RUGS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Drugs: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84274-4 1. Drugs-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on drugs. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DRUGS ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Drugs .......................................................................................... 11 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 69 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Drugs ......................................................................................... 93 Dissertations on Drugs................................................................................................................ 93 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DRUGS ........................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Finding Nutrition Studies on Drugs......................................................................................... 131 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 136 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DRUGS ..................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 155 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 156 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 161 General References ..................................................................................................................... 299 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DRUGS ................................................................................. 301 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 301 Recent Trials on Drugs.............................................................................................................. 301 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 320 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DRUGS ................................................................................................. 323 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 323 Patents on Drugs ....................................................................................................................... 323 Patent Applications on Drugs ................................................................................................... 356 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 387 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DRUGS ..................................................................................................... 389 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 389 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 389 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 401 Chapters on Drugs..................................................................................................................... 402 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 409 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DRUGS .......................................................................................... 411 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 411 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 411 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 415 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 417 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 417 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 417 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 420 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 421 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 425 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 425 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 425 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 427 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 439 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 441 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 441
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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 441 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 468 Newsletters on Drugs ................................................................................................................ 469 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 470 Associations and Drugs ............................................................................................................. 477 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 477 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 479 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 479 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 479 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 479 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 479 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 485 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 498 DRUGS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................ 499 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 623
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with drugs is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about drugs, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to drugs, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on drugs. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to drugs, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on drugs. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DRUGS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on drugs.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and drugs, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
You Don't Ask for Trouble: Women Who Do Sex and Drugs Source: Family & Community Health; Vol. 19, No. 3, 1996. Contact: Aspen Publishers, Incorporated, 7201 McKinney Cir, Frederick, MD, 21701, (301) 698-7140. Summary: This article describes a study that focused on a group of women who exhibited high-risk behavior for HIV, including engaging in sex with multiple partners primarily for money to purchase drugs, (particularly crack cocaine.) The purpose of the research was to understand the context and experiences of a select group of high-risk women, all of whom were in jail on charges of prostitution or being a public nuisance. In particular, data were elicited on the women's lifestyles; drug use; and sexual experiences, including the use of condoms. An important focus of this study was how
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women understood HIV disease, and the circumstances and meaning associated with condom use. Ethnographic interviews were used to collect and analyze data from 23 women. The manner in which drugs were obtained, as well as the nature of sexual relations, varied considerably among the women. Maintaining sexual relationships with men and obtaining drugs were higher priorities for most women than protection against HIV disease. Oppressive gender dynamics influenced how women organized their behavior and interpreted their experiences. •
Drug-Induced Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly Source: Drugs and Aging. 15(1): 15-28. July 1999. Summary: This article discusses the causes and management of drug-induced cognitive impairment in the elderly. It focuses on delirium (acute confusional state) and dementia (chronic confusional state) associated with drug toxicity. In studies of elderly hospital patients, drugs have been reported to be the cause of delirium in 11 to 30 percent of cases. Medication toxicity occurs in 2 to 12 percent of patients presenting with suspected dementia. In some cases, central nervous system toxicity occurs in a dose-dependent manner, often as a result of interference with neurotransmitter function. Impaired cholinergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathogenesis of delirium and of Alzheimer's disease. Anticholinergic medications are important causes of acute and chronic confusional states, yet polypharmacy with anticholinergic compounds is common, especially in nursing home residents. Psychoactive drugs also are important causes of delirium. Drug-induced confusion with nonpsychoactive drugs is often idiosyncratic in nature and difficult to diagnose. Drug-induced confusion can be prevented by avoiding polypharmacy and adhering to the adage 'start low and go slow.' 2 tables, 123 references. (AA-M).
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Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Protect Against Alzheimer Disease at Low Doses Source: Archives of Neurology. 57: 1586-1590. November 2000. Summary: This article examines the association between anti-inflammatory medication use and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A sample of 647 community dwelling people aged 75 years and older was recruited from the Sydney, Australia, area. Of these, 163 were diagnosed with some form of dementia; 78 had AD only, 45 had vascular dementia (VaD) with or without a second dementia diagnosis, and 40 had dementias other than AD or VaD. The use of 50 different drugs was examined for three groups of dementia patients and 373 controls. Drugs with inverse associations were identified and potential confounders analyzed. An inverse association was found between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, aspirin, and, unexpectedly, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and AD. This association was not observed with vascular dementia or any other diagnoses. There was no evidence of a dosage effect. The findings suggest that the protective effects of anti-inflammatory medications may be gained with low doses of these agents. 3 tables, 28 references.
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Help - Seeking for Alcohol and Drug Problems: To Whom Do Adolescents Turn? Source: Journal of Adolescent Chemical Dependency; Vol. 1, No. 1, 1990. Contact: Haworth Press, Incorporated, Harrington Park Press, Incorporated, 12 W 32 St, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 563-4247. Summary: This article reports the results of a Statewide Minnesota survey of students in grades 8, 10, and 12, examining their preferred choices of social support "after having
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problems with or questions about alcohol or drugs". From a list of seven possible sources, students most frequently selected the adult friend category, followed by parent or guardian. With selection of parent or guardian treated as a binary variable, main effects were found for grade, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES): parent selection was greater in lower grades, at higher SES levels, and among males. For the adult friend category, main effects were found for grade, sex, and race: adult friends were more likely to be turned to by females, Caucasians, and students in higher grades. •
Educating Adolescents on the Dangers of Premature Childbearing and Drug Use: A Focus on Prevention Source: Child and Adolescent Social Work; Vol. 8, No. 4, August 1991. Contact: University of Illinois, School of Social Work, 1207 W Oregon St, Urbana, IL, 61801, (309) XXX--XXX. Summary: This journal article addresses the prevention of two common and related social problems: premature parenthood and drug use among adolescents. A review of the salient literature on these problems as well as the literature on prevention suggests that a generic response is called for. Theories and perspectives such as social learning, cognitive behavioral and ecological approaches, and knowledge of adolescent development are drawn upon to guide preventive efforts. The use of primarily preventive educational intervention to reduce the risk of premature parenthood and experimentation with drugs within a high-risk population is examined. The first section of the article presents incidence data on sexual behaviors and drug use, the next is an overview of adolescent development and theories that shed light on why this population would be considered at risk, the third explores the literature on prevention of premature parenthood and drug experimentation, and the last sets forth the principles to direct practices and programming in these areas. In that final section, it is once again argued that the prevention of each of these problems could be addressed by drawing upon a generic model.
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Participating in Drug Trials, Part One: Benefits and Risks of an HIV/AIDS Treatment Option Contact: AIDS Council of New South Wales, ACON, PO Box 350, Darlinghurst. Summary: This journal article briefly discusses the programs available for the treatment of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including anti-viral agents, immune modulators, and opportunisticinfection treatments. Specific therapeutic drug treatments are described. The article examines the benefits and risks to HIV-positive persons or Persons with AIDS (PWA's) in joining clinical trials that test new treatments.
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The Risk of HIV Infection in A National Sample of Women With Injection Drug Using Partners Source: American Journal of Public Health; Vol. 84, No. 8, August 1994. Contact: National Development and Research Institutes Incorporated, 2 World Trade Ctr 16th Fl, New York, NY, 10048, (212) 845-4400, http://www.ndri.org. Summary: This journal article describes a cohort study of women who have injection drug users (IDUs) as sex partners, conducted in order to gain information on HIV riskbehaviors in women. Of 5,162 women, three behaviorally defined groups are examined, including: women with a single IDU for a partner, those with multiple IDU partners
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who do not exchange sex for drugs or money, and those with multiple IDU partners who do exchange sex for drugs or money. Demographic variables are considered, such as economic level, involvement with the criminal justice system, and health characteristics. One conclusion drawn is that differences among women with IDU partners are linked to the type of sexual contacts. More research is needed to determine how the risk behaviors vary over time and what factors affect behavior changes. •
Do Antiarthritic Drugs Decrease the Risk for Cognitive Decline? An Analysis Based on Data from the MRC Treatment Trial of Hypertension in Older Adults Source: Neurology. 50: 374-379. February 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study of the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on rate of cognitive decline in older people. Data were obtained on participants, aged 65-74 years, from the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults and its cognitive substudy. Use of NSAIDs and antiindigestion drugs was recorded on up to 32 occasions over the 8-year study, and cognitive tests were administered at scheduled intervals over the first 54 months. A total of 2,567 participants provided data for the Paired Associate Learning Test (PALT), which was used to measure associative memory. A total of 2,584 participants provided data for the Trail Making Test (TMT), which was used to measure attention, concentration, and psychomotor function. The results suggest a significant, but modest, association between NSAID use and change on the PALT over time, with NSAID users exhibiting less decline than nonusers. However, the protective effect of NSAID used decreased with increasing age and was no longer apparent by age 74 years. There was no relationship between NSAID use and TMT performance, or between antiindigestion drug use and either cognitive measure. The authors conclude that the association between NSAID use and cognition may warrant further investigation in randomized, controlled trials. 3 tables, 35 references.
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New Drugs for Dementia: A Commissioning Nightmare? Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 257-258. 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses problems associated with the development of new anti-dementia drugs in the United Kingdom (UK). The current licensing system does not provide information about when a new drug will be introduced, how much it will cost, nor how widespread its use will be. New drugs usually come without sufficient information for health authorities and clinicians to form a judgement on their place in the prescribing formulary. The present arrangement leads to conflict between groups of patients eager to try new drugs for a previously hopeless illness, therapeutic enthusiasts who want to prescribe, therapeutic conservatives concerned with past failures, and financial managers who want to control costs. The authors urge all involved parties to recognize the problems associated with the drug industry, thoroughly evaluate new drugs for therapeutic use, increase educational responsibility and partnership, and be realistic about the limitations of the drug development process in order to create a more efficient system.
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Several Classes of New Drugs Emerging for Parkinson Disease Source: JAMA. 282(10): 929-931. September 8, 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses some of the new classes of drugs that are emerging for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). One of the most promising new strategies is the use of dopamine agonists for patients with early PD. In a 5-year,
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randomized trial comparing the dopamine agonist ropinirole with levodopa, patients receiving ropinirole were four times less likely to develop dyskinesias than were those receiving levodopa alone. The results suggest that patients with early PD can be treated successfully for up to 5 years with ropinirole alone-- or with levodopa added when necessary-- with efficacy similar to treatment with levodopa alone. Another new strategy for the treatment of PD is the inhibition of catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT), an enzyme that breaks down levodopa in the body. COMT inhibitors allow greater levels of levodopa to reach the brain, prolonging the drug's benefit. Entacapone, a new COMT inhibitor approved for sale in Europe, has been shown to be well tolerated and effective in extending the duration of response to levodopa. Future research highlights other classes of drugs, including possible neuroprotectors. 4 figures. •
Should Pharmacists Sell Sterile Syringes to Injection Drug Users? Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association January/February 1999;39(1):8, 10. Contact: American Pharmaceutical Association, 2215 Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20037-2985, (202) 628-4410, http://www.aphanet.org. CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 4585231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: This journal article discusses the pros and cons of pharmacies selling sterile syringes to injection drug users. It begins with a discussion of the role injection drug use plays in the transmission of blood-borne infections such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and current laws and regulations that restrict injection drug users' (IDUs) access to sterile syringes. Surveys of pharmacists indicate that pharmacists often set conditions for syringe sales that are not stipulated by laws or regulations, while public health authorities recommend that IDUs use sterile syringes to prevent the transmission of blood-borne infections such as HIV. Pharmacists can play a critical role in decreasing blood-borne pathogens transmission among IDUs through the voluntary sale of syringes in pharmacies and the education of patients about the persistent danger of blood-borne pathogen transmission. The article expands on three actions that pharmacies can take in this area: (1) pharmacies can address the question of whether and under what circumstance pharmacists should sell syringes to IDUs; (2) the profession can provide its members increased opportunities for continuing education on the laws and regulations governing syringe sales, drug addiction, injection drug use, blood-borne pathogens transmission, and HIV prevention; and (3) pharmacists and pharmacy organizations can join health departments, community-based organizations, medical associations, and others in reviewing the laws and regulations that affect syringe sales and, by extension, the prevention of blood-borne infections.
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Participating in Drug Trials, Part Two: About Drug Trials Contact: AIDS Council of New South Wales, ACON, PO Box 350, Darlinghurst. Summary: This journal article examines aspects of clinical trials used to test therapeutic drugs intended for use in the treatment of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Trial design, trial phases, and trialing and approval are described. Issues related to clinical trials, as well as initiatives that have improved the trialing system, are briefly discussed.
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Is Drug Use by the Elderly With Cognitive Impairment Influenced by Type Dementia? Source: Pharmacotherapy. 19(4): 430-436. 1999. Summary: This journal article examines patterns of drug use among elderly people with different types of dementia and levels of cognitive impairment. The authors used data collected with the Minimum Data Set for more than 350,000 residents admitted in 19921995 to all Medicare and Medicaid certified nursing homes in 5 States. The sample included 23,073 patients aged 65 years and older with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 76,087 with vascular dementia (VaD). Cognitive status was assessed using a 7point cognitive performance scale. Estimates of drug use were adjusted for age, gender, race, and prevalence of respective disease. Patients with AD were younger and had more severe cognitive impairment than those with VaD, whereas those with VaD had more comorbid clinical conditions and received a greater number of total drugs. Overall use of cardiovascular, anti-Parkinson, pulmonary, antineoplastic, and nutritional agents was less frequent among patients with AD than those with VaD. Results were consistent across different levels of cognitive impairment. In the authors' opinion, these findings suggest that AD patients experience less comorbidity than VaD patients, and/or are undertreated. 1 figure, 3 tables, 35 references.
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Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Alzheimer-Type Pathology in Aging Source: Neurology. 54: 732-734. 2000. Summary: This journal article examines the effect of steroids on Alzheimer's disease (AD) -type pathology in older people. AD-type pathology was assessed in postmortem brain tissue from 18 older individuals with no clinical history of dementia who had been taking steroids for at least 1 continuous year before death. Tissue samples from 20 older individuals with no history of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant drug use were also examined. There was no significant difference in either the prevalence or number of different senile plaque subtypes, or in the degree of neurofibrillary pathology, between the steroid and control groups. A history of steroid use was not associated with any difference in the number of activated microglial cells. The authors conclude that nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs may be more effective than steroids for preventing AD because of their ability to suppress the microglial activation associated with senile plaques. 3 figures, 10 references.
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HIV - Related Risk - Taking Behaviour, Knowledge and Serostatus of Intravenous Drug Users in Sydney Source: The Medical Journal of Australia; Vol. 152. Contact: St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst. Summary: This journal article examines the results of a 1987 study that looked at the relationships between risk-taking behavior related to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), demographic characteristics, and seropositivity of 181 Intravenous drug users (IVDU's) in Sydney, Australia. The survey subjects were predominantly heterosexual men in their late 20s who had limited secondary education. The survey showed that 77 percent had injected drugs for more than two years, 91 percent injected daily, and 80 percent shared needles. The survey also showed that just 15 percent used condoms during nonprostitution sexual encounters, although 72 percent used them during prostitution. Therefore, 69 percent of all subjects were at risk of HIV infection. Since 1981, 30 percent had been in prisons, and half of these had used drugs and shared
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equipment while in custody. Of men who had been imprisoned, 13 percent reported anal intercourse with other male prisoners. One hundred thirty-two had been tested for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies, and 12 (nine percent) had tested positive. The majority of seropositive subjects were homosexual or bisexual men. This seropositivity rate was much higher than a 1985 estimate of 0.5 percent. Combined with the level of risk-taking behavior by the sample members, this shows that intervention strategies may be inadequate. •
Clinical Involvement in Anti-Dementia Drug Trials: Why Bother? Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 258-260. 1999. Summary: This journal article explains the clinical trials process and outlines some of the factors that clinicians in the United Kingdom should consider when deciding whether or not to become involved with anti-dementia drug trials. In Alzheimer's disease, the major focus of therapeutic research is on compensating for neurochemical losses, particularly in the cholinergic system, although other classes of drugs are also being developed. Clinical trials are generally classified into Phases I-IV, with the majority of medical clinicians being involved in Phase II or Phase III studies. Participation in clinical trials teaches medical and nursing staff new skills, while increasing treatment options for patients. Clinical trials also ensure the development of potentially safe and effective treatments, and sponsorships by pharmaceutical companies enable concurrent research in other areas to be undertaken. However, clinical trials strain center resources, introduce complicated ethical issues, and necessitate strict record-keeping. The authors conclude that participation in clinical trials can be rewarding if both positive and negative factors are taken into consideration.
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Behavior-Modifying Drug Use Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents With Dementia Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. p. 118-123. May-June 1998. Summary: This journal article explores the relationship between personal characteristics of 107 older nursing home residents with dementia and their use of behavior-modifying drugs (BMDs). The participants, aged 69 to 100 years, were from three large nursing homes and had scored below 25 on the Mini Mental State Examination. Sixty-one residents (57 percent) were receiving BMDs and 46 (43 percent) were not. The two groups did not differ on age, months in the facility, marital status, educational level, dementia severity, number of medications, number of recent falls, and number of health conditions. The most commonly used drugs were antidepressants, antianxiety agents, and antipsychotics. Residents taking and not taking BMDs were compared on measures of cognitive function, physical function, and social function, and on selected demographic variables. The results revealed that residents who were taking BMDs had fewer hospitalizations, exhibited more impaired judgement and irritable behaviors, and were more independent in moving about the environment than were residents not receiving BMDs. The authors conclude that the use of BMDs may increase the quality of life for some residents with dementia. However, they emphasize that these findings support the need for specially educated staff and trained caregivers; a safe, secure setting; frequent assessment of all residents; and the use of nonpharmacological strategies even when BMDs are given. 3 tables, 15 references.
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Tacrine: An Outdated Drug to be Discarded Source: Prescribe International. 8(39): 16-18. February 1999.
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Summary: This journal article looks at the cumulative evidence regarding the use of tacrine (Cognex) as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tacrine was approved for sale on the French market in 1994. Since that time, no new comparative efficacy data have been reported. Tacrine still has no documented specific symptomatic efficacy in AD. In addition, an official French prospective study involving 5,000 patients found that the Summary of Product Characteristics (prescription protocol) was not always respected. The same study confirmed the hepatotoxicity of tacrine. Two other medications with the same indication, donepezil and rivastigmine, are now available. Overall, these drugs appear to be no more effective than tacrine, but they have no known hepatotoxicity. In the authors' opinion, the risk-benefit ratio of tacrine remains poor, and the continued use of this drug is no longer warranted. 7 references. •
No Effect of Anti-Leprosy Drugs in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease and BAmyloid Neurotoxicity Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 165: 28-30. 1999. Summary: This journal article reports on two studies that examined the effects of antileprosy drugs on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in leprosy patients, and on amyloid beta protein-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. In the first study, researchers reviewed the medical records of 196 patients with leprosy, aged 70 years or older. The prevalence of AD was 16.4 percent in patients who had been treated with anti-leprosy drugs during the previous 10 years, and 19.8 percent in those who had not been treated. The authors concluded that the difference was not significant. The second study tested the effects of anti-leprosy drugs on the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta peptides. Results showed that the drugs had no effect on the neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that anti-leprosy drugs do not prevent the onset of AD or amyloid beta neurotoxicity. 1 figure, 1 table, 9 references.
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Drugs Produce Results: And There's More to Come: Many Drug Options Improve Quality of Life Source: Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow. 9(4): 37-39, 47. August 2000. Summary: This journal article reviews some of the medications used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). First, it briefly reviews what is known about the neuropathology of AD, typical symptoms, and changing care needs as the disease progresses. Then, it discusses the pharmacologic management of specific types of symptoms including: the use of cholinergic agents to slow the progression of cognitive impairment, the use of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to control psychotic symptoms, the use of standard antidepressant medications for depression, and the use of atypical neuroleptics, mood stabilizers, and other pharmacologic agents to manage agitation and aggression.
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Social Consequences for Families With Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Potential Impact of New Drug Treatment Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 338-347. 1999. Summary: This paper explores the impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on the family situation, a change in treatment context caused by demographic changes, the reorganization of long-term care, a financial crisis in the public health systems, the introduction of new drugs, and the current care provisions available in Sweden, the U.K., and the Netherlands. In the early phase of dementia, significant consequences for patients and family members may be largely unrecognized by the health care system.
Studies 11
However, as the disease progresses, the impact on caregivers in terms of physical and emotional burden and financial and employment status may be enormous. New antidementia drugs, such as donepezil and rivastigmine, now are entering the market, and other pharmacological approaches are under investigation. These new drugs are expected to alter the need for institutional care and may have far-reaching effects on the negative social consequences of dementia. Antidementia drugs, while potentially reducing the need for institutionalization, may increase the need for greater formal and informal support of caregivers. 1 table, 111 references. (AA-M). •
New State Program Puts Experimental Drugs on Fast Track Source: California Physician, Dec. 1988. Contact: California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, PO Box 942732, Sacramento, CA, 94234-7320, (916) 445-2263. Summary: This reprint is of an article that originally appeared in California Physician, December 1988. It discusses new programs that have speeded up the processes to approve experimental programs, mainly therapeutic drugs, used to treat Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The major elements in this new drug review and approval process include preclinical review, investigational new drug review, clinical testing, new drug application evaluation, and postmarketing monitoring and evaluation.
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Intervention From Family Members As a Strategy for Preventing HIV Transmission Among Intravenous Drug Users Source: Journal of Community Psychology; Vol. 20. Contact: University of California San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Box 0886, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0560, (415) 597-9106. Summary: This reprint of a journal article discusses the results of a study that analyzed the willingness of people to tell relatives who abuse drugs about HIV prevention. In San Francisco, 421 members of the general adult community as well as 67 adults in treatment for drug abuse participated in the study. Subjects were equally divided between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Caucasians. They answered questions about whether they would tell a relative who injects drugs about HIV-prevention strategies such as using condoms and cleaning needles with bleach. The study showed high willingness to give advice, with few differences between community members and those in drug treatment.
