Conduct Disorders - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CONDUCT DISORDERS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R ...

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CONDUCT DISORDERS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

CONDUCT DISORDERS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Conduct Disorders: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00290-6 1. Conduct Disorders-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on conduct disorders. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONDUCT DISORDERS .............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Conduct Disorders ........................................................................ 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONDUCT DISORDERS .................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Conduct Disorders....................................................................... 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 26 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONDUCT DISORDERS .............................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS ................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Dissertations on Conduct Disorders............................................................................................ 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS ........................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patents on Conduct Disorders ..................................................................................................... 35 Patent Applications on Conduct Disorders ................................................................................. 36 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS .............................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Academic Periodicals covering Conduct Disorders ..................................................................... 43 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 63 CONDUCT DISORDERS DICTIONARY .................................................................................. 65

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INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with conduct disorders is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about conduct disorders, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to conduct disorders, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on conduct disorders. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to conduct disorders, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on conduct disorders. The Editors

1 From

the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on conduct disorders.

Federally Funded Research on Conduct Disorders The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to conduct disorders. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to conduct disorders. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore conduct disorders. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for conduct disorders: •

Project Title: ACOUSTICS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN INFANT DIRECTED SPEECH Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Ruby; Herbert H. Lehman College 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West Bronx, Ny 10468 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Current research related to the mental health of African Americans raises concerns about the psychological, social and educational adjustment of African

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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American youth. The institutionalization of African American youth have doubled since 1966 and there has been a 38 percent increase in the rate of youths placed in correctional institutions. African American youth are over-represented in psychiatric diagnoses of conduct disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders. In addition, African American youth comprise approximately 15 percent of the youth population but they account for almost half of the youth arrests for violent crimes, one fourth of the youth arrests for property crimes, and over half of the youth arrests for murder and aggravated assault. Previous research suggests that for African American children there is an incongruity between the skills they need to be competent in the home and neighborhood environments and those valued in outside settings. This incongruity puts African American children at risk for a range of psychological disorders. Differences between the socialization and communication styles of African Americans and European Americans are largely responsible for this incongruity. These differences can be seen very early in caregiver-infant communication styles. The three main goals of this project are to increase knowledge about the effects of culture on caregivers' speech to their infants, to examine the role of socioeconomic status on caregivers' infant-directed speech and to understand the role of the interaction context on infant-directed speech. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALCOHOLISM: GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC TWIN STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Heath, Andrew C.; Director, Missouri Alcoholism Research c; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This resubmission seeks continued funding for the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study (MOAFTS), a prospective genetic-epidemiologic survey of alcohol use and abuse/dependence and co-morbid psychopathology in adolescent and young adult women. During the first five years of the project, using a cohort-sequential sampling design, cohorts of 13.5, 15.5, 17.5 and 19.5 year-old twins have been ascertained from birth records over a 2-year period, with continued recruitment of new cohorts of 13 year-olds and 11 year-olds. The twins, together with at least one parent information, have been assessed using telephone diagnostic interviews (N-1730 pairs, including 249 minority pairs; N=3651 parents), with brief 1-year follow up interventions and self-report questionnaire assessments of twin pairs (N=1378 pairs to date) and 2year follow-up interview assessments of twin pairs (N=477 pairs to date) and a parent informant (N=796 parents to date) still in progress. Detailed assessments of history of psychopathology (childhood inattention and hyperactivity, suicidality, lifetime histories of DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, major depression, social phobia and panic disorder) and alcohol and other substance use disorders (DSM-V alcohol dependence or abuse, nicotine dependence, illicit drug abuse/dependence), as well as other behavioral and environmental risk- factors (including parental psychopathology and perceived peer and sibling behaviors) have been made. In this competing continuation, we seek to continue detailed telephone diagnostic interview assessments with twin cohorts at ages 175, 19.5, 21.5, 23.5, and 25.5, as well as repeat assessments of mothers of 19-year olds, plus assessment of those fathers who have not previously been interviewed. Following these twin pairs through their period of highest risk for onse5t of alcohol dependence will provide a powerful basis for identifying mediators and riskmodifiers of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol dependence and harmful alcohol use in young women (see heuristic models in Figures a1 and bla- blc), including

