility. Author(s): Williams GJ, Power KG, Millar HR, Freeman CP, Yellowlees A, Dowds T, Walker M, Campsie L, MacPherson F, Jackson MA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 July; 14(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8339096&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of group climate in an eating disorders partial hospital group and a psychiatric partial hospital group. Author(s): Tasca GA, Flynn C, Bissada H. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 2002 July; 52(3): 409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082679&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Nozoe S, Naruo T, Yonekura R, Nakabeppu Y, Soejima Y, Nagai N, Nakajo M, Tanaka H. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1995; 36(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697378&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of shoplifting behaviours in patients with eating disorders, psychiatric control subjects, and undergraduate control subjects. Author(s): Goldner EM, Geller J, Birmingham CL, Remick RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 June; 45(5): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10900528&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the yale-brown-cornell eating disorders scale in recovered eating disorder patients, restrained dieters, and nondieting controls. Author(s): Sunday SR, Halmi KA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 December; 28(4): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054794&dopt=Abstract

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Comparisons of men with full or partial eating disorders, men without eating disorders, and women with eating disorders in the community. Author(s): Woodside DB, Garfinkel PE, Lin E, Goering P, Kaplan AS, Goldbloom DS, Kennedy SH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 158(4): 570-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282690&dopt=Abstract

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Compulsive behaviors and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): lack of a relationship between OCD, eating disorders, and gambling. Author(s): Black DW, Goldstein RB, Noyes R Jr, Blum N. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1994 March-April; 35(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187479&dopt=Abstract

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Compulsive eating disorders. Author(s): Barnes ME. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1993 August; 2(8): 813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8111507&dopt=Abstract

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Computerised psychoeducation for patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Andrewes DG, O'Connor P, Mulder C, McLennan J, Derham H, Weigall S, Say S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 August; 30(4): 4927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8887699&dopt=Abstract

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Concerns about aging and a drive for thinness: a factor in the biopsychosocial model of eating disorders? Author(s): Gupta MA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 December; 18(4): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8580921&dopt=Abstract

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Confidentiality for an eating disorders patient? Author(s): Hasegawa TK Jr, Matthews M Jr, Altshuler B. Source: Tex Dent J. 1995 November; 112(11): 72-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518831&dopt=Abstract

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Conflict between mothers with eating disorders and their infants during mealtimes. Author(s): Stein A, Woolley H, McPherson K. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 November; 175: 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789278&dopt=Abstract

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Confronting a rising tide of eating disorders and obesity: treatment vs. prevention and policy. Author(s): Battle EK, Brownell KD. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1996 November-December; 21(6): 755-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904941&dopt=Abstract

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Coping in dieting and eating disorders: a population-based study. Author(s): Ghaderi A, Scott B. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2000 May; 188(5): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830564&dopt=Abstract

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Coping skills in Japanese women with eating disorders. Author(s): Nakahara R, Yoshiuchi K, Yamanaka G, Sasaki T, Suematsu H, Kuboki T. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 December; 87(3 Pt 1): 741-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191380&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of dissociative symptoms among women with eating disorders. Author(s): Gleaves DH, Eberenz KP. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1995 September-October; 29(5): 417-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748066&dopt=Abstract

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Corticotrophin-releasing hormone does not inhibit growth hormone-releasing hormone-induced release of growth hormone in control subjects but is effective in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Rolla M, Andreoni A, Bellitti D, Ferdeghini M, Ghigo E, Muller EE. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1994 February; 140(2): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169565&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic breast augmentation and eating disorders. Author(s): McIntosh VV, Britt E, Bulik CM. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 April 27; 107(976): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164900&dopt=Abstract

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Countertransference in the treatment of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Franko DL, Rolfe S. Source: Psychiatry. 1996 Spring; 59(1): 108-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8744641&dopt=Abstract

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Criterion validity of the multiaxial assessment of eating disorders symptoms. Author(s): Martin CK, Williamson DA, Thaw JM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 November; 28(3): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942916&dopt=Abstract

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Critical issues in the care of pregnant women with eating disorders and the impact on their children. Author(s): Little L, Lowkes E. Source: Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 2000 July-August; 45(4): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983428&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-cultural validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory: a study of Chinese patients with eating disorders in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lee S, Lee AM, Leung T. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 March; 23(2): 177-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503243&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural and historical aspects of eating disorders. Author(s): Bemporad JR. Source: Theoretical Medicine. 1997 December; 18(4): 401-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9383979&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural factors in eating disorders: a perspective from Singapore. Author(s): Shiue L. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 1997 July; 80(7): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9240023&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural factors in orthodox Jewish adolescents treated in a day program for eating disorders. Author(s): Dancyger I, Fornari V, Fisher M, Schneider M, Frank S, Wisotsky W, Sison C, Charitou M. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 317-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613113&dopt=Abstract

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Culture, the media, and eating disorders. Author(s): Becker AE, Hamburg P. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1996 September-October; 4(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384990&dopt=Abstract

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Current issues in eating disorders research. Author(s): Paxton SJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 March-April; 44(3-4): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587874&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous manifestations of eating disorders. Author(s): Tyler I, Wiseman MC, Crawford RI, Laird Birmingham C. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 July-August; 6(4): 345-53. Epub 2002 April 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951131&dopt=Abstract

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Dangerous driving and eating disorders. Author(s): Gupta MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 November; 53(11): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1459976&dopt=Abstract

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Day hospital treatment in males with eating disorders--response and comparison to females. Author(s): Woodside DB, Kaplan AS. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994 July; 38(5): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965936&dopt=Abstract

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Day hospitalization programs for eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Author(s): Zipfel S, Reas DL, Thornton C, Olmsted MP, Williamson DA, Gerlinghoff M, Herzog W, Beumont PJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 March; 31(2): 105-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920973&dopt=Abstract

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Defense style and adaptation in adolescents with depressions and eating disorders. Author(s): Smith C, Thienemann M, Steiner H. Source: Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1992; 55(3): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1414355&dopt=Abstract

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Defense style in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Sullivan PF, Bulik CM, Hall S, Weltzin TE, Kaye WH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 November; 16(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833958&dopt=Abstract

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Defining subgroups of dieting disorder patients by means of the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). Author(s): Beumont PJ, Kopec-Schrader E, Touyz SW. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 April; 166(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7795918&dopt=Abstract

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Dental erosion, oral hygiene, and nutrition in eating disorders. Author(s): Milosevic A, Brodie DA, Slade PD. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 March; 21(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062844&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and eating disorders following abuse in childhood in two generations of women. Author(s): Andrews B, Valentine ER, Valentine JD. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1995 February; 34 ( Pt 1): 37-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7757038&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and eating disorders. Author(s): Casper RC. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 8 Suppl 1: 96-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809221&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and suicidality in eating disorders. Author(s): Viesselman JO, Roig M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 April; 46(4): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3856565&dopt=Abstract

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Depression as a correlate of starvation in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Laessle RG, Schweiger U, Pirke KM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1988 April 1; 23(7): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3370268&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and management of eating disorders during pregnancy. Author(s): Franko DL, Spurrell EB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 June; 95(6 Pt 1): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831998&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of eating disorders in a small rural town: an epidemiological study. Author(s): Rathner G, Messner K. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1993 February; 23(1): 175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8475206&dopt=Abstract

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Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician. Author(s): Walsh JM, Wheat ME, Freund K. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2000 August; 15(8): 577-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940151&dopt=Abstract

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Developing and implementing a comprehensive program for children and adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Cummings MM, Waller D, Johnson C, Bradley K, Leatherwood D, Guzzetta CE. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 2001 October-December; 14(4): 167-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767507&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a multifactorial treatment outcome measure for eating disorders. Author(s): Anderson DA, Williamson DA, Duchmann EG, Gleaves DH, Barbin JM. Source: Assessment. 1999 March; 6(1): 7-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9971879&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a screening tool to identify eating disorders in female athletes. Author(s): McNulty KY, Adams CH, Anderson JM, Affenito SG. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 August; 101(8): 886-92; Quiz 893-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501862&dopt=Abstract

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Development of weight and shape concerns in the aetiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Gowers SG, Shore A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 September; 179: 236-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532801&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone suppression and energy balance in eating disorders. Author(s): Abou-Saleh MT, Oleesky D, Crisp AH, Lacey JH. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 March; 73(3): 242-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3459350&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and eating disorders in primary care. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Hoven CW, Spitzer RL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 January; 33(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474203&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus and eating disorders. Author(s): Copeland PM, Anderson B. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1995 May-June; 3(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384926&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a multicenter study on the comorbidity of the two diseases. Author(s): Herpertz S, Wagener R, Albus C, Kocnar M, Wagner R, Best F, Schleppinghoff BS, Filz HP, Forster K, Thomas W, Mann K, Kohle K, Senf W. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 March-April; 44(3-4): 503-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587892&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Portilla MG, Smith PD. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1997 October; 94(5): 211-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9343970&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of eating disorders in primary care. Author(s): Pritts SD, Susman J. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 15; 67(2): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562151&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for eating disorders: current concerns and future directions. Author(s): Walsh BT, Kahn CB. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 369-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550880&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic interest of acid-labile subunit measurement in relationship to other components of the IGF system in pediatric patients with growth or eating disorders. Author(s): Barrios V, Argente J, Munoz MT, Pozo J, Chowen JA, Hernandez M. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 March; 144(3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248743&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic issues in eating disorders: two cases of atypical eating disorder. Author(s): Norvell N, Cooley E. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1986-87; 16(4): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3470261&dopt=Abstract

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Dieting and the development of eating disorders in overweight and obese adults. Author(s): National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 September 25; 160(17): 2581-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999971&dopt=Abstract

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Differences and similarities in the personality structure of 327 women with eating disorders. Author(s): Salvemini V, Berna G, Foca F, Indrimi M, Sammartino F, Spinosa L, Tulli F. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2000 June; 5(2): 108-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941609&dopt=Abstract

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Differences between adolescents and young adults at presentation to an eating disorders program. Author(s): Fisher M, Schneider M, Burns J, Symons H, Mandel FS. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 March; 28(3): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226845&dopt=Abstract

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Different methods for assessing the features of eating disorders in patients with binge eating disorder: a replication. Author(s): Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 July; 9(7): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445665&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiating anorectic and nonanorectic patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Ingelmo J, Vaz FJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 September; 141(9): 1129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6380321&dopt=Abstract

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Difficulties in treating patients with eating disorders: a review of patient and clinician variables. Author(s): Kaplan AS, Garfinkel PE. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1999 September; 44(7): 665-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500867&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensional assessment of personality pathology in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Goldner EM, Srikameswaran S, Schroeder ML, Livesley WJ, Birmingham CL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 February 22; 85(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220006&dopt=Abstract

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Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, CD26) in patients with mental eating disorders. Author(s): Hildebrandt M, Rose M, Mayr C, Arck P, Schuler C, Reutter W, Salama A, Klapp BF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000; 477: 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849747&dopt=Abstract

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Discriminant validity of the Eating Attitudes Test according to American Psychiatric Association and World Health Organization criteria of eating disorders. Author(s): Canals J, Carbajo G, Fernandez-Ballart J. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 2): 1052-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585511&dopt=Abstract

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Disgust sensitivity in eating disorders: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Troop NA, Murphy F, Bramon E, Treasure JL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 May; 27(4): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744851&dopt=Abstract

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Dissatisfaction with skin appearance among patients with eating disorders and nonclinical controls. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453917&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation, abuse and the eating disorders: evidence from an Australian population. Author(s): Brown L, Russell J, Thornton C, Dunn S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 August; 33(4): 5218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10483846&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociative experiences and eating disorders in a female college sample. Author(s): Santonastaso P, Favaro A, Olivotto MC, Friederici S. Source: Psychopathology. 1997; 30(3): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186983&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociative experiences and eating disorders. Author(s): Goldner EM, Cockhill LA, Bakan R, Birmingham CL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 September; 148(9): 1274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1883026&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociative experiences and trauma in eating disorders. Author(s): Vanderlinden J, Vandereycken W, van Dyck R, Vertommen H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 March; 13(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477287&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbances in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in children and adolescents with different eating disorders. Author(s): Argente J, Caballo N, Barrios V, Munoz MT, Pozo J, Chowen JA, Hernandez M. Source: Hormone Research. 1997; 48 Suppl 4: 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350440&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed body image in inpatients with eating disorders. Author(s): Tobin DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 November; 148(11): 1619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928507&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed body image in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Horne RL, Van Vactor JC, Emerson S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 February; 148(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1987820&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed cholecystokinin secretion in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Phillipp E, Pirke KM, Kellner MB, Krieg JC. Source: Life Sciences. 1991; 48(25): 2443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2046469&dopt=Abstract

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Do doctors recognise eating disorders in children? Author(s): Bryant-Waugh RJ, Lask BD, Shafran RL, Fosson AR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1992 January; 67(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739320&dopt=Abstract

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Do eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter. Author(s): Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Stout RL, Shea MT, Zanarini MC, Bender DS, Morey LC, Dyck IR, McGlashan TH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 March; 33(2): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616581&dopt=Abstract

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Do individuals at risk for eating disorders exhibit negative priming deficits? Author(s): Ferraro FR, Wonderlich S, Johnson K. Source: The Journal of General Psychology. 1997 October; 124(4): 381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9499585&dopt=Abstract

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Do primary care providers screen for eating disorders? Author(s): Maradiegue A, Cecelic EK, Bozzelli MJ, Frances G. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 1996 March-April; 19(2): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717675&dopt=Abstract

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Does environment matter? A review of nonshared environment and eating disorders. Author(s): Klump KL, Wonderlich S, Lehoux P, Lilenfeld LR, Bulik CM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 March; 31(2): 118-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920974&dopt=Abstract

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Does the Composite International Diagnostic Interview underdiagnose the eating disorders? Author(s): Thornton C, Russell J, Hudson J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 April; 23(3): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547668&dopt=Abstract

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Down's syndrome and eating disorders. A case study. Author(s): Holt GM, Bouras N, Watson JP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 June; 152: 847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2971416&dopt=Abstract

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DPP IV, immune parameters, and psychometrical variables in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Fliege H, Rose M, Klapp BF, Hildebrandt M. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 524: 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675253&dopt=Abstract

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Drug abuse and eating disorders: prevention implications. Author(s): Watts WD, Ellis AM. Source: Journal of Drug Education. 1992; 22(3): 223-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1479487&dopt=Abstract

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Drug target discovery by pharmacogenetics: mutations in the melanocortin system and eating disorders. Author(s): Adan RA, Vink T. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 December; 11(6): 483-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704425&dopt=Abstract

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Drug therapy for patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Roerig JL. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2003 February; 2(1): 1729. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769809&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs interacting with 5-HT systems show promise for treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Cooper SJ. Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1989 February; 10(2): 56-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2655239&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-III-R personality disorders in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Gartner AF, Marcus RN, Halmi K, Loranger AW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 December; 146(12): 1585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2589552&dopt=Abstract

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Dual diagnosis: eating disorders and psychoactive substance dependence. Author(s): Yeary JR, Heck CL. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989 April-June; 21(2): 239-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2668488&dopt=Abstract

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Dying to be thin. Recognition and management of eating disorders. Author(s): Cote CE. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 June; 9(6): 67-72, 74. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400276&dopt=Abstract

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Dysfunctional eating in the eating disorders. Author(s): Hetherington MM, Rolls BJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 235-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416924&dopt=Abstract

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Early-onset anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders. Author(s): Lask B, Bryant-Waugh R. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1992 January; 33(1): 281-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1737830&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders among adolescent female athletes: influence of athletic participation and sport team membership. Author(s): Taub DE, Blinde EM. Source: Adolescence. 1992 Winter; 27(108): 833-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471563&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders among Asian girls in Britain. Author(s): Mumford DB. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 May; 160: 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1510770&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and alcohol abuse in women. Author(s): Goldbloom DS, Naranjo CA, Bremner KE, Hicks LK. Source: British Journal of Addiction. 1992 June; 87(6): 913-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525533&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and altered eating behaviors in adolescents of normal weight in a Spanish city. Author(s): Rodriguez A, Novalbos JP, Martinez JM, Ruiz MA, Fernandez JR, Jimenez D. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 April; 28(4): 338-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287253&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study. Author(s): Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Fear JL, Joyce PR. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 August; 96(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272193&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and childbearing: concealment and consequences. Author(s): Mitchell-Gieleghem A, Mittelstaedt ME, Bulik CM. Source: Birth (Berkeley, Calif.). 2002 September; 29(3): 182-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153649&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and connective tissue disease. Etiologic and treatment considerations. Author(s): Kaplan AS, Katz M. Source: Psychosomatics. 1992 Winter; 33(1): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1539093&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and diabetic complications. Author(s): Williams G, Gill GV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 June 26; 336(26): 1905-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197220&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and health in elite women distance runners. Author(s): Hulley AJ, Hill AJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 November; 30(3): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746292&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and health insurance understanding and overcoming obstacles to treatment. Author(s): Silber TJ, Robb AS. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 419-28, Xii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109329&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and obesity. Author(s): Reslewic S. Source: Science. 2003 May 16; 300(5622): 1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750498&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and suicide risk factors in adolescents: an Italian community-based study. Author(s): Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Preti A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 July; 191(7): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891090&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescence. Author(s): Grylli V, Karwautz A, Hafferl-Gattermayer A, Schober E. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2003 June; 8(2): 88-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880184&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders as a special problem for persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Krakoff DB. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 September; 26(3): 707-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891403&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders as addictive behavior. Integrating 12-step programs into treatment planning. Author(s): Riley EA. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 September; 26(3): 715-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891404&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 June; 59(6): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044197&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in a child population. Author(s): Brandon S. Source: Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1968 October; 35(10): 317-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4892882&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescence and their sequelae. Author(s): Golden NH. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 February; 17(1): 57-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12758226&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescence in a Swiss epidemiological study. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Winkler C, Meier M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 September; 22(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9261652&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescence. Author(s): Hamilton CM. Source: Ment Health Soc. 1975; 2(3-6): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1236481&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescence. Author(s): Bruch H. Source: Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc. 1970; 59: 181-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5274208&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescent girls. Author(s): Mitan LA. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2002 December; 2(6): 464-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429081&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Bulik CM. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 201-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109318&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Burns JJ, Stanton B, Perkins K, Pack R, Hobby-Burns L. Source: W V Med J. 2003 March-April; 99(2): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874915&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in Asian girls. Author(s): Bendall P, Hamilton M, Holden N. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 September; 159: 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1958961&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Kohn M, Golden NH. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2001; 3(2): 91-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269642&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in children and young adolescents: etiology, classification, clinical features, and treatment. Author(s): Rosen DS. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 14(1): 49-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529190&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in children. Diagnosis and age-specific treatment. Author(s): Robb AS. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 259-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416926&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in female athletes. Author(s): Leon GR. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1991 October; 12(4): 219-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1784874&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in females: genetics, pathophysiology, and treatment. Author(s): Halmi KA. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 December; 15 Suppl 5: 1379-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510994&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in hospitalized substance abusers. Author(s): Hudson JI, Weiss RD, Pope HG Jr, McElroy SK, Mirin SM. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1992; 18(1): 75-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562008&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in males. Author(s): Robb AS, Dadson MJ. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 399-418, Xi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109328&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in males: a report on 135 patients. Author(s): Carlat DJ, Camargo CA Jr, Herzog DB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 August; 154(8): 1127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247400&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in men with HIV infection. Author(s): Ramsay N, Catalan J, Gazzard B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 March; 160: 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562870&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in pregnancy. Author(s): Fahy TA, O'Donoghue G. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1991 August; 21(3): 577-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1946846&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in psychiatric illness. Author(s): Blinder BJ. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1991 November; 155(5): 519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1815396&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in school-aged children. Author(s): Watkins B, Lask B. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 185-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109317&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in Singapore: a review. Author(s): Ung EK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 January; 32(1): 19-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625093&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in the 1990s: clinical challenges and treatment implications. Author(s): Zerbe KJ. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1992 Spring; 56(2): 167-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1617327&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in the DSM-IV. Author(s): Wilson GT, Walsh BT. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1991 August; 100(3): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918615&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in white and black women. Author(s): Striegel-Moore RH, Dohm FA, Kraemer HC, Taylor CB, Daniels S, Crawford PB, Schreiber GB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832249&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in young adults with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a controlled study. Author(s): Fairburn CG, Peveler RC, Davies B, Mann JI, Mayou RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 July 6; 303(6793): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1781827&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Rodin G, Olmsted MP, Rydall AC, Maharaj SI, Colton PA, Jones JM, Biancucci LA, Daneman D. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 October; 53(4): 943-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377307&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders, fertility, and pregnancy: relationships and complications. Author(s): James DC. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 2001 September; 15(2): 36-48; Quiz 2 P Following 82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095027&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. Author(s): Rome ES. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 June; 30(2): 353-77, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836725&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. Author(s): Garfinkel PE. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 April; 47(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987472&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. Author(s): Gurenlian JR. Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene : Jdh / American Dental Hygienists' Association. 2002 Summer; 76(3): 219-34; Quiz 236-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271868&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. Highlights of nursing assessment and therapeutics. Author(s): Love CC, Seaton H. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 September; 26(3): 677-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891401&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. New threats to health. Author(s): Herzog DB. Source: Psychosomatics. 1992 Winter; 33(1): 10-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1539091&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. What's new? Author(s): Samms-Vaughan ME. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2002 March; 51(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089865&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: 2. Bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Gordon A. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2001 March 15; 36(3): 71-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263801&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a few more thoughts. Author(s): Erick M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 April; 102(4): 477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985402&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a guide for the primary care physician. Author(s): Powers PS, Santana CA. Source: Primary Care. 2002 March; 29(1): 81-98, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856660&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a look at the basics. Author(s): Rhim L. Source: The Florida Nurse. 1992 January; 40(1): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1735515&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a role for dipeptidyl peptidase IV in nutritional control. Author(s): Hildebrandt M, Rose M, Monnikes H, Reutter W, Keller W, Klapp BF. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 June; 17(6): 451-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11399402&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: all in the family? Author(s): McCaffree J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 June; 101(6): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424537&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: dental implications. Author(s): Little JW. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 February; 93(2): 138-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862200&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: identification and intervention. Author(s): Mueller JA. Source: The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice [electronic Resource]. 2001 May 15; 2(2): 98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167938&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: lifestyle choice or clinical problem? Author(s): Meenan AL. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 July 1; 68(1): 41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887110&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: psychodynamic approach and practice. Author(s): Corcos M, Jeammet P. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2001 October; 55(8): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686583&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: relations with inconsistent discipline, anxiety, and drinking among college women. Author(s): Ross LT, Gill JL. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 August; 91(1): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353794&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: why do nurses choose this field? Author(s): Wright S. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 November 15-21; 97(46): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966048&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders--the role of the nurse. Author(s): Halek C. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 July 9-15; 93(28): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9277216&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of open-system social skills training in inpatients with mood, neurotic and eating disorders. Author(s): Takahashi M, Kosaka K. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 June; 57(3): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753570&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine aspects of eating disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Levine RL. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 February; 13(1): 129-43, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841960&dopt=Abstract

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Energy requirements and eating disorders. Author(s): Weltzin T. Source: Nurs Times. 1992 April 22-28; 88(17): 47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1598258&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and mortality of eating disorders. Author(s): Nielsen S. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 201-14, Vii-Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416921&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the population “at risk” for eating disorders in a non-clinical Swedish sample: a repeated measure study. Author(s): Engstrom I, Norring C. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2002 March; 7(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930985&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a summer camp for adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Tonkin RS. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1997 June; 20(6): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178076&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of treatment and intermediate and long-term outcome of adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Seidel R, Winkler Metzke C. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 September; 30(5): 1089-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027045&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of wellness in an eating disorders program. Author(s): Sampson J, Canterbury M, Reinhardt L. Source: Hmo Pract. 1992 June; 6(2): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10119854&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Rosenblum J, Forman S. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2002 August; 14(4): 379-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12130897&dopt=Abstract

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Evolution of symptom severity during residential treatment of females with eating disorders. Author(s): Bean P, Weltzin T. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2001 December; 6(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808815&dopt=Abstract

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Evolving evidence and continuing uncertainties for eating disorders. Author(s): Russell JD, Abraham SF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 March 18; 176(6): 299-300; Author Reply 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999272&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males. Author(s): Boroughs M, Thompson JK. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920992&dopt=Abstract

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Factors predicting reluctance to seek treatment in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Burket RC, Hodgin JD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 May; 86(5): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8488399&dopt=Abstract

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Factors related to depression and eating disorders: self-esteem, body image, and attractiveness. Author(s): Grubb HJ, Sellers MI, Waligroski K. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 June; 72(3 Pt 1): 1003-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8332667&dopt=Abstract

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Factors related to eating disorders in young adolescent girls. Author(s): Eisele J, Hertsgaard D, Light HK. Source: Adolescence. 1986 Summer; 21(82): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461694&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aggregation of eating disorders: results from a controlled family study of bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Stein D, Lilenfeld LR, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, Rao R, Strober M, Kaye WH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 September; 26(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422611&dopt=Abstract

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Family background and sexual abuse associated with eating disorders. Author(s): Kinzl JF, Traweger C, Guenther V, Biebl W. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 August; 151(8): 1127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037245&dopt=Abstract

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Family backgrounds and eating disorders. Author(s): Pantano M, Grave RD, Oliosi M, Bartocci C, Todisco P, Marchi S. Source: Psychopathology. 1997; 30(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186982&dopt=Abstract

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Family functioning in anxiety and eating disorders--a comparative study. Author(s): Woodside DB, Swinson RP, Kuch K, Heinmaa M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1996 March-April; 37(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8654064&dopt=Abstract

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Family influence on eating behavior and attitudes in eating disorders: a review of the literature. Author(s): Rosenfield S. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 1988 November; 3(1): 46-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3058734&dopt=Abstract

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Family perception of interpersonal behavior as a predictor in eating disorders: a prospective, six-year followup study. Author(s): Herzog W, Kronmuller KT, Hartmann M, Bergmann G, Kroger F. Source: Family Process. 2000 Fall; 39(3): 359-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008653&dopt=Abstract

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Family therapy for eating disorders. Author(s): Lemmon CR, Josephson AM. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2001 July; 10(3): 519-42, Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449810&dopt=Abstract

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Family transactions in eating disorders. Author(s): Bruch H. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1971 May; 12(3): 238-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5577866&dopt=Abstract

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Family-genetic studies of eating disorders. Author(s): Strober M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 October; 52 Suppl: 9-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938990&dopt=Abstract

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Fat aversion in eating disorders. Author(s): Drewnowski A, Pierce B, Halmi KA. Source: Appetite. 1988 April; 10(2): 119-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164990&dopt=Abstract

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Features of eating disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Tang TN, Toner BB, Stuckless N, Dion KL, Kaplan AS, Ali A. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 August; 45(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9753389&dopt=Abstract

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Feeding laboratory studies in patients with eating disorders: a review. Author(s): Mitchell JE, Crow S, Peterson CB, Wonderlich S, Crosby RD. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 September; 24(2): 115-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697010&dopt=Abstract

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Feelings and fantasy in eating disorders: a factor analysis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Author(s): Troop NA, Schmidt UH, Treasure JL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 September; 18(2): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7581417&dopt=Abstract

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Female or male therapists for women with eating disorders? A pilot study of experts' opinions. Author(s): Waller G, Katzman MA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 March; 23(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503236&dopt=Abstract

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Feminist psychodynamic psychotherapy of eating disorders. Theoretic integration informing clinical practice. Author(s): Zerbe KJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 811-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933610&dopt=Abstract

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Findings from the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire in patients with eating disorders and control subjects: effects of diagnosis and location. Author(s): Brewerton TD, Krahn DD, Hardin TA, Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1994 April; 52(1): 71-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8047623&dopt=Abstract

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First- and second-order factor structure of five subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory. Author(s): Joiner TE Jr, Heatherton TF. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 March; 23(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503244&dopt=Abstract

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Five-year outcome from eating disorders: relevance of personality disorders. Author(s): Wonderlich SA, Fullerton D, Swift WJ, Klein MH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 April; 15(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199603&dopt=Abstract

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Fluid and electrolyte and drug therapy considerations in the management of eating disorders. Author(s): Comerci GD. Source: Semin Adolesc Med. 1986 March; 2(1): 37-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602624&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine and eating disorders. Author(s): Morgan JF. Source: Hosp Med. 1999 September; 60(9): 686. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621803&dopt=Abstract

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Fluvoxamine: an open pilot study in moderately obese female patients suffering from atypical eating disorders and episodes of bingeing. Author(s): Gardiner HM, Freeman CP, Jesinger DK, Collins SA. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 May; 17(5): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389340&dopt=Abstract

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Folate and vitamin B 12 in eating disorders. Author(s): Abou-Saleh MT, Chung-A-On KO. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1987 January; 150: 133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477303&dopt=Abstract

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Food and drug abuse: the contrasts and comparisons of eating disorders and alcoholism. Author(s): Beresford TP, Hall RC. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1989; 7(3): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2813830&dopt=Abstract

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Food aversions in eating disorders. Author(s): Vaz FJ, Alcaina T, Guisado JA. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1998 May; 49(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616658&dopt=Abstract

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Food intake, hunger, and satiety after preloads in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Rolls BJ, Andersen AE, Moran TH, McNelis AL, Baier HC, Fedoroff IC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 June; 55(6): 1093-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595580&dopt=Abstract

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Food preferences, eating patterns, and physical activity among adolescents: correlates of eating disorders symptoms. Author(s): French SA, Perry CL, Leon GR, Fulkerson JA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 June; 15(4): 286-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918501&dopt=Abstract

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For your patients: recognizing eating disorders. Author(s): Ricchini W. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1998 April; 6(4): 25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9611480&dopt=Abstract

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Foreign body ingestion in eating disorders. Author(s): Weltman MD, de Moore GM, Touyz S. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1994 January; 16(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039686&dopt=Abstract

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Four simple questions can help screen for eating disorders. Author(s): Cotton MA, Ball C, Robinson P. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2003 January; 18(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534764&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders--a nationwide register study. Author(s): Vestergaard P, Emborg C, Stoving RK, Hagen C, Mosekilde L, Brixen K. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 November; 32(3): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210644&dopt=Abstract

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Frames of reference utilized in the rehabilitation of individuals with eating disorders. Author(s): Henderson S. Source: Can J Occup Ther. 1999 February; 66(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10462881&dopt=Abstract

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From Giacometti to Botero: images of eating disorders under investigation. Author(s): Halmi KA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562563&dopt=Abstract

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From prevention to prognosis: clinical research update on adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Katzman DK, Golden NH, Neumark-Sztainer D, Yager J, Strober M. Source: Pediatric Research. 2000 June; 47(6): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832726&dopt=Abstract

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Full and partial syndromes in eating disorders: A 1-year prospective study of risk factors among female students. Author(s): Santonastaso P, Friederici S, Favaro A. Source: Psychopathology. 1999 January-February; 32(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885401&dopt=Abstract

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Full-syndrome, partial-syndrome and subclinical eating disorders: an epidemiological study of female students in Southern Italy. Author(s): Cotrufo P, Barretta V, Monteleone P, Maj M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 August; 98(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718236&dopt=Abstract

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Functional gastrointestinal disorders and eating disorders. Relevance of the association in clinical management. Author(s): Porcelli P, Leandro G, De Carne M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 June; 33(6): 577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669626&dopt=Abstract

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Further lack of association between the 5-HT2A gene promoter polymorphism and susceptibility to eating disorders and a meta-analysis pertaining to anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Ziegler A, Hebebrand J, Gorg T, Rosenkranz K, Fichter M, HerpertzDahlmann B, Remschmidt H, Hinney A. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 September; 4(5): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523809&dopt=Abstract

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Future directions in obesity and eating disorders. Author(s): Foreyt JP, Poston WS 2nd, Goodrick GK. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1996 November-December; 21(6): 767-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904942&dopt=Abstract

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Future-directed thinking in eating disorders. Author(s): Godley J, Tchanturia K, MacLeod A, Schmidt U. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 September; 40(Pt 3): 281-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593956&dopt=Abstract

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Galanin immunoreactivity in human CSF: studies in eating disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Berrettini WH, Kaye WH, Sunderland T, May C, Gwirtsman HE, Mellow A, Albright A. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1988; 19(2): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2465504&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric function in eating disorders. Author(s): Robinson PH. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1989; 575: 456-64; Discussion 4645. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2699203&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric surgery and restraint from food as triggering factors of eating disorders in morbid obesity. Author(s): Guisado JA, Vaz FJ, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Lopez-Ibor MI, del Rio J, Rubio MA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 January; 31(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835303&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal and nutritional aspects of eating disorders. Author(s): McClain CJ, Humphries LL, Hill KK, Nickl NJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993 August; 12(4): 466-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8409109&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal complications in a patient with eating disorders. Author(s): De Caprio C, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2000 December; 5(4): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216132&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal consequences of the eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Author(s): Cuellar RE, Van Thiel DH. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 December; 81(12): 1113-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3538851&dopt=Abstract

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Gender identity disorder and eating disorders. Author(s): Hepp U, Milos G. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 December; 32(4): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386912&dopt=Abstract

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Gender role and risk patterns for eating disorders in men and women. Author(s): Cantrell PJ, Ellis JB. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1991 January; 47(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2026778&dopt=Abstract

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Gender-related aspects of eating disorders: a guide to practice. Author(s): Andersen AE. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1999 January-February; 2(1): 47-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252870&dopt=Abstract

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General population-based epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norway. Author(s): Gotestam KG, Agras WS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 September; 18(2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7581413&dopt=Abstract

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General practice consultation patterns preceding diagnosis of eating disorders. Author(s): Ogg EC, Millar HR, Pusztai EE, Thom AS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 July; 22(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140741&dopt=Abstract

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Getting to the cause of eating disorders. Author(s): Wrate R. Source: Practitioner. 1996 May; 240(1562): 306, 309, 312-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917889&dopt=Abstract

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GLP-1 as a satiety factor in children with eating disorders. Author(s): Tomasik PJ, Sztefko K, Malek A. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2002 February; 34(2): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972291&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose metabolism in the caudate nuclei of patients with eating disorders, measured by PET. Author(s): Krieg JC, Holthoff V, Schreiber W, Pirke KM, Herholz K. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1991; 240(6): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831664&dopt=Abstract

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GPs managing patients with eating disorders. A tiered approach. Author(s): Marks P, Beumont P, Birmingham CL. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 July; 32(7): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901202&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the family therapeutic approach to eating disorders. Author(s): Vanderlinden J, Vandereycken W. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1991; 56(1-2): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891578&dopt=Abstract

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Habitual binge/purge behavior influences circulating ghrelin levels in eating disorders. Author(s): Tanaka M, Naruo T, Nagai N, Kuroki N, Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Matsukura S, Nozoe S. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 January-February; 37(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482466&dopt=Abstract

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Habitual sleep duration and eating disorders in college students. Author(s): Hicks RA, Rozette E. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1986 February; 62(1): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457356&dopt=Abstract

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Haematological and immunological abnormalities in eating disorders. Author(s): Howard MR, Leggat HM, Chaudhry S. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1992 September 2-15; 48(5): 234-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393217&dopt=Abstract

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Has our 'healthy' life-style generated eating disorders? Author(s): Yager J. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1992 December; 157(6): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1475963&dopt=Abstract

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Healthy eating in schools and “eating disorders”--are “healthy eating” messages part of the problem or part of the solution? Author(s): Dixey R. Source: Nutr Health. 1996; 11(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817583&dopt=Abstract

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Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: electrocardiographic changes during the early phase of refeeding. Author(s): Swenne I. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 April; 89(4): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830458&dopt=Abstract

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Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion. Author(s): Swenne I, Larsson PT. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 March; 88(3): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229042&dopt=Abstract

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Hedonic response to sucrose solutions and the fear of weight gain in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Eiber R, Berlin I, de Brettes B, Foulon C, Guelfi JD. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 December 15; 113(1-2): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467956&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescents with eating disorders and dyspeptic symptoms. Author(s): Sherman P, Leslie K, Golderg E, MacMillan J, Hunt R, Ernst P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 May; 122(5 Pt 1): 824-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496771&dopt=Abstract

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Help seeking and satisfaction with care in 641 women with eating disorders. I. Patterns of utilization, attributed change, and perceived efficacy of treatment. Author(s): Yager J, Landsverk J, Edelstein CK. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989 October; 177(10): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2794990&dopt=Abstract

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Hispanic and Anglo college women's risk factors for substance use and eating disorders. Author(s): Pidcock BW, Fischer JL, Forthun LF, West SL. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2000 September-October; 25(5): 705-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023013&dopt=Abstract

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Historical terminology of eating disorders. Author(s): Parry-Jones B. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1991 February; 21(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047498&dopt=Abstract

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History of childhood sexual or physical abuse in Japanese patients with eating disorders: relationship with dissociation and impulsive behaviours. Author(s): Nagata T, Kiriike N, Iketani T, Kawarada Y, Tanaka H. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1999 July; 29(4): 935-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473320&dopt=Abstract

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History of eating disorders in female patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Fahy TA, Osacar A, Marks I. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 December; 14(4): 439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293026&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-1 seropositivity and eating disorders: a case report. Author(s): Morgan JF, Lacey JH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 January; 23(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429926&dopt=Abstract

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Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men. Author(s): Russell CJ, Keel PK. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920991&dopt=Abstract

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Hormonal and biochemical abnormalities in women suffering from eating disorders. Author(s): Mira M, Stewart PM, Abraham S. Source: Pediatrician. 1983-85; 12(2-3): 148-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443682&dopt=Abstract

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Hormonal and metabolic mechanisms in the development of cerebral pseudoatrophy in eating disorders. Author(s): Krieg JC, Lauer C, Pirke KM. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1987; 48(1-4): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3505712&dopt=Abstract

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Hormonal circadian rhythms in eating disorders. Author(s): Ferrari E, Fraschini F, Brambilla F. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1990 May 1; 27(9): 1007-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2334743&dopt=Abstract

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Hospitals' eating disorders units fill empty beds with paying patients. Author(s): Anderson HJ. Source: Modern Healthcare. 1985 October 25; 15(22): 62, 64, 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10289654&dopt=Abstract

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How can women's health nurses recognize patients at risk for eating disorders? Author(s): Sharp CL. Source: Awhonn Voice. 1995 April; 3(4): 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998482&dopt=Abstract

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How do conflict and communication patterns between fathers and daughters contribute to or offset eating disorders? Author(s): Botta RA, Dumlao R. Source: Health Communication. 2002; 14(2): 199-219. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046798&dopt=Abstract

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How do eating disorders affect thyroid function? Author(s): Marshall Z, Lippmann S. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 November 15; 82(7): 110-2, 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3478668&dopt=Abstract

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How useful are pharmacological treatments in eating disorders? Author(s): Casper RC. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Spring; 36(2): 88-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397843&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperamylasemia and salivary gland enlargements in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Kinzl J, Biebl W, Herold M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 March; 52(3): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706333&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperamylasemia in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Humphries LL, Adams LJ, Eckfeldt JH, Levitt MD, McClain CJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 January; 106(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2431640&dopt=Abstract

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Hypercarotenemia and transaminitis in female adolescents with eating disorders: a prospective, controlled study. Author(s): Sherman P, Leslie K, Goldberg E, Rybczynski J, St Louis P. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 May; 15(3): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075090&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperprolactinemia in two patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Casper RC, Douglas Z, Staples N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 March; 48(3): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469198&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism and eating disorders. Author(s): Fonseca V, Wakeling A, Havard CW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 August 11; 301(6747): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393739&dopt=Abstract

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Hypokalaemia and renal impairment in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Mira M, Stewart PM, Abraham SF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 March 3; 140(5): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6583467&dopt=Abstract

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Hypokalemia in eating disorders. Author(s): Biebl W, Kinzl JF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 February; 153(2): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561221&dopt=Abstract

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Hypokalemia in outpatients with eating disorders. Author(s): Greenfeld D, Mickley D, Quinlan DM, Roloff P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 January; 152(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802122&dopt=Abstract

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Hypomagnesemia in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Hall RC, Hoffman RS, Beresford TP, Wooley B, Tice L, Hall AK. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Summer; 29(3): 264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406341&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and immediate management of the oral changes associated with eating disorders. Author(s): Bishop K, Briggs P, Schmidt E. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 October 5-18; 52(7): 326, 329-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858813&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and treatment of exercise resistance: a syndrome associated with eating disorders. Author(s): White F, Montell F. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 1996 September-October; 6(5): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8870506&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying and treating eating disorders. Author(s): American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Adolescence. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 January; 111(1): 204-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509579&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic edema and eating disorders: evidence for an association. Author(s): Bihun JA, McSherry J, Marciano D. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 September; 14(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8401552&dopt=Abstract

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Ill fitting genes: the biology of weight and shape control in relation to body composition and eating disorders. Author(s): Treasure J, Collier D, Campbell IC. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1997 May; 27(3): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9153670&dopt=Abstract

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Illness negotiation: the case of eating disorders. Author(s): Swartz L. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1987; 24(7): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3589755&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging and eating disorders. Author(s): Drebit R, Blackman M, McEwan A, Chowdhury T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 September; 31(5): 990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1400139&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoendocrine findings in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Monteleone P, Maes M, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, Lin A, Bosmans E, Kenis G, Maj M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1999 September; 40(3): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494044&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of eating disorders on pregnancy. Author(s): Beary MD. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1988 May; 24(5): 189-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3166508&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of urbanization on detection rates of eating disorders. Author(s): Hoek HW, Bartelds AI, Bosveld JJ, van der Graaf Y, Limpens VE, Maiwald M, Spaaij CJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 September; 152(9): 1272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653680&dopt=Abstract

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Implementing an inpatient eating disorders program. Author(s): Cahill C. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1994 July-September; 30(3): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862515&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of historical evidence for the classification of eating disorders. A dimension overlooked in DSM-III-R and ICD-10. Author(s): Parry-Jones WL, Parry-Jones B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 September; 165(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994496&dopt=Abstract

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Impulsivity and eating disorders. Author(s): Fahy T, Eisler I. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 February; 162: 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435689&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of eating disorders among selected female university students. Author(s): Fredenberg JP, Berglund PT, Dieken HA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 January; 96(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8537573&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of eating disorders in psychiatric hospitals and wards in Denmark, 19701993. Author(s): Munk-Jorgensen P, Moller-Madsen S, Nielsen S, Nystrup J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 August; 92(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572266&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of leukemia in eating disorders likely to be small. Author(s): Howard MR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 April 24; 306(6885): 1131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8338587&dopt=Abstract

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Indirect calorimetry in the nutritional management of eating disorders. Author(s): Schebendach J, Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Arden M, Pettei M, Hardoff D, Bauman N, Reichert P, Copperman N, Hertz S, et al. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 January; 17(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894454&dopt=Abstract