Federally Funded Research on Drugs The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to drugs. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to drugs. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore drugs. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for drugs: •
Project Title: A PRIMATE MODEL OF DRUG ABUSE: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Carroll, Marilyn E.; Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1980; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Goals of the proposed research are to use a rhesus monkey model of drug abuse, to study factors affecting vulnerability to drug abuse and to evaluate behavioral and pharmacological treatment interventions. Routes of administration that have been developed in this laboratory will include oral drug self-administration and smoking. When using the oral route of self-administration, liquid deliveries are contingent upon lip-contact responses. Smoke deliveries are contingent upon inhalation responses. Vulnerability factors to be examined are sex and phase of the menstrual cycle as well as patterns/duration of access to drugs. Initial work indicates that escalation from drug use to abuse is dependent upon the amount and duration of access. The proposed work will extend these findings to monkeys, other drugs, and measures of reinforcing efficacy. In addition, the question of whether differential access to one drug affects acquisition of self-administration of a second drug will be examined. Well-accepted measures of the reinforcing efficacy of drugs, behavioral economic demand curve analyses and PR schedules will be used to determine how these predisposing factors ultimately affect the reinforcing potential of selected drugs. The drugs that will be studied are cocaine, ethanol, heroin, methadone and phencyclidine (PCP). Behavior maintained by food and/or liquid saccharin will be used as a control for drug-selective effects. The behavioral economic measures will also be used quantify the extent to which these drug and nondrug substances substitute for each other. These studies will inform us about the effectiveness of substituting nondrug items for drugs in treatment, as well for predicting polydrug abuse by how well one form of drug abuse substitutes for another. The use of nondrug reinforcers as a behavioral treatment will also be compared in male and female monkeys and during 3 phases of the menstrual cycle. Potential treatment medications will also be examined in male monkeys using a behavioral economic approach. Three different types of drugs that have produced promising preliminary results are proposed: bremazocine, an agonist at the kappa opioid receptor, baclofen, a GABAB agonist, and ketoconazole, an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis. Finally, the behavioral (alternative reinforcer) and pharmacological treatments will be combined and compared to the effects of each given alone. The results of the proposed 11 experiments will provide valuable information about major vulnerability factors and several behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches for drug abuse. It is hoped that this information will lead to earlier and more effective prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 13
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Project Title: ABSORPTION MECHANISMS FOR PEPTIDE/PROTEIN DRUGS VIA LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Crandall, Edward D.; Professor; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Biotechnological advances are leading to new peptide/protein drugs of great promise for human health. Unfortunately, oral administration usually is ineffective in delivering such drugs, which must be taken parenterally. Recently, transpulmonary drug delivery has shown considerable potential as an alternative route of systemic delivery. Therefore, in this proposal, our long term goals are to elucidate the mechanisms for absorption of peptide and protein drugs across the alveolar epithelium, the surface across which drug absorption from lung airspaces must occur. Although pulmonary delivery of protein/peptide drugs has been shown in animal studies to lead to promising bioavailabilities, absorption mechanisms and pathways are virtually unknown. Bioengineering related issues pertaining to pulmonary drug delivery include formulation modalities, delivery approaches and transepithelial transport. Of these, we chose to delineate specific mechanisms that may prevail in absorption of peptide / protein drugs across alveolar epithelium. We will utilize primary cultured rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers as an in vitro model and use di-/tri-peptides, granulocytecolony stimulating factor and human growth hormone as model drugs. We propose to i) delineate the mechanisms and pathways (i.e., paracellular diffusion, fluid-phase transcytosis, receptor-mediated and/or adsorptive transcytosis) for absorption of model protein drugs across the alveolar epithelial barrier, ii) investigate the mechanisms underlying stimulation of protein drug absorption via transcytosis across the alveolar epithelial barrier, iii) investigate how peptide drugs are absorbed across the alveolar epithelium, and iv) determine the stimulatory effect of physicochemical variables on alveolar epithelial absorption of protein/peptide drugs. Through the collaborative investigation of pulmonary protein/peptide drug absorption among four different biomedical research laboratories utilizing experimental approaches spanning cell biology to bio(chemical)engineering, results from these projects will provide new information for advancing bioengineering approaches to pulmonary drug delivery, including development of new methodologies to improve bioavailability via the alveolar epithelial barrier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ACYLCOA PHARMACOKINETICS
FORMATION--COVALENT
BINDING,
Principal Investigator & Institution: Benet, Leslie Z.; Professor; Biopharmaceutical Sciences; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The overall goal of the research described in this renewal is to investigate the hypothesis that acyl-CoA thioester metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing drugs are reactive acylating species that, in addition to, but possibly more important than, reactive acyl glucuronides, contribute to the covalent binding of acidic drugs to proteins and which may be responsible for, among other toxicities, untoward allergic side-effects. This hypothesis will be focused on by a range of in vitro and in vivo studies, as directed by the following specific aims: 1) To evaluate the chemical reactivity of acyl-CoA thioester derivatives with biological nucleophiles and compare such reactivity with that
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Drugs
of their respective acyl glucuronides; 2) To evaluate the effect of enzyme inducers and inhibitors, with respect to acyl glucuronidation and acyl-CoA formation, on the covalent binding of selected carboxylic acids to protein; 3) To quantitatively determine and compare the levels of drug-protein acylation, acyl glucuronidation and acyl-CoA formation of selected carboxylic acid drugs in vivo in selected tissues; 4) To develop improved methodology for the analysis of acyl-CoA thioester derivatives from biological samples; 5) To determine the effect of alpha-fluoro-substitution of carboxylic acid drugs on xenobiotic acyl-CoA formation and protein acylation; 6) To assess the enantioselectivity of covalent binding of chiral NSAIDs to protein and their metabolism to reactive acylating derivatives in vivo and in vitro, 7) To identify the hepatic protein targets for reactive metabolites of diclofenac, resulting from either glucuronide or CoAthioester intermediates, using 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometry; 8) To investigate the role of the enzymes of fatty acylation on the selective acylation of cellular proteins by acidic drugs through their acyl-CoA thioester derivatives; 9) To determine if drugprotein conjugates formed by the reaction of xenobiotic-acyl-CoA thioester derivatives with protein are antigenic. This application proposes studies designed to: (a) characterize the chemical reactivity of acyl-CoA thioester metabolites of a number of acidic drugs, (b) compare this reactivity with corresponding acyl glucuronide metabolites, (c) elucidate the mechanisms by which protein acylation may occur for carboxylic acid-containing drugs through the CoA thioester pathway, as well as define the chemical structure of these products and (d) evaluate the immunotoxic potential of these thioester metabolites. In addition, since activation of endogenous fatty acids to their corresponding high-energy acyl-CoA thioester derivatives is an important enzymatic step required prior to the utilization of fatty acids for many cellular reactions, the findings of this work should provide important insights beyond immunotoxicity questions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADDICTIVE DRUGS--PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kreek, Mary J.; Lab/Biology/Addictive Diseases; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): This is a competitive renewal to provide a major source of salary support for the applicant, Mary Jeanne Kreek, M.D., as a senior Research Scientist Awardee (and also as Principal Investigator and Scientific Director of an NIH-NIDA Treatment-Related Research Center). This award will allow the applicant to continue to spend a significant amount of time in science training and mentoring at the graduate, post-graduate level, science education at the undergraduate and high school level as well as science education of a more general public. The most effective treatments for the addictive diseases including opioid addiction, cocaine addiction, alcoholism and nicotine addiction, probably will be based on the fundamental understanding of the biological basis of addictive diseases; the physiological and pharmacological effects of drugs of abuse and of agents used for the treatment of drug addiction, and of the other medical and behavioral problems which frequently co-exist with specific addictions and may complicate treatment. Also, effective treatments and prevention may by facilitated by an understanding of the human molecular genetics underlying some cases of addictive diseases. Research activities will continue to identify and study the biological correlates of addictions, factors which affect treatment outcome and also, primarily, the molecular neurological basis of addiction. Specific projects include: Effects of Drugs of Abuse and Potential Therapeutic Agents on the Molecular
Studies 15
Biology of Endogenous Opioids, Related Neuropeptides and their Receptors; Effects of Drugs of Abuse and Potential Therapeutic Agents on Opioid Receptor and Related Neurotransmitter Systems; Disposition; Biotransformation of Natural Synthetic Opioid Agonists, Antagonist and Related Peptides; Effects of Drugs of Abuse and Potential Therapeutic Agents on the Molecular Biology and Expression of the Stress Responsive Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis; Effects of Cocaine on Endogenous Opioid NMDA Complex Interactions; Neuroendocrine Effects of Addictive Drugs: Role of the Endogenous Opioids and Stress Responsivity in Addictive Diseases; Effects of Drugs of Abuse and Potential Therapeutic Agents on the Molecular Biology and Expression of the Stress Responsive Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis; Effectiveness of LAAM in Managing Heroin Abusing Methadone Maintained Patients. Human gene polymorphism and molecular genetics of addictions and the opioid system; and continued prospective surveillance of the medical status of patients entering methadone maintenance treatment, determining the changing patterns of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV-1 infection and codependence and the impact of treatment on their natural history. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AIDS THERAPEUTICS & BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER AZT DRUG EFFLUX Principal Investigator & Institution: Pardridge, William M.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The goal of this research is to develop new brain drug delivery strategies for azidothymidine (AZT) and other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) so that the clinical potential of these drugs is enhanced for the treatment of the cerebral component of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nearly all current drugs in clinical practice for the treatment of AIDS (NRTI, non-NRTI, and HIV protease inhibitors) are not transported from blood in brain in pharmacologically significant amounts owing to the active efflux of these drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The clinical potential of these drugs could be enhanced for the treatment of cerebral AIDS by the administration of co-drugs, wherein the co-drugs are inhibitors of the BBB active efflux systems. The development of co-drugs is straightforward for HIV protease inhibitors, because these drugs are substrates for a known efflux transporter, pglycoprotein. However, the development of co-drugs for the NRTI's cannot be achieved presently because the putative active efflux systems for AZT and the other NRTI's has not been defined at the molecular level. The purpose of the proposed studies is to clone, sequence, and express a full length cDNA encoding the AZT active efflux transporter protein localized at the BBB. The availability of the cDNA will allow for the expression of the AZT active efflux transporter in a defined format and this will allow for the subsequent identification of drugs that are inhibitors of the BBB AZT efflux transporter. The following specific aims are proposed: (1) expression cloning of the AZT efflux cDNA using the frog oocyte expression cloning system and RNA derived from a bovine brain capillary cDNA library; (2) DNA sequencing of the cloned cDNA and DNA sequence analysis; (3) expression of the cDNA in COS cells followed by measurements of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics of radiolabeled AZT transport into these cells; (4) functional analysis of the BBB AZT efflux transporter mRNA and protein using Northern blotting, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy of brain and isolated brain capillaries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANIMAL DEPRESSION
MODELS OF
CHILDHOOD
AND
ADOLESCENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bylund, David B.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacology; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 14-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Major Depressive Disorder (clinical depression) is a severe and potentially incapacitating mental illness that is common in children and adolescents, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 15 -20 % in this population. An important difference between clinical depression in children and adolescents, as compared to adults, is its response to antidepressant drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants have not been shown to be effective in treatment of child and adolescent clinical depression. Although antidepressant drugs have numerous neurochemical actions, the therapeutic mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in relieving depression remain unknown. In non-depressed persons antidepressant drugs are not euphoriant or stimulant. Therefore, investigations related to which of the many neurochemical effects of antidepressant drugs are functionally related to their therapeutic efficacy in relieving depression requires research using a behavioral animal model of clinical depression. To better understand the neurobiology underlying the differences between children and adolescents, and adults in the response to pharmacological treatment of clinical depression, animal models of childhood and adolescent depression are needed. Currently, there are no established juvenile animal models of clinical depression. Although the models developed in adult animals can serve as a starting point, they must be adapted and validated in juvenile animals due the many differences between juvenile and adult animals. The overall goal of this proposal is to assess the validity and usefulness of two well-established rat animal models of adult clinical depression as models of childhood and adolescent clinical depression. Specifically, we propose to assess the usefulness of the forced-swim test and of learned helplessness as animal models for clinical depression in juvenile rats. The key questions which are addressed by this proposal are: 1) Do juvenile rats respond to antidepressant drugs with decreased immobility in the forced swim? 2) Do juvenile rats develop learned helplessness after inescapable stress in both the acute and persistent paradigms, as demonstrated by shuttlebox testing? 3) Do juvenile rats respond to antidepressant drugs in the both acute and persistent learned helplessness paradigms with decreased escape latencies in shuttlebox testing? Ultimately, the models may facilitate a better understanding of the underlying neurobiology of clinical depression, and serve as predictive measures of antidepressant efficacy in children and adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANORECTIC DRUGS: ABUSE & BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Foltin, Richard W.; Professor of Neuroscience; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The goal of this continuation is to study the motivational processes involved in eating behavior, and to determine how drugs that affect food consumption alter these processes. Animals will control their own pattern of daily food consumption using a procedure that provides measures of food seeking, food taking, and the motivational or incentive salience of stimuli paired with food. We hypothesize that anorectic drugs may decrease total daily food consumption by decreasing food seeking and/or food taking,
Studies 17
which may occur independently of changes in incentive salience. We will first determine the effects of naturalistic manipulations on food-related behavior and test the generalizability of our model by studying behavior related to another reinforcer, candy. Data implicate dopamine (DA) in mediating motivational processes, with increased DA levels associated with increased incentive salience of a stimulus. Less well developed are findings that suggest that serotonin (5- HT) may also play a role in motivational processes that is oppositional to that played by DA. We will determine the effects of drugs that decrease food consumption (amphetamine, dexfenfluramine, sibutramine, acamprosate) and increase food consumption (alprazolam, delta9-THC, baclofen, MK801), via different neurotransmitter systems, on food-related behavior. Finally, because MK-801 has been shown to slow the development of sensitization to stimulants and alter the effects of repeated administration of drugs of abuse, we will also determine whether MK-801 will alter the behavioral effects of repeated doses of amphetamine and sibutramine. This research will provide further information about the behavioral mechanisms of action of anorectic drugs with an emphasis on motivational processes. We hypothesize that drugs of abuse will alter both food seeking and the incentive salience of stimuli paired with food. A better understanding of the neuropharmacological systems that are involved in motivation will be an asset in the development of drugs that affect eating behavior and other appetitive behaviors, including drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTICANCER DICTYOSTELIUM
DRUG
RESISTANCE
STUDIES
USING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Alexander, Stephen; Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Human tumors frequently develop resistance to many of the widely used chemotherapeutic agents. Many different mechanisms have been proposed for the molecular basis of this resistance. Studies on drug resistance in tumor cells have often focused on the mechanism of action of the drug, and looked for resistance due to altered drug concentration in the cell, different models of drug inactivation or altered damage repair. As such, other pathways that may be involved with the cellular cytotoxic response to individual drugs have been overlooked. We propose to use the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum in an unbiased approach to identify novel molecular targets that can be modulated to increase sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. The genes and pathways of Dictyostelium are highly conserved with those of humans, and molecular genetic methods are well developed for this organism. Our preliminary system on cisplatin resistance resulted in the identification of 6 genes. Significantly, none of these had been previously associated with cisplatin, and each represents a potential new target for therapy. The goal of the present study is to demonstrate the general utility of this system and to show that it can be applied to the understanding of resistance to other drugs. We have focused on four classes of DNA damaging drugs that damage DNA by different mechanisms. These include: both intra- and inter-strand crosslinkers, monoalkylators, and oxygen radicals. We will 1) create a comprehensive Dictyostelium insertional mutant library, 2) isolate mutants resistant to drugs of each of the four classes and identify the cognate genes, and 3) test the mutants for cross-resistance to the other drugs. These studies will identify new mechanisms for drug resistance and new targets for chemotherapeutic intervention which can subsequently be validated in human cells.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIFOLATES AS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sibley, Carol H.; Professor; Genome Sciences; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): We have chosen to concentrate on a thorough understanding of the oldest family of anti-malarials, the antifolates. Our work in the last few years has shown that a thorough understanding of why and how resistance to these inhibitors is selected can extend the useful therapeutic life of currently available antifolate drugs like pyrimethamine. More important, these studies have also shown that a third generation antifolate, WR99210, holds great promise as an affordable antimalarial that will be effective over a long period. It is effective even against the most pyrimethamine resistant mutants of P. falciparum that have been identified, and mutants resistant to WR99210 have not been easily selected. It is the "low hanging fruit" that drug developers often seek! We propose in this grant to determine the biochemical, genetic and biological mechanisms of action that distinguish WR99210 from pyrimethamine and other antifolate drugs that have been previously developed. * We will analyze the biochemical parameters of mutant enzymes that are resistant to DHFR inhibitors. * We will analyze the fitness of mutant alleles of dhfr in P. falciparum and P. vivax in vitro * We will analyze the changes in pools of mRNA, proteins and small molecules to determine the changes that characterize treatment of P. falciparum with inhibitors of DHFR, with sulfa drugs and with both drugs in synergistic combination. We think that this in depth understanding of antifolate action in the parasites will ensure that WR99210 will be developed as a useful drug for the long haul against P. falciparum and P. vivax. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANTIPSYCHOTIC HYPOFUNCTION
ACTIONS
IN
MODELS
OF
NMDA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Duncan, Gary E.; Research Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Clinical studies have demonstrated that NMDA receptor antagonists induce positive, negative and cognitive schizophrenic-like symptoms in healthy subjects and precipitate psychotic reactions in patients with schizophrenia. These data, and the resulting NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia, provide a compelling rationale for characterizing neurobiological correlates in models of reduced NMDA receptor function. The present proposal will assess behavioral and brain metabolic phenotypes in a genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function-the NMDA R1 (NR1) subunit deficient mouse. The NR1 subunit is a component of all NMDA receptors and reduced expression of this subunit will therefore result in a chronic state of NMDA receptor hypofunction. It is hypothesized that the behavioral and brain metabolic phenotypes associated with the NR1 deficient mouse model will mimic certain phenotypes observed in schizophrenic patients. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the NR1 deficient mice will exhibit reduced brain metabolism in prefrontal and limbic regions, and exhibit alterations in sensory processing (prepulse inhibition and startle habituation). If these hypotheses are correct, the mouse models
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could represent an approach to explore potential preventative strategies for schizophrenia. The proposed work also will test the hypothesis that administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs will have different effects on the alterations in behavior and regional brain metabolic activity observed in the genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function In addition to the heuristic value of the work for understanding differential effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, the proposed autoradiographic studies are analogous to human PET studies of brain metabolism and blood flow, and therefore offer an important potential translational opportunity to relate results found in rodents to humans. The proposed work will not only contribute to the understanding of neurobiological actions of atypical antipsychotic drugs, but also will provide paradigms in which novel pharmacological strategies could be explored for the treatment of schizophrenia. In addition, characterizing neurobiological actions of antipsychotic drugs in the genetic model of NMDA receptor hypofunction could help delineate neurochemical dysfunction in these models, and by inference, potential pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTITUBULIN DRUGS: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Giannakakou, Paraskevi; Winship Cancer Center; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our overall research initiative is focused on understanding the molecular mechanism of action and resistance to antitumor drugs that target the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. MT- targeting drugs are among the most effective agents introduced in cancer chemotherapy. Taxol is the prototype of MTstabilizing drugs, and its activity in a broad range of human tumors has ignited intense interest in tubulin as a chemotherapy target. The emergence of drug resistant tumor cells, however, limits Taxol's ability to cure disease. Resistance to Taxol is primarily mediated through overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and the presence of betatubulin mutations. Thus, while tubulin appears to be a very important chemotherapy target, there is an increasing need for novel MT-targeting agents with activity in resistant cells. One such agent is discodermolide, a marine-sponge natural product, with a similarity to Taxol's mechanism of action but with several unique features. Discodermolide has a nontaxane chemical structure and is active against Taxolresistance cell lines, both those that overexpress Pgp or harbor beta-tubulin mutations. In addition, discodermolide is the only MT-stabilizing drug reported to date to be synergistic with Taxol in various human cancer cell lines. The molecular mechanism of this synergistic interaction, however, is currently unknown. In an effort to better understand how discodermolide and Taxol interact with their intracellular target, tubulin, we have established human cancer cell lines resistant to discodermolide and to the synergistic combination of discodermolide and Taxol. The specific aims of our proposal are :(a) Elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to discodermolide or to the discodermolide/-taxol combinations in the drug selected clones. (b) Perform structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on discodermolide analogs to determine the structural requirements for biological activity. We will also perform molecular modeling and structural studies of discodermolide-tubulin binding (c) Introduce specific tubulin mutations into human cancer cells to investigate their effect on drug-binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ASYMMETRIC AMINOCATALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: List, Benjamin; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Over 50 percent of all drugs on the world market are based on chiral molecules and their sales exceeded $100 billion in 2000. The Food and Drug Administration requires that both enantiomers of new chiral drugs are fully characterized separately with respect to pharmacological activity, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, and toxicology. Consequently, most chiral pharmaceuticals will be sold as enantiomerically pure compounds. The current challenge for the pharmaceutical industry is to devise cost-effective, environmentally benign and hazardfree processes for the synthesis of chiral non-racemic drugs. Of the various methods available for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds, asymmetric catalytic processes are the most attractive. While several highly effective and useful catalytic asymmetric processes that utilize transition metal compounds have been developed in recent years, purely organic compounds, despite their enormous potential, are rarely used in asymmetric catalysis. The long-term goal of this proposal is to fill this need by designing and identifying highly enantioselective amine based catalysts for use in asymmetric carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. These asymmetric aminocatalysts could complement existing metal-based catalytic strategies in the future. Ideally, the products of this research will be non-toxic, environmentally benign, and highly efficient catalysts for the synthesis of chiral non-racemic biologically active molecules and drugs. Specifically, this proposal aims at (1) Studying the mechanism of proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol and Mannich reactions to gain a better understanding of reactivity and selectivity in aminocatalysis. (2) Designing novel aminocatalysts for aldol, Mannich, and Michael reactions. (3) High-throughput screening of aminocatalytic libraries. (4) Synthesizing biologically active natural products and drugs using aminocatalysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS AND ABUSE OF DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergman, Jack; Associate Professor; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1985; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The abuse and addictive power of psychomotor stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine continue to be a critical national concern. Much evidence has pointed to the interplay of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms in the effects of these drugs; however, mechanisticallybased medications are not yet available. Research is proposed along two lines to address this continuing lack of anti-stimulant therapeutics. The first, based on the use of the partial agonist buprenorphine for the management of opioid addiction, pertains to the analogous development of dopamine partial agonists for stimulant addiction. A goal of the present research is to examine the potential value of dopamine partial agonists by examining their anti-stimulant effects in monkeys. This will be done using a novel selfadministration choice procedure: in this procedure, subjects learn to distribute their behavior on the basis of the relative reinforcing strengths of an i.v. solution that is available for self-injection and an alternative reinforcer (food). This procedure is especially designed to divorce the reinforcing strength of drugs from their other behavioral effects. Partial agonists at different subtypes of dopamine receptors will be studied for their ability to specifically counter the reinforcing strength of
Studies 21
methamphetamine and cocaine. A second line of research is based on the need for a firm grasp of the role of nondopaminergic mechanisms in the behavioral effects of psychomotor stimulants, especially in primate species. In acute studies, psychomotor stimulants will be studied by analyzing the cholinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms that complement dopamine activity in preclinical assays of abuse liability, in chronic studies with different types of dopaminergic drugs, behavioral assays and in vitro autoradiography will be used to describe changes in monoamine transporter and receptor densities that may accompany alterations in pharmacological sensitivity. Overall, this program will strengthen our fundamental understanding of dopaminemediated behavioral effects of methamphetamine and other psychomotor stimulant drugs. This research should point to novel directions for the development of medications with which to manage the abuse and addictive liabilities of psychomotor stimulant drugs Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BICITY STUDY OF CLUB DRUG USE, ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cottler, Linda B.; Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Surveillance data from the field's best monitoring systems are detecting alarming increases in the rates of "club drug use" among young adults; yet, we know little about club drug abuse and dependence. Such information is essential to a relevant public health response. The proposed "Tri-City Study" will be the first study of the applicability, reliability and validity of abuse and dependence concepts as they apply to specific "club drugs." Specifically, a multisite study is proposed among 450 recent Ecstasy and other club drug users, 15 to 30 years of age, in areas indicated by NIDA's Community Epidemiology Workgroup (CEWG) as emerging or current areas of high risk -- St. Louis, Seattle and Miami -- to: 1) Describe the nature and extent of self-reported dependence on and abuse of Ecstasy, GHB, rohypnol and ketamine. This will be accomplished by determining whether "cookie cutter" diagnostic criteria used for other illicit drugs (such as described in DSM-IV, III-R, III, and ICD-10 and the Edwards-Gross Dependence Syndrome) are generalizable to individual club drugs, and to what extent users report the hallmark symptoms of dependence and abuse such as tolerance, withdrawal, craving, loss of control and social consequences; 2) a) Expand the Substance Abuse Module (SAM) to assess abuse of and dependence on specific club drugs and b) determine the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of these disorders; 3) Understand the reasons for inconsistent answers and misunderstood questions; 4) Develop and test a Risk Behavior Assessment to facilitate the collection of risk factor data relevant to club drug use, abuse and dependence; 5) Conduct qualitative research on the unique contextual factors that relate to club drug use, in each site, to help inform revisions to the SAM and the RBA; 6) Disseminate the aggregate findings to the drug abuse field. Such efforts, considered mundane to many in the drug abuse field, are critical at this early stage of the club drug epidemic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES FOR COLON CANCER THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Egilmez, Nejat K.; T and B Bioclone, Inc. 4786 Enser Rd Eden, Ny 14057
22
Drugs
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: A novel drug and cytokine delivery system is being tested for its ability to prevent and/or suppress spontaneously arising intestinal tumors. Biodegradable microspheres are specifically formulated to achieve a strong adhesion to intestinal epithelium. Following their loading with either sulindac (a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with antitumor activity) and/or Interleukin-12 (a potent immunostimulatory cytokine) the efficacy of the microspheres to deliver a drug or cytokine to the site of tumor development and to promote an antitumor effect is evaluated in a murine model (C57Bl/6J-Min) in which multiple intestinal tumors arise spontaneously as a result of a mutation in the murine homolog of the human adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The effectiveness of delivery with bioadhesive microspheres is compared to that obtained with bolus delivery of the free drug and/or cytokine. The antitumor efficacy of the therapy is evaluated a) in a prophylactic setting where young mice are treated with sulindac-loaded microspheres prior to tumor development, and b) at a later stage with sulindac and/or IL-12-loaded microspheres when they have established tumors. Local and sustained delivery of the drug by the microspheres to the intestinal epithelium is expected to improve the antitumor activity of sulindac and to prevent the growth of tumors while the ability to target IL-12 to the tumor milieu is expected to suppress tumor growth, prolong survival and induce antitumor immunity. If successful, these data will provide the requisite rationale for initiating a phase I clinical trial. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The local and sustained release of cytotoxic drugs and biologically active molecules such as JL-12 at the tumor site is expected to enhance the anti- tumor activity of drugs and cytokines and decrease their toxic effects upon normal tissues that occur when given systemically. The microspheres, that are protected by patents, provide a simple and much less expensive alternative to gene therapy for cytokine delivery and they can locally deliver drugs and cytokines simultaneously. These biodegradable, non-toxic microspheres if proven effective here for either prevention or treatment of colon cancer would have a significant market potential since colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. Additional potential markets are anticipated for this novel delivery system in the application of this technology to other tumors and for the local and sustained delivery of other drugs that are toxic when delivered systemically as bolus injections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOPHYSICAL STUDY OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fowler, Stephen C.; Professor; Human Develmt and Family Life; University of Kansas Lawrence Youngberg Hall Lawrence, Ks 660457563 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The atypical antipsychotic drugs are a major advance over the older drugs that frequently induced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). These newer drugs, except for clozapine, continue to induce EPS at higher doses. Despite its superior efficacy in the treatment of refractory schizophrenic patients, clozapine produces measurable cognitive side effects as well as distinctive, but not EPSlike, motor effects in both humans and rats. The over arching purpose of this proposal is to quantify, in rats and in inbred strains of mice, the motor and cognitive side effects of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotic drugs as well as to continue efforts to quantitate low-dose EPS in rodents. Three, primary behavioral measurement procedures will be used: 1) the food-anticipation-operant-microcatalepsy (FAOM) task that models
Studies 23
low dose EPS (bouts of immobility that interrupt behavior) and bradykinesia (slowing of movements) in both rats and mice; 2) the sustained attention task (SAT) that concurrently measures reaction time and cognitive performance and closely resembles the continuous performance task that reveals deficits characteristic of schizophrenia; 3) the forelimb tremor task (FT) that uses force-transducer technology and Fourier analysis to quantify drug-induced tremor and detects the hypotonia and antitremor effects of clozapine. In the FAOM procedure, the EPS liability of atypical antipsychotics clozapine, risperidone, sertindole, quetiapine, and olanzapine will be evaluated in haloperidolsensitized rats. When haloperidol-treated inbred strains of mice were compared in the FAOM task, the C57bl/6 mice showed striking EPS-like effects while the Balb/c mice did not-a result suggesting genetic causes. Several inbred strains of mice will be compared to identify strains likely to express EPS-like effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The SAT procedure will be used with rats to assess deleterious cognitive effects of chronic clozapine. The FT task will be used with rats to explore clozapine's recently discovered withdrawal effect (tremor rebound), to evaluate other atypical antipsychotics for clozapine-like motor effects, and to assess clozapine's ability to dampen tremor induced by harmaline or physostigmine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BOTANICAL/DRUG INTERACTIONS IN HIV: GLUCURONIDATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Philip C.; Drug Delivery & Disposition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are widely used with the goal of improving general health, to supplement conventional medicine or as primary therapy for some ailments. The use of alternative medicines by HIV/AIDS patients is higher than the normal population. However, though the potential for interactions between CAMs and conventional anti-HIV drugs is large, these potential interactions have not been extensively investigated. Such interactions may go unnoticed due to the common incidence of adverse effects with anti-HIV drugs, the wide inter-subject variability in drug disposition of some anti-HIV drugs - even in well controlled studies - and the fact that few physicians are notified by their patients with HIV/AIDS about the use of CAM. There is need to better understand potential CAMdrug interactions in order to reduce possible adverse effects or enhance efficacy of the drugs being employed. Such interactions may also be beneficial, if they provided mechanisms to reduce drug utilization or ameliorate some adverse effects of conventional drugs. Here we propose to investigate potential interactions between CAM that are claimed or reported to be modulators of glucuronidation, a common conjugative metabolic pathway important for the elimination of azidothymidine, abacavir, efavirenz,and mycophenolic acid. Glucuronidation is the major Phase II metabolic pathway, but is much less studied that oxidative metabolism. Glucuronidation of drugs reduces activity (usually) and promotes the excretion of the metabolite in urine and bile. Glucuronides excreted in bile are often subject to enterohepatic recycling where they are cleaved by intestinal betaglucuronidase. Three modulators of glucuronidation, piperine, sylimarin and glucarate, will be studied for their potential interactions with anti-HIV drugs. The internal lactone form of glucarate is a well-known, widely used inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase. Piperine and silybin are potent and broad inhibitor of glucuronidation and can also inhibit oxidative enzyme systems. These three CAMs, with possible inhibitory and inductive effects on
24
Drugs
glucuronidation, will be examined in vitro and in vivo, including single dose clinical studies in healthy volunteers, to determine if they interact or modulate the disposition of anti-HIV drugs. Piperine will also be examined in vitro for potential inhibition of oxidative metabolism of anti-HIV drugs such as the protease inhibitors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CASE-CONTROL SURVEILLANCE OF SERIOUS ILLNESSES AND DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenberg, Lynn; Professor and Associate Director; Slone Epidemiology Unit; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to continue Case-Control Surveillance (CCS) to assess the effects of prescription and nonprescription medications and other factors on the risk of cancers. Multiple case-control studies are conducted within a single data collection system. Nurse-interviewers in participating hospitals administer standard questionnaires to patients admitted for recently diagnosed cancers and other illnesses to obtain information on prescription and nonprescription medication use and on potential confounders or modifiers of exposure-disease associations. Data collection includes information on the newly popular class of nonprescription medications, herbals, and we have modified our drug dictionary in order to code these preparations. DNA is collected (from buccal cell samples) to allow for assessment of modification of drug disease associations by inherited genotype. We will continue to interview new cases and controls and to collect buccal samples. Enrollment of new patients is necessary because new drugs are constantly being introduced to the market, prescription drugs continue to be switched to nonprescription, and nonprescription drugs including herbals which have only recently become widely used are not otherwise monitored. Some herbals have been shown to have carcinogenic effects, affect estrogen levels, and influence the cytochrome p450 system involved with drug metabolism. One focus of CCS analyses will be the relation of the widely used drug classes, statins, histamine H2 antagonists, and selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, to risk of common cancers. We will also assess the relation of use of herbals to these cancers because the effects of these substances on cancer risk are largely unknown. We will assess modification by specific genetic polymorphisms of the relation of colon and breast cancer risk to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The usefulness of CCS for quantifying positive and inverse associations with cancer risk, documenting safety, and discovering associations has been extensively documented. Other systems do not have the capacity to assess a range of drug/genotype interactions or to systematically assess nonprescription drugs. CCS results have repeatedly been confirmed in other studies, indicating the success of efforts to minimize bias. CCS is a unique resource for cancer epidemiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INHIBITORS
CELLULAR
EFFLUX
AND
METABOLISM
OF
PROTEASE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mitra, Ashim K.; Professor and Chairman; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Missouri Kansas City Kansas City, Mo 64110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005
Studies 25
Summary: (Provided by the applicant): Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), most abundantly presently both in the liver and upper intestinal enterocytes, limits the systemic bioavailability of anti-HIV agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the MDR-1 gene product is also known to reduce the oral bioavailability of protease inhibitors. Moreover the existence of "sanctuary" sites of HIV-1 may potentially endanger the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). High cellular expression of P-gp in brain capillary endothelial cells, P-gp and CYP3A4 in mature enterocytes and alveolar cells and their similar substrate specificity suggest that the function of these proteins may be complementary and may form a coordinated intestinal, blood-brain and pulmonary barrier. The purpose of this study is to classify all anti-AIDS drugs, currently used clinically, under a new proposed Absorption-Metabolism Classification System (AMCS). Under AMCS, four classes of drugs, A, B, C and D, will be proposed based on their specificity towards P-gp and/or CYP3A4. We propose to investigate the simultaneous P-gp mediated efflux and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of the above mentioned 14 anti-AIDS compounds across l alpha, 2,5-di-OH vitamin D3 treated Caco-2 cell monolayers expressing high levels of P-gp and CYP3A4. Moreover, in some experiments, isolated hepatocytes containing liver CYP3A, representing first pass liver metabolism, wil1 also be included. Under AMCS we hypothesize that apparent order of oral bioavailability will be A > BEC > D. Our proposed classification system may prove to be an important tool in screening anti-AIDS compounds for their oral absorption potential. According to this hypothesis Class A compounds should not interact with any other class. There should be no interaction between compounds of class B and C, whereas Class B and C compounds are expected to interact with Class D compounds. Also, maximum interaction is anticipated within Class D compounds compared to interaction with Class B and Class C compound. Our proposed theoretical model may predict, a priori, the extent of drug absorption and more importantly drug interactions among four WCS classes. Therefore, the specific aims of this project are: 1) to develop an in vitro Caco-2 cell culture model expressing high levels of P-gp and CYP3A4 to a priori predict oral absorption potential and drug interactions among the four AMCS class drugs, to utilize the model in predicting first pass metabolism using human hepatocytes. Specific inhibitors of P-gp and CYP3A4 will be used to demonstrate the involvement of each of these proteins. In addition, the expression of these proteins will be determined by Western Blot and RT PCR. 2) to develop a quantitative model for oral drug absorption and interactions based on mathematical expression of passive influx, saturable efflux, and saturable CYP3A4 metabolism and to correlate model predicted effluxes with experimentally determined efflux values. This theoretical model will also predict the fluxes of each of the A, B, C, and D classes of drugs. The theoretical model will be first validated using model compound in each class: Tolbutamide - Class-A, Rhodamine 123 - Class-B, Carbamazepine - Class-C, and Cortisol - Class-D. 3) to study the transport and metabolism across two other in vitro cell culture models, bovine brain microvessels endothelial cell (BBMEC) and Calu-3 monolayers representing blood-brain and alveolar cells respectively. The brain parenchymal and alveolar lining - two sanctuary sites that are 'protected' from optimal antiretroviral drug access. 4) to study the effect of protein binding on the influx and efflux of model compounds, and anti-HIV drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTRAL SEROTONERGIC PATHWAYS REGULATING ENERGY BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Heisler, Lora K.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215
26
Drugs
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Elucidating the basic neurobiology of energy homeostasis is paramount in the prevention and treatment of obesity and type II diabetes. Drugs that increase the activity of central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) have been widely used as appetite suppressants. However, these drugs often elicit unwanted side effects because they target multiple 5-HT pathways and receptors. A notable example is d-fenfluramine (d-Fen), a drug that blocks the reuptake of 5-HT and stimulates its release. In the mid-1990's, d-Fen was prescribed to millions of people in the United States for weight loss, frequently in combination with the sympathomimetic phentermine, but was withdrawn from clinical use in 1997 by the Food and Drug Administration due to reports of adverse cardiopulmonary events. The purpose of this proposal is to delineate the central nervous system (CNS) pathways through which drugs such as d-Fen selectively mediate their effects on food intake. We have strong preliminary data indicating that these drugs exert their effect on energy homeostasis by engaging melanocortin pathways. These central melanocortin pathways, through the melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4-Rs), have potent effects on metabolic-hormonal, neuroendocrine, and behavioral parameters associated with energy balance. In this proposal, we will assess whether 5-HT drugs selectively affect energy homeostasis through a necessary downstream activation of MC4-Rs. We propose a model of the mechanism of serotonergic drug action in which activation of specific serotonergic receptors increases the release of the endogenous MC4-R agonist alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and inhibits the release of the endogenous antagonist agouti related peptide (AgRP). We will determine whether serotonergic diet drugs require functional downstream MC4-Rs to exert their effect. We offer a series of behavioral, physiological, genetic, and electrophysiological experiments to test components of our model. Data generated from this proposal have the potential to not only delineate the interaction between two key pathways regulating energy homeostasis, but to also identify a promising and very selective target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and type II diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICAL/BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ON HALLUCINOGENIC AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Glennon, Richard A.; Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The long-term goals of this work are to classify the actions of phenyalkylamine (PAA) and indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs of abuse, to elucidate their structure-activity relationships, and to identify (where applicable) their mechanisms of action, in as much as such information should contribute to a greater understanding of drug abuse and result in improved treatment modalities. PAAs can produce three distinct stimulus effects that are classified as amphetamine-(AMPH)-like, hallucinogen(or Dom-) like, and as PMMA-like (PMMA = p-methoxymethamphetamine). Depending upon the presence of various substituent groups in the molecules, PAAs can produce any one or a combination of these effects. A series of studies is described that investigates each of these three types of activities and/or the inter-relationships between the different activities. For example, we propose to develop a radioligand that can be used for SPECT imaging studies involving 5-HT2 serotonin receptors- the currently accepted site of action of hallucinogenic agents. Another study describes investigations with the first example of a PAA 5-HT2 antagonist. The majority of the studies center
Studies 27
about investigations of PAA designer drugs, "herbal dietary supplements" (e.g.Herbal Ecstacy) whose major constituents are the phenylpropanolamine ephedrine (i.e., betahydroxy-methamphetamine) and caffeine, and their components. Drug discrimination studies are proposed using rats trained to discriminate either the PAA stimulant (plus) AMPH, the PAA hallucinogen DOM, the PAA designer drugs MDMA and PMMA, and the phenylpropanolamine ephedrine. Preliminary findings suggest (a) that the actions of the designer drug MDMA (Ecstasy) involve a 5-HT1A component that might explain its use in "candy flipping", (b) that caffeine enhances the stimulus effects of ephedrine and might have similar effects on other PAAs, (c) that similarities exist between stimulus generalization profiles obtained with AMPH-trained and ephedrine-trained animals, but that the former, not the latter, recognize methamphet-amine, (d) that PMMA may represent the parent member of the MDMA-family of designer drugs, (e) that distinct PMMA-like structure-activity relationships exist, (f) that it might be possible to separate PMMA-like effects from MDMA-like effects, (g) that certain psychoactive agents previously defying classification possess PMMA-like actions, and (h) that the PAA classification scheme should explain the actions of IAAs. It is proposed to further investigate each of these concepts by synthesizing (where necessary) and evaluating the appropriate agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLINE TRANSPORTER MEDIATED BRAIN DRUG DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Allen, David D.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Treatment of brain disease can be limited because of the difficulty of getting water-soluble drugs into the brain. The bloodbrain barrier (BBB) restricts brain drug uptake due to its anatomical structure. Sitedirected brain delivery is an ideal approach to overcome these limitations. At the BBB, there are proteins that transport water soluble nutrients such as glucose and amino acids into brain to enable normal function. Choline is an essential nutrient and is taken up into brain by a transport system as well. This transporter offers an opportunity as a vectormediated system to deliver drugs to the brain. Our hypothesis is that the blood-brain barrier choline transporter will facilitate brain uptake of drugs that normally would not have access the brain. To be able to use this strategy to improve brain drug uptake, a full understanding of the active site substrate specificity of this transport protein is necessary. To investigate our hypothesis, we will use a combination of physiological and computer modeling based methods. The in situ brain perfusion method will be used in adult rats to evaluate BBB transport processes. We have shown that N-n-octyl nicotinium iodide (NONI) binds and is transported by this transporter. Further, NONI significantly blocks nicotine's effects in brain dopamine systems in vitro. We will further evaluate its brain uptake profile and the substrate specificity of the BBB transporter. Inhibitor constants (Ki) will be determined and compared to the Km of choline and Vmax values will be assessed to evaluate potential brain uptake. Molecular modeling maps and comparative molecular field analysis force fields will extend in vivo studies and reduce future need for animal studies. In vivo microdialysis will be used to evaluate changes in dopamine concentrations as a result of peripheral NONI administration. This application is a focused plan that will lead to development of new choline and nicotine analog drugs that will bind the BBB choline transporter and afford advances in therapy for brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke.