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effects of partner influences and influences of peers at college or work, occupation and work environment and transitions to adult roles (full-time employment, marriage, parenthood) on drinking behavior and problems. It will provide preliminary data on genetic and environmental predictors of course and remission versus persistence on alcohol problems, issues that can be addressed with greatest power when the youngest cohorts are followed up in a proposal as they reach their mid to late 20s. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ARIPIPRAZOLE TO CONTROL EFFECTS OF TBI IN CHILDREN (ACT) Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumer, Jeffrey L.; Professor; Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the past two decades, numerous research investigations have demonstrated that children who sustain severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are a high risk for problems in behavior, adaptive functioning, educational performance, as well as psychiatric disorders. Longitudinal follow-up of children with severe TBI by our group and others has shown that the problems fail to resolve overtime, despite at least partial recovery in cognitive function. Severe TBI leads to chronic social-emotional and behavioral sequelae in adults as well as children, and is associated with persisting family burden and distress. Unfortunately, little is known regarding successful treatment of these sequelae. While some improvement in function has been reported for children with severe TBI placed in-patient rehabilitation programs, the effectiveness of these programs has been challenged on methodological grounds. Drug treatments have been tested, but with mixed results. The purpose of the proposed pilot project is to examine the effects of aripiprazole on the behavioral sequelae of TBI in children. Aripiprazole, although still undergoing clinical trials, is particularly effective in controlling behavioral disinhibition and self-regulatory problems in children with thought and conduct disorders. To determine the effectiveness of this medication in reducing behavior problems and improving school performance in a sample of children who have sustained severe TBI, we will conduct a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind crossover trial. Children who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomized to a two month regimen of either active medication or placebo, followed by a two month regimen in the crossover arm. At the end of the crossover phase of the study, all children will be given the option of participating in an open label trial during which they will receive aripiprazole for six months. The purpose of the follow-up phase of the study is to determine if the medication effects are sustained with prolonged use. Assessments of behavior, cognitive function, and family status will be carried out prior to treatment, after each of the two crossover treatments, and at the end of the 6-month open label trial. Specific goals are to: (1) determine the effectiveness of aripiprazole in controlling the targeted behavior problems; (2) examine associations of time since injury and other factors as predictors of drug responsiveness and to identify other correlates of efficacy; (3) explore possible medication benefits on other child behavioral and cognitive characteristics are on family functioning; and (4) investigate the extent to which drug effects are sustained during the longer-duration open label trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS IN RELATIVES OF ALCOHOLIC WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, Shirley Y.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1990; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Breaking the cycle of intergenerational transmission of alcohol dependence from women alcoholics to their offspring through intervention requires identification of relevant mediating and moderating risk/protective factors. Because we need a better understanding of how to identify those children at highest risk, study of offspring of parents with the most severe form of the disorder is needed. A "double proband" methodology was first developed in our laboratory to select families with more severe cases of male alcoholism (early onset, high familial aggregation). Using a double proband methodology to identify a severe form of alcoholism in women, we have now completed recruitment of a sample of mothers and their offspring for longitudinal follow-up and successfully followed children with good retention (80% at the fourth annual visit). To date, offspring of these women alcoholics have shown significantly earlier onset to begin regular drinking, and have an earlier onset of depressive disorders, conduct disorders and "any psychiatric disorder." The first goal of the renewal effort is to model psychiatric outcome by age 18 through identification of important interactions between a quantified estimate of familial risk, neurobiological indicators (e.g., P300 developmental trajectories), prenatal use of alcohol/drugs in mothers, and a number of environmental factors including the mothers' continued use of alcohol/drugs. Establishing which predictors influence the age of onset to begin drinking, a variable that is highly correlated with alcohol dependence outcome in national surveys will be determined using a similar set of environmental and familial/genetic predictors. Finally, a young-adult follow-up involving participants for whom multiple waves of child/adolescent data has been collected will enable us to study the effect of these factors on outcome, including substance dependence by young adulthood. Young adulthood has been identified as a period of considerable importance in that many individuals "mature out" of abusive patterns of use while others may go on to severe problems. Studying these young adults will also allow us to capture changes in drinking and drug use during young adulthood and concomitant environmental changes (e.g., marriage, first career-related job) during this period as they relate to risk status and its interaction with other familial/genetic and other environmental factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CONDUCT DISORDER AND DEPRESSION IN CHILDHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Beauchaine, Theodore P.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Conduct Disorder (CD) and depression are highly comorbid conditions in childhood and adolescence. This comorbidity is associated with increased risk for several adverse outcomes, including social rejection, substance use, anxiety disorders, and suicide. However, because much of the extant research in this area has been conducted at the symptom level, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of action that are responsible for the observed rates of comorbidity. Moreover, a number of plausible alternatives obtain. Identifying which of these mechanisms is at work is likely to require the application of several strategies that have generally not been employed in the comorbidity literature to date. These include (a)

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distinguishing between childhood-onset and adolescent-onset CD, (b) expanding the scope of comorbidity research to include biological and physiological measures, (c) generating and testing mechanistic theories of comorbidity, and (d) studying the development of comorbidity and its associated symptoms longitudinally. In the proposed research, each of these issues will be addressed in a study including childhood-onset conduct-disordered, depressed, comorbid (conduct-disordered + depressed), and control preadolescents, ages 8-12. Studies conducted within this age range are critical, as it represents a period of escalating delinquency, depression, and substance use, which often co-occur. Following from theories of emotion regulation (Porges, 1995) and motivation (Gray, 1 982a, 1 982b, 1 987a, 1 987b), patterns of psychophysiological responding will be assessed in participants during conditions of reward, punishment, and social threat. In addition, extensive family history interviews with be conducted with parents, and measures of child delinquency, symptoms of depression, and substance use will be obtained at each of three one-year intervals. Using these data, the following Specific Aims will be pursued: (1) elucidate patterns of autonomic nervous system activity within and across groups through assessment of appropriate psychophysiological markers of behavioral inhibition (electrodermal responding during punishment), behavioral activation (cardiac pre-ejection period during reward), and emotion regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia during social threat); (2) assess developmental trajectories in autonomic responding within and across disorders, and relate these trajectories to parental background characteristics and parenting practices; and (3) assess developmental trajectories in child substance use patterns, and examine the potential mediating roles of autonomic responding in relations between parental and child use. Findings obtained should further our understanding of the autonomic substrates of CD, depression, and their comorbidity, and may have differential treatment implications for depressed probands who do and do not present with comorbid CD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS RELATING CONDUCT DISORDER AND DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Miranda, Robert; Ctr for Alcohol & Addict Studs; Brown University Box 1929 Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is being submitted for funding consideration through the R21 mechanism in response to the NIDA/NIMH RFA (DA03-007). The major purpose of this study is to identify biobehavioral mechanisms relating conduct disorder (CD) and drug use among a sample of high risk adolescent males and females. To this end, a cross-sectional design using structural equation modeling will be used to examine the extent to which physiologic and behavioral indices of deficient emotional reactivity and frontal-limbic dysfunction account for the relationship between conduct symptoms and drug problems. The significance of these variables will be weighed in combination with established environmental risk factors common to both conduct problems and drug use. We will examine a total of 250 adolescent males and females at a juvenile correctional facility. Our ongoing work indicates a broader range of conduct problems and drug involvement in this population relative to youth recruited from other settings. The broad spectrum of antisocial behavior and substance use in this population will allow for a more robust test of mechanisms relating CD symptoms with drug problems. Peripheral expression of emotional reactivity and frontal-limbic function will be assessed using the following

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three indicators: (1) changes in the stress hormone cortisol, (2) emotion-modulated startle paradigm, and (3) performance on the Bechara Gambling Task, an established objective laboratory task designed to capture the particular kinds of processing governed by frontal-Iimbic regions. We believe that conduct problems, especially those that occur prior to adolescence and to substance use, may be a marker for underlying frontal-limbic dysfunction. This underlying dysfunction may, in part, explain why children with conduct problems are especially prone to later substance use disorders. A finding of frontal-limbic dysfunction associated conduct problems that confers liability for drug misuse would provide insights into common biobehavioral etiologic factors of these disorders and point the way toward improved prevention and treatment efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with conduct disorders, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for conduct disorders (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A behavioral perspective on conduct disorders. Author(s): Faulstich ME, Moore JR, Roberts RW, Collier JB. Source: Psychiatry. 1988 November; 51(4): 398-416. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3070609