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Infant growth in the context of maternal eating disorders and maternal depression: a comparative study. Author(s): Stein A, Murray L, Cooper P, Fairburn CG. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1996 May; 26(3): 569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733215&dopt=Abstract

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Infertility and eating disorders. Author(s): McCluskey S, Evans C, Lacey H, Pearce M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 165(5 Pt 1): 1576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1957895&dopt=Abstract

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Infertility and eating disorders. Author(s): Stewart DE, Robinson E, Goldbloom DS, Wright C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 October; 163(4 Pt 1): 11969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2220927&dopt=Abstract

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Inpatient and partial hospital treatment for adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Anzai N, Lindsey-Dudley K, Bidwell RJ. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 279-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109322&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin misuse by women with type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by eating disorders does not favorably change body weight, body composition, or body fat distribution. Author(s): Affenito SG, Rodriguez NR, Backstrand JR, Welch GW, Adams CH. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 June; 98(6): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627627&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a prevalence study. Author(s): Powers PS, Malone JI, Coovert DL, Schulman RG. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1990 May-June; 31(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2187655&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Caregaro L, Favaro A, Santonastaso P, Alberino F, Di Pascoli L, Nardi M, Favaro S, Gatta A. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2001 June; 20(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407872&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 levels in pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency, eating disorders and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Barrios V, Buno M, Pozo J, Munoz MT, Argente J. Source: Hormone Research. 2000; 53(5): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150883&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating the twelve-step approach with traditional psychotherapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Johnson CL, Sansone RA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 September; 14(2): 121-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8401545&dopt=Abstract

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Integration and sequencing of treatment approaches for eating disorders. Author(s): Garner DM, Garfinkel PE, Irvine MJ. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1986; 46(1-2): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3474674&dopt=Abstract

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Interdisciplinary strategies for treating dysphagia and eating disorders should include dentistry. Author(s): Willette JC. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 1992 September; 97(2): 247. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1418935&dopt=Abstract

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Interdisciplinary team for the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Garcia de Amusquibar AM. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2000 December; 5(4): 223-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216131&dopt=Abstract

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Interest group for eating disorders. Author(s): McSherry J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 July; 44: 1448. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678270&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelationships between the size of the pancreas and the weight of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Cuntz U, Frank G, Lehnert P, Fichter M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 April; 27(3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694715&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for preventing eating disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Pratt BM, Woolfenden SR. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd002891. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076457&dopt=Abstract

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Inventory for the Screening of Eating Disorders (ISED). Author(s): Ruggeri M, Favaro A, Santonastaso P. Source: Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2000 January-March; 9(1): 70-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859877&dopt=Abstract

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Investigational drugs for eating disorders. Author(s): Crow S, Brown E. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2003 March; 12(3): 491-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605570&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Watson TL, Bowers WA, Andersen AE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 November; 157(11): 1806-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058478&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of cytokines in eating disorders: a critical review of the human literature. Author(s): Corcos M, Guilbaud O, Paterniti S, Moussa M, Chambry J, Chaouat G, Consoli SM, Jeammet P. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 April; 28(3): 229-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573293&dopt=Abstract

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Is chronic low self-esteem the cause of eating disorders? Author(s): Silverstone PH. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1992 December; 39(4): 311-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1494317&dopt=Abstract

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Is migraine related to the eating disorders? Author(s): Brewerton TD, George MS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 July; 14(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8339102&dopt=Abstract

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Is puberty a risk factor for eating disorders? Author(s): Killen JD, Hayward C, Litt I, Hammer LD, Wilson DM, Miner B, Taylor CB, Varady A, Shisslak C. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1992 March; 146(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1543180&dopt=Abstract

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Is running an analog of anorexia?: A survey of the incidence of eating disorders in female distance runners. Author(s): Weight LM, Noakes TD. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1987 June; 19(3): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3600235&dopt=Abstract

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Is the selective information processing of food and body words specific to patients with eating disorders? Author(s): Perpina C, Hemsley D, Treasure J, de Silva P. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 November; 14(3): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8275072&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a relationship between sexual abuse or incest and eating disorders? Author(s): Sloan G, Leichner P. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1986 October; 31(7): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3465427&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an increased clinical severity of patients with eating disorders under managed care? Author(s): Bravender T, Robertson L, Woods ER, Gordon CM, Forman S. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1999 June; 24(6): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401970&dopt=Abstract

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Issues and concerns associated with different risk models for eating disorders. Author(s): Leung F, Geller J, Katzman M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 April; 19(3): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704723&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in mapping genes for eating disorders. Author(s): Allison DB, Faith MS. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 359-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550879&dopt=Abstract

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Issues related to combining risk factor reduction and clinical treatment for eating disorders in defined populations. Author(s): Taylor CB, Cameron RP, Newman MG, Junge J. Source: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2002 February; 29(1): 8190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840907&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to weight control, eating disorders, and body image in Australian trainee home economics and physical education teachers. Author(s): O'Dea JA, Abraham S. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 November-December; 33(6): 332-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031171&dopt=Abstract

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Laxative abuse among women with eating disorders: an indication of psychopathology? Author(s): Pryor T, Wiederman MW, McGilley B. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 July; 20(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807348&dopt=Abstract

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Laxative abuse in eating disorders. Author(s): Willard SG, Winstead DK, Anding R, Dudley P. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1989; 7(3): 75-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2554370&dopt=Abstract

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Laxative withdrawal in eating disorders: treatment protocol and 3 to 20-month followup. Author(s): Colton P, Woodside DB, Kaplan AS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 April; 25(3): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191996&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin and the neurobiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Jimerson DC. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 February; 139(2): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11919544&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Nakai Y, Hamagaki S, Kato S, Seino Y, Takagi R, Kurimoto F. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 February; 48(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024085&dopt=Abstract

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Leukaemia linked to eating disorders. Author(s): Nishizono-Maher A, Sakamaki H, Mizukami H, Kuraki T, Minakawa K, Masuda Y. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 March 27; 306(6881): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8490376&dopt=Abstract

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Life threatening airway obstruction: a hazard of concealed eating disorders. Author(s): Jones TM, Luke LC. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1998 September; 15(5): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785163&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal follow-up of amenorrhea in eating disorders. Author(s): Copeland PM, Sacks NR, Herzog DB. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995 March-April; 57(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7792370&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal relationships between childhood, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. Author(s): Kotler LA, Cohen P, Davies M, Pine DS, Walsh BT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 December; 40(12): 1434-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765289&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term cognitive-interpersonal group therapy for eating disorders. Author(s): Roth DM, Ross DR. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 1988 October; 38(4): 4591-510. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3182144&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of patient-reported family functioning in eating disorders after intensive day hospital treatment. Author(s): Woodside DB, Lackstrom J, Shekter-Wolfson L, Heinmaa M. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 September; 41(3): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8910249&dopt=Abstract

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Low levels of interrater reliability in a standard measure of outcome in eating disorders (the modified Morgan-Russell Assessment Schedule). Author(s): Freeman RK, Walker MK, Ben-Tovim DI. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 July; 20(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807352&dopt=Abstract

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Males with anorexia nervosa: a controlled study of eating disorders in first-degree relatives. Author(s): Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Kaye W. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 April; 29(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262504&dopt=Abstract

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Males with eating disorders. Author(s): Andersen AE. Source: New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1986 Fall; (31): 39-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3785124&dopt=Abstract

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Males with eating disorders: challenges for treatment and research. Author(s): Andersen AE, Holman JE. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 391-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550883&dopt=Abstract

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Managed care and adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Litt IF. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1999 June; 24(6): 373. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401962&dopt=Abstract

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Managing adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Slupik RI. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1999 May-June; 44(3): 125-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435910&dopt=Abstract

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Managing eating disorders in a general ward. Author(s): van Niekerk CA, Riccitelli G. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1988 May; 3(5): 31-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164833&dopt=Abstract

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Marital status and eating disorders: an analysis of its relevance. Author(s): Bussolotti D, Fernandez-Aranda F, Solano R, Jimenez-Murcia S, Turon V, Vallejo J. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 December; 53(6): 1139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479997&dopt=Abstract

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Marriage in eating disorders comparisons between patients and spouses and changes over the course of treatment. Author(s): Woodside DB, Lackstrom JB, Shekter-Wolfson L. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000 September; 49(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110987&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal perception of children's weight in relation to eating disorders. Author(s): Ohzeki T, Ohtahara H, Hanaki K, Urashima H, Tsukuda T, Tanaka Y, Shiraki K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 October; 94(4): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8911564&dopt=Abstract

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MCMI-II profiles of women with eating disorders: a cluster analytic investigation. Author(s): Espelage DL, Mazzeo SE, Sherman R, Thompson R. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 October; 16(5): 453-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489311&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring up. Obesity in young boys is on the rise, and so are eating disorders. Whose fault is that? Try G.I. Joe. Author(s): Dickinson A. Source: Time. 2000 November 20; 156(21): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186821&dopt=Abstract

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Medical aspects of eating disorders. Author(s): Sheinin JC. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1986; 13: 405-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460365&dopt=Abstract

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Medical complications of eating disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Palla B, Litt IF. Source: Pediatrics. 1988 May; 81(5): 613-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3162764&dopt=Abstract

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Medical complications of eating disorders: outpatient evaluation and management. Author(s): Brotman AW, Rigotti N, Herzog DB. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1985 May-June; 26(3): 258-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3888518&dopt=Abstract

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Medical consequences of eating disorders. Author(s): Brown NW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 April; 78(4): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3856952&dopt=Abstract

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Medications in the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Jimerson DC, Wolfe BE, Brotman AW, Metzger ED. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 739-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933605&dopt=Abstract

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Menstrual cycle abnormalities and subclinical eating disorders: a preliminary report. Author(s): Kreipe RE, Strauss J, Hodgman CH, Ryan RM. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1989 January-February; 51(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2928463&dopt=Abstract

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Migraine and the eating disorders. Author(s): Brewerton TD, George MS, Harden RN. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 February; 46(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8483977&dopt=Abstract

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Migraine, eating disorders, and triptans: an unrecognized risk? Author(s): Wilkinson F. Source: Headache. 2001 October; 41(9): 914-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703486&dopt=Abstract

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MMPI-2 in the inpatient assessment of women with eating disorders. Author(s): Cumella EJ, Wall AD, Kerr-Almeida N. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2000 December; 75(3): 387-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11117153&dopt=Abstract

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MMPI-A in the inpatient assessment of adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Cumella EJ, Wall AD, Kerr-Almeida N. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1999 August; 73(1): 31-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497800&dopt=Abstract

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Model for the group treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Hendren RL, Atkins DM, Sumner CR, Barber JK. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 1987 October; 37(4): 589-602. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3679642&dopt=Abstract

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Modest familial aggregation of eating disorders in restrictive anorexia nervosa with adolescent onset in a Romanian sample. Author(s): Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Magureanu S, Milea S, Dobrescu I, Marinescu E. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567215&dopt=Abstract

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Mood- and nutrient-conditioned appetites. Cultural and physiological bases for eating disorders. Author(s): Booth DA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1989; 575: 122-35; Discussion 15762. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2699183&dopt=Abstract

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Morbidity risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Bellodi L, Cavallini MC, Bertelli S, Chiapparino D, Riboldi C, Smeraldi E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 158(4): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282689&dopt=Abstract

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More males seek treatment for eating disorders. Author(s): Braun DL, Sunday SR, Huang A, Halmi KA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 May; 25(4): 415-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202652&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality and causes of death in eating disorders in Denmark 1970-1993: a case register study. Author(s): Emborg C. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 April; 25(3): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191988&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality from eating disorders--a 5- to 10-year record linkage study. Author(s): Crow S, Praus B, Thuras P. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 July; 26(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349590&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality in eating disorders. Author(s): Patton GC. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1988 November; 18(4): 947-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3270837&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality in eating disorders: a descriptive study. Author(s): Herzog DB, Greenwood DN, Dorer DJ, Flores AT, Ekeblad ER, Richards A, Blais MA, Keller MB. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 July; 28(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800010&dopt=Abstract

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Movement behaviour of patients with eating disorders and inflammatory bowel disease: a controlled study. Author(s): Lausberg H, von Wietersheim J, Feiereis H. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1996; 65(5): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8893329&dopt=Abstract

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Multi-impulsivity of Japanese patients with eating disorders: primary and secondary impulsivity. Author(s): Nagata T, Kawarada Y, Kiriike N, Iketani T. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 July 17; 94(3): 239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889288&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple family group treatment for eating disorders: a short term program. Author(s): Slagerman M, Yager J. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1989; 7(4): 269-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602571&dopt=Abstract

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Multivariate analysis of the Eating Disorders Inventory: examination of basic statistical assumptions. Author(s): Christopher FS, Johnston CS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1992 May; 92(5): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1573145&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial impairment resulting from eating disorders. Author(s): Kreipe RE, Harris JP. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 November; 21(11): 760-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1484751&dopt=Abstract

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Naltrexone treatment of bulimia: clinical and theoretical findings linking eating disorders and substance abuse. Author(s): Jonas JM, Gold MS. Source: Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse. 1987; 7(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2831700&dopt=Abstract

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Nasogastric feeding in children and adolescents with eating disorders: toward good practice. Author(s): Neiderman M, Farley A, Richardson J, Lask B. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 May; 29(4): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285581&dopt=Abstract

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Neglected topics in eating disorders: guidelines for clinicians and researchers. Author(s): Mizes JS. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 June; 18(4): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638354&dopt=Abstract

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Neurocognitive functioning in subjects with eating disorders: the influence of neuroactive steroids. Author(s): Galderisi S, Mucci A, Monteleone P, Sorrentino D, Piegari G, Maj M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 May 15; 53(10): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742680&dopt=Abstract

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Neurohypophyseal dysfunction: implications for the pathophysiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Demitrack MA, Lesem MD, Brandt HA, Pigott TA, Jimerson DC, Altemus M, Gold PW. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989; 25(3): 439-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2697013&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychological functioning pretreatment and posttreatment in an inpatient eating disorders program. Author(s): Moser DJ, Benjamin ML, Bayless JD, McDowell BD, Paulsen JS, Bowers WA, Arndt S, Andersen AE. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 January; 33(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474200&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for incident eating disorders in a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Cervera S, Lahortiga F, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Gual P, de Irala-Estevez J, Alonso Y. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 April; 33(3): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655623&dopt=Abstract

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New perspectives on the eating disorders. Author(s): Kaplan AS. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1996 January; 21(1): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8580120&dopt=Abstract

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New therapies for the eating disorders. Behavior modification of obesity and anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Stunkard A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1972 May; 26(5): 391-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4553422&dopt=Abstract

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Normal and neurotic perfectionism in eating disorders: an interactive model. Author(s): Davis C. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 December; 22(4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9356890&dopt=Abstract

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Norms, normality, and clinical significant change: implications for the evaluation of treatment outcomes for eating disorders. Author(s): Kordy H, Percevic R, Martinovich Z. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 September; 30(2): 176-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449451&dopt=Abstract

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Not just a pretty face: physical attractiveness and perfectionism in the risk for eating disorders. Author(s): Davis C, Claridge G, Fox J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 January; 27(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590450&dopt=Abstract

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Not just for women anymore. Eating disorders in men. Author(s): Tumolo J. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 April; 11(4): 35-6, 90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718102&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient intake of female elite athletes suffering from eating disorders. Author(s): Sundgot-Borgen J. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1993 December; 3(4): 431-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305916&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and eating disorders. Author(s): Trotter K. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 November 12-18; 93(46): Suppl 1-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9418472&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and psychotherapy: collaborative treatment of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Saloff-Coste CJ, Hamburg P, Herzog DB. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Fall; 57(4): 504-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287018&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition therapy and eating disorders: what is the correct calorie level for clients with anorexia? Author(s): Marcason W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 May; 102(5): 644. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008988&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional management of eating disorders. Author(s): Rock CL, Curran-Celentano J. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 701-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933603&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status and immunocompetence in eating disorders. A comparative study. Author(s): Marcos A, Varela P, Santacruz I, Munoz-Velez A, Morande G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 November; 47(11): 787-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287848&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Author(s): Beals KA, Manore MM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 April; 98(4): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550165&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, eating disorders and restrained eating: is leptin the missing link? Author(s): Mantzoros CS. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 September; 2(5): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322227&dopt=Abstract

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Observed family interactions among subtypes of eating disorders using structural analysis of social behavior. Author(s): Humphrey LL. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989 April; 57(2): 206-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2708606&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive compulsive symptoms at initial presentation of adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Cassidy E, Allsopp M, Williams T. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 September; 8(3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550701&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder with eating disorders. Author(s): Cumella EJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 156(6): 982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360165&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive-compulsive symptoms as a correlate of severity in the clinical presentation of eating disorders: measuring the effects of depression. Author(s): Speranza M, Corcos M, Levi G, Jeammet P. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1999 September; 4(3): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234240&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in eating disorders. Author(s): Fahy TA. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1991; 29(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2021372&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetricians and maternal body weight and eating disorders during pregnancy. Author(s): Abraham S. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 September; 22(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594717&dopt=Abstract

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Offspring of women with eating disorders. Author(s): Waugh E, Bulik CM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 March; 25(2): 123-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065389&dopt=Abstract

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On Walsh JME, Wheat ME, Freud K. Detection, evaluation and treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Mehler PS. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2001 February; 16(2): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251768&dopt=Abstract

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Onset of adolescent eating disorders. Dieting may be an early sign, rather than a cause, of eating disorder. Author(s): Stettler N, Tershakovec AM, Leonard MB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 26; 318(7200): 1761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381722&dopt=Abstract

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Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. Author(s): Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 March 20; 318(7186): 765-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10082698&dopt=Abstract

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Opioid involvement in feeding behaviour and the pathogenesis of certain eating disorders. Author(s): Johnson RD. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1995 November; 45(5): 491-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748094&dopt=Abstract

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Oral status of 35 subjects with eating disorders--a 1-year study. Author(s): Ohrn R, Angmar-Mansson B. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2000 August; 108(4): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946761&dopt=Abstract

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Oral status of 81 subjects with eating disorders. Author(s): Ohrn R, Enzell K, Angmar-Mansson B. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1999 June; 107(3): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10424378&dopt=Abstract

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Organic diseases mimicking atypical eating disorders. Author(s): Caplan DB. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1990 October; 29(10): 614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2078248&dopt=Abstract

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Organic diseases mimicking atypical eating disorders. Author(s): Wright K, Smith MS, Mitchell J. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1990 June; 29(6): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2361340&dopt=Abstract

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Orthodontic abnormalities in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): O'Reilly RL, O'Riordan JW, Greenwood AM. Source: Int Dent J. 1991 August; 41(4): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1917077&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and eating disorders. Author(s): Powers PS. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 1999 May; 12(2): 51-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326187&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and osteopenia in men with eating disorders. Author(s): Andersen AE, Watson T, Schlechte J. Source: Lancet. 2000 June 3; 355(9219): 1967-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859044&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis in eating disorders: a follow-up study of patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Zipfel S, Seibel MJ, Lowe B, Beumont PJ, Kasperk C, Herzog W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 November; 86(11): 5227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701682&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis in women with eating disorders: comparison of physical parameters, exercise, and menstrual status with SPA and DPA evaluation. Author(s): Joyce JM, Warren DL, Humphries LL, Smith AJ, Coon JS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1990 March; 31(3): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2308003&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis in young people. Research and treatment in eating disorders. Author(s): Treasure J, Serpell L. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 359-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416935&dopt=Abstract

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Other possible strategies for dealing with eating disorders. Author(s): Smead VS. Source: Psychological Reports. 1982 October; 51(2): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7178336&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome in adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Seidel R. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 December; 14(4): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293031&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome in patients with eating disorders: a 5-year study. Author(s): Ben-Tovim DI, Walker K, Gilchrist P, Freeman R, Kalucy R, Esterman A. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 21; 357(9264): 1254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418150&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome, recovery, relapse and mortality across six years in patients with clinical eating disorders. Author(s): Norring CE, Sohlberg SS. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1993 June; 87(6): 437-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356896&dopt=Abstract

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Outpatient management of eating disorders in adults. Author(s): Becker AE. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 June; 3(3): 221-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734033&dopt=Abstract

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Overcoming eating disorders. A group experience. Author(s): Edmands MS. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1986 August; 24(8): 19-25. Erratum In: J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1986 October; 24(10): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462393&dopt=Abstract

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Pain modulation role of melatonin in eating disorders. Author(s): Papezova H, Yamamotova A, Nedvidkova J. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 February; 16(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246295&dopt=Abstract

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Pain sensitivity, alexithymia, and depression in patients with eating disorders: are they related? Author(s): de Zwaan M, Biener D, Bach M, Wiesnagrotzki S, Stacher G. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 July; 41(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8887820&dopt=Abstract

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Paracentral cortical atrophy in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Inui A, Asakawa A, Kasuga M, Kamikawa S, Uemoto M, Watanabe T. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 1; 112(8): 681-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034425&dopt=Abstract

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Parent and child report of family functioning in a clinical child and adolescent eating disorders sample. Author(s): McDermott BM, Batik M, Roberts L, Gibbon P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 August; 36(4): 50914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169151&dopt=Abstract

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Parental factors, mass media influences, and the onset of eating disorders in a prospective population-based cohort. Author(s): Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Gual P, Lahortiga F, Alonso Y, de Irala-Estevez J, Cervera S. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 February; 111(2): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563057&dopt=Abstract

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Partial eating disorders in a community sample of female adolescents. Author(s): Stein D, Meged S, Bar-Hanin T, Blank S, Elizur A, Weizman A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 August; 36(8): 1116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256591&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with eating disorders. How well are family physicians managing them? Author(s): Boule CJ, McSherry JA. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2002 November; 48: 1807-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489246&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of punitiveness in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Tiller J, Schmidt U, Ali S, Treasure J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 May; 17(4): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620476&dopt=Abstract

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Perceived control in eating disorders: relationship with reported sexual abuse. Author(s): Waller G. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 March; 23(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503247&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptual illusions in eating disorders: rigid and fluctuating styles. Author(s): Tchanturia K, Serpell L, Troop N, Treasure J. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2001 September; 32(3): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934124&dopt=Abstract

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Performance variability as a new theoretical mechanism regarding eating disorders and cognitive processing. Author(s): Ferraro FR, Wonderlich S, Jocic Z. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997 February; 53(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029341&dopt=Abstract

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Personality and affectivity characteristics associated with eating disorders: a comparison of eating disordered, weight-preoccupied, and normal samples. Author(s): Podar I, Hannus A, Allik J. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1999 August; 73(1): 133-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497805&dopt=Abstract

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Personality characteristics predict outcome of eating disorders in adolescents: a 4-year prospective study. Author(s): van der Ham T, van Strien DC, van Engeland H. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998 June; 7(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712374&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders among subjects recovered from eating disorders. Author(s): Matsunaga H, Kaye WH, McConaha C, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, Rao R. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 April; 27(3): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694723&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in patients with eating disorders in Japan. Author(s): Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Nagata T, Yamagami S. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 May; 23(4): 399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561430&dopt=Abstract

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Personality factors and weight preoccupation: a continuum approach to the association between eating disorders and personality disorders. Author(s): Davis C, Claridge G, Cerullo D. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997 July-August; 31(4): 467-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352473&dopt=Abstract

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Personality features and expressed concerns of adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Pryor T, Wiederman MW. Source: Adolescence. 1998 Summer; 33(130): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706316&dopt=Abstract

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Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II. Author(s): Westen D, Harnden-Fischer J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 158(4): 547-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282688&dopt=Abstract

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Personality profiles in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Tomotake M, Ohmori T. Source: J Med Invest. 2002 August; 49(3-4): 87-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323011&dopt=Abstract

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Personality, perfectionism, and attitudes toward eating in parents of individuals with eating disorders. Author(s): Woodside DB, Bulik CM, Halmi KA, Fichter MM, Kaplan A, Berrettini WH, Strober M, Treasure J, Lilenfeld L, Klump K, Kaye WH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 290-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920990&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives of eating disorders from the Charite Hospital in Berlin. Author(s): Neumarker KJ, Bartsch AJ. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I4-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567210&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic approaches in the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Jimerson DC, Herzog DB, Brotman AW. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1993 July-August; 1(2): 82-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384834&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Zhu AJ, Walsh BT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 April; 47(3): 227-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987473&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacotherapy and medical complications of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, Myers TC, Glass JB. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 365-85, Xi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109326&dopt=Abstract

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Physical and sexual abuse histories in patients with eating disorders: a comparison of Japanese and American patients. Author(s): Nagata T, Kaye WH, Kiriike N, Rao R, McConaha C, Plotnicov KH. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 August; 55(4): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442883&dopt=Abstract

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Pictorial adaptation of Stroop measures of body-related concerns in eating disorders. Author(s): Walker MK, Ben-Tovim DI, Paddick S, McNamara J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 April; 17(3): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7773269&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma nitrate and nitrite levels of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Suzuki E, Mizushima H, Ono Y, Yokoyama M, Miyaoka H. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 June; 57(3): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753578&dopt=Abstract

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Playboy centrefolds and eating disorders--from male pleasure to female pathology? Author(s): Szabo CP. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 July; 86(7): 838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764913&dopt=Abstract

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Please don't pass the paella: eating disorders upset Spain. Author(s): Bosch X. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 March 15; 283(11): 1405, 1409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732916&dopt=Abstract

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Polycystic ovaries and eating disorders: Are they related? Author(s): Michelmore KF, Balen AH, Dunger DB. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 April; 16(4): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11278230&dopt=Abstract

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Population-based prevention of eating disorders: an application of the Rose prevention model. Author(s): Austin SB. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 March; 32(3): 268-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277685&dopt=Abstract

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Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Author(s): American Dietetic Association. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 July; 101(7): 810-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478482&dopt=Abstract

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Possible genetic link between eating disorders and seasonal changes in mood and behavior. Author(s): Sher L. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 November; 57(5): 606-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735319&dopt=Abstract

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Possible genetic link between seasonal affective disorder and eating disorders. Author(s): Sher L. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 January-February; 23(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291638&dopt=Abstract

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Possible risk factors in the development of eating disorders in overweight preadolescent girls. Author(s): Burrows A, Cooper M. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 September; 26(9): 1268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187406&dopt=Abstract

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Practical management of eating disorders. Author(s): Doyle MM. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1995 November; 54(3): 711-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8643708&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive factors of social disability in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Flament MF, Godart NT, Fermanian J, Jeammet P. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2001 June; 6(2): 99-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460850&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of bone mineral density in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Goebel G, Schweiger U, Kruger R, Fichter MM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 March; 25(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065391&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of mortality in eating disorders. Author(s): Keel PK, Dorer DJ, Eddy KT, Franko D, Charatan DL, Herzog DB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 February; 60(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578435&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, Delinsky SS, Greenwood DN, Flores AT, Ekeblad ER, Eddy KT, Herzog DB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 September; 158(9): 1461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532732&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Kye SL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1249-50; Author Reply 1250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091221&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary study of eating disorders among French female adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Tordjman S, Zittoun C, Anderson GM, Flament M, Jeammet P. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 November; 16(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833965&dopt=Abstract

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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and eating disorders. Author(s): Verri A, Nappi RE, Vallero E, Galli C, Sances G, Martignoni E. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1997 December; 17 Suppl 20: 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496774&dopt=Abstract

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Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: a pilot study. Author(s): Feld R, Woodside DB, Kaplan AS, Olmsted MP, Carter JC. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 May; 29(4): 393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285576&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and psychological correlates of eating disorders among females aged 18-30 years in the general population. Author(s): Ghaderi A, Scott B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 99(4): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223428&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in 200 patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Glorio R, Allevato M, De Pablo A, Abbruzzese M, Carmona L, Savarin M, Ibarra M, Busso C, Mordoh A, Llopis C, Haas R, Bello M, Woscoff A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 39(5): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849124&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders among Norwegian women and men in a psychiatric outpatient unit. Author(s): Taraldsen KW, Eriksen L, Gotestam KG. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 September; 20(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863071&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders and minor psychiatric morbidity in central Europe before the political changes in 1989: a cross-cultural study. Author(s): Rathner G, Tury F, Szabo P, Geyer M, Rumpold G, Forgacs A, Sollner W, Plottner G. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1995 September; 25(5): 1027-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588000&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders and weight control practices in Germany in 1990 and 1997. Author(s): Westenhoefer J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 May; 29(4): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285586&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders in a Spanish school-age population. Author(s): Morande G, Celada J, Casas JJ. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1999 March; 24(3): 212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195805&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders in Italy: a survey on a sample of 16-year-old female students. Author(s): Santonastaso P, Zanetti T, Sala A, Favaretto G, Vidotto G, Favaro A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1996; 65(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784948&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders in Norwegian general hospitals 1990-1994: admissions per year and seasonality. Author(s): Gotestam KG, Eriksen L, Heggestad T, Nielsen S. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 January; 23(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429919&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of eating disorders in three Cambridge general practices: hidden and conspicuous morbidity. Author(s): Whitehouse AM, Cooper PJ, Vize CV, Hill C, Vogel L. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1992 February; 42(355): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1493006&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence, incidence and prospective risk factors for eating disorders. Author(s): Ghaderi A, Scott B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 104(2): 122-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473506&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of eating disorders: challenges and opportunities. Author(s): Pearson J, Goldklang D, Striegel-Moore RH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920984&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of eating disorders: directions for future research. Author(s): Piran N. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 419-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550887&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention research in eating disorders: theory and new directions. Author(s): Austin SB. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 November; 30(6): 1249-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097066&dopt=Abstract

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Primary prevention of eating disorders: might it do more harm than good? Author(s): Carter JC, Stewart DA, Dunn VJ, Fairburn CG. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 September; 22(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9261655&dopt=Abstract

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Primary prevention of risk factors for eating disorders in adolescent girls: learning from practice. Author(s): Steiner-Adair C, Sjostrom L, Franko DL, Pai S, Tucker R, Becker AE, Herzog DB. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 December; 32(4): 401-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386905&dopt=Abstract

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Priorities in prevention research for eating disorders. Author(s): Taylor CB, Altman T. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 413-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550886&dopt=Abstract

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Progress in eating disorders research. Author(s): Andersen AE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 158(4): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282683&dopt=Abstract

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Prolonged P300 latency in eating disorders. Author(s): Otagaki Y, Tohoda Y, Osada M, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998; 37(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438266&dopt=Abstract

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Proneness to eating disorders: weightlifters compared to exercisers. Author(s): Brooks C, Taylor RD, Hardy CA, Lass T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883776&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric comorbidity in eating disorders: psychopathological considerations. Author(s): Takaoka K. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1995 March; 49(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8608429&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Braun DL, Sunday SR, Halmi KA. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1994 November; 24(4): 859-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892354&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric comorbidity of eating disorders in men: a national study of hospitalized veterans. Author(s): Striegel-Moore RH, Garvin V, Dohm FA, Rosenheck RA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 May; 25(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202650&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric disorders associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kotler L, Kasen S, Brook JS. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002 October; 70(5): 1119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362962&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoeducation for the families of patients with eating disorders and changes in expressed emotion: A preliminary study. Author(s): Uehara T, Kawashima Y, Goto M, Tasaki SI, Someya T. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2001 March-April; 42(2): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244149&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoeducation in the prevention of eating disorders: an experimental approach in adolescent schoolgirls. Author(s): Rocco PL, Ciano RP, Balestrieri M. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 2001 September; 74(Pt 3): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589326&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological adjustment in the children of mothers with a history of eating disorders. Author(s): Barbin JM, Williamson DA, Stewart TM, Reas DL, Thaw JM, Guarda AS. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2002 March; 7(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933911&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological characteristics of eating disorders as evidenced by the combined administration of questionnaires and two projective methods: the Tree Drawing Test (Baum Test) and the Sentence Completion Test. Author(s): Mizuta I, Inoue Y, Fukunaga T, Ishi R, Ogawa A, Takeda M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929570&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological characteristics of women with eating disorders: permanent or transient features? Author(s): Blaase H, Elklit A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2001 December; 42(5): 467-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771817&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological factors in nutritional disorders of the elderly: part of the spectrum of eating disorders. Author(s): Clarke DM, Wahlqvist ML, Rassias CR, Strauss BJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 April; 25(3): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192001&dopt=Abstract

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Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-1) in a nonclinical Chinese population in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lee S, Lee AM, Leung T, Yu H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1997 March; 21(2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062843&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosexual development and eating disorders. Author(s): Fornari V, Dancyger IF. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 14(1): 61-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529191&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial and pharmacological treatment of eating disorders: a review of research findings. Author(s): Peterson CB, Mitchell JE. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1999 June; 55(6): 685-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445860&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors in the onset of eating disorders: responses to life-events and difficulties. Author(s): Troop NA, Treasure JL. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1997 December; 70 ( Pt 4): 373-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429756&dopt=Abstract

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Psychotherapy and eating disorders. Author(s): Bruch H. Source: Int Psychiatry Clin. 1970; 7(1): 335-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5267649&dopt=Abstract

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Qualitative analysis and eating disorders: discourse analytic research on anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Hepworth J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 March; 15(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173563&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life measurements in eating disorders, angina, and transplant candidates: are they comparable? Author(s): Keilen M, Treasure T, Schmidt U, Treasure J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1994 August; 87(8): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071911&dopt=Abstract

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Racial/ethnic differences in weight concerns: protective and risk factors for the development of eating disorders and obesity among adolescent females. Author(s): White MA, Kohlmaier JR, Varnado-Sullivan P, Williamson DA. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2003 March; 8(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762621&dopt=Abstract

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Rating scales in the eating disorders. Author(s): Halmi KA. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1985; 21(4): 1001-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3867071&dopt=Abstract

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Rational therapy of eating disorders. Author(s): Crow SJ, Mitchell JE. Source: Drugs. 1994 September; 48(3): 372-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7527758&dopt=Abstract

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Recent research of relationships among eating disorders and personality disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 February; 4(1): 18-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814391&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition and management of eating disorders in the dental office. Author(s): Faine MP. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 395-410. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699238&dopt=Abstract

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Recognizing eating disorders in women. Author(s): Casper RC. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(3): 267-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803752&dopt=Abstract

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Reconceptualizing causative factors and intervention strategies in the eating disorders: a shift from body image to self-concept impairments. Author(s): Stein KF, Corte C. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2003 April; 17(2): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701083&dopt=Abstract

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Redefining success in eating disorders. Author(s): Miller PM. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1996 November-December; 21(6): 745-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904940&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced bone mineral in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Davies KM, Pearson PH, Huseman CA, Greger NG, Kimmel DK, Recker RR. Source: Bone. 1990; 11(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2390371&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: comparison of an Internet- and a classroom-delivered psychoeducational program. Author(s): Celio AA, Winzelberg AJ, Wilfley DE, Eppstein-Herald D, Springer EA, Dev P, Taylor CB. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 August; 68(4): 650-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965640&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: targeting at-risk women with a computerized psychoeducational program. Author(s): Zabinski MF, Pung MA, Wilfley DE, Eppstein DL, Winzelberg AJ, Celio A, Taylor CB. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 May; 29(4): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285577&dopt=Abstract

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Referrals to a comprehensive eating disorders service. Author(s): Surgenor LJ, Fear JL. Source: N Z Med J. 1996 March 8; 109(1017): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8606823&dopt=Abstract

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Reflections on some dynamics of eating disorders: 'no entry' defences and foreign bodies. Author(s): Williams G. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1997 October; 78 ( Pt 5): 927-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459095&dopt=Abstract

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Regurgitation in gorillas: possible model for human eating disorders (rumination/bulimia). Author(s): Gould E, Bres M. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1986 October; 7(5): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3464615&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of clinical variables to dissociative phenomena in eating disorders. Author(s): Demitrack MA, Putnam FW, Brewerton TD, Brandt HA, Gold PW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 September; 147(9): 1184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386252&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls. Author(s): Stice E, Presnell K, Bearman SK. Source: Developmental Psychology. 2001 September; 37(5): 608-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552757&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between thresholds to thermally and to mechanically induced pain in patients with eating disorders and healthy subjects. Author(s): de Zwaan M, Biener D, Schneider C, Stacher G. Source: Pain. 1996 October; 67(2-3): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8951949&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders. Author(s): Wonderlich SA, Brewerton TD, Jocic Z, Dansky BS, Abbott DW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 August; 36(8): 1107-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256590&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of clinical factors to caloric requirements in subtypes of eating disorders. Author(s): Newman MM, Halmi KA, Marchi P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1987 October; 22(10): 1253-63. Erratum In: Biol Psychiatry 1988 March 15; 23(6): 650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3478097&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of parental bonding to child abuse and dissociation in eating disorders in Japan. Author(s): Berger D, Ono Y, Saito S, Tezuka I, Takahashi Y, Uno M, Ishikawa Y, Kuboki T, Asai M, Suematsu H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 April; 91(4): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625210&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of weight and eating disorders in type 2 diabetic patients: a multicenter study. Author(s): Herpertz S, Albus C, Lichtblau K, Kohle K, Mann K, Senf W. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 July; 28(1): 68-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800015&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders. Author(s): Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Bagby RM, Bourke MP. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 December; 41(6): 561-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032719&dopt=Abstract

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Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence in eating disorders: conceptualization and illustration of a validation strategy. Author(s): Kordy H, Kramer B, Palmer RL, Papezova H, Pellet J, Richard M, Treasure J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002 July; 58(7): 833-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205723&dopt=Abstract

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Report of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Workshop on the Development of Research Priorities in Eating Disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM, Devlin MJ, Cachelin FM, Yanovski SZ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 321-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550875&dopt=Abstract

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Report on a panel longitudinal study of college women's eating patterns and eating disorders: noncontinuum versus continuum measures. Author(s): Hesse-Biber S. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1992 October-December; 13(4): 375-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1478899&dopt=Abstract

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Reproductive functions in eating disorders. Author(s): Stewart DE. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1992 August; 24(4): 287-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1389091&dopt=Abstract

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Research on eating disorders: current status and future prospects. Author(s): Vitiello B, Lederhendler I. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 May 1; 47(9): 777-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812036&dopt=Abstract

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Research on energy expenditure in individuals with eating disorders: a review. Author(s): de Zwaan M, Aslam Z, Mitchell JE. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 September; 32(2): 127-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210654&dopt=Abstract

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Research on energy expenditure in individuals with eating disorders: a review. Author(s): de Zwaan M, Aslam Z, Mitchell JE. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 May; 31(4): 361-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948641&dopt=Abstract

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Resolving the control struggle on an eating disorders unit. Author(s): Conrad N, Sloan S, Jedwabny J. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1992 July-September; 28(3): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1408646&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible myopathy secondary to abuse of ipecac in patients with major eating disorders. Author(s): Palmer EP, Guay AT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 December 5; 313(23): 1457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2865679&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: recognition and treatment of eating disorders in primary and secondary care. Author(s): Robinson PH. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 April; 14(4): 367-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759615&dopt=Abstract

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Risk and protective factors for juvenile eating disorders. Author(s): Steiner H, Kwan W, Shaffer TG, Walker S, Miller S, Sagar A, Lock J. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I38-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567214&dopt=Abstract

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Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes. Author(s): Sundgot-Borgen J. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994 April; 26(4): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201895&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for eating disorders in Greek- and Anglo-Australian adolescent girls. Author(s): Mildred H, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 January; 17(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894458&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for eating disorders in Italian adolescents. Author(s): Marchesi C, Gariboldi S, Maggini C, Ampollini P. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 December; 29(6): 385. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728887&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for eating disorders. Author(s): Striegel-Moore RH. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 May 28; 817: 98-109. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9239181&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent exchange students: an exploratory survey. Author(s): van den Broucke S, Vandereycken W. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1986 June; 9(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461011&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for the development of eating disorders. Author(s): Casper RC. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992; 18: 91-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562091&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls: results of the McKnight longitudinal risk factor study. Author(s): The McKnight Investigators. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 248-54. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May; 160(5): 1024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562570&dopt=Abstract

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Role of central melanocortin signaling in eating disorders. Author(s): Lu XY. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001 Autumn; 35(4): 45-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397856&dopt=Abstract

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Role of leptin in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Nakai Y, Hamagaki S, Kato S, Seino Y, Takagi R, Kurimoto F. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 July; 26(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349581&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the nutritionist in eating disorders. Author(s): Dwyer JT. Source: New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1986 Fall; (31): 21-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3785123&dopt=Abstract

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Rumination in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Larocca FE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 December; 145(12): 1610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3195689&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary levels of putative cariogenic organisms in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Bretz WA, Krahn DD, Drewnowski A, Loesche WJ. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1989 December; 4(4): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2640318&dopt=Abstract

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School counselors' knowledge of eating disorders. Author(s): Price JA, Desmond SM, Price JH, Mossing A. Source: Adolescence. 1990 Winter; 25(100): 945-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2275448&dopt=Abstract

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Screening Chinese patients with eating disorders using the Eating Attitudes Test in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lee S, Kwok K, Liau C, Leung T. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183950&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Axis II personality disorders in women with bulimic eating disorders. Author(s): Yager J, Landsverk J, Edelstein CK, Hyler SE. Source: Psychosomatics. 1989 Summer; 30(3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2762483&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for eating disorders in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Cantwell R, Steel JM. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 January; 40(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730640&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for symptoms of eating disorders: reliability of the SCOFF screening tool with written compared to oral delivery. Author(s): Perry L, Morgan J, Reid F, Brunton J, O'Brien A, Luck A, Lacey H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 December; 32(4): 466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386911&dopt=Abstract

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Season of birth and eating disorders. Author(s): Rezaul I, Persaud R, Takei N, Treasure J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 January; 19(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640203&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal mood patterns in eating disorders. Author(s): Ghadirian AM, Marini N, Jabalpurwala S, Steiger H. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1999 September-October; 21(5): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572777&dopt=Abstract

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Selective processing of eating, weight and shape related words in patients with eating disorders and dieters. Author(s): Cooper MJ, Fairburn CG. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1992 September; 31 ( Pt 3): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393169&dopt=Abstract

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Selective processing of three types of stimuli in eating disorders. Author(s): Cooper M, Todd G. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1997 May; 36 ( Pt 2): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167867&dopt=Abstract

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Self psychological reflections on the origins of eating disorders. Author(s): Geist RA. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1989 Spring; 17(1): 527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2722615&dopt=Abstract

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Self-esteem in girls aged 11-12: baseline findings from a planned prospective study of vulnerability to eating disorders. Author(s): Button E. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1990 December; 13(4): 407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2074293&dopt=Abstract

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Self-esteem, personality, and eating disorders: baseline assessment of a prospective population-based cohort. Author(s): Gual P, Perez-Gaspar M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Lahortiga F, de IralaEstevez J, Cervera-Enguix S. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 261-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920987&dopt=Abstract

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Self-esteem: its application to eating disorders and athletes. Author(s): Lindeman AK. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 September; 4(3): 237-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7987359&dopt=Abstract

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Self-injurious behavior in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Paul T, Schroeter K, Dahme B, Nutzinger DO. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 March; 159(3): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870004&dopt=Abstract