28
Drugs
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CNS TARGETS OF PROPOFOL'S HYPNOTIC AND MEMORY EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Veselis, Robert A.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Many sedative/hypnotic drugs used in anesthesia are given specifically to ablate memory formation during unpleasant medical experiences. The production of this reversible memory impairment, with the avoidance of excessive sedation, is of key concern to both patients and clinicians on a daily basis. These drugs may impair memory solely by their sedative effects on arousal and attention systems in the brain, or additionally by specifically affecting memory processes. We have shown that one such drug, propofol, has memory effects independent of sedation during behavioral testing. We wish to delineate the physiologic basis for this finding. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have identified differing neuroanatomical regions mediating arousal, attention and memory processes in humans who have not had any drug. Thus, the separate memory and sedative effects of propofol could be mediated in different neuroanatomical regions. The main hypothesis tested in this research proposal is that there are differing neuroanatomical regions mediating drug-induced sedation and amnesia, and that these can be identified by specific changes in electrophysiology and more precisely by changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). If a physiologic basis for the separation of drug- induced memory from sedation effects can be shown, then it is possible that these can be manipulated separately, and that sensitive and specific measures of these functional effects can be developed. Even in the absence of explicit recall, poorly understood unconscious memory processes are still present during anesthesia. These are of clear concern to both patients receiving anesthesia and clinicians administering anesthetic drugs. The methods developed and used in this proposal will be applicable to the study of anesthetic effects, and possibly the study of memory enhancing drugs, on memory processes. Propofol and thiopental, models of anesthetic drugs with differing sedative and memory effects, will be studied over a wide dose range. Current measures of sedation are inadequate monitors over both sedative and anesthetic concentrations of drug. The first specific aim will determine the best electrophysiologic measure of sedation over all concentrations of the drugs studied, and locate generators of this measure in the brain with a low resolution technique. The sedation independent effect of propofol on memory will be delineated using this electrophysiologic parameter. The second specific aim will locate the neuroanatomical regions mediating the sedative/hypnotic and memory effects of propofol using a high resolution rCBF technique by separately manipulating memory versus sedative processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COCAINE SELF ADMINISTRATION AND RELAPSE IN MICE:GENE DEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Middaugh, Lawrence D.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004
Studies 29
Summary: (provided by applicant): Most information about the neurobiology of substance abuse derives from experiments on rats. These models address several phenomena characteristic of substance abusing humans (e.g., self administration of drugs abused by humans, uncontrolled use of drugs, relapse upon presentation of interoceptive or exteroceptive cues related to the drug, etc) and have established the mesoaccumbens dopaminergic system as one of the important mediators of the reinforcing effects of drugs. Many of the findings have been confirmed in monkeys and more recently in mice. The desirability of using the mouse species in substance abuse research is prompted by the development of mutant mice which lack genes for specific proteins (i.e. "Gene Knockouts") important for neurotransmission in reward circuitry, as well as several well characterized inbred and transgenic strains. Technologies commonly used in substance abuse research on the rat such as jugular catheterization for i.v. self-administration and installation of indwelling cannulas for in vivo microdialysis have recently been down sized for use on mice. Using these techniques, the scant literature indicates that, like rats, mice self-administer most drugs which are abused by humans and the drugs appear to elicit similar increases in DA transmission in the anteroventral striatum as reported for rats. Notably absent from current literature using mice, however, are experiments to evaluate the effects of drug conditioned stimuli on behavior directed toward drug administration, models of relapse, and the effects of self administered drugs on DA systems. Thus, the proposed experiments will determine; 1) the extent to which cues present during lover responding for i.v. cocaine will maintain the behavior; 2) if the cocaine or cocaine conditioned cues will reinstate lever responding after extinction; and 3) if self-administered cocaine, and perhaps cocaine conditioned cues, will enhance extracellular DA consistent as seen in rats. The proposed experiments will initially be conducted on B6 mice, a strain which has been shown to self-administer i.v. cocaine. Additional experiments will be conducted on mutant mice with deletion of the DA D1 receptor gene to evaluate the role of the DA D1 receptor in the mediation of lever responding maintained by cocaine and cocaine conditioned stimuli, as well as reinstatement of 'cocaine-seeking behavior." These studies will significantly advance the use of the mouse species as a model for drug abuse and contribute toward establishing appropriate therapies for addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECEPTORS
COMPLEMENTATION
ASSAY
FOR
G
PROTEIN
LINKED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Khanna, Pyare L.; Discoverx Corporation 42501 Albrae St, Ste 100 Fremont, Ca 94538 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of membrane proteins that mediate the biological actions of neurotransmitters and hormones and are a major target for pharmaceutical drug development. Of the top 200 best selling drugs, over 40 of them target GPCRs and those drugs generate over $20 billion. At least 5 percent of the Human Genome expresses receptors, the vast majority of which are orphan receptors for which functions and selective ligands have not been identified. These orphan receptors could provide an important new family of targets for drug development. However, there are few, if any, assays that can be successfully employed to identify drugs against these receptors. In our Phase I SBIR grant, we developed a cell-based assay that can detect GPCR activation using our proprietary CEDIA technology. Specifically, we developed an assay to measure receptor activation of NFkB/IkB signaling. The promiscuity of intracellular signaling pathways linked to
30
Drugs
NFkB/IkB signaling provides an ideal basis for an assay to measure orphan receptors. The objective of this Phase II SBIR grant is to develop this receptor assay to the point of commercialization. We will determine the breath of applicability of our GPCR assay to measure stimulation of receptors acting via different second messenger signaling pathways as well as measuring responses to orphan receptor activation. We will optimize our assay to be measured in HTS format. To expand the utility of our GPCR assay, we will adapt the assay to directly measure the translocation of NFkB to the nucleus as a response to GPCR stimulation so that the entire assay can be done in intact cells in a very simple and easy-to-use format. In addition to measuring responses to GPCR activation, our NFkB/IkB signaling assay measured the stimulation of growth factor receptor activation. In this grant we will develop and optimize our assay to measure responses to growth factors to commercialize the first HTS assay for growth factor receptor antagonists. The goal of DiscoveRx is to develop a suite of technologies that can aid in the discovery of a new generation of therapeutically important drugs that act upon the large family of orphan GPCRs and growth factor receptors. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: We will develop a HTS assay to discover drugs against the large family of orphan GPCRs. This market is in the billions of dollars. We will also be able to commercialize an assay for the large family of growth factor receptors which is a comparable size market. Finally, our nuclear translocation assay will be commercialized as a GPCR screen, but will also have applications in the discovery of drugs against transcription factors and drugs to modify gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONFERENCE ON PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heinrikson, Robert L.; Senior Scientist 5; Keystone Symposia Drawer 1630, 221 Summit Pl #272 Silverthorne, Co 80498 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The Keystone Conference on Proteolytic Enzymes as Therapeutic Targets is designed to provide a bridge between the basic sciences surrounding proteinases involved in disease, and approaches to the development of drugs that will inhibit or influence their activities. The meeting is multi-disciplinary in that proteinases from several mechanistic sets will be discussed relative to their involvement in cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. Especially timely will be presentations concerning the newly discovered proteinases responsible for liberation of the Abeta peptide of Alzheimer's Disease and development of inhibitors of these enzymes as drugs in AD. Another class of proteinases, the caspases, will also be reviewed relative to drugs for treatment of MI and other diseases, where apoptosis is a crucial factor. As is the case for any drugs, there remain concerns about safety and efficacy of proteinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents The opportunity for airing of various opinions will be provided in this forum. Speakers at the conference are evenly divided between academic and industrial scientists, and each session will include a special invitation to a young scientist selected from among the poster submissions. Many of these individuals lack support for travel and the funds requested would serve a vital function in enabling them to attend. A perusal of the conference outline will amply demonstrate the involvement of women among chairpersons and speakers; indeed, women have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of these proteinase targets. The genomics era has ushered in a whole new spectrum of targets and unique therapeutic avenues for treatment of disease. Proteinases have been shown to be involved in almost every physiological process and
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have been prominent members of this new target assembly. The ACE inhibitors and those against the HIV- proteinase stand as excellent examines of success in translating basic science to drugs that have made an enormous impact on human health. We expect similar success in the future based upon the research to be discussed at this conference. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE SEROTONIN RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Teitler, Milt; Professor; Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Albany, Ny 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We have shown that clozapine and risperidone, atypical antipsychotic drugs, have potent inverse agonist properties at constitutively activated mutant (CAM) forms of the rat 5SHT2A and 5HT2C receptors. Inverse agonist activity may be a significant property of antipsychotic drugs, given the revised ternary complex model of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), which predicts a steady-state level of activation of receptors in the absence of ligand stimulation. Further studies of antipsychotic drug actions at CAM forms of clozapine-sensitive human SHT receptors are necessary to determine if inverse agonist activity is a key property of atypical antipsychotic drugs. In order to expand the studies to the human 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors we have attempted to make CAM forms of these receptors by mutating two well-documented regions of GPCR constitutive activity. Initial experiments involving mutations in these areas have produced forms of the receptor either lacking robust constitutive activity or producing apparently null mutant forms of the receptor (5HT6). While these results have slowed progress on determining the inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs on these receptors they open up interesting avenues of research on the variability in structure within the GPCR family and within 5HT receptors in particular. Therefore we propose to pursue three specific aims: 1) we will continue to test typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs at human CAM forms of the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors; 2) we will continue to mutate the human 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors to produce CAM forms of these receptors and test antipsychotic drugs for inverse agonist activity at these receptors; 3) we will examine effects of constitutive activation on clozapine-sensitive 5HT receptor cellular trafficking, and the effects of inverse agonists on the trafficking of the mutated receptors. The results of these studies should reveal the role inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs plays in the atypical properties of clozapine, and may indicate a major role for one or more of the clozapine-sensitive receptors in the atypical properties of clozapine. This information should be very helpful in designing a new generation of atypical antipsychotic drugs sharing clozapine's unique antipsychotic properties, but lacking its deleterious hematological effects. Information concerning alterations in cellular processing of CAM receptors should also be forthcoming, including information on the molecular domains involved in directing cellular compartmentalization, believed to play a key role in cellular receptor sensitivity states. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONTROL OF METASTATIC PROGRESSION OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lokeshwar, Balakrishna L.; Associate Professor; Urology; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2003
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Summary: Treatment modalities that effectively control the metastatic progression of prostate cancer (CaP) are not yet available. This is due in part to the differential response of primary and metastatic CaP to chemotherapy. The response of CaP cells to antiproliferative and anti-metastatic drugs may be modulated through bidirectional inductive interactions between tumor cells and organ specific stromal cells (e.g., fibroblast and endothelial cells). Novel combination therapies that can effectively neutralize the protective effect of these tumor- stroma interactions should significantly enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. To test these hypotheses, the contribution of organ specific stroma (e.g., bone, lung) in modulating the response of CaP cells to drug-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and multi drug resistance will be investigated, using both CaP and stromal human primary cell cultures. For these studies, established (e.g., doxorubicin, taxol) and novel (e.g., chemically modified tetracyclins, (CMT)) drugs will used. Alterations in the pattern of gene expression, when tumor cells are grown alone, in co- cultures with stromal cells or with stromal extracellular matrix (ECM), will be investigated using a human cDNA expression array system. The expression of gap-junctional proteins and the multi drug resistance phenotype will be correlated to the enhanced resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs in the presence of stroma (Aim 1). The contribution of tumor-stroma interactions in modulating the production and activity of metastasis promoting factors (e.g., matrix degrading enzymes, their inhibitors and CD44) will be identified (Aim 2). The efficacy of a combination drug treatment strategy that can neutralize the enhanced resistance of CaP cells to cytotoxic drugs will be examined in two models of CaP metastasis (e.g., spontaneous and induced). These models resemble early and late stage CaP in human. The combination treatment will involve the use of two drugs (e.g., taxol/doxorubicin and CMT-3) that have cytotoxic and antimetastatic actions. In addition, some drugs that overcome the enhanced drug resistance of tumor cells, due to the stromal influence, will also be tested in the combination treatment strategy (Aim 3). The results of this proposed study should not only enhance our understanding of the contribution of tumor-stroma interactions in controlling the response of prostate tumor by chemotherapy but would also suggest novel combination therapies that can effectively control the metastatic progression of CaP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETERMINING THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF AGE IN AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Chauhan, Neelima B.; Assistant Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Based on the fact that genesis of A-beta derived from amyloidogenic processing of APP is a key event in Alzheimer's pathogenesis including inflammation, and that cholesterol homeostasis and cholinergic system regulate APP processing, current Alzheimer's therapy targets cholinergic enhancement [Tacrine, Aricept/Donezepil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine]; and regulation of inflammation by NSAIDs [Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin]; COX-2 inhibitors [Celebrex, Vioxx]. These drugs exert serious side effects including gastrointestinal bleeding, liver and renal toxicity, nausea, and are not effective with patients carrying ApoE gene 1. Current investigational drugs include Xanthine derivativesPropentofylline and cholesterol-lowering agents [HMG-CoA reductase inhibitorsStatins]. Although some statins are shown to be anti-amyloidogenic, few clinical trials with statins are non-conclusive due to their proinflammatory nature/39. In this respect, natural alternative(s) with pleiotropic useful properties and with least adverse effects
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may provide greater therapeutic benefit over single-ingredient synthetic pharmaceutical drugs having serious side effects. One such alternative is garlic. Aged garlic extract (AGE) contains multipotent phytochemicals. S-Allyl-Cystein (SAC) component of AGE inhibits NFkAPPAB, TNFalpha, IL-1Beta 3, 20, and iNOS/24. Our preliminary data show that AGE reduced TNFalpha and IL-1Beta in Tg2576 in a dose-dependent manner. SAC and Diallyl disulfide (DADS) components of AGE are natural HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 34/46. Our preliminary data show that AGE reduced cerebral amyloid in AIzheimer's transqenic model (Tg2576). In addition, AGE is known to be free-radical scavenger that enhances anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase and glutathione reductase) 3, inhibits lipid peroxidation 20, inhibits A-beta-induced apoptosis and improves memory deficits in senescence-accelerated mice. Thus, AGE is a natural "NSAID, Statin, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic agent"-a combination of many singleingredient synthetic pharmaceutical drugs currently used for Alzheimer's therapy. However, the validity of AGE as Alzheimer's therapy has not been explored. This project is to determine pleiotropic effects of AGE in Alzheimer's Swedish double mutant (K670M/N671L) model (Tg2576). Hypothesis: Multi-potent natural alternative AGE will prevent or reverse AD-like pathology and ameliorate behavioral deficits in Tg2576. Specific Aims: [1] Determine if dietary AGE will promote non-amyloidogenic processing and reduce pre-existing amyloid burden in Tg2576; [2] Determine if dietary AGE will attenuate A-beta-induced inflammatory cascade in Tg2576; [3] Determine if dietary AGE will inhibit apoptosis in Tg2576; [4] Determine if dietary AGE will improve hippocampal-based Morris Water Maze performance in Tg2576. Significance: Current AD-treatment utilizing cholinergic enhancers and NSAIDs is limited due to their adverse side effects and do not modify the disease process. If successful, this project will validate the use of safe, naturally well-tolerated, cost-effective and alternative herbal pharmacotherapy for treating AD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPING LIGAND/RECEPTOR SYSTEM WITH INFINITE AFFINITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Chmura, a J.; Lexrite Labs Box 473, 100 N 1St St Dixon, Ca 95620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Developing technology to target therapeutic agents to cancer cells, while sparing normal cells, is a promising approach to improved treatment. The specific targeting reagents of choice are monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives. Currently there is a good selection of such molecules that bind to highly expressed tumor antigens. The anticancer antibodies Rituxan and Herceptin have been approved by the FDA for use as therapeutic drugs, and several more antibody-based drugs are expected to be approved soon. The binding affinities of many antibodies to characteristic cancer antigens are strikingly low; they depend on multivalent binding for their practical utility. For this reason, the utility of engineered proteins with single binding sites-such as single chain Fv molecules or Fab fragments-is limited. The use of modern combinatorial genetic techniques has led to improvements in the antigenbinding properties of engineered proteins, but further advances are needed. We propose a combined genetic/chemical approach to radically improve one such ligand/receptor interaction to the point of specific, irreversible binding. This research will ultimately lead to products that are themselves therapeutic drugs, or that serve as the first step in targeting drugs, radionuclides, or other effectors, to sites of disease. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Target-selective, irreversibly bindig platform for drug
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delivery, suitable for use in targeted therapy, radiotherapy, prodrug delivery, and other applications where long-lived specific binding is preferred. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISCRIMINATIVE EFFECTS OF BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL Principal Investigator & Institution: France, Charles P.; Professor; Pharmacology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-1995; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Benzodiazepines and related gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)A modulators are used widely for their anxiolytic, hypnotic and anti- convulsant effects. These same compounds are also abused, both alone and in combination with other classes of drugs (e.g., opioids), and long- term use of benzodiazepines can lead to clinically significant physical dependence. The GABAA receptor complex is the site of action of other drugs of abuse (e.g., ethanol) and GABAergic systems, in general, are thought to indirectly modulate the effects of still other drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine). Much has been learned over the past 10 years from molecular studies on GABA receptors, yet little of this knowledge has been applied to studies in behaving organisms, particularly with regard to GABA neurobiology and substance abuse. Procedures have been developed under this grant for studying discriminative stimulus effects of GABAA modulators in rhesus monkeys and studies proposed in this application will use those procedures to investigate the neurobiology of drugs that vary in their actions on GABAergic systems. Studies under Aim 1ill will compare GABAergic and other drugs for their ability to prevent and reverse benzodiazepine withdrawal and also to mimic the subjective (discriminative) effects of benzodiazepine in normal subjects. A parallel study (Aim II) will establish a discrimination with flumazenil in monkeys treated daily with the a1-s3lective positive modulator zolpidem to test whether this widely-prescribed sedative/hypnotic produces dependence that can be differentiated from that produced by diazepam.Neuroactive steroids will be studied under Aim III to see whether th eye modify the behavioral effects of other compounds that act at the GABAA receptor complex. This study is founded on positive preliminary data with pregnanolone and a literature showing that neuroactive steroids uncouple benzodiazepine receptors from the GABAA receptor complex in vitro. Blind evaluation of compounds will continue the auspices of the Drug Evaluation Committee of the College on Drug Dependence under Aim IV. Collectively, these studies will provide important quantitative information on the nature of drug/receptor and drug/drug interactions for GABAA modulators and related drugs. These data will promote an understanding of GABAergic neurotransmission and abuse liability for a variety of clinically relevant compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DRUGS OF ABUSE--ROLE OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greengard, Paul; Vincent Astor Professor; Lab/Molec/Cellular Neurosci; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicatnt's Abstract) The addictive properties of drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants depend on their ability to augment dopamine neurotransmission in the basal ganglia. The major target for dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia are the medium-sized spiny neurons. Our laboratory has accumulated considerable experience in the study of the intracellular signal transduction pathways regulated by dopamine in
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medium spiny neurons. This Program Project Grant proposes to elucidate the role of signal transduction pathways in the actions of drugs of abuse, particularly psychostimulants. A group of experts in various disciplines of biomedical research will carry out these studies using distinct but complementary approaches. Project I, entitled "Drugs of abuse: Role of cdk5 in actions of psychostimulants" will characterize of the role of cdkS and phosphorylation ofDARPP-32 in the actions of cocaine. These studies will utilize gene knockout mice to identify the contributions of selected elements of the cdk5/DARPP-32 signaling cascade. Project II, entitled, "Drugs of abuse: casein kinases 1 and 2, and the DARPP-32/protein phosphatase-l signaling cascade," will characterize the role of casein kinases and DARPP-32 in the actions of drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants, opiates, cannabinoids and caffeine. These studies will utilize gene knockout mice to identify the contributions of selected elements of the casein kinase l/casein kinase 21 DARPP-32 signaling cascade. Project III, entitled "Role of DARPP-16 and DARPP-21 in mediating the actions of drugs of abuse," will study the dopamine targets, DARPP-16 and DARPP-21 in the actions psychostimulants. These studies will utilize gene knockout mice, and will also examine the phosphorylation of DARPP-16 and DARPP-2l. Project IV, entitled "Novel molecular targets for drugs of abuse," will characterize the role of the protein phosphatase-l targeting proteins, spinophilin and neurabin, in the actions of psychostimulants. These studies will utilize gene knockout mice to identify the contributions of the spinophilin/protein phosphatase-l and neurabin/protein phosphatase-l signaling cascades. Finally, these studies will be supported by a Scientific Core that will provide maintenance of all colonies of knockout mice, and will produce key materials and perform routine, yet critical, tasks that will be required to accomplish the studies described in the other Projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND DRIVING: PREVALENCE AND CRASH RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Perrine, M W.; Director and Senior Scientist; Addiction Research Institute 441 Water Tower Circle Colchester, Vt 05446 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The role of illicit and medicinal drugs in motor vehicle crashes is widely assumed to be substantial, but no study has yet determined even the prevalence of the major psychoactive drugs among the general driving population. Thus, it has not been possible to assess their relative risk of becoming involved in crashes in which drugs played a part. The proposed project (Phase 1) is designed to address these gaps by (1) determining the prevalence and quantity of such drugs in the crash-injured driving population, sampled at hospitals and medical examiner facilities, and (2) estimating the relative risk of crashing by obtaining data on the prevalence and quantity of drugs among drug-positive vs. drug-negative crash-involved drivers. Blood samples will provide the basis for determining drug and alcohol quantities among the seriously and fatally injured drivers. The proposed project site is San Diego County, where saliva samples will be collected from injured drivers to determine both the presence and quantity of selected drugs. To assess the validity and sensitivity of the saliva assays, they will be compared to the blood assays, within each driver. Based on encouraging results of our blood/ saliva validity studies using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, the proposed research presents a promising opportunity to determine the validity of saliva assays under field conditions with a large sample of injured drivers. The San Diego area is nearly ideal for such a study in terms of its drug problems and the civic energy engaged in addressing them.