•

A comparison of the psychological evaluation of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and of adolescents with conduct disorders. Author(s): Gordon DP, Halmi KA, Ippolito PM. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1984 September; 7(3): 245-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6501640

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A question for DSM-V: which better predicts persistent conduct disorder--delinquent acts or conduct symptoms? Author(s): Burke JD, Loeber R, Mutchka JS, Lahey BB. Source: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : Cbmh. 2002; 12(1): 37-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357256

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A salutogenic investigation and treatment of conduct disorder (CD). Author(s): Hansson K, Olsson M, Cederblad M. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 58(1): 5-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985149

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Acute effects of baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-B agonist, on laboratory measures of aggressive and escape responses of adult male parolees with and without a history of conduct disorder. Author(s): Cherek DR, Lane SD, Pietras CJ, Sharon J, Steinberg JL. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 November; 164(2): 160-7. Epub 2002 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12404078

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Acute effects of gabapentin on laboratory measures of aggressive and escape responses of adult parolees with and without a history of conduct disorder. Author(s): Cherek DR, Tcheremissine OV, Lane SD, Pietras CJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2004 February; 171(4): 405-12. Epub 2003 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680071

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ADHD and conduct disorder: an MRI study in a community sample. Author(s): Bussing R, Grudnik J, Mason D, Wasiak M, Leonard C. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 October; 3(4): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12516313

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Adolescent suicidality in urban minorities and its relationship to conduct disorders, depression, and separation anxiety. Author(s): Feldman M, Wilson A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 January; 36(1): 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9000784

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Adult psychopathic personality with childhood-onset hyperactivity and conduct disorder: a central problem constellation in forensic psychiatry. Author(s): Soderstrom H, Sjodin AK, Carlstedt A, Forsman A. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2004 January 1; 121(3): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675746

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ALDH2 status and conduct disorder mediate the relationship between ethnicity and alcohol dependence in Chinese, Korean, and White American college students. Author(s): Luczak SE, Wall TL, Cook TA, Shea SH, Carr LG. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2004 May; 113(2): 271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15122947

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An efficacy/effectiveness study of cognitive-behavioral treatment for adolescents with comorbid major depression and conduct disorder. Author(s): Rohde P, Clarke GN, Mace DE, Jorgensen JS, Seeley JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 June; 43(6): 660-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15167082

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Anxiety and conduct disorders in early onset alcoholism. Author(s): Clark DB, Jacob RG, Mezzich A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1994 February 28; 708: 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8154679

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Are conduct disorders in children caused by too much emotional pressure? Author(s): Ambrose GC. Source: Lancet. 1978 April 1; 1(8066): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=76237

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Are oppositional and conduct disorders of adolescents separate conditions? Author(s): Rey JM, Morris-Yates A. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 June; 27(2): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8363538

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Are oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms normative behaviors in preschoolers? A comparison of referred and nonreferred children. Author(s): Keenan K, Wakschlag LS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 February; 161(2): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754786

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Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. Author(s): Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Heinrich H, Albrecht B, Brunner E, Rothenberger A. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 March; 44(3): 356-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635966

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Associations of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with aggressivity, attention deficit, and conduct disorder in an adoptee population. Author(s): Cadoret RJ, Langbehn D, Caspers K, Troughton EP, Yucuis R, Sandhu HK, Philibert R. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 March-April; 44(2): 88-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658617

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Attachment and affect regulation: a framework for family treatment of conduct disorder. Author(s): Keiley MK. Source: Family Process. 2002 Fall; 41(3): 477-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395570

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Behavioral and developmental disorders among conduct disorder. Author(s): Harada Y, Satoh Y, Sakuma A, Imai J, Tamaru T, Takahashi T, Amano N. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 December; 56(6): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485304

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Behavioural treatment of children and adolescents with conduct disorders. Author(s): Yule W. Source: Book Suppl J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 1978; (1): 115-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=353062

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Biological, psychological and social processes in the conduct disorders. Author(s): Hill J. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 January; 43(1): 133-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848334

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Brain maturation and subtypes of conduct disorder: interactive effects on p300 amplitude and topography in male adolescents. Author(s): Bauer LO, Hesselbrock VM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 106-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500083

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Bupropion effects in attention deficit and conduct disorders. Author(s): Simeon JG, Ferguson HB, Van Wyck Fleet J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1986 August; 31(6): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3093046

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Can a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder be identified? Integration of findings from the Massachusetts General Hospital Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research Program. Author(s): Biederman J, Mick E, Wozniak J, Monuteaux MC, Galdo M, Faraone SV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 952-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788240

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Childhood maltreatment and subsequent conduct disorders. The case of female street prostitution. Author(s): Van Brunschot EG, Brannigan A. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2002 May-June; 25(3): 219-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148150

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Childhood psychiatric disorders. Focus on conduct disorders. Author(s): Friedman RM. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1990 August; 77(8): 754-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2254742

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Clinical recovery in cognitive functioning and self-image among adolescents with major depressive disorder and conduct disorder during psychiatric inpatient care. Author(s): Hintikka U, Viinamaki H, Pelkonen M, Hintikka J, Laukkanen E, Korhonen V, Lehtonen J. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2003 April; 73(2): 212-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12769242

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Conduct disorder and delinquency. Author(s): Henggeler SW, Sheidow AJ. Source: J Marital Fam Ther. 2003 October; 29(4): 505-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14593692

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Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. Author(s): Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R, Meltzer H. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2004 March; 45(3): 609-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055379

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Conduct disorder: guidelines for investigating efficacy of pharmacological intervention. Author(s): Buitelaar JK, Montgomery SA, van Zwieten-Boot BJ; European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Steering Committee. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 August; 13(4): 305-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888191