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Self-mutilation and eating disorders. Author(s): Favazza AR, DeRosear L, Conterio K. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 1989 Winter; 19(4): 352-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2609364&dopt=Abstract

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Self-poisoning in eating disorders. Author(s): Jebbink RJ, Zwaveling JH. Source: Lancet. 1988 June 4; 1(8597): 1276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2897533&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reported eating disorders of black, low-income adolescents: behavior, body weight perceptions, and methods of dieting. Author(s): Balentine M, Stitt K, Bonner J, Clark L. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1991 November; 61(9): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1800842&dopt=Abstract

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Selves that starve and suffocate: the continuum of eating disorders and dissociative phenomena. Author(s): Zebre KJ. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Summer; 57(3): 319-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8401384&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity to the rewarding effects of food and exercise in the eating disorders. Author(s): Davis C, Woodside DB. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 May-June; 43(3): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994836&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonergic dysfunction across the eating disorders: relationship to eating behaviour, purging behaviour, nutritional status and general psychopathology. Author(s): Monteleone P, Brambilla F, Bortolotti F, Maj M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 September; 30(5): 1099-110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027046&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonergic responsivity in eating disorders. Author(s): McBride PA, Anderson GM, Khait VD, Sunday SR, Halmi KA. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1991; 27(3): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775611&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin and the pharmacology of eating disorders. Author(s): Samanin R, Garattini S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1989; 575: 194-207; Discussion 207-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2483797&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin in human eating disorders. Author(s): Jimerson DC, Lesem MD, Hegg AP, Brewerton TD. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 600: 532-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252333&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin, eating disorders, and HIV infection. Author(s): Dursun SM, Handley SL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 June; 160: 866-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1377582&dopt=Abstract

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Sertraline in underweight binge eating/purging-type eating disorders: five case reports. Author(s): Frank GK, Kaye WH, Marcus MD. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 May; 29(4): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285589&dopt=Abstract

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Serum leptin concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and non-specific eating disorders correlate with the body mass index but are independent of the respective disease. Author(s): Ferron F, Considine RV, Peino R, Lado IG, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1997 March; 46(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156037&dopt=Abstract

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Setting standards of care for diagnosis and treatment of adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Comerci GD. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1995 June; 16(6): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669790&dopt=Abstract

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Setting the scene for eating disorders, II. Childhood helplessness and mastery. Author(s): Troop NA, Treasure JL. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1997 May; 27(3): 531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9153674&dopt=Abstract

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Setting the scene for eating disorders: childhood care, classification and course of illness. Author(s): Schmidt U, Tiller J, Treasure J. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1993 August; 23(3): 663-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234573&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse and body-image distortion in the eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G, Hamilton K, Rose N, Sumra J, Baldwin G. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1993 September; 32 ( Pt 3): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251966&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse and eating disorders. Borderline personality disorder as a mediating factor? Author(s): Waller G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 June; 162: 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8330110&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse and eating disorders: a review. Author(s): Connors ME, Morse W. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 January; 13(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477269&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse as a factor in eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 November; 159: 664-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1756343&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Tice L, Hall RC, Beresford TP, Quinones J, Hall AK. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1989; 7(4): 257-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602570&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse, depression, and eating disorders in African American women who smoke cocaine. Author(s): Ross-Durow PL, Boyd CJ. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000 January; 18(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636611&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse, disordered personality and eating disorders. Author(s): McClelland L, Mynors-Wallis L, Fahy T, Treasure J. Source: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1991 May; (10): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1840747&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Author(s): Siever MD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1994 April; 62(2): 252-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201061&dopt=Abstract

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Shall the anthropometry of physique cast new light on the diagnoses and treatment of eating disorders? Author(s): Bartsch AJ, Brummerhoff A, Greil H, Neumarker KJ. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I54-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567216&dopt=Abstract

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Shame and guilt in eating disorders. Author(s): Frank ES. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1991 April; 61(2): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2048646&dopt=Abstract

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Shape- and weight-based self-esteem and the eating disorders. Author(s): Geller J, Johnston C, Madsen K, Goldner EM, Remick RA, Birmingham CL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 November; 24(3): 285-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741039&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term and intermediate-term outcome in adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Seidel R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1993 September; 88(3): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249647&dopt=Abstract

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Shrinking bodies; shrinking resources: management of adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Litt IF. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1995 June; 16(6): 415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669789&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of vomiting for hyperamylasemia and sialadenosis in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Kinzl J, Biebl W, Herold M. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 January; 13(1): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7682885&dopt=Abstract

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Signs of subclinical eating disorders in teenage girls. Author(s): Melve KK, Baerheim A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1994 September; 12(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7997699&dopt=Abstract

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Single and married patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Kiriike N, Nagata T, Matsunaga H, Tobitan W, Nishiura T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 December; 52 Suppl: S306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9895178&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep architecture in eating disorders. Author(s): Walsh BT, Goetz R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 September; 47(9): 880. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393350&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep-related eating disorders: polysomnographic correlates of a heterogeneous syndrome distinct from daytime eating disorders. Author(s): Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Source: Sleep. 1991 October; 14(5): 419-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1759095&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking, eating disorders, and weight control. Author(s): Morgan JF, Lacey JH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 February; 75(880): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448486&dopt=Abstract

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Social anxiety as a barrier to treatment for eating disorders. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Fitzgibbon ML. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183936&dopt=Abstract

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Social desirability and eating disorders. A community study of an Italian school-aged sample. Author(s): Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Rossi M, Preti A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 May; 105(5): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942944&dopt=Abstract

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Sociocultural aspects of eating disorders. Author(s): Raphael FJ, Lacey JH. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1992 August; 24(4): 293-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1389092&dopt=Abstract

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Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian schoolgirls in Bradford. Author(s): Mumford DB, Whitehouse AM, Platts M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 February; 158: 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750873&dopt=Abstract

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Sociological factors in the development of eating disorders. Author(s): Nagel KL, Jones KH. Source: Adolescence. 1992 Spring; 27(105): 107-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1539487&dopt=Abstract

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Somatostatin in eating disorders. Author(s): Pirke KM, Friess E, Kellner MB, Krieg JC, Fichter MM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 January; 15(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7907255&dopt=Abstract

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Spain tackles eating disorders. Author(s): Bosch X. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 April 10; 318(7189): 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195958&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of eating disorders diagnoses in families of probands with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Woodside DB, Field LL, Garfinkel PE, Heinmaa M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 September-October; 39(5): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777277&dopt=Abstract

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Speculations on the role of transitional objects in eating disorders. Author(s): Jacobson J. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1988 April; 2(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3163475&dopt=Abstract

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Standardized mortality in eating disorders--a quantitative summary of previously published and new evidence. Author(s): Nielsen S, Moller-Madsen S, Isager T, Jorgensen J, Pagsberg K, Theander S. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 March-April; 44(3-4): 413-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587884&dopt=Abstract

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Starvation-associated pruritus: a clinical feature of eating disorders. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Voorhees JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 July; 27(1): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1619062&dopt=Abstract

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Stealing behavior in eating disorders: characteristics and associated psychopathology. Author(s): Vandereycken W, van Houdenhove VD. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1996 September-October; 37(5): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879905&dopt=Abstract

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Stress coping strategy in Japanese patients with eating disorders: relationship with bulimic and impulsive behaviors. Author(s): Nagata T, Matsuyama M, Kiriike N, Iketani T, Oshima J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2000 May; 188(5): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830565&dopt=Abstract

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Stress, coping, and crisis support in eating disorders. Author(s): Troop NA, Holbrey A, Treasure JL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 September; 24(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697014&dopt=Abstract

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Subclassifications in eating disorders and obesity: a comparative study of an Italian sample. Author(s): Favaro A, Olivotto MC, Zambenedetti M, Pavan T, Santonastaso P. Source: Psychopathology. 1996; 29(2): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8861511&dopt=Abstract

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Subclinical and clinical eating disorders in IDDM negatively affect metabolic control. Author(s): Affenito SG, Backstrand JR, Welch GW, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Rodriguez NR, Adams CH. Source: Diabetes Care. 1997 February; 20(2): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118770&dopt=Abstract

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Subclinical eating disorders in adolescent women: a test of the continuity hypothesis and its psychological correlates. Author(s): Franko DL, Omori M. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1999 June; 22(3): 389-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10462429&dopt=Abstract

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Subclinical eating disorders in male athletes. A study of the low weight category in rowers and wrestlers. Author(s): Thiel A, Gottfried H, Hesse FW. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1993 October; 88(4): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256643&dopt=Abstract

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Substance dependence and eating disorders: impact of sequence on comorbidity. Author(s): Wiseman CV, Sunday SR, Halligan P, Korn S, Brown C, Halmi KA. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1999 September-October; 40(5): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509613&dopt=Abstract

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Substance use among women with eating disorders. Author(s): Wiederman MW, Pryor T. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 September; 20(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863068&dopt=Abstract

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Substance use and impulsive behaviors among adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Wiederman MW, Pryor T. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1996 March-April; 21(2): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730530&dopt=Abstract

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Substance use in female adolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Stock SL, Goldberg E, Corbett S, Katzman DK. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 August; 31(2): 176-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127388&dopt=Abstract

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Subtyping eating disorders: is it justified? Author(s): Herzog DB, Field AE, Keller MB, West JC, Robbins WM, Staley J, Colditz GA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 July; 35(7): 928-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768354&dopt=Abstract

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Suicidality in eating disorders: clinical and psychological correlates. Author(s): Favaro A, Santonastaso P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 June; 95(6): 508-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242846&dopt=Abstract

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Supervising the therapy of patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Hamburg P, Herzog D. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1990 July; 44(3): 369-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221209&dopt=Abstract

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Survey of students from an eating disorders programme. Author(s): Abuel-Ealeh M, Ashbey R, Barrett R. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2001 August 8-14; 15(47): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214384&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of eating disorders among female distance runners: can the inconsistencies be unraveled? Author(s): Ryujin DH, Breaux C, Marks AD. Source: Women Health. 1999; 30(1): 71-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813268&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of eating disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Grabe HJ, Thiel A, Freyberger HJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 December; 102(6): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142435&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of eating disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Pigott TA, Altemus M, Rubenstein CS, Hill JL, Bihari K, L'Heureux F, Bernstein S, Murphy DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 November; 148(11): 1552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928472&dopt=Abstract

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Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: a controlled study with the Temperament and Character Inventory. Author(s): Fassino S, Abbate-Daga G, Amianto F, Leombruni P, Boggio S, Rovera GG. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 December; 32(4): 412-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386906&dopt=Abstract

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The adaptive response of the immune system to the particular malnutrition of eating disorders. Author(s): Nova E, Samartin S, Gomez S, Morande G, Marcos A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 56 Suppl 3: S34-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142959&dopt=Abstract

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The association of slimming with eating disorders. Author(s): Leader A. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1991 August; 50(2): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1749813&dopt=Abstract

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The Australian experience of day programs for patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Thornton C, Beumont P, Touyz S. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183935&dopt=Abstract

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The changing profile of anorexia nervosa at the Toronto Programme for Eating Disorders. Author(s): Kruger S, McVey G, Kennedy SH. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1998 December; 45(6): 533-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9859855&dopt=Abstract

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The childhood and family background of women with clinical eating disorders: a comparison with women with major depression and women without psychiatric disorder. Author(s): Webster JJ, Palmer RL. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 January; 30(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722175&dopt=Abstract

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The children of mothers with eating disorders. Author(s): Patel P, Wheatcroft R, Park RJ, Stein A. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2002 March; 5(1): 1-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993543&dopt=Abstract

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The comorbidity of eating disorders and personality disorders: a meta-analytic review of studies published between 1983 and 1998. Author(s): Rosenvinge JH, Martinussen M, Ostensen E. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2000 June; 5(2): 52-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941603&dopt=Abstract

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The consequences and costs of the eating disorders. Author(s): Agras WS. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 371-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416936&dopt=Abstract

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The course and outcome of eating disorders in adults and in adolescents: a review. Author(s): Fisher M. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 14(1): 149-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529198&dopt=Abstract

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The crucial role of psychodynamic understanding in the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Zerbe KJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 305-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416930&dopt=Abstract

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The dental impact of eating disorders. Author(s): Bartlett DW, Smith BG. Source: Dent Update. 1994 December; 21(10): 404-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641946&dopt=Abstract

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The disorder-salient stroop effect as a measure of psychopathology in eating disorders. Author(s): Jones-Chesters MH, Monsell S, Cooper PJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 July; 24(1): 65-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9589312&dopt=Abstract

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The Eating Disorders Inventory among Asian American college women. Author(s): Tsai G, Gray J. Source: The Journal of Social Psychology. 2000 August; 140(4): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981380&dopt=Abstract

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The eating disorders NOS diagnostic profile among college women. Author(s): Schwitzer AM, Rodriguez LE, Thomas C, Salimi L. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2001 January; 49(4): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272622&dopt=Abstract

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The eating disorders spectrum of DSM-III-R. Clinical features and psychosocial concomitants of 86 consecutive cases from a Swedish urban catchment area. Author(s): Clinton DN, Glant R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1992 April; 180(4): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1556564&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of eating disorders in Fyn County, Denmark, 1977-1986. Author(s): Joergensen J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1992 January; 85(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546545&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of eating disorders. Author(s): King M. Source: Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 1998 January-April; 7(1): 32-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9658680&dopt=Abstract

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The evolving genetic foundations of eating disorders. Author(s): Klump KL, Kaye WH, Strober M. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 215-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416922&dopt=Abstract

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The future of risk factor research in understanding the etiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Leon GR, Keel PK, Klump KL, Fulkerson JA. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(3): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550885&dopt=Abstract

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The health-related quality of life in eating disorders. Author(s): Padierna A, Quintana JM, Arostegui I, Gonzalez N, Horcajo MJ. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2000; 9(6): 667-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236856&dopt=Abstract

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The human genetics of eating disorders lessons from the leptin/melanocortin system. Author(s): Costa JL, Brennen MB, Hochgeschwender U. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 387-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109327&dopt=Abstract

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The interrater reliability of physical signs in patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Tyler I, Birmingham CL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 November; 30(3): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767717&dopt=Abstract

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The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. Author(s): Rabe-Jablonska Jolanta J, Sobow Tomasz M. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2000 August; 15(5): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954874&dopt=Abstract

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The management of eating disorders in a fertility clinic: clinical guidelines. Author(s): Norre J, Vandereycken W, Gordts S. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 June; 22(2): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446157&dopt=Abstract

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The meaning of body image for women with eating disorders. Author(s): Jarry JL. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 May; 43(4): 367-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598273&dopt=Abstract

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The offspring of mothers with eating disorders. Author(s): Park RJ, Senior R, Stein A. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I110-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567222&dopt=Abstract

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The outcome of adolescent eating disorders: findings from an international collaborative study. Author(s): Steinhausen HC, Boyadjieva S, Griogoroiu-Serbanescu M, Neumarker KJ. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567220&dopt=Abstract

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The outcome of adolescent eating disorders: findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Author(s): Patton GC, Coffey C, Sawyer SM. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003; 12 Suppl 1: I25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567212&dopt=Abstract

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The Parma High School epidemiological survey: eating disorders. Author(s): Ampollini P, Marchesi C, Gariboldi S, Cella P, Bertacca SG, Borghi C, Maggini C. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1999 March; 24(3): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195797&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Walsh BT, Devlin MJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1992 March; 15(1): 149-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347938&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of eating disorders in female health care students. Author(s): Szweda S, Thorne P. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 May; 52(3): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063356&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of eating disorders in recently admitted psychiatric in-patients. Author(s): Hay PJ, Hall A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 October; 159: 562-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1751868&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of personality disorders in 210 women with eating disorders. Author(s): Herzog DB, Keller MB, Lavori PW, Kenny GM, Sacks NR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 May; 53(5): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1592839&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of eating disorders: a review of the research on risk factors with implications for practice. Author(s): White JH. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 2000 April-June; 13(2): 768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146919&dopt=Abstract

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The primary prevention role of the nurse in eating disorders. Author(s): Chitty KK. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 September; 26(3): 789-800. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891411&dopt=Abstract

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The recognition and management of eating disorders. Author(s): Buist A. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2000 April; 29(4): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800216&dopt=Abstract

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The relation between eating disorders and components of perfectionism. Author(s): Bulik CM, Tozzi F, Anderson C, Mazzeo SE, Aggen S, Sullivan PF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562586&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between compulsive buying and eating disorders. Author(s): Mitchell JE, Redlin J, Wonderlich S, Crosby R, Faber R, Miltenberger R, Smyth J, Stickney M, Gosnell B, Burgard M, Lancaster K. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183937&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between eating disorders and personality in physically active women. Author(s): Augestad LB, Saether B, Gotestam KG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1999 October; 9(5): 30412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512213&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between eating disorders and substance use: moving beyond coprevalence research. Author(s): Wolfe WL, Maisto SA. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2000 August; 20(5): 617-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10860169&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between rumination and eating disorders. Author(s): Eckern M, Stevens W, Mitchell J. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 December; 26(4): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550782&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between stealing and eating disorders: a review. Author(s): Baum A, Goldner EM. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1995 November-December; 3(4): 210-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384949&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of self-esteem and body esteem in women with and without eating disorders. Author(s): Mendelson BK, McLaren L, Gauvin L, Steiger H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 April; 31(3): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920994&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of the platelet 5-HT-induced calcium response to clinical symptoms in eating disorders. Author(s): Okamoto Y, Okamoto Y, Kagaya A, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 March; 142(3): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208321&dopt=Abstract

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The role of personality in the onset of eating disorders and treatment implications. Author(s): Wonderlich S, Mitchell JE. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 24(2): 249-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416925&dopt=Abstract

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The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Author(s): Davis C, Kennedy SH, Ravelski E, Dionne M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1994 November; 24(4): 957-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892363&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the family physician in eating disorders. Author(s): Sayag S, Latzer Y. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613108&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the primary care practitioner in the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Kreipe RE, Yussman SM. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 14(1): 133-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529197&dopt=Abstract

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The role of third molar surgery in the exacerbation of eating disorders. Author(s): Maine M, Goldberg MH. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 November; 59(11): 1297-300; Discussion 1300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11688030&dopt=Abstract

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The SCOFF questionnaire and clinical interview for eating disorders in general practice: comparative study. Author(s): Luck AJ, Morgan JF, Reid F, O'Brien A, Brunton J, Price C, Perry L, Lacey JH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 5; 325(7367): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364305&dopt=Abstract

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The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. Author(s): Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 December 4; 319(7223): 1467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10582927&dopt=Abstract

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The sexual competition hypothesis for eating disorders. Author(s): Abed RT. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1998 December; 71 ( Pt 4): 525-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875960&dopt=Abstract

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The significance of body size estimation in eating disorders: its relationship with clinical and psychological variables. Author(s): Probst M, Vandereycken W, Vanderlinden J, Van Coppenolle H. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 September; 24(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697015&dopt=Abstract

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The slender ideal and eating disorders: an interdisciplinary “telescope” model. Author(s): Barber N. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 April; 23(3): 295-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547664&dopt=Abstract

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The stigma of eating disorders. Author(s): Gowers SG, Shore A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 July-August; 53(5): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695106&dopt=Abstract

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The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: an exploration of personality traits in eating disorders. Author(s): Kleifield EI, Sunday S, Hurt S, Halmi KA. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1994 September-October; 28(5): 413-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897614&dopt=Abstract

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The troubled self in women with severe eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). A study using interviews, self-reports, and percept-genetic methods. Author(s): Johnsson P, Smith GJ, Amner G. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 55(5): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839126&dopt=Abstract

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The use of citalopram in an integrated approach to the treatment of eating disorders: an open study. Author(s): Calandra C, Gulino V, Inserra L, Giuffrida A. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1999 December; 4(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728184&dopt=Abstract

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The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in eating disorders. Author(s): Mayer LE, Walsh BT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 15: 28-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786308&dopt=Abstract

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The utility of dimensional and categorical approaches to understanding dissociation in the eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G, Ohanian V, Meyer C, Everill J, Rouse H. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 November; 40(Pt 4): 387-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760615&dopt=Abstract

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The validity of the DSM-IV scheme for classifying bulimic eating disorders. Author(s): Hay P, Fairburn C. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 January; 23(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429914&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic alliance on an inpatient unit for eating disorders. Author(s): Gallop R, Kennedy SH, Stern D. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 December; 16(4): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866420&dopt=Abstract

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Third molars and eating disorders. Author(s): Maine M, Goldberg MH. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2002 March; 60(3): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887157&dopt=Abstract

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To be thin is in. Or is it? Recognizing and measuring adolescent eating disorders. Author(s): Marsh CL. Source: J Child Fam Nurs. 1999 November-December; 2(6): 447-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847032&dopt=Abstract

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Towards effective treatment of eating disorders: nothing is as practical as a good theory. Author(s): Jansen A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 September; 39(9): 1007-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520008&dopt=Abstract

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Treating adolescents with eating disorders in the family context. Empirical and theoretical considerations. Author(s): Lock J. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 April; 11(2): 331-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109324&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of compulsive behaviour in eating disorders with intermittent ketamine infusions. Author(s): Mills IH, Park GR, Manara AR, Merriman RJ. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1998 July; 91(7): 493-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797933&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of eating disorders in a division of adolescent medicine. Author(s): Fisher M, Burns J, Symons H, Schneider M. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 283-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613111&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Robin AL, Gilroy M, Dennis AB. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 June; 18(4): 421-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638356&dopt=Abstract

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Twin studies and the etiology of eating disorders. Author(s): Fairburn CG, Cowen PJ, Harrison PJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 December; 26(4): 349-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550776&dopt=Abstract

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Twin studies of eating disorders: a review. Author(s): Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Wade TD, Kendler KS. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 January; 27(1): 1-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590444&dopt=Abstract

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Two eating disorders: binge eating disorder and the night eating syndrome. Author(s): Stunkard A. Source: Appetite. 2000 June; 34(3): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888297&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding medical complications of eating disorders. Author(s): Bo-Linn GW. Source: New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1986 Fall; (31): 5-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3785126&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding the female athlete triad: eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Author(s): Beals KA, Brey RA, Gonyou JB. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1999 October; 69(8): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544368&dopt=Abstract

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Unexpected death in patients suffering from eating disorders. A medico-legal study. Author(s): Rajs J, Rajs E, Lundman T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 December; 74(6): 587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469890&dopt=Abstract

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Update in eating disorders. Author(s): Russell JD. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1996 December; 26(6): 819-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028514&dopt=Abstract

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Update: eating disorders. Author(s): King M. Source: Compr Ther. 1991 March; 17(3): 35-40. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049909&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary peptide levels in women with eating disorders. A pilot study. Author(s): Hellzen M, Larsson JO, Reichelt KL, Rydelius PA. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2003 March; 8(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762625&dopt=Abstract

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Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs for eating disorders. Author(s): Kaplan R. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1988 January-February; 29(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422623&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of empirically supported psychotherapy treatments for individuals with eating disorders: A survey of psychologists. Author(s): Mussell MP, Crosby RD, Crow SJ, Knopke AJ, Peterson CB, Wonderlich SA, Mitchell JE. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 March; 27(2): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10657896&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the eating disorders inventory in a nonclinical population using transformed and untransformed responses. Author(s): Schoemaker C, van Strien T, van der Staak C. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 May; 15(4): 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032353&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of the Arabic version of the eating disorders inventory (EDI). Author(s): al-Subaie AS, Bamgboye E, al-Shammari S, al-Sabhan KN, al-Shehri SN, Bannah AR. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 May; 168(5): 636-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733805&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of the eating attitudes test and the eating disorders inventory in bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Gross J, Rosen JC, Leitenberg H, Willmuth ME. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1986 December; 54(6): 875-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3794040&dopt=Abstract

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Vasotocin effects in depressive patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Joja O, Goldstein R, Popa M. Source: Rom J Endocrinol. 1993; 31(3-4): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697065&dopt=Abstract

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Views on classification and diagnosis of eating disorders. Author(s): Garfinkel PE, Kennedy SH, Kaplan AS. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 October; 40(8): 445-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681268&dopt=Abstract

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Virtual-reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in binge eating disorders: a preliminary controlled study. Author(s): Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Source: Ieee Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine : a Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2002 September; 6(3): 224-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381039&dopt=Abstract

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Visual palatability of food in patients with eating disorders and dieting women. Author(s): Bossert S, Laessle RG, Meiller C, Junker M, Ellgring H, Pirke KM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1991; 29(4): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888323&dopt=Abstract

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Vulnerability to substance abuse in eating disorders. Author(s): Kaye WH, Wisniewski L. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1996; 159: 269-311; Discussion 312-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784862&dopt=Abstract

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Ways of coping in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Troop NA, Holbrey A, Trowler R, Treasure JL. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 October; 182(10): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7931199&dopt=Abstract

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WebWatch--Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. Eating disorders. Author(s): Wootton JC. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 1999 September; 8(7): 995-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534303&dopt=Abstract

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Weight and eating disorders in elite athletes. Author(s): Sundgot-Borgen J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2002 October; 12(5): 25960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383070&dopt=Abstract

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·

Weight and menstrual function in patients with eating disorders and cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Hergenroeder AC. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 March; 89(3): 522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1590860&dopt=Abstract

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Weight and menstrual function in patients with eating disorders and cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Weltman EA, Stern RC, Doershuk CF, Moir RN, Palmer K, Jaffe AC. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 March; 85(3): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2304780&dopt=Abstract

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Weight concern should not be a necessary criterion for the eating disorders: a polemic. Author(s): Palmer RL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 December; 14(4): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293028&dopt=Abstract

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Weight concerns influence the development of eating disorders: a 4-year prospective study. Author(s): Killen JD, Taylor CB, Hayward C, Haydel KF, Wilson DM, Hammer L, Kraemer H, Blair-Greiner A, Strachowski D. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996 October; 64(5): 936-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916622&dopt=Abstract

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Weight control in wrestling: eating disorders or disordered eating? Author(s): Dale KS, Landers DM. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 October; 31(10): 1382-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527308&dopt=Abstract

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Weighty perspectives: contemporary challenges in obesity and eating disorders. Author(s): Yager J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 157(6): 851-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831461&dopt=Abstract

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What are atypical eating disorders? Author(s): Mitchell JE, Pyle RL, Hatsukami D, Eckert ED. Source: Psychosomatics. 1986 January; 27(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456622&dopt=Abstract

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What is the evidence basis for existing treatments of eating disorders? Author(s): Bergh C, Ejderhamn J, Sodersten P. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2003 June; 15(3): 344-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806269&dopt=Abstract

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What's the connection? No easy answers for people with eating disorders and drug abuse. Author(s): Vastag B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 February 28; 285(8): 1006-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209156&dopt=Abstract

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When food becomes a cry for help. How dietitians can combat childhood eating disorders. Interview by Nancy I Hahn. Author(s): Woolsey MM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 April; 98(4): 395-6, 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550159&dopt=Abstract

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Who knows best? Family interaction and eating disorders. Author(s): Waller G, Slade P, Calam R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1990 April; 156: 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386864&dopt=Abstract

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Whose body is it anyway? Understanding and treating psychosomatic aspects of eating disorders. Author(s): Zerbe KJ. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Spring; 57(2): 161-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508154&dopt=Abstract

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Women and eating disorders, Part I: Significance and sociocultural risk factors. Author(s): White JH. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1992 October-December; 13(4): 351-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1478897&dopt=Abstract

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Women and eating disorders, Part II: Developmental, familial, and biological risk factors. Author(s): White JH. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1992 October-December; 13(4): 363-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1478898&dopt=Abstract

·

Women and eating disorders. Author(s): White JH. Source: Awhonns Clin Issues Perinat Womens Health Nurs. 1993; 4(2): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8242044&dopt=Abstract

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Women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) complicated by eating disorders are at risk for exacerbated alterations in lipid metabolism. Author(s): Affenito SG, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Vogel S, Backstrand JR, Welch GW, Adams CH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 51(7): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234029&dopt=Abstract

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Women, eating disorders, and society. Author(s): McGoldrick KE. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1993 January-February; 48(1): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8436793&dopt=Abstract

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Women's mental health in primary care. Depression, anxiety, somatization, eating disorders, and substance abuse. Author(s): Frank JB, Weihs K, Minerva E, Lieberman DZ. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1998 March; 82(2): 359-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9531930&dopt=Abstract

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Word Association Test and psychosexual cues in assessing persons with eating disorders. Author(s): Berry EM, Kelly D, Canetti L, Bachar E. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 February; 86(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530709&dopt=Abstract

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Working with difficult-to-treat eating disorders using an integration of twelve-step and traditional psychotherapies. Author(s): Johnson CL, Taylor C. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 829-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933611&dopt=Abstract

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Young female alcoholics with and without eating disorders: a comparative study in Japan. Author(s): Suzuki K, Higuchi S, Yamada K, Mizutani Y, Kono H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 July; 150(7): 1053-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8317575&dopt=Abstract

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Young women with physical disabilities: risk factors for symptoms of eating disorders. Author(s): Gross SM, Ireys HT, Kinsman SL. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 2000 April; 21(2): 8796. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791476&dopt=Abstract

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Youth at risk--dieting and eating disorders: a South African perspective. Author(s): Szabo CP. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 April; 92(4): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056355&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc deficiency and eating disorders. Author(s): Humphries L, Vivian B, Stuart M, McClain CJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 December; 50(12): 456-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600063&dopt=Abstract

·

Zinc, appetite regulation and eating disorders. Author(s): McClain C, Stuart M, Kasarskis E, Humphries L. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993; 380: 47-64. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8456137&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and eating disorders.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Eating Disorders The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

226 Eating Disorders

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on eating disorders: ·

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in female adolescents. Source: Henderson, R.C. Nutr-Today. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. April 1991. volume 26 (2) page 30-34. 0029-666X

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Are eating disorders more prevalent in females with type 1 diabetes mellitus when the impact of insulin omission is considered? Author(s): Saint Joseph College, Department of Nutrition and Family Studies, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA. Source: Affenito, S G Adams, C H Nutr-Revolume 2001 June; 59(6): 179-82 0029-6643

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Binge eating and purging in young women with IDDM. Source: Blumenthal, D. Diabetes-Care. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association. October 1989. volume 12 (9) page 601-603. charts. 0149-5992

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Comorbidity of diabetes and eating disorders. Does diabetes control reflect disturbed eating behavior? Author(s): Clinic of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Essen, Germany. [email protected] Source: Herpertz, S Albus, C Wagener, R Kocnar, M Wagner, R Henning, A Best, F Foerster, H Schulze Schleppinghoff, B Thomas, W Kohle, K Mann, K Senf, W DiabetesCare. 1998 July; 21(7): 1110-6 0149-5992

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Eating disorders and IDDM. A problematic association. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Rodin, G M Daneman, D Diabetes-Care. 1992 October; 15(10): 1402-12 0149-5992

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Eating disorders in adolescents with IDDM. A controlled study. Author(s): University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK. Source: Peveler, R C Fairburn, C G Boller, I Dunger, D Diabetes-Care. 1992 October; 15(10): 1356-60 0149-5992

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Eating disorders with IDDM: a problematic association. Source: Walsh, J. Diabetes-Care. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association. October 1992. volume 15 (10) page 1402-1412. 0149-5992

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Fish oil and interleukin-1--induced anorexia. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1990 May; 48(5): 221-2 0029-6643

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Healthy eating in schools and “eating disorders”--are “healthy eating” messages part of the problem or part of the solution? Author(s): Faculty of Health and Social Care, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Source: Dixey, R Nutr-Health. 1996; 11(1): 49-58 0260-1060

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Revised diagnostic subgroupings for anorexia nervosa. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1994 June; 52(6): 213-5 0029-6643

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Serotonin and bulimia nervosa. Author(s): University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School. Source: Weltzin, T E Fernstrom, M H Kaye, W H Nutr-Revolume 1994 December; 52(12): 399-408 0029-6643

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Subclinical and clinical eating disorders in IDDM negatively affect metabolic control. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA. [email protected]

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Source: Affenito, S G Backstrand, J R Welch, G W Lammi Keefe, C J Rodriguez, N R Adams, C H Diabetes-Care. 1997 February; 20(2): 182-4 0149-5992 ·

The dietitian's role in the treatment of eating disorders. Source: Roche, H.M. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. March 2000. volume 25 (1) page 55-60. 0141-9684

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “eating disorders” (or a synonym): ·

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in female adolescents. Source: Henderson, R.C. Nutr-Today. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. April 1991. volume 26 (2) page 30-34. 0029-666X

·

Are young women in Japan at high risk for eating disorders?: Decreased BMI in young females from 1960 to 1995. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan. Source: Kiriike, N Nagata, T Sirata, K Yamamoto, N Psychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 1998 June; 52(3): 279-81 1323-1316

·

Behavioral, psychological, and physical characteristics of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Author(s): Department of Family Consumer Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA. Source: Beals, K A Manore, M M Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2000 June; 10(2): 128-43 1526-484X

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Body image distortion and eating disorders: no longer a “culture-bound” topic. Source: Jacob, A.V. Healthy-weight-j. Hanover, PA : B.C. Dekker Inc. Nov/December 2001. volume 15 (6) page 93-95. 1075-0169

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Cognitive bias in eating disorders: implications for theory and treatment. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA. Source: Williamson, D A Muller, S L Reas, D L Thaw, J M Behav-Modif. 1999 October; 23(4): 556-77 0145-4455

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Commentary. IV. Eating disorders: the transitory state of science and treatment. Source: Goldbloom, D.S. Jeejeebhoy, K.N. Bristol-Myers-Squibb-Mead-Johnson-NutrSymp. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press. 1992. volume 10 page 387-392.

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Congress asked to take eating disorders seriously. Source: Berg, F.M. Healthy-weight-j. Hanover, PA : The Sheridan Press. May/June 1998. volume 12 (3) page 41-43. 1075-0169

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Depression and eating disorders. Author(s): Stanford University, School of Medicine, California 94305-5546, USA. Source: Casper, R C Depress-Anxiety. 1998; 8 Suppl 196-104 1091-4269

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Descriptive approach to bulimia. Source: Mintz, N.E. Health-Soc-Work. Silver Spring, Md. : National Association of Social Workers. Spring 1985. volume 10 (2) page 113-119. 0360-7283

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Eating disorders and alcohol and other drug abuse: Is there an association. Source: Jonas, J.M. Alcohol-Health-Res-World-Natl-Inst-Alcohol-Abuse-Alcohol. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1989. volume 13 (3) page 267-271. ill. 0090-838X

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Eating disorders and dieting behavior among Australian and Swazi university students. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Australia. Source: Stephens, N M Schumaker, J F Sibiya, T E J-Soc-Psychol. 1999 April; 139(2): 153-8 0022-4545

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Eating disorders and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. Source: Crow, S J Keel, P K Kendall, D Psychosomatics. 1998 May-June; 39(3): 233-43 0033-3182

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Estimation of the population “at risk” for eating disorders in a non-clinical Swedish sample: a repeated measure study. Author(s): Psychiatric Research Centre, Orebro, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Engstrom, I Norring, C Eat-Weight-Disord. 2002 March; 7(1): 45-52 1124-4909

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Friendship clique and peer influences on body image concerns, dietary restraint, extreme weight-loss behaviors, and binge eating in adolescent girls. Author(s): Psychology Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [email protected] Source: Paxton, S J Schutz, H K Wertheim, E H Muir, S L J-Abnorm-Psychol. 1999 May; 108(2): 255-66 0021-843X

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Full and partial syndromes in eating disorders: A 1-year prospective study of risk factors among female students. Author(s): Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Padova, Italy. [email protected] Source: Santonastaso, P Friederici, S Favaro, A Psychopathology. 1999 Jan-February; 32(1): 50-6 0254-4962

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Interventions for preventing eating disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Psychological Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145. Source: Pratt, B M Woolfenden, S R Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (2): CD002891 1469-493X

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Osteoporosis and eating disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA. Source: Powers, P S J-Pediatr-Adolesc-Gynecol. 1999 May; 12(2): 51-7 1083-3188

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Sensory preferences and fat consumption in obesity and eating disorders. Source: Drewnowski, A. Dietary fats determinants of preference, selection, and consumption / edited by DJ Mela. London : New York : Elsevier Applied Science, c1992. page 59-77. ISBN: 1851668659

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Single and married patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan. Source: Kiriike, N Nagata, T Matsunaga, H Tobitan, W Nishiura, T Psychiatry-ClinNeurosci. 1998 December; 52 SupplS306-8 1323-1316

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Subclinical eating disorders in adolescent women: a test of the continuity hypothesis and its psychological correlates. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth 02747-2300, USA. [email protected] Source: Franko, D L Omori, M J-Adolesc. 1999 June; 22(3): 389-96 0140-1971

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·

The college environment and eating disorders. Source: Grassi, A.T. Healthy-weight-j. Hanover, PA : B.C. Dekker Inc. May/June 2001. volume 15 (3) page 40-41. 1075-0169

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The dietitian's role in the treatment of eating disorders. Source: Roche, H.M. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. March 2000. volume 25 (1) page 55-60. 0141-9684

·

The effects of meal composition on subsequent craving and binge eating. Author(s): University Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand. Source: Gendall, K A Joyce, P R Abbott, R M Addict-Behavolume 1999 May-June; 24(3): 305-15 0306-4603

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The role of dieting in binge eating disorder: etiology and treatment implications. Author(s): Pacific University, School of Professional Psychology, Forest Grove, OR 97116-1797, USA. Source: Howard, C E Porzelius, L K Clin-Psychol-Revolume 1999 January; 19(1): 25-44 0272-7358

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Treating adults with eating disorders by using an inpatient approach. Source: Levitt, J.L. Health-Soc-Work. Silver Spring, Md. : National Association of Social Workers. Spring 1986. volume 11 (2) page 133-140. charts. 0360-7283

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Treatment of compulsive behaviour in eating disorders with intermittent ketamine infusions. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. Source: Mills, I H Park, G R Manara, A R Merriman, R J QJM. 1998 July; 91(7): 493-503 1460-2725

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to eating disorders; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B1 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Aluminum, Calcium, and Magnesium-Containing Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carnitine (L-Carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ·

Food and Diet Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to eating disorders. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to eating disorders and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to eating disorders: ·

“Recovered memory” therapy for eating disorders: implications of the Ramona verdict. Author(s): Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 March; 19(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932552&dopt=Abstract

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“Spiritual starvation?”: a case series concerning christianity and eating disorders. Author(s): Morgan JF, Marsden P, Lacey JH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000 December; 28(4): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054798&dopt=Abstract

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35-year-old woman with cough, fever, and anorexia. Author(s): Ensminger SA, Regner KR, Froehling DA.

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Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 June; 78(6): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934787&dopt=Abstract ·

A review of treatment models for eating disorders: toward a holistic nursing model. Author(s): Geary MC. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 1988 November; 3(1): 39-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3058733&dopt=Abstract

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A role for cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia in rats. Author(s): Lugarini F, Hrupka BJ, Schwartz GJ, Plata-Salaman CR, Langhans W. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2002 October; 283(4): R862-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228055&dopt=Abstract

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An inpatient model for the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Larocca FE. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1984 June; 7(2): 287-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6089151&dopt=Abstract

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Anguish and despair in adolescents with eating disorders--helping to manage suicidal ideation and impulses. Author(s): Manley RS, Leichner P. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809151&dopt=Abstract

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Anorexia nervosa: a multifactorial disease of nutritional origin? Author(s): Tannhauser PP. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 July-September; 14(3): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467193&dopt=Abstract

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Body dissatisfaction among Chinese undergraduates and its implications for eating disorders in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lee S, Leung T, Lee AM, Yu H, Leung CM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 July; 20(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807355&dopt=Abstract

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Body shape perception and dieting in preadolescent British Asian girls: links with eating disorders. Author(s): Hill AJ, Bhatti R. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 March; 17(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7757099&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline diagnosis and substance abuse in female patients with eating disorders. Author(s): Koepp W, Schildbach S, Schmager C, Rohner R. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 July; 14(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8339092&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders: progress and problems. Author(s): Wilson GT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 July; 37 Suppl 1: S79-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402697&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive bias in eating disorders: interpretation of ambiguous body-related information. Author(s): Williamson DA, Perrin L, Blouin DC, Barbin JM. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2000 September; 5(3): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082793&dopt=Abstract

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Dependency and eating disorders in female psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Bornstein RF, Greenberg RP. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991 March; 179(3): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1997662&dopt=Abstract

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Diets and eating disorders: implications for the breastfeeding mother. Author(s): Weekly SJ. Source: Naacogs Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nurs. 1992; 3(4): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476849&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and adolescents: an overview of a maladaptive behavior. Author(s): Grothaus KL. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 1998 October-December; 11(4): 146-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10067478&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and dieting behavior among Australian and Swazi university students. Author(s): Stephens NM, Schumaker JF, Sibiya TE. Source: The Journal of Social Psychology. 1999 April; 139(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214110&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders and disordered eating in different cultures. Author(s): Weiss MG.

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Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1995 September; 18(3): 537-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545266&dopt=Abstract ·

Eating disorders and posttraumatic stress: phenomenological and treatment considerations using the two-factor model. Author(s): Lating JM, O'Reilly MA, Anderson KP. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2002 Spring; 4(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166016&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in a nonclinical adolescent population: implications for treatment. Author(s): Lachenmeyer JR, Muni-Brander P. Source: Adolescence. 1988 Summer; 23(90): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261484&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A closer look at a complicated condition. Author(s): Hoffman RP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 April; 109(4): 67-9, 73-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317470&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders in Japan: a review of the literature. Author(s): Nogami Y. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997 December; 51(6): 339-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472116&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders. Author(s): Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 1; 361(9355): 407-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573387&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a review of the literature with emphasis on medical complications and clinical nutrition. Author(s): Patrick L. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 June; 7(3): 184-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126461&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: a strategic approach. Author(s): Launer M.

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Source: Practitioner. 2000 February; 244(1607): 129-32, 134-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892046&dopt=Abstract ·

Eating disorders: an Indian perspective. Author(s): Khandelwal SK, Sharan P, Saxena S. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1995 Summer; 41(2): 132-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7558678&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: self-help and treatment in Missouri. Author(s): Larocca FE, Stern JH. Source: Mo Med. 1984 December; 81(12): 764-9, 773. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595497&dopt=Abstract

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Eating disorders: the role of hypnosis. Author(s): Mantle F. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 2003 September; 15(7): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533540&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Bruera E, Strasser F, Palmer JL, Willey J, Calder K, Amyotte G, Baracos V. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 January 1; 21(1): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506181&dopt=Abstract

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Ego-state therapy for eating disorders. Author(s): Torem MS. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1987 October; 30(2): 94-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479890&dopt=Abstract

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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in eating disorders: caution against premature acceptance. Author(s): Hudson JI, Chase EA, Pope HG Jr. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1998 January; 23(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429913&dopt=Abstract

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Food deprivation and emotional reactions to food cues: implications for eating disorders. Author(s): Drobes DJ, Miller EJ, Hillman CH, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN, Lang PJ.