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The site also offers availability of and access to subjects. Given high concordance between saliva and blood assays among these hospitalized drivers, saliva methods can then be used alone to determine drug presence and quantity among an exposure sample from the at-risk population of drivers, using roadside surveys in a second, subsequent field study (Phase 2). The major specific aims of this proposal (Phase 1) consist of determining: (1) differences in prevalence, type, and quantity of drugs and alcohol among the different categories of drivers; (2) relative risk functions for the major drugs and alcohol found among the drivers in Phase 1 versus Phase 2; (3) assessment of driver responsibility regarding relative risk, accident severity, and type and quantity of drugs and alcohol; (4) relation between accident severity and the presence, type, and quantity of drug and/or alcohol; (5) relation between the general effect of the drug found and the type of accident; and (6) utility of models of substance use and abuse for predicting type of consequences of accident, and dangerous driving. Following Phase 2, mid-term objectives (Phase 3) involve developing a prevention/intervention project focused on drugs, drinking, and driving. Long-term objectives include providing the critical information necessary for developing effective public awareness and educational prevention/intervention programs targeting high-risk individuals and groups, as well as high-risk drugs and substance combinations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENHANCED DRUG DELIVERY TO METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Keith L.; Director; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900481804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain capillary endothelium and its contiguous cells, pericytes and astrocytes, are the structural and functional components of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Microvessels supplying brain tumors retain characteristics of the BBB, forming a blood-tumor barrier (BTB). While adequate delivery of drugs occurs to systemic tumors, the BTB limits delivery of antineoplastic agents to metastatic brain tumors. Drugs such as Herceptin, which is effective in treating metastatic tumors outside the brain have a high failure rate within the brain due to inadequate delivery across the BTB. The incidence of metastatic brain tumors is ten-fold higher than primary brain tumors. We have demonstrated that calcium-sensitive potassium (KCa) channel agonists selectively increase drug delivery across the BTB, and have postulated the biochemical mechanisms of this selective BTB permeability increase. We also have preliminary data suggesting that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel agonists selectively increase BTB permeability independent of KCa channels. These novel observations allow for a pharmacological mechanism for selectively increasing drug delivery across the BTB. This proposal will (a) further understand the mechanisms of KCa, and KATP channel activation in increasing BTB permeability and (b) optimize delivery of effective concentrations of drugs to metastatic breast and lung tumors in rats and humans via potassium channel-based mechanisms. We build on our data showing the ability of KCa channel agonists to selectively increase drug delivery across the BTB in rat glioma models and preliminary evidence suggesting that the BTB permeability increase may relate to over expression of KCa channels on glioma cells and tumor capillary endothelium. In this grant we will investigate 5 specific aims. Aim 1: To determine whether KCa and KATP channels are over expressed in metastatic brain tumor microvessels and tumor cells and whether increased expression correlates with increased permeability induced by KCa and KATP agonists. To test whether tumor cells can induce over expression of KCa or KATP channels on brain endothelial cells. Aim 2:
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To test by quantitative electron microscopy whether the mechanism of KATP channel agonist-induced BTB permeability increase is due to increased endothelial vesicular transport or opening of tight junctions. To test whether increased vesicle formation is correlated with changes in endothelial and tumor cell membrane potential. Aim 3: To investigate whether KCa and KATP channel agonists increase delivery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapeutic drugs across the BTB into metastatic human breast and lung cancer in nude rats/mice. Aim 4: In nude rats/mice harboring metastatic breast and lung tumors we will investigate whether increased drug delivery across the BTB using KCa or KATP agonists results in inhibition of tumor growth, and whether survival is increased. Aim 5: The ability of a KATP channel agonist, minoxidil, to increase delivery of an anti-tumor drug to patients with brain tumors will be determined by LC-MS-MS in resected tumor tissues. This grant is responsive to the recent Brain Tumor PRG recommendation in 2001 to support studies to improve delivery of drugs across the BBB, particularly for metastatic brain tumors. Overall, these studies will further delineate the role of KCa and KATP channel activation as a mechanism for selective delivery of anti-cancer agents across the BTB and could potentially result in improved control of disease in patients with metastatic brain tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NOVEL DRUGS OF ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Griffiths, Roland R.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A series of experiments is proposed to investigate the comparative behavioral pharmacology and abuse liability of novel sedative drugs, including prescription sedative-hypnotics and the currently abused "club drugs" GHB and ketamine which are considered to represent a significant public health problem. Drugs will be administered under double-blind conditions in capsules, oral solutions, or intramuscular injections. The effects of drug administration will be assessed using various subjective, psychomotor performance, cognitive, memory and physiological measures. Experiments 1-6 will provide detailed dose-effect, time-course, and relative potency data. A series of three dose-effect experiments will assess subjective effects, performance impairment, and abused liability of a range of doses (including high doses) of several novel abused sedative drugs in volunteers with histories of drug abuse who will reside on a residential research laboratory: GHB vs. triazolam (Exp. 1); ketamine vs. midazolam (Exp. 2); and clonidine vs. alprazolam (Exp. 3). Three-dose-effect experiments in normal subjects will focus on evaluation of subtle cognitive and memory effects at relatively low doses: GHB vs. triazolam (Exp. 4); ketamine vs. midazolam (Exp. 5); and zaleplon vs. triazolam (Exp. 6). Exp 7 will examine the interaction of GHB with ethanol and compare this to the interaction of triazolam with ethanol. The final two experiments will extend work on comparative pharmacology by using drug discrimination procedures to differentiate between GHB and triazolam (Exp 8) and between zolpidem and triazolam (Exp. 9). Because the novel drugs proposed for study have unique cellular sites of action, this research may provide new insights about basic behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms of action. These studies will also have implications for recreational abuse of sedatives as well as the toxic consequence of such use. This comparative pharmacology research program, with its particular focus on sedatives, may ultimately contribute to an understanding of a biological basis of sedation and sleep, and should contribute to efforts to develop and identify new classes
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of sedative hypnotic compounds which have reduced potential for performance and cognitive impairment and abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GUSTATORY AND OLFACTORY CHANGES WITH AGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schiffman, Susan S.; Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1979; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adverse sensory and cognitive side effects from prescription medications can lead to noncompliance and thus jeopardize the health and well-being of older individuals. However, the prevalence of these effects in the population, their severity, their time course, their specificity, their reversibility, and their underlying causes/mechanisms has not been quantified in prospective studies. This hypothesis-driven study will investigate the role of anticholinergic activity as a mechanism for sensory and cognitive side-effects of medications. Over 250 drugs (including 47.5 percent of the 131 most frequently prescribed medications as measured by IMS America's National Prescription Audit) have been reported clinically to impair the senses of taste and/or smell. Most of these drugs are also associated clinically with impaired vision, audition, somesthesis and/or cognition. Of the drugs that cause taste, smell and other sensory/cognitive distortions, a significant proportion has anticholinergic activity (e.g. reduced salivary secretion/dry mouth, dilated pupils/blurred vision, altered cognitive function including memory loss and contusion), and these adverse drug reactions are reported more frequently in older individuals. This prospective study will determine the effects of medications taken systemically on the chemical senses as well as vision, audition, somesthesis, and cognition. Three hypotheses will be tested: a) Medications that exhibit anticholinergic activity (group 1) will impair all the senses (taste, smell, vision, audition, somesthesis) and cognition. For these drugs, the magnitude of loss will be related to the level of anticholinergic activity as measured by total salivary flow. The degree of sensory impairment will also be correlated with the degree of cognitive dysfunction. The magnitude of loss is expected to increase with the number of anticholinergic drugs taken. b) Medications that are reported clinically to cause taste and smell impairments but have no anticholinergic side-effects (group 2) are predicted to impair taste and smell as measured psychophysically but will not impair cognitive function. They may or may not alter the senses of vision and audition. c) Changes in taste and smell sensitivity will be found for medications in groups I and 2 both over time and in comparison to a control group not on medications. These studies will provide evidence-based data for physicians and patients on relative risks, magnitude, progression, and potential reversibility of druginduced sensory and cognitive side-effects of medications in elderly people. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIGH THROUGHPUT ASSAY FOR INHIBITORS OF STAT3 SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fenton, Robert G.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation in the bone marrow of secretory plasma cells with a low proliferation index and extended survival. Despite improvements in treatment,
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most patients (approximately 11,000/year) die from their disease. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the key growth and survival factor for MM cells. IL-6 activates the Jak/STAT and Ras/MAPK signal transduction pathways which lead to the induction of genes responsible for cell cycle progression and resistance to apoptosis. STAT3 has been shown to play central role in these events. The goal of this proposal is to develop a highthroughput drug screen for inhibitors of STAT3 signaling in MM cells. A cell-based assay will be developed to test for drugs that inhibit the expression of indicator genes from STAT3-specific promoters. The STAT3- specific promoters include a construct encoding 7 repeats of STAT3 binding sites (acute phase response elements; APRE) upstream of a minimal TK promoter, and 5'-regulatory sequences from the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene that contains an APRE element in the context of a natural gene. STAT3-specific promoters will drive expression of the destabilized, enhanced-cyan fluorescent protein (d2ECFP) which has a short half-life and is suited for gene expression studies of this type. A second plasmid with the SV40 promoter driving expression of destabilized, enhanced-yellow fluorescent protein (d2EYFP) will be cotransfected with the STAT3 reporter construct; and will serve as a control for nonspecific toxic effects of drugs. STAT3-specific and control vectors will be introduced into MM cells and clones expressing d2ECFP in a STAT3-dependent manner will be used in the drug screen. A transient assay system utilizing the same expression vectors will be developed in parallel. A 96-well plate assay will be developed in which natural products or synthetic drugs will be screened for those that inhibit expression from the STAT3specific promoter without inhibition of the control vector. The sites of action of novel drugs within the IL-6/gpl30/STAT3 pathway will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIV ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY IN DRUG ADDICTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Singhal, Pravin C.; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The goal of the present proposal is to determine the role of HIV and illicit drugs such as opiates and cocaine in the development of renal injury which manifests itself as focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) and tubulointerstitial lesions (TIL). We hypothesize that HIV-I in combination with the drugs interacts with monocytes and tubular cells (TC) and mesangial cells (MC) to induce TIL and expansion of the mesangium (precursor of FGS). Tubulo-interstitial lesions, a unique feature of HIV-associated renal injury, set the pace of the progression of renal failure. To examine the role of HIV-I and drugs in both glomerular and interstitial lesions we plan to 1) study the effect of HIV and drugs on the migration of macrophages (Mphi) into the interstitium and mesangium 2) determine the effect of HIV-l/drugs and Mphi interaction products on MC proliferation and matrix accumulation, 3) examine the effect of HIV-1 and drugs on the migrated Mphi and proliferated MC, and 4) study the effect of HIV-l/drugs and tubular cell interaction products on kidney fibroblast (KF) proliferation/apoptosis and matrix accumulation. Transmigration of Mphi across the endothelial cell layer will be determined as well as across a gelatin coated filter. Thymidine incorporation studies will be used to evaluate MC/KF proliferation. Western blots will be used to measure the laminin, fibronectin, proteoglycan and collagen components of matrix and Northern blots to measure mRNA expression for growth/cell death related genes and matrix components. A biotin-avidin assay and zymography will be used in the measurement of gelatinolytic and stromelysin activity. To examine the effect of HIV-1 gene expression, studies for cell proliferation and matrix synthesis will
40
Drugs
be carried out on MC derived from mice transgenic for HIV-I genes. In addition, these mice will be treated with drugs and acceleration of renal cortical and medullary mRNA expression of matrix components and cytokines will be evaluated. The hypothesis for the role of HIV and drugs in the development of renal injury will be tested based on our preliminary findings of increased MC/KF proliferation, and matrix accumulation when HIV-I proteins, HIV-1 protein-Mphi/TC interaction products are added to MC/KF in culture. Moreover, our results show that HIV and MC secretory/gpl20 and TC products enhance the migration of Mphi into the interstitium and mesangium. We believe that tubulointerstitial lesions determine the accelerated course of renal failure in drug addicts with HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HOST CELL PROTEASE AND HIV GP160 IN AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Franzusoff, Alex J.; Cellular & Structural Biology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is an urgent need for the development of new anti-HIV drugs against targets different than those currently applied in HAART namely HlV reverse transcriptase and HIV protease. Because of the high mutability of HIV, because of complications with compliance with drug administration and because of complications from drug side effects. virernia due to HIV escape mutants does appear in a significant fraction of patients on HAART therapy. HIV relies on numerous cellular enzymes for replication and proliferation. In principle, the development of drugs against cellular targets would potentially eliminate concern about viral escape mutants and the problems with resistant strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in patients, infected in other parts of the world. Candidate cellular targets that show promise include the co-receptors for HIV infectivity and peptides that block interaction of the HIV envelope glycoproteins with CD4 receptor. We have been researching a different candidate cellular targets - the cellular protease required for the cleavage of HIV-gp160 envelope precursor protein to its gp120 and gp41 subunits. In the absence of this intracellular cleavage event virions with uncleaved gpl60 or reduced density of cleaved envelope glycoproteins are unable to infect their target cells. We identified the cellular protease. PC6 to be responsible for gp160 cleavage and ha\e shown that depletion or deletion of this enzyme is sufficient for eliminating HIV infectivity, thereby blocking AIDS disease progression and proliferation of the virus. However, studies demonstrating the role of PC6 on HIV infectivity have been performed exclusively on isolated cells (including primary human T cells and T cell lines) grown in culture. The risks of targeting drugs to deplete or reduce the activity of the cellular PC6 protease are addressed by the studies in this proposal. Deletion of this cellular protease does not affect cell viability. PC6 knockout mice will he generated to assess whether this protease is essential to normal mouse development, to immune system function and to normal homeostasis. We will also identify normal cellular precursor substrates for PC6 activity in human T cells by the powerful proteomics approach. Since PC6 activity does not need to be completely eliminated in order to disable HIV infectivity (due to the requirement for collaboration by eighteen gp120-gp41 subunits for HIV infection of the target cells), then the identification of cellular substrates will serve as a therapeutic index as to how specific and how effective the PC6 protease inhibitors work in isolated cells and in patients. Therefore, this work will provide valuable weight to the argument for targeting drugs to
Studies 41
inhibit the cellular PC6 protease, which will inbe helpfulthe development of these inhibitor drugs as an alternative, or complement to existing HAART therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN METHAMPHETAMINE USE: A MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Roll, John M.; Director, Behavioral Pharmacology Area; Friends Research Institute, Inc. Box 10676, 505 Baltimore Ave Baltimore, Md 21285 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Methamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant with considerable abuse potential. Currently, it is one of the most popular of the "Club Drugs." As with cocaine, methamphetamine appears to be most amenable to treatment via behavioral interventions. However, recent advances in our understanding of the pharmacology of the psychostimulants and human neuroanatomy have increased the likelihood of finding a pharmacotherapeutic agent that will decrease methamphetamine use without producing unacceptable side-effect profiles. It will be important to assess these new pharmacotherapies in an ecologically valid model. Furthermore, methamphetamine, like most drugs, is rarely taken by itself. Instead, it is frequently one of several drugs included in a polysubstance panoply. An ecologically valid model of methamphetamine self-administration using human volunteers will be needed to determine how this pattern of polysubstance use influences the subjective, physiological and reinforcing potential of methamphetamine. This proposal describes a plan to modify and combine two human self-administration models that have been validated with other drugs of abuse. The models have been shown to be sensitive to both pharmacological and environmental manipulations. In brief, the new model will allow for the examination of the variable of interest (pharmacological or environmental) on methamphetamine self-administration under three different conditions each of which occasions a different degree of self-administration (low, medium and high). It will also provide a platform from which information on the subjective and physiological effects of methamphetamine, alone or in combination with other drugs, can be measured. It is our belief that such an approach represents a pragmatic use of resources. Studies using laboratory models of human drug use can inform subsequent clinical trials and help to focus them on those variables which are likely to be important. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING THE CNS DELIVERY OF ANTI-RETROVIRAL COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Elmquist, William F.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) renders the host susceptible to a variety of serious central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 encephalopathy. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), including protease inhibitors, has been effective in slowing the spread of the virus, however, drug resistant tissue reservoirs, such as the brain, remain. Treatment of HIV-1 in the brain has been hampered by the fact that nucleoside drugs do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) well and newer treatments, i.e., protease inhibitors, also have very limited delivery to the brain. One component of the BBB that limits delivery of HAART into the CNS is the membrane-
42
Drugs
bound drug efflux pumps, such as p-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistanceassociated proteins (MRPs). Recently, it has been shown that both nucleosides and protease inhibitors are substrates for efflux transporters. The long-term objective of this research is to develop better therapeutic strategies to enhance the targeted delivery of antiretroviral drugs to the CNS by using novel drug delivery systems, such as polymeric carriers (Pluronics). Our hypothesis is that novel drug delivery systems will enhance the brain distribution and CNS targeting of HAART and therefore improve efficacy. The specific aims to test this hypothesis are: 1) examine the effect of Pluronics on the interactions of various antiretrovirals with isolated P-gp membranes using photoaffinity labeling and P-gp ATPase assay, 2) study the effects of Pluronics on the transport properties of antiretroviral drugs in the in vitro BBB and efficacy in infected target cells, i.e., monocytes/macrophages, and 3) determine the effect of this novel drug delivery technology on the brain distribution of antiretrovirals in vivo characterizing the efficacy of the most promising formulations in an HIV-infected SCID mouse model of HIVencephalopathy. The current proposal examines the CNS targeting of HAART in both in vitro and in vivo models of the blood-brain barrier, and the efficacy of that targeted drug delivery. New approaches to improve brain penetration of anti-HIV drugs will be valuable in the treatment of HIV-encephalopathy and in eradicating the virus from potential sanctuary sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO ASSAYS OF ANTIFUNGAL DRUG TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Honeycutt, Rhonda J.; Clarity Biosciences, Inc. 10835 Altman Row, Ste 200 San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Patients with weakened immune systems are at highest risk for life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections. There are a limited number of antifungal drugs currently available to treat these patients. Drug resistance and toxicity now threatens to shorten the usefulness of these drugs. In phaseI of this project we will create and validate an in vivo assay for the identification of novel antifungal drug targets. The assay will provide a means to monitor the effect of compounds on the function of the drug targets. The assay will be exploited in Phase II to identify candidate compounds that inhibit the function of the drug target. The candidate drugs will be further tested in clinical trials then commercialized. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The in vivo assay developed in thie project will be used in Phase II to identify candidate antifungal drugs. These drugs will be commercialized following sucessful clinical trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFLAMMATION AND DRUG IDIOSYNCRASY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Robert A.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): "Drug idiosyncrasy" refers to a toxic response to a drug that occurs in a small fraction of people and bears no obvious relationship to dosing regimen. Numerous drugs developed for various therapeutic purposes have produced in people idiosyncratic responses that have resulted in serious injury to liver and other organs. These reactions typically do not become apparent in preclinical
Studies 43
animal studies, and little is understood about underlying mechanisms. Animal models with the potential to enable prediction/early identification of idiosyncratic responses could prevent human suffering and lead to understanding of mechanisms. In preliminary studies, we have found in rats that modest inflammation produced by a small, nontoxic dose of endotoxin (LPS) can render an otherwise nonhepatotoxic drug hepatotoxic. For example, in rats given a nontoxic dose of chlorpromazine, co treatment with a small dose of LPS resulted in liver injury and elevated plasma creatine kinase activity, two responses that occur idiosyncratically in people during therapy with this and related drugs. Similarly, a nontoxic dose of LPS; can render ranitidine hepatotoxic in rats and mice. These preliminary results suggest a novel mechanism for drug idiosyncrasy and raise the possibility of creating useful animal models for such responses in humans. The hypothesis to be tested is that idiosyncratic drug reactions that occur in humans can be reproduced in animals by drug administration during a concurrent episode of mild inflammation. Several drugs that have caused idiosyncratic liver injury in humans (chlorpromazine, ranitidine, flutamide) and two that have not (promethazine, famotidine) will be used. Rats will be co exposed to a drug and to a dose of LPS that causes "modest inflammatory response" to determine if the co treatment reproduces the idiosyncratic drug responses that people experience. Dose-response and temporal relationships will be defined. Inflammatory factors (e.g. neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase 2) likely to be critical to the toxic response will be evaluated. In addition, a cell-based, in vitro system will be developed and used to explore intracellular signaling mechanisms that enable drugs to interact with inflammatory factors to result in synergistic hepatocyte killing. Results from these studies will be an important step toward creating predictive animal models of human drugs idiosyncrasy and exploring underlying mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INFLUENCE MORPHOLOGY
OF
DRUGS
OF
ABUSE
ON
NEURONAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Robinson, Terry E.; Professor; Psychology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The repeated administration of psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, produces persistent behavioral and neurobiological adaptations that are thought to contribute to the long-term sequelae associated with drug abuse, including tolerance, sensitization, dependence and addiction. One form of neurobehavioral adaptation implicated in addiction is represented by the phenomenon of behavioral sensitization, whereby past drug exposure renders individuals hypersensitive to the psychomotor activating and incentive motivational effects of drugs. The overall aim of this application is to better understand the long-term neurobiological consequences of repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs, the role these play in the development of behavioral sensitization, and their implications for addiction. More specifically, we have recently found that repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine produces persistent changes in the structure of dendrites and dendritic spines on neurons in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, two brain regions prominently implicated in mediating drug reward. These findings suggest that exposure to psychostimulant drugs alters patterns of synaptic connectivity in these brain regions, presumably also altering the function of this neural circuitry. A specific aim of this application is to further characterize the ability of psychostimulant drugs to alter neural circuitry in brain
44
Drugs
reward regions (using the Golgi technique) and to determine whether these structural adaptations are related to the development of psychomotor sensitization. In one series of experiments we will use a variety of procedures known to increase or decrease the strength or persistence of behavioral sensitization to accumulate converging evidence regarding the extent to which structural adaptations co-vary with the behavioral phenomenon. In other experiments we will acquire more detailed information about the exact locus of psychostimulant drug-induced changes in spine density on medium spiny neurons and pyramidal cells (i.e., are structural changes confined to one portion of the dendritic tree), and whether other cell populations are also affected. In addition, we will determine whether drug self-administration experience produces effects on dendritic structure similar to those seen with experimenter-administered drug, and the relationship between the degree of exposure to self-administered cocaine, escalation of intake and morphological adaptations. Finally, in the last year of the award period we will expand the scope of our investigations to study the implications of drug-induced plasticity for other forms of experience-dependent plasticity. Specifically, we will test whether exposure to psychostimulant drugs at one point in life limits the ability of the affected brain regions to undergo structural adaptations later in life, as a consequence of changes in environmental condition or in association with recovery from brain damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION OF ANGIOGENESIS BY TNP 470 AND OVALICIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Jun O.; Professor; Pharmacol & Molecular Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The main objective of this proposal is to gain a molecular understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of angiogenesis by the natural products fumagillin, ovalicin and the synthetic analog TNP-470, and to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects of these drugs by targeting them to tumors. It was recently shown that both TNP470 and ovalicin potently inhibit the enzymatic activity of the type 2 methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2), suggesting that MetAP2 is a specific target for both TNP-470 and ovalicin. To delineate the molecular interactions between the drugs and MetAP2, the enzyme bound forms of the drugs and the residue in MetAP2 that is covalently modified by the drugs will be identified and characterized. Generating a random MetAP2 mutant library and performing genetic screens will identify additional residue from MetAP2 that are involved in drug binding. To confirm that MetAP2 is the target for the drugs in endothelial cells both wild type and drug-resistant MetAP2 mutants will be expressed in endothelial cells to examine whether they confer upon the endothelial cells resistance to the drugs. Two of the most obvious effects of inhibition of MetAP2 is blockade of N-terminal myristoylation and alteration of rates of protein turnover among MetAP2 substrates, either of which can account for the inhibition of endothelial cell growth by the drugs. To identify relevant MetAP2 substrates, proteins will be detected and identified whose myristoylation or turnover are affected by the drugs by labeling whole cell proteins with (3H)-myristic acid and (35S)-methionine. Once such MetAP2 substrates are identified, their roles in mediating the action of the drugs will be further investigated in endothelial cells. The ultimate goal will be to achieve a complete understanding of mechanism of inhibition of endothelial cell growth by the drugs through identification of both direct and indirect mediators of the action of the drugs. Finally, fumagillin and ovalicin will be conjugated with cyclic RGD peptides to target the drugs to endothelial cells at tumor sites which are known to express high level of the RGD binding alpha-v-beta-3 integrin. These drug-RGD peptide conjugates
Studies 45
may prove to be much more selective and less toxic than TNP-470 and related angiogenesis inhibitors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITORY AND INDUCING EFFECTS OF HERBAL MEDICINES ON CYP ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Edeki, Timi I.; Associate Professor; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In recent years there has been an increased consumption of herbal medicines. Most of those that take these medicines also consume other conventional medicines, and do not inform their physicians about the use of herbal medicines and other alternate medical practice. In addition, most of these herbal medicines have not been rigorously studied and have not been subjected to the same standards as conventional medicines. As a result of this, there is a dearth of information on possible interactions between herbal products and drugs. Contrary to the opinion of most consumers that these herbal products are benign, a number of interactions have recently been reported between herbal medicines and conventional drugs. This increased use of herbal medicines exposes a significant percentage of the population to unknown herb drug interactions. Our hypotheses are that the metabolism of drugs mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, can be modulated by ingestion of herbal medicines such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and St. John's wart, and that ethnicity is a factor in this modulation. The resulting induction or inhibition will therefore affect the metabolism of the drugs that are substrates of these enzymes. Since many clinically important drugs are CYP substrates, there are implications for herb-drug interactions. In light of the above, the specific aims of this grant proposal are the realization of the following objectives: 1) To determine if the active pharmaceutical ingredients of American ginseng, Korean ginseng, gingko biloba and St. John's wart inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 activities, with tolbutamide, mephenytoin, bufuralol and testosterone as an in vitro probes, using microsomes prepared from human liver. 2) To determine if genotype is a factor on these inhibitory effects. 3) To determine the inducing or inhibiting effects of the important components of St. John's wart, American ginseng, Korean ginseng and gingko biloba on CYP2C9, CYP2C 19, CYP2D6, CYP3A activities in human hepatocytes obtained from Caucasians and African Americans. 4) To determine if there are interethnic differences between African Americans and Caucasians in the possible CYP enzymes modulating effects of herbal medicines in human hepatocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE ON INTERVAL TIMING Principal Investigator & Institution: Wynne, Clive D.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to test the effects of a major dopaminergic drug of abuse, amphetamine, on time perception and time production under both short- and long-term treatment conditions in pigeons. Drug dependency is associated with increased impulsiveness. This impulsiveness has been linked to changed temporal discounting - drug abusers undervalue the future compared to the present and choose small immediate rewards in preference to larger delayed
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Drugs
rewards to a greater degree than do non-abusers. The impulsiveness of habitual drug users may help to maintain their risky drug-taking behavior, as well as placing them in danger of disease and injury through other high-risk activities. One reason why drug users may undervalue future events is because of changes in their perception of time. Most drugs of abuse stimulate the dopamine neurotransmitter system and thus alter the perception and production of arbitrary time intervals. Consequently, drug abuse may have its observed effects on impulsivity by virtue of dopaminergic effects on time perception. Though prior studies have assessed the short-term effects of dopaminergic drugs on the timing of arbitrary intervals no prior attempts have been directed towards examining possible longer-term effects of dopaminergic drugs on time perception and production. Aside from their practical importance the results of these studies will also contribute to an ongoing debate about how dopamine controls timed behavior. Some theorists believe that drugs affect the speed of an 'internal clock.' We believe, however, that there is no internal clock as such, and that drugs influence the perception of time by altering the perceived salience of the events used to delineate time intervals in experiments on timing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MATERNAL AND FETAL DRUG EXPOSURE ALTERATION IN PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Unadkat, Jashvant D.; Professor; Pharmaceutics; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pregnant women and their fetuses are therapeutic "orphans." As recently stated by Dr. Kennedy of the FDA, now it's time to provide the best information we can for women who take drugs while they're pregnant." This SCOR application seeks to fulfill this national goal. Drugs are administered to pregnant women, and therefore their fetuses, without the necessary clinical data about the pharmacokinetics, dose, safety, or efficacy of the drugs in these vulnerable populations. To determine the correct dose of a drug to administer to the pregnant woman, it is important to know if the pharmacokinetics of the drug is different in pregnant women when compared with men or nonpregnant women. In this SCOR application we will focus on one of two major routes of drug disposition, namely drug transport. We will test the following overarching and unifying hypothesis: Expression and activity of influx and efflux transporters is upregulated during pregnancy to respectively meet the increased need of nutrients by the mother and her fetus and to minimize toxicity from xenobiotics. The transporters we will study are those likely to be quantitatively most important in drug transport in both the Intestine and the placenta, namely Pglycoprotein (P-gp; Project 1), the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP; Project 2), and the Organic Cation Transporter 3 (OCT3; Project 3). In the placenta, P-glycoprotein and BCRP participate in the efflux of drugs, thus protecting the fetus from deleterious effects of drugs, while OCT3 functions to allow the entry of endogenous compounds (and drugs) into the fetal circulation. In contrast, all three transporters play a synergistic role in the elimination of drugs in the liver and intestine. Moreover, all three transporters have overlapping but distinct substrate specificity, transporting a wide variety of drugs of diverse therapeutic categories. Studies outlined in the three projects will elucidate the interplay among these three transporters in modulating maternal AND fetal exposure to drugs. Therefore, the three projects will pursue a single goal of elucidating mechanisms by which drug, transporters alter maternal and fetal drug exposure during pregnancy. Results obtained from these studies will have wide-ranging
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consequences for drug use during pregnancy. First, based on the data we obtain, we will be able to predict which drugs routinely administered to pregnant women are likely to have their disposition affected by pregnancy. Second, our data should allow predictions on the magnitude of change likely to be observed. In a future application, we will test these predictions in the clinic. Once tested, we will be able to predict the magnitude of change in dose that should be instituted for a wide range of drugs whose disposition is significantly modulated by these transporters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MATERNAL VULNERABILITY
SEPARATION:
RAT
MODEL
OF
OPIOID
Principal Investigator & Institution: Holtzman, Stephen G.; Professor; Pharmacology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Results of studies on rodents indicate links among reactivity to stress, mesolimbic dopamine system activity, behavioral and neurochemical responses to psychomotor stimulant and opioid drugs, and drug-seeking behaviors. Male rats separated from their mother for 3 hr/day on postnatal days 2-14, as adults, are more reactive to stress than are rats from control rearing groups and have behavioral traits consistent with proposed models of drug vulnerability. They also have altered sensitivity to effects of acute and chronic morphine on pain threshold and motor activity. The principal aim of this project is to characterize further the influence of early maternal separation on opioid sensitivity by extending observations to additional procedures and drugs (e.g., kappa opioids), and to female offspring. We will address the interrelated hypotheses that mother-infant separation results in enduring changes in the functional state of endogenous opioid systems, in their plasticity, and in brain markers of opioid systems. Experiments will focus on phenomena associated with drug-induced neuronal plasticity-tolerance, physical dependence, sensitization-and on measures of drug reinforcement and abuse potential-intracranial self-stimulation, place conditioning, IV drug self- administration. Morphine and other prototypic drugs will be tested over a range of doses in adult rats that, on postnatal days 2-14, had underwent either a) 3-hr maternal separation, b) 15-min separation, or c) no separation. To identify cellular correlates of rearing-induced alterations in behavior and sensitivity to opioid drugs, opioid-related mRNAs will be measured in selected brain regions by solution hybridization and gene chip microarrays. Early mother-infant separation impacts the subsequent behavior and opioid sensitivity of the dams, too. Thus, dams will be tested in some of the same procedures as the offspring. The maternal separation paradigm affords unique animal models that can give new insights into pharmacological, behavioral, environmental, and cellular variables that affect sensitivity to opioid drugs and vulnerability to drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM OF DRUG TRANSPORT BY P-GLYCOPROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Al-Shawi, Marwan K.; Mol Physiol/Biological Physics; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract)The human plasma membrane protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP driven drug exporting pump that counteracts chemotherapy in cancer cells and limits the bioavailability of other therapeutic drugs in
48
Drugs
the body. The mechanism by which P-glycoprotein transports drugs remains enigmatic, thus the long range goal of this proposal is to elucidate this mechanism. Mutagenesis of human P-gp and quantitative kinetic, thermodynamic and spectroscopic methods of enzyme analysis will be employed to investigate the coupling of ATP hydrolysis and drug transport. The first aim will be to generate mutant forms of P-glycoprotein and screen for transport/ATP hydrolysis coupling mutations. Mutational analysis will also be used to test proposed transport mechanisms and to assign functions to particular amino acid residues. For further assignments of function to structure, site-directed cysteine residues will be placed in the drug and nucleotide binding sites. This will allow for the placement of spectroscopic probes at defined locations that will provide direct observation of binding of ligands and changes in conformation during transport. The second aim is to quantitatively measure the functional and coupling interactions between the drug binding sites and nucleotide binding sites. Drug binding and transport will be examined in parallel with the ATP hydrolytic mechanism, and thermodynamic measurements of the interactions between them will be established. Next, the ATP hydrolytic reaction will be investigated to reveal the partial reaction steps involved in catalysis and how they relate to drug binding. The third aim is to study the structure and dynamics of the drug transport sites through the application of sitedirected spin labeling. Together the results will lead to a detailed understanding of how P-glycoprotein transports drugs and provide a structural model of the drug binding sites. Such knowledge will aid in the rational design of drugs and methodologies to overcome or modulate this transporter, thus enhancing chemotherapy and improving cancer treatment as well as improving AIDS treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS IN RISK TAKING: DISINHIBITORY DRUGS OF ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, Scott D.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application seeks to achieve two broad objectives: (i) to study the effects of disinhibitory drugs of abuse on (maladaptive) human risk-taking using laboratory behavior-based procedures; (ii) to identify basic behavioral mechanisms operating in individuals (specifically young adults) who show heightened susceptibility to risk taking following use of disinhibitory drugs. Disinhibitory drugs can engender increases in the (otherwise low) frequency of certain behaviors. Use of disinhibitory drugs is associated with a number of risk-taking behaviors leading to harmful outcomes -- including automobile accidents, vandalism, violent crimes, sexual assault, and risky sexual behavior. Importantly, use of disinhibitory drugs and the risky behavior that often follows is prevalent among younger adults. The social and behavioral consequences of drug-mediated risk taking in young adults are thus a considerable public health concern and a vital scientific endeavor. Studying the relationship between disinhibitory drugs and risk-taking behavior under controlled laboratory conditions will provide important scientific information. The experiments in this application propose to investigate changes in risktaking following acute administration of four drugs abused by young adults: alcohol, marijuana, and the benzodiazepines alprazolam (Xanax) and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). While many young adults use these drugs, not all abuse them, and not all engage in excessive risk-taking while under the influence. Thus, identification of basic behavioral processes and characteristics involved in risk-taking may help predict those whose
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behavior is most likely to be unduly influenced by drug use. Each of the four proposed experiments will employ a laboratory-based task to measure risk-taking. This task has been systematically developed over several years, and has been shown to be sensitive to (i) individual differences in risk-taking (in both adolescent and adult populations), and (ii) acute drug effects. Each participant will work on the risk-taking task following acute administration of one of the above-mentioned disinhibitory drugs. Using a withinsubject design, a range of doses will administered in order to determine dose-effect relationships. Quantitative analyses of behavior patterns will be used to identify factors that may mediate this relationship. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CARDIOTOXICITY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Flockhart, David A.; Chief, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal involves a series of coordinated, translational studies designed to establish the mechanisms by which important antipsychotic drugs might bring about cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. While a great deal of research over the past thirty years has resulted in the recent appearance of antipsychotic drugs that have reduced extra-pyramidal side-effects, a number of these novel agents have recently been shown to possess the ability to prolong the electrocardiac QT interval, and cause potentially lethal torsades-de-pointes arrhythmias that are reminiscent of older agents. Using antipsychotic drugs chosen for their wide clinical use, and potential cardiotoxicity the investigator propose to study potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms that might expose vulnerable patients to the risk of these arrhythmias. The present study will have the following specific aims: 1) To test in vitro whether antipsychotic their metabolites or combinations of drug and metabolite modulate cardiac electrophysiology in isolated perfused heart using the characteristics of the action potential (AP), QT interval and early after depolarization (EAD) occurrence. To investigate whether any electrophysiologic changes noted are the result of specific cardiac Na, Ca, or K, channel activity in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and Purkinje cells, using currient patch clamp techniques. Since the investigators have preliminary data that indicate that haloperidol can slow cardiac repolarization in vitro, the focus of our studies in the first year will be on this widely-used drug and its metabolites. In subsequent years, the investigators will evaluate thioridazine, fluphenazine and loxapine. 2) To probe the cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for metabolism of antipsychotic drugs or metabolites that the investigators find to be cardiotoxic. This information will allow assessment of pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic influences that might increase the concentration of these agents, and the risk of arrhythmia. The investigators will document the cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for the metabolism of specific drugs using isolated human hepatic, intestinal and cardiac microsomal preparations, isoform-specific inhibitors and antibodies, and recombinant cytochrome P450 isoforms. 3) To determine if antipsychotic agents that are found to be potentially cardiotoxic in vitro have clinical electrocardiac effects at the doses routinely used in healthy volunteers. The investigator will document the relationship between the serum concentrations of these drugs and their electrocardiac pharmacodynamics. The results of these studies should allow physicians and researchers to more confidently predict
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patients at risk for lethal torsades-de-pointes arrhythmias while taking neuroleptic drugs, and to gain mechanistic insights that will allow the design of safer drugs in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhar, Michael J.; Candler Professor of Pharmacology; Pharmacology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This is an application for a NIDA Research Scientist Award. A program of research is proposed that focuses on psychostimulant drugs but has implications for other drugs of abuse. The three general areas funded by NIDA that will be explored are as follows. 1. Medications development. A group of unique phenyltropane compounds will be characterized so that several candidates for substitute medications can be identified. The compounds will be screened in behavioral assays in rodents and nonhuman primates so as to find compounds that are active in vivo, not overtly toxic, potent and long-acting, effective in reducing cocaine self- administration, and have a low abuse liability. 2. Mechanisms controlling synthesis and degradation of transporters. Dopamine and serotonin transporters are targets or "receptors" for drugs of abuse as well as for many therapeutically useful drugs. Since the levels of these proteins are dependent on a balance between synthesis and degradation, and because factors controlling levels need to be understood, methods for determining these factors will be developed and refined. 3. Physiology of CART peptides. CART peptides are novel neuropeptides that are highly concentrated in areas of the brain implicated in mechanisms of drug abuse. These areas include the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, amygdala and midbrain ventral tegmentum. Preliminary data show that these peptides have physiologic effects. Their precise role in the mechanisms of action of drugs of abuse will be examined. An interdisciplinary team will focus on these problems. Several predoc as well as post doctoral fellows will be trained during this work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MEDICAL MYSTERIES FROM HISTORY: CLUB DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Leslie M.; Senior Research Scholar; None; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Through a previous grant, Medicinal Mysteries from History, a successful educational model using the Internet and web adventures to teach adolescents about drugs of abuse has been created. The title of the prior web adventure series on OPIOIDS is THE RECONSTRUCTORS (www.reconstructors.rice.edu). It has been field tested and proven to have significant educational impact. In this proposal the same effective model would be used to construct a web adventure series with new content on another class of drugs, CLUB DRUGS. NIDA research, as well as the popular press, indicates a growing concern about the widespread use of club drugs such as ecstasy among today?s youth. Our data also indicate that both middle school students and their teachers want to know more about the impact of this drug on the human body. The web adventure series is an innovative way to teach about this class of drugs while adhering to the prescribed middle school curriculum and incorporating the National
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Science Standards. Medicinal Mysteries from History: THE RECONSTRUCTORS Investigate Club Drugs has four primary goals: 1. Increase students? science knowledge based on the latest research about the biological effects of club drugs to promote personal choices that support health and well-being; 2. Reinforce the National Science Standards and the Goals of Healthy People 2000 and 2010; 3. Gather feedback through formative and summative evaluations from audiences who participate in the web adventures and their accompanying classroom materials to determine their efficacy; and 4. Encourage widespread use of THE RECONSTRUCTORS web site as a resource for schools through a series of teacher workshops. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METHYLPHENIDATE & GENE EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN. Principal Investigator & Institution: Baizer, Joan S.; Physiology and Biophysics; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives of this research are to understand the changes in neuronal structure and function that may be caused by longterm use of ethylphenidate. ADHD/ADD is a common disorder affecting as many as 6% of schoolchildren. The ADHD/ADD population is at risk for school failure, difficulties with interpersonal relationships, and later substance abuse. ADHD/ADD is best treated by a combination of medication and behavior management. The most commonly prescribed drug used to treat ADHD/ADD is methylphenidate, Ritalin. Methylphenidate is a highly effective drug for treating impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention, the symptoms of ADHD, and seems to be safe. Abuse, tolerance and sensitivity are not major clinical concerns in its use. At present, we do not understand all of the mechanisms by which methylphenidate exerts its beneficial effects, nor do we know what neuronal changes may result from its use. There is concern about the potential effects on the brain and behavior of its long-term use, and especially over whether its use can affect the likelihood of later substance abuse. One reason for this concern is that Ritalin binds to the dopamine transporter and increases dopamine levels in the brain. Other psychostimulant drugs, amphetamine and cocaine, also increase dopamine levels, and these drugs are major drugs of abuse. A single dose of those drugs cause short-tem changes in expression of the Immediate Early Genes. Chronic use results in a complex pattern of changes in the expression of the IEG's and other genes. These changes in gene expression are thought to mediate the changes in behavior underlying addiction. We have found that a single dose of Ritalin results in expression of the Immediate Early Gene c-fos in the rat brain. We wish now to analyze the effects of chronic Ritalin use on gene expression, using the techniques of immunohistochemistry and DNA Microarray technology. Knowledge of the effects on gene expression will allow a more direct comparison of the effects of Ritalin on the brain with the effects of amphetamine and cocaine, provide more information about its mechanisms of action and allow more informed predictions about the long-term consequences of its use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MODULATION OF COCHLEAR MECHANICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oghalai, John S.; Otolaryngology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of these studies is to understand how drugs modulate the cochlear amplifier. The mammalian cochlea is a mechanical structure that is tuned along its length tonotopically. Outer hair cells (OHCs) within the cochlea undergo high-speed length changes in sync with sound vibrations, adding energy via a positive feedback loop. This is called the cochlear amplifier and provides exquisite hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. OHC motility is based upon the highly organized biomechanical structure of the cell's lateral wall, which contains a plasma membrane, a cytoskeleton, and motor proteins. The specific objective of this project is to determine whether drugs that change OHC lateral wall biomechanics in vitro will modulate cochlear mechanics in vivo. There are three categories of drugs that will be tested: amphipathic drugs which change membrane tension by causing cell membranes to bend, drugs that affect the actin-spectrin cytoskeleton and change cell stiffness, and drugs that directly block the electromotility motor. The compound action potential (CAP), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and the medial olivocochlear (MOC) reflex will be monitored to assess cochlear function in anesthetized guinea pigs before and during the administration of these drugs. Because OHCs are the most sensitive cell in the cochlea to noise exposure, drugs that change OHC biomechanics may also modulate noise-induced hearing loss. This will be tested in the guinea pig model. Finally, the effect of these drugs on sound conditioning will be assessed. This is a protective process whereby long-term exposure to moderate-level sound can reduce permanent threshold shifts from subsequent high-level noise exposure. Overall, these studies are designed to understand how OHCs transmit forces within the cochlea and the mechanisms behind sound conditioning. Clinically, they will improve our comprehension of the generation of otoacoustic emissions, as well as the role of the efferent nerves on the cochlear amplifier in health and disease. Additionally, these studies may lead to therapeutic interventions for noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sikic, Branimir I.; Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The purpose of this proposal is to conduct clinical trials of modulation of resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Studies of new modulators of MDR1/P-glycoprotein (Pgp) multidrug resistance (MDR) will continue. Additional areas of focus include: (1) modulation of other MDR mechanisms (the MDR-associated protein MRP, and the bcl-2 family of inhibitors of apoptosis); and (2) the use of P-gp inhibitors to enhance the oral bioavailability of taxanes and other P-gp substrate drugs. Aim 1: To conduct Phase I trials of modulation of multidrug resistance mechanisms. We will conduct 1-2 Phase I trials per year, defining toxicities, optimal doses and schedules, and drug disposition. Planned studies include: PSC 833 (PSC)/Doxil/paclitaxel; LY335979/mitoxantrone; LY335979/doxorubicin/paclitaxel; and other, new MDR1 modulators. Similar approaches will be applied to a new inhibitor of MRP, with doxorubicin and with etoposide; and antisense oligonucleotide drugs against bcl-2 and bcl-xl. We will choose these new agents based on animal toxicology, other preclinical data, and availability for clinical trials. An eventual goal is combined blockade of two mechanisms (e.g., MDR1 and MRP). Aim 2: To study pharmacokinetic interactions associated with modulation of drug resistance. An important issue with modulators of drug resistance is the effect of these drugs on normal tissue function and in particular on the disposition of cytotoxins.