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Conduct disorders (CD): the reliability and validity of the new ICD-10-categories. Author(s): Blanz B, Schmidt MH, Esser G. Source: Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1990; 53(2): 93-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2178311

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Conduct disorders and other psychiatric disorders: results of an inpatient service. Author(s): Williams WV, Bean DW, Carlson J, Christopherson N. Source: S D J Med. 1985 February; 38(2): 5-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3856318

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Conduct disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Gottlieb SE, Friedman SB. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1991 January; 12(7): 218-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992451

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Conduct disorders of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Author(s): Myers BA. Source: Mental Retardation. 1987 December; 25(6): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3437823

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Conduct disorders. Author(s): Morgan M. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1981 April; 1(24): 1036-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6965125

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Conduct disorders: a limit to a child's aggression. Author(s): Field M, Bhoyrub P. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 December 6; 149(23): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=260184

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Cortisol levels and conduct disorder in adolescent mothers. Author(s): Azar R, Zoccolillo M, Paquette D, Quiros E, Baltzer F, Tremblay RE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 April; 43(4): 461-8; Discussion 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15187806

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DBH, MHPG, and MAO in children with depressive, anxiety, and conduct disorders: relationship to diagnosis and symptom ratings. Author(s): Pliszka SR, Rogeness GA, Medrano MA. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1988 April; 24(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3393617

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Defense mechanisms in adolescent conduct disorder and adjustment reaction. Author(s): Cramer P, Kelly FD. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004 February; 192(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770058

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Depression and conduct disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Author(s): Ben-Amos B. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1992 Spring; 56(2): 188-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1617328

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Depressive disorders in childhood. III. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for conduct disorders. Author(s): Kovacs M, Paulauskas S, Gatsonis C, Richards C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1988 November-December; 15(3): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2975293

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Diagnostic consistency in assessing conduct disorder: an experiment on the effect of social context. Author(s): Kirk SA, Hsieh DK. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2004 January; 74(1): 43-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769108

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Diagnostic threshold for conduct disorder in girls and boys. Author(s): Doyle AE, Biederman J, Monuteaux M, Cohan SL, Schofield HL, Faraone SV. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 June; 191(6): 379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826919

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Differential diagnosis of attention deficit and conduct disorders using conditional probabilities. Author(s): Milich R, Widiger TA, Landau S. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1987 October; 55(5): 762-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3454788

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Divalproex sodium for the treatment of conduct disorder: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Steiner H, Petersen ML, Saxena K, Ford S, Matthews Z. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 October; 64(10): 1183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658966

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Drug-use initiation and conduct disorder among adolescents in drug treatment. Author(s): Hser YI, Grella CE, Collins C, Teruya C. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2003 June; 26(3): 331-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770530

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Emotional responses to antisocial acts in adolescent males with conduct disorder: a link to affective morality. Author(s): Cimbora DM, McIntosh DN. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2003 June; 32(2): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679289

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Family environment in attention deficit hyperactivity, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders. Author(s): Rey JM, Walter G, Plapp JM, Denshire E. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 34(3): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10881969

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Family routines and conduct disorders in adolescent girls. Author(s): Keltner B, Keltner NL, Farren E. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1990 April; 12(2): 161-70; Discussion 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321372

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Family secrecy: a comparative study of juvenile sex offenders and youth with conduct disorders. Author(s): Baker AJ, Tabacoff R, Tornusciolo G, Eisenstadt M. Source: Family Process. 2003 Spring; 42(1): 105-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698602

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Family therapy for conduct disorders. Author(s): Sholevar GP. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2001 July; 10(3): 501-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11449809

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Family, area and school influences in the genesis of conduct disorders. Author(s): Rutter M. Source: Book Suppl J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 1978; (1): 95-113. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670345

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Gender differences and conduct disorder among American Indian adolescents in substance abuse treatment. Author(s): Fisckenscher A, Novins D. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003 January-March; 35(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12733762

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Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Author(s): Cadoret RJ, Yates WR, Troughton E, Woodworth G, Stewart MA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 November; 52(11): 916-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7487340

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Gun carrying and conduct disorder: a highly combustible combination? Implications for juvenile justice and mental and public health. Author(s): Loeber R, Burke JD, Mutchka J, Lahey BB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2004 February; 158(2): 138-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757605

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Helping youth with conduct disorders: group therapy for parents. Author(s): Shamsie J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1994 October 1; 151(7): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7922927

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In-patient treatment of 165 adolescents with emotional and conduct disorders. A study of outcome. Author(s): Wells P, Faragher B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 March; 162: 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8453429

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Intellectual ability in adolescents with conduct disorder. Author(s): Kennedy JP, Richardson GR, Dixon L, Kelly TP. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 December; 97(3 Pt 2): 1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15002851

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Intensive interventions in conduct disorders. Author(s): Bailey VF. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 April; 74(4): 352-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8669941

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Intervention approaches to conduct disorders in young children. Author(s): Webster-Stratton C. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1983 May; 8(5): 23-4, 29, 33-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6346154

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Lithium and conduct disorder. Author(s): Silva RR, Ernst M, Campbell M. Source: L'encephale. 1993 November-December; 19(6): 585-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12404776

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Lithium treatment of conduct disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Rifkin A, Karajgi B, Dicker R, Perl E, Boppana V, Hasan N, Pollack S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 April; 154(4): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9090346

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Major depression and conduct disorder in a twin sample: gender, functioning, and risk for future psychopathology. Author(s): Marmorstein NR, Iacono WG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 February; 42(2): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544183

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Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: associations with parental psychopathology and parent-child conflict. Author(s): Marmorstein NR, Iacono WG. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2004 February; 45(2): 377-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982250

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Marital discord and treatment outcome in behavioral treatment of child conduct disorders. Author(s): Dadds MR, Schwartz S, Sanders MR. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1987 June; 55(3): 396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3597955

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Modeling growth in boys' aggressive behavior across elementary school: links to later criminal involvement, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Schaeffer CM, Petras H, Ialongo N, Poduska J, Kellam S. Source: Developmental Psychology. 2003 November; 39(6): 1020-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584982