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Source: Biological Psychology. 2001 July-August; 57(1-3): 153-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454438&dopt=Abstract ·

Histories of childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic sequelae in women with eating disorders. Author(s): Rorty M, Yager J. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1996 December; 19(4): 773-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933608&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating the prevention of eating disorders and obesity: feasible or futile? Author(s): Irving LM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 March; 34(3): 299-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902846&dopt=Abstract

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Married patients with eating disorders in Japan. Author(s): Kiriike N, Nagata T, Matsunaga H, Tobitani W, Nishiura T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 December; 94(6): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020994&dopt=Abstract

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Neurotransmitter and imaging studies in anorexia nervosa: new targets for treatment. Author(s): Barbarich NC, Kaye WH, Jimerson D. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2003 February; 2(1): 6172. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769813&dopt=Abstract

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PAT: advanced nursing interventions for eating disorders. Author(s): Holyoake DD, Jenkins M. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1998 May 28-June 10; 7(10): 596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9775770&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological characteristics and biofeedback mitigation in preadolescents with eating disorders. Author(s): Pop-Jordanova N. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 February; 42(1): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703241&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced 5-HT2A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Frank GK, Kaye WH, Meltzer CC, Price JC, Greer P, McConaha C, Skovira K.

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Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 November 1; 52(9): 896-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399143&dopt=Abstract ·

Relation of dissociative phenomena to levels of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and beta-endorphin in patients with eating disorders: a pilot study. Author(s): Demitrack MA, Putnam FW, Rubinow DR, Pigott TA, Altemus M, Krahn DD, Gold PW. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 October; 49(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7511247&dopt=Abstract

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Review of nocturnal sleep-related eating disorders. Author(s): Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 May; 15(4): 343-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032349&dopt=Abstract

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Selective processing of shape-related words in women with eating disorders, and those who have recovered. Author(s): Lovell DM, Williams JM, Hill AB. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1997 September; 36 ( Pt 3): 421-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309357&dopt=Abstract

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Stepped care treatment for eating disorders. Author(s): Wilson GT, Vitousek KM, Loeb KL. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 August; 68(4): 564-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965631&dopt=Abstract

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The eating disorders as addiction: a psychobiological perspective. Author(s): Davis C, Claridge G. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1998 July-August; 23(4): 463-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698975&dopt=Abstract

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The eating disorders medicine cabinet revisited: a clinician's guide to appetite suppressants and diuretics. Author(s): Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Wonderlich SA, Kamran S, Engbloom S, Burgard M, Lancaster K. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 May; 33(4): 443-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658674&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of eating disorders as addiction among adolescent females. Author(s): Trotzky AS.

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Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613109&dopt=Abstract ·

The use of hypnosis with eating disorders. Author(s): Torem MS. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1992; 10(4): 105-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1289956&dopt=Abstract

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The use of Overeaters Anonymous in the treatment of eating disorders. Author(s): Yeary J. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1987 July-September; 19(3): 303-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480346&dopt=Abstract

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Use of hypnosis in eating disorders. Author(s): Gross M. Source: New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1986 Fall; (31): 109-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3785121&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to eating disorders; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ·

Alternative Therapy Bioenergetics Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Guided imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Light Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Light therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html Repressed memory therapy Alternative names: RMT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Urine therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html Writing therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,745,00.html ·

Chinese Medicine Baizhu Alternative names: Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bazhen Wan Alternative names: Bazhen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bazhen%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Caodoukou Alternative names: Katsumada Galangal Seed; Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenpi Alternative names: Dried Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenxiang Huaqi Wan Alternative names: Chenxiang Huaqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chenxiang%20Huaqi%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Mingdangshen; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dashanzha Wan Alternative names: Dashanzha Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dashanzha%20Wan&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dazao Alternative names: Chinese Date; Fructus Jujubae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang

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Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Doukou Alternative names: Round Cardamon Fruit; Fructus Amomi Rotundus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Foshou Alternative names: Finger Citron; Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansong Alternative names: Nardostachys Root; Radix seu Rhizoma Nardostachyos Source: Chinese Materia Medica Geiie Dingchuan Wan Alternative names: Gejie Dingchuan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Geiie%20Dingchuan%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Guya Alternative names: Millet Sprout; Fructus Setariae Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongqi Alternative names: Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangjing Alternative names: Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hujiao Alternative names: Pepper Fruit; Fructus Piperis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Jianpi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jianpi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiawei Xiaoyao Wan Alternative names: Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiawei%20Xiaoyao%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Lujiaoshuang Alternative names: Degelatined Deer-horn; Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maiya Alternative names: Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meiguihua Alternative names: Rose Flower; Flos Rosae Rugosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mingdangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muxiang Alternative names: Slender Dutchmanspipe Root; Qingmuxiang; Radix Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshen Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Renshen Jianpi Pills; Renshen Jianpi Wan(Ren Shen Jian Pi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Renshen%20Jianpi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Roudoukou Alternative names: Nutmeg; Semen Myristicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanyao Alternative names: Common Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzha Huazhi Wan Alternative names: Shanzha Huazhi Pills; Shanzha Huazhi Wan
(Shan Zha Hua Zhi Wan)

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Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shanzha%20Huazhi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sharen Alternative names: Villous Amomum Fruit; Fructus Amomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shenling Baizhu San Alternative names: Shenling Baizhu Powder; Shenling Baizhu San
(Shen Ling Bai Zhu San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenling%20Baizhu%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shichangpu Alternative names: Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome; Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shugan Hewei Wan Alternative names: Shugan Hewei Pills; Shugan Hewei Wan
(Shu Gan He Wei Pills) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shugan%20Hewei%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sijunzi Wan Alternative names: Sijunzi Pills; Sijunzi Wan
(Si Jun Zi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sijunzi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Sizheng Wan Alternative names: Sizheng Pills; Sizheng Wan
(Si Zheng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sizheng%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Taizishen Alternative names: Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root; Radix Pseudostellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Tanxiang Alternative names: Sandalwood; Lignum Santaii Albi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaohuixiang Alternative names: Fennel; Fructus Foeniculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhihongqi Alternative names: Prepared Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ziheche Alternative names: Human Placenta; Placenta Hominis Source: Chinese Materia Medica ·

Herbs and Supplements 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angelica Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com BCAAs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

248 Eating Disorders

Gentian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Guggul Alternative names: Commiphora mukul Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ipecac Alternative names: Cephaelis ipecacuanha Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ipecac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phentermine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scutellaria lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to eating disorders. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “eating disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eating disorders, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Eating Disorders ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to eating disorders. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

A Life of Paradox: the Experience of Eating Disorders in Five University Women Athletes by Pearson, Deeanne Kaye; Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1998, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9944280

·

A Study of the Effects of a Direct Therapeutic Intervention Program to Enhance Bulimic Patients' Self-concept (eating Disorders, Locus-of-control) by Spicero, Constance L., Edd from University of South Dakota, 1986, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625521

·

A Survey of School Psychologists' Knowledge of and Interventions with Students with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa by Judge, Jennifer Elizabeth; Psyd from State University of New York at Albany, 2001, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034493

250 Eating Disorders

·

A Training Model for Effective Diagnosis and Treatment of Eating Disorders by Family Physicians by Wilkins, Beth Ann; Psyd from Alliant International University, Fresno, 2002, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062711

·

A Two Part Study: Part I. a Survey on the Prevalence and Characteristics of the Eating Disorder: Bulimia Nervosa. Part Ii. a Short-term Multidimensional Treatment for Students with Bulimia Nervosa by Hill, Laura L., Phd from Kansas State University, 1987, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715214

·

Alienation and Isolation from the Body: a Common Etiology for the Deliberate Selfharm of Eating Disorders and Self-mutilation? by Reinhold, Sandra Lynne; Psyd from Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2002, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072963

·

Ambiguous Appetites: Spiritual Hunger, American Culture, and Eating Disorders (susan Bordo) by Pennell, Anna Bost; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2001, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034970

·

An Educational Intervention for the Prevention of Eating Disorders in College Female Athletes: a Risk Factor Approach by Mason, Michelle Ann, Phd from The Florida State University, 1997, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9802205

·

An Empirical Study of Personality Disorders and Sexual Abuse Within a Bulimic Sample (eating Disorders) by Bernstein, Richard Alan, Phd from University of South Florida, 1992, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222584

·

An Empirically Derived Mmpi Eating Disorders Subscale by Lewton, John C., Phd from The University of Toledo, 1988, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8901915

·

An Examination of Partial Syndrome Eating Disorders in Adolescence: Prevalence and Relationship to Risk Factors (eating Disorders) by Dancyger, Ida Flint, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1992, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73867

·

An Identity Exploration of Anorexia Nervosa Within a Family Context. (volumes I and Ii) by Connor, Tara Marie, Phd from University of Ulster (northern Ireland), 1991, 584 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX97465

·

An Intervention Project to Improve Body Image and Self-esteem in 6th-grade Boys and Girls As a Potential Prevention against Eating Disorders (sixth-grade) by Outwater, Alice D., Phd from The Union Institute, 1990, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9102148

·

An Investigation of the Relationship between Locus-of-control, Eating Disorders and Sorority Membership by Crisafulli-poteet, Lorrie Jo, Phd from University of Wyoming, 1990, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9105394

·

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: the Management of an Eating Disorder Career by Zon, Linda Pearl, Phd from York University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4207524

Dissertations 251

·

Anorexia Nervosa: Delineation of Six Phases with Implications for Diagnosis and Structural Family Therapy by Colebrook, Elizabeth Poss, Phd from Kent State University, 1981, 368 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8123567

·

Appetite and Intellect: Eating Disorders and Women's Literature by Maher, Jennifer Elizabeth; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 1999, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954016

·

Applying Cognitive Dissonance Within a Personal Health Curriculum to Reduce Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Eating Disorders in a University Population by Wolfe, Jennie Lynn, Edd from University of Georgia, 1992, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301238

·

Assessment of Eating Disorders in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: Interview Versus Self-report by Wolk, Sara Lynn; Phd from Yeshiva University, 2002, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055233

·

Bodily Discourses: When Students Write about Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Eating Disorders in the Composition Classroom by Payne, Michelle Marie, Phd from University of New Hampshire, 1997, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9807563

·

Body Boycotts (sexual Harassment, Eating Disorders) by Driscoll, Mary Kathleen, Phd from Northwestern University, 1995, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9537426

·

Body Image Disturbance in Males: an Antecedent to Eating Disorders by Miller, Susan S. Psyd from Azusa Pacific University, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037898

·

Bulimic Women's Perceptions of Their Parents (eating Disorders) by Moseley, Susan Callow, Phd from University of Oregon, 1986, 423 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705880

·

Cinema Bulimia: Peter Greenaway's Corpus of Excess (eating Disorders, Postmodernism) by Biga, Tracy Ellen, Phd from University of Southern California, 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1454483

·

Client As Consumer: Perceptions of Improvement Status from Bulimia Nervosa by Simon, Dianna Jean, Phd from University of Southern California, 1993 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2785043

·

Coaches' Beliefs, Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Behaviors Regarding Weight Control and Eating Disorders That May Influence Female Athletes (women Athletes) by Petro, Sharon, Phd from University of Virginia, 1993, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9328274

·

Communication Characteristics of Women with Eating Disorders by Pratt, Ruth, Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1995, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628818

·

Comparison of Binge Eating Syndromes and Comorbid Features in a Clinic Sample by Seel, Rachel Ann; Phd from Wayne State University, 2003, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086471

252 Eating Disorders

·

Conceptual Complexity and Obsessionality in Bulimic College Women (anorexia Nervosa, Eating Disorders, Normal Weight, Cognitive Style) by Johnson, Nancy Victoria, Phd from The University of Utah, 1985, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604904

·

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Acculturation and Eating Disorders Measures in Northern Plains Native Americans by Wilkie, Mary Jane; Phd from The University of North Dakota, 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062881

·

Daughters' Perceptions of Father-daughter Relationships and Their Associations with Eating Disorders by Bugola, Joyce Ann, Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1995, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541616

·

Determinants of Dieting Behavior and Eating Disorders in High School Students by Emmons, Lillian Miller, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1989, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9004497

·

Development and Validation of the Screening Test for at Risk Individuals for Eating Disorders (starved) by Brunet, Michael E., Ii. Phd from University of Virginia, 2002, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062113

·

Discourse on Eating Disorders: the Politics of a Female Epidemic by Saukko, Paula Marjatta; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1999, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9944991

·

Discriminating Physiological, Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics in Eating Disorders: Clinical and Psychometric Comparisons between Clinically Diagnosed Patients, Ballet Dancers and Controls by Bonbright, Jane Meyer, Edd from Temple University, 1995, 395 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9527452

·

Drive for Thinness and Fear of Fat: Differentiations among Women at Risk for Developing Eating Disorders by Levitt, Dana Heller; Phd from University of Virginia, 2001, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3017268

·

Early and On-time Puberty and the Relationship to Anorexia, Bulimia, and Obesity (menarche, Eating Disorders) by Davis, Emily Clifton, Edd from The University of Memphis, 1994, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9506753

·

Early Risk Factors and Current Functioning of Young Adult Women with Full or Partial Eating Disorders by Moorhead, Debra J. Phd from Simmons College School of Social Work, 2001, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3000493

·

Eating Disorders among Male High School Wrestlers by Gregory, Nancy Lee; Phd from The Wright Institute, 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084501

·

Eating Disorders and Community Violence in the Lives of Adolescents by Guadagnoli, Kristi Groteke; Psyd from Antioch University/new England Graduate School, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039011

Dissertations 253

·

Eating Disorders and Negative Sexual Experiences: the Effectiveness of a Multidimensional Treatment Approach on Treatment Outcome (sexual Experiences) by Shroyer Small, Lyn Marie, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1992, 372 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9315332

·

Eating Disorders and the Female Athlete (anorexia Nervosa, Dieting, Bulimia) by Willis, Linda Rae, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1986, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703347

·

Eating Disorders, Sex Role Identification, and Assertion (north Carolina) by Sullivan, James Davis, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1986, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710677

·

Eating Disorders. (includes Original Writing) (short Stories, Poems) by Gilmer, Christopher Charles, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1994, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9430188

·

Eating Disorders: a Matter of Values? by Pollack, Francine Seyma; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78038

·

Eating Disorders: a Multiple-case Investigation of the Internet E-mail Correspondence of Women's Lived Experience by Collins, Perry Lee; Edd from Texas Tech University, 1999, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9951513

·

Eating Disorders: a Social History of Food Consumption and Supply in Colonial Libreville (gabon), C. 1840--1960 by Rich, Jeremy Mcmaster; Phd from Indiana University, 2002, 347 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054456

·

Eating Disorders: Assessment of Psychological, Physiological, and Behavioral Characteristics by Lundholm, Jean Kay, Phd from Iowa State University, 1987, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8716790

·

Ego Development, Identity Status, and Locus-of-control among Women with Eating Disorders by Luce, Carol Bringman, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1989, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8921433

·

Etiological Aspects of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa: Applications for Genetic Counseling Practice by Rozenberg, Margaret; Ms from Sarah Lawrence College, 2003, 41 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413594

·

Evaluation of a Screening Test to Detect Female College Athletes with Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating by Nagel, Deborah Lynn; Phd from Purdue University, 1997, 358 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055525

·

Explication of the Body Schema Construct (eating Disorders) by Leonard, Teresa Jo Lollis, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1992, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9232265

·

Facilitating the Use of Information to Prevent Eating Disorders among Adult Women: a Content Analysis of Lay/popular Literature by Tu, Feili B., Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1996, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9701939

254 Eating Disorders

·

Familial Characteristics, Self-esteem, and the Cultural Value of Thinness: a Social Deviance Analysis of Bulimia (eating Disorders, Identity, Dieting) by Bailey, Carol A., Phd from Washington State University, 1986, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8621980

·

Fat Bodies, Lost Souls: Women's Recovery Experiences in a Residential Program for Compulsive Overeaters (eating Disorders) by King, Dixie Lee, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1996, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9616415

·

Fathers' Influence on Daughters' Eating Disorders: Daughters' Perceptions by Fuerstein, Laura Arens; Phd from New York University, 2002, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034602

·

Fathers, Daughters, and Eating Disorders: a Father's Personality Profile by Parente, Louise, Phd from New York University, 1998, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9836126

·

Irresistible Urges: the Social Psychology of Binge Eating (eating Disorders) by Meloy, Helen Ann, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9334877

·

Locus of Control and Nonverbal Decoding Accuracy among Women with Bulimia by Leclair, Norma Jean, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1984, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8418963

·

Macronutrient Effects on Food Intake and Satiety in Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa by Latner, Janet Deborah; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 51 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066729

·

Meta-analysis: Comparison of the Coprevalence of Alcohol Abuse in Eating Disorders and a Family History of Alcohol Abuse As a Risk Factor by Mcginnes, Diane E. Psyd from Carlos Albizu University, 2002, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070510

·

Moral Dilemmas of Bulimics and Non-bulimics: a Study of Voice and Self in Eating Disorders by Wiggum, Candice Diehl, Phd from Oregon State University, 1991, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9220524

·

Myth and Ritual in Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa by Garrett, Catherine Jane, Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2129395

·

Pentimento a Cultural Analysis of Eating Disorders by Grant, Marilyn Gail; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45337

·

Pentimento: a Cultural Analysis of Eating Disorders by Grant, Marilyn Gail, Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4236948

·

Perceived Control, Religious Belief, and the Eating Disorders by Varady, Susan Ann; Phd from George Mason University, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046596

Dissertations 255

·

Personality Variables among Women with Diagnosable Eating Disorders: an Mmpi Study by Radpour-wiley, Marzi L. Phd from Brigham Young University, 2002, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041996

·

Predictors of College Eating Disturbances (eating Disorders, Body Image) by Henjum, Jeanne Frances, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1992, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9233991

·

Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Eating-disordered Behavior among Undergraduate Health Education Major Students in the United States by Brey, Rebecca Ann, Phd from University of Florida, 1993, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9505573

·

Prevention of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating among Female Athletes by Bello, Caryn Ilena; Psyd from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2002, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058895

·

Psychological Correlates of Eating Disorders: Exploring the Continuum Perspective by Cohen, Diane L. Ms from University of North Texas, 2002, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410903

·

Relationship between Family Environment and Eating Disorders among Female Student-athletes by Ciervo, Robert Louis, Phd from Temple University, 1998, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838472

·

Relationship of Child Sexual, Physical, and Psychological Abuse to Eating Disorders and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Women by Garabedian, Melinda Judith, Phd from University of Southern California, 1993 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2402515

·

Representing Eating Disorders in America: the Rhetoric, Politics and Stigma of a Modern Epidemic by Grey, Stephanie Houston; Phd from Indiana University, 2001, 387 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3005399

·

Resistance Training Added to an Educational Program for Dysfunctionally Eating Women Reporting Body-image Dissatisfaction (depression, Eating Disorders) by Ruffo, Casi Ellis, Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1996, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9625770

·

Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorders in Ethnically Diverse High School Athlete and Non-athlete Urban Populations by Rhea, Deborah J., Edd from University of Houston, 1995, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9528802

·

Self-efficacy in Relationships and Eating Disorders: Demographic and Psychological Correlates among University Women (women, Demographic Correlates) by O'halloran, Mary Sean, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1989, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9012375

·

Separation-individuation and Problem Eating Behaviors and Attitudes: a Comparison of Caucasian American and African American Women (anorexia, Bulimia) by Van Velsor, Patricia Rae Zuidema, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1995, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9601635

256 Eating Disorders

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Sex-role Related Characteristics and Their Relationship to Body Esteem and Disordered Eating: a Continuing Dilemma (sex Role, Eating Disorders) by Harman, Debra Baker, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1992, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9306898

·

Sexual Abuse and the Dynamics of Sexual Traumatization: an Exploratory Study of the Sexual Histories of Adult Women with Eating Disorders by Berger, Dianne Gwynne, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1992, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227613

·

Shame and Guilt in Eating Disorders by Frank, Emily Schultz, Edd from Harvard University, 1989, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9009837

·

Significant Influences on Children's Food Behavior (language Acquisition, Nutrition Education, Cognitive Development, Sociolinguistics, Eating Disorders) by Coletta, Frances Alexandria, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1985, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604363

·

Study of the Efficacy of a Christian-based Inpatient Hospital for Treating Eating Disorders, Depression, and Spiritual Distress by Darden, Robert Alan; Phd from Andrews University, 2002, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058309

·

Survey Research Investigating an Association between Incest and Eating Disorders by Ward, Ellanora Erika, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1988, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8824124

·

Taking Back the Body: Eating Disorders, Feminist Theological Ethics and Christic Gynodicy by Simmons, Leanne Sue; Phd from Princeton Theological Seminary, 2001, 366 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3006837

·

The Ability of Medical Physicians to Diagnose the Presence of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa by Gutman, Laura; Psyd from University of Hartford, 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062589

·

The Anorectic Poverty of Self: Eating Disorders and Young Women by Jacobs, Mary Joan; Edd from Saint Joseph's University, 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083143

·

The Body Speaks: Seeking Voice in a Culture That Silences (women's Bodies, Eating Disorders, Feminist Analysis) by Kasperowski, Ursula, Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1991, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73882

·

The Construction and Preliminary Validation of an Instrument to Assess the Food Fantasies of Individuals with Eating Disorders by Bruyer, Annette Marjorie, Phd from Oregon State University, 1987, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8720531

·

The Critical Shapes of Body Image: the Roles of Culture, Family, and the Individual in the Production of Eating Disorders by Haworth-hoeppner, Susan, Phd from Wayne State University, 1996, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9715846

Dissertations 257

·

The Development of Policies and Procedures for Referring Collegiate Athletes with Eating Disorders by Andrews, Brooke R. Ms from West Virginia University, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409700

·

The Effects of Binge Eating Disorder and Weight on the Eating Disorder Inventory 2: an Exploratory Study by Jackson, Cara Lee, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1996, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9704890

·

The Effects of the Neurolinguistic Programming Model of Reframing As Therapy for Bulimia by Scott, Eddie K., Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1987, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715297

·

The Family Experience with Eating Disorders Scale: Psychometric Analysis by Folse, Victoria Noltkamper; Phd from Saint Louis University, 2002, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051791

·

The Grains of Loss: Psychological and Theological Reflections on Eating Disorders and Incest by Manlowe, Jennifer Lewis, Phd from Drew University, 1993, 346 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9331590

·

The Influence of Womanist Identity on the Development of Eating Disorders and Depression in African American Female College Students by Ford, Theresa; Phd from The College of William and Mary, 2000, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9974940

·

The Medicalization of Eating: Social Control in an Eating Disorders Clinic by Vogler, Robin Jane Marie, Phd from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3592516

·

The Paradox of Health: Experiences of College-aged Women with Concerns about Eating Disorders by Budd, Geraldine M. Phd from Duquesne University School of Nursing, 2001, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3023427

·

The Pathogenesis of Eating Disorders: Analysis of the Relationship between Eating Disorders Symptomatology, Body Image and Self-concept of Adolescent Females by Augustyniak, Kristine, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1997, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9719105

·

The Politics of Spiritual Hunger: the Intersection of Religion, Gender and Culture in Contemporary Girls' and Women's Struggles with Food and Their Bodies (eating Disorders) by Lelwica, Michelle Mary, Thd from Harvard University, 1996, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9631175

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The Prevalence and Development of Eating Disorders Within a Selected Intercollegiate Athlete Population (anorexia Nervosa, Eating Pathology, Bulimia) by Guthrie, Sharon Ruth, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1985, 382 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603006

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The Relationship between Developmental Task Achievement and Eating Disorders in College Women by Condella, Janet S., Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1984, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419936

258 Eating Disorders

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The Relationship between Eating Disorders and Separation-individuation Problems among High School Females by Pizzulli, Cynthia G. Phd from New York University, 2003, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084169

·

The Relationship between Individuation and Depression and the Development of Features of Eating Disorders in a Non-clinical Female Adolescent Population by Kleeger, Eve; Psyd from Pace University, 2002, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061344

·

The Role of Blood Glucose in Binge Eating Behavior (eating Disorders) by Totten, Deborah Palczewski, Phd from University of Virginia, 1990, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9023486

·

The Role of Self-discrepancies in the Relationship between Media Exposure and Eating Disorders by Harrison, Kristen, Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1997, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9807848

·

The Role of the Media in Eating Disorders by Ferrell, Bethany Vivienne; Mph from The University of Texas Graduate Sch. of Biomedical Sci. at Galveston, 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412010

·

The Significance of General Locus of Control Beliefs, Weight-specific Locus of Control Beliefs and Restraint in Predicting Binge Eating Behaviors in an Eating Disordered Population by Kerzhnerman, Irina; Phd from Drexel University College of Nursing and Health Professions, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061994

·

The Silence That Speaks Through the Belly's Roar: a Study of Eating Disorders, Depression, and Self-silencing by Mccann, Mary E., Edd from Harvard University, 1994, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9432417

·

Toward a Clinical-empirical Classification of Eating Disorders by Morrison, Catherine Hollister; Phd from Boston University, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021058

·

Treatment Outcome in Eating Disorders and Sexual Abuse History by Luadzers, Darcy, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1998, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9833246

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Utilizing Clinical Practice to Inform Research on the Treatment of Eating Disorders by Haas, Heather Laura; Phd from Texas Tech University, 2002, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043245

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Women's Experience of Weight and Shape Changes during Pregnancy (prenatal Care, Eating Disorders, Weight Gain) by Robb-todter, Gail Elisabeth, Phd from University of Virginia, 1996, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9616020

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Women's Experiences of Their Bodies: Understanding the Connection between Feminist Consciousness, Body Image and Eating Disorders by Affleck, Deborah Jean; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1999, 335 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ45632

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Women's Perspectives on the Thin Ideal in the Development of Eating Disorders by Fraze, Jami Lyn; Phd from University of Georgia, 2000, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9984134

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning eating disorders.

Recent Trials on Eating Disorders The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to eating disorders.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Eating Disorder Prevention Programs Condition(s): Eating Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate 2 eating disorder prevention programs designed to increase body satisfaction among adolescent females with body image concerns. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042185

·

Effectiveness of Binge Eating Disorder Treatments Condition(s): Eating Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of three Binge Eating Disorder (BED) treatments. Phase(s): Phase IV

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060762 ·

Etanercept in Treating Cancer-Related Weight Loss and Lack of Appetite in Patients With Advanced Cancer Condition(s): unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific; Anorexia; Cachexia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Etanercept is a substance that is being studied as a treatment for lack of appetite and weight loss in patients who have cancer. It is not yet known if etanercept is effective in improving cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of etanercept in treating cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite in patients who have advanced cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046904

·

Evaluation and Follow-up of Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Conditions Condition(s): Anorexia Nervosa; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Tourette Syndrome; Trichotillomania Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to better understand the long-term progress of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions such as anorexia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, and trichotillomania. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004550

·

Meditation-Based Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder Condition(s): Binge Eating Disorder; Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to assess the relative effectiveness of a mindfulness meditation-based intervention for binge eating disorder in comparison to a psycho-educational intervention and a waiting-list control group. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032760 ·

Reducing Eating Disorder Risk Factors Condition(s): Eating Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether a web-based program is effective in reducing the incidence of eating disorders in college women who are at high risk for developing an eating disorder. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050570

·

Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Condition(s): Bulimia; Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a multicenter (2 sites) randomized trial evaluating three group treatment models for subjects with binge eating disorder. One model is a cognitive behavior treatment (CBT) group, one is partial self help, and one is self help only. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039936

·

Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Condition(s): Binge Eating Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study examining the use of different degrees of therapist involvement in the treatment of Binge Eating Disorder. The study will examine both which approaches work best for decreasing symptoms and which are most costeffective. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00041743

·

A Study of Different Doses of Megestrol Acetate in Patients with AIDS Who Have Anorexia and Malnutrition Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effects of megestrol acetate and placebo on body weight, anorexia, cachexia, calorie intake, and nutritional parameters of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS. To characterize dose response in relation to weight gain. To determine whether megestrol acetate relative to placebo improves the perception of well-being among AIDS patients with cachexia. To evaluate megestrol acetate's effect on immune function via skin test reactivity, T4/T8 ratio, and total lymphocytes. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002300 ·

Comparison of Megestrol and/or Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Enriched Nutritional Supplement in Treating Patients With Cancer-Related Weight Loss and Lack of Appetite Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Cancer Institute of Canada; North Central Cancer Treatment Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Megestrol and /or an omega-3 fatty acid -enriched nutritional supplement may improve cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. It is not yet known whether megestrol alone, an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement alone, or a combination of both is most effective in treating cancer-related weight loss and loss of appetite. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of megestrol with or without an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement to that of the omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement alone in treating patients who have cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031707

·

Megestrol in Treating Patients Who Are Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer Condition(s): limited stage small cell lung cancer; Anorexia; stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer; stage II non-small cell lung cancer; Cachexia; stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer; stage I non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Megestrol helps improve appetite. It is not yet known if megestrol is effective in limiting weight loss in patients who are undergoing radiation therapy. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of megestrol in limiting weight loss in patients who are undergoing radiation therapy for lung cancer.

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Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031785 ·

Phase III Randomized Double-Blind Study Comparing Megestrol Acetate at 800 mg/day, and Placebo in AIDS Patients With Anorexia and Cachexia Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effects of megestrol acetate and placebo on body weight, anorexia, cachexia, calorie intake, and nutritional parameters of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS. To determine whether megestrol acetate relative to placebo improves the perception of well-being among AIDS patients with cachexia. To evaluate megestrol acetate's effect on immune function via skin test reactivity, T4/T8 ratio, and total lymphocytes. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002067

·

The Safety and Effectiveness of Megace in HIV-Infected Women Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: To further evaluate the safety of megestrol acetate (Megace) oral suspension in the treatment of anorexia and cachexia in HIV-positive women. To compare the effectiveness of 2 doses of Megace by measurement of weight gain, appetite grade, and other parameters at 12 and 24 weeks. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002345

·

Cognitive Therapy for Binge-Eating Disorder Condition(s): Bulimia; Obesity; Eating Disorders Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of a CD-ROMbased cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to traditional manual-based group therapy for obese individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED) and other unhealthy eating behaviors. A second goal is to encourage a healthy lifestyle in patients with BED.

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Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050037 ·

Docetaxel With or Without Infliximab in Treating Weight Loss, Loss of Appetite, and Fatigue in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia; Fatigue; Non-small cell lung cancer; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Infliximab may improve cancer-related weight loss, lack of appetite, and fatigue. It is not yet known whether docetaxel is more effective with or without infliximab in preventing weight loss and fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of docetaxel with or without infliximab in preventing weight loss, loss of appetite, and fatigue in patients who have advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00040885

·

The Effect of Oral Candidiasis on the Speech Production, Feeding Skills, and SelfConcept of Children and Adolescents with Symptomatic HIV Infection Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; Eating Disorders; HIV Infections; Speech Disorders Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: The main objectives of this study are: 1) to determine whether various levels of severity of oral candidiasis (thrush) in the child are associated with different levels of speech production, feeding skills, and self-concept, and 2) to assess the effect of the reduction of oral thrush over time on the speech function, feeding skills, and self-concept in HIV-infected patients who already are receiving various antifungal medications for treatment of their thrush (Note: Decisions regarding antifungal therapy are made completely independent from this study). Children with HIV disease, ages 621 years, who have oral thrush are eligible to paricipate in the study. The child and his/her parent will be asked to complete a variety of measures at specific time intervals over approximately one month during visits to the National Institutes of Health for treatment on other protocols. First, a nurse will rate the location and severity of thrush in the child's mouth. Then the parent will complete questionnaires assessing the effect of oral thrush on the child's feeding and speech skills and everyday functioning. Finally, the child will be administered a brief speech and oral-motor evaluation and will complete some questionnaires about how the thrush affects his/her day-to-day activities and self-concept. The results of this study may help to better understand the cause of expressive language deficits observed in some children with HIV infection. More specifically, it will determine if any speech and feeding problems of HIV-infected

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children are associated with oral thrush. Learning more about the impact of oral thrush on the speech, feeding, and the self-concept of children with HIV disease may be used for parent and patient education and to develop rehabilitative recommendations to benefit HIV-infected patients with oral thrush. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001448 ·

Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa in a Primary Care Setting Condition(s): Bulimia Nervosa Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Bulimia Nervosa is a frequent problem for young women. It is widely assumed that this disorder cannot be treated effectively in a primary care setting. This assumption has never been tested empirically, and is probably incorrect. In the last 15 years, effective treatment interventions for Bulimia Nervosa have been developed and validated in specialized treatment centers. The broad aim of this proposal is to examine whether these treatments, suitably adapted, can be usefully transferred to general health care settings. Specifically, the proposed study will determine the relative and combined effectiveness of the two leading treatments for Bulimia Nervosa in a primary care setting. The two major interventions are treatment with an antidepressant medication, fluoxetine, and with a form of cognitive behavioral therapy, guided self-help, designed for use in primary care. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00009178

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “eating disorders” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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·

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON EATING DISORDERS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “eating disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eating disorders, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Eating Disorders By performing a patent search focusing on eating disorders, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on eating disorders: ·

Apparatus and method for neuromodulation therapy for obesity and compulsive eating disorders using an implantable lead-receiver and an external stimulator Inventor(s): Boveja; Birinder R. (P.O. Box 210095, Milwaukee, WI 53221) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,611,715 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: A system and method of neuromodulation adjunct (add-on) therapy for obesity and compulsive eating disorders, comprises an implantable lead-receiver and an external stimulator. Neuromodulation is performed using pulsed electrical stimulation. The external stimulator contains a power source, controlling circuitry, a primary coil, and predetermined programs which control the different levels of therapy. The primary coil of the external stimulator inductively transfers electrical signals to the lead-receiver, which is also in electrical contact with the left vagus nerve. The external stimulator emits electrical pulses to stimulate the vagus nerve according to a predetermined program. In a second mode of operation, an operator may manually override the predetermined sequence of stimulation. The predetermined programs have different levels of control, which is password protected. The external stimulator may also be equipped with a telecommunications module to control the predetermined programs remotely. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to medical device used for adjunct (add-on) treatment for obesity, more specifically a medical device used for adjunct (add-on) therapy for obesity and compulsive eating disorders with electrical stimulation neuromodulation using an implanted lead-receiver and an external stimulator. Obesity results from excessive accumulation of fat in the body. It is caused by ingestion of greater amounts of food than can be used by the body for energy. The excess food, whether fats, carbohydrates, or proteins, is then stored almost entirely as fat in the adipose tissue, to be used later for energy. There can be various causes of obesity including, psychogenic, neurogenic, genetic, and other metabolic related factors. Treatment of obesity depends on decreasing energy input below energy expenditure. Treatment has included among other things various drugs, starvation and even stapling or surgical resection of a portion of the stomach. Observations on the profound effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve on central nervous system (CNS) activity extends back to the 1930's. In 1988 it was reported in the American Journal of Physiology, that the afferent vagal fibers from the stomach wall increased their firing rate when the stomach was filled. Accordingly, extra-physiologic electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, from just above the stomach level, should produce appetite supression by causing the patient to experience satiety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06611715__

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·

Compositions including modafinil for treatment of eating disorders and for appetite stimulation Inventor(s): Scammell; Thomas E. (Wellesley, MA), Miller; Matthew S. (Newtown, PA) Assignee(s): Cephalon, Inc. (West Chester, PA) Patent Number: 6,455,588 Date filed: August 17, 2000 Abstract: Modafinil is effective in improving symptoms of eating disorders or in stimulating appetite. Excerpt(s): Modafinil (C.sub.15 H.sub.15 NO.sub.2 S), 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl) acetamide, or 2-[(diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide, is a synthetic acetamide derivative with wake-promoting activity, the structure of which has been described in French Patent No. 78 05 510 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,290. Modafinil was tested in combination with various agents including apomorphine, amphetamine, reserpine, oxotremorine, hypnotics, yohimbine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, monoamine oxidase inhibitor (I.M.A.O.), and in several behavioral conditions, as described in the cited patents. The conclusion from such tests is that modafinil presents a neuropsychopharmacological spectrum characterized by the presence of excitation with hyperactivity and hypermotility; and by the absence of stereotypy except in strong doses, and as potentiating the effects of apomorphine and amphetamine. A method of preparation of a racemic mixture is described in the '290 patent and a method of preparation of a levorotatory isomer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,855 (both incorporated herein by reference). The levorotatory isomer is reported to be useful for treatment of hypersomnia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and to have activity towards the symptoms of dementia and loss of memory, especially in the elderly. Modafinil has also been described as an agent with activity in the central nervous system, and as a useful agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,745); in the protection of cerebral tissue from ischemia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,576); in the treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence (U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,776); and in the treatment of sleep apneas of central origin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,378). U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,845 describes modafinil preparations of a defined particle size less than about 200 microns that is more potent and safer than preparations containing a substantial proportion of larger particles. Preparations of modafinil have not been described, however, for use in treating eating disorders, or as appetite stimulants. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the integrated control of feeding and energy homeostasis. Two neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B, also known as hypocretin -1 and -2) have been identified that are derived from a common precursor, preprohypocretin. These peptides are reported to be localized in neurons within and around the lateral and posterior hypothalamus in adult rat brain, and have been shown to bind to and activate G protein-coupled receptors (Sakurai et al., Cell 92:573-585, 1998), and are also reported to stimulate appetite and food consumption (Wolf, Nutr. Rev. 56: 172-173, 1998). Although the appetite stimulating neuropeptides may prove useful for stimulating appetite, and/or promoting weight gain in a variety of situations, such as eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, disease related weight loss, or even in agricultural applications such as promoting faster weight gain in weanling animals, it is difficult to administer peptides that are active in the brain and central nervous system by an oral route. There is still a need, therefore for an oral preparation for treatment of eating, disorders or for promotion of weight gain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455588__

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·

Method for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia Inventor(s): Demichele; Stephen Joseph (Dublin, OH), Cope; Frederick Oliver (Worthington, OH), McCamish; Mark Anthony (Worthington, OH), Abbruzzese; Bonnie Chandler (Dublin, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,326,355 Date filed: January 7, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and nutritional compositions for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia. The methods of the invention comprise administering a composition comprising effective amounts of.omega.-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid or mixtures thereof, of branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, isoleucine or mixtures thereof; with or without reduced levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan; and of antioxidant system selected from the group comprising beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, or mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and nutritional compositions for the prevention and treatment of cancer cachexia and anorexia. In the practice of the present invention patients are enterally administered.omega.-3 fatty acids including, but not limited to alpha-linolenic (18:3.omega.-3), stearidonic (18:4.omega.-3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5.omega.-3), docosapentaenoic (22:5.omega.-3), and docosahexaenoic (22:6.omega.-3), in combination with antioxidants including, but not limited to, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, or mixtures thereof; a source of amino-nitrogen with high levels of branched-chain amino acids including valine, leucine, isoleucine, and with or without reduced levels of tryptophan and 5hydroxytryptophan. Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss, premature satiety, asthenia, loss of lean body mass, and multiple organ dysfunction. The majority of patients with cancer whose disease progresses to metastatic disease develop cachexia during their treatment program and the cachexia contributes to their deaths. The frequency of weight loss in cancer patients ranges from 40% for patients wit breast cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, and sarcoma to more than 80% in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and stomach. About 60% of patients with carcinomas of the lung, colon or prostate have experienced weight loss prior to beginning chemotherapy. Although the relationship between pretreatment malnutrition (weight loss) and adverse outcome is established, no consistent relationship has been demonstrated between the development of cachexia and tumor size, disease stage, and type or duration of the malignancy. Development of cachexia in the cancer patient is not caused simply by increased energy expenditure by the host or by the tumor. The malignant cachexia is partially related to reduced caloric intake. Cancer cachexia is not simply a local effect of the tumor. Alterations in protein, fat, and carbohyrate metabolism occur commonly. For example, abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism include increased rates of total glucose turnover, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, glucose intolerance and elevated glucose levels. Increased lipolysis, increased free fatty acid and glycerol turnover, hyperlipidemia, and reduced lipoprotein lipase activity are frequently noted. The weight loss associated with cancer cachexia is caused not only by a reduction in body fat stores but also by a reduction in total body protein mass, with extensive skeletal muscle wasting. Increased protein turnover and poorly regulated amino acid oxidation may also be important. Presence of host-derived factors produced in response to the cancer have been implicated as causative agents of cachexia, e.g.,

Patents 273

tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF) or cachectin, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, gammainterferon (IFN), and prostaglandins (PGs) (e.g; PGE.sub.2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06326355__ ·

Method of treating Bulimia Nervosa and related eating disorders by administration of atypical antipsychotic medications Inventor(s): Guadagno; Gina (Cincinnati, OH), Star; Jodi M. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,395,727 Date filed: March 17, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating non-psychotic disorders by administration of atypical antipsychotic medications, in particular, risperidone. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of treating the eating disorder Bulimia Nervosa and Bulimia-related eating disorders, by administration of antipsychotic medications from the group of compounds designated as atypical antipsychotic mediations. Typical dosage amounts may range from 0.1 milligrams to 4 milligrams per day and may be administered in any dosage forms known in the art, including, but not limited to oral, intramuscular, rectal, transdermal, sustained release forms, controlled release forms, delayed release forms, and response release forms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating non-psychotic disorders by administration of antipsychotic medications. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of treating the eating disorder Bulimia Nervosa, and bulimia-related eating disorders, by administration of antipsychotic medications from the group of compounds designated as "atypical" antipsychotic medications. In particular, this invention contemplates use of the atypical antipsychotic medication risperidone for treatment of Bulimia Nervosa and bulimia-related disorders. Bulimia Nervosa ("ox like hunger of nervous origin") was identified as a mental disorder in the early 1970's, but was considered to be an "ominous" variation of the then more recognized eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. Subsequent developments in the study of eating disorders has indicated that, although many anorexia nervosa patients are, or may become bulimic, Bulimia Nervosa is a separate disorder with a distinct set of clinically-defined symptoms and behaviors. The disorder anorexia nervosa can be generally characterized by an individual's refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight usually effectuated through severe restriction of caloric intake. In contrast, Bulimia Nervosa and bulimia-related eating disorders are generally characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating, followed by inappropriate and unhealthy compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting or excessive exercise. Bulimia Nervosa is of unknown etiology, but it affects a relatively large portion of the population. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Eating Disorders, 4.sup.th ed., (DSM-IV), reports the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa to be 1% to 3% within the adolescent and young adult female population, and one-tenth of that in the male population. No reliable statistics are available regarding the prevalence of bulimia-type eating disorders in these populations, but it is believed that the rate is similar, or greater, than that of Bulimia Nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa has been reported to occur with roughly similar frequencies in most industrialized countries, including the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Africa. Thus, within the female population of industrialized nations, Bulimia Nervosa is at least as

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common as other major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, which occurs at a rate of 1.5%, and Major Depressive Disorder, which occurs at a rate of 1.3%. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395727__ ·

Method of treating obsessive compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism Inventor(s): Coffin; Vicki L. (Basking Ridge, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,410,527 Date filed: March 1, 1999 Abstract: A method for treating obsessive-compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism is disclosed. These disorders are treated by administering an effective amount of a D1/D5 antagonist. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the treatment of a group of disorders marked by repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or ritualistic behaviors, i.e., obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism. Obsessive-compulsive disorder ("OCD"), recognized to be among the most common of all psychiatric disorders, occurs in 2 to 3% of the U.S. population. OCD is characterized by anxiety-provoking and intrusive thoughts (e.g., fear of contamination and germs, doubt and uncertainty about future harm, need for symmetry, etc.) which lead to ritualistic and/or irrational behavior (e.g., constant checking, washing, touching, counting, etc.). See Hollander, et al., J. Clin Psychiatry 57 (Suppl. 8), pp. 3-6 (1996). Somatoform disorders (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder and hypochondriasis) are characterized by abnormal preoccupation with one's appearance or physical condition. For example, body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. Many sufferers of body dysmorphic disorder are severely debilitated by their abnormal preoccupation, with significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important aspects of daily life. See Phillips, J. Clin Psychiatry 57 (suppl. 8), pp. 61-64 (1996). Hypocondriasis is characterized by a persistent conviction that one is, or is likely to become ill. Many hypochondriacs are unable to work or engage in ordinary activities due to their preoccupation with illness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410527__

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Methods for preventing weight loss, reduction in weight gain, and anorexia due to immune stimulation Inventor(s): Pariza; Michael W. (Madison, WI), Cook; Mark E. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 5,430,066 Date filed: April 29, 1992 Abstract: Animal feed or human food which contains added conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) can enhance growth and prevent anorexia and weight loss due to immune stimulation (e.g., endotoxin exposure) and the adverse effects of catabolic hormones (i.e., IL-1). Methods of treatment using CLA also are disclosed.