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Pharmacokinetic studies will involve compartmental methods to further define drug interactions, and validation of optimal sampling strategies with Bayesian estimations. The effect of different modulators (PSC vs. LY335979) on the erythromycin breath test in patients will be used to dissect the role of cytochrome P450 3A4 in these interactions. Ancillary pharmacokinetic studies of mitoxantrone and etoposide for the ECOG and POG trials of MDR1 modulation in acute myeloid leukemias will also be supported. Aim 3: To enhance the oral bioavailability of MDR1-related drugs by co-administration with inhibitors of P-gp. Intestinal P-gp is a major barrier to the absorption of taxanes and other MDR1 related cytotoxins. We will co-administer modulators and cytotoxins in trials designed to enhance bioavailability, and potentially to increase the safety and convenience of chemotherapy. Patients will receive an initial course of the cytotoxin intravenously, followed by sequential courses of the cytotoxin orally together with increasing doses of the P-gp inhibitor. The first protocol in this aim will involve paclitaxel with PSC. Other cytotoxins of interest for this approach include taxotere, etoposide, and vinorelbine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR TARGET FOCUSED DISCOVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pettit, George R.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Discovery of structurally novel and potentially very important anticancer drugs from animal, plant and microorganism sources followed by their synthesis and/or structural modification will form the sharply focused objective of this research for the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Special emphasis will be placed on new antineoplastic substances either isolated based on molecular target bioassays or subsequently displaying such potent antiangiogenesis, tubulin and/or various cancerimplicated kinase (cyclin-dependent, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase and telomerase) properties as well as exceptionally strong antineoplastic activity. Additional emphasis will be placed on further research necessary to advancing the expanding clinical trials of bryostatin 1, the dolastatins, and others we discovered such as the powerful cancer antiangiogenesis drug combretastatin A-4 phosphate. vigorous parallel research will be strongly focused on the isolation, characterization, and structural determination of new and potentially useful anticancer drugs from confirmed active extracts of marine invertebrates (and vertebrates) , marine and terrestrial plants, and marine as well as terrestrial microorganisms. Only those species that give maximum promise of yielding new drugs with potential clinical activity will be pursued. The proposed research will provide great assistance to the DCTD/NCI in selecting new anticancer drug candidates and speeding their development toward clinical trial. In summary, the proposed research will be sharply aimed at the discovery and very rapid development of new anticancer drugs for the NCI programs directed at improving human cancer treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MYCOTHIOL BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM AS TB DRUG TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fahey, Robert C.; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Tuberculosis is now second behind AIDS, as the World's most deadly microbial infection. However, a major fraction of AIDS patients die of mycobacterial infections, including TB. The TB problem is aggravated by the growing prevalence of drug-resistant TB, and especially multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB which cannot be treated with the front-line antibiotics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is therefore important that targets be identified for development of new drugs for treatment of MDR TB. Suitable target enzymes should have biochemical functions essential for mycobacteria but with no similar function in mammals making it likely that drugs can be developed that will not lead to adverse reactions in humans. They should have well-defined assays suitable for screening of potential drugs. The proposed research elucidates the biochemistry associated with the production and utilization of the antioxidant thiol known as mycothiol. Mycothiol is produced only by mycobacteria, and other actinomycetes, and is not found in animals. The key genes for mycothiol biosynthesis have recently been identified and provide important potential new drug targets. Studies of MSH-deficient mutants indicate that mycothiol metabolism is involved in protecting against oxidative damage and in the detoxification of antibiotics, including one first-line TB drug. Although not essential for the laboratory culture of the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis, current evidence suggests that mycothiol may be required for survival of M. tuberculosis in an oxygen rich environment. The present studies will determine the extent to which mycothiol is essential for survival of M. tuberculosis, will define the biochemistry involved in the first key step of mycothiol biosynthesis, and will determine how the biosynthesis of mycothiol is regulated. Methods used include new analytical and enzyme assays developed in these laboratories as well as established protocols in biochemistry and molecular biology. The results obtained will provide a key test of the suitability of mycothiol biosynthesis as a target for new TB drugs and will elaborate the biochemistry of a novel class of thiol important to a broad class of soil microorganisms, including most antibiotic producing bacteria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCHEMISTRY OF AMPHETAMINE INDUCED AROUSAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Berridge, Craig W.; Professor; Psychology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAY-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Stimulant drug abuse is a highly prevalent problem that constitutes a major public health concern. To gain better insight into mechanisms contributing to stimulant drug abuse, the neurochemical mechanisms subserving the behavioral effects of these drugs have been intensively examined. Neurochemically, these drugs increase synaptic concentrations of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Evidence indicates that actions of DA within the striatum and nucleus accumbens are critical components of the rewarding and locomotor activating effects of stimulants. In contrast, NE appears to serve a minimal contributory role in these behavioral actions of stimulants. The potent rewarding effects of these drugs are superimposed upon an alert behavioral state (e.g. prolonged periods of waking/enhanced alertness). The ability of stimulants to maintain waking and enhance alertness has long been exploited and is a contributing factor to the widespread use/abuse of these drugs. However, the degree to which NE or DA participates in the "arousal"-enhancing actions of stimulants and which anatomical site(s) subserve which actions remains enigmatic. A variety of observations suggests that the locus-coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system participates in the modulation of behavioral state. Previous studies by the PI demonstrated potent actions of LC on EEG
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and behavioral indices of waking via actions on beta- receptors located within a region of the basal forebrain encompassing the medial septum and the posterior shell of the nucleus accumbens (MS). Preliminary studies indicate that potent arousal-enhancing effects are observed following amphetamine infusions into this region (e.g. induction and maintenance of waking). These observations suggest that, at least some of, the arousal-enhancing actions of stimulants may be due to enhanced release of NE within MS. The propose multi-disciplinary studies assess the degree to which amphetamine acts within this region of the basal forebrain to enhance EEG, EMG, and behavioral indices of arousal and to assess the degree to which NE participates in these actions. As such, these studies will provide novel information concerning the degree to which NE participates in the behavioral effects of stimulants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROTOXICITY OF NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sharp, Frank R.; Professor and Vice-Chairman; Neurology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant?s abstract): The non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, including phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust), ketamine (Special K), and dizocilpine (MK-801), have been used as anesthetics, protect against experimental stroke, are increasing as drugs of abuse, and continue to be developed for treatment of various neurological diseases. However, these drugs produce psychosis in normal people and exacerbate psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. The drugs also injure rodent limbic cortex, killing some neurons and injuring others that have cytoplasmic vacuoles and express HSP7O and HO-i heat shock proteins. Since anti-psychotic drugs prevent the injury, the circuits mediating the injury in rodents may be similar to the circuits that mediate psychosis in humans. Our preliminary data demonstrate that NMDA antagonists injure limbic, retrosplenial cortex of rats by blocking NMDA receptors on GABA neurons in anterior thalamus, leading to thalamic excitotoxic injury of retrosplenial cortical pyramidal neurons via AMPA and other non-NMDA receptors. This proposal will continue to define the mechanisms of this neurotoxic injury. The first aim will determine whether injections of Dl, D2 and D4 dopamine receptor antagonists into retrosplenial cortex and anterior thalamus prevent the induction of HSP7O and other markers of injury produced by systemic PCP and MK-801. The second aim will determine whether blockade of NMDA receptors in substantia nigra (SN) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) by PCP and ketamine produce and/or aggravate injury to retrosplenial cortex. The third aim will determine whether specific AMPA receptor antagonists, specific kainate receptor antagonists, and specific metabotropic glutamate receptor agents prevent injury to limbic cortex produced by systemic PCP and ketamine. The fourth aim will determine whether activation of substantia nigral ventral tegmental area and limbic cortex GABA receptors with GABA agonists prevent the injury produced by systemic PCP and MK-801. The fifth aim will determine whether visual sensory input contributes to the non-NMDA glutamate-mediated limbic cortical injury produced by NMDA antagonists. The last aim will determine whether NMDA receptor antagonists produce limbic cortical injury in cats and whether typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, like haloperidol and clozapine, block injury. These studies will define the circuits and receptors that mediate the cortical injury produced by NMDA receptor antagonists in experimental animals. These studies will also contribute to understanding the circuits and transmitters that mediate psychosis due to psychomimetic drugs like PCP and Special K in people, and they will also contribute to
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understanding the circuits and receptors that mediate acute psychosis in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEW DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lacerda, Antonio E.; Chantest, Inc. 14656 Neo Pky Cleveland, Oh 44128 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of arrhythmias in the elderly; it has an incidence of more than 5 percent in people > 69 years of age. At present, there is no satisfactory treatment of this disease. The ChanTest Phase I SBIR was directed towards the discovery of novel drugs for this disease and in these experiments, the investigators identified a substituted piperidine compound that promises to be an effective antiarrhythmic agent. They found that this drug blocks the hERG/IKr current at low nanomolar concentrations, yet does not prolong the action potential duration in canine Purkinje fibers at micromolar concentrations as might be expected. The investigators hypothesized that the drug also blocked cardiac Na and Ca currents at nanomolar concentrations and, as a result, the hERG/IKr block was offset and there was no change in action potential duration. The drug had another useful characteristic, namely the forward use-dependence of a drug that is most effective at faster heart rates. This drug was in clinical trials in the late 1970s as an antidepressant and although it was safe, did not have the desired efficacy. It is now in clinical trials as a treatment for substance abuse. In neither of these trials were proarrhythmic tendencies noted and the ECGs in both sets of trials were unaffected. Because its properties are so favorable, ChanTest has filed a use patent on the drug for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in general, and AF in particular. Given its very high affinity for hERG, a radioactive derivative can be used in high throughput displacement studies to test for non-cardiac drugs that may bind to hERG. Identifications of such drugs are of considerable importance for safety pharmacology. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) complete in vitro tests of the effects of the drug on other cardiac membrane currents ITo, IKs and IK1; 2) test the drug's efficacy in animal models of AF; 3) test the drug's safety in the cardiac muscle wedge preparation that is presently the best predictor of the potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia torsade de pointes (TdP); and 4) characterize the drug congeners as tools for HTS displacement studies of drugs that bind hERG. After the drug passes the hurdles of the specific aims, ChanTest will file a 355(b)(2) NDA application with the FDA to go forward with the Phase II and III clinical trials. ChanTest believes that this drug will offer great relief to the many people who are debilitated by atrial fibrillation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL SYNTHESES ORGANOMETALLIC REAGENTS
OF
MEDICINAL
DRUGS
VIA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhat, Narayan G.; Univ of Texas-Pan American Edinburg, Tx Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objectives of the present proposal are to develop new synthetic methodologies via organoborane reagents and to utilize them in the synthesis of useful medicinal drugs. The highly regio- and stereoselective synthesis of gem-dimetallic compounds containing boron-tin and boron-silicon and their synthetic
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versatility to prepare a retinoid, tamarotene and drugs such as phenoxan and 3-methyl4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid are presented. The differences in the reactivity between carbon-silicon bond and carbon-tin bond are also explored. Phenoxan was discovered to have an anti-HIV activity and 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid is an antihypercholesterolemic drug. The synthesis of drugs such as capillin, and capillen, which are antifungal and antibacterial agents respectively, are proposed based on thexyldialkynylborane intermediate. The preparation of tolboxane, a tranquilizer, 2phenylphenol, an antiseptic drug, and benzomopine, antihypertensive drug, are also proposed based on palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. A promising synthetic route to prepare tamoxifen which is used in the breast cancer treatment via the stepwise palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of a stereodefined vic-dimetallic compound containing boron and tin is presented. These synthetic sequences will also be extended to synthesize oeplexyl and oestrobin which are synthetic estrogens. Finally, a novel synthetic approach to prepare optically active ibuprofen and naproxen which are analgesic drugs is explored based on organoboranes. The overall objective of the proposed studies is to introduce minority undergraduate students in biomedical research involving organoborane chemistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL TREATMENT FOR STROKE: Principal Investigator & Institution: Aronowski, Jaroslaw A.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Effective neuroprotective therapy for acute ischemic stroke remains an elusive goal despite substantial research into the mechanism of ischemic neuronal injury and demonstration of robust efficacy of many candidate drugs in animal models. The reasons for clinical failure are manifold, but most authorities identify drug toxicity, short time window for therapeutic effect following ischemic onset, and weak biological effect of individual agents among the primary deficiencies of drugs studied to date. Here, we propose further study of a safe, widely consumed combination of "drugs" (low doses of caffeine and ethanol), which in preliminary studies have demonstrated an interactive positive effect (while, either drug alone has any beneficial effect), with more robust activity and a longer time window for efficacy than any other neuroprotective therapy tried in our laboratory over the past decade. Our study will be carried out in rats with transient MCA/CCA occlusion and has two specific aims: 1). To determine the effects on infarct volume and motor function of varying the dosing, timing, and duration of treatment, and to explore the tolerance to chronic use of this drug combination. Our hypothesis is that the most effective approach will be a single relatively low dose of the combination that can be given up to 2 hours after stroke onset producing blood levels that can be easily and safely achieved in humans. 2). To identify the targets for the pharmacologic effect of the caffeine/ethanol combination by examining the effect of caffeine plus ethanol on cerebral blood flow and on excitotoxic cortical lesions by substituting drugs which specifically affect adenosine, NMDA, and GABA receptors, and by investigating the effect of the combination on excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and adenosine using microdialysis. Our hypothesis is that the neuroprotective effect of the caffeine/ethanol combination will be associated with inhibition of adenosine and postsynaptic glutamate receptors and activation of the GABA- ergic pathway producing and optimal balance between excitation/inhibition resulting in protection of penumbral brain regions. This study should provide the necessary
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information to translate our experimental results with this novel and potentially useful drug combination to clinical therapeutic trials in human stroke patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTERS--STRUCTURE/FUNCTION AND REGULATI Principal Investigator & Institution: Tse, Chung-Ming; Associate Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Nucleoside transporters are important in transporting synthetic nucleoside drugs into their target cells where these drugs are metabolized and become cytotoxic. Nucleoside drugs are used in chemotherapy (eg. Ara C in leukemia) and as antiviral agents (eg. AZT in the treatment of AIDS). Pharmacologically, the Na independent nucleoside transport systems can be separated into the nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) sensitive (ES) and the NBMPR insensitive (EI) systems. NBMPR is an inhibitor of nucleoside transport. Recently, our laboratory cloned the human Na-independent Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (ENT1(encoding ES) and ENT2 (encoding EI)) and developed a Nucleoside Transporter Deficient cell line, PK15NTD cells. This will allow us to study the structure/function relationship of the nucleoside transporters and the structural determinants of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs as substrates of the nucleoside transporters. Through the knowledge of nucleoside transport at the molecular level, a long term goal is to facilitate the design of nucleoside analogue drugs for the treatment of diseases. In this application, we will characterize functionally and pharmacologically the cloned human ENT1 and ENT2 stably expressed in PK15NTD cells (Aim 1). Results obtained from the cloned proteins will be compared with the endogenous ES and EI transporters in human colonic cancer cell line, T84. Using kinetic studies, we will identify structural determinants of nucleosides for the transport by ENT1 and ENT2. In Aim 2, we will study the structure/function relationship of ENT1 and ENT2. We will define the role of glycosylation in the function of ENT1 and ENT2 since glycosylation is important for nucleoside transport. Nucleoside transporter function is thiol-sensitive and the thiol sensitive group is exofacial in ENT2 but is cytoplasmic in ENT1. We propose to identify cysteine residues that confer thiol sensitivity of ENT1 and ENT2. ENT1 and ENT2 have a 3000 fold difference in sensitivity to NBMPR and an 8-10 fold difference in the affinity for guanosine and cytidine transport, ENT1/ENT2 chimeras will be constructed to identify the binding domain and substrate recognition domain in ENT1 and ENT2. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibits the cloned ENT1 and ENT2 and endogenous ES and EI transporters in T84 cells. Experiments are proposed in the third aim to study the molecular mechanisms of how PKC inhibits ENT1 and ENT2. These proposed studies should provide insights into the molecular mechanisms and kinase regulation of nucleoside transport, and the structural determinants of nucleosides/nucleoside drugs for transport by the nucleoside transporters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Capparelli, Edmund V.; Pediatrics; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of the UCSD/CHHC Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit (PPRU) is to engage in studies of drugs with proven or potential activity which will lead to safe and effective therapeutic use in infants and children. This will be accomplished through careful collaborative planning and adherence to FDA guidelines so that drug files assembled during development and conduct of PPRU studies can provide sufficient data for licensing of new (or old) drugs for pediatric indications at safe, effective doses. A significant portion of this mission will be accomplished in collaboration with pharmaceutical industry so that a direct, tangible consequence of the studies performed will be to increase the number of drugs which are labeled for pediatric use and expand pediatric labeling to all pediatric populations, including newborns, so that all pediatric patients may receive intelligent and rational science-based therapy. The scope of the PPRU grant is to provide an organizational and operational infrastructure at UCSD and Children's Hospital of San Diego to implement the following specific aims: 1. To provide a locus for the conduct of studies in bioavailability, formulations, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and effectiveness of new drugs and drugs already in the market. 2. To gather or promote the accrual of necessary clinical data for pediatric age-specific labeling of drugs. Studies of widely used off-patent drugs and drugs used in the newborn population will be of high priority. 3. To carry out research on novel approaches and innovations in pediatric pharmacology. Specific areas of interest include, but are not limited to: a. Identification, development, validation and or extrapolation from adult studies of biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, efficacy, toxicity and of disease activity; b) Development and validation of non-invasive pharmacodynamic measurements; c) Development and/or adaptation of novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling technology in pediatrics (e.g. mechanistic and physiologic based pharmacokinetics); d) Use of new molecular approaches; e)Applications of new drug delivery systems to pediatric therapy. 4. To implement studies of the developmental characteristics and genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), transporters, and receptors and describe phenotypic-genotypic correlations. 5. To apply pharmacogenomic and proteonomic tools in clinical studies. 6. To provide a training and educational program in clinical and developmental pharmacology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PEPTIDOMIMETICS ANTIBACTERIALS
OF
D-ALA-D-ALA
AS
NOVEL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunlap, Norma K.; Chemistry; Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tn 37132 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although there are currently numerous antibacterial drugs on the market, many bacteria are becoming resistant to existing drugs, and the emergence of these drug-resistant microorganisms is a significant threat to public health. Virtually all classes of antibacterials in use have been circumvented to some extent by various resistance mechanisms and as a result there is a continual need for new structural classes of antibacterials. Penicillins are bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors and act by inhibition of Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP's), also know as D-Dpeptidases. The substrate for the D-D-peptidases is the cell wall peptidoglycan strand ending in D-alanine-D-alanine. However, penicillins and other drugs of that class were not designed to inhibit the D-D-peptidases. The objective of this application is to design and synthesize inhibitors of the D-D-peptidases as potential antibacterial drugs. Hydroxyethylene peptidomimetics of peptidic enzyme substrates such as the HIV
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protease substrate have been previously developed as drugs. A similar design concept should also apply to the D-D-peptidase substrate. The long-term objective of this project is to synthesize a series of peptidomimetics of the dipeptide D-alanine-D-alanine. These compounds will be tested for enzyme binding and for antibacterial activity. Various peptidomimetics have been designed and the syntheses of several have been initiated. Linear analogs of D-ala-D-ala containing a carboxylic acid will be synthesized, as will cyclopropyl analogs. Tetrazoles have been used successfully as bioisosteric replacements for the carboxylic acids in a number of drugs. An example is the angiotensin receptor antagonist Losartan. Along those lines, both linear and cyclopropyl analogs of D-ala-Dala containing a tetrazole as a replacement for the carboxylic acid will be synthesized and tested for enzyme binding and antibacterial activity. The proposed compounds constitute an entirely new structural class of potential antibacterials and as such should possess activity against resistant organisms. This would have a significant impact in the ability to treat bacterial infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACODYNAMICS OF AGENTS FOR BLADDER CANCER THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Au, Jessie L.; Distinguished University Professor; None; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1989; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This competitive renewal application is to define the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs commonly used in intravesical therapy, in order to optimize the treatment regimen. Results of our studies on mitomycin C (MMC) indicate several treatment conditions which need optimization and a low sensitivity of high stage, high grade and rapidly proliferating tumors to MMC. A.l. Pharmacokinetics of intravesical therapy in patients. Our studies of the pharmacokinetics of MMC yielded important information to optimize the treatment protocols. We propose to establish, for doxorubicin and thiotepa, (a) drug concentration-time profiles in blood and urine, (b) extent and rate of systemic absorption of drugs from bladder, and (c) effects of transurethral resection and disease staging on drug absorption. A.2. Drug distribution in normal and tumor tissues. We will study the drug distribution in different region; of the bladder and the depth of drug penetration in vivo using bladders removed from dogs and from patients who receive drug instillation at the time of total cystectomy. This will indicate whether effective drug concentrations are achieved at the tumor sites. A.3. Determinants of drug absorption from bladder. Variables including the pH and volume of urine, dwell time, size (molecular weight), acidity/basicity and concentration of a drug can influence the drug absorption from bladder and potentially affect the target site specificity of intravesical therapy in patients. Because patient studies are not always feasible, we propose to study the effect of the selected variables on drug absorption kinetics in animals. Our MMC studies suggest the dog as the most suitable animal model. A.4. Chemosensitivity and pharmacodynamic studies in vitro. An in vitro chemosensitivity assay using patient bladder tumor explants has been established. The proliferative activity of explants is parallel to the tumor pathobiology. We found a 60fold difference in the IC of MMC in explants from different patients, and an inverse relationship between the IC and exposure time. The data also suggest a correlation between tumor sensitivity to MMC and prognostic factors such as DNA ploidy, tumor grade and tumor stage. The pharmacodynamics, correlation of IC with potential prognostic factors, and the effect of pH will be determined. A.5. Evaluate activity of new drugs and combinations for high stage and rapidly proliferating tumors. We found that
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high stage and rapidly proliferating tumors were less sensitive to MMC than the less malignant tumors. Clinically, MMC is less effective against T2 tumors than Ta and T1 tumors. The high stage and rapidly proliferating tumors are of high risk with respect to recurrence, progression to invasive disease, metastasis, and poor survival. We propose to evaluate the activity of new drugs and combinations for these tumors, and to establish the pharmacodynamics as stated in A.4. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF FALLS AND SWAY IN ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pepper, Ginette A.; Professor, Colby Endowed Chair; None; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Drugs are one of the presumed causes of falls in the elderly. Research has not addressed the pharmacologic mechanisms whereby drugs cause falls. Most medicines associated with falls have anticholinergic activity, but other possible mechanisms are sedation and postural hypotension. This is a pilot study t ascertain plausibility of the hypothesis that anticholinergic activity is a pharmacologic mechanism of drug-induced falls. This study also examines the relationship of postural sway (a measure of static balance), dynamic balance, and fear of falling with pharmacologic properties of drugs. The aims of this project are to describe falls associated with medications; estimate the fall risk associated with anticholinergic drugs; ascertain the amount of variance in the dependent variables (postural sway, dynamic balance, and fear of falling) explained by selected predictor variables (anticholinergic dose, sedation, and postural sway); and compare postural sway at peak and trough of anticholinergic activity. The study is a longitudinal descriptive correlational design. After a preliminary study of 10 subjects to refine study procedures, 110 elderly taking drugs associated with fall with be recruited from community locations. Subjects will be assessed on the predictor variables of anticholinergic dosage (in atropine equivalents computed across all drugs), postural hypotension, and sedation (measured by the Mood Rating Scale and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test), as well as on the dependent variables of postural sway (area of the ellipse, sway velocity, and lateral sway measured using biochemical force platform), functional dynamic balance (Berg Balance Scale) and fear of falling (Modified Falls Efficacy Scale). Fall events (falls, near falls) during 12 months and time to first fall event will be ascertained by fall diaries, postcards, and telephone interview. A subsample of 40 patients taking either drugs with anticholinergic properties or taking no drugs with anticholinergic properties will be compared on sway at projected time of peak and trough drug levels. Analysis will include descriptive statistics, logistic regression, content analysis, stepwise multiple regression, and repeated measures ANOVA. Explanation of significance variance in falls or postural sway by anticholinergic dose and increased postural sway at time estimated peak drug levels would indicate anticholinergic activity is a tenable mechanism of drug-induced falling in the elderly. If there is anticholinergic dose effect, elderly adults with high fall risk should be prescribed alternative medications with similar therapeutic effects, but smaller impact on falls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND ULCER PROTECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenberger, Lenard M.; Integr Biol/Pharm/Physiology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are heavily consumed world-wide due to their great efficacy to inhibit fever, inflammation and pain. The major side effects of these drugs relate to their gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity resulting in significant morbidity/mortality of chronic NSAID users. Although NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and the synthesis of GI-protective prostagalandins, it is also clear that they topically induce acute surface injury to the GI mucosa. The proposed experiments are related to the following observations made by our laboratory: 1) that the mucosal surface of the GI tract has hydrophobic (acid-resistant) surface properties due to the presence of an extracellular lining of zwitterionic phospholipids; 2) that NSAIDs form a chemical association with zwitternoic phospholipids; and 3) that NSAIDs preassociated with phospholipids have low GI toxicity and enhanced therapeutic activity. Based on these observations we have designed experiments to investigate whether NSAIDS induce topical injury by attenuating the phospholipid hydrophobic surface barrier of the stomach, and how the above surface changes relate to the drugs' inhibitory activity. This will be accomplished by administering selected NSAIDS (in the unmodified and phospholipid-associated state) to either wild-type or COX-1 deficient rodents and assessing the dose- and time-dependence in the reduction in surface barrier properties (gastric contact angles) and COX activity. We will determine if the phospholipid-associated NSAIDs have a greater ability than unmodified NSAIDs to inhibit the COX-2 activity of cells selectively expressing this isoform, either naturally or by genetic manipulation. We will investigate the molecular interaction of NSAIDs with phospholipids by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and study the effect of these drugs on the hydrophobicity and fluidity of membranes and their ability to undergo fusion employing fluorescent probes. Lastly, we will investigate the ability of NSAIDs, that are secreted in the bile, to block the ability of biliary lecithin to bind to and detoxify bile salts, using both in vivo and in vitro systems, in an attempt to understand the mechanism that these drugs induce injury to the small intestinal mucosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRICYCLIC ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia, Carmelo; University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Box 428, Barrio Tejas Humacao, Pr 00791 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The intense research devoted over the last few years to the study of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has only dealt with the physiology of the disease. This quality research has been aimed to replace the older AEDs with broad activity profiles and several severe side effects with new AEDs with better defined mechanism of action and fewer side effects. Nevertheless, most of these drugs still produce serious adverse reactions, including among others, dizziness, ataxia, somnolence, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, skin, allergy and photosensitization. The molecular photochemical mechanisms for the photosensitizing ability of some AEDs has never been studied, even through it was reported over ten years ago. Recent studies on the
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laser flash phototysis of related neuroleptic drugs (imipramine) showed that the triplet state can be efficiently quenched by the protons in the solution. The effectiveness of the quenching is very sensitive to the structure of the drug and seems to be involve in their phototoxicity. We propose to perfor the same set of experiments on several phototoxic antiepileptics. The goal of this project is to measure the photophysicat properties of a selected group of tricydic antiepileptic drugs and to study their short-lived transients. Special attention will be given to those transients associated with adverse effects in vivo: the cation radical, the first triplet excited state and singlet oxygen, Basic UV-Vis and luminescence techniques will be employed to study their absorption/emission properties. The transients will be characterized using optical absorption measurements with a Nd-YAG laser set-up. For the triplet state of these compounds, the extinction coefficient and the quantum yield will be determined using a comparative method and the triplet-triplet energy transfer principle, respectively. The triplet state will be bleached with a second delayed pulse to elucidate the reaction mechanism of these u'ansients. Combined MM+/PM3/RHF theoretical calculations will be performed with HyperCHEM (TM) 7.0 on the whole set ofphotophysical parameters, The theoretical values will be correlated with the experimental ones. The major goal of this project is to find a molecular/photophysical descriptor for the phototoxic side effect of tricydic antiepileptics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREDICTIVE POLYMORPHISMS
P450
TOXICOLOGY:
METABOLISM
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Danni L.; Computational Chemist; Moltech Corporation 2495 Old Middlefield Way Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 11-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Toxic and carcinogenic side effects of drug administration are often due to their cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolism. It has been estimated that 1-in 15 hospital admissions is due to adverse drug effects. In addition, prescribed drugs account for 106,000 deaths and 2.2 million adverse reactions. Both interindividual and population subgroup variations in metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics have profound clinical consequences. The ability to predict metabolism at the earliest stage of drug discovery would accelerate the pace by which efficacious agents lacking toxicity are developed. This approach also takes advantage of the growing pharmacogenetics knowledge pertaining to both genotypic and phenotypic effects on drug metabolism. Rapid progress in our understanding of the underlying principles of CYP450 metabolism has resulted from the convergence of structural and molecular biology with theoretical methods, capable of predicting the geometric and thermodynamic determinants of competitive metabolism. This has enabled us to predict the principal products of CYP450 metabolism of drugs by a combination of ligand-P450 configurational sampling, based on rapid flexible docking, and electronic determinants of metabolism by the active heme species of P450s. Critical appraisals of this approach indicate a robust ability to predict major metabolites of test drugs, including toxic products, such as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine derived from CYP2E1 acetaminophen metabolism. This initial appraisal will be extended to test predictions of an assembled large 3D structural drug database with associated metabolic and kinetic data. The overall goal of this Phase I SBIR is twofold: 1) to critically assess a method capable of making metabolism predictions of drugs, by the major mammalian CYP450 isoforms, on the timescale of minutes per lead compound using a desktop computer, and 2) the extension of this method to predict the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms
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(SNPs) on metabolism. This dual approach will establish an in silico predictive toxicology product developed with corporate partnership in a phase II application, that will be invaluable, even at the earliest stages of molecular conception, to the drug discovery process. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF HEPATIC P450S BY ANTICHOLESTEROL DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kocarek, Thomas A.; None; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that the complex processes of sterol biosynthesis and xenobiotic metabolism by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily are inextricably intertwined. Such an interrelationship has important implications for the safety and efficacy of the growing arsenal of "anti-cholesterol" drugs that is being developed to lower patients' plasma cholesterol levels and thereby treat or prevent coronary artery disease. The hypothesis of this proposal is three-fold: (1) Anticholesterol drugs that inhibit sterol biosynthesis, such as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase or squalene synthase, induce rat hepatic CYP2B1 gene expression by causing depletion of the critical cellular sterols that suppress CYP2B1 expression in the basal steady state, which results in activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP), followed by transcriptional activation of the CYP2B1 gene through specific 5'- flanking sequences contained within the phenobarbital responsive unit. (2) Anti-cholesterol drugs, such as inhibitors of acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) or squalene cyclase, that promote accumulation of specific cellular sterols, such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol, induce CYP3A23 gene expression through a mechanism whereby the accumulated sterols activate the LXRalpha nuclear receptor, resulting in transcriptional activation of the CYP3A23 gene through a specific sterol-responsive 5'-flanking sequence. (3) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce CYP4A gene expression through a mechanism that requires increased fatty acid biosynthesis, activation of the peroxisome proliferation associated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and transcriptional activation of the CYP4A1 gene through a peroxisome proliferator responsive element. The specific aims of this proposal are to (1) define the effects of chemical inhibitors of key steps of the cholesterol biosynthesis and esterification pathways on P450 expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, and to relate patterns of gene expression to changes in levels of specific cellular sterols, (2) identify the 5'-flanking sequence(s) that confer HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-and squalene synthase inhibitor-inducible transcriptional activation to the CYP2B1 gene, and to determine whether this regulation is mediated through an SREBP transcription factor, (3) identify the 5'- flanking sequence(s) that confer sterol-, ACAT inhibitor-and squalene cyclase inhibitor-inducible transcriptional activation to the CYP3A23 gene, and to determine whether this regulation is mediated through the LXRalpha nuclear receptor and (4) determine whether HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-inducible CYP4A1 induction occurs through a mechanism that requires elevated fatty acid biosynthesis and activation of PPARalpha. These studies will provide information with practical implications for the development of improved anti-cholesterol drugs, and will illuminate mechanisms whereby a cell recognizes, responds to, and metabolizes foreign chemicals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS IN TRYPANOSOMATID PARASITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Buckner, Frederick S.; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The long-term objective of this project is to discover new therapeutics for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. These infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protozoa of the family, Trypanoisomatidae. Leishmaniasis affects 12 million people in 88 countries with an annual incidence of about 2 million people. Visceral leishmaniasis is fatal if untreated and cutaneous leishmaniasis causes serious morbidity, Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is endemic in over 20 countries in Latin America. An estimated 16-18 million persons are chronically infected and at risk for developing life threatening cardiomyopathy or megasyndromes of the gastrointestinal tract. The treatments for leishmania infections are inadequate because of the toxicity of currently available drugs and because of the need to administer the drugs by injection. Treatments for Chagas diseases are highly toxic and do not cure most patients with chronic phase disease. Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi synthesize membrane sterols similar to those of fungi. It has been shown that a number of antifungal drugs that act on sterol biosynthesis or directly on ergosterol have antilishmanial and anti-trypanosomal effects. Our hypothesis is that a characterization of the sterol biosynthesis pathway in Trypanosomatids will lead to novel drug treatments. The specific aims of the research are: 1) Clone Trypanosomatid homologs of selected sterol biosynthesis genes. We will concentrate on five enzymes that are potentially enzymes that are potentially excellent drug targets: squalene synthetase, squalene epoxidase, C14 demethylase, delta 14-reductase, and C8 isomerase. Genes will be cloned with the use of sequences in the parasite genome databases that have high homology scores to sterol biosynthesis genes of other organisms. 2) Characterize the Trypanosomatid homologs of sterol biosynthesis genes. The enzymatic function of the cloned parasite genes will be investigated by heterologous complementation of yeast mutants. We will be prepared for the possibility that Trypanosomatids make sterols by a route that differs from the yeast pathway. 3) Interrupt the sterol biosynthesis genes in Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma cruzi. Targeted knockout of sterol biosynthesis genes will be done using selectable drug markers. The enzymes that are shown to be essential for parasite viability will be prioritized for subsequent drug studies. 4) Screen sterol biosynthesis inhibitors for anti-Trypanosomatid activity. Test compounds will be obtained from collaborating investigators and pharmaceutical companies. Drugs will be screened in high throughput in vitro systems. The best compounds will be tested in murine models of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. The drugs discovered in this research program will hopefully provide better future treatment for patients with these devastating diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRESS & VULNERABILITY TO DRUG ABUSE: NEURAL CORRELATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Akil, Huda; Gardner Quarton Distinguished University; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Individuals vary significantly in their propensity to experiment with drugs of abuse and to become addicted to them. Some may seek drugs
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Drugs
as an aspect of sensation seeking or risk taking behavior. Others may do so as a result of social or psychological stress. The purpose of this proposal is to investigate the neurobiological basis for these individual differences in vulnerability to abusing drugs. The basic premise is that the combination of genetic, developmental and environmental factors that lead to differences in vulnerability is expressed in the brain, and needs to be understood at that level. The primary site of expression of relevant genes is likely in the context of the emotional brain circuits that regulate responsiveness to stress and to the environment, and that become dysregulated in addiction and in mood disorders. In order to investigate the neuronal basis of individual differences in drug abuse, this proposal relies on a behavioral model that distinguishes rats that are sensation or novelty-seeking from those that are not. These sensation-seeking animals learn to administer drugs, such as amphetamine, much more rapidly although the drugs are equally rewarding to them. We plan to characterize the patterns of gene expression in rats that exhibit different phenotypes of sensation-seeking behavior. We plan to focus on stress related genes and determine the possible presence of unique neuronal phenotypes associated with sensation-seeking and drug-taking behavior. We then plan to use a model of psychosocial stress, social defeat, to study the impact of such stress on the rate of acquisition of drug taking behavior and the associated patterns of gene expression in the emotional circuits of these differing animals. These studies should begin to give us a glimpse of how gene expression and brain circuits may differ in individuals with differing tendencies to abuse drugs, and how social stress can impact on these systems, further modifying them and leading to distinctive behavioral responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRESSOR CONTROLLABILITY, DRUGS OF ABUSE, AND SEROTONIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Maier, Steven F.; Professor; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) There are large individual differences in reactivity to drugs of abuse, but the causes of these differences are not well understood. The recent experience of "stress" is a factor known to potentiate drug reward processes in both humans and animals, but the aspects of stress that are critical and the neural mechanisms involved are not fully known. The proposed research explores the role of the degree of behavioral control that the individual has over the stressor as a feature modulating wither the stressor will alter drug reactivity, and focuses on stressor-induced sensitization of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) as a mediator. The hypothesis to be tested is that 1) uncontrollable (but not controllable) stressors sensitize DRN 5-HT neurons for a period of time, leading to exaggerated release of 5-HT in projection regions when the neurons are activated; 2) 5-HT released in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and/or medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by neurons projecting from the DRN increases the extracellular level of DA in the these regions that is produced by drugs of abuse; 3) 5-HT released in the paraventricular nucleus increases the blood levels of corticosterone (CORT); 4) Drugs that activate DRN 5-HT neurons (e.g., morphine) in addition to acting on brain reward structures, will therefore produce greater levels of extracellular DA in the NAc/mPFC and CORT in blood for subjects that have recently received uncontrollable stressors; 4) uncontrollable (but not controllable) stressors will therefore potentiate behavioral responses to drugs that depend on NAc/mPFC DA and/or CORT, and this potentiation will occur for drugs that activate DRN 5-HT neurons. Conditioned place preference and locomotor
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activation are the behaviors to be examined, and morphine, amphetamine, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and ethanol are the drugs that will be tested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY OF PHENCYCLIDINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Balster, Robert L.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The abuse of phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine remain important public health problems, yet relatively less basic scientific information is available on this class of drugs than some other, more widely studied, abused drugs. One goal of our research is to continue to advance our understanding of the pharmacology of this class of PCP-like drugs. In previous years of this project, we have shown that PCP-like drugs functioned as antagonists of the Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor to produce behavioral effects in animals that are relevant to their abuse potential. NMDA antagonists are possible treatments for drug tolerance and dependence. Other important indications for NMDA antagonists include use for treatment of epilepsy, head injury and stroke, anxiety and panic disorders and pain. Thus, another significant goal of our work is to provide scientific information that can lead to the development of medications that have diminished capacity for PCP-like psychological effects and abuse liability. Our strategy for doing this is to compare the behavioral pharmacology of NMDA antagonists that act at various sites on the NMDA receptor complex, including PCP-site channel blockers which vary in affinity and other important characteristics, competitive antagonists, glycine-site antagonists, polyamine-site antagonists as well as NMDA receptor subtype selective agents using well validated animal testing procedures in rats and rhesus monkeys. These types of drugs will be compared using 1) Drug discrimination in rats and rhesus monkeys using NMDA antagonists as training drugs, 2) Drug vs. drug discrimination in rats and rhesus monkeys to further differentiate similar drug effects identified in drug vs. no-drug discrimination, 3) Intravenous drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys, 4) Drug discrimination in rats using novel GABAergic drugs, 5) Tests for anti-anxiety effects using a multiple drug discrimination-punished responding schedule in rats, and 6) Tests for effects on the efficacy of intravenous cocaine reinforcement in rhesus monkeys using a procedure which will also allow assessment of effects on conditioned reinforcement which might be involved in cocaine craving. This latter study is part of a planned continued collaboration with scientists at the Pavlov Medical University in St. Petersburg supported under a Fogerty Center grant tied to this project. Finally, the hypothesis that subtypes of NMDA receptors comprised of NR2A subunits are important for mediating PCP discrimination will be tested using antisense procedures directed to knocking down the expression of this and other subunits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE AS A NEW TARGET FOR ANTIFUNGALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Selitrennikoff, Claude P.; Professor; Mycologics, Inc. 12635 E Montview Blvd, Ste 131 Aurora, Co 800107336 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fungi cause a wide spectrum of disease states. The most common examples are relatively minor, localized infections of the skin and mucous membranes such as athlete's foot, vaginal yeast infections, and infections of
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keratinized nails. However, an ominously increasing number of fungi cause systemic disease with the involvement of internal organs. These have become serious and lifethreatening problems that are very difficult to diagnose and even more challenging to treat in patients with impaired host-defense mechanisms. Part of the difficulty in treating fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts, is the limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. Currently-available drugs include polyenes (e.g., amphotericin B) that complex with fungal-membrane ergosterol, a number of azoles and allylamines that inhibit steps in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, flucytosine that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, and Cancidas, a (1,3)beta-glucan synthase inhibitor. Unfortunately, amphotericin B has a number of acute and chronic adverse effects. Flucytosine has a narrow spectrum of activity and is plagued with treatment failures due to the development of resistant fungi. Azoles are only fungistatic and resistance to commonly-used azoles is becoming a significant clinical problem. There is general agreement that there is a critical and immediate need for novel drugs with mechanisms of action different from current drugs. The applicant's long-term goal is to discover novel antifungals that are active against enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle, which is absent in humans, is essential for fungal pathogenicity and represents an unexploited pathway for the development of antifungal drugs. The investigators will accomplish this in Two Aims: (1) to isolate and identify 5 to10 inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes and determine their potency against fungal cells and toxicity against human cells; (2) to determine the in vivo efficacy of two of the most active compounds using a Candida albicans murine model. Ultimately, this work will lead to the isolation of new classes of compounds for treatment of human fungal disease. The applicant predicts that, since humans do not have the glyoxylate cycle, the inhibitors will be safe and effective therapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TROPHOBLAST MDR EFFLUX SYSTEM AND FETAL PROTECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Audus, Kenneth L.; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Recent studies in animal models have indicated that the multi-drug resistant (MDR) gene product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), of the placenta has a significant role in reducing chemical exposure to the fetus and the incidence of birth defects. Pgp is an active, polyspecific membrane- bound transporter expressed in tumor and normal tissues, including the placenta. In humans, Pgp is localized to the syncytio- and cytotrophoblasts and is expressed throughout pregnancy. However, Pgp's role in controlling the disposition of drugs and steroids between the fetal and maternal compartments is unknown. The objective of this proposal is to characterize the Pgp efflux mechanism of the trophoblast with respect to expression and transporting xenobiotics (e.g., anti-cancer agents, phenobarbital, rifampicin) and steroids of pregnancy (e.g., progesterone) and its regulation by these substances. Under Aim 1o of this proposal we will elucidate (a) the mRNA and protein expression, and (b) the localization of MDR1 in the human trophoblast. In Aim 2 we will determine (a) the functional significance and (b) the asymmetry of human trophoblast transport of selected xenobiotics and steroid hormones. Aim 3 studies are directed at characterization of the regulatory mechanism(s) by which certain xenobiotics and steroid hormones control (a) the expression and (b) the function of MDR1 of the human trophoblast. We expect that at the conclusion of this proposal we will have established the role of Pgp and related mechanisms (e.g. breast cancer resistance protein) of the trophoblast in transporting substrates that include
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xenobiotics and the steroid hormones. We also expect to establish a putative role and the biochemical mechanisms by which certain xenobiotics and steroid hormones modulate Pgp expression and/or function. Our long term goal is to develop a detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling drugs and drugs of abuse distribution across the human detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling drugs and drugs of abuse distribution across the human trophoblast and to identify appropriate in vitro techniques that can lead the way to the future design and development of drugs for pregnancy that reduce risk to the health of the fetus and the mother. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ZEBRAFISH ASSAY FOR CHOLESTEROL AND LIPID LOWERING DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubinstein, Amy L.; Zygogen, Llc Kell Hall 520 Atlanta, Ga 303033003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): High levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol and triglycerides have been associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease. Drugs such as cholesterol-lowering statins and triglyceride-lowering fibrates have led to a reduction in coronary heart disease. Although current drugs have enjoyed some success, a need exists for improved lipid management and reduced side effects. Zygogen is developing a novel in vivo approach to identifying potential lipid-lowering drugs using Zebrafish, called Z-Lipotrack. Lipid processing is highly conserved in the Zebrafish. Because Zebrafish larvae are essentially transparent, lipid processing can be readily observed in the whole organism, with the aid of fluorescent lipid reporters. The goal of the proposed research is to develop Z-Lipotrack technology for use in high throughput compound screening, with the ultimate aim of discovering better drugs for lowering lipid levels. The proposed work will validate Z-Lipotrack as a compound screening tool. This includes testing additional control compounds, characterizing compounds identified in a small but diverse library of marketed drugs, and quantifying the fluorescent read-out in an automated fashion. Due to the high fecundity of Zebrafish, high throughput drug screening using Zebrafish larvae is feasible and could dramatically increase the chances of finding important new drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for drugs in the PubMed Central database: 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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1-[((S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl] cytosine, an intracellular prodrug for (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine with improved therapeutic index in vivo. by Bischofberger N, Hitchcock MJ, Chen MS, Barkhimer DB, Cundy KC, Kent KM, Lacy SA, Lee WA, Li ZH, Mendel DB, et al.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284749
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A Method to Determine the Ability of Drugs to Diffuse through the Blood- Brain Barrier. by Seelig A, Gottschlich R, Devant RM.; 1994 Jan 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42887
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A missense mutation in human fatty acid amide hydrolase associated with problem drug use. by Sipe JC, Chiang K, Gerber AL, Beutler E, Cravatt BF.; 2002 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123078
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A new method to monitor drugs at dance venues. by Ramsey JD, Butcher MA, Murphy MF, Lee T, Johnston A, Holt DW.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55576
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A study to determine the pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of two doses of a solid formulation of the hexetil prodrug of a trinem, sanfetrinem (GV 104326). by Wise R, Andrews JM, Da Ros L, Child J, Mortiboy D.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164000
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Absence of rapid selection for acyclovir or penciclovir resistance following suboptimal oral prodrug therapy of HSV-infected mice. by Sarisky RT, Bartus HR, Dennis SA, Quail MR, Nguyen TT, Wittrock RJ, Halsey WS, Bacon TH, Leary JJ, Sutton D.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61449
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Activation and Deactivation of a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug by a Single Enzyme: Adenosine Deaminase Catalyzes Two Consecutive Deamination Reactions. by Wu JZ, Walker H, Lau JY, Hong Z.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149024
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Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity and Cellular Metabolism of a Potential Prodrug of the Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate 9-R-(2Phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA), Bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA. by Robbins BL, Srinivas RV, Kim C, Bischofberger N, Fridland A.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105507
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Anti-Pneumocystis Activities of Aromatic Diamidoxime Prodrugs. by Hall JE, Kerrigan JE, Ramachandran K, Bender BC, Stanko JP, Jones SK, Patrick DA, Tidwell RR.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105515
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Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. by Naesens L, Balzarini J, Bischofberger N, De Clercq E.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163050
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Assessment of Azithromycin in Combination with Other Antimalarial Drugs against Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro. by Ohrt C, Willingmyre GD, Lee P, Knirsch C, Milhous W.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127390
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Association between illegal drugs and weapon carrying in young people in Scotland: schools' survey. by McKeganey N, Norrie J.; 2000 Apr 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27339
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Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. by Huwyler J, Wu D, Pardridge WM.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19511
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Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials. by Lell B, Kremsner PG.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127356
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Combination Gene Delivery of the Cell Cycle Inhibitor p27 with Thymidine Kinase Enhances Prodrug Cytotoxicity. by Danthinne X, Aoki K, Kurachi AL, Nabel GJ, Nabel EG.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110339
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Combination of Drug Level Measurement and Parasite Genotyping Data for Improved Assessment of Amodiaquine and Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Efficacies in Treating Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Gabonese Children. by Aubouy A, Bakary M, Keundjian A, Mbomat B, Makita JR, Migot-Nabias F, Cot M, Le Bras J, Deloron P.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148969
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Comparative efficacy of two microdoses of a potentized homoeopathic drug, Cadmium Sulphoricum, in reducing genotoxic effects produced by cadmium chloride in mice: a time course study. by Datta SS, Mallick PP, Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh AA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60662
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Comparison of dosages, intervals, and drugs in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. by Hughes WT.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172241
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Cyp1a2(- / -) Null Mutant Mice Develop Normally but Show Deficient Drug Metabolism. by Liang HL, Li H, McKinnon RA, Duffy JJ, Potter SS, Puga A, Nebert DW.; 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40000
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Drug Delivery: Piercing Vesicles by their Adsorption Onto a Porous Medium. by Guedeau-Boudeville M, Jullien L, di Meglio J.; 1995 Oct 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40847
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Drug supply and drug abuse. by Copeman M.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153673
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Drugs in the news: an analysis of Canadian newspaper coverage of new prescription drugs. by Cassels A, Hughes MA, Cole C, Mintzes B, Lexchin J, McCormack JP.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153682
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Effect of a homeopathic drug, Chelidonium, in amelioration of p-DAB induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. by Biswas SJ, Khuda-Bukhsh AR.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107841
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Evaluation of (+)-cyclaradine-5'-esters as prodrugs for (+)-cyclaradine in animals. by Lim J, Schwartz J, Loebenberg D, Miller GH, Symchowicz S, Lin C.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174859
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Evaluation of Nucleoside Phosphonates and Their Analogs and Prodrugs for Inhibition of Orthopoxvirus Replication. by Keith KA, Hitchcock MJ, Lee WA, Holy A, Kern ER.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161877
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Identification of GS 4104 as an Orally Bioavailable Prodrug of the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Inhibitor GS 4071. by Li W, Escarpe PA, Eisenberg EJ, Cundy KC, Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Merson J, Lew W, Williams M, Zhang L, Kim CU, Bischofberger N, Chen MS, Mendel DB.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105512
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Immunomicelles: Targeted pharmaceutical carriers for poorly soluble drugs. by Torchilin VP, Lukyanov AN, Gao Z, Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B.; 2003 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156322
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In vitro activities of free and liposomal drugs against Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex and M. tuberculosis. by Mehta RT, Keyhani A, McQueen TJ, Rosenbaum B, Rolston KV, Tarrand JJ.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192745
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In Vitro Activities of Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides and Their Phosphoralaninate Prodrugs against Cytomegalovirus and Other Herpesvirus Infections. by Rybak RJ, Hartline CB, Qiu YL, Zemlicka J, Harden E, Marshall G, Sommadossi JP, Kern ER.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89904
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In vitro activity of RU 29246, the active compound of the cephalosporin prodrug ester HR 916. by Riess G, Andrews J, Thornber D, Wise R.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284335
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In Vitro Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Resistant to Phosphoralaninate Prodrugs of Z-Methylenecyclopropane Nucleoside Analogues. by Yoshimura K, Feldman R, Kodama E, Kavlick MF, Qiu YL, Zemlicka J, Mitsuya H.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89504
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In Vivo Activities of Peptidic Prodrugs of Novel Aminomethyl Tetrahydrofuranyl1[beta]-Methylcarbapenems. by Weiss WJ, Mikels SM, Petersen PJ, Jacobus NV, Bitha P, Lin YI, Testa RT.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89144
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In vivo activity in a catalytic antibody-prodrug system: Antibody catalyzed etoposide prodrug activation for selective chemotherapy. by Shabat D, Lode HN, Pertl U, Reisfeld RA, Rader C, Lerner RA, Barbas CF III.; 2001 Jun 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34702
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Inclusion of drugs in provincial drug benefit programs: Should "reasonable decisions" lead to uncontrolled growth in expenditures? by Gafni A, Birch S.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151991
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Iontophoresis for Modulation of Cardiac Drug Delivery in Dogs. by Labhasetwar V, Underwood T, Schwendeman SP, Levy RJ.; 1995 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42268
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Killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by receptor-mediated drug delivery. by Majumdar S, Basu SK.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244954
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Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interaction between the Oral Anti-Influenza Prodrug Oseltamivir and Aspirin. by Oo C, Barrett J, Dorr A, Liu B, Ward P.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127254
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Metabolism and in vitro antiretroviral activities of bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. by Srinivas RV, Robbins BL, Connelly MC, Gong YF, Bischofberger N, Fridland A.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192261
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Multidrug Pump Inhibitors Uncover Remarkable Activity of Plant Antimicrobials. by Tegos G, Stermitz FR, Lomovskaya O, Lewis K.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128777
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Multiple event activation of a generic prodrug trigger by antibody catalysis. by Shabat D, Rader C, List B, Lerner RA, Barbas CF III.; 1999 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22018
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Novel Use of a Guanosine Prodrug Approach To Convert 2[prime prime or minute],3[prime prime or minute]-Didehydro-2[prime prime or minute],3[prime prime or minute]-Dideoxyguanosine into a Viable Antiviral Agent. by Ray AS, Yang Z, Chu CK, Anderson KS.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127498
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Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. by Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, Kopp A, Anderson GM, Naglie G, Austin PC, Laupacis A.; 2002 Sep 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126302
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Ofloxacin-Loaded Liposomes: In Vitro Activity and Drug Accumulation in Bacteria. by Furneri PM, Fresta M, Puglisi G, Tempera G.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90085
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Oral Administration of a Prodrug of the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Inhibitor GS 4071 Protects Mice and Ferrets against Influenza Infection. by Mendel DB, Tai CY, Escarpe PA, Li W, Sidwell RW, Huffman JH, Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Merson J, Lacy SA, Lew W, Williams MA, Zhang L, Chen MS, Bischofberger N, Kim CU.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105511
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Penetration of GS4071, a novel influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, into rat bronchoalveolar lining fluid following oral administration of the prodrug GS4104. by Eisenberg EJ, Bidgood A, Cundy KC.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164042
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Prodrugs of Cephalosporin RWJ-333441 (MC-04,546) with Improved Aqueous Solubility. by Hecker SJ, Calkins T, Price ME, Huie K, Chen S, Glinka TW, Dudley MN.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155843
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Quantitation of slow drug release from an implantable and degradable gentamicin conjugate by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. by Weissleder R, Poss K, Wilkinson R, Zhou C, Bogdanov A Jr.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162639
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Sex-specific determinants of HIV infection among injection drug users in Montreal. by Bruneau J, Lamothe F, Soto J, Lachance N, Vincelette J, Vassal A, Franco EL.; 2001 Mar 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80871
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Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. by Conroy S, Choonara I, Impicciatore P, Mohn A, Arnell H, Rane A, Knoeppel C, Seyberth H, Pandolfini C, Raffaelli MP, Rocchi F, Bonati M, Jong G', de Hoog M, van den Anker J.; 2000 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27251
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Poly(dl-Lactide-Co-Glycolide)-Encapsulated Antitubercular Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induced in Mice. by Dutt M, Khuller GK.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90295
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Toward Antibody-Directed ``Abzyme'' Prodrug Therapy, ADAPT: Carbamate Prodrug Activation by a Catalytic Antibody and its in vitro Application to Human Tumor Cell Killing. by Wentworth P, Datta A, Blakey D, Boyle T, Partridge LJ, Blackburn GM.; 1996 Jan 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40136
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Trifluoromethionine, a Prodrug Designed against Methionine [gamma]-LyaseContaining Pathogens, Has Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo against Trichomonas vaginalis. by Coombs GH, Mottram JC.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90540
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Trojan particles: Large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery. by Tsapis N, Bennett D, Jackson B, Weitz DA, Edwards DA.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129387
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US voters' love of Canada's Internet drugstores making politicians cautious. by Whitwham B.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152705
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Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. by Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE.; 2003 Jun 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162261
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Vendor-to-vendor education to improve malaria treatment by private drug outlets in Bungoma District, Kenya. by Tavrow P, Shabahang J, Makama S.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161786
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with drugs, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for drugs (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“No turning back” on cheap AIDS drugs for poor nations, UN vows. Author(s): Silversides A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 November 11; 169(10): 1067. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609992&dopt=Abstract
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1,2-benzisoxazole phosphorodiamidates as novel anticancer prodrugs requiring bioreductive activation. Author(s): Jain M, Kwon CH. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 December 4; 46(25): 5428-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14640551&dopt=Abstract
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A history of adverse drug experiences: Congress had ample evidence to support restrictions on the promotion of prescription drugs. Author(s): Waxman HA. Source: Food Drug Law J. 2003; 58(3): 299-312. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14626231&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Acanthamoeba keratitis update-incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for treatment. Author(s): Seal DV. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 November; 17(8): 893-905. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14631394&dopt=Abstract
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Adherence to proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists during the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Sturkenboom MC, Burke TA, Tangelder MJ, Dieleman JP, Walton S, Goldstein JL. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 December; 18(11-12): 1137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14653834&dopt=Abstract
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An overview of drugs and ancillary equipment for the dentist's emergency kit. Author(s): Chapman PJ. Source: Aust Dent J. 2003 June; 48(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14649404&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of medication use patterns:apparent overuse of antibiotics and underuse of prescription drugs for asthma, depression, and CHF. Author(s): Gilberg K, Laouri M, Wade S, Isonaka S. Source: J Manag Care Pharm. 2003 May-June; 9(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14613466&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic development pipeline runs dry. New drugs to fight resistant organisms are not being developed, experts say. Author(s): Nelson R. Source: Lancet. 2003 November 22; 362(9397): 1726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14655659&dopt=Abstract
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Antiparasitic drugs and lactation: focus on anthelmintics, scabicides, and pediculicides. Author(s): Porto I. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2003 November; 19(4): 421-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620457&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of copper status in epileptic patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs by measuring the specific oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin. Author(s): Tutor-Crespo MJ, Hermida J, Tutor JC. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2003 October; 56(2-3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642999&dopt=Abstract
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Association between captopril, other antihypertensive drugs and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Ronquist G, Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A, Johansson S, Wallander MA, Frithz G, Svardsudd K. Source: The Prostate. 2004 January 1; 58(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14673952&dopt=Abstract
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Australian government tries to stop independent advice on diabetes drugs. Author(s): Burton B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 December 13; 327(7428): 1368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14670876&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond pills and jabs. Researchers develop new ways to get drugs to the right place at the right time. Author(s): Bradbury J. Source: Lancet. 2003 December 13; 362(9400): 1984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686402&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of rifampicin following concomitant administration of ethambutol or isoniazid or pyrazinamide or a combination of the three drugs. Author(s): Immanuel C, Gurumurthy P, Ramachandran G, Venkatesan P, Chandrasekaran V, Prabhakar R. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 September; 118: 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700343&dopt=Abstract
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Blame Canada. New Hampshire will defy the FDA and buy drugs on the Net. Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Time. 2003 December 22; 162(25): 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712612&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure drugs. What are the options? Author(s): Hieronymus L, Griffin S. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2003 September-October; 20(5): 6, 8, 10-12, 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679947&dopt=Abstract
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Body packing--the internal concealment of illicit drugs. Author(s): Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 25; 349(26): 2519-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695412&dopt=Abstract
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Canada refuses to issue a visa to an HIV-positive worker on antiretroviral drugs. Author(s): Garmaise D. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 24-5. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719488&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac failure caused by severe pre-eclampsia with placental abruption, and its treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs. Author(s): Aoyama K, Suzuki Y, Sato T, Yamamoto T, Kojima K, Usami T, Ohte N, Suzumori K. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2003 October; 29(5): 33942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641706&dopt=Abstract
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Carpal tunnel syndrome and oral contraceptive drugs: risk or protective factor? Author(s): Albani G, Priano L, Campanelli L, Pignatti R, Liuzzi A, Galloti P, Mauro A. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2003 December; 8(4): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641645&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral vasoconstriction and stroke after use of serotonergic drugs. Author(s): Petro DJ. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 652; Author Reply 652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746313&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative efficacy of novel platinum(IV) compounds with established chemotherapeutic drugs in solid tumour models. Author(s): Hall MD, Martin C, Ferguson DJ, Phillips RM, Hambley TW, Callaghan R. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 January 1; 67(1): 17-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667925&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical evoked response audiometry thresholds and neuroleptic, sedative, hypnotic drugs. Author(s): Dejonckere PH, Lebacq J, Coryn C. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2000; 6(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14689614&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness of newer antiplatelet drugs. Author(s): Peterson GM, Jackson SL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 November 10; 163(20): 2533-4; Author Reply 2534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609794&dopt=Abstract
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Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 2: Coagulopathies from drugs. Author(s): Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 November 8; 195(9): 495-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610534&dopt=Abstract
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Development of fluoroquinolones as first-line drugs for tuberculosis--at long last! Author(s): O'Brien RJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 December 1; 168(11): 1266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14644920&dopt=Abstract
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Drugs for HIV in South Africa. Author(s): Kerr C. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 4(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725278&dopt=Abstract
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Drugs in anaesthesia. Author(s): Sneyd R. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 58(12): 1183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705679&dopt=Abstract
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Drugs in sport: no dope. Author(s): Knight J. Source: Nature. 2003 November 13; 426(6963): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14614473&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of an educational program on the prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, and calcium channel blockers prescribed during hospitalization and at hospital discharge in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Sanal S, Aronow WS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 November; 58(11): 1046-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14630888&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of hypolipidemic drugs on lipoprotein-associated platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase. Implication for atherosclerosis. Author(s): Eisaf M, Tselepis AD. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 December 1; 66(11): 2069-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609731&dopt=Abstract