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Mother-adolescent agreement on the symptoms and diagnoses of adolescent depression and conduct disorders. Author(s): Andrews VC, Garrison CZ, Jackson KL, Addy CL, McKeown RE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993 July; 32(4): 731-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340292

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Neighborhood disadvantage moderates associations of parenting and older sibling problem attitudes and behavior with conduct disorders in African American children. Author(s): Brody GH, Ge X, Kim SY, Murry VM, Simons RL, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Conger RD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 71(2): 211-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699016

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Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: issues to be resolved for DSM-IV. Author(s): Lahey BB, Loeber R, Quay HC, Frick PJ, Grimm J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 May; 31(3): 539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1592789

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Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. Author(s): Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 November; 41(11): 1275-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410070

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Parental behavior patterns and conduct disorders in girls. Author(s): Johnson PL, O'Leary KD. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1987 December; 15(4): 573-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3437092

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Parenting and the development of conduct disorder and hyperactive symptoms in childhood: a prospective longitudinal study from 2 months to 8 years. Author(s): Morrell J, Murray L. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 May; 44(4): 489-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751842

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Person perception in children with conduct disorders. Author(s): Matthys W, Walterbos W, Njio L, van Engeland H. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1989 May; 30(3): 439-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2745594

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Personality attributes of children with conduct disorders: the discriminant power of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Author(s): Gabrys JB, Peters K, Robertson G, Utendale KA, Schumph D, Laye RC, O'Haire T, Allard I, Phillips N. Source: Psychological Reports. 1988 February; 62(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3363077

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Personality characteristics of a community sample of adolescents with conduct disorders. Author(s): Holcomb WR, Kashani JH. Source: Adolescence. 1991 Fall; 26(103): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1962541

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Relation between childhood disruptive behavior disorders and substance use and dependence symptoms in young adulthood: individuals with symptoms of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder are uniquely at risk. Author(s): Flory K, Milich R, Lynam DR, Leukefeld C, Clayton R. Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 2003 June; 17(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814279

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Residential behavior therapy for children with conduct disorders. Author(s): Matthys W. Source: Behavior Modification. 1997 October; 21(4): 512-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9337604

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Response inhibition and disruptive behaviors: toward a multiprocess conception of etiological heterogeneity for ADHD combined type and conduct disorder early-onset type. Author(s): Nigg JT. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 December; 1008: 170-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998883

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Service utilisation by children with conduct disorders--findings from the GB National Study. Author(s): Vostanis P, Meltzer H, Goodman R, Ford T. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 October; 12(5): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667110

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Stimulant medication and reading performance: follow-up on sustained dose in ADHD boys with and without conduct disorders. Author(s): Forness SR, Swanson JM, Cantwell DP, Youpa D, Hanna GL. Source: Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1992 February; 25(2): 115-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1583417

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Strategies for helping parents of children with conduct disorders. Author(s): Webster-Stratton C, Herbert M. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1994; 29: 121-42. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8153023

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Subfactors of DSM-IV conduct disorder: evidence and connections with syndromes from the Child Behavior Checklist. Author(s): Tackett JL, Krueger RF, Sawyer MG, Graetz BW. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2003 December; 31(6): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658744

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Superego pathology in conduct disorders. Author(s): Noshpitz JD. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 1993; 30(1): 3-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340217

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Supporting the parents of adolescents with conduct disorder. Author(s): Wood C. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 2002 October; 14(8): 24-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432614

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The classification of conduct disorders. Author(s): Adam BS, Kashani JH, Schulte EJ. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 1991 Fall; 22(1): 3-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1748015

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The diagnosis and treatment of conduct disorders in young people. Author(s): Schlebusch L. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 February 3; 55(5): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=424964

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The diversity and challenge of conduct disorder. Author(s): Nikapota A. Source: Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2003; 105(7): 859-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560636

•

The effects of anxiety, substance use and conduct disorders on risk of major depressive disorder. Author(s): Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 November; 33(8): 1423-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672251

•

The MMPI and Jesness Inventory as measures of effectiveness on an inpatient conduct disorders treatment unit. Author(s): Roberts G, Schmitz K, Pinto J, Cain S. Source: Adolescence. 1990 Winter; 25(100): 989-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2275451

•

The pharmacologic treatment of conduct disorders and rage outbursts. Author(s): Campbell M, Gonzalez NM, Silva RR. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1992 March; 15(1): 69-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1549549

•

The rebellious adolescent. Evaluation and management of oppositional and conduct disorders. Author(s): Greydanus DE, Pratt HD, Patel DR, Sloane MA. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1997 December; 44(6): 1457-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9400582

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The relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: what role does conduct disorder play? Author(s): Flory K, Lynam DR. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003 March; 6(1): 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12659448

•

The relationship of conduct disorder to attempted suicide and drug use history among methadone maintenance patients. Author(s): Darke S, Ross J, Lynskey M. Source: Drug and Alcohol Review. 2003 March; 22(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745355

•

The relationship of psychiatric disorder and conduct disorders with substance abuse. Author(s): Lowenstein LF. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1991 July-September; 23(3): 283-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1774612

•

The use of laboratory and performance-based measures in the assessment of children and adolescents with conduct disorders. Author(s): Frick PJ, Loney BR. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2000 December; 29(4): 540-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126632

•

Total plasma l-tryptophan, free l-tryptophan and competing amino acid levels in a homicidal male adolescent with conduct disorder. Author(s): Virkkunen M, Ebeling H, Moilanen I, Tani P, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Tiihonen J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 108(3): 244-6; Discussion 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890281

•

Treatment of aggression in children and adolescents with autism and conduct disorder. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Stigler KA, Posey DJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 4: 16-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672261

•

Trends in appropriate adult functioning and biasing risks in longitudinal follow-ups of boys with conduct disorders. Author(s): Klingsporn MJ, Force RC, Burdsal CA. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1994 March; 128(2): 209-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8189399

Studies

•

23

Waxing and waning in concert: dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 7 years among clinic-referred boys. Author(s): Lahey BB, Loeber R, Burke J, Rathouz PJ, McBurnett K. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 November; 111(4): 556-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428769

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and conduct disorders.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Conduct Disorders The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “conduct disorders” (or a synonym): •