Patents 275

Excerpt(s): The present application generally relates to an animal feed additive and a pharmacologic agent for use in humans. More particularly, it relates to a feed additive/pharmacologic agent which prevents weight loss or reduction in the rate of weight gain and to methods relating to its use. Researchers have observed anorexia and weight loss or reduction in weight gain in humans and animals that have been exposed to immune stimulants, such as endotoxin (LPS). The intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (i.e. endotoxin) into chickens decreases food intake and growth rate for 24 hours, alters nutrient metabolism, and induces fever. Recent studies (Klasing et al., 1987, J Nutr. 117:1629) have confirmed that the vaccination of domestic fowl with several immune stimulants also can result in a substantial reduction in feed intake and induce weight loss or decreases in weight gain. In a study recently conducted with white Pekin ducks, two vaccinations reduced final carcass weight by as much as 0.4 lbs./bird and breast meat by 0.075 lbs./bird. Broilers and Single Comb White Leghorns (egg laying chickens) also have been observed to have reduced weight gains following immune stimulation. The potential losses due to immune stimulation costs the poultry industry millions of dollars per year. At the present time, antibiotics are used to prevent such weight loss but the use of antibiotics for this purpose is expensive and not without disadvantages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05430066__ ·

Methods for treating bulimia using optically pure (-) norcisapride Inventor(s): Barberich; Timothy J. (Concord, MA), Rubin; Paul D. (Sudbury, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor, Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,559,165 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: Methods for the prevention, treatment, or management of apnea, apnea disorders, bulimia nervosa, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, bradycardia, bradyarrhythmia, syncope, other disorders, or symptoms thereof using (-) norcisapride, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, substantially free of its (+) stereoisomer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of prevention, treatment, or management, of apnea, apnea disorders, bulimia, other disorders, or symptoms thereof. Apnea is defined in Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 26.sup.th Edition, Williams and Wilkins (1995), as the absence of breathing. There are a number of disorders associated with apnea, which are characterized by interrupted breathing in which a person stops breathing long enough to decrease the amount of oxygen and increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and brain. Each type of apnea involves the absence of airflow at the nose or the mouth, typically for at least 10 seconds. Various apnea disorders exist, including: central apnea, which results from medullary depression and inhibits respiratory movement; deglutition apnea, which is the inhibition of breathing during swallowing; obstructive or peripheral apnea, which is either a result of obstruction of air passages or inadequate respiratory muscle activity; sleep apnea, which is central and/or obstructive apnea during sleep; and sleep induced apnea, which results from failure of the respiratory center to stimulate adequate respiration during sleep. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559165__

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Transgenic animal model for testing drugs for treating eating disorders and epilepsy Inventor(s): Tecott; Laurence H. (San Francisco, CA), Julius; David J. (San Francisco, CA), Sun; Linda M. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,698,766 Date filed: April 5, 1995 Abstract: A transgenic, non-human animal model is disclosed which lacks receptors which mediate some of the central nervous system (CNS) actions of serotonin. The animal is preferably from a genus selected from the group consisting of Mus (e.g., mice), Rattus (e.g., rats), Oryctologus (e.g., rabbits) and Mesocricetus (e.g., hamsters). More preferably the animal is a mouse which lacks 5HT.sub.2c receptors. Animals lacking such receptors are overweight due to abnormal control of feeding behavior and are prone to spontaneous death from seizures. Thus, such animals provide an animal model for the testing of drugs which are potentially useful in the treatment of eating disorders and diseases such as epilepsy which result in seizures. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of non-human, transgenic animal models and more particularly to a transgenic mouse model useful in the testing of drugs for their efficacy in the treatment of eating disorders and epilepsy. Serotonin, 5hydroxytryptamine (5HT), is a biogenic amine that functions as a neurotransmitter Takaki, M., et al., J. Neurosciences 5:1769 (1985), a hormone, Kravitz E. A., et al., J. Exp. Biol. 89:159 (1980), and a mitogen, Nemeck, G. M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:674 (1986). Serotonin modulates many forms of synaptic transmission and is believed to exert a number of effects on the growth of neurons in early development. In the spinal cord, serotonin is involved in the inhibitory control of sensory input and in the facilitation of motor output, Fields, H. L., in Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, L. Kruger and J. C. Liebeskind, Eds. (Raven Press, New York, 1984), Vol. 6, pages 241-252, White, S. R. and Neuman, R. S., Brain Res. 188:119 (1980). In the cortex, transmission at serotonergic synapses contributes to affective and perceptual states, and these synapses represent a major site of action of psychotropic drugs such as LSD, Jacobs, B. L., in Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives, B. L. Jacobs, Ed. (Raven Press, New York, 1984), pages. 183-202. Serotonergic neurons project to diffuse regions of the brain and exert their physiological effects by binding to cell surface receptors. At least 14 serotonin receptor subtypes (5HT1a-d, 2 and 3) (previously designated 5HT-1A-1D, 2 and 3) have been defined on the basis of their pharmacological properties, Peroutka, S. J., Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 11:45 (1988). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05698766__

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Treatment of anorexia and related states Inventor(s): Rink; Timothy J. (La Jolla, CA), Young; Andrew A. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,656,590 Date filed: November 24, 1993 Abstract: Method for treatment of a patient suffering from anorexia or a related condition by administering amylin or an analogue thereof and/or to the patient in an amount sufficient to increase amylin and/or insulin levels in the plasma of the patient.

Patents 277

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatment of anorexia and related states. Anorexia, defined as the lack or the loss of appetite for food (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24 edition, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1965) has multiple etiologies. It is commonly associated with cachexia, "a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder, general ill health and malnutrition" [idem]. Common examples of conditions associated with anorexia and cachexia are anorexia nervosa, certain infectious diseases, and malignancy. Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder affecting predominantly women (94-96%) in the 13-30 age range. Between 1% (Crisp et al., 128 Br. J. Psychiatry 549, 1976) and 3% (Ballot et al., 59 S.Afr. Med. J. 992, 1981) of young women may be affected. The morbidity and mortality from this condition are considerable. Two years from diagnosis, 4-6% have died and only 50% have achieved a normal weight. There are multiple endocrine and metabolic abnormalities present, most of which are believed to be secondary to the malnutrition. A serious complication of the condition is osteoporosis, which can involve both the spine and peripheral bones. At present there is no specific treatment for anorexia nervosa, although multiple approaches have been tried (Piazza, Piazza & Rollins Compr. Psychiatry 21:177-189 1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05656590__ ·

Treatment of eating disorders by nerve stimulation Inventor(s): Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX) Patent Number: 5,263,480 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: A method of treating patients with compulsive eating disorders includes the steps of detecting a preselected event indicative of an imminent need for treatment of the specific eating disorder of interest, and responding to the detected occurrence of the preselected event by applying a predetermined stimulating signal to the patient's vagus nerve appropriate to alleviate the effect of the eating disorder of interest. For example, the preselected event may be a specified level of food consumption by the patient within a set interval of time, or the commencement of a customary mealtime according to the patient's circadian cycle, or the passage of each of a sequence of preset intervals of time, or the patient's own recognition of the need for treatment by voluntarily initiating the application of the stimulating signal to the vagus nerve. In cases in which the disorder is compulsive eating to excess, the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of satiety in the patient. The occurrence of the preselected event is detected by summing the number of swallows of food by the patient within the set interval of time. In cases where the disorder is compulsive refusal to eat (anorexia nervosa), the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of hunger or to suppress satiety in the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly

278 Eating Disorders

to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible

Patents 279

preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05263480__

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Treatment of eating disorders by nerve stimulation Inventor(s): Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX) Patent Number: 5,263,480 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: A method of treating patients with compulsive eating disorders includes the steps of detecting a preselected event indicative of an imminent need for treatment of the specific eating disorder of interest, and responding to the detected occurrence of the preselected event by applying a predetermined stimulating signal to the patient's vagus nerve appropriate to alleviate the effect of the eating disorder of interest. For example, the preselected event may be a specified level of food consumption by the patient within a set interval of time, or the commencement of a customary mealtime according to the patient's circadian cycle, or the passage of each of a sequence of preset intervals of time, or the patient's own recognition of the need for treatment by voluntarily initiating the application of the stimulating signal to the vagus nerve. In cases in which the disorder is compulsive eating to excess, the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of satiety in the patient. The occurrence of the preselected event is detected by summing the number of swallows of food by the patient within the set interval of time. In cases where the disorder is compulsive refusal to eat (anorexia nervosa), the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of hunger or to suppress satiety in the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce

Patents 281

caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more

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radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05263480__ ·

Treatment of eating disorders by nerve stimulation Inventor(s): Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Baker, Jr. Ross G. (Houston, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX), Wernicke; Joachim F. (League City, TX), Terry, Jr. Reese S. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX), Cyberonics, Inc. (Webster, TX) Patent Number: 5,263,480 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: A method of treating patients with compulsive eating disorders includes the steps of detecting a preselected event indicative of an imminent need for treatment of the specific eating disorder of interest, and responding to the detected occurrence of the preselected event by applying a predetermined stimulating signal to the patient's vagus nerve appropriate to alleviate the effect of the eating disorder of interest. For example, the preselected event may be a specified level of food consumption by the patient within a set interval of time, or the commencement of a customary mealtime according to the patient's circadian cycle, or the passage of each of a sequence of preset intervals of time, or the patient's own recognition of the need for treatment by voluntarily initiating the application of the stimulating signal to the vagus nerve. In cases in which the disorder is compulsive eating to excess, the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of satiety in the patient. The occurrence of the preselected event is detected by summing the number of swallows of food by the patient within the set interval of time. In cases where the disorder is compulsive refusal to eat (anorexia nervosa), the stimulating signal is predetermined to produce a sensation of hunger or to suppress satiety in the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of

Patents 283

modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating or controlling medical, psychiatric or neurological disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with eating disorders by application of such signals to the patient's vagus nerve with a neurostimulating device. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. Treatment of obesity attributable to compulsive overeating has included many different schemes in the past. Among these is the use of

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ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating). Another type of treatment employs dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often combined with a regimen of routine or aerobic exercise. An increasingly popular treatment is liposuction (suction lipectomy), at one time prescribed almost exclusively only for removing adipose tissue from obese patients, but more recently enjoying wide application for cosmetic reshaping of the anatomy, particularly the abdomen, hips, thighs and buttocks of non-obese persons. In advanced or extreme cases, treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such stapling or resectioning of the stomach, or wiring the jaws shut. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. In general, these and other prior art techniques for treating compulsive overeating/obesity have tended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and/or depressed, and reverts to the previous behavior of compulsive overeating. The more radical techniques employed for treating the extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Even stomach stapling and resection have been found to produce only short term benefit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05263480__

Patent Applications on Eating Disorders As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to eating disorders: 10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Androgen activity antagonists as therapies for anorexia, anorexia nervosa and disorders characterized by a pathologically underweight condition Inventor(s): Lederman, Seth; (New York, NY), Landry, Donald W. (New York, NY) Correspondence: FISH & NEAVE; 1251 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; 50TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10020-1105; US Patent Application Number: 20010020002 Date filed: April 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of conditions characterized by loss of appetite (anorexia) and/or pathological weight loss by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that modulates androgen activity. The present invention further relates to the treatment and prevention of anorexia nervosa with such agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of conditions characterized by loss of appetite (anorexia) and/or pathological weight loss by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that modulates androgen activity. The present invention further relates to the treatment and prevention of anorexia nervosa with such agents. "Anorexia" is a general term meaning loss of appetite. It is a symptom of many diseases which may lead to malnourishment. Certain types of diseases and disorders are marked by a severe weight loss resulting in a pathologically underweight state. Such conditions may be the result of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, substance abuse, substance withdrawal and stress. Anorexia, for instance, is associated with wasting (cachexia) in both AIDS and cancer. Anorexia in AIDS patients may be caused by a variety of known causes such as opportunistic infections which can be treated by conventional therapies. However, anorexia of unknown etiology also occurs, and is therefore more difficult to treat. Von Roenn, J. H., 1994, Drugs, 47(5), 774-83. Cachexia occurs in the majority of cancer patients before death with the most significant sign being anorexia. Bruera, E., 1992, Oncology, 49 (Suppl.) 2, 35-42. One of the most striking disorders characterized by a pathologically underweight condition is anorexia nervosa (AN). To the extent that anorexia means "loss of appetite," the name "anorexia nervosa" is something of a misnomer and is inaccurate; typically, individuals with AN do not experience a loss of appetite. AN is more accurately defined as "self-starvation." AN is a life-threatening disorder which strikes 0.2-1.3 percent of the general population (most commonly in industrialized nations) and primarily affects young women; only about 5-10 percent of AN patients are male. Hobbs, Wendy & Cynda Ann Johnson, American Family Physician, 54(4) 1273 (Sep. 15, 1996). The overall mortality rate in anorexia nervosa is approximately 10% of individuals admitted to university hospitals. American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed. 1995). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cis-2,6-disubstituted piperidines for the treatment of psychostimulant abuse and withdrawal, eating disorders, and central nervous system diseases and pathologies Inventor(s): Dwoskin, Linda P. (Lexington, KY), Crooks, Peter A. (Lexington, KY), Jones, Marlon D. (Lexington, KY) Correspondence: McDermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W. Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20030100547 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: Cis-2,6-disubstituted piperdine analogs, or lobeline analogs, having the general formula: 1are used to treat diseases of the central nervous system, drug abuse and withdrawal therefrom as well as to treating eating disorders. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/146,144, filed on Jul. 30, 1999. The present invention relates to lobeline analogs, specifically cis-2,6-disubstituted piperidines, and their method of use in the treatment of diseases and pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS), the treatment of drug abuse and withdrawal therefrom as well as to the treatment of eating disorders such as obesity. Alpha-Lobeline (lobeline), a lipophilic nonpyridino, alkaloidal constituent of Indian tobacco, is a major alkaloid in a family of structurally-related compounds found in Lobelia inflata. Lobeline has been reported to have many nicotine like effects, including tachycardia and hypertension (Olin et al., 1995), hyperalgesia (Hamann et al., 1994) and improvement of learning and memory (Decker et al., 1993). Lobeline has high affinity for nicotinic receptors (Lippiello et al., 1986; Broussolle et al., 1989). However, no obvious structural resemblance of lobeline to nicotine is apparent and structure function relationships between S(-)-nicotine and lobeline do not suggest a common pharmacophore (Barlow et al., 1989). Also, differential effects of lobeline and nicotine suggest that these drugs may not be active through a common CNS mechanism, even though lobeline has been considered a mixed nicotinic agonist/antagonist. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions including modafinil for treatment of eating disorders and for appetite stimulation Inventor(s): Scammell, Thomas E. (Wellesley, MA), Miller, Matthew S. (Newtown, PA) Correspondence: Cephalon, Inc. 145 Brandywine Parkway; West Chester; PA; 19380; US Patent Application Number: 20020128322 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: Modafinil is effective in improving symptoms of eating disorders or in stimulating appetite. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the fields of neuropharmacological agents, including agents that are useful in the treatment of eating disorders and agents that stimulate appetite to produce weight gain in both human and animals in need thereof. Modafinil (C.sub.15H.sub.15NO.sub.2S), 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl) acetamide, or 2[(diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide, is a synthetic acetamide derivative with wakepromoting activity, the structure of which has been described in French Pat. No. 78 05 510 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,290. Modafinil was tested in combination with various agents including apomorphine, amphetamine, reserpine, oxotremorine, hypnotics,

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yohimbine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, monoamine oxidase inhibitor (I.M.A.O.), and in several behavioral conditions, as described in the cited patents. The conclusion from such tests is that modafinil presents a neuropsychopharmacological spectrum characterized by the presence of excitation with hyperactivity and hypermotility; and by the absence of stereotypy except in strong doses, and as potentiating the effects of apomorphine and amphetamine. A method of preparation of a racemic mixture is described in the '290 patent and a method of preparation of a levorotatory isomer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,855 (both incorporated herein by reference). The levorotatory isomer is reported to be useful for treatment of hypersomnia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and to have activity towards the symptoms of dementia and loss of memory, especially in the elderly. Modafinil has also been described as an agent with activity in the central nervous system, and as a useful agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,745); in the protection of cerebral tissue from ischemia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,576); in the treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence (U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,776); and in the treatment of sleep apneas of central origin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,378). U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,845 describes modafinil preparations of a defined particle size less than about 200 microns that is more potent and safer than preparations containing a substantial proportion of larger particles. Preparations of modafinil have not been described, however, for use in treating eating disorders, or as appetite stimulants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia Inventor(s): McCamish, Mark Anthony; (Worthington, OH), Demichele, Stephen Joseph; (Dublin, OH), Abbruzzese, Bonnie Chandler; (Dubin, OH), Cope, Frederick Oliver; (Worthington, OH) Correspondence: ROSS PRODUCTS DIVISION OF ABBOTT LABORATORIES; DEPARTMENT 108140-DS/1; 625 CLEVELAND AVENUE; COLUMBUS; OH; 432151724; US Patent Application Number: 20020099020 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and nutritional compositions for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia. The methods of the invention comprise administering a composition comprising effective amounts of.omega.-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid or mixtures thereof; of branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, isoleucin or mixtures thereof; with or without reduced levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan; and of antioxidant system selected from the group comprising beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, or mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 08/635,179 filed Apr. 25, 1996, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to methods and nutritional compositions for the prevention and treatment of cancer cachexia and anorexia. In the practice of the present invention patients are enterally administered.omega.-3 fatty acids including, but not limited to alpha-linolenic (18:3.omega.-3), stearidonic (18:4.omega.-3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5.omega.-3), docosapentaenoic (22:5.omega.-3), and docosahexaenoic (22:6.omega.3), in combination with antioxidants including, but not limited to, beta-carotene, vitamin

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C, vitamin E, selenium, or mixtures thereof; a source of amino-nitrogen with high levels of branched-chain amino acids including valine, leucine, isoleucine, and with or without reduced levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss, premature satiety, asthenia, loss of lean body mass, and multiple organ dysfunction. The majority of patients with cancer whose disease progresses to metastatic disease develop cachexia during their treatment program and the cachexia contributes to their deaths. The frequency of weight loss in cancer patients ranges from 40% for patients with breast cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, and sarcoma to more than 80% in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and stomach. About 60% of patients with carcinomas of the lung, colon or prostate have experienced weight loss prior to beginning chemotherapy. Although the relationship between pretreatment malnutrition (weight loss) and adverse outcome is established, no consistent relationship has been demonstrated between the development of cachexia and tumor size, disease stage, and type or duration of the malignancy. Development of cachexia in the cancer patient is not caused simply by increased energy expenditure by the host or by the tumor. The malignant cachexia is partially related to reduced caloric intake. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Methods and apparatus for retarding stomach emptying for treatment of eating disorders Inventor(s): Starkebaum, Warren L. (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: MEDTRONIC, INC. 710 MEDTRONIC PARKWAY NE; MS-LC340; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55432-5604; US Patent Application Number: 20030144708 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: Methods and systems for treating patients suffering from eating disorders, e.g. obesity, through the delivery of electrical stimulation directly or indirectly to the pylorus of a patient in an effective stimulation regimen to substantially close the pylorus lumen to inhibit emptying of the stomach. The stimulation electrodes are applied directly to or immediately adjacent to the muscles layers of the pyloric sphincters or are situated in operative relation to the splanchnic nerve that innervates the pyloric sphincter. Stimulation can be delivered continuously 24 hours per day or can be halted at meal times to enable passage of chyme through the pylorus lumen at such times. Alternatively, stimulation is delivered following events related to peristalsis, ingestion or stomach emptying to induce a feeling of satiety. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/352,681, filed Jan. 29, 2002. The present invention pertains to methods and systems for treating patients suffering from eating disorders particularly obesity by selectively electrically directly or indirectly stimulating the muscle layers of the pyloric sphincter to close or restrict the pylorus lumen, e.g., at programmed eating times of day or upon activation by the patient or upon detection of eating related to detection of GI tract signals indicating stomach emptying. Obesity among adults and children is an increasing problem due generally to increases in caloric intake coupled with declines in exercise levels. Morbid obesity among the same population is also increasing as these habitual tendencies are coupled with physiologic conditions of certain individuals predisposed to obesity that may not fully understood in a given case. The primary treatment has always involved behavioral change involving dietary restraints to reduce

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caloric intake coupled with aerobic and anaerobic exercise routines or physical therapy regimens to increase caloric expenditure, resulting in a net caloric reduction. Diet and exercise plans fail since most individuals do not have the discipline to adhere to such rigorous discipline. Consequently, the marketplace is flooded with resurrected or new dietary supplements and ethical (or prescription) and patent (or nonprescription) drugs or other ingestible preparations promoted as capable of suppressing appetite or inducing satiety (i.e., the satisfied feeling of being full after eating) or of "burning" fat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia Inventor(s): Vink, Tom; (Utrecht, NL), Henricus Adan, Roger Antonius; (Utrecht, NL) Correspondence: SALIWANCHIK LLOYD & SALIWANCHIK; A PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION; 2421 N.W. 41ST STREET; SUITE A-1; GAINESVILLE; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20020187932 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: According to the present invention, a method for the treatment of anoxeria nervosa (AN) or bulimia comprises administering to a patient having AN or bulimia an effective amount of an inverse agonist on MC4-r. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia are life-threatening disorders affecting mostly adolescent women. AN at least is a dramatic psychiatric syndrome accompanied by severe weight loss, hyperactivity and neuroendocrine changes. Several studies have shown a strong genetic component in AN; see, for example, Hebebrand and Remschmidt, Hum. Genet. 95:1-11 (1995). Recent advances in unravelling the mechanisms of weight control point to a crucial role of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-r) system in regulating body weight. See, for example, Salton et al., Neuron 25: 265-8 (2000). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with eating disorders, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on eating disorders. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning eating disorders. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON EATING DISORDERS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to eating disorders. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on eating disorders include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on eating disorders: ·

Nutrition and eating disorders Source: Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1992. 187 pp. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Telephone: (215) 546-4995. $63.00 for yearly subscription to three issues in the series. Summary: This publication discusses future expectations for improvement in adolescent nutrition, adolescent fitness, cultural aspects of adolescent nutrition, vegetarian adolescents, nutrition for the pregnant adolescent, obese adolescents, hyperlipidemia, anorexia and bulimia nervosa, amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa, and nutrition management in adolescents with eating disorders.

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The Eating Disorder Sourcebook: A Comprehensive Guide to the Causes, Treatments, and Prevention of Eating Disorders Source: Los Angeles: Lowell House, 284 p., 1997. Contact: Lowell House, 2020 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 300, Los Angeles CA 90067. Summary: Costin covers all aspects of eating disorders in this book. Chapter topics include genetic factors, psychosocial factors, activity disorder, prevalence of eating disorder among males, the role of the family, diagnosis, therapy options, medical management of eating disorders, inpatient treatment, and prevention.

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Food Fight: A Guide to Eating Disorders for Preteens and Their Parents Source: New York: Simon and Schuster, 154 p., 1997. Contact: Simon and Schuster Children's Publishing Division, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Summary: Bode has written a book aimed at preteens and their parents. Through sharing the stories of eating disordered preteens, she discusses what eating disorders are and why individuals may develop them. The first part of the book is written at the preteen level, the second half at the adult level. A final section offers resources and further reading for both preteens and their parents.

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Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity: An Integrative Guide for Assessment and Treatment Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 515p., 1996. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: The book helps practitioners to distinguish individuals with healthy appearance-related concerns from those who suffer disturbances of body image. The 19 chapters cover physical and psychological diagnoses, treatment planning, and protocols for interventions. Also included is an extensive review of the literature.

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Treating Eating Disorders Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 416p., 1996. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: Werne and Yalom describe the therapeutic approaches of 14 therapists to eating disorders. Approaches include individual, group, family, couple, in- and outpatient, and day treatment. Frameworks described range from psychodynamic to systemic to cognitive behavioral.

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Hope, Help, and Healing for Eating Disorders. A New Approach to Treating Anorexia, Bulimia, and Overeating Source: Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers, 200p., 1995. Contact: The Center for Counseling and Health Resources, Inc., PO Box 700, 611 Main, Edmonds, WA 98020. (206) 771-5166. Summary: This is a self-help book for those who suffer from an eating disorder. The author presents a "whole person" approach to eating disorders that encompasses the

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physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual aspect sof the patient and the disorder. Each chapter discusses one issue regarding the various facets of eating disorders. The author considers the role of the family, patient denial, health complications, nutrition, guilt and anger, and selecting the appropriate helping professional. ·

Helping Athletes With Eating Disorders Source: Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 194p., 1993. Contact: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825- 5076. http://www.humankinetics.com/. (800) 747-4457. Summary: Thompson and Sherman address the issue of athletes with eating disorders. They take a broad view of the term `athletes,' and include participants in such sports as gymnastics, ice skating, dancers, wrestling, and horse racing (jockeys). The authors examine eating disorders as a clinical condition, taking into consideration issues of treatment as well as sport. Two chapters focus on managing the athlete with an eating disorder from these two aspects. Also discussed are the effects of bulimia and anorexia on sports performance, and education and prevention.

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Compulsive Exercise and Eating Disorders: Toward an Integrated Theory of Activity Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 416p., 1996. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: This book focuses on the many similarities between eating-disordered individuals and compulsive athletes. Yates says that both are part of a larger categorythe activity disorder. Part I contains clinical material focusing on the relationship between these two conditions and other forms of compulsive behavior. In Part II , Yates explains his theoretical overview of current perspectives and research, while Part III presents therapeutic approaches and an integrative theory.

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Males With Eating Disorders Source: New York, NY: Brunner Mazel, 264p., 1990. Contact: Brunner Mazel, 19 Union Sq., New York, NY 10003. Summary: This book collects articles on eating disorders in men from a variety of perspectives. The first section covers the history of eating disorders in males, sociocultural studies, and psychological functioning of males with eating disorders. The second section includes clinical and psychometric studies, the third discusses treatment and outcome, and the fourth section is an essay on a proposed integrated theory of disordered motivated behavior.

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Treating and Overcoming Anorexia Nervosa Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 155p. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: Levenkron provides an overview of anorexia nervosa for patients, family, friends, and health professionals. Case histories are included for a variety of patients, ranging from adolescence to mid-life. Levenkron discusses causes and treatments as well.

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Handbook of Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 528p., 1997. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: This book covers treatment advancements in such areas as assessment, epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, psychological and biological factors in pathogenesis, and research on treatment outcomes. The 30 chapters are divided into five sections: Context for Treatment; Cognitive- Behavioral and Educational Approaches; Psychodynamic, Feminist, and Family Approaches; Hospital and Drug Treatments; and Special Topics, such as group therapy, treatment refusal, patients with personality disorders, and sexual abuse.

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Bulimia: A Guide for Friends and Family Source: Carlsbad, CA: Guerze Books, 155p. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: Through a question-and-answer format, this book discusses the many aspects of bulimia. Topics include causes, whether social, familial, or individual, treatment, and underlying behaviors. This book is intended for the family and friends of bulimic patients.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “eating disorders” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “eating disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “eating disorders” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

A Day Hospital Group Treatment Program for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa (Brunner/Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph Series, No 3) by Niva Piran, Allan S. Kaplan (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0876305524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305524/icongroupinterna

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A Healing Journey: Through the Secret World of Eating Disorders, A Handbook for Healing by Dr. Celia A. Lambert; ISBN: 1930043155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930043155/icongroupinterna

·

A Parent's Guide to Eating Disorders and Obesity (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Series) by Martha Moraghan Jablow, C. Everett Koop (1993); ISBN: 044050645X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044050645X/icongroupinterna

Books 295

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A Parent's Guide to Eating Disorders: Prevention and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulima by Brett Valette; ISBN: 0802710409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802710409/icongroupinterna

·

About Weight Problems and Eating Disorders (Good Answers to Tough Questions) by Joy Wilt Berry, Bartholomew (Illustrator); ISBN: 0516029606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516029606/icongroupinterna

·

Adolescent Nutrition and Eating Disorders by Nussbaum (1992); ISBN: 1560530871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560530871/icongroupinterna

·

American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders (2314) by American Psychiatric Association (Editor), The American Psychiatric Association (2000); ISBN: 0890423148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890423148/icongroupinterna

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Anatomy of Anorexia by Steven Levenkron (2001); ISBN: 0393321010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393321010/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia & Bulimia For Dummies(r) by Carol Beck (2004); ISBN: 0764554875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764554875/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia (At Issue (Paper)) by Daniel A. Leone (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0737704675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737704675/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia and Bulimia (Diseases and Disorders) by Alison Cotter, Allison Cotter (2001); ISBN: 156006725X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156006725X/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia and Bulimia (Diseases and People) by Paul R., Ph.D. Robbins (1998); ISBN: 0766010473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766010473/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia and Bulimia (What Do You Know About?) by Pete Sanders, et al; ISBN: 0761309144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761309144/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa : A Multidimensional Perspective by Paul E. Garfinkel, David M. Garner; ISBN: 0876302975; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876302975/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: Diagnosis and Treatment (Univ of Minnesota Continuing Medical Education, Vol 3) by James E., M.D. Mitchell (Editor); ISBN: 0816613885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816613885/icongroupinterna

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Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: How to Help by Marilyn Duker, et al; ISBN: 0335212042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0335212042/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimic Disorders: Current Perspectives by G.I. Szmukler (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0080327044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080327044/icongroupinterna

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Anorexia Nervosa and Recovery: A Hunger for Meaning (Haworth Women's Studies) by Karen Way (1996); ISBN: 0918393957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918393957/icongroupinterna

296 Eating Disorders

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Anorexia Nervosa: A Clinician's Guide to Treatment by Walter Vandereycken, Rolf Meermann; ISBN: 3110095319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110095319/icongroupinterna

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Anorexia Nervosa: A Guide for Sufferers and Their Families by Robert L. Palmer; ISBN: 0140100342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140100342/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery by Lindsey Hall, Monika Ostroff (1998); ISBN: 0936077328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936077328/icongroupinterna

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Anorexia Nervosa: A Survival Guide for Families, Friends and Sufferers by Janet Treasure; ISBN: 0863777600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863777600/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa: Finding the Life Line by Barbara Unell, Patricia M. Stein (Contributor) (1986); ISBN: 089638084X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089638084X/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia Nervosa: Starving for Attention (Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders) by Dan Harmon, Carol C. Nadelson; ISBN: 0791049019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791049019/icongroupinterna

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Anorexia Nervosa: The Wish to Change by A. H. Crisp, et al; ISBN: 0863774083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863774083/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexia, Bulimia, and Compulsive Overeating: A Practical Guide for Counselors and Families (The Continuum Counseling Series) by Kathleen Zraly, David Swift; ISBN: 0824512863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824512863/icongroupinterna

·

Anorexics on Anorexia by Rosemary Shelley (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 1853024716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853024716/icongroupinterna

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Art Therapy and Eating Disorders by Mury Rabin; ISBN: 0231127693; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231127693/icongroupinterna

·

Assessment of Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia, and Bulimia Nervosa by Donald A. Williamson (1990); ISBN: 0080364527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080364527/icongroupinterna

·

Battling Anorexia by Anita Haney (1986); ISBN: 0892651113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892651113/icongroupinterna

·

Battling Anorexia: A Deadly Trap [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by Anita Haney (1986); ISBN: B00005U7U3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005U7U3/icongroupinterna

·

Beyond Anorexia : Narrative, Spirituality and Recovery by Catherine Garrett (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0521629837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521629837/icongroupinterna

·

Beyond Chaotic Eating: A Way Out of Anorexia, Bulimia, and Compulsive Eating by Helena Wilkinson (1994); ISBN: 0551027509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0551027509/icongroupinterna

·

Beyond Dieting: Psychoeducational Interventions for Chronically Obese Women: A Non-Dieting Approach (Eating Disorders Monograph Series, Vol 5) by Donna Ciliska

Books 297

(1990); ISBN: 0876305834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305834/icongroupinterna ·

Binge Eating: How to Stop It Forever by Gloria Arenson; ISBN: 0892562455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892562455/icongroupinterna

·

Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment by Christopher Fairburn (Editor), G. Terence Wilson (Editor); ISBN: 089862858X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089862858X/icongroupinterna

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Body & Soul: A Guide to Lasting Recovery from Compulsive Eating and Bulimia by Susan Meltsner; ISBN: 0894869035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894869035/icongroupinterna

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Body Image and Eating Disorders (Choosing Health High School) by Susan Giarratano-Russell, Susan Giarratano (1996); ISBN: 1560715197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560715197/icongroupinterna

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Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment by J. Kevin Thompson (Editor), Linda Smolak (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1557987580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557987580/icongroupinterna

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Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity: An Integrative Guide for Assessment and Treatment by J. Kevin Thompson (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1557983240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557983240/icongroupinterna

·

Breaking Free from Anorexia and Bulimia (Breaking Free Series) by Linda, Ph.D. Mintle (2002); ISBN: 0884198979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884198979/icongroupinterna

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Brief Therapy and Eating Disorders : A Practical Guide to Solution-Focused Work with Clients by Barbara McFarland (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0787900532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787900532/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia (At Issue) by Loreta M. Medina (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0737711639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737711639/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia : A Guide for Family and Friends by Roberta Trattner Sherman (Author), Ron A. Thompson (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0787903612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787903612/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia Nervosa by James E. Mitchell; ISBN: 0816616264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816616264/icongroupinterna

·

Bulimia Nervosa by Myra Cooper, et al; ISBN: 1853027170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853027170/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia Nervosa & Binge-Eating: A Guide to Recovery by Peter J. Cooper (1995); ISBN: 0814715230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814715230/icongroupinterna

·

Bulimia/Anorexia: The Binge-Purge Cycleand Self-Starvation by Marlen BoskindWhite, et al (2001); ISBN: 0393319237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393319237/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia: A Guide to Recovery by Lindsey Hall, Leigh Cohn (1999); ISBN: 093607731X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093607731X/icongroupinterna

298 Eating Disorders

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Bulimia: A Systems Approach to Treatment by Maria P.P. Root, et al; ISBN: 0393700240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393700240/icongroupinterna

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Bulimia: Book for Therapist and Client by Barbara G. Bauer, et al (1986); ISBN: 0915202565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915202565/icongroupinterna

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Childhood Onset Of Anorexia Nervosa And Related Eating Disorders by Bryan Lask (Editor), Rachel Bryant-Waugh; ISBN: 0863772951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863772951/icongroupinterna

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Como entender y superar la anorexia nervosa: Ayuda practica para comenzar, para seguir comprometida y para comer sin miedo by Lindsey Hall, Monika Ostroff; ISBN: 0936077395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936077395/icongroupinterna

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Como entender y superar la bulimia: Bulimia: A Guide to Recovery, Spanish Edition by Lindsey Hall, Leigh Cohn; ISBN: 0936077387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936077387/icongroupinterna

·

Compulsive Exercise and the Eating Disorders: Toward an Integrated Theory of Activity by Alayne Yates (1991); ISBN: 087630630X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087630630X/icongroupinterna

·

Confronting Eating Disorders (Exploring the Issues) by Sophie Smiley, Craig Donnellan (Editor); ISBN: 1861681739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861681739/icongroupinterna

·

Coping With Eating Disorders by Barbara A. Moe; ISBN: 0823921336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823921336/icongroupinterna

·

Cost of Competence: Why Inequality Causes Depression, Eating Disorders, and Illness in Women by Brett Silverstein, et al (1995); ISBN: 0195069862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195069862/icongroupinterna

·

Counseling Those With Eating Disorders (Resources for Christian Counseling, Vol 4) by Raymond E., MD Vath; ISBN: 0849905834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849905834/icongroupinterna

·

Current Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (Karger Biobehavioral Medicine Series, Vol. 4) by Pauline S. Powers (Editor), Robert C. Fernandez (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 3805538790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805538790/icongroupinterna

·

Dear Cherry: Questions and Answers on Eating Disorders by Cherry Boone O'Neill, Cherry Boone Oneill; ISBN: 0824513061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824513061/icongroupinterna

·

Diagnostic Issues in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa (Eating Disorders Monograph, No 2) by Paul Garfinkel, David M. Garner (Editor); ISBN: 0876305028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305028/icongroupinterna

·

Drugs and Eating Disorders (Drug Abuse Prevention Library) by Clifford J. Sherry; ISBN: 082393005X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082393005X/icongroupinterna

·

Dying to Be Thin: Understanding and Defeating Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia-A Practical, Lifesaving Guide by Ira M., M.D. Sacker, Marc A., Ph.D. Zimmer (2001);

Books 299

ISBN: 0446384178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446384178/icongroupinterna ·

Dying to Please: Anorexia Nervosa and Its Cure by Avis Rumney (1983); ISBN: 0899500838; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899500838/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders by Barbara P. Kinoy (Editor); ISBN: 0231118538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231118538/icongroupinterna

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Eating Disorders by Mario Maj (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0470848650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470848650/icongroupinterna

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Eating Disorders by L. K. George Hsu; ISBN: 0898624010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898624010/icongroupinterna

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Eating Disorders (Contemporary Issues Companion) by Myra Immell (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1565108957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565108957/icongroupinterna

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Eating Disorders (Just the Facts) by Caroline Warbrick (2002); ISBN: 1588106780; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588106780/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders (Life Balance) by Trudi Strain Trueit (2003); ISBN: 0531122182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531122182/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders (Life Balance) by Trudi Strain Trueit (2004); ISBN: 0531166104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531166104/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders (Lucent Overview Series) by Jennifer L. Strada (2001); ISBN: 1560066598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560066598/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders (Talking Points) by Jenny Bryan; ISBN: 0750225815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750225815/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders (The Milbrook Medical Library) by Diane Yancey; ISBN: 0761309500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761309500/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders : A Reference Sourcebook by Raymond Lemberg (Author), Leigh Cohn (Author); ISBN: 1573561568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573561568/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders : A Time For Change : Plans, Strategies, and Worksheets by Mona Villapiano, et al; ISBN: 1583910573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583910573/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders and Cultures in Transition by Mervat Nasser (Editor), et al; ISBN: 041522859X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041522859X/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders and Magical Control of the Body: Treatment Through Art Therapy by Mary Levens; ISBN: 0415122171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415122171/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders and Marriage: The Couple in Focus (Brunner/Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph Series, No. 8) by D. Blake Woodside, et al (1993); ISBN: 0876307055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876307055/icongroupinterna

300 Eating Disorders

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Eating Disorders and Obesity, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Handbook by Christopher G. Fairburn (Editor), Kelly D. Brownell (Editor); ISBN: 1572306882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572306882/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders and Weight Control (Issues in Focus) by Susan Frissell, Paula Harney; ISBN: 0894909193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894909193/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders in the Mediterranean Area: An Exploration in Transcultural Psychology by Giovanni Maria Ruggiero (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1590337131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590337131/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders in Women and Children: Prevention, Stress Management, and Treatment by Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb (Editor); ISBN: 0849320275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849320275/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders Sourcebook (Health Reference Series) by Dawn D. Matthews (Editor); ISBN: 0780803353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780803353/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: A Guide to Medical Care and Complications by Arnold E. Andersen (Editor), Philip S. Mehler (Editor); ISBN: 0801862779; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801862779/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: A Handbook for Teens, Families and Teachers by Tania, Md. Heller; ISBN: 0786414782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786414782/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: A Hot Issue (Hot Issues) by David Goodnough; ISBN: 0766013367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766013367/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: A Multiprofessional Approach by Dorothea, Dipcot, Srot, MBA Hindmarch (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1861561687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861561687/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: A Question and Answer Book About Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa by Ellen Erlanger (1988); ISBN: 0822500388; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822500388/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: Anatomy of a Social Epidemic by Richard A. Gordon (2000); ISBN: 0631214968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0631214968/icongroupinterna

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Eating Disorders: Assessment and Treatment by David G. Schlundt, William G. Johnson; ISBN: 0205120865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205120865/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: Everything You Need to Know (Your Personal Health) by Jim, Dr Kirkpatrick, et al; ISBN: 155209555X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155209555X/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: Innovative Directions in Research and Practice by Ruth StriegelMoore (Editor), Linda Smolak (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1557987785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557987785/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: Management of Obesity, Bulimia, and Anorexia Nervosa by Stewart Agras, W. Stewart Agras (1987); ISBN: 0080336450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080336450/icongroupinterna

Books 301

·

Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within by Hilda Bruch, Hilde Bruch (1985); ISBN: 0465017827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465017827/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: Opposing Viewpoints (Opposing Viewpoints Series (Cloth)) by Jennifer A. Hurley (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 073770652X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073770652X/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: The Facts (Oxford Medical Publications) by Suzanne Abraham, Derek Llewellyn-Jones (Contributor); ISBN: 0192621998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192621998/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: The Journey to Recovery Workbook by Laura J. Goodman, Mona Villapiano; ISBN: 1583910581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583910581/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders: When Food Turns Against You by Ben Sonder; ISBN: 053111175X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/053111175X/icongroupinterna

·

Eating Disorders-Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating: Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating (Diseases and People) by Kathlyn Gay; ISBN: 0766018946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766018946/icongroupinterna

·

Endorphins, Eating Disorders, and Other Addictive Behaviors by Hans F. Huebner; ISBN: 0393701565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393701565/icongroupinterna