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EGF receptor as a therapeutic target: patient selection and mechanisms of resistance to receptor-targeted drugs. Author(s): Arteaga CL. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23 Suppl): 289S-291S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645415&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging antiobesity drugs. Author(s): Spanswick D, Lee K. Source: Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 2003 May; 8(1): 217-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610923&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging drugs for non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Cappuzzo F, Bartolini S, Crino L. Source: Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 2003 May; 8(1): 179-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610920&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging drugs for ophthalmic diseases. Author(s): Novack GD. Source: Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 2003 May; 8(1): 251-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610925&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging drugs in colorectal cancer. Author(s): Scott L, Fraser J, Cassidy J. Source: Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 2003 May; 8(1): 193-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610921&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in gastric fibroblasts and effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and prostaglandin. Author(s): Iwamoto J, Takahashi K, Mizokami Y, Otsubo T, Miura S, Narasaka T, Takeyama H, Omata T, Shimokoube K, Matsuoka T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 December; 48(12): 2247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14714609&dopt=Abstract
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Filling the need for new antiarrhythmic drugs to prevent shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Author(s): Curtis AB. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 January 7; 43(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14715181&dopt=Abstract
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For investigational targeted drugs, combination trials pose challenges. Author(s): Goldman B. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 3; 95(23): 1744-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652234&dopt=Abstract
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Gene expression and mitotic exit induced by microtubule-stabilizing drugs. Author(s): Chen JG, Yang CP, Cammer M, Horwitz SB. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 15; 63(22): 7891-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633718&dopt=Abstract
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Global fund decides to promote use of generic drugs. Author(s): Elliott R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 58-9. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14740604&dopt=Abstract
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Growth and DNA damage-inducible transcription factor 153 mediates apoptosis in response to fenretinide but not synergy between fenretinide and chemotherapeutic drugs in neuroblastoma. Author(s): Corazzari M, Lovat PE, Oliverio S, Pearson AD, Piacentini M, Redfern CP. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 December; 64(6): 1370-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14645667&dopt=Abstract
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GSK and Boehringer agree to generic AIDS drugs deal. Author(s): Nelson K. Source: Lancet. 2003 December 20; 362(9401): 2074. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700066&dopt=Abstract
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HIV-positive child made ward of court after father refuses treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Author(s): Nelson J. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 July; 7(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14765509&dopt=Abstract
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Idiopathic generalized epilepsy and choice of antiepileptic drugs. Author(s): Benbadis SR, Tatum WO 4th, Gieron M. Source: Neurology. 2003 December 23; 61(12): 1793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694051&dopt=Abstract
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Imidazoline binding sites on receptors and enzymes: emerging targets for novel antidepressant drugs? Author(s): Holt A. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 November; 28(6): 409-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14631453&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate availability of C-reactive protein and leukocyte count data influenced physicians' decisions to prescribe antimicrobial drugs for new outpatients with acute infections. Author(s): Takemura Y, Kakoi H, Ishida H, Kure H, Tatsuguchi-Harada Y, Sugawara M, Inoue Y, Ebisawa K, Kure M. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2004 January; 50(1): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709664&dopt=Abstract
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Immunomodulatory drugs and therapeutic vaccine in chronic hepatitis B infection. Author(s): Lebray P, Vallet-Pichard A, Michel ML, Fontaine H, Sobesky R, Brechot C, Pol S. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003; 39 Suppl 1: S151-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708695&dopt=Abstract
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Immunosuppressant drugs in the treatment of allergic eye disease: do they have potential usage? Author(s): Edwards A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 November; 33(11): 1479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616857&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of initial aggressive drug treatment with a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on the development of work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year randomized followup trial. Author(s): Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Vuori K, Paimela L, Blafield H, Hakala M, Leirisalo-Repo M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 January; 50(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14730599&dopt=Abstract
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Importing prescription drugs: risky business. Author(s): Hassel L, Arzuaga P. Source: Employee Benefits Journal. 2003 December; 28(4): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712740&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro metabolism of zolmitriptan in rat cytochromes induced with betanaphthoflavone and the interaction between six drugs and zolmitriptan. Author(s): Yu LS, Yao TW, Zeng S. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 December 15; 146(3): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642738&dopt=Abstract
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Increase of classical antiepileptic drug utilization in Croatia during the process of introducing the new generation of drugs. Author(s): Bielen I, Cvitanovic-Sojat L, Matek P, Planjar-Prvan M. Source: Coll Antropol. 2003 December; 27(2): 617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746150&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of histone deacetylase increases cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs targeting DNA. Author(s): Kim MS, Blake M, Baek JH, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, Carrier F. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612526&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon-beta is more potent than interferon-alpha in inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth when used alone and in combination with anticancer drugs. Author(s): Damdinsuren B, Nagano H, Sakon M, Kondo M, Yamamoto T, Umeshita K, Dono K, Nakamori S, Monden M. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 2003 December; 10(10): 1184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654475&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative electrically elicited stapedius reflex threshold is related to the dosage of hypnotic drugs in general anesthesia. Author(s): Schultz A, Berger FA, Weber BP, Grouven U, Niclaus O, Lullwitz E, Schultz B. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 December; 112(12): 1050-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14703109&dopt=Abstract
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Is impairment of ischaemic preconditioning by sulfonylurea drugs clinically important? Author(s): Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE, Mugge A, Nauck MA. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2004 January; 90(1): 9-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14676228&dopt=Abstract
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Justices restrict forced medication preceding a trial: mental competency issue. In 6-3 ruling, court says use of drugs must be in best interest of defendant. Author(s): Greenhouse L. Source: Ny Times (Print). 2003 June 17; : A1, A20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621709&dopt=Abstract
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Kenya: legislative mendments ease imports of generic drugs. Author(s): Elliott R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 62. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14743802&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium interaction with the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors rofecoxib and celecoxib and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Phelan KM, Mosholder AD, Lu S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 November; 64(11): 1328-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14658947&dopt=Abstract
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Medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia--are two drugs better than one? Author(s): Vaughan ED Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 18; 349(25): 2449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681512&dopt=Abstract
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Meeting notes from the 2nd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. New drugs. Author(s): Sax PE. Source: Aids Clin Care. 2003 September; 15(9): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669726&dopt=Abstract
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Methodology for the evaluation of drugs in pregnant women. Author(s): Chauvenet M, Rimailho A, Hoog-Labouret N. Source: Therapie. 2003 May-June; 58(3): 247-58. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14655319&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of beta-amyloid metabolism by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in neuronal cell cultures. Author(s): Gasparini L, Rusconi L, Xu H, del Soldato P, Ongini E. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2004 January; 88(2): 337-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690522&dopt=Abstract
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Neighbourhood social participation and women's use of anxiolytic-hypnotic drugs: a multilevel analysis. Author(s): Johnell K, Merlo J, Lynch J, Blennow G. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004 January; 58(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684728&dopt=Abstract
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Nerves, alcohol and drugs, the Adrian-Kato controversy on nervous conduction: deep insights from a “wrong” experiment? Author(s): Piccolino M. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 2003 December; 43(3): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14629928&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antagonists as anti-obesity drugs. Author(s): Levens NR, Della-Zuana O. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 October; 4(10): 1198-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14649211&dopt=Abstract
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New formulations, new drugs.not always better. Author(s): Sharp M. Source: Posit Aware. 2003 September-October; 14(5): 20-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679937&dopt=Abstract
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New Zealand moves to ban direct advertising of drugs. Author(s): Burton B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2004 January 10; 328(7431): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14715587&dopt=Abstract
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Newer anticonvulsant drugs in neuropathic pain and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chandramouli J. Source: Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 16(4): 19-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14635823&dopt=Abstract
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Newer antiepileptic drugs: possible uses in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine. Author(s): Pappagallo M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 October; 25(10): 2506-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14667954&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide-releasing non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a new generation of anti-tumoral molecules. Author(s): Lavagna C, Del Soldato P, Burgaud JL, Rampal P. Source: Current Cancer Drug Targets. 2003 December; 3(6): 407-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14683499&dopt=Abstract
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Author(s): Basler JW, Piazza GA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 February; 171(2 Pt 2): S59-62; Discussion S62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713756&dopt=Abstract
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the asthmatic child. Author(s): Man AF. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 December; 64(12): 756. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702795&dopt=Abstract
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can lower amyloidogenic Abeta42 by inhibiting Rho. Author(s): Zhou Y, Su Y, Li B, Liu F, Ryder JW, Wu X, Gonzalez-DeWhitt PA, Gelfanova V, Hale JE, May PC, Paul SM, Ni B. Source: Science. 2003 November 14; 302(5648): 1215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615541&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenergic drugs for levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Author(s): Colosimo C, Craus A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 November-December; 26(6): 299-305. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14646609&dopt=Abstract
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Ontario: pressure from stakeholders leads to improved access to selected drugs. Author(s): Perry M. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2003 August; 8(2): 25-6. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746296&dopt=Abstract
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Optimal therapy of epilepsy by measuring serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs with least adverse effects. Author(s): Jovicevic M, Diklic V, Divjak I, Zarkov M, Jovanovic A. Source: Med Pregl. 2003 September-October; 56(9-10): 419-26. English, Serbian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14740530&dopt=Abstract
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Patient-reported utilization patterns of narcotic drugs. Author(s): Barbuto JP. Source: J Manag Care Pharm. 2003 July-August; 9(4): 374-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14613462&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacodynamics and clinical use of anti-HIV drugs. Author(s): Preston SL, Piliero PJ, Drusano GL. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2003 September; 17(3): 651-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14711082&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacology of drugs of abuse. Author(s): Reynolds EW, Bada HS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 September; 30(3): 501-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664324&dopt=Abstract
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Plastic control of striatal glutamatergic transmission by ensemble actions of several neurotransmitters and targets for drugs of abuse. Author(s): Lovinger DM, Partridge JG, Tang KC. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 November; 1003: 226-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684449&dopt=Abstract
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Postanesthesia care unit recovery times and neuromuscular blocking drugs: a prospective study of orthopedic surgical patients randomized to receive pancuronium or rocuronium. Author(s): Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Franklin M, Marymont JH, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 January; 98(1): 193-200, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693617&dopt=Abstract
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Postmarketing evaluation of drugs. Actual efficacy, population exposed and impact on public health. Author(s): Le Gales C, el Hasnaoui A, Goehrs JM. Source: Therapie. 2003 May-June; 58(3): 209-19. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14655316&dopt=Abstract
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Potential cardiovascular effects of COX-2 selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Author(s): Fowles RE. Source: Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 17(2): 27-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14649387&dopt=Abstract
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Prescription drugs marketed in the United States should be approved by the FDA. Author(s): Shepherd MD, Curtiss FR. Source: J Manag Care Pharm. 2003 July-August; 9(4): 366-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14613456&dopt=Abstract
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Progress at last? South Africa relents on HIV drugs. Author(s): Huff B. Source: Gmhc Treat Issues. 2003 July-August; 17(7-8): 16, 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686317&dopt=Abstract
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Prospects for novel antiepileptic drugs. Author(s): Avanzini G, Franceschetti S. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 July; 4(7): 805-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619401&dopt=Abstract
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Provinces create centralized system for assessing new drugs. Author(s): Hillson G. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 31. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719493&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudoporphyria secondary to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Bryant P, Lachman P. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 November; 88(11): 961. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612354&dopt=Abstract
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Report from the 100th Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee meeting: US Food and Drug Administration: December 8-9, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD. Author(s): Fleming T, Nissen SE, Borer JS, Armstrong PW; Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee: US Food and Drug Administration. Source: Circulation. 2004 January 20; 109(2): E9004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14734515&dopt=Abstract
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Requirements for submission of labeling for human prescription drugs and biologics in electronic format. Final rule. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2003 December 11; 68(238): 69009-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14672084&dopt=Abstract
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Retinoids and drugs of abuse: implications for neurological disease risk in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Author(s): Royal W 3rd, Vlahov D, Lyles C, Gajewski CD. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 15; 37 Suppl 5: S427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648459&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer among users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Author(s): Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hernandez-Diaz S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 1; 159(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693656&dopt=Abstract
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Rx: Canadian drugs. Author(s): Zuger A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 4; 349(23): 2188-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14657425&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and increased leukotriene synthesis in chronic idiopathic urticaria with sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Zembowicz A, Mastalerz L, Setkowicz M, Radziszewski W, Szczeklik A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 December; 139(12): 1577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14676074&dopt=Abstract
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Saskatchewan agrees to cover new HCV and HIV drugs. Author(s): Procyk R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2003 August; 8(2): 28. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746299&dopt=Abstract
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South Africa: voluntary licence to generic drug company for nevirapine. Author(s): Elliott R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 63. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14743803&dopt=Abstract
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Stop those anti-platelet drugs before surgery! Author(s): Gordon NS. Source: Bju International. 2003 November; 92(7): 822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616476&dopt=Abstract
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Stumbling forward: new drugs bring new questions. Author(s): Huff B. Source: Gmhc Treat Issues. 2003 July-August; 17(7-8): 12-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686316&dopt=Abstract
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Supercharging protein manufacture. A career deviation leads to a dynamic approach to producing biotech drugs. Author(s): Stix G. Source: Scientific American. 2004 January; 290(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14682036&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected pediatric ingestions: effectiveness of immunoassay screens vs. gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy in the detection of drugs and chemicals. Author(s): Kyle PB, Spencer JL, Purser CM, Eddleman KC, Hume AS. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(7): 919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705835&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis and evaluation of nitroheterocyclic carbamate prodrugs for use with nitroreductase-mediated gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Author(s): Hay MP, Anderson RF, Ferry DM, Wilson WR, Denny WA. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 December 4; 46(25): 5533-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14640560&dopt=Abstract
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Systematic identification of drugs that cause birth defects--a new opportunity. Author(s): Mitchell AA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 25; 349(26): 2556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14695418&dopt=Abstract
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The Affordable Prescription Drugs Act: a solution for today's high prescription drug prices. Author(s): Pinzone JD. Source: J Law Health. 2001-2002; 16(1): 145-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14650775&dopt=Abstract
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The arsenal. The latest in drugs, surgery, and devices. Author(s): Comarow A. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2003 December 1; 135(19): 56, 58, 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14712606&dopt=Abstract
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The economic and human impact of new drugs. Author(s): Lichtenberg FR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 17: 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14680422&dopt=Abstract
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The new antiepileptic drugs: clinical applications. Author(s): LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 February 4; 291(5): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14762041&dopt=Abstract
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The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. Author(s): LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 February 4; 291(5): 605-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14762040&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between social network characteristics and exchanging sex for drugs or money among drug users in Baltimore, MD, USA. Author(s): Latkin CA, Hua W, Forman VL. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 November; 14(11): 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624742&dopt=Abstract
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The role of estrogen and estrogen-related drugs in cardiovascular diseases. Author(s): Ogita H, Node K, Kitakaze M. Source: Current Drug Metabolism. 2003 December; 4(6): 497-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14683477&dopt=Abstract
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The use of hypnosedative drugs in a university hospital setting. Author(s): Warie H, Petrovic M, Somers A, Mariman A, Robays H, Pevernagie D. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2003 July-August; 58(4): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14635530&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic vaccination for chronic diseases: a new class of drugs in sight. Author(s): Bachmann MF, Dyer MR. Source: Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 2004 January; 3(1): 81-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14666113&dopt=Abstract
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Three new drugs approved by FDA. Author(s): Hoyt G. Source: Surviv News (Atlanta Ga). 2003 November-December; : 13, 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696579&dopt=Abstract
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Timely lessons in heart attack management. Heart attack patients may benefit more from angioplasty than clot-busting drugs, even if it means waiting two hours. Author(s): Ornato JP. Source: Health News. 2003 October; 9(10): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619769&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B with new drugs (adefovir and others). Author(s): Hadziyannis SJ, Papatheodoridis GV. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003; 39 Suppl 1: S172-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708699&dopt=Abstract
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Use of antibacterial drugs in community-dwelling older persons. Author(s): Guay DR, Artz MB, Hanlon JT, Fillenbaum GG, Schmader KE. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1819-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687372&dopt=Abstract
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Use of antiviral drugs to prevent herpesvirus transmission. Author(s): Crumpacker CS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 1; 350(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702430&dopt=Abstract
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Use of immunosuppressive drugs and lamivudine in a patient with nephrotic syndrome, severe renal failure, and HBV cirrhosis: case report. Author(s): Balal M, Seyrek N, Karayaylali I, Paydas S, Gonlusen G. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 July-August; 20(4): 191-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669814&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, Blatt CM, Graboys T, Bilchik B, Ravid S. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 December 15; 92(12): 1379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675569&dopt=Abstract
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Variations in aseptic techniques during preparation and administration of intravenous drugs-an observation-based study in the UK and in Germany. Author(s): Taxis K, Wirtz V, Barber N. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2004 January; 56(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706281&dopt=Abstract
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Waiting in the wings: more new drugs. Author(s): Sharp M. Source: Posit Aware. 2003 November-December; 14(6): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14743792&dopt=Abstract
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Why not just say yes? American ethics boards are nervous about approving street drugs for use in research. Their concerns are more about politics than safety. Author(s): Kleiner K. Source: New Scientist (1971). 2003 August 9; 179(2407): 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686417&dopt=Abstract
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Work practice and some adverse health effects in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Author(s): Krstev S, Perunicic B, Vidakovic A. Source: Med Lav. 2003 September-October; 94(5): 432-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619181&dopt=Abstract
Academic Periodicals covering Drugs Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to drugs. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
Dissertations on Drugs ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to drugs. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the
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search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “drugs” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
The Effects of Students' Perceptions of a Speaker's Role on Their Recall of Drug Facts and Their Opinions and Attitudes about Drugs. by Mccleaf, James Edward, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1974, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7501809
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The Epidemiology of Dangerous Drugs and Other Substances among the Educable Mentally Retarded by Baldrate, Tracy Anthony, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1972, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7233090
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The Evaluation and Documentation of the Implementation of Two Drug and Alcohol Curricula in Three Oregon School Districts by Tricker, Raymond, Phd from University of Oregon, 1985, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8529550
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The Extent of Drug Use among High School Seniors in Tennessee, April 1985 by Martin, Gary Phillip, Edd from East Tennessee State University, 1986, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8708052
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The Gospel As Ultimate Therapy for Drug Addicts in Jakarta, Indonesia (ministry) by Herman, Rekso Ageng, Dmin from Fuller Theological Seminary, Doctor of Ministry Program, 1993, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9320283
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The Impact of Adolescents' Socio-environmental, Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Characteristics, on Their Reported Alcohol and Drug Use, and School Outcomes by Voliter, Robert Craig, Edd from University of Hawaii, 1994, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9519477
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The Impact of Drug and Alcohol Prices and Policies on Crime: a State-level Analysis by Corbett, Michaelyn C., Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, 2003, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083857
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The Impact of Drug Enforcement Policy on Drug Consumption and Related Crime: a Theoretical Analysis by Burrus, Robert Tilden, Jr., Phd from University of Virginia, 1997, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9724695
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The Impact of Drug Testing on Secondary School Students by Lee, Elton David, Phd from University of North Texas, 2002, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076249
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The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry on Drug Development, Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness by Marozsan, Andre John, Phd from Case Western Reserve University (health Sciences), 2003, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3100015
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The Impact of Legislation on the Pharmaceutical Industry in Pakistan: a Study of the Drugs (generic Names) Act, 1972. by Quraeshi, Zahir Ahmed, Phd from Michigan State University, 1978, 336 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7917769
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The Impact of Peer, School, Family, and Religion Factors upon Adolescent Drug Use by Stanley, Gregory Amos, Phd from University of North Texas, 1989, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9016212
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The Infant Exposed to Drugs in Utero and the Labelling of Child Abuse: a Model for the Prediction of Disposition (drug Exposure) by Rogers, Kristen Kathleen, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1994, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9510357
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The Infinite Goof: Psychedelic Drugs and American Fiction of the 1960s (huxley Aldous, Thompson Hunter S. , Castaneda Carlos, Kesey Ken, Robbins Tom) by Buechler, Mark, Phd from Indiana University, 1992, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9231586
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The Influence of Context, Dose, and Drug History on the Neurobiological Effects of Amphetamine and Cocaine by Uslaner, Jason Martin, Phd from University of Michigan, 2003, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096226
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The Influence of Drugs of Abuse on Rat Brain Histamine Studies with Ethanol by Prell, George D; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65721
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The Informational Value and Usefulness of Serum Retinoid Measurements. Studies on Biological Variation, Including Infancy and Pregnancy, and Influence of Fasting, Antiepileptic Drugs and Ethanol by Soderlund, Maria Berggren, Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f290561
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The Interaction between Drug Abusers and Selected Family Variables by Hurley, Arlene Patete, Phd from Fordham University, 1983, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8326177
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The Legal Response to Narcotic Drugs in Five Ontario Cities, 1908-1961 by Mosher, Clayton James, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1992, 428 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN78665
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The Life Cycle of Addiction: a Conceptual Framework for the Examination of Careers in Drug Abuse by Alksne, Harold, Phd from City University of New York, 1980, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8023683
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The Nature and Extent of Drug and Alcohol Use Within a Professional Sports League (drug Use) by Malone, Diana Lynne, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1991, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129214
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The Nature, Scope, and Consequences of Drug and Alcohol Use of Students Enrolled at Three Southern Appalachian Community Colleges by Morgan, Jewel Dean Thomas, Edd from East Tennessee State University, 1998, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9917935
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The Orphan Drug Act: Demand Predictors of the True Orphans (health Policy, Drug Revenues) by Belin, Lynna S., Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1994, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9502325
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The Political Development of Outpatient Prescription Drug Coverage under the Medicare Program (catastrophic Coverage) by Coster, John Michael, Phd from University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1989, 429 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9007575
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The Political Development of Outpatient Prescription Drug Coverage under the Medicare Program (catastrophic Coverage) by Coster, John Michael, Phd from University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1989, 429 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9007575
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The Politics of New Drug Approvals in the United States and Great Britain by Ceccoli, Stephen Joseph, Phd from Washington University, 1998, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9834780
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The Prediction of Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Public High School Students in a Selected Louisiana Parish by Walker, Graydon David, Edd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1996, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9638555
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The Preparation of Ion Pairs for Potential Enhancement of Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System by Sandborn, Richard, Msc from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 2003, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ81118
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The Pure Food, Drink, and Drug Crusaders, 1879-1906 by Goodwin, Lorine Swainston, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1996, 508 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9713222
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The Relationship between Drug Use, Drug Sales and Non-drug Related Criminal Behavior in a National Sample of Youth by Kaplan, Mitchell Alan, Phd from City University of New York, 1987, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8801724
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The Relationship between the Preferred Drug of Abuse and the Ego Development of the Abuser by Pingalore, Mary Ann, Phd from Boston College, 1982, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8213228
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The Relationship of Self-esteem, Sex, Age, and Attitudes about Drug Use to the Use of Drugs by Held, Nancy Ruth, Edd from University of Nevada, Reno, 1989, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9011423
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The Role and Influence of Family Versus Peer Group on Drug-taking Behavior among Treatment Adolescents at Central Ohio Mental Health Clinic and Guidance Center in Delaware, Ohio by Pajuhesh, Shahpour Mashallah, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1980, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100216
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The Role of Inert Filler Particles in Controlling Release Rates from Electrorheological Drug Delivery Systems by Nutalapati, Siva Rama Krishna, Phd from Long Island University, the Brooklyn Center, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086806
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The Sanctioning of Drug Offenders: Social Change and the Social Organization of Drug Law Enforcement, 1963-76 by Peterson, Ruth Delois, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1983, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8306691
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The School Counselor in a Comprehensive Drug Education Program: a Comparative Study of the Knowledge and Attitudes of Secondary School Students and of School Counselors toward Drugs by Ognibene, Gerald Loretto, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1971, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7122517
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The Social Construction of Leisure for Illegal Recreational Drug Users by Stiefvater, Robert Evan, Jr., Red from Indiana University, 1996, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9724514
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The Social Support Networks of Street Drug Abusers by Fraser, Mark William, Phd from University of Washington, 1981, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8212534
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The Social World of Injection Drug Users and the Adoption of Aids Preventative Practices (immune Deficiency, Drug Addiction) by Connors, Margaret Mary, Phd from University of Massachusetts, 1993, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9329586
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The Stabilization of Drugs in Liposomes Theory and Practice by Habib, Muhammad J; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41073
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The State, Social Policy, and Drug Testing: an Analysis of the Drug Testing Policy in the United States and Puerto Rico by Hernandez, Blanca Elia, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1991, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9202558
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The Substance Use Habits and the Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Drug Testing of Lynchburg City Schools' High School Athletes (virginia) by Walker, John Charles, Edd from University of Virginia, 1992, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9304137
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The U.s. Prescription Drug Delivery System: a Comparative Analysis of Policy Options by Giaquinta, Gerald James, Phd from University of Southern California, 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1286246
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The Use of Drugs by Children Ages 8-12 in an Inner City Elementary School of a Northeastern Metropolis by Romero De Alvarez, Lydia, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1988, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8824420
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The War on Drugs and Displacement of Prison Admissions (texas, Inmates) by Huang, Shihlung, Phd from Sam Houston State University, 1996, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627191
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The War on Drugs and the Black Female: Testing the Impact of the Sentencing Policies for Crack Cocaine on Black Females in the Federal System by Bush-baskette, Stephanie Regina; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - Newark, 2000, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9967091
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The War on Drugs in Brooklyn, New York: Street-level Drug Markets and the Tactical Narcotics Team by Curtis, Richard Stetson, Phd from Columbia University, 1996, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706838
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The War on Drugs in Brooklyn, New York: Street-level Drug Markets and the Tactical Narcotics Team by Curtis, Richard Stetson, Phd from Columbia University, 1996, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706838
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The Worker, the Firm, and the Decision to Use Drugs (productivity, Workplace Drug Policy) by Hoyt, Gail Mitchell, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1992, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9315532
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The Worker, the Firm, and the Decision to Use Drugs (productivity, Workplace Drug Policy) by Hoyt, Gail Mitchell, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1992, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9315532