Drug treatment of conduct disorder in young people. Author(s): Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Pavillon Clerambault, Groupe-Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France. Source: Gerardin, P Cohen, D Mazet, P Flament, M F Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 October; 12(5): 361-70 0924-977X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to conduct disorders. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to conduct disorders and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to conduct disorders: •

Adult physical health outcomes of adolescent girls with conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. Author(s): Bardone AM, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Stanton WR, Silva PA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998 June; 37(6): 594-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628079

•

Cannabis dependence, withdrawal, and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms and substance use disorders. Author(s): Crowley TJ, Macdonald MJ, Whitmore EA, Mikulich SK. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998 March 1; 50(1): 27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9589270

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•

Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Author(s): Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Miles KM, Wolford G, Vidaver R, Carrieri K. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 March; 60(2): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10091967

•

EEG and evoked potentials in episodic-dyscontrol syndrome. Author(s): Drake ME Jr, Hietter SA, Pakalnis A. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1992; 26(3): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1294892

•

Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Author(s): Brestan EV, Eyberg SM. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1998 June; 27(2): 180-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9648035

•

Nature of referrals to the psychiatric unit at Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam. Author(s): Matuja WP, Ndosi NK, Collins M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1995 December; 72(12): 761-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8689972

•

Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Author(s): Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(15): 2207-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11772131

•

Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among substance abusers. Author(s): Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Milberger S, Lockhart N, Kruger M, Kelley BJ, Schoener EP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 April; 61(4): 244-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830144

•

Project back-on-track at 1 year: a delinquency treatment program for early-career juvenile offenders. Author(s): Myers WC, Burton PR, Sanders PD, Donat KM, Cheney J, Fitzpatrick TM, Monaco L.

Alternative Medicine 31

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 September; 39(9): 1127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986809 •

Psychiatric disorders and cigarette smoking among child and adolescent psychiatry inpatients. Author(s): Upadhyaya HP, Brady KT, Wharton M, Liao J. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2003 March-April; 12(2): 144-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12746089

•

Psychophysiological anomalies in children with emotional and conduct disorders. Author(s): Garralda ME, Connell J, Taylor DC. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1991 November; 21(4): 947-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1780407

•

Psychophysiological studies of a geographically defined population. Author(s): Smith-Meyer H, Valen HA, Flekkoy K, Floistad, Haseth K, Astrup C. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1976; 18(3): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1007847

•

Substance refusal skills in a population of adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder and substance abuse. Author(s): Donohue B, Van Hasselt VB, Hersen M, Perrin S. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1999 January-February; 24(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189971

•

Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. Author(s): Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2004 February; 45(2): 195-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982236

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to conduct disorders. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “conduct disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conduct disorders, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Conduct Disorders ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to conduct disorders. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

ANALYSIS OF POLICY EFFECTS: DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN STUDENTS WITH CONDUCT DISORDERS AND EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE by DOWNING, JOYCE ANDERSON, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, 1993, 506 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9405728

•

DEPRESSION AND CONDUCT DISORDERS AS CO-MORBID CONDITIONS IN STUDENTS WHO HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED FROM REGULAR HIGH SCHOOL UNITS AND ARE ATTENDING AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL by THOMAS, GALE DENISE, PHD from GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY, 1992, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9220336

•

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES IN CHILDREN WITH CONDUCT DISORDERS (IMPULSIVITY) by TUCKER, THERESA LYLA, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, 1991, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9212803

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•

RESIDENT CONDUCT DISORDERS AND STAFF PRACTICES: AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND CHANGE PROJECT (RESIDENTIAL REHABILITATION, CAREGIVERS) by GUELDENPFENNIG, JOERG, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA), 1989, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN61642

•

SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, PARENTAL SKILLS AND CONDUCT DISORDERS IN CHILDREN by COATS, SYLVIA, PHD from BARRY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK, 1989, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8912962

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “conduct disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on conduct disorders, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Conduct Disorders By performing a patent search focusing on conduct disorders, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on conduct disorders: •

Treatment of conduct disorder Inventor(s): Heiligenstein; John Harrison (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,184,222 Date filed: September 17, 1998 Abstract: Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used to treat conduct disorder. Excerpt(s): The invention belongs to the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and psychiatric medicine, and provides a method of treatment of the psychiatric disorder known as conduct disorder. A significant number of children and adolescents display a behavioral disorder which suggests total disregard for the basic rights of others, far exceeding the expected idiosyncrasies of the developing individual. Children and adolescents with these conduct disorders have considerable difficulty behaving in a socially acceptable way and in following rules at school and at home. The conduct disorder patient typically exhibits aggressive behavior toward people and animals, is deceitful, lies, steals, destroys the property of others, is truant from school, runs away from home, as well as a variety of additional antisocial symptoms. When untreated, children and adolescents suffering with conduct disorders are typically very unhappy and face a difficult future. They are unable to cope with the demands of adulthood, have continuing problems maintaining relationships, are unable to hold a job, and often break the law and behave antisocially. Current therapies for the treatment of conduct disorders are not totally satisfactory. Methylphenidate (Ritalin.TM.), which exhibits noradrenergic and dopaminergic effects, has been reported to induce improvement in many patients' symptoms (Shah, et al., Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4(4), 255-261 (1994)). Some patients, however, were refractory to methylphenidate dosing, and others were unable to be maintained on the treatment for long periods of time. Furthermore, due to the high potential for substance abuse in conduct disorder patients, the use of stimulants such as methylphenidate is problematic. Shah also demonstrated that certain patients benefitted from the augmentation of methylphenidate treatment by the addition of pemoline, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Haloperidol and lithium carbonate have found utility in the treatment of the aggressive symptoms of conduct disorder (Platt, et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41, 657-662 (1984)), but both are associated with undesirable side effects, including negative effects on cognition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06184222__