·

Evaluation and Management of Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia, and Obesity (Lacrosse Exercise and Health Series) by Richard B. Parr, et al; ISBN: 0873229118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873229118/icongroupinterna

·

Everything You Need to Know About Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia (Need to Know Library) by Rachel Kubersky; ISBN: 0823930785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823930785/icongroupinterna

·

Experiential Therapies for Eating Disorders by Lynne K. Hornyak (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0898627400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898627400/icongroupinterna

·

Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia As a Modern Disease by Joan Jacobs Brumberg (1988); ISBN: 0674295013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674295013/icongroupinterna

·

Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (Vintage) by Joan Jacobs Brumberg; ISBN: 0375724486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375724486/icongroupinterna

·

Fat Is a Family Affair: Help and Hope for Those Who Suffer from Eating Disorders and Those Who Love Them (Hazelden Audio Cassette Lib) by Judi Hollis; ISBN: 0886763363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886763363/icongroupinterna

·

Feeding Anorexia: Gender and Power at a Treatment Center by Helen Gremillion (2003); ISBN: 0822331209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822331209/icongroupinterna

·

Feeding Problems and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Monographs in Clinical Pediatrics, Vol 5) by Peter J. Cooper, Alan Stein (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 3718651661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718651661/icongroupinterna

302 Eating Disorders

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Feeding the Soul: Daily Meditations for Recovering from Eating Disorders by Caroline Adams Miller; ISBN: 0553352792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553352792/icongroupinterna

·

Feminist Perspectives on Eating Disorders by Patricia Fallon (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1572301821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572301821/icongroupinterna

·

Figures of Lightness: Anorexia, Bulimia & Psychoanalysis by Gabriella Ripa Di Meana, Gabriella Ripa Di Meana (1998); ISBN: 1853026174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853026174/icongroupinterna

·

Food Fight: A Guide to Eating Disorders for Preteens and Their Parents by Janet Bode, Barry (1999); ISBN: 061311549X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/061311549X/icongroupinterna

·

Food for Recovery : The Complete Nutritional Companion for Overcoming Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, and Eating Disorders by Joseph D., M.D. Beasley, Susan Knightly; ISBN: 0517881810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517881810/icongroupinterna

·

Food for Thought: The Sourcebook for Obesity and Eating Disorders by Dana K. Cassell, David H. Gleaves (2000); ISBN: 0816041474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816041474/icongroupinterna

·

Free at Last: The Power of Relationships in Overcoming Trauma, Abuse, and Eating Disorders by Shari Botwin (2003); ISBN: 0974223352; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974223352/icongroupinterna

·

Freeing Someone You Love from Eating Disorders by Mary Dan Eades; ISBN: 0399517820; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399517820/icongroupinterna

·

Getting Better BitE BitE: A Survival Kit For Sufferers Of Bulimia Nervosa And Binge Eating Disorders by Ulrike Schmidt, Janet Treasure; ISBN: 0863773222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863773222/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Eating Disorders by Janet Treasure (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0471497681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471497681/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Eating Disorders 2e [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Janet Treasure, et al (2003); ISBN: B0000A1WG1; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000A1WG1/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Eating Disorders: Physiology, Psychology, and Treatment of Obesity, Anorexia, and Bulimia by Kelly D. Brownell (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0465028624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465028624/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia by David M. Garner (Editor), Paul Garfinkel (Editor); ISBN: 0898626420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898626420/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders: Second Edition by David M. Garner (Editor), Paul E. Garfinkel (Editor); ISBN: 1572301864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572301864/icongroupinterna

·

Healing the Hungry Heart: The Link Between Eating Disorders and Sexual Abuse by Karin J. Gubin, Richard K. Thomas (1994); ISBN: 0964333600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964333600/icongroupinterna

Books 303

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Helping Athletes With Eating Disorders by Ron A. Thompson, Roberta Trattner Sherman (Contributor) (1993); ISBN: 0873223837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873223837/icongroupinterna

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Helping People with Eating Disorders: A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment by Robert Palmer (Author); ISBN: 047198647X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047198647X/icongroupinterna

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Hope and Recovery: A Mother-Daughter Story About Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Manic Depression by Becky Thayne Markosian, et al; ISBN: 0531111407; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531111407/icongroupinterna

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Hope, Help, and Healing for Eating Disorders: A New Approach to Treating Anorexia, Bulimia, and Overeating by Gregory L. Jantz (2002); ISBN: 0877880646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877880646/icongroupinterna

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How Did This Happen? A Practical Guide to Understanding Eating Disorders - for Coaches, Parents and Teachers by Institute for Research & Education; ISBN: 1884153194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884153194/icongroupinterna

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How Schools Can Help Combat Student Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia by Michael P. Levine; ISBN: 0810632896; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810632896/icongroupinterna

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How to Recover from Anorexia & Other Eating Disorders by Melinda Hutchings, Chris Thornton; ISBN: 0868067067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0868067067/icongroupinterna

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Hungers and Compulsions: The Psychodynamic Treatment of Eating Disorders and Addictions by Jean Petrucelli (Editor), Catherine Stuart (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0765703181; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765703181/icongroupinterna

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In and Out of Anorexia: The Story of the Client, the Therapist, and the Process of Recovery by Tammie Ronen, Ayelet (2001); ISBN: 1853029904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029904/icongroupinterna

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Inner Hunger: A Young Woman's Struggle Through Anorexia and Bulimia by Marianne Apostolides (1998); ISBN: 0393045900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393045900/icongroupinterna

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Insights in Dynamic Psychotherapy of Anorexia and Bulimia: An Introduction to the Literature by Joyce Kraus, Ph.D. Aronson (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0876685688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876685688/icongroupinterna

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Integrative Group Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa by Helen, Md Riess, Mary DockrayMiller; ISBN: 0231123310; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231123310/icongroupinterna

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Internal Landscapes and Foreign Bodies: Eating Disorders and Other Pathologies (Tavistock Clinic Series) by Gianna Williams (1998); ISBN: 0415920795; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415920795/icongroupinterna

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Is Your Child Dying to Be Thin?: A Workbook for Parents and Family Member on Eating Disorders by Laura J. Goodman; ISBN: 0805932941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805932941/icongroupinterna

304 Eating Disorders

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It's Not Your Fault: Overcoming Anorexia and Bulimia Through Biopsychiatry by Russell M.D. Marx, et al; ISBN: 0452268095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452268095/icongroupinterna

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Leaving Food Behind: An Inspiring Personal Story of Recovery from Bulimia, Starving, Overeating by Sheila Mather (1999); ISBN: 0968181201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968181201/icongroupinterna

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Living With Anorexia and Bulimia (Living With) by James Moorey (1993); ISBN: 0719033691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0719033691/icongroupinterna

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Lost for Words: The Psychoanalysis of Anorexia and Bulimia by Em Farrell (2000); ISBN: 1892746565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892746565/icongroupinterna

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Making the Break: First Steps in Overcoming Eating Disorders, Pornography, Drugs, Alcohol by David Partington; ISBN: 0877885222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877885222/icongroupinterna

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Males With Eating Disorders (Brunner/Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph Series, No 4) by Arnold E. Andersen (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0876305567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305567/icongroupinterna

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Managing Obesity and Eating Disorders (Nursing CEU Course) by Nancy Gustafson; ISBN: 1578010071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578010071/icongroupinterna

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Medical Issues and the Eating Disorders: The Interface (Brunner/Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph, No. 7) by Allan S. Kaplan (Editor), Paul E. Garfinkel (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0876306814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876306814/icongroupinterna

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Medical Management of Eating Disorders by C. Laird Birmingham (Author), Pierre Beumont (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0521546621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521546621/icongroupinterna

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Mercy for Eating Disorders by Nancy Alcorn; ISBN: 1577362977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1577362977/icongroupinterna

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More Than Just a Meal: The Art of Eating Disorders by Susan R. Makin, et al (2000); ISBN: 1853028053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028053/icongroupinterna

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My Naked Truth: Surviving Depression and Bulimia by Ximena Veliz (2003); ISBN: 159299010X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159299010X/icongroupinterna

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Neurobiology in the Treatment of Eating Disorders by Hans Wijbrand Hoek (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0471981028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471981028/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition Counseling in the Treatment of Eating Disorders by Marcia Herrin, Marda Herrin; ISBN: 158391031X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158391031X/icongroupinterna

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Obesity, Weight Loss and Eating Disorders: A Natural Approach (MacRobiotic Health Education Series) by Michio Kushi, et al; ISBN: 0870406418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870406418/icongroupinterna

Books 305

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Out of the Snare: Escaping the Grip of Eating Disorders & Addiction by Lois Bowersolk-Thomson, Lois Thomson (2001); ISBN: 1891874098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891874098/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Anorexia Nervosa: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques (Overcoming Series) by Chris Freeman (2001); ISBN: 0814727131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814727131/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Binge Eating by Christopher Fairburn (Author); ISBN: 0898621798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898621798/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Bulimia Workbook by Marion P. Olmstead, et al (2004); ISBN: 1572243260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572243260/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Eating Disorders: Recovery from Anorexia, Bulimia, and Compulsive Overeating by Kathleen Zraly, David Swift; ISBN: 0824512138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824512138/icongroupinterna

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Owl Was a Baker's Daughter: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Repressed Feminine--A Psychological Study (139P) by Marion Woodman (1985); ISBN: 0919123031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0919123031/icongroupinterna

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Parent's Guide to Eating Disorders: Prevention and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia by Brett Valette; ISBN: 0380708345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380708345/icongroupinterna

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Permission To Succeed: Unlocking The Mystery of Success Anorexia by Noah St. John (Author) (1999); ISBN: 1558747192; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558747192/icongroupinterna

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Preventing Eating Disorders: A Handbook of Interventions and Special Challenges by Niva Piran (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0876309686; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876309686/icongroupinterna

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Psychoanalysis and Eating Disorders by Jules R. Bemporad (Editor), David. B., M.D. Herzog (Editor); ISBN: 089862388X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089862388X/icongroupinterna

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Psychobiology and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa (American Psychopathological Association Series) by Katherine A. Halmi (1993); ISBN: 088048506X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088048506X/icongroupinterna

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Psychodynamic Technique in the Treatment of the Eating Disorders; ISBN: 0876686226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876686226/icongroupinterna

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Psychodynamic Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia by Craig Johnson (Editor); ISBN: 0898625505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898625505/icongroupinterna

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Secret Language of Eating Disorders - Audio by Peggy Claude-Pierre (1998); ISBN: 0517280051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517280051/icongroupinterna

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Secret Language of Eating Disorders: How You Can Understand and Work to Cure Anorexia and Bulimia by Peggy Claude-Pierre (1999); ISBN: 0679309616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679309616/icongroupinterna

306 Eating Disorders

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Sensing the Self: Women's Recovery from Bulimia by Sheila M. Reindl (2002); ISBN: 0674010116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674010116/icongroupinterna

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Sexual Abuse and Eating Disorders by Mark F. Schwartz (Editor), Leigh Cohn (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0876307942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876307942/icongroupinterna

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Slim to None : A Journey Through the Wasteland of Anorexia Treatment by Jennifer Hendricks, et al; ISBN: 0071410694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071410694/icongroupinterna

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So You Think You're Fat?: All About Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Other Eating Disorders by Alvin Silverstein (Contributor), et al; ISBN: 0060216425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060216425/icongroupinterna

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Solving the Anorexia Puzzle: A Scientific Approach by W. Frank Epling, et al (1992); ISBN: 0889370346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889370346/icongroupinterna

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Someone You Love Is Obsessed With Food: What You Need to Know About Eating Disorders (#5077A) by Linda Riebel, Jane Kaplan; ISBN: 089486582X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089486582X/icongroupinterna

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Starving for Attention: A Young Woman's Struggle With & Triumph over Anorexia Nervosa by Cherry B. O'Neill, Cherry Boone Oneill; ISBN: 1568381123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568381123/icongroupinterna

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Starving Women: A Psychology of Anorexia Nervosa by Angelyn Spignesi; ISBN: 0882143255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882143255/icongroupinterna

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Starving: A Personal Journey Through Anorexia by Christie Pettit (2003); ISBN: 0800758412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800758412/icongroupinterna

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Straight Talk About Eating Disorders (High School Help Line) by Michael Maloney, et al; ISBN: 0440213509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440213509/icongroupinterna

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Teen Eating Disorders (Teen Issues) by Elizabeth Weiss Vollstadt, et al; ISBN: 1560065168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560065168/icongroupinterna

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Teens With Eating Disorders (Other America) by Gail Stewart (2000); ISBN: 1560067640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560067640/icongroupinterna

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That First Bite Chance or Choice: A Working Guide Empowering Choice for Those With Eating Disorders by RoseMarie Dunphy, rc. Mary Sullivan (1992); ISBN: 0963151762; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963151762/icongroupinterna

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The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Binge Eating Disorder by James N., Md. Parker (Editor), Philip M., Ph.D. Parker (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0597831807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831807/icongroupinterna

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The Anorexia Diaries: A Mother and Daughter's Triumph over Teenage Eating Disorders by Linda M. Rio, et al (2003); ISBN: 157954729X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157954729X/icongroupinterna

Books 307

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The Athletic Woman's Survival Guide: How to Win the Battle Against Eating Disorders, Amenorrhea, and Osteoporosis by Carol L. Otis, Roger Goldingay (2000); ISBN: 0736001212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736001212/icongroupinterna

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The Beginner's Guide to Eating Disorders Recovery by Nancy J. Kolodny (2003); ISBN: 093607745X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093607745X/icongroupinterna

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The Body Betrayed: A Deeper Understanding of Women, Eating Disorders, and Treatment by Kathryn J. Zerbe (1995); ISBN: 0936077239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936077239/icongroupinterna

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The Body Betrayed: Women, Eating Disorders, and Treatment by Kathryn J. Zerbe; ISBN: 0880485221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880485221/icongroupinterna

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The Development of Anorexia Nervosa: The Hunger Artists by Sylvia Brody; ISBN: 0823633810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823633810/icongroupinterna

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The Developmental Psychopathology of Eating Disorders: Implications for Research, Prevention, and Treatment by Linda Smolak (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0805817468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805817468/icongroupinterna

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The Eating Disorder Sourcebook : A Comprehensive Guide to the Causes, Treatments, and Prevention of Eating Disorders by Carolyn Costin; ISBN: 0737301023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737301023/icongroupinterna

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The Eating Disorders by A. James Giannini (Editor), Andrew E. Slaby (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0387940022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387940022/icongroupinterna

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The Eating Disorders: Medical and Psychological Bases of Diagnosis and Treatment by Barton J. Blinder, et al; ISBN: 0893353000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893353000/icongroupinterna

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The Encyclopedia of Obesity and Eating Disorders (The Facts on File Library of Health and Living Series) by Dana K. Cassell, David H. Gleaves (2000); ISBN: 0816040427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816040427/icongroupinterna

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The Etiology and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa: A Biopsychosocial Perspective by Craig L. Johnson, Mary E. Connors (Contributor); ISBN: 0465020925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465020925/icongroupinterna

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The Etiology of Bulimia Nervosa: The Individual and Familial Context (Series in Applied Psychology: Social Issues and Questions) by Janis H. Crowther, et al (1992); ISBN: 1560322063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560322063/icongroupinterna

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The Family Approach to Eating Disorders: Assessment and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia by Walter Vandereycken, et al; ISBN: 089335306X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089335306X/icongroupinterna

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The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa by Hilde Broch, et al (2001); ISBN: 0674005848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674005848/icongroupinterna

308 Eating Disorders

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The Long Road Back, A Survivors Guide to Anorexia by Judy Tam Sargent, Sonia Nordenson (Contributor) (1999); ISBN: 1880823195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880823195/icongroupinterna

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The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity by David J. Goldstein (Editor); ISBN: 0896034070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896034070/icongroupinterna

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The Monster Within: Overcoming Eating Disorders by Cynthia Rowland McClure, Paul D. Meier; ISBN: 0800786521; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800786521/icongroupinterna

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The No-Nonsense Parents' Guide: What You Can Do About Teens & Alcohol, Drugs, Sex, Eating Disorders & Depression by Sheila Fuller, et al (1992); ISBN: 096310490X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096310490X/icongroupinterna

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The Parent's Guide to Childhood Eating Disorders: A Nutritional Approach to Solving Eating Disorders by Marcia Herrin, Nancy Matsumoto; ISBN: 0805066497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805066497/icongroupinterna

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The Parents Pipeline Guide: Plain Talk About Teens and Alcohol, Drugs, Sex, Eating Disorders and Depression by Shelia Fuller (1994); ISBN: 0963104918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963104918/icongroupinterna

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The Prevention of Eating Disorders (Studies in Eating Disorders: An International Series) by Walter Vandereycken (Editor), Greta Noordenbos (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0814787991; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814787991/icongroupinterna

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The Psychobiology of Bulimia (Progress in Psychiatry Series) by James I. Hudson, Harrison G., Jr. Pope (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0880481390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880481390/icongroupinterna

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The Secret Language of Eating Disorders : The Revolutionary New Approach to by Peggy Claude-Pierre (1999); ISBN: 0375750185; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375750185/icongroupinterna

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The Thin Disguise: Overcoming and Understanding Anorexia and Bulimia by Pam Vredevelt, et al; ISBN: 0840777159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840777159/icongroupinterna

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The Thin Woman: Feminism, Post-Structuralism and the Social Psychology of Anorexia Nervosa (Women and Psychology) by Helen Malson (1997); ISBN: 0415163331; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415163331/icongroupinterna

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Too Fat or Too Thin? : A Reference Guide to Eating Disorders by Cynthia R. Kalodner (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0313315817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0313315817/icongroupinterna

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Treating Eating Disorders: Ethical, Legal and Personal Issues by Walterr Vandereycken (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0814787541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814787541/icongroupinterna

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Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa: A Family-Based Approach by James Lock (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1572306076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572306076/icongroupinterna

Books 309

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Understanding and Healing Anorexia Nervosa by Alexander R. Lucas (2004); ISBN: 0195133382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195133382/icongroupinterna

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Understanding and Treating Anorexia and Bulimia by Joyce K. Aronson; ISBN: 0765702576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765702576/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Anorexia Nervosa (Teen Eating Disorder Prevention Book) by Debbie Stanley; ISBN: 0823928772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823928772/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Bulimia Nervosa (Teen Eating Disorder Prevention Book) by Debbie Stanley; ISBN: 0823928780; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823928780/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Eating Disorders by Linda Riebel (1988); ISBN: 094202835X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094202835X/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Recovery from Eating Disorders (Teen Eating Disorder Prevention Book) by Toni L. Rocha; ISBN: 0823928845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823928845/icongroupinterna

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Unlocking the Family Door: A Systemic Approach to the Understanding and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa by Helm Stierlin, Gunthard Weber; ISBN: 0876305419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305419/icongroupinterna

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Unofficial Guide to Managing Eating Disorders by Sara Dulaney Gilbert (Author); ISBN: 0028629132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028629132/icongroupinterna

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Wasted : A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia by Marya Hornbacher (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0060930934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060930934/icongroupinterna

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When Dieting Becomes Dangerous: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Anorexia and Bulimia by Deborah Marcontell, Ph.D. Michel, et al; ISBN: 0300092334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300092334/icongroupinterna

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Why Women?: Gender Issues and Eating Disorders by Bridgett Dolan, et al; ISBN: 0485121069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0485121069/icongroupinterna

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Widening Our Circle: Wisdom for Young Women Facing the Challenges of Depression, Relationships, Eating Disorders, and Other Issues by Joan S. Mishra (2001); ISBN: 0595177018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595177018/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books

310 Eating Disorders

only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

Anorexia & bulimia facilitator's training manual: a primer, the BASH approach: a guide to the formation and implementation of self-help networks for victims of eating disorders, including curriculum and training techniques for facilitators Author: Larocca, Félix E. F.; Year: 1982; St. Louis, Mo. (P.O. Box 26204, St. Louis, Mo. 63136): Midwest Medical Publications, 1983

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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia: a handbook for counselors and therapists Author: Neuman, Patricia A.; Year: 1969; New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1983; ISBN: 0442268491

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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia: January 1980 through August 1983: 326 citations in English, including appendix Author: Abrams, Estelle J.; Year: 1980; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1983

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Bulimia, the binge-purge compulsion Author: Cauwels, Janice M.; Year: 1980; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; Co., c1983; ISBN: 0385183771 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385183771/icongroupinterna

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Eating disorders: providing effective recreational therapy interventions Author: Miller, Dayna,; Year: 1957; Ravensdale, WA: Idyll Arbor, c2001; ISBN: 1882883470

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Eating disorders: the facts Author: Abraham, Suzanne.; Year: 1980; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984; ISBN: 0192614592 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192614592/icongroupinterna

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Fear of being fat: the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia Author: Wilson, C. Philip.; Year: 1964; New York: Aronson, c1983; ISBN: 0876684800

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Food trips and traps: coping with eating disorders Author: Claypool, Jane.; Year: 1979; New York: F. Watts, 1983; ISBN: 0531046648 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531046648/icongroupinterna

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How to survive anorexia: a guide to anorexia nervosa and bulimarexia Author: Lambley, Peter.; Year: 1983; London: F. Muller., 1983; ISBN: 0584110669 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0584110669/icongroupinterna

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Pharmacology of eating disorders: theoretical and clinical developments Author: Carruba, Michele O.; Year: 1984; New York: Raven Press, c1986; ISBN: 0881672017 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881672017/icongroupinterna

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Practical comprehensive treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia Author: Andersen, Arnold E.; Year: 1983; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, c1985; ISBN: 0801824427 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801824427/icongroupinterna

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Symposium on eating disorders Author: Larocca, Félix E. F.; Year: 2001; Philadelphia: Saunders, c1984

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books 311

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The Binge-purge syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and research Author: Hawkins, Raymond C.; Year: 1976; New York: Springer Pub. Co., c1984; ISBN: 0826140203 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826140203/icongroupinterna

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Understanding anorexia nervosa and bulimia: report of the Fourth Ross Conference on Medical Research Author: Redfern, Dorothy E.; Year: 1979; Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, c1983

Chapters on Eating Disorders In order to find chapters that specifically relate to eating disorders, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and eating disorders using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on eating disorders: ·

Identifying and Treating Eating Disorders in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus Source: in Powers, M.A., ed. Handbook of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 585-601. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21705-9727. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. PRICE: $89.00. ISBN: 0834206315. Summary: In this chapter, from a handbook on diabetes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), the author reviews the research in identifying and treating eating disorders in persons with diabetes mellitus. After an overview of clinical and subclinical eating disorders, the author covers the prevalence of disordered eating in IDDM; dysfunctional eating attitudes; clinical eating disorders; the intentional omission of insulin; the medical consequences of disordered eating in IDDM and in NIDDM; contributors to disordered eating in diabetes; identifying disordered eating; treatment issues including hospitalization, negotiated diabetes management, and outpatient psychotherapy; and treatment and prevention tips. 1 figure. 64 references.

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Preventing Eating Disorders in Young Women With Type I Diabetes Source: in Anderson, B.J. and Rubin, R.R., eds. Practical Psychology for Diabetes Clinicians: How to Deal with the Key Behavioral Issues Faced by Patients and Health Care Teams. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1996. p. 133-141. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (404) 442-9742. PRICE: $19.95 (members); $24.95 (nonmembers). ISBN: 0945448732. Summary: This chapter, from a guidebook on behavioral issues for diabetes clinicians, provides a framework for preventing eating disorders in young women with diabetes. The authors focus on some of the early warning signs of eating disorders, as well as on strategies that health care providers can use to help prevent disordered eating in their patients. Strategies for primary prevention include addressing the drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction; deemphasizing diet and dieting; counseling patients about the need for control and expression of negative feelings about diabetes management;

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helping with conflict over normal developmental struggles; addressing metabolic reactivity; involving the family; and facilitating empowerment. The authors encourage readers to teach patients to become critical thinkers, to develop successful coping strategies for dealing with the stress of diabetes, and to avoid associating body image or glucose control with success, intelligence, or achievement. 7 references. ·

Failure to Thrive, Malnutrition, and Anorexia Source: in Kleiman, R.E., ed. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1998. p. 325-336. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. P.O. Box 927, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. (800) 433-9016. PRICE: $47.95 (members) plus $6.25 shipping and handling; $52.95 for nonmembers; plus $8.95 shipping and handling. ISBN: 1581100051. Summary: Assessment of nutritional status and providing dietary advice and nutritional support are important and increasingly prominent components of the practice of those who provide health care for infants, children, and adolescents. This chapter on failure to thrive (FTT), malnutrition, and anorexia (lack of appetite) is from a handbook that serves as a ready desk reference on the nutritional requirements and impact of nutritional status on the health of infants, children, and adolescents. Topics include the measurement and determination of FTT, etiologic factors (causes), diagnostic evaluation of FTT, management and treatment strategies, and specific conditions, including infant malnutrition, developmental delay, and anorexia nervosa and bulimia (eating disorders). The diagnostic evaluation begins with a thorough history, assessment of nutrient intake, and a complete physical examination. Management strategies begin with a 4 to 6 week course of supervised nutritional intervention; failure to respond to this treatment should lead to more customized investigations (diagnostic testing) of digestion, absorption, and caloric utilization. Once growth is achieved, the child should be followed up closely to document catch-up growth and to monitor the response to disease-specific therapies. 1 table. 14 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on eating disorders. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on eating disorders is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “eating disorders” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on eating disorders: ·

Eating Disorders: Prevention and Treatment Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1992, 60 minutes. Contact: WIN, 1 WIN WAY, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: In this lecture, Dr. Marcus presents an overview of eating disorders, their clinical course and outcome, and their causes and treatment. The American Psychological Association lists three common eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Anorexia nervosa, in which the patient typically maintains 80 percent of normal weight and has an intense fear of gaining weight and being fat, is divided into the restricting type and the binge eating/purging type. Bulimia, which is characterized by recurrent episodes of binges and inappropriate compensatory behaviors at least two times a week over a 3month period, is divided into purging and nonpurging types. EDNOS include patients with anorexia nervosa but with normal weight and patients with all bulimia criteria but

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with fewer binges and inappropriate behaviors. The EDNOS most often associated with obesity is binge-eating disorder, in which patients have recurrent episodes of eating more rapidly than normal, eating until uncomfortably full, eating large amounts when not hungry, and eating alone. Dr. Marcus notes that the causes of eating disorders are multifactorial and describes biologic, psychological, family, and sociologic and cultural factors. She emphasizes promoting self-esteem in young women as an important prevention measure. Dr. Marcus also stresses that cognitive behavior therapy, which is symptom focused, is superior for treatment of all eating disorders. Interpersonal therapy is a structured treatment also used. She describes both therapies as well as antidepressant treatment and combination treatments. ·

When Food is an Obsession: Overcoming Eating Disorders Source: HRM Videos. 28 min. 1995. Contact: HRM Videos. $189. (800) 431-2050. Summary: This video discusses eating disorders, utilizing interviews with adolescents suffering from eating disorders and their parents, combined with factual information.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on eating disorders: ·

Eating Disorder Patient: Detection and Oral Care Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Hygienists' Association. 199x. (audiocassette). Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 243-2342 or (312) 440-8900; Fax (312) 4408929; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.adha.org. PRICE: $28.00 for members; $35.00 for nonmembers; $98.00 for set of four in the series ($126.00 for nonmembers). Order Number 1724. Summary: This audiocassette program is one of a series of audio self-study course packages. Featuring a professionally narrated cassette tape and companion study guide, each course presents the most current theories and techniques intrinsic to successful dental hygiene practice. This course provides a review of pertinent behavioral characteristics, medical complications, and the oral and physical manifestations of eating disorders. Guidelines for conducting interventions are given and dental hygiene care is reviewed with an emphasis on the preventive management of anorexic and bulimic patients. (AA-M).

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Bibliography: Multimedia on Eating Disorders The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in eating disorders (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on eating disorders: ·

Cathy Rigby on eating disorders [videorecording] Source: College Hospital; a McCoy Rigby Entertainment production; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [Huntington Beach, Calif.]: College Health Enterprises, c1988

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Eating disorders [sound recording]: recorded at DDW 1995 in San Diego Source: AGA, American Gastroenterological Association; Year: 1995; Format: Sound recording; [Bethesda, Md.]: The Association, [1995?]

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Eating disorders [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Medical Foundation, in cooperation with Marshfield Clinic and St. Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: Marshfield Regional Video Network, 1985

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Eating disorders [videorecording]: detection and treatment Source: with Elke D. Eckert, James E. Mitchell, and Harold C. Seim; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, c1989

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Eating disorders [videorecording]: diagnosis & treatment Source: a joint production of. Audio Visual Center. [et al.]; Year: 1991; Format: Videorecording; [Oakland, Calif.]: Kaiser Permanente, [1991]

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Eating disorders [videorecording]: new approaches to treatment Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; a Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center production; Year: 2000; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2000

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Eating disorders [videorecording]. Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; [Irvine, Calif.]: CME, 1998

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Focus, eating disorders [videorecording] Source: a public service of the American College of Physicians, in association with MEDECommunications; a production of Silvermine Films, Inc; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Philadelphia, Pa.]: The College, c1986

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Homeopathic treatment of eating disorders [sound recording] Source: Nat'l. Center for Homeopathy, Los Angeles 1990; Year: 1990; Format: Sound recording; [United States: The Center?, 1990?]

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Recovering bodies [videorecording]: overcoming eating disorders Source: Media Education Foundation; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; Northamption, MA: The Foundation, c1997

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The Waist land [videorecording]: eating disorders in America Source: presented by MTI Teleprograms, Inc; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; [Arlington, Va.]: Gannett Co., c1985

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Wasting away [videorecording]: identifying anorexia nervosa and bulimia Source: produced by Motion, Inc. a Newington Children's Hospital film; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Newington, Conn.: The Hospital, [1986]

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EATING DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover eating disorders.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on eating disorders is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to eating disorders. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “eating disorders” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for eating disorders: ·

Antidepressant therapy may curb binge eating Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 08, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/08/08/eline/links/20030808elin017.htm l

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Study links hormone level to anorexia nervosa Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 25, 2003

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Eating disorders undertreated in UK: charity Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 03, 2003

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Eating disorders seen to be undertreated in UK Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 03, 2003

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Anorexia in teen boys found to stunt growth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 03, 2003

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Seasonal depression, bulimia linked in Japan study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 08, 2003

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Bulimia linked to seasonal depression in Japan study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 2003

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Study suggests autoimmune link to eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 09, 2002

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Black women at lower risk of bulimia than whites Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 06, 2002

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Eating disorders may affect bone health for years Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 04, 2002

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Eating disorders may be more common in warm places Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 08, 2002

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Sports activities and smoking may signal eating disorders in adolescent girls Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 31, 2002

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Swedish clinic unveils anorexia treatment success Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 27, 2002

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Monitored eating program seems effective for anorexia and bulimia nervosa Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 26, 2002

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Teens with eating disorders may have higher risk of morbidity in adulthood Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 2002

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Eating disorders may be rising among college men Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 21, 2002

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Bulimia nervosa appears to have no long-term impact on fertility Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 17, 2002

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Resolution of bulimia correlates with changes in ovarian morphology Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 06, 2002

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Boys with anorexia lose bone mass, too: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 2002

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Gay men at increased risk for eating disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 11, 2002

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Chromosomal locus identified for susceptibility to anorexia nervosa Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 14, 2002

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Drastic weight loss can trigger anorexia in obese Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 18, 2002

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Anorexia nervosa in type 1 diabetics greatly increases mortality Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 2002

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Anorexia nervosa patients are at high risk for osteoporosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 24, 2001

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Anorexia raises risk of early bone disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 17, 2001

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Anorexia, bulimia rates have soared in Japan Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 25, 2001

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Study: Anorexia, bulimia rates soar in Japan Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 24, 2001

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Link between cultural factors and eating disorders questioned Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 2001

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Eating disorders break cultural barrier: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 20, 2001

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Pregnant women with eating disorders have high risk of pregnancy complications Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 12, 2001

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Eating disorders common among teenaged girls in Canada Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 2001

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Eating disorders can complicate pregnancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 11, 2001

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Computer program may help treat bulimia nervosa Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 13, 2001

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Alterations in brain activity linked to bulimia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 05, 2001

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Girls with eating disorders fans of fitness mags Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 29, 2001

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Mom a factor in diabetic girls' eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 25, 2001

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Anorexia, bulimia therapy hampered by managed care Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 08, 2001

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Genes, brain scans give clues to eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 09, 2001

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Evidence accumulating for biological basis of eating disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2001

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Gene variation linked to anorexia risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 09, 2001

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Scientists map path of eating disorders in brain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 30, 2001

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Many teens with eating disorders use herbal remedies to lose weight Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 29, 2001

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Many high school students have eating disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 23, 2001

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Many high school students suffer eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 22, 2001

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Hormone may shed light on eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 10, 2001

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Forced hospitalization effective for eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 09, 2000

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Involuntary commitment does not impede treatment success for eating disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 08, 2000

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Female athletes, paddlers at risk for eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2000

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Protein changes linked to some eating disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 2000

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Phentermine/fluoxetine adds little to the treatment of binge eating disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 06, 2000

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “eating disorders” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to eating disorders, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “eating disorders” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Eating Disorders Find newsletters on eating disorders using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “eating disorders.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: ·

Diabetes Life Lines Source: Athens, GA: University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. Spring 1995. 7 p. Contact: Available from University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. Hoke Smith Annex, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4356. (706) 542-8860. Fax (706) 542-8845. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This newsletter is a representative of an ongoing county Extension newsletter on diabetes. Focusing on the interplay of diet, medication, and exercise, the newsletter provides readers with practical information on diabetes self care. Topics in this issue include individualizing one's meal plan; eating disorders and diabetes; and guidelines for foot care. The newsletter also includes a sample menu with the recipe for the entree. The newsletter (in its black and white form) can be photocopied.

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Disordered Eating and Diabetes Source: On the Cutting Edge. 15(6): 1-31. Winter 1994. Contact: Available from Diabetes Care and Education. DCE Newsletter, 9212 Delphi Road, SW, Olympia, WA 98512. Summary: This issue of a diabetes care and education newsletter focuses on disordered eating and diabetes. Eleven articles cover the following topics: an overview of anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder and the complications of diabetes; the coexistence of

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eating disorders and IDDM; disordered eating observed during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT); different ways to approach compulsive overeating and obesity, particularly in clients with NIDDM; compliance efforts; guidelines for identifying clients at risk for eating disorders; practical ideas for counseling patients; and how family and friends can help without taking over the problem. Each article includes references. The issue concludes with a self-assessment questionnaire for Continuing Education (CE) credit (2 hours of credit is available).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on eating disorders: ·

Management of Laxative Abuse in Eating Disorders Source: SCAN'S PULSE. 18(3): 7-8. Fall 1999. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. SCAN Office, 90 S. Cascade Avenue, Suite 1230, Colorado Springs, CO 80903. (719) 475-7751. Fax (719) 475-8748. Summary: Health professionals who treat eating disorders eventually encounter clients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia who use laxatives as a method of weight control. This article reviews the management of laxative abuse in patients with eating disorders. Women who abuse laxatives believe that taking laxatives after food consumption prevents the absorption of calories in the intestine. However, studies show that laxative use only decreases caloric absorption by 12 percent, because laxatives primarily exert their effect in the large intestine. In addition to being ineffective in weight control, chronic laxative use is also medically dangerous. Serious problems that may occur include electrolyte and fluid imbalance leading to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, permanent structural and functional damage to the colon, interstitial renal (kidney) disease, and rectal prolapse. The successful management of chronic laxative abuse requires a team of professionals that includes a physician, nutrition therapist, and psychotherapist. The author reviews the treatment protocol for these patients, which includes adequate dietary fiber and fluids intake, limited consumption of high sodium and gas forming foods, regular exercise, and patient education. During weekly appointments, the nutrition therapist should evaluate the client's compliance with the prescribed treatment plan. The author cautions that discontinuing long term laxative abuse is extremely difficult, and some clients may require inpatient treatment to be successful. Body image issues become predominant as the client experiences severe fluid retention, often in the range of 10 to 20 pounds, until natural diuresis occurs after about 4 to 6 weeks of laxative abstinence. 9 references.

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Dieting Not Linked to Eating Disorders in Overweight Adults Source: WIN Notes. pp. 1, 8. Fall 2001. Contact: Weight-control Information Network. 1-877-WIN-4627.

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Summary: The National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity conducted a literature review and concluded that dieting, the intentional and sustained restriction of caloric intake to reduce body weight or change body shape, does not appear to cause eating disorders or other psychological dysfunction in overweight and obese adults. Reporting in the September 25, 2000, Archives of Internal Medicine, the task force found that weight-loss treatment, very low calorie diets (VLCDs), weight cycling, prescription medications, and 'nondieting' approaches do not support concerns that dieting may lead to or worsen eating disorders in overweight and obese adults. The task force also found that such concerns should not discourage overweight adults from eating fewer calories and being more active to lose a moderate amount of weight or to prevent additional weight gain. ·

Eating Disorders and Borderline Personality Disorder Source: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association Newsletter. p.1-3. Summer 1998. Contact: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: Dennis suggests that some eating- disordered patients may be suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), as recognized in the American Psychiatric Association's `Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th ed.' (DSM-IV). According to Dennis, the behaviors associated with eating disorders serve adaptive functions for an individual with BPD. These include: reinforcement of their feelings of low self-esteem, since they can never be thin enough; allowing them to soothe themselves through food, which they find difficult otherwise; and purging to allow them to feel a sense of selfcontrol. Finally, the behaviors associated with eating disorders are self- destructive and may be used as self-punishment by the BPD patient, and these behaviors may also serve as a numbing agent against the emotional pain they feel. As a result, says Dennis, treatment should be different, more intensive and lengthy.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Eating Disorders Source: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association Newsletter. p.4-5. Summer 1998. Contact: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: Wall argues that many eating-disordered patients are obsessive-compulsive disordered (OCD), and food is the medium of their obsession-compulsion. He notes that most eating-disordered patients are women, and that women are conditioned by society to worry more about food and their weight than men. Therefore, says Wall, an eating disorder is the form taken by the patient's OCD. He suggests that eating disorders could be treated by many of the same methods used for OCD, such as anti- depressant medications and response prevention therapy.

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Eating Disorders of Men and Women: The Therapeutics of Understanding Source: Interchange. p.2,4. September 1998. Contact: Rogers Memorial Hospital, 34700 Valley Rd., Oconomowoc, WI 53066-4599. Summary: Holbrook calls for understanding of the eating-disordered patient as a person, not simply as a person with an eating disorder. He says that this understanding of the patient is crucial for the professional working with these patients. Such patients,

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in his view, do not simply have an eating disorder, but are an eating disorder. Therefore, the clinician must work with the client as a whole person. ·

Eating Disorders in Children Source: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, Inc. Newsletter. p.10-11. Summer 1997. Contact: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: This article examines the effect mothers' eating disorders have on their infants and toddlers. The authors found a link between the mothers' eating disorders and disordered eating in the children. They hypothesize that children internalize their mothers' disordered eating and food habits. The Eating Disorders Therapeutic Nursery, developed by the authors, successfully treated mothers and children as a unit. Sherkow and Lowenthal recommend further research on the link between maternal eating disorders and childhood eating disorders.

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Eating Disorders in the Family Source: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, Inc. Newsletter. p.7-8. Summer 1997. Contact: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: This article discusses the family's role in the development and treatment of eating disorders. The author briefly discusses the possible genetic basis for a predisposition to develop eating orders, the author offers several suggestions for the involvement of the family in the treatment plan. Greenfield says that whether the eating disorder is a product of disorder family relationships or not, the parents and siblings of the patient must be included in the therapy. Some suggestions include a set plan for therapy, limits on discussion of the eating disorder outside of therapy sessions, control limits set for both parents and patient and attention to the needs of the siblings as well.

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The Role of Subphases in Adolescent Eating Disorders Source: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, Inc. Newsletter. p.1,3,4. Summer 1997. Contact: American Anorexia/Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: This article examines the stages of adolescent development. The author contends that the stage of development in which an eating disorder is first displayed is crucial to understanding the cause of the eating disorder. Levy-Warren describes the stages in some detail, explaining the developmental problems that must be solved at each stage. The author then shows how the adolescent who experiences difficulty in resolving these conflicts may resort to an eating disorder to avoid solving the problem.

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Eating Disorders and Young Women: A Growing Problem Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. April 1997. Contact: Mayo Clinic Health Letter, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education, Rochester MN 55905. Web Site: http://www.mayo.edu. Summary: This article discusses the causes and definitions of eating disorders. Two disorders are discussed in detail: anorexia nervosa, in which an individual does not eat

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enough to maintain a normal weight; and bulimia nervosa, in which an individual eats large amounts of high-calorie food, and then vomits or uses laxatives to purge the food before the body can absorb it. Alexander Lucas, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Mayo Clinic, describes the usual pattern of the disorders and their causes. He lists warning signs for family and friends, and says the importance of early treatment. ·

Study Suggests Anti-Nausea Drug May Treat Bulimia Source: WIN Notes. p. 6. Fall 2000. Contact: Weight-control Information Network. 1-877-WIN-4627. Summary: Odansetron, used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, may be helpful in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. A study by Dr. Patricia L. Faris and coworkers from the University of Minneapolis Medical School published in the March 4, 2000, issue of The Lancet reports the study in which 26 patients with bulimia nervosa were given either odansetron or a placebo. Results indicated a significant improvement in the odansetron group. The binge/vomit episodes averaged 13.2 per week in the placebo group versus 6.5 per week in the drug group. The odansetron group demonstrated improvement in the number of normal meals and snacks eaten and a decrease in the time spent in bulimic behaviors. However, questions remain about odansetron as a treatment option for bulimia. Long-term safety has not been established, and it does not improve other bulimic symptoms such as poor body image or depression. The article notes the need for further research before odansetron is recommended for the treatment of bulimia.

·

Medication Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder Source: Weight Control Digest. 7(4):633, 636-639; July/Aug 1997. Contact: Weight Control Digest, 1555 W. Mockingbird Lane, Suite 203, Dallas, TX 75235. (800) 736-7323. Summary: This article examines the use of medications in treating overweight individuals with binge eating disorder. The authors first describe what binge eating disorder (BED) is, and how it differs from the bingeing and purging syndrome. They then review studies done with antidepressants, appetite suppressants, combinations of these medications and psychotherapy, and behavior modification. The authors then offer guidelines for the use of medications in the treatment of BED and suggest what the future treatment of BED might be. They conclude that any treatment plan for BED should include medication, behavior modification, and diet and lifestyle changes.