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Therapeutic Aspects of a Pentecostal Church on Alcohol and Drug Abusers by Womack, Sheila Ann, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1980, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100984
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Therapeutic Communities: a Family-centered Approach to Drug Addiction by Brieland, Christine Grant, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1983, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8324515
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'this Is Your Brain on Drugs': the Public Policy of Anti-drug Programming. an Exploratory Analysis of Media and Other Sources of Drug Information for Adolescents by Patterson, Valerie Elaine Lyles, Phd from Florida International University, 1995, 266 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9601813
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Three-part Disharmony: the Transformation of the Food and Drug Administration in the 1970s by Troetel, Barbara Resnick, Phd from City University of New York, 1996, 418 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630515
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Trends, Predictors, and Associations of Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents by Ding, Kele; Phd from Indiana University, 2000, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9981060
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Undercover Drug Policing: an Interactionist Perspective by Jacobs, Bruce Abel, Phd from University of Southern California, 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2117075
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Urban-rural Immigration: Race, Drugs and Community Change in Rural Pennsylvania by Butto, Anthony Gene, Dsw from University of Pennsylvania, 1994, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9427408
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Violent and Nonviolent Incarcerated Juveniles and Alcohol and Drug Use by Michie, Ida Christina, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1993, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9413558
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Wheeling and Dealing: an Ethnography of an Upper-level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community by Adler, Patricia Ann, Phd from University of California, San Diego, 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2454181
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Women Addicted to Alcohol and Drugs the Recovery Process by Hulbert, Joan; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL23565
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'you Get What You Copay For': the Influence of Patient Copayments on the Demand for Drugs Within a Therapeutic Class. the Case of the Statins by Esposito, Domenico, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093539
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Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use: the Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of High School Football Players (steroid Use, Drug Education) by Lowcock, Phillip Wayne, Phd from University of Kansas, 1992, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9323032
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Analysis of Four Teaching Approaches and Their Effects on Drug Knowledge, Behavior Knowledge, and Developmental Attitudes toward Drugs among Seventh Grade Science Students by Duncan, David, Phd from Kent State University, 1979, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8007302
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Analysis of Four Teaching Approaches and Their Effects on Drug Knowledge, Behavior Knowledge, and Developmental Attitudes toward Drugs among Seventh Grade Science Students by Duncan, David, Phd from Kent State University, 1979, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8007302
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Analyzing the Texas War on Drugs during 1980-1989 and Its Impact upon the Texas Criminal Justice System from an Open Systems Perspective by Bodapati, Madhava Rao, Phd from Sam Houston State University, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9333583
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Assessing Organizational Effectiveness: the Impact of Drug Court Processes on Offender Behavior Change by Senjo, Scott Robert, Phd from Florida Atlantic University, 1998, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903608
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Assessing the Relationship between Drug Use and Serious Violence: a Multi-causal Approach by Kuhns, Joseph Bernard, Iii; Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 2000, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9967706
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Assessment of Antithrombotic Drugs in Vivo and Ex Vivo by Buchanan, Michael R; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37940
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Association between Ion Movements, Electrical Events and the Actions of Drugs on the Isolated Rat Myometrium by Hodgson, Barrie John; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09364
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Asymmetric Information, Agency Problems, and Advertising: Empirical Essays on the Prescription Drug Market by Iizuka, Toshiaki; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2001, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024150
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Attitudes and Behaviors towards the Use of Illicit Drugs As Identified by Military and Non-military Secondary Students in Selected School Districts in Education Service Center-region 20 in San Antonio, Texas by Siller, Gail Eastland, Phd from Texas A&m University, 2003, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088184
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Attitudes of Saudi Arabian Administrators, Teachers, Students, and Police Officials on Drug Education Curricula for Use in Saudi Arabia by Al-sarra, Mohammed Hassan, Edd from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3081748
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Attitudes of Selected Secondary School Students toward Drugs and Drug Use. by Kudela, Raphael Martin, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1974, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7512102
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Attitudes Toward, and Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs by College Students: Implications for Educational Intervention by Blackwood, Roy Ellis, Phd from Cornell University, 1981, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8119469
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Beliefs about Folk Medicine As Related to Compliance with Drug Instructions among Latinos with Epilepsy (medical Anthropology) by Power, Ann Marie, Phd from United States International University, 1991, 345 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9209754
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Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Curriculum Development in a Preschool Devoted to Children Who Have Been Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine and Other Dangerous Drugs (drug Exposure) by Saudi, Jamila Karima, Phd from Stanford University, 1995, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9602953
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Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Intravascular Drug Delivery by Zweers, Miechel Lambertus Theodorus, Dr from Universiteit Twente (the Netherlands), 2003, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f113713
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Biological Standardization of Drugs before 1928 by Stechl, Peter, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1969, 327 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6916991
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Biopharmaceutical Evaluation of Microcrystalline Chitosan As Release-ratecontrolling Hydrophilic Polymer in Granules for Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery by Sakkinen, Mia Susanna, Phd from Helsingin Yliopisto (finland), 2003, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f297009
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Blood Money: Stress, Drug Use and the Nursing Profession by Masters, Jeanne Ann M., Phd from City University of New York, 1995, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605629
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Blood Money: Stress, Drug Use and the Nursing Profession by Masters, Jeanne Ann M., Phd from City University of New York, 1995, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605629
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Cardiovascular Responsiveness to Autonomic Drugs and Carotid Occlusion Following Alteration of Cardiac Histamine Levels by Currie, Roderick Byron Currie; Advdeg from University of Guelph (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09028
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A Case Study: Strategies, Skills, and Techniques Educators Will Need in Teaching Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs As They Approach Kindergarten and Formal Education (prenatal Drug Exposure) by Donahue, Carol Pearson, Edd from University of La Verne, 1994, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9501189
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A Case Study: Strategies, Skills, and Techniques Educators Will Need in Teaching Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs As They Approach Kindergarten and Formal Education (prenatal Drug Exposure) by Donahue, Carol Pearson, Edd from University of La Verne, 1994, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9501189
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A Comparative Analysis of the Attitude toward Drugs of Selected Junior High School Students by Rucker, Arnold L., Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1972, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7232036
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A Comparative Study of Drug Knowledge, Attitudes toward Drugs, and Use of Drugs among Twelfth-grade Students in Class I, Ii, and Iii Schools in Western Montana. by Whiddon, Thomas Roney, Jr., Edd from University of Montana, 1975, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7526200
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A Comparative Study of Drug Knowledge, Attitudes toward Drugs, and Use of Drugs among Twelfth-grade Students in Class I, Ii, and Iii Schools in Western Montana. by Whiddon, Thomas Roney, Jr., Edd from University of Montana, 1975, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7526200
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A Comparison of Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Drugs among Students in Grades Seven, Eight, and Nine in Selected Mississippi Public Schools. by Dungee, Darlene Washington, Edd from Mississippi State University, 1975, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7600074
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A Comparison of the Adoption of Newly Marketed Prescription Drugs in the United Kingdom and the United States by Cannon, Gillian Margaret; Phd from Temple University, 1999, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9938652
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A Comparison of the Expressed Attitudes toward Drugs and the Use of Drugs of Senior High School Students in an Inner-city Public High School and High School Seniors Nationwide by Smith, Mildred Marie Owens, Edd from Saint Louis University, 1987, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715093
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A Descriptive and Psychological Analysis of Alcohol and Other Drug Attitudes and Use among Adolescents with Physical Disabilities (alcohol Attitudes) by Kessler, Deborah Jean Treaster, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1993, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9411988
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A Descriptive Exploratory Analysis of Corrupt Drug Enforcement Agents and Their Careers in Corruption by Jones, June Werdlow, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1997, 589 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9808621
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A Drug and Alcohol Prevention Program in Elementary Schools (drug Prevention, Student Assistance Program) by Kustera, Rita Veronica, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1994, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9424529
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A Guide for Secondary School Teachers and Students for the Understanding of the Sociology, Psychology and Pharmacology of Drug Use with Special Emphasis on the Common Hallucinogenic Drugs. by Sanders, Lowell Bruce, Edd from University of Florida, 1973, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7410083
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A History of America's Drug Culture, 1865-1965 (addiction) by Jonnes, Jill, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1992, 377 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9229339
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A Limited Enterprise: the History of International Efforts to Control Drugs in the Twentieth Century by Mcallister, William Brian, Phd from University of Virginia, 1996, 608 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9708577
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A Mechanism for the Biliary Secretion of Acidic Drugs in the Rat by Bailey, David G; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19678
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A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Adolescent Drug Use and Family Environment by Li, Shinliang; Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1999, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9946560
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A Multitrait-multimethod Model of Adolescent Deviance, Drug Use, Academic and Sexual Behaviors (academic Behaviors) by Tildesley, Elizabeth Anne, Phd from University of Oregon, 1992, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9305240
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A Pastoral Response to Dependency on Prescribed Drugs in Women by Mckeever, Bridget Clare, Phd from School of Theology at Claremont, 1983, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8316121
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A Phenomenological Study of Normality and Deviancy: Deciphering the Drug Issues in the United Arab Emirates by Albaher, Muna Juman, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1997, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9801631
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A Qualitative Study of How Administrators Can Help Fight Drug Use, According to High School Students by Jones, Diane Boshell, Phd from The University of Alabama, 1998, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9831330
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A Social History of Drug Smuggling in Florida by Dye, Roy Thomas, Phd from The Florida State University, 1998, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9829405
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A Sociological Examination of Illicit Prescription Drug Use among Pharmacists by Dabney, Dean Alan, Phd from University of Florida, 1997, 280 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9824047
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A Sociological Investigation of Factors Related to Hiv Risk Behaviors among Puerto Rican Injection Drug Users in New York and Puerto Rico (immune Deficiency) by Andia, Jonny Freddy; Phd from City University of New York, 2000, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9986299
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'a Solid Dose of Accurate Information': America's Unfilled Drug Advertising Prescription (prescription Drugs, Advertising Law, Fda) by Charisse, Marc Stevenson, Phd from University of Washington, 1992, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9312664
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A Study of Relationships between Drug Abuse Education and Attitudes toward Six Classes of Abused Drugs by Johnson, David Pittman, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1972, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7319765
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A Study of Selected Behavioral and Contextual Variables As Related to Peer Pressure and Adolescent Drug Use by Heard, Elizabeth Dedman, Phd from Georgia State University, 1988, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8814339
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A Study of Student, Teacher and Administrative Attitudes and Information Regarding Drugs and Drug Abuse in Selected Up-state New York Schools by Dunigan, Jay T., Edd from State University of New York at Albany, 1972, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7231765
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A Study of Student, Teacher and Administrative Attitudes and Information Regarding Drugs and Drug Abuse in Selected Up-state New York Schools by Dunigan, Jay T., Edd from State University of New York at Albany, 1972, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7231765
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A Study of the Relationship of the Use of Various Drugs to the Visual-motor Performance of College Students by Antone, Eugene Joseph, Jr., Edd from Oregon State University, 1972, 315 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7227619
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A Study of the Social Behaviors of Young Children Exposed to Crack Cocaine before Birth (prenatal Drug Exposure) by Kostell, Patricia Hoffman, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1993, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9410018
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A Study of Uses of Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Cigarettes in Connecticut Communitytechnical Colleges (drugs) by Kinane, Katherine Lakness, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1992, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9326214
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A Study to Determine the Increase in Knowledge of Drugs and Drug Abuse by Fourth-graders As a Result of the 'here's Looking at You Two' Drug and Alcohol Abuse Education Curriculum by Mahaffey, James Michael, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1988, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8910267
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A Study to Determine the Increase in Knowledge of Drugs and Drug Abuse by Fourth-graders As a Result of the 'here's Looking at You Two' Drug and Alcohol
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A Trend Analysis of Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Kansas Rural Youth (alcohol Use, Rural Education) by Almquist, Sherry Sue, Phd from Kansas State University, 1995, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614246
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A War on Drugs: a Rhetorical Critique of Ronald Reagan's Drug Policy Discourse (reagan, Ronald) by Wastyn, Ronald Oscar, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1994, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9508288
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Actions of Hormones and Drugs on Cellular Particies by Pang, David Cheloy; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07305
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Acute and Chronic Metabolic Interactions of Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Drugs by Siemens, Albert John; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22365
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Addiction Treatment: the Policy of Separate Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Services by Camp, Joy Mary, Phd from Brandeis U., the F. Heller Grad. Sch. for Adv. Stud. in Soc. Wel., 1982, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222728
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Adolescent Substance Abusers and Nonabusers: Self-descriptions and Applications for Drug Education Programs by Dunn, John Thomas, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418866
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Adult Drug Use in Illinois: a Contextual Analysis of the Effects of Compositional and Ecological Factors on Individual Behavior by Bell, Ralph, Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, 1981, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8120558
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African Spiritual World-view: Its Impact on Alcohol and Other Drug Use by Senior Secondary School Students in Ghana by Ghunney, Joseph Kow, Phd from Loyola College in Maryland, 1994, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9422903
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Alcohol and Drug Awareness, Attitudes and Use among Gifted and Talented Students by Andrews, Donna, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1994, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9427660
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Alcohol and Other Drug Attitudes and Use among Deaf and Hearing-impaired Adolescents: a Psychosocial Analysis by Kafer, Linda L., Phd from The Ohio State University, 1993, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9325522
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Alcohol and Other Drug Attitudes and Use among Suburban Fifth and Sixth-grade Students (fifth-grade, Alcohol Attitudes, Primary Prevention) by Ross, James Patrick, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1991, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9201745
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Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Life Satisfaction among Intramural Sport Participants by Lindsey, Robert Russell; Phd from University of Florida, 2000, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9984454
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Alcohol Consumption and Drug Use among Former Major League Baseball Players by Mahoney, Michael Paul, Edd from Temple University, 2002, 355 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040341
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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Attitudes and Use among Adolescents with Severe Behavioral Handicaps by Quaranta, Joseph John, Iii, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1997, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9813335
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Allocation of Law Enforcement Resources, Spillovers, and the Illicit Drug Market (drug War) by Sollars, David Lindsey, Phd from The Florida State University, 1991, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123539
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An Analysis of the Relationship among Selected Attitudinal, Demographic, Behavioral, and Sociocultural Variables and the Self-reported Drug Use Behaviors of Various School-based Populations of Pennsylvania Adolescents (intention, Drugs) by Wolford, Cynthia Anne, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1985, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516118
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An Analysis of the Relationship between Alienation and the Use of Mind-altering Drugs by Students Residing in Campus Residence Halls. by Romine, Ray Sidney, Phd from University of Oregon, 1972, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7307950
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An Analysis of the Relationships among Selected Attitudinal, Demographic, and Behavioral Variables and the Self-reported Intent to Use and Actual Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs by Adolescents with Learning Disabilities (alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, Middle S by Rodeheffer, Beverly Pinder, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9612266
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An Analysis of the Relationships among Selected Attitudinal, Demographic, and Behavioral Variables and the Self-reported Intent to Use and Actual Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs by Adolescents with Learning Disabilities (alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, Middle S by Rodeheffer, Beverly Pinder, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9612266
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An Analytical and Descriptive Study of a Communication Campaign against Drugs in Saudi Arabia (antidrug Campaign) by Al Beshr, Mesfer, Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1990, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9101092
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An Appraisal of the Hallucinogenic Drugs from the Standpoint of a Christian Personagapeic Ethic by Provonsha, Jack Wendell, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1967, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6810533
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An Assessment of the Effects of Psychoactive Drugs and Electrical Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area on the Stimulus Properties of Amphetamine by Druhan, Jonathan Peter; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50746
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An Economic Analysis of Generic Drug Substitution by Salehi, Hossein, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1988, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8826028
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An Economic Analysis on Recidivism among Drug Offenders by Kim, Iljoong, Phd from The Florida State University, 1990, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9024097
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An Empirical Examination of Competing Theories of Drug Use by Dull, R. Thomas, Phd from Sam Houston State University, 1981, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8126076
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An Empirical Investigation into the Impact of Adverse Selection, Screening, and Moral Hazard on the Demand for Medicare Supplemental Insurance and Prescription Drugs by the Elderly (pennsylvania) by Neslusan, Cheryl Ann, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1994, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9428169
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An Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Drug Use among Disciplined and Nondisciplined Nurses in Missouri (alcohol Use) by Bugle, Linda Walker, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1991, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230736
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An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the San Antonio Police Department Drug Abuse Resistance Education (d.a.r.e.) Program (texas) by Silfen, Roberta Dawn, Edd from Texas A&m University, 1991, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9206451
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An Examination of Drug Testing of Student-athletes in Ncaa Division Ia (national Collegiate Athletic Association) by Elmore, Sandra J., Edd from West Virginia University, 1989, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9004384
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An Examination of the Demographic, Mental Health, and Social Role Correlates of Adult Drug Use by Crutchfield, Robert Douglas, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1980, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8018868
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An Examination of the Demographic, Mental Health, and Social Role Correlates of Adult Drug Use by Crutchfield, Robert Douglas, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1980, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8018868
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An Examination of the Historical Development of Drug Abuse Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Education in the City of Detroit: Educational and Sociological Implications by Sall, James Franklin, Phd from Wayne State University, 1982, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8216165
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An Experimental Investigation of Assertion Training As a Drug Abuse Prevention Strategy by Williams, John Myers, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1980, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8024507
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An Exploration of Patterns of Drug Use and of the Effectiveness of a Substance Abuse Prevention Program According to Adolescents' Level of Academic Achievement by Bennett, Gary T., Phd from University of Kentucky, 1995, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9507112
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An Exploratory Study of Consumer, Community Pharmacist, and Physician Attitudes and Comprehension of Direct-to-consumer Prescription Drug Advertising by Stavchansky, Liza Esther; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9983347
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An Exploratory Study of Consumer, Community Pharmacist, and Physician Attitudes and Comprehension of Direct-to-consumer Prescription Drug Advertising by Stavchansky, Liza Esther; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9983347
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An Exploratory Study of Family Structure and Drug Trafficking among 11-17 Year Old Public Housing Residents (eleven-year-old, Seventeen-year-old) by Okundaye, Joshua Nosakhare, Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1996, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627114
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An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Commercial Television's Advertising of Over-the-counter Drugs and Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse among Selected College Students by Martin, Chorsie Ezel, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1981, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122653
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An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Commercial Television's Advertising of Over-the-counter Drugs and Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse among Selected College Students by Martin, Chorsie Ezel, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1981, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122653
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An Intense Study by Interview of Methadone Treated African-american Patients (methadone Treatment, Drug Addiction) by Hodges, James Elmer, Phd from The Union Institute, 1991, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9217640
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An Interpersonal Approach to Substance Abuse (women, Incarceration, Drug Abuse) by Sandor, Colleen, Phd from The University of Utah, 1996, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9619227
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An Inventory of Alcohol and Drug Practices and Milieu of Dui Offenders with a Special Emphasis upon Older Offenders by Vander Mey, Brenda J., Phd from Mississippi State University, 1984, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8415750
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An Investigation into the Role of Religious Experience and Commitment As a Therapeutic Factor in the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Selected Drug Addicts from Teen Challenge: a Follow-up Study by Peters, Tena Katie, Phd from New York University, 1980, 319 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017521
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Causal Models of Adolescent Drug Use in Arizona and Utah (delinquency, Differential Association Theory, Deviance, High School Students, Control Theory) by Marcos, Anastasios C., Phd from Brigham Young University, 1985, 339 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603364
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Change in Factual Knowledge and Reported Use of Illicit Drugs Resulting from the Viewing of a Motion Picture. by Sohn, Mark Fohs, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1975, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7618840
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Changes in the Marijuana Drug Scene over the Span of the War on Drugs (howard S. Becker) by Hallstone, Michael Scott; Phd from University of Hawaii, 2000, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968028
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Changes in the Marijuana Drug Scene over the Span of the War on Drugs (howard S. Becker) by Hallstone, Michael Scott; Phd from University of Hawaii, 2000, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968028
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Characteristics of American Nurses and Nursing Which May Contribute to Nurses Diverting Drugs from Patients (stealing, Chemical Dependency) by Strom-paikin, Joyce Elizabeth, Phd from Saybrook Institute, 1995, 367 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9601224
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Characteristics of American Nurses and Nursing Which May Contribute to Nurses Diverting Drugs from Patients (stealing, Chemical Dependency) by Strom-paikin, Joyce Elizabeth, Phd from Saybrook Institute, 1995, 367 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9601224
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Christian Coalition Building: for Addressing the Community Issue of Drug Prevention and Intervention by Henderson, Freddie Todd, Dmin from Drew University, 1998, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9906976
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Classifying the Failure of America's Drug War: a Policy Analysis That Investigates Government's Most Severe Form of Regulation by Reed, Rex Randall, Phd from University of Nevada, Reno, 1997, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9816993
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Combined Modeling and Experimental Approaches for the Rational Design of Intratumoral Drug Delivery Systems by Qian, Feng , Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 2003, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092025
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Comparison of Juvenile Delinquents' and Counselors' Perceptions of Reasons for Drug Abuse by Dugan, Mary Jane, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1991, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129209
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Competition in Post-patent Prescription Drug Markets by Koenig, Lane, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1999, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9925814
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Complement and Substitute Effects of Prescription Drug Insurance on Medicare Covered Services by Powell, Melanie Paige, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097028
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Consumer Choice and Fda Drug Regulation by Gieringer, Dale Hubbard, Phd from Stanford University, 1984, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8420533
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Consumers' Risk Perceptions of Over-the-counter Drug Products: Concept and Measure Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods by Sangasubana, Nisaratana, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3101428
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Controlling Drugs in the Welfare State: United States Drug Policy in Comparative and Historical Perspective by Benoit, Ellen F.; Phd from New York University, 2000, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9985229
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Controlling Drugs in the Welfare State: United States Drug Policy in Comparative and Historical Perspective by Benoit, Ellen F.; Phd from New York University, 2000, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9985229
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Coping Behaviors and Drug Use among Fifth- and Sixth-grade Students by Wallom, Barbara Lynne Logan; Dsn from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2000, 444 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9982666
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Cre-binding Transcription Factors Mediate Distinct Effects of Antidepressant Drugs in the Brain by Conti, Alana Caroline, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087387
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Crime, an Illegal Drug Market, and the Economy: Three Essays on Several Causes and Consequences of Criminal Activity by Willis, Michael Scott; Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9982173
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Critical Rhetoric and the Issue of Drug Control: a Rhetorical Commentary on Contemporary Discourse in the American War on Drugs by Elwood, William Norelli, Phd from Purdue University, 1992, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9313978
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Curricular Implications for Parent Drug Awareness-action Education Programs (abuse, Prevention) by Harvey, Linda Overstreet, Phd from Georgia State University, 1985, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604314
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Customer Service in a Channel of Distribution: the Case of the Manufacturer Wholesaler - Chain Drug Retailer Channel in the Prescription Drug Industry by Tucker, Frances Gaither, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1980, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100270
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Daily Drug Doses, Stages of Drug Therapy, and Hospitalization with an Adverse Drug Event among Elderly Psychotropic Prescription Medication Users by Paulose, Ryne A.; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2000, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9982385
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Decision-making Attitudes among Suburban Fifth and Sixth-grade Students (suburban Students, Fifth-grade, Drug Education) by Vidmar, Shirley Huston, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1992, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227395
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Democracy, Drugs, and War: a Theoretical Analysis of American Drug Control Policy, 1900 to 2011 by Vick, Dwight Harold, Dpa from Arizona State University, 1997, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738340
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Determining the Predicted Order of Drug Use from College Students' Reported Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs by Barnes, Michael Dean, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1993, 372 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9403052
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Development and Evaluation of a Strategy to Combat Illegal Drugs: a Case Study of the Process Used in Charlottesville, Virginia (community Drug Programs, Drugs) by Langford, Edith A., Phd from University of Virginia, 1991, 321 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9221108
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Development of Confirmatory Methods and Disposition of Some Veterinary Drugs in Food by De Ruyck, Hendrik, Dr from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (belgium), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f7137
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Development of Field-adapted Analytical Methods for the Determination of New Antimalarial Drugs in Biological Fluids by Lindegardh, Niklas Per Jens, Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f91345
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Development of Multiple-unit Oral Formulations for Colon-specific Drug Delivery Using Enteric Polymers and Organic Acids As Excipients by Nykanen, Pirjo Sinikka, Phd from Helsingin Yliopisto (finland), 2003, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f296977
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Development of Multiple-unit Oral Formulations for Colon-specific Drug Delivery Using Enteric Polymers and Organic Acids As Excipients by Nykanen, Pirjo Sinikka, Phd from Helsingin Yliopisto (finland), 2003, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f296977
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Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Peer Education Training Program for Proactive Drug Prevention at San Antonio College (texas) by Hoy, Thomas Crawford, Edd from Nova Southeastern University, 1995, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544794
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Developmental Systems Model and Guidelines for Drug Prevention, Education, Monitoring and Counseling for Intercollegiate Athletics by Freitas, Rockne Crowningburg, Edd from University of Hawaii, 1995, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9604149
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Did Pharmaceuticals Have a Cure for the Plague of Asymmetric Information, or Were the 1962 Drug Amendments Efficient? by Stroup, Craig L., Phd from Clemson University, 1996, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9703444
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Did Pharmaceuticals Have a Cure for the Plague of Asymmetric Information, or Were the 1962 Drug Amendments Efficient? by Stroup, Craig L., Phd from Clemson University, 1996, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9703444
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Differences in Attitudes of Public School Students toward Selected Drugs and the Relationship between These Attitudes and Drug Knowledge by Brown, Jim Mack, Phd from University of North Texas, 1971, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7204065
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Differences in Attitudes of Public School Students toward Selected Drugs and the Relationship between These Attitudes and Drug Knowledge by Brown, Jim Mack, Phd from University of North Texas, 1971, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7204065
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Differences in Reported Level of Drug Use Related to Self-concept, School Affiliation and Attitude toward Drugs among Junior High School Students by Ford, Denyce Lavale S., Phd from Howard University, 1982, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311221
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Differential Impact of Copayment on Drug Utilization in the South Carolina Medicaid Program by Reeder, Claiborne Eugene, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1983, 328 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8319279
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Direct-to-consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs and Consumer Prices of Drugs: an Application of the Dual-stage Theory by Kopp, Steven W., Phd from Michigan State University, 1994, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9524961
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Dissemination and Targeting of Anti-drug Psas: an Interplay of Individual Differences and Program Context in a Televised Drug Abuse Prevention Campaign by