Patent Applications on Conduct Disorders As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to conduct disorders: 6 This

has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 37

•

USE OF MOLINDONE TO TREAT OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER AND CONDUCT DISORDER Inventor(s): Comings, David E.; (Monrovia, CA), Kovacs, Bruce; (Long Beach, CA), Macmurry, Jim; (Claremont, CA) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020156078 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: A method for treating the psychiatric disorders known as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder is disclosed. The method comprises the administration of molindone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of molindone to a patient suffering from oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder. The molindone may be either a racemic mixture or the levorotatory form. It may be short acting or in a sustained release, long acting form. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority on provisional Application No. 60/285,374 filed on Apr. 20, 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and Conduct disorder (CD) are two of the most common psychiatric disorders affecting children and adolescents. Rates of ODD range from 2 to 16% depending on the nature of the population sample and methods of ascertainment. Rates of CD are in the same range. This translates into many millions of cases. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) characteristics of ODD include short temper, constant arguing with adults, defying rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for their own mistakes, being angry and resentful, spiteful and vindictive. In its severe form such children can be highly destructive to family life. Despite these characteristics no pharmaceutical companies market any medications specifically for ODD, and the majority of child psychiatrists feel it is largely a psychological disorder and make no effort to treat it medically. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) characteristics of CD are a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three or more of a range of criteria for 12 months. These include aggression to people and animals (bullying, threatening, starting fights, using a weapon to cause harm, being cruel to animal or people, stealing, forcing others into sexual activity), destruction of property, fire setting, deceitfulness or theft (broken into homes or property, stealing things of value), and serious violation of rules (staying out over night when less than 13 years of age, running away from home, truant from school before age 13). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with conduct disorders, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “conduct disorders” (or

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Conduct Disorders

synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on conduct disorders. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning conduct disorders. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to conduct disorders. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on conduct disorders include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “conduct disorders” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “conduct disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “conduct disorders” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Banishing Bad Behaviour: Helping Parents Cope With a Child's Conduct Disorder (PACTS S.) by Martin Herbert; ISBN: 1854331884; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854331884/icongroupinterna

•

Children on the boundary the challenge posed by children with conduct disorders (SuDoc ED 1.310/2:373465) by Mary Kemper Cohen; ISBN: B00010NFE2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010NFE2/icongroupinterna

•

HERBERT CONDUCT DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESC ENCE BEHAVIOURL APROACH TO ASSESS & TREAT by M HERBERT; ISBN: 0471995096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471995096/icongroupinterna

•

Understanding and Treating Conduct Disorders (Child Guidance Mental Health Series) by Michele Toth; ISBN: 0890792658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890792658/icongroupinterna

40

•

Conduct Disorders

When Acting Out Isn't Acting: Understanding Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents by Lynn W., M.D., Ph.D Weisberg, Rosalie; M.D. Greenberg; ISBN: 0553292102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553292102/icongroupinterna

41

CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONDUCT DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover conduct disorders.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on conduct disorders is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to conduct disorders. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “conduct disorders” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for conduct disorders: •

Strategies for successfully addressing conduct disorders may include medication Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 28, 2002

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Conduct Disorders

•

Child's conduct disorder may boost drinking risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 20, 2001

•

Maternal smoking increases conduct disorder risk in offspring later in life Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “conduct disorders” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to conduct disorders, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

43

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “conduct disorders” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Conduct Disorders Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to conduct disorders. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering conduct disorders that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

45

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7 These

publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

48

Conduct Disorders

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

49

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Conduct Disorders

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 824 35 1412 5 27 2303

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

51

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

53

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on conduct disorders can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to conduct disorders. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to conduct disorders. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “conduct disorders”:

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Conduct Disorders

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/attentiondeficitdisorderwithhyperactivity.t ml Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Eating Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to conduct disorders. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

55

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to conduct disorders. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with conduct disorders. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about conduct disorders. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “conduct disorders” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “conduct disorders”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “conduct disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “conduct disorders” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

57

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Conduct Disorders

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on conduct disorders: •

Basic Guidelines for Conduct Disorders Conduct disorder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000919.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

65

CONDUCT DISORDERS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have

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nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH]

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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

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molecules. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Commitment of Mentally Ill: Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]

Dictionary 69

Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Criminology: The study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and

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satiety. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Expert Testimony: Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Forensic Psychiatry: Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, commitment of mentally ill, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.

Dictionary 71

[NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different

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degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]

Dictionary 73

Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to

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avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostitution: The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important

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physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this

Dictionary 77

group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of

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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

79

INDEX A Adaptation, 65, 71 Adjustment, 3, 14, 65 Adolescence, 6, 8, 15, 19, 21, 65 Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 65 Adrenal Cortex, 65, 69 Adrenergic, 65, 69, 70, 77 Adverse Effect, 65, 76 Affinity, 65, 76 Age of Onset, 6, 65 Agonist, 9, 65, 66, 69, 73 Agoraphobia, 65, 73 Algorithms, 65, 67 Alkaloid, 65, 73 Alternative medicine, 42, 66 Amenorrhea, 66 Anal, 66, 71 Anomalies, 31, 66 Anorexia, 8, 66 Anorexia Nervosa, 8, 66 Antibacterial, 66, 76 Antibiotic, 66, 76 Anxiety, 6, 9, 10, 14, 21, 29, 66, 73 Anxiety Disorders, 6, 66, 73 Autonomic Nervous System, 7, 66, 76, 77 B Baclofen, 9, 66 Bacteria, 66, 76 Base, 66, 71 Behavior Therapy, 19, 66 Biochemical, 66, 75 Biogenic Monoamines, 66, 71 Biotechnology, 8, 42, 49, 67 Bipolar Disorder, 12, 54, 67 Blastocyst, 67, 69 Blood Platelets, 67, 75 Blood pressure, 67, 76 Body Fluids, 67, 76 C Carcinogenic, 67, 71, 74, 77 Cardiac, 7, 67, 70, 77 Cardiovascular, 67, 76 Catecholamine, 67, 69 Cell, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78 Central Nervous System, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75 Child Behavior, 5, 20, 67