Academic Periodicals covering Eating Disorders Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to eating disorders. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering eating disorders that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for eating disorders. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with eating disorders. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to eating disorders: Antidepressants, Tricyclic ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html

Fluoxetine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prozac; Sarafem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202247.html

Progestins for Noncontraceptive Use ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html

Zinc Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Researching Medications 331

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to eating disorders by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for eating disorders: ·

Megestrol acetate (trade name: Megace) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=208

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

335

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

·

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

·

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

·

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

·

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

·

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

·

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

·

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

·

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

·

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

·

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 337

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

·

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

·

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

·

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “eating disorders” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Source: Seattle: EDAP, 1996. Contact: EDAP, 603 Stewart St. Suite 803, Seattle, WA 98101. (206)382-3587. http://www.members.aol.com/edapinc. Summary: This brochure describes the major eating disorders, and describes ways to prevent them. Suggestions include such actions as learning about the eating disorders, expressing your concerns to someone who you think may be suffering from an eating disorder, and creating environments that do not focus on weight as the path to happiness.

·

Overview of Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Related Disorders Source: Worthington, OH: National Eating Disorders Organization, various pagination, 1994. Contact: National Eating Disorders Organization, 445 E. Granville Rd., Worthington, OH 43085. (614) 436-1112. Summary: This packet of information includes fact sheets on the early warning signs of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The clinical characteristics of these disorders are also described. The packet also includes guidelines for approaching a person with an eating disorder.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

Physician Resources 339

(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 17024 504 117 18 8 17671

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “eating disorders” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

22

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on eating disorders can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to eating disorders. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to eating disorders. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “eating disorders”:

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·

Other guides Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Eating Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Sports Fitness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsfitness.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to eating disorders, the following was listed: ·

General/Overviews Eating Disorders Source: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/ken98-0047/default.asp Eating Disorders: An Overview For Parents Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/eating_disorders.html

·

Diagnosis/Symptoms What's Going On With Me?: Evaluating Eating and Exercise Habits Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 55

·

Treatment Eating Disorders: Psychotherapy's Role in Effective Treatment Source: American Psychological Association http://helping.apa.org/therapy/eating.html Helpful Questions When Considering Treatment Options Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 51 Questions to Ask Your Treatment Provider Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 81 Treatment of Eating Disorders

Patient Resources 343

Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 39 ·

Coping Sharing with EEEase Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 56 What Should I Say?: Tips for Talking with a Friend Who May Be Struggling with an Eating Disorder Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 74

·

Specific Conditions/Aspects Anorexia Nervosa Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/063.html Binge Eating Disorders Source: Weight-control Information Network http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrit/pubs/binge.htm Body Image Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 57 Bulimia Nervosa Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/bulnervosa.htm Compulsive Exercise (for Parents) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/compulsive_exercise.html Health Consequences of Eating Disorders Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 43 Pica Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/pica.html What Causes Eating Disorders? Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 44 What People with Anorexia Nervosa Need to Know about Osteoporosis Source: Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National Resource Center http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=r803i&doctitle=What%2BPeople%2Bwith

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%2BAnorexia%2BNervosa%2BNeed%2Bto%2BKnow%2BAbout%2BOsteoporosis& doctype=HTML%2BFact%2BSheet ·

Men Anorexia Nervosa in Males Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 46 Binge Eating Disorder in Males Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=316&Profile_ID=411 82 Bulimia Nervosa in Males Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 47 Enhancing Male Body Image Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 61 Men Less Likely To Seek Help for Eating Disorders Source: American Psychiatric Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ0626R6LC& sub_cat=624 Strategies for Prevention and Early Intervention of Male Eating Disorders Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 72

·

Organizations American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/ National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/

·

Prevention/Screening Eating Disorders Can Be Prevented! Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 69 Ten Things Parents Can Do to Prevent Eating Disorders Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411

Patient Resources 345

71 ·

Research Drug Targets Brain Circuits That Drive Appetite and Body Weight Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nimh-25.htm Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 66 Research on Males and Eating Disorders Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 54

·

Statistics Statistics: Eating Disorders and Their Precursors Source: National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=411 38

·

Teenagers Binge Eating Disorder Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/problems/binge_eating.html Compulsive Exercise (for Teens) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/exercise/compulsive_exercise.html Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/problems/eat_disorder.html I Think My Friend May Have an Eating Disorder. What Should I Do? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/problems/friend_eating_disorder.html

·

Women Eating Disorders at Midlife Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00596

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating

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unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on eating disorders. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

A Guide to the Primary Prevention of Eating Disorders Source: Seattle: Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention, 8 panels, 1997. Contact: Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention, 603 Stewart St., Suite 803, Seattle WA 98101. (206)382-3587. Web Site: http://members.aol.com/edapinc. Summary: This brochure explains what eating disorders are and how to prevent them. Specific suggestions for prevention are given as well as general principles. Some of the suggestions include: not categorizing foods as `good' or `bad'; not equating obesity and immorality or sickness; taking women seriously for what they say and do rather than for their appearance; and giving girls and boys the same opportunities and activities. Other suggestions for parents include building the child's self-esteem, avoiding using food as a reward or withholding it as punishment, and trusting the child's appetite. Suggestions for schools include: make nutritional education a part of the curriculum; emphasize selfesteem; encourage acceptance of diversity; and sensitivity to children who are at risk or who may be suffering from eating disorders.

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Eating Disorders: Starving for Perfection Source: Waco, TX: Health EDCO, 15p., 1994. Contact: Health EDCO, A Division of WRS Groups, Inc., 701 N. New Road, Waco, TX 76710. (800) 299-3366. 1-49 copies $1.30 per copy. Summary: This booklet offers an overview of eating disorders and describes their signs and symptoms. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are defined, and a profile of the typical eating disorder patient is provided. The health risks of anorexia and bulimia include heart problems, dental erosion, dehydration, and osteoporosis. The treatment options for eating disorders also are considered.

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Eating Disorders Source: Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 17 p., 1993. Contact: Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 7C02, Rockville, MD 20857. (301) 443-4513. NIH Publication Number 93-3477. Summary: Each year millions of people in the United States suffer from serious and sometimes life-threatening eating disorders. The vast majority of those afflicted are

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adolescent and young adult females. Approximately 1 percent of adolescent girls develop anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which the patient can literally starve themselves to death. Another 2 to 3 percent of young women develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive eating followed by vomiting or other "purging" behaviors. Approximately 2 percent of the population suffer from binge eating disorder, eating characterized by uncontrolled eating or binging. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, but less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe, with 1 in 10 cases leading to death, cardiac arrest, or suicide. This brochure provides valuable information to individuals suffering from eating disorders, as well as to family members and friends trying to help someone cope with the illness. The publication describes the symptoms of eating disorders, possible causes, treatment options, and how to take the first steps toward recovery. ·

Facts on Eating Disorders Source: New York: American Anorexia Bulimia Association, 5 p., n.d. Contact: American Anorexia Bulimia Association, 165 West 46 Street, Suite 1108, New York, NY 10036. (212) 575- 6200. Summary: This is a compilation of several information brochures published by the American Anorexia Bulimia Association. Anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder are defined, and the symptoms and medical consequences are listed. The use of antidepressants in treating eating disorders is discussed, and suggestions on how to help a friend or family member with an eating disorder are included. Tips on selecting a therapist are discussed. A final section examines eating disorders in males. A list of resources is included.

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Facts about Anorexia Nervosa Source: Kansas City, MO: American Academy of Family Physicians, 2p., 1998. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians, 8880 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114. (816) 333-9700. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This informational brochure defines anorexia and bulimia and describes the problems and treatment. The authors offer guidelines for family and friends, including warning signs of anorexia. Some of these signs are: fear of gaining weight; refusal to eat; constant exercising; loss of scalp hair; and a self- perception of obesity when others see the individual as too thin. A list of resources is included.

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Eating and Exercise Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Compulsive Eating, Compulsive Exercising Source: Eugene, OR: Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc., 13 p., 1992. Contact: Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc., PO Box 5102, Eugene, OR 97405. (503) 344-1144. Summary: This brochure offers information to consumers who want to understand the causes and treatment of eating and exercise disorders. The brochure outlines the behavior and consequences of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa (binge-purge disorder), compulsive eating, and compulsive exercising. It explains why people begin to eat and exercise in a disordered way, and who in the population is likely to suffer from these disorders. Also contained are recovery tips, advice for finding a physician or therapist, what to expect from the treatment, and how to help someone who you suspect

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is suffering from one of these disorders. The brochure concludes with a bibliography and membership application to the non-profit eating disorder organization. ·

About Bulimia Nervosa Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc., 15p., 1994. Contact: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc., 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800) 628-7733. Item number 14530. Summary: This consumer education booklet provides essential information about the eating disorder bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating and purging. The booklet emphasizes that if left untreated, this eating disorder is a threat to both physical and emotional health, including colitis, ulcers, liver and kidney damage, and the destruction of tooth enamel. The typical bulimia patient is described, and the signs and symptoms of the disorder are outlined. The reader is reminded that bulimia can be treated and offers suggestions for seeking professional medical and psychological care.

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What is Bulimia? Source: Narberth, PA: Women's Recovery Center, 1 p., N.D. Contact: Women's Recovery Center, P.C., 110 North Essex Avenue, Narberth, PA 19072. (610) 664-5858. Summary: This fact sheet defines bulimia and lists its early identification signs. These include inconspicuous binge eating, swollen glands, excessive concerns about weight, and disappearing after a meal.

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Binge Eating Disorder Source: Binge Eating Disorder. 6 p. NIH Publication No. 99-3589, Revised May 2000. Contact: Weight-control Information Network. 1 WIN Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. 1-877-WIN-4627. Summary: This fact sheet on binge eating disorder provides information and an overview of the condition. It reviews the symptoms of binge eating disorder, the prevalence, and those at risk for developing it. The causes of binge eating disorder are unknown, although as many as half of all people with the disorder have been depressed in the past. The risks of binge eating disorder are discussed as well as whether people with binge eating disorder should attempt to diet. The factsheet provides a list of centers and programs, with addresses and telephone numbers, that can help treat people with binge eating disorder. Additional reading resources as well as information about the Weight-control Information Network (WIN) are included.

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What is Binge Eating Disorder? Source: Narberth, PA: Women's Recovery Center, 1 p., N.D. Contact: Women's Recovery Center, P.C., 110 North Essex Avenue, Narberth, PA 19072. (610) 664-5858. Summary: This fact sheet describes the symptoms of binge eating disorder. These symptoms include eating large amounts of food during a short period of time, feeling upset about binges, and eating more rapidly than usual.

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The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “eating disorders” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: ·

Identifying and treating eating disorders Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2003 January; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3589&nbr=2815&a mp;string=eating+AND+disorders

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Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders Source: American Psychiatric Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1993 (updated 2000 Jan); 51 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2194&nbr=1420&a mp;string=eating+AND+disorders

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: ·

Eating Disorders: Facts About Eating Disorders and the Search for Solutions Summary: This fact sheet covers anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and treatment strategies and research findings for these eating disorders. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6624

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Eating Disorders: Resources for Physicians and Patients Summary: This listing of resources is intended to assist physicians and patients in finding information, services and support for issues related to eating disorders. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4587

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Edreferral.com Summary: The Eating Disorder Referral and Information Center offers information, referral and treatment resources for all forms of eating disorders at this web site. Edreferral. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5136

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Facts About Eating Disorders Summary: Girls 9 to 14 can visit this site to learn about eating disorders. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5799

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Kids and Eating Disorders Summary: This article warns kids that becoming too thin is not great, and that everyone should maintain a healthy weight for their height. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5859

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On the Teen Scene Summary: FDA Consumer magazine periodically runs articles with important health information for teenagers, ranging from nutrition and sun safety to eating disorders and attention deficit disorder. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1282

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On The Teen Scene: Eating Disorders Require Medical Attention Summary: Definitions for and symptoms of bulimia and anorexia are outlined. Statistics on the diseases are provided, as well as information on treatment and resources for help. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=568 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to eating disorders. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively

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rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Eating Disorders The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to eating disorders: ·

American Anorexia and Bulimia Association, Inc Telephone: (212) 575-6200 Fax: (212) 778-0698 Email: umanbu.aol.com Background: The American Anorexia and Bulimia Association, Inc. (AABA), a national not-for-profit health organization established in 1978, is dedicated to the prevention, treatment, and cure of eating disorders. As a source of public information on the growing field of eating disorders, AABA answers more than 20,000 inquiries each year from affected individuals, family members, professionals, schools, media, and the general public. The Association publishes a quarterly newsletter, brochures, and other educational materials. Relevant area(s) of interest: Binge Eating, Bulimia, Eating Disorders

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Anorexia Bulimia Nervosa Association (Australia) Telephone: 08 8212 1644 Fax: 08 8212 7991 Web Site: http://www.span.com.au/anorexia/ Background: The Anorexia Bulimia Nervosa Association (ABNA) is a not-for-profit organization that was formed in 1983 to help individuals affected by eating disorders and their families and friends. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of becoming fat, a disturbed body image, a prolonged refusal to eat, and severe weight loss, potentially leading to life-threatening complications without appropriate treatment.

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Bulimia nervosa is characterized by compulsive episodes of binge eating that usually alternate with periods of fasting or normal eating. After binge eating, some affected individuals may attempt to purge the consumed calories by engaging in self-induced vomiting or taking laxatives. The Anorexia Bulimia Nervosa Association is committed to increasing professional and public awareness of eating disorders; providing information and support to affected individuals and family members; and ensuring that individuals with eating disorders receive appropriate treatment through programs tailored to fulfill their specific needs. To fulfill its mission and goals, the Association offers telephone help and support lines, referrals to professional treatment agencies, and personal counseling by experienced therapists concerning educational, motivational, and dietary aspects of an individual's specific situation. Additional services include offering support groups for affected individuals, family members, and friends; conducting training and informational workshops; and providing educational speakers for health seminars, schools, and groups. The Association also offers understandable information about eating disorders through its information kits for affected individuals, caregivers, and students; a lending library of books and audiotapes; videotapes; and a regular newsletter for members. In addition, the Association maintains a web site on the Internet. ·

Canadian Addison Society Telephone: (519) 751-4472 Fax: (519) 751-4473 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.spin.nl/nvap0490.htm Background: The Canadian Addison Society (La Societe Canadienne d Addison) is a nonprofit voluntary agency dedicated to providing support and educational information to individuals affected by Addison s disease and their families. All Society staff members are volunteers. Addison s disease is a rare disorder characterized by chronic, usually progressive, insufficient functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex). Deficiencies of certain hormones manufactured by the adrenals (i.e., cortisol and aldosterone) result in abnormally low levels of sodium and chloride in the blood and body tissues as well as unusually high levels of potassium (electrolyte imbalance). Increased urinary output and abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension) can lead to extremely low levels of fluid in the body (dehydration). Other early symptoms of Addison s disease may include weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite (anorexia), and a darkened discoloration of scars, skin folds, and/or mucous membranes (hyperpigmentation). The Canadian Addison Society publishes a quarterly newsletter that includes information on national and international issues from support groups around the world; information on local support group activities is also included. In addition, the Society publishes an educational brochure on Addison s disease. The society has approximately 200 members and is itself a member of The Addison and Cushing International Federation.

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National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Telephone: (703) 524-7600 Toll-free: (800) 950-6264 Fax: (703) 524-9094 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nami.org

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Background: The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) is a not-for-profit voluntary health organization dedicated to providing mutual support, education, advocacy, and research funding for people affected by mental illness, their families, and friends. The organization also serves those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenic depression and other related disorders. Established in 1979, this self-help organization refers individuals to nationwide support groups, services, and outreach programs. Educational materials produced by the organization include a database, directories, annual reports, informational brochures, pamphlets, a bimonthly newsletter entitled 'The Advocate,' and 'The Decade of the Brain,' NAMI's quarterly publication for presenting research, clinical practices and advances, and policy updates relevant to serious brain disorders. ·

National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society Telephone: 01435 873527 Fax: 01435 873027 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://web.ukonline.co.uk/nass Background: The National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society (NASS) is a voluntary, notfor-profit, self-help organization in the United Kingdom. The Society, which was established in 1976 at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases in Bath, was formed by individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), their families, friends, physicians, physical therapists, (physiotherapists), and research scientists. The Society currently has approximately 100 chapters and 9,000 members. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease that usually initially affects the spine and adjacent areas, eventually causing fusion of involved joints. Symptoms, which may vary in range and severity depending upon the stage of the disease, may include pain, stiffness, and limited movements of affected areas; initial lower back pain; development of a 'stooped posture' to help relieve such back pain; loss of appetite (anorexia) and weight loss; limited expansion of the chest and difficulty taking deep breaths; and/or, in some cases, inflammation of the colored portion of the eye (iritis) and/or other abnormalities. Although the exact cause of the disorder is not known, research strongly suggests that the majority of affected individuals have an inherited susceptibility to the disorder. The National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society is committed to providing information and support to affected individuals and family members; offering a forum to educate medical professionals and the general public concerning AS; and supporting and funding research. The Society also engages in patient advocacy; lobbies governmental bodies and the National Health Service to ensure the provision of better facilities for treatment; assists in the formation of similar societies in other countries; and forms branches across the United Kingdom that provide supervised exercise therapy sessions by physiotherapists. The Society also produces educational materials including cassette tapes, videotapes, a guidebook for affected individuals, pamphlets, and a biannual journal entitled 'The NASS Newsletter' that contains articles written by researchers, physicians, physiotherapists, and individuals with AS.

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National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, Inc Telephone: (847) 831-3438 Fax: (847) 433-4632 Email: [email protected]

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Web Site: http://members.aol.com/ANAD20/index.html Background: The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, Inc. (ANAD) is a national not-for-profit self-help organization dedicated to increasing understanding of eating disorders and to alleviating the problems of eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The Association seeks to educate the general public and professionals in the health field to become more aware of eating disorders and appropriate methods of treatment. In addition, the organization encourages and promotes research to discover the causes of eating disorders, methods of prevention, and types of treatments, and to formulate relevant statistics. The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders acts as a resource center by gathering and providing educational materials about eating disorders. Other activities sponsored by the organization include networking for mutual support, providing funds to aid those with eating disorders, and encouraging interested individuals and groups to join in seeking cures for these disorders. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anorexia, Bulimia, Eating Disorders ·

National Eating Disorders Association Telephone: (206) 382-3587 Toll-free: (800) 931-2237 Fax: (206) 292-9890 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org Background: The mission of the National Eating Disorders Association is to eliminate eating disorders and body dissatisfaction by employing comprehensive strategies to prevent young people from developing eating disorders; insuring that those who suffer from eating disorders receive information and support; promoting research into causes, prevention, and treatment; and advocating for public policies that recognize eating disorders as serious mental illnesses, promote increased access to care, and provide funding for research, prevention, and treatment. Eating disorders include anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating. Relevant area(s) of interest: Binge Eating, Eating Disorders

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National Mental Health Association Telephone: (703) 684-7722 Toll-free: (800) 969-6642 Fax: (703) 684-5968 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nmha.org Background: Established in 1909, the National Mental Health Association (NMHA) is a not-for-profit voluntary organization that addresses the mental health needs of individuals throughout the United States. The Association, which has over 300 affiliates in 35 states, has a network of volunteers across the country that work to meet the mental health needs of their communities. Activities include support groups, community outreach and education, information and referral programs, patient advocacy, and a wide array of other services. Nationally, the Association works with the media to keep the public informed about mental health and mental illness and with the Federal government to promote research and services for people with mental health problems. The Association also works with other major organizations to ensure that the nation s

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mental health needs are understood and addressed. Services include fact sheet and pamphlet distribution; buddy and companion programs; client services and case management; education and training programs; referral services; and social and recreational programs, workshops, and seminars. Educational materials distributed by the Association include quarterly newsletters entitled 'Prevention Update' and 'The Bell.'. ·

National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse Telephone: Toll-free: (800) 553-4539 Fax: (215) 636-6312 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.mhselfhelp.org Background: The National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse is a selfhelp technical assistance organization that was established in 1985. The Clearinghouse handles thousands of inquiries annually from people who are concerned with mental health issues. Clients include mental health care consumers, family members, professionals, and other interested people who request information and technical assistance about starting and developing self-help projects, self-advocacy projects, and consumer-run mental health services. The Clearinghouse also provides on-site consultations to individuals and groups interested in self-help group and consumer-run service development. In addition, the Clearinghouse sponsors conferences and training events and has developed a wide variety of printed pamphlets and manuals on issues related to developing self-help and self-advocacy projects. A national quarterly newsletter entitled 'The Key' provides assistance to consumers, their families, advocates, and physicians.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to eating disorders. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with eating disorders.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about eating disorders. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “eating disorders” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “eating disorders”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “eating disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “eating disorders” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 361

·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

362 Eating Disorders

·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on eating disorders: ·

Basic Guidelines for Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000362.htm Binge eating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003265.htm Bulimia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000341.htm Eating disorders - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002171.htm

·

Signs & Symptoms for Eating Disorders Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm

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Binge eating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003265.htm Cold intolerance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003095.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Dry hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003245.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Gastric dilatation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003124.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Hunger Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003134.htm Irregular pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Menstruation, absent Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003149.htm Muscle atrophy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm Overweight Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

Online Glossaries 365

Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm Yellow skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm ·

Diagnostics and Tests for Eating Disorders Chem-20 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003468.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm LH response to GnRH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003709.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm

·

Background Topics for Eating Disorders Biofeedback Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002241.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Eating disorders - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002171.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Intentional weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001940.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Pulmonary (lung) aspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000036.htm

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Self-help groups Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Weight management Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001943.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

367

EATING DISORDERS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

368 Eating Disorders

Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Medicine: A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth. [NIH] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association

Dictionary 369

constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] A-HA: First enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alienation: Disruption of feeling of belonging to a larger group such as, for example, the deepening of the generation gap or increasing of a gulf separating social groups from one another. In a more limited sense breaking down of a close relationship. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

370 Eating Disorders

Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]

Dictionary 371

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annual Reports: Annual statements concerning the administrative and operational functions of an institution or organization. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic

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treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including

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phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Appetite Regulation: Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake. [NIH] Appetite Stimulants: Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS. [NIH] Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arcuate Nucleus: A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Autoreceptors: Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the

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hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH]

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Biological Psychiatry: An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH]

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Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH]

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Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the

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relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chyme: A thick liquid made of partially digested food and stomach juices. This liquid is made in the stomach and moves into the small intestine for further digestion. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping,

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feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that

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distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete

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response. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conditioned stimulus: A situation in which one signal, or stimulus, is given just before another signal. After this happens several times, the first signal alone can cause the response that would usually need the second signal. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consummatory Behavior: An act which constitutes the termination of a given instinctive behavior pattern or sequence. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of

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organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to

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stress. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] C-Peptide: A 31-amino acid peptide which connects the A and B chains of proinsulin. The exact composition of the peptide is species dependent. In beta cells proinsulin is enzymatically converted to insulin with the liberation of the C-peptide. An immunoassay has been developed for assessing pancreatic beta cell secretory function in diabetic patients in whom circulating insulin antibodies and exogenous insulin interfere with insulin immunoassay. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deglutition: The process or the act of swallowing. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or

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withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Clinics: Facilities where dental care is provided to patients. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively

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persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (sincalide) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus: An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle. [NIH] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH]

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Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH]

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Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistasis: The degree of dominance exerted by one gene on the expression of a non-allelic gene. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH]

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Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] External radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH]

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Family Therapy: A form of group psychotherapy. It involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fecal Incontinence: Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be

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administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]

Food Deprivation: The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU]

Dictionary 395

Galanin: A neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate gastric acid secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the stomach, the neuropeptide stimulates release of gastrin from the G cells. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base

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sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gingival Recession: The exposure of root surface by an apical shift in the position of the gingiva. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

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[NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be

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shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: A substance released by astrocytes, which is critical in stopping nervous fibers in their tracks. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU]

Dictionary 399

Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing

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problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]

Dictionary 401

Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification, or release of tension at the time of committing the act. [NIH] Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction, or obvious control in response to a stimulus. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Individuation: A process of differentiation having for its goal the development of the individual personality. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.

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[EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,

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wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]

Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipecac: A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, belonging to the Rubiaciae family. They contain emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. [NIH]

Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iritis: Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris. [NIH]

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles

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in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no

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troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH]

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Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lipectomy: Removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulization in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to nicotine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Locus Coeruleus: Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the pontomesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis. [NIH]

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Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy

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based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megestrol: 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. [NIH] Megestrol Acetate: A drug that belongs to the group of hormones called progestins, used as hormone therapy to block estrogen and to suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. [NIH]

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Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,

Dictionary 411

pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive

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antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]

Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and

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normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosciences: The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous sytem. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.

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Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study

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designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessional: Neurosis characterized by the repetitive intrusion into the mind, against volition, of ideas, numinations and phobias, often associated with compulsive actions. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH]

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Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus: Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. [NIH]

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Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Care Planning: Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU]

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Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity

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by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH]

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Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine. [NIH] Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]

Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the

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release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU]

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Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthodontist: A dentist with special training in making replacements for missing teeth or other structures of the oral cavity to restore an individual's appearance, comfort, or health. [NIH]

Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatric Nursing: A specialty concerned with the application of psychiatric principles in

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caring for the mentally ill. It also includes the nursing care provided the mentally ill patient. [NIH]

Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosexual: Pertaining to the mental aspects of sex. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right

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ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Pyloric Sphincter: The muscle between the stomach and the small intestine. [NIH] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Raphe Nuclei: Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectal Prolapse: Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which

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restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Satiety Response: Behavioral response associated with the achieving of gratification. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the

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bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secular trends: A relatively long-term trend in a community or country. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self Concept: A person's view of himself. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of

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old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequential treatment: One treatment after the other. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shame: An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH]

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Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sincalide: A polypeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of both bile from the gallbladder, and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH]

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Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells

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resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotaxis: Use of a computer and scanning devices to create three-dimensional pictures. This method can be used to direct a biopsy, external radiation, or the insertion of radiation implants. [NIH] Stereotypy: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors

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contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH]

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Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systems Analysis: The analysis of an activity, procedure, method, technique, or business to determine what must be accomplished and how the necessary operations may best be accomplished. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]

Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered

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the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thinness: A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific

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biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH]

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Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tympani: The part of the cochlea below the spiral lamina. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconditioned: An inborn reflex common to all members of a species. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urbanization: The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This

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includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus: A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]

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Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]

War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight Perception: Recognition and discrimination of the heaviness of a lifted object. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

441

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 80, 367 A Abdomen, 278, 281, 283, 367, 376, 377, 391, 403, 406, 418, 428, 433, 436, 439, 440 Abdominal, 363, 367, 368, 403, 404, 416, 418, 421, 428, 438 Abdominal Pain, 367, 404 Acceptor, 367, 416, 437 Acculturation, 14, 252, 367 Acetylcholine, 367, 380 Acidosis, 324, 367, 387 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 162, 367 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 367 Adaptation, 30, 128, 182, 367, 420 Adenine, 90, 367 Adenocarcinoma, 367, 414 Adenosine, 90, 367, 368, 419 Adenosine Deaminase, 90, 368 Adipocytes, 368, 405 Adipose Tissue, 55, 66, 82, 270, 278, 281, 283, 368, 406 Adjunctive Therapy, 96, 368 Adjustment, 80, 102, 188, 367, 368 Adolescent Nutrition, 291, 295, 368 Adrenal Cortex, 352, 368, 369, 384, 391, 422 Adrenal Glands, 352, 368 Adrenal Medulla, 368, 378, 391, 414 Adrenergic, 368, 371, 373, 374, 388, 391, 423, 434, 438, 440 Adverse Effect, 39, 274, 368, 373, 427, 430 Aerobic, 278, 281, 283, 289, 368 Aerobic Exercise, 278, 281, 283, 368 Aetiology, 80, 106, 130, 368 Afferent, 31, 33, 70, 270, 368, 392, 405 Affinity, 39, 62, 71, 90, 286, 368, 369, 374, 406, 431 Age of Onset, 369, 438 Agonist, 39, 54, 60, 62, 73, 75, 84, 85, 286, 289, 369, 373, 387, 388, 411, 413, 416, 425 Agoraphobia, 369, 400, 416, 419 A-HA, 57, 369 Airway, 167, 369, 431 Airway Obstruction, 167, 369 Akathisia, 369, 373 Aldosterone, 352, 369 Algorithms, 369, 376

Alienation, 87, 250, 369 Alimentary, 31, 194, 369, 387, 417, 418 Alkaline, 111, 367, 369, 370, 377 Alkaloid, 286, 369, 378, 381, 390, 406, 411, 413, 420, 427, 440 Alkalosis, 324, 369 Allergen, 369, 387, 430 Allylamine, 369, 370 Alpha Particles, 369, 425 Alpha-Linolenic Acid, 247, 272, 287, 369 Alternative medicine, 322, 369 Alveolar Process, 370, 427 Alveoli, 370, 386 Amenorrhea, 12, 14, 67, 69, 86, 167, 217, 241, 291, 307, 370, 371 Amine, 78, 276, 370, 398 Amino Acid Sequence, 370, 372, 375, 392, 396, 422 Amino Acid Substitution, 62, 370 Amino Acids, 90, 272, 287, 288, 369, 370, 375, 381, 396, 413, 418, 420, 423, 428, 437, 438 Ammonia, 368, 370 Amphetamine, 73, 78, 81, 271, 286, 370, 387 Amplification, 63, 370 Amygdala, 27, 63, 71, 370, 405, 436 Amylase, 18, 370 Anaerobic, 289, 370 Anaesthesia, 370, 401 Anal, 15, 53, 94, 103, 169, 190, 208, 370, 393, 407, 426 Analgesic, 370, 411, 415 Analog, 165, 370 Anaphylatoxins, 371, 382 Anastomosis, 371, 395 Anatomical, 39, 54, 70, 74, 371, 374, 390, 401 Androgens, 100, 368, 371, 408 Anemia, 6, 12, 371 Anesthesia, 369, 371, 404 Angina, 190, 371, 423 Animal model, 27, 69, 92, 97, 276, 371 Anions, 371, 403, 430 Annual Reports, 353, 371 Anovulation, 69, 371 Antagonism, 59, 371 Antecedent, 44, 137, 251, 371

442 Eating Disorders

Anterograde, 66, 371 Anthropology, 88, 371 Anthropometry, 201, 371 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 371, 424, 437 Antibacterial, 372, 432 Antibiotic, 371, 372, 417, 432 Antibodies, 372, 385, 397, 400, 407 Antibody, 34, 369, 372, 382, 385, 397, 398, 400, 401, 408, 411, 425, 430, 432 Anticoagulant, 372, 423 Anticonvulsants, 15, 371, 372 Antidepressant, 267, 314, 317, 372, 381, 394, 400 Antidepressive Agents, 372, 424 Antiemetic, 372, 373 Antifungal, 266, 372 Antigen, 368, 372, 382, 398, 399, 400, 401, 408, 425, 430 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 372, 382 Antihypertensive, 372, 427 Anti-inflammatory, 372, 396 Antineoplastic, 372, 395 Antioxidant, 272, 287, 372 Antipsychotic, 273, 372, 412, 427, 428, 437 Antiviral, 373, 395, 418 Anus, 370, 373, 377, 426 Anxiety Disorders, 22, 39, 47, 51, 56, 60, 71, 122, 137, 373, 416 Apnea, 275, 373 Apolipoproteins, 373, 406 Apomorphine, 271, 286, 373 Appetite Regulation, 62, 223, 373 Appetite Stimulants, 271, 287, 373 Appetitive Behavior, 24, 61, 373 Applicability, 88, 373 Approximate, 59, 373 Aptitude, 373, 424 Aqueous, 373, 375, 390, 403, 405 Arachidonic Acid, 373, 423 Arcuate Nucleus, 37, 56, 58, 66, 373 Arginine, 90, 371, 373 Arterial, 369, 374, 380, 384, 399, 423, 435 Arteries, 374, 376, 384, 407, 410, 425 Aspiration, 12, 365, 374 Assay, 58, 71, 374, 400, 425 Asthenia, 272, 288, 374 Astrocytes, 374, 398, 411 Asymptomatic, 9, 31, 374, 416 Atenolol, 9, 374 Atrial, 374, 384, 437 Atrioventricular, 374, 384 Atrium, 374, 384, 437, 439

Atrophy, 179, 364, 374 Attenuated, 63, 374 Attenuation, 33, 374 Atypical, 26, 112, 114, 131, 150, 177, 220, 273, 374, 414, 428 Auditory, 98, 374, 408, 439 Autodigestion, 374, 416 Autonomic, 31, 66, 70, 367, 373, 374, 396, 414, 418, 432, 434 Autonomic Nervous System, 31, 71, 374, 418, 432, 434 Autoradiography, 54, 374 Autoreceptors, 76, 96, 374 Axons, 375, 386, 421 B Back Pain, 353, 375 Bacteria, 372, 375, 386, 390, 391, 393, 395, 410, 432, 433, 437, 439 Bacterial Physiology, 367, 375 Basal cells, 375, 435 Basal Ganglia, 373, 375, 380, 405, 414 Base, 38, 42, 61, 72, 81, 367, 369, 375, 386, 395, 404, 435, 438 Behavior Therapy, 35, 180, 375 Behavioral Symptoms, 76, 375 Benzene, 375 Benzodiazepines, 15, 375 Beta-Endorphin, 239, 375 Bilateral, 375, 438 Bile, 375, 395, 406, 431, 433 Biliary, 375, 416 Biliary Tract, 375, 416 Bioavailability, 39, 375 Biochemical, 64, 100, 117, 157, 375, 376, 393, 405, 430 Biological Factors, 20, 294, 375 Biological Psychiatry, 86, 111, 114, 117, 129, 157, 173, 192, 194, 239, 376 Biopsy, 376, 433 Biotechnology, 100, 101, 310, 322, 337, 376 Biotransformation, 376, 418 Biphasic, 31, 376 Bipolar Disorder, 34, 342, 376 Bladder, 376, 401, 412, 423, 438 Bloating, 376, 404 Blood Coagulation, 376, 377, 436 Blood Glucose, 6, 7, 16, 59, 258, 376, 398, 402 Blood Platelets, 376, 430 Blood pressure, 59, 352, 364, 372, 376, 378, 380, 399, 400, 411, 425, 431

Index 443

Blood vessel, 376, 377, 378, 379, 384, 404, 406, 407, 418, 431, 433, 436, 439 Body Composition, 38, 40, 72, 77, 160, 162, 376 Body Fluids, 369, 376, 389, 393, 414, 431 Body Mass Index, 5, 14, 46, 51, 200, 376, 416 Bone Density, 14, 376 Bone Marrow, 367, 375, 376, 400, 407, 411, 431 Bone Resorption, 100, 377 Bone scan, 14, 377, 428 Bowel, 241, 370, 377, 387, 399, 402, 403, 405, 426, 433 Bowel Movement, 377, 387, 399, 433 Brachytherapy, 377, 403, 425 Bradycardia, 275, 377 Brain Stem, 34, 377, 379 Branch, 346, 361, 368, 377, 380, 407, 408, 417, 418, 424, 432, 434, 435, 436 Breakdown, 377, 387, 395 C Cachexia, 47, 237, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 272, 277, 285, 287, 377 Calcium, 15, 90, 213, 230, 377, 382, 430 Caloric intake, 272, 273, 278, 281, 283, 288, 325, 377 Candidiasis, 266, 377 Candidosis, 377 Cannabidiol, 377 Cannabinoids, 26, 377 Cannabinol, 377, 378 Cannula, 34, 378 Capillary, 378, 406 Capsaicin, 34, 378 Capsules, 378, 388 Carbohydrate, 272, 378, 396, 429 Carbon Dioxide, 275, 378, 393, 420, 427 Carcinogenic, 375, 378, 422, 433 Carcinoma, 272, 288, 378, 414, 433 Cardiac, 247, 347, 369, 378, 384, 390, 391, 392, 395, 411, 433 Cardiac arrest, 347, 378 Cardiorespiratory, 368, 378 Cardioselective, 374, 378, 423 Cardiovascular, 12, 37, 44, 60, 70, 72, 76, 370, 378, 420, 430, 432 Cardiovascular disease, 37, 44, 60, 72, 76, 378 Carotene, 272, 287, 378 Carrier Proteins, 378, 425 Case report, 101, 157, 200, 378, 381

Case series, 233, 378, 381 Catecholamine, 372, 378, 387, 388, 419 Cations, 379, 403 Caudal, 55, 65, 92, 379, 387, 400, 414, 420 Caudate Nucleus, 379, 414 Causal, 36, 379, 403 Cause of Death, 73, 379 Cecum, 379, 404 Cell Differentiation, 379, 430 Cell membrane, 378, 379, 386, 395, 419, 421, 440 Cell proliferation, 379, 430 Cell Respiration, 379, 427 Cell Size, 379, 393 Central Nervous System Diseases, 286, 379 Cerebellum, 379, 394, 420 Cerebral, 124, 157, 271, 287, 375, 377, 379, 385, 391, 392, 394, 412, 432, 435, 436 Cerebral hemispheres, 375, 377, 379 Cerebrospinal, 81, 117, 239, 379 Cerebrospinal fluid, 81, 117, 239, 379 Cerebrovascular, 378, 379 Cerebrum, 379 Character, 207, 379, 385 Chemoreceptor, 373, 380, 403 Chemotactic Factors, 380, 382 Chemotherapy, 266, 272, 288, 327, 380 Cholecystokinin, 33, 58, 67, 75, 134, 380, 387 Cholesterol, 241, 375, 380, 384, 399, 406, 407, 433 Cholesterol Esters, 380, 406 Cholinergic, 110, 114, 373, 380, 406, 413 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 380, 435 Chorea, 373, 380 Chromosomal, 319, 370, 380 Chromosome, 53, 94, 380, 406 Chronic Disease, 46, 377, 380 Chylomicrons, 380, 406 Chyme, 288, 380 Cimetidine, 380, 420 Circadian, 157, 277, 280, 282, 380 Circadian Rhythm, 157, 380 CIS, 286, 381 Citalopram, 215, 381 Clamp, 25, 381 Clinical Medicine, 98, 166, 381, 421 Clinical study, 100, 381 Clinical trial, 21, 28, 35, 36, 261, 267, 337, 381, 384, 388, 411, 423, 425, 426 Clone, 53, 381

444 Eating Disorders

Cloning, 376, 381 Coca, 381 Cocaine, 64, 78, 201, 381 Cochlea, 381, 432, 438 Codon, 90, 381, 396 Cofactor, 381, 413, 423, 436 Cognition, 41, 121, 381, 412 Cognitive behavior therapy, 17, 28, 235, 314, 381 Cohort Studies, 93, 382 Colitis, 242, 348, 382, 402, 404 Collapse, 377, 382, 431 Comorbidity, 33, 44, 73, 81, 90, 114, 122, 123, 131, 188, 205, 208, 226, 382 Complement, 78, 371, 382, 430 Complementary and alternative medicine, 233, 248, 382 Complementary medicine, 233, 382 Complete remission, 382, 427 Compulsion, 310, 325, 383, 437, 440 Compulsive Behavior, 293, 383 Computational Biology, 337, 383 Computed tomography, 376, 383, 428 Computerized axial tomography, 383, 428 Conception, 383, 393, 421, 432, 433 Conditioned stimulus, 29, 383 Congestion, 373, 383 Conjugated, 274, 383 Connective tissue, 137, 368, 377, 383, 393, 395, 407, 428 Consciousness, 258, 370, 371, 383, 385, 386, 388, 435 Consolidation, 63, 383 Constipation, 241, 364, 373, 383, 404 Constitutional, 277, 383 Constriction, 383, 404 Consultation, 9, 38, 69, 86, 88, 95, 154, 383 Consummatory Behavior, 60, 383 Contamination, 274, 383, 415 Continuum, 181, 193, 199, 255, 296, 384 Contraindications, ii, 384 Contralateral, 93, 384, 409, 415 Control group, 60, 80, 262, 384 Controlled study, 109, 137, 142, 158, 167, 171, 207, 219, 226, 237, 384 Cor, 25, 70, 384, 422 Coronary, 378, 384, 410 Coronary heart disease, 378, 384 Coronary Thrombosis, 384, 410 Corpus, 251, 384, 407, 422, 436 Corpus Luteum, 384, 407, 422 Cortex, 276, 384, 390, 392, 412

Cortical, 32, 50, 179, 384, 392, 429 Corticosteroids, 25, 384, 396, 410 Cortisol, 352, 384 Courtship, 373, 385 C-Peptide, 40, 385 Cranial, 31, 379, 380, 385, 392, 396, 397, 418, 439 Criterion, 126, 220, 385 Cues, 27, 28, 45, 55, 56, 67, 222, 237, 385 Curative, 385, 413, 436 Curettage, 385, 406 Cutaneous, 127, 185, 377, 385 Cyclic, 74, 385, 429 Cytokines, 164, 385 Cytotoxic, 378, 385, 425, 430 D Data Collection, 33, 38, 40, 385 Databases, Bibliographic, 337, 385 Deamination, 385, 411 Degenerative, 385, 411, 428 Deglutition, 275, 385 Dehydration, 71, 346, 352, 385 Deletion, 56, 78, 385 Delirium, 373, 385 Delivery of Health Care, 386, 397 Delusions, 115, 386, 397, 424 Dementia, 271, 287, 373, 386 Dendrites, 96, 386, 413 Density, 12, 14, 19, 71, 82, 100, 184, 376, 386, 393, 406, 415 Dental Care, 9, 15, 386 Dental Caries, 10, 16, 17, 386 Dental Clinics, 11, 386 Dental Hygienists, 40, 143, 314, 386 Dentate Gyrus, 386, 398 Dentists, 10, 11, 18, 19, 40, 386 Dentition, 10, 11, 386 Depersonalization, 386, 416, 429 Depolarization, 67, 386, 430 Depressive Disorder, 274, 386, 406 Deprivation, 54, 83, 237, 387 Derealization, 386, 387, 416 Desensitization, 96, 237, 387 Devazepide, 33, 387 Developed Countries, 12, 387 Dexfenfluramine, 85, 387 Dextroamphetamine, 370, 387 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 6, 8, 387 Diagnostic procedure, 24, 80, 269, 322, 387 Diarrhea, 387, 390, 404 Diastolic, 387, 399 Diencephalon, 379, 387, 400, 436

Index 445

Dietary Fiber, 324, 387 Dietitian, 13, 15, 227, 229, 387 Digestion, 312, 369, 375, 377, 380, 387, 403, 406, 417, 433 Digestive system, 268, 387 Dilatation, 364, 387, 422 Direct, iii, 22, 31, 46, 52, 53, 76, 77, 96, 249, 329, 381, 387, 388, 427, 433, 434 Discrimination, 388, 440 Dissection, 53, 388, 438 Dissociation, 64, 75, 133, 156, 193, 215, 368, 388 Dissociative Disorders, 274, 388 Distal, 99, 388, 421, 423 Diuresis, 324, 388 Dizziness, 388, 416 Docetaxel, 266, 388 Dominance, 388, 391 Dopamine, 73, 78, 370, 373, 381, 387, 388, 411, 425, 428 Dorsal, 34, 54, 388, 420 Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, 66, 388 Dorsum, 388 Dosage Forms, 273, 388 Double-blinded, 100, 388 Drive, ii, vi, 33, 44, 53, 94, 125, 225, 252, 311, 345, 388, 401, 405 Drug Interactions, 330, 389 Duct, 378, 389, 392, 428 Duodenal Ulcer, 389, 420 Duodenum, 375, 389, 395, 404, 413, 433 Dynorphins, 389, 415 Dyskinesia, 373, 381, 389 Dysphagia, 18, 163, 389 Dysphoric, 75, 185, 386, 389 Dyspnea, 389, 416 Dystonia, 373, 389 E Edema, 389 Effector, 55, 367, 382, 389, 413 Effector cell, 55, 389, 413 Efficacy, 32, 35, 38, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 59, 92, 95, 97, 100, 145, 156, 255, 256, 265, 276, 389, 437 Ego, 237, 253, 389, 415, 426 Elective, 197, 239, 389 Electrolyte, 12, 149, 324, 352, 365, 369, 386, 389, 393, 410, 414, 421, 431, 438 Electron microscope, 70, 389 Electrons, 372, 375, 389, 403, 416, 425 Embryo, 379, 389, 401

Embryology, 389, 413 Emetic, 19, 373, 390, 403 Emetine, 390, 403 Emollient, 390, 396, 415 Empirical, 27, 44, 107, 216, 250, 258, 390 Emulsion, 374, 390, 393 Enamel, 12, 16, 18, 19, 348, 386, 390 Endocarditis, 377, 390 Endocrine System, 390, 412 Endometrium, 390, 409 Endorphins, 301, 390, 415, 422 Endotoxin, 274, 275, 390, 438 Energetic, 55, 390 Energy balance, 23, 42, 52, 54, 56, 65, 66, 67, 81, 130, 390, 405 Energy Intake, 15, 45, 390 Enhancer, 47, 390 Enkephalin, 74, 375, 390, 422 Entorhinal Cortex, 390, 398 Environmental Health, 336, 338, 390 Enzymatic, 377, 378, 382, 386, 390, 398 Ependyma, 373, 391, 436 Epidemic, 42, 91, 99, 252, 255, 300, 391 Epidemiological, 26, 61, 72, 107, 129, 139, 152, 154, 211, 391 Epidermis, 375, 391, 399 Epigastric, 391, 416 Epinephrine, 368, 388, 391, 414, 438 Epistasis, 53, 391 Epithelial, 68, 367, 391 Epithelial Cells, 391 Epithelium, 68, 391, 395, 403 ERV, 191, 310, 339, 346, 391, 392 Erythrocytes, 371, 377, 391, 430 Escalation, 27, 391 Esophagitis, 16, 391 Esophagus, 387, 391, 419, 433 Estradiol, 55, 74, 391 Estrogen, 55, 58, 100, 391, 408, 422 Estrogen receptor, 55, 59, 391 Ethanol, 381, 391 Ethnic Groups, 14, 46, 391 Eukaryotic Cells, 391, 401 Evacuation, 383, 392, 395, 405, 425 Evoke, 67, 392, 433 Excitability, 67, 84, 392 Excitation, 271, 287, 380, 392, 393 Excitatory, 25, 392, 396 Exercise Therapy, 353, 392 Exhaustion, 371, 392 Exocrine, 380, 392, 416 Exogenous, 33, 376, 385, 392, 438

446 Eating Disorders

Exon, 90, 392 Expiration, 392, 427 Expiratory, 391, 392 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 391, 392 External radiation, 392, 433 External-beam radiation, 392, 425 Extracellular, 71, 73, 76, 96, 374, 392, 410, 431 Extracellular Space, 392, 410 Extrapyramidal, 369, 373, 388, 392 Eye Movements, 32, 392 F Facial, 380, 392, 408, 417, 432, 435 Facial Nerve, 392, 417, 435 Failure to Thrive, 42, 312, 392 Family Planning, 337, 392 Family Relations, 326, 392 Family Therapy, 9, 49, 251, 393 Fathers, 157, 254, 393 Fatigue, 120, 266, 352, 393 Fatty acids, 272, 287, 387, 393, 406, 423 Fecal Incontinence, 271, 287, 393, 401 Feces, 383, 393, 433 Feeding Behavior, 27, 31, 39, 47, 52, 64, 69, 86, 97, 276, 393 Fenfluramine, 15, 75, 387, 393 Fetus, 393, 420, 421, 438 Fibrosis, 220, 369, 393 Fixation, 393, 430 Flatus, 393, 395 Flow Cytometry, 55, 393 Fluid Therapy, 393, 414 Fluorescence, 393, 394 Fluorescent Dyes, 393, 394 Fluoxetine, 96, 97, 150, 230, 267, 322, 330, 394 Fold, 23, 394 Follicular Phase, 85, 394 Follow-Up Studies, 43, 394 Food Deprivation, 54, 83, 394 Food Habits, 326, 394 Food Preferences, 63, 394 Foot Care, 323, 394 Forearm, 376, 394 Fourth Ventricle, 394, 406, 436 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 50, 394 Fungi, 372, 394, 410, 440 Fungus, 377, 394 G Galanin, 23, 152, 395 Gallbladder, 367, 375, 380, 387, 395, 431

Gamma Rays, 395, 425 Gamma-interferon, 273, 395 Ganglia, 367, 395, 412, 418, 434 Gap Junctions, 395, 434, 435 Gas, 324, 370, 378, 391, 393, 395, 399, 404, 414, 434, 439 Gastric, 16, 17, 18, 34, 43, 74, 152, 153, 364, 374, 380, 388, 395, 398, 403, 417, 418, 420, 426, 431 Gastric Acid, 380, 395 Gastric Bypass, 43, 395 Gastric Emptying, 16, 395 Gastric Juices, 395, 417 Gastric Mucosa, 395, 403, 418, 431 Gastrin, 65, 380, 395, 399 Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, 65, 395 Gastrointestinal, 12, 16, 31, 68, 86, 152, 153, 380, 391, 395, 420, 426, 430, 432, 434 Gastrointestinal tract, 16, 31, 391, 395, 430 Gene Expression, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 71, 73, 74, 395 Generator, 67, 395 Genetic Code, 395, 414, 423 Genetics, 54, 79, 94, 99, 113, 140, 210, 368, 388, 396, 418 Genital, 118, 396 Genotype, 396, 419 Germ Cells, 396, 409, 416, 432, 435 Gingival Recession, 18, 396 Gland, 16, 19, 158, 368, 396, 407, 416, 417, 422, 423, 429, 433, 436 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 396, 435 Glucocorticoid, 25, 396 Gluconeogenesis, 272, 396 Glucose, 6, 40, 47, 55, 68, 116, 154, 272, 312, 376, 387, 396, 398, 402, 428 Glucose Intolerance, 272, 387, 396 Glucose tolerance, 396 Glucose Tolerance Test, 396 Glutamate, 25, 90, 396 Glutathione Peroxidase, 396, 429 Glycerol, 272, 396, 419 Glycoprotein, 397, 436, 438 Gonadal, 397, 433 Gonadotropin, 55, 67, 397 Governing Board, 397, 421 Gp120, 397, 418 Grade, 250, 265, 397 Graft, 397, 399, 401 Granulocytes, 397, 430, 440 Gravidity, 397, 417

Index 447

H Habitual, 155, 288, 380, 397 Half-Life, 90, 397 Hallucinogens, 276, 397, 424 Happiness, 338, 397 Haptens, 368, 397, 425 Headache, 170, 185, 397, 421 Health Care Costs, 41, 397 Health Expenditures, 397 Health Promotion, 77, 398 Health Services, 81, 106, 165, 342, 386, 398 Heart attack, 378, 398 Hemoglobin, 16, 80, 371, 391, 398, 404, 405 Hemorrhage, 397, 398, 433 Hemostasis, 398, 430 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, 47, 398 Hepatic, 272, 386, 390, 396, 398, 411 Hereditary, 398, 411 Heredity, 395, 396, 398 Heritability, 53, 94, 398 Heterogeneity, 24, 369, 398 Hippocampus, 71, 87, 386, 398, 405, 434 Histamine, 371, 373, 380, 398, 426 Homeostasis, 31, 64, 66, 70, 78, 271, 398, 432 Homogeneous, 80, 384, 398, 418 Homologous, 96, 398, 430, 434, 435 Hormonal, 6, 86, 157, 374, 399 Hormone therapy, 399, 408 Host, 272, 288, 377, 399, 400, 401, 438, 439 Humoral, 399, 400 Hybrid, 78, 381, 399 Hybridization, 66, 71, 399 Hydrogen, 367, 370, 375, 378, 396, 399, 410, 413, 414, 416, 418, 423 Hydrolysis, 62, 368, 376, 399, 406, 419, 420, 423 Hydrophobic, 399, 406 Hyperalgesia, 286, 399 Hypercholesterolemia, 64, 241, 399 Hyperglycemia, 6, 8, 399 Hyperlipidemia, 272, 291, 399 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 399, 406 Hyperphagia, 58, 94, 399 Hyperpigmentation, 352, 399 Hypersensitivity, 369, 387, 399, 430 Hypertension, 71, 73, 286, 378, 397, 399, 423, 438 Hypertrophy, 384, 399, 437 Hypnotherapy, 64, 242, 399 Hypochondriasis, 274, 399 Hypoglycemia, 8, 400

Hypotension, 352, 373, 400, 413 Hypothalamic, 25, 47, 54, 56, 58, 63, 66, 67, 70, 74, 83, 400 I Ice Cream, 12, 400 Id, 77, 230, 240, 345, 349, 351, 360, 362, 389, 400 Ileum, 379, 400, 404, 413 Illusions, 180, 397, 400, 429 Imaging procedures, 400, 437 Imipramine, 9, 400 Immune function, 83, 264, 265, 400 Immune response, 83, 372, 397, 400, 430, 434, 438, 439, 440 Immune system, 207, 389, 400, 401, 407, 439, 440 Immunity, 400, 415 Immunization, 400, 401, 422, 430 Immunoassay, 385, 400 Immunocompetence, 175, 400 Immunogenic, 400, 425 Immunoglobulin, 372, 400, 411 Immunohistochemistry, 66, 400 Immunology, 106, 196, 368, 394, 400 Immunomodulator, 400, 406 Immunosuppressive, 396, 400, 401 Immunotherapy, 387, 401 Impairment, 5, 87, 158, 172, 274, 385, 389, 401, 409, 424 Implant radiation, 401, 403, 425 Impotence, 401, 440 Impulse Control Disorders, 274, 401 Impulsive Behavior, 204, 206, 401 In situ, 58, 59, 66, 71, 74, 401 In Situ Hybridization, 58, 59, 66, 74, 401 In vitro, 47, 55, 58, 401 In vivo, 47, 58, 67, 71, 78, 96, 401, 410 Incest, 165, 256, 257, 401 Incision, 401, 403 Incontinence, 275, 401 Indicative, 277, 280, 282, 294, 401, 417, 439 Individuation, 255, 258, 401 Induction, 47, 63, 371, 373, 401, 404, 422 Infancy, 42, 48, 401 Infantile, 48, 401 Infarction, 384, 401, 410, 423 Infection, 141, 156, 199, 266, 377, 380, 385, 400, 401, 407, 413, 415, 417, 434, 440 Infertility, 55, 69, 81, 162, 402 Inflammation, 23, 242, 353, 372, 382, 391, 393, 402, 403, 416, 428, 432, 439 Inflammatory bowel disease, 171, 402

448 Eating Disorders

Infusion, 58, 63, 84, 402 Ingestion, 18, 31, 74, 92, 151, 270, 288, 396, 399, 402, 420 Inhalation, 402, 420 Inlay, 402, 427 Innervation, 71, 84, 392, 402 Inotropic, 374, 388, 402 Inpatients, 123, 134, 145, 235, 402 Insight, 46, 90, 92, 402 Insomnia, 402, 406, 421 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 7, 8, 17, 138, 162, 222, 228, 402 Insulin-like, 134, 162, 402 Interferon, 395, 402, 407 Interleukin-1, 226, 273, 402 Interleukin-2, 402 Intermittent, 216, 229, 394, 402 Internal radiation, 402, 425 Interstitial, 324, 377, 392, 403 Intervention Studies, 38, 61, 403 Intestinal, 16, 34, 67, 74, 378, 380, 396, 403 Intestine, 33, 324, 377, 403, 404, 418, 425, 431, 433 Intoxication, 385, 403, 440 Intracellular, 62, 64, 67, 401, 403, 409, 421, 426, 429, 430 Intracellular Membranes, 403, 409 Intramuscular, 273, 403, 417 Intraperitoneal, 275, 403 Intravenous, 66, 365, 402, 403, 417 Intrinsic, 314, 369, 403 Intussusception, 403, 426 Invasive, 34, 400, 403, 407 Invertebrates, 63, 403 Involuntary, 164, 322, 380, 393, 403, 411, 427 Ion Channels, 67, 90, 374, 403, 413, 435 Ions, 90, 375, 388, 389, 399, 403, 410, 421 Ipecac, 194, 248, 390, 403 Ipsilateral, 93, 403, 409 Iris, 403, 425 Iritis, 353, 403 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 31, 148, 275, 403 Ischemia, 271, 287, 374, 404 Isoleucine, 272, 288, 404 J Jejunum, 395, 404 Joint, 109, 315, 404, 434 K Kb, 336, 404 Keratolytic, 386, 404

Ketamine, 216, 229, 404 Ketone Bodies, 387, 404 Ketosis, 387, 404 Kidney Disease, 16, 263, 267, 268, 313, 336, 404 Kinetics, 71, 293, 404 L Labile, 131, 382, 404 Lactation, 55, 404, 422 Lag, 96, 404 Large Intestine, 324, 379, 387, 403, 404, 426, 431 Larynx, 404, 437, 439 Latency, 187, 404 Latent, 404, 421 Laxative, 16, 19, 166, 324, 405 Least-Squares Analysis, 405, 427 Lectin, 405, 409 Lens, 405, 427 Leptin, 55, 57, 63, 65, 66, 68, 73, 82, 85, 86, 166, 175, 196, 200, 210, 405 Lesion, 405, 406, 435 Leucine, 272, 287, 288, 375, 405, 417 Leukemia, 161, 272, 288, 405 Leukocytes, 377, 380, 385, 397, 405, 411, 438 Libido, 371, 405 Library Services, 360, 405 Life cycle, 376, 394, 405 Ligament, 405, 423 Ligands, 23, 76, 405 Likelihood Functions, 405, 427 Limbic, 70, 73, 370, 405 Limbic System, 370, 405 Linear Models, 405, 427 Linkage, 4, 53, 94, 171, 406 Linoleic Acids, 274, 406 Lipectomy, 278, 281, 283, 406 Lipid, 25, 59, 99, 222, 373, 396, 402, 406 Lipolysis, 272, 406 Lipophilic, 286, 406 Lipopolysaccharide, 234, 275, 406 Lipoprotein, 272, 406, 407 Lipoprotein Lipase, 272, 406 Lithium, 15, 63, 373, 406 Lithium Chloride, 63, 406 Liver, 37, 55, 69, 105, 348, 367, 373, 375, 387, 390, 393, 395, 396, 398, 406, 411, 428 Liver scan, 406, 428 Lobeline, 286, 406 Localization, 70, 400, 406

Index 449

Localized, 52, 68, 71, 271, 386, 393, 401, 406, 411, 420 Locomotion, 406, 420 Locomotor, 73, 406 Locus Coeruleus, 54, 406 Logistic Models, 407, 427 Longitudinal Studies, 82, 407 Longitudinal study, 42, 90, 193, 407 Loop, 62, 248, 395, 407 Low-density lipoprotein, 406, 407 Lumbar, 375, 407 Lumen, 68, 288, 378, 407 Lutein Cells, 407, 422 Lymph, 399, 407 Lymph node, 399, 407 Lymphatic, 401, 407, 431 Lymphatic system, 407, 431 Lymphoblastic, 407 Lymphoblasts, 367, 407 Lymphocyte, 372, 407, 408 Lymphoid, 372, 384, 400, 407 M Macrophage, 402, 407 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 407, 428 Malformation, 47, 408 Malignancy, 272, 277, 288, 408 Malignant, 272, 288, 367, 372, 408, 412, 425, 428 Malnutrition, 48, 69, 75, 207, 263, 272, 277, 288, 312, 374, 377, 408 Mammary, 406, 408 Mandible, 370, 408, 427 Manic, 303, 373, 376, 406, 408, 424 Manic-depressive psychosis, 408, 424 Manifest, 84, 408 Mass Media, 179, 408 Meat, 275, 408 Meatus, 408, 439 Medial, 63, 75, 408, 415 Mediate, 24, 54, 58, 87, 276, 388, 389, 408, 426 Mediator, 83, 121, 380, 402, 408, 430 Medical Staff, 388, 408 MEDLINE, 337, 408 Medullary, 275, 408 Megestrol, 263, 264, 265, 331, 408 Megestrol Acetate, 263, 264, 265, 408 Meiosis, 409, 434, 435 Melanin, 403, 406, 409, 438 Melanocytes, 399, 409 Membrane Glycoproteins, 409 Membrane Proteins, 80, 409

Memory, 6, 22, 29, 41, 45, 63, 86, 233, 242, 271, 286, 287, 371, 385, 386, 409 Menarche, 192, 252, 409 Meninges, 379, 409 Menstrual Cycle, 85, 394, 409, 421, 422 Menstruation, 364, 370, 394, 409, 421 Mental Disorders, 46, 78, 139, 268, 285, 409, 422, 424 Mental Health Services, iv, 21, 179, 339, 342, 355, 409 Mental Processes, 388, 409, 424 Mercury, 393, 409 Mesencephalic, 406, 409 Mesolimbic, 373, 409 Meta-Analysis, 152, 409 Metabolic disorder, 69, 409 Metabolite, 376, 410, 414 Metastasis, 410 Metastatic, 272, 288, 410 Methionine, 375, 410, 422 MI, 36, 41, 46, 51, 68, 147, 153, 366, 410 Microbe, 410, 436 Microbiology, 196, 367, 374, 410 Microdialysis, 96, 410 Micro-organism, 386, 410, 419 Milliliter, 376, 410 Mineralocorticoids, 368, 410 Mitochondrial Swelling, 410, 412 Mitotic, 388, 410 Mitotic inhibitors, 388, 410 Modeling, 22, 25, 51, 410 Modification, 8, 51, 121, 173, 327, 410, 425 Molecular, 22, 25, 50, 53, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 74, 78, 82, 92, 99, 152, 175, 337, 340, 370, 376, 383, 386, 410, 422, 426, 438 Molecular Structure, 410, 438 Molecule, 23, 39, 56, 372, 375, 382, 388, 389, 392, 397, 399, 405, 410, 414, 416, 425, 426, 430, 439 Monitor, 9, 312, 410, 414 Monoamine, 78, 218, 239, 271, 287, 370, 372, 387, 411, 438 Monoamine Oxidase, 218, 271, 287, 370, 372, 387, 411, 438 Monoclonal, 34, 411, 425 Monocytes, 402, 405, 411 Mononuclear, 411, 438 Mood Disorders, 22, 60, 96, 411 Morphine, 24, 373, 411, 412, 415 Morphological, 31, 389, 394, 409, 411 Morphology, 319, 411 Motility, 68, 411, 420, 430

450 Eating Disorders

Motion Sickness, 411, 412 Motor Neurons, 92, 411 Movement Disorders, 91, 373, 411 Mucosa, 16, 31, 380, 395, 411, 422 Multicenter study, 131, 193, 411 Mutagenesis, 22, 62, 411 Mutagens, 411 Mutilation, 114, 198, 250, 411 Mydriatic, 411, 440 Myocardium, 410, 411 Myopathy, 194, 411 N Naloxone, 375, 411 Narcolepsy, 23, 387, 412 Narcotic, 411, 412 Nausea, 327, 372, 373, 388, 404, 412, 416, 421, 438 NCI, 1, 98, 262, 264, 266, 268, 335, 381, 412 Necrosis, 16, 401, 410, 412 Needs Assessment, 41, 412 Neocortex, 71, 93, 412 Neonatal, 113, 142, 184, 412 Neoplasm, 412, 428 Nephropathy, 16, 44, 404, 412 Nervous System, 66, 67, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 270, 271, 276, 286, 287, 365, 367, 368, 370, 374, 375, 379, 380, 381, 387, 389, 395, 397, 408, 411, 412, 413, 418, 420, 430, 434, 435, 438 Networks, 109, 310, 412 Neural, 27, 31, 33, 37, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 63, 66, 70, 73, 87, 91, 92, 109, 368, 399, 411, 412 Neural Pathways, 55, 63, 70, 412 Neuroanatomy, 31, 66, 70, 405, 412 Neuroendocrine, 25, 53, 66, 70, 71, 83, 85, 110, 289, 412 Neurogenic, 270, 412 Neuroleptic, 369, 372, 412 Neuronal, 27, 37, 53, 59, 63, 66, 75, 92, 381, 413 Neuropathy, 16, 44, 413 Neuropeptide, 37, 54, 56, 58, 63, 70, 395, 413 Neurophysiology, 92, 386, 413 Neurosciences, 99, 110, 145, 182, 188, 189, 202, 236, 276, 413 Neurosis, 400, 413, 415, 419 Neurosurgery, 91, 413 Neurotensin, 58, 413 Neurotic, 145, 173, 371, 413 Neurotoxic, 87, 413

Neurotransmitters, 55, 413, 422, 432 Neutrons, 369, 413, 425 Niacin, 413, 438 Nickel, 45, 413 Nicotine, 73, 286, 406, 413 Nitrogen, 272, 288, 369, 370, 371, 393, 413, 438 Non-small cell lung cancer, 264, 266, 414 Nonverbal Communication, 414, 424 Norepinephrine, 78, 368, 388, 414, 427 Nortriptyline, 9, 414 Nuclear, 178, 375, 389, 391, 392, 395, 405, 412, 414, 436 Nuclear Family, 392, 414 Nuclei, 54, 154, 369, 370, 389, 405, 408, 413, 414, 420, 423 Nucleic acid, 395, 399, 401, 411, 414 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 399, 414 Nucleus, 25, 58, 60, 62, 63, 70, 73, 75, 84, 91, 92, 373, 385, 388, 391, 395, 406, 409, 411, 413, 414, 416, 422, 423, 426, 432, 436, 439 Nucleus Accumbens, 62, 73, 84, 91, 414 Nursing Assessment, 143, 414 Nutrition Assessment, 38, 414 Nutritional Status, 9, 199, 312, 414 Nutritional Support, 312, 414 O Observational study, 42, 108, 414 Obsession, 314, 325, 383, 415 Obsessional, 84, 415 Ocular, 415, 420 Ointments, 388, 415 Omega-3 fatty acid, 264, 415 Opacity, 386, 415 Opioid Peptides, 60, 389, 390, 415 Opium, 411, 415 Opportunistic Infections, 285, 415 Optic Chiasm, 400, 415, 421 Oral Health, 10, 11, 415 Oral Hygiene, 10, 18, 128, 415 Oral Manifestations, 18, 19, 415 Orthostatic, 373, 415 Osmosis, 415 Osmotic, 71, 81, 410, 415, 430 Osteoporosis, 76, 81, 100, 177, 178, 217, 228, 241, 277, 307, 320, 343, 346, 415 Outpatient, 10, 17, 20, 38, 102, 108, 169, 178, 185, 292, 311, 416 Ovariectomy, 58, 74, 416 Ovaries, 183, 416, 430 Ovary, 384, 391, 416

Index 451

Overweight, 19, 20, 21, 28, 37, 42, 47, 56, 72, 98, 131, 184, 229, 276, 324, 325, 327, 364, 416 Ovulation, 371, 394, 408, 416 Ovum, 384, 405, 416, 422 Oxidation, 55, 272, 367, 372, 376, 387, 396, 416 Oxotremorine, 271, 286, 416 Oxygen Consumption, 56, 416, 427 P Palate, 18, 396, 416, 435 Palliative, 408, 416, 436 Pancreas, 163, 272, 288, 367, 387, 402, 416, 422, 431 Pancreatic, 68, 74, 380, 385, 387, 416 Pancreatitis, 68, 416 Panic, 80, 400, 416 Panic Disorder, 80, 400, 416 Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, 66, 416 Parenteral, 390, 417 Paresthesias, 416, 417 Parity, 14, 417 Parkinsonism, 373, 417 Parotid, 16, 396, 417 Partial remission, 417, 427 Particle, 271, 287, 417, 437 Parturition, 417, 422 Patch, 25, 417, 437 Pathogenesis, 82, 176, 257, 294, 417 Pathologic, 367, 376, 377, 384, 399, 417, 427 Pathologies, 26, 74, 286, 303, 417 Pathophysiology, 8, 46, 83, 140, 173, 417 Patient Advocacy, 353, 354, 417 Patient Care Planning, 414, 417 Patient Education, 4, 267, 324, 346, 358, 360, 366, 417 Peer Group, 87, 417 Peer Review, 35, 225, 417 Pelvic, 417, 423 Penicillin, 371, 417, 439 Pepsin, 380, 417, 418 Pepsin A, 380, 417, 418 Peptic, 31, 417, 418 Peptic Ulcer, 31, 418 Peptide, 23, 33, 37, 39, 58, 63, 67, 71, 75, 218, 375, 380, 385, 405, 415, 417, 418, 420, 422, 423 Peptide T, 33, 58, 418 Perception, 22, 45, 50, 148, 169, 234, 264, 265, 347, 386, 397, 418, 429 Perfusion, 100, 418

Peripheral Nervous System, 418, 422, 434 Peristalsis, 288, 418 Peritoneal, 403, 418 Peritoneal Cavity, 403, 418 PH, 152, 164, 191, 194, 376, 418 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 388, 418 Pharmacodynamic, 39, 418 Pharmacogenetics, 135, 418 Pharmacokinetic, 39, 418 Pharmacologic, 39, 68, 182, 211, 275, 371, 397, 418, 436 Pharmacotherapy, 15, 95, 122, 144, 182, 418 Pharynx, 18, 419, 435, 439 Phenotype, 52, 63, 66, 70, 119, 419 Phobia, 80, 419 Phobic Disorders, 419 Phospholipases, 419, 430 Phospholipids, 393, 406, 419 Phosphorus, 377, 419 Phototherapy, 419, 429 Physical Examination, 3, 312, 419 Physical Fitness, 392, 419, 432 Physical Therapy, 289, 419 Physiologic, 56, 66, 68, 270, 288, 369, 373, 397, 409, 419, 426, 427 Physiology, 31, 55, 56, 57, 66, 67, 70, 71, 83, 84, 234, 270, 302, 413, 419 Pigmentation, 399, 419 Pigments, 378, 419 Pilot Projects, 77, 419 Pilot study, 28, 35, 40, 53, 59, 94, 100, 107, 149, 150, 185, 218, 239, 419, 420 Piperidines, 286, 420 Pirenzepine, 114, 420 Placenta, 247, 391, 420, 422 Plants, 369, 378, 381, 396, 405, 411, 414, 419, 420, 428, 437, 438 Plasma, 78, 81, 86, 182, 276, 372, 379, 380, 396, 398, 399, 410, 420, 429, 430 Plasticity, 31, 420 Platelet Activation, 420, 430 Platinum, 407, 420 Pleomorphic, 414, 420 Poisoning, 198, 373, 385, 403, 409, 412, 420 Polymorphism, 111, 152, 420 Polypeptide, 370, 399, 417, 420, 422, 431, 440 Pons, 54, 92, 377, 394, 420 Pontine, 54, 420 Posterior, 10, 271, 370, 375, 379, 388, 396, 403, 416, 420

452 Eating Disorders

Postmenopausal, 415, 420 Postoperative, 9, 421 Postsynaptic, 25, 62, 75, 76, 421, 430, 434, 435 Post-synaptic, 85, 96, 421 Post-traumatic, 34, 238, 255, 411, 421 Potassium, 67, 90, 352, 369, 410, 421 Potassium Channels, 67, 90, 421 Potentiate, 84, 421 Potentiating, 271, 287, 421 Potentiation, 32, 421, 430 Practicability, 421, 437 Practice Guidelines, 339, 349, 421 Preclinical, 97, 421 Precursor, 31, 85, 271, 373, 388, 389, 390, 414, 421, 422, 438, 439 Predisposition, 13, 85, 326, 421, 435 Pregnancy Complications, 320, 421 Prejudice, 37, 421 Premenstrual, 96, 185, 421 Premenstrual Syndrome, 96, 421 Prenatal, 258, 389, 421 Preoptic Area, 55, 421 Presynaptic, 25, 78, 374, 421, 434, 435 Presynaptic Terminals, 78, 374, 421, 435 Primary Prevention, 102, 212, 311, 346, 422 Probe, 32, 56, 72, 112, 410, 422 Progesterone, 55, 100, 408, 422, 433 Progression, 371, 422 Progressive, 352, 353, 379, 386, 391, 397, 412, 420, 422 Proinsulin, 385, 422 Projection, 60, 92, 414, 422 Prolactin, 85, 422 Promoter, 47, 53, 111, 152, 422 Prone, 276, 422 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 390, 415, 422 Prophase, 422, 434, 435 Prophylaxis, 386, 422, 439 Proportional, 18, 422 Propranolol, 374, 423 Prospective study, 93, 151, 180, 198, 220, 228, 407, 423 Prostaglandins, 273, 369, 373, 423 Prostate, 272, 288, 423 Prosthodontist, 15, 423 Protease, 81, 423 Protein C, 22, 23, 78, 80, 370, 373, 381, 406, 423 Protein S, 63, 310, 376, 390, 396, 423, 428 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, 63, 423

Proteolytic, 382, 423 Protocol, 166, 262, 324, 423 Protons, 369, 399, 423, 425 Proximal, 388, 395, 421, 423 Pruritus, 204, 423, 438 Psychiatric Nursing, 42, 102, 107, 130, 191, 204, 212, 235, 423 Psychic, 405, 413, 424, 429 Psychogenic, 270, 424 Psychological Tests, 16, 424 Psychosexual, 189, 222, 424 Psychosis, 56, 372, 424 Psychotomimetic, 370, 387, 424 Psychotropic, 276, 424 Psychotropic Drugs, 276, 424 Puberty, 6, 29, 51, 68, 164, 252, 368, 424 Public Health, 9, 26, 47, 57, 61, 72, 73, 81, 88, 93, 98, 99, 310, 339, 346, 424 Public Policy, 61, 337, 424 Publishing, 7, 17, 19, 100, 238, 292, 424 Pulmonary, 365, 376, 383, 384, 424, 425, 439 Pulmonary Artery, 376, 424, 439 Pulmonary hypertension, 384, 425 Pulse, 67, 92, 364, 411, 425 Punishment, 325, 346, 425 Pupil, 403, 411, 425 Purgative, 16, 405, 425 Pyloric Sphincter, 288, 425 Pylorus, 288, 425 Q Quality of Life, 41, 43, 46, 50, 79, 118, 210, 266, 425 Quinpirole, 73, 425 R Race, 33, 95, 271, 287, 425 Radiation, 63, 264, 367, 374, 392, 394, 395, 403, 425, 429, 433, 440 Radiation therapy, 264, 367, 392, 403, 425 Radioactive, 374, 377, 397, 399, 401, 402, 406, 414, 425, 428 Radioimmunoassay, 68, 81, 425 Radioisotope, 425, 437 Radiolabeled, 71, 425 Radiopharmaceutical, 395, 425 Radiotherapy, 377, 425, 433 Randomized, 36, 39, 40, 41, 49, 57, 60, 83, 85, 100, 101, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 389, 425, 426 Randomized clinical trial, 36, 40, 41, 426 Randomized Controlled Trials, 39, 426 Ranitidine, 420, 426

Index 453

Rape, 426 Raphe Nuclei, 96, 426 Reality Testing, 424, 426 Reassurance, 400, 426 Receptors, Serotonin, 426, 430 Recombinant, 83, 92, 426, 439 Recovery of Function, 31, 426 Rectal, 242, 273, 324, 426 Rectal Prolapse, 324, 426 Rectum, 373, 377, 387, 393, 395, 401, 402, 404, 423, 426 Recur, 426, 429 Recurrence, 193, 376, 380, 408, 420, 426, 429 Refer, 1, 17, 18, 41, 382, 388, 390, 393, 394, 406, 412, 413, 424, 427 Reflex, 34, 92, 392, 427, 438 Refraction, 427, 432 Regeneration, 31, 427 Regimen, 5, 44, 74, 100, 278, 281, 283, 288, 389, 418, 427, 428 Regression Analysis, 80, 427 Regurgitation, 17, 18, 192, 427 Rehabilitative, 267, 427 Relapse, 9, 14, 90, 178, 193, 427 Reliability, 12, 42, 103, 167, 197, 210, 427 Remission, 9, 193, 376, 408, 426, 427 Research Design, 22, 36, 427 Resection, 270, 279, 281, 284, 427 Reserpine, 271, 286, 427 Resolving, 194, 326, 427 Resorption, 100, 427 Respiration, 275, 373, 378, 380, 410, 427 Restoration, 53, 91, 419, 427 Retina, 405, 415, 428 Retinopathy, 4, 16, 44, 428 Retreatment, 185, 428 Retrograde, 25, 54, 66, 428 Retroperitoneal, 368, 428 Retrospective, 44, 428 Ribose, 367, 428 Ribosome, 428, 437 Risperidone, 273, 428 Rod, 381, 428 S Saliva, 428 Salivary, 10, 18, 19, 158, 196, 380, 387, 392, 420, 428, 440 Salivary glands, 18, 380, 387, 392, 428 Saponins, 428, 433 Sarcoma, 272, 288, 428 Satiation, 59, 84, 428

Satiety Response, 85, 428 Scans, 321, 428 Schizoid, 429, 440 Schizophrenia, 22, 49, 71, 79, 80, 274, 428, 429, 440 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 386, 429, 440 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 183, 242, 429 Second Messenger Systems, 413, 429 Secretion, 25, 58, 67, 68, 70, 83, 114, 134, 380, 395, 398, 402, 404, 410, 420, 426, 429 Secretory, 68, 90, 385, 429, 434, 435 Secular trends, 33, 429 Sedative, 400, 429 Seizures, 276, 364, 372, 386, 429 Selenium, 272, 287, 288, 429 Self Care, 20, 323, 429 Self Concept, 80, 429 Semen, 243, 245, 423, 429 Senile, 415, 429 Sensibility, 370, 399, 430 Sensitization, 91, 430 Sequence Homology, 418, 430 Sequencing, 163, 430 Sequential treatment, 97, 430 Serum, 106, 200, 371, 382, 397, 407, 410, 425, 430, 438 Serum Albumin, 425, 430 Sex Characteristics, 368, 371, 424, 430 Shame, 20, 202, 256, 430 Shock, 366, 430, 437 Side effect, 10, 39, 40, 56, 329, 331, 368, 369, 373, 381, 430, 436 Signal Transduction, 64, 71, 73, 74, 90, 430 Signs and Symptoms, 8, 18, 346, 348, 427, 431, 438 Sincalide, 387, 431 Skeletal, 272, 371, 381, 431, 436 Skeleton, 404, 431 Skull, 431, 435 Sleep apnea, 271, 275, 287, 431 Sleep Deprivation, 61, 431 Small cell lung cancer, 264, 431 Small intestine, 379, 380, 389, 399, 400, 403, 404, 425, 431 Smooth muscle, 369, 371, 398, 411, 431, 434 Social Behavior, 175, 431 Social Class, 11, 431 Social Environment, 425, 431 Social Support, 80, 431 Social Work, 7, 227, 229, 252, 431

454 Eating Disorders

Sodium, 324, 352, 369, 410, 431 Soft tissue, 15, 376, 431 Solid tumor, 262, 431 Solitary Nucleus, 374, 432 Solvent, 375, 391, 396, 415, 418, 432 Soma, 96, 432 Somatic, 32, 47, 62, 368, 396, 399, 405, 409, 418, 432, 439 Somatic mutations, 62, 432 Spastic, 404, 432 Spasticity, 92, 432 Specialist, 355, 432 Species, 33, 37, 58, 63, 68, 368, 378, 385, 391, 399, 403, 409, 411, 417, 425, 430, 431, 432, 434, 438, 439, 440 Specificity, 72, 92, 204, 369, 432 Spectrum, 4, 5, 9, 39, 48, 78, 171, 189, 209, 271, 287, 432 Sperm, 371, 380, 432 Sphincter, 288, 404, 426, 432 Spinal cord, 66, 276, 374, 377, 379, 380, 391, 409, 412, 413, 418, 427, 432, 434 Spiral Lamina, 432, 438 Spondylitis, 353, 432 Sports Medicine, 12, 140, 358, 432 Squamous, 414, 432, 433 Squamous cell carcinoma, 414, 432, 433 Staging, 428, 433 Steel, 44, 197, 381, 433 Stereotactic, 92, 433 Stereotaxis, 91, 433 Stereotypy, 271, 287, 433 Sterility, 402, 433 Steroid, 55, 74, 384, 428, 433 Stimulant, 81, 370, 387, 398, 433, 439 Stimulus, 29, 51, 71, 383, 388, 389, 392, 401, 402, 403, 404, 417, 419, 425, 427, 433, 436 Stool, 401, 404, 433 Streptococci, 10, 433 Striatum, 71, 414, 433 Stroke, 37, 45, 268, 336, 378, 433 Structure-Activity Relationship, 22, 433 Subacute, 401, 434 Subclinical, 27, 31, 57, 67, 113, 152, 170, 175, 202, 205, 226, 227, 228, 311, 401, 429, 434 Subcutaneous, 83, 368, 389, 406, 417, 434 Subiculum, 398, 434 Subspecies, 432, 434 Substance P, 410, 429, 434 Substrate, 50, 434, 438 Suction, 278, 281, 283, 406, 434

Support group, 20, 352, 353, 354, 365, 366, 434 Suppression, 25, 55, 67, 68, 130, 434 Sympathetic Nervous System, 374, 413, 434 Sympathomimetic, 370, 387, 388, 391, 414, 434, 438 Symphysis, 423, 434 Symptomatic, 31, 266, 371, 416, 434 Symptomatology, 80, 90, 118, 257, 434 Synapses, 276, 413, 434, 435 Synapsis, 434, 435 Synaptic, 54, 76, 78, 92, 96, 276, 413, 430, 434, 435 Synaptic Transmission, 276, 413, 435 Synaptic Vesicles, 434, 435 Syncope, 275, 435 Synergistic, 422, 435 Systemic, 75, 84, 292, 309, 330, 376, 377, 385, 391, 401, 425, 435, 437 Systems Analysis, 27, 435 Systolic, 399, 435 T Tachycardia, 286, 435 Tardive, 373, 381, 435 Taste Buds, 92, 435 Telecommunications, 69, 270, 435 Temperament, 42, 48, 207, 435 Temporal, 84, 370, 398, 408, 435 Temporal Lobe, 370, 435 Terminator, 381, 435 Testis, 391, 435 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 377, 435 Thalamic, 85, 436 Thalamus, 71, 387, 405, 436 Therapeutics, 39, 62, 95, 143, 194, 325, 331, 411, 436 Thermal, 388, 413, 436 Thinness, 7, 33, 44, 53, 94, 125, 252, 254, 311, 436 Third Ventricle, 373, 388, 400, 436 Thoracic, 375, 436, 440 Thorax, 367, 407, 436, 439 Threonine, 418, 436 Threshold, 41, 81, 84, 392, 399, 436 Thrombin, 423, 436 Thrombomodulin, 423, 436 Thrombosis, 423, 433, 436 Thyroid, 158, 436, 438 Tomography, 116, 383, 436 Tooth Preparation, 367, 436 Toxic, iv, 55, 375, 400, 413, 429, 436

Index 455

Toxicity, 55, 100, 389, 409, 436 Toxicology, 55, 338, 436 Toxins, 372, 401, 423, 436 Trace element, 413, 437 Tracer, 66, 72, 437 Trachea, 404, 419, 436, 437 Traction, 381, 437 Tranquilizing Agents, 424, 437 Transdermal, 273, 437 Transduction, 430, 437 Transfection, 376, 437 Transferases, 90, 437 Translating, 98, 437 Translation, 99, 437 Translational, 81, 437 Transmitter, 52, 71, 78, 367, 374, 388, 403, 408, 414, 434, 435, 437, 438 Trauma, 18, 19, 29, 69, 133, 238, 302, 386, 391, 397, 412, 416, 426, 437 Treatment Failure, 45, 437 Treatment Outcome, 36, 49, 130, 174, 253, 258, 294, 437 Triad, 217, 437 Trichotillomania, 262, 437 Tricuspid Atresia, 384, 437 Tricyclic, 22, 330, 372, 381, 400, 438 Trigger zone, 373, 403, 438 Tropism, 92, 438 Truncal, 34, 438 Tryptophan, 85, 86, 272, 287, 288, 430, 438 Tubercle, 414, 438 Tuberculosis, 383, 438 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 273, 438 Tympani, 92, 380, 438 Type 2 diabetes, 44, 52, 76, 438 Tyramine, 411, 438 Tyrosine, 248, 388, 438 U Unconditioned, 29, 84, 438 Unconscious, 30, 400, 438 Uraemia, 416, 438 Urbanization, 160, 438 Urethra, 423, 438 Urinary, 218, 271, 275, 287, 352, 401, 420, 438 Urine, 111, 242, 376, 388, 401, 404, 438 Uterus, 384, 390, 409, 413, 416, 422, 438, 439 V Vaccination, 275, 438

Vaccine, 423, 439 Vagal, 31, 33, 270, 439 Vagina, 377, 409, 439 Vaginitis, 377, 439 Vagus Nerve, 31, 58, 270, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 432, 438, 439 Valine, 272, 287, 288, 439 Vascular, 72, 369, 401, 406, 420, 439 Vasculitis, 416, 439 Vasodilator, 388, 398, 439 VE, 160, 188, 439 Vector, 92, 437, 439 Vein, 403, 414, 417, 439 Venous, 423, 437, 439 Ventral, 73, 373, 400, 414, 420, 439 Ventricle, 370, 374, 379, 384, 398, 414, 425, 435, 437, 439 Ventricular, 54, 384, 437, 439 Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, 66, 439 Vertebrae, 432, 439 Vesicular, 78, 439 Veterinary Medicine, 337, 439 Viral, 92, 437, 439 Viral vector, 92, 439 Virulence, 374, 436, 439 Virus, 92, 390, 397, 437, 439, 440 Viscera, 55, 432, 440 Visceral, 31, 75, 374, 396, 405, 439, 440 Visceral Afferents, 374, 396, 439, 440 Vitro, 440 Vivo, 47, 72, 440 Volition, 403, 415, 440 Voltage-gated, 90, 440 W War, 161, 440 Weight Perception, 198, 440 White blood cell, 367, 372, 405, 407, 440 Windpipe, 419, 436, 440 Withdrawal, 11, 166, 285, 286, 386, 440 X Xenograft, 371, 440 Xerostomia, 15, 18, 19, 440 X-ray, 90, 100, 376, 383, 394, 395, 414, 425, 429, 433, 440 Y Yeasts, 377, 394, 419, 440 Yohimbine, 271, 287, 440 Z Zymogen, 423, 440

456 Eating Disorders