Chin, 67, 72 Cholinergic, 67, 73 Chronic, 5, 67 Clinical study, 67, 69 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 49, 67, 69, 75 Cloning, 67 Cognition, 36, 68 Commitment of Mentally Ill, 68, 70 Comorbidity, 6, 14, 23, 68 Complement, 68 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 32, 68 Complementary medicine, 29, 68 Complete remission, 68, 75 Computational Biology, 49, 68 Conception, 20, 69, 70 Concomitant, 6, 69 Contraindications, ii, 69 Controlled clinical trial, 15, 69 Cortisol, 8, 14, 69 Criminology, 69, 70 Curative, 69, 73, 77 D Depersonalization, 69, 73, 75 Depressive Disorder, 6, 12, 21, 69, 71 Derealization, 69, 73 Dextroamphetamine, 69, 72 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 42, 69 Direct, iii, 69, 75 Dizziness, 69, 73 Dopamine, 36, 69, 72 Double-blind, 5, 69 Drinking Behavior, 5, 69 Drug Interactions, 70 Dysphoric, 69, 70 Dyspnea, 70, 73 E Efficacy, 5, 10, 13, 70, 78 Electrolyte, 70, 76 Endogenous, 69, 70 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 70 Epinephrine, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78 ERV, 20, 70 Excitatory, 66, 70 Expert Testimony, 70 Expiratory, 70 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 70 Extracellular, 70, 76

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Extrapyramidal, 69, 70 F Family Planning, 49, 70 Fathers, 4, 70 Fatigue, 70, 73 Fetus, 70, 74 Forensic Psychiatry, 9, 70 G Gas, 70, 73 Gastrin, 70, 71 Gastrointestinal, 70, 71, 75, 76 Gastrointestinal tract, 71, 75 Gene, 67, 71 Governing Board, 71, 74 H Hemostasis, 71, 76 Heterogeneity, 20, 65, 71 Hormone, 8, 69, 70, 71 Hypothalamus, 66, 71 I Implantation, 69, 71 Infant Behavior, 67, 71 Initiation, 15, 71 Inotropic, 69, 71 Inpatients, 31, 71 Institutionalization, 4, 68, 71 Intoxication, 71, 78 K Kb, 48, 71 L Limbic, 7, 71 Lithium, 17, 36, 71 Lithium Carbonate, 36, 71 Longitudinal study, 14, 19, 71 M Manic, 67, 71, 72 Mediate, 10, 69, 72 Mediator, 72, 76 MEDLINE, 49, 72 Memory, 66, 72 Mental, iv, 3, 9, 13, 14, 16, 37, 39, 48, 50, 54, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75 Mental Disorders, 37, 65, 72, 74 Mental Health, iv, 3, 9, 39, 48, 50, 54, 72, 74 Methylphenidate, 36, 72 Modeling, 7, 18, 72 Molecular, 49, 51, 67, 68, 72, 75 Motility, 72, 76 N Narcolepsy, 69, 72 Nausea, 72, 73

Nervous System, 66, 67, 72, 77 Neurons, 70, 72, 73, 77 Neurosis, 72, 73 Neurotransmitter, 69, 72, 73, 77 Niacin, 73, 78 Nicotine, 4, 73 Nitrogen, 66, 73, 78 Norepinephrine, 36, 65, 69, 72, 73 P Palliative, 73, 77 Panic, 4, 73 Panic Disorder, 4, 73 Paresthesias, 73 Partial remission, 73, 75 Pemoline, 36, 73 Perception, 19, 69, 73, 75 Personality Disorders, 4, 73 Pharmacologic, 21, 73, 77 Phobia, 4, 73 Phobic Disorders, 73 Physiologic, 7, 65, 74, 75 Plasma, 22, 71, 74 Pneumonia, 69, 74 Polymorphism, 11, 74 Practicability, 74, 78 Practice Guidelines, 50, 74 Precursor, 69, 73, 74, 78 Prenatal, 6, 74 Promoter, 11, 74 Prone, 8, 74 Prospective study, 71, 74 Prostitution, 12, 74 Protein S, 67, 74 Proteins, 68, 73, 74, 75 Psychiatric, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 21, 22, 30, 31, 36, 37, 72, 74 Psychiatry, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 36, 70, 74 Psychic, 72, 74 Psychoactive, 16, 22, 74, 78 Psychopathology, 4, 17, 74 Public Health, 16, 50, 74 Public Policy, 49, 75 Punishment, 7, 75 R Race, 37, 75 Racemic, 37, 75 Rage, 21, 75 Randomized, 5, 15, 70, 75 Receptor, 65, 69, 75, 76 Receptors, Serotonin, 75, 76 Recurrence, 67, 75

81

Refer, 1, 68, 69, 75 Refraction, 75, 76 Refractory, 36, 75 Regimen, 5, 70, 75 Reliability, 13, 75 Remission, 5, 67, 75 Risk factor, 7, 74, 75 S Schizoid, 75, 78 Schizophrenia, 4, 30, 75, 78 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 69, 75, 78 Screening, 67, 75 Serotonin, 11, 72, 75, 78 Sex Characteristics, 65, 76 Side effect, 36, 65, 76, 77 Signs and Symptoms, 75, 76 Small intestine, 71, 76 Socialization, 4, 76 Sodium, 15, 76 Solitary Nucleus, 66, 76 Somatic, 65, 76 Spasticity, 66, 76 Specialist, 55, 76 Species, 70, 75, 76 Spectrum, 7, 76 Spinal cord, 66, 67, 72, 76, 77 Steroid, 69, 76 Stimulant, 20, 69, 72, 73, 77

Stimulus, 73, 75, 77 Stomach, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77 Stress, 8, 66, 67, 69, 72, 77 Supraspinal, 66, 77 Sympathetic Nervous System, 66, 77 Sympathomimetic, 69, 70, 73, 77 Synaptic, 72, 73, 77 Synaptic Transmission, 73, 77 T Therapeutics, 77 Threshold, 14, 77 Tissue, 72, 76, 77 Toxic, iv, 73, 77 Toxicity, 70, 77 Toxicology, 50, 77 Transfection, 67, 78 Transmitter, 69, 72, 73, 78 Treatment Outcome, 18, 78 Tryptophan, 22, 75, 78 Tyrosine, 69, 78 V Vasodilator, 69, 78 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 78 Visceral, 66, 78 Visceral Afferents, 66, 78 W Withdrawal, 29, 78 Z Zygote, 69, 78

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83

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Conduct Disorders - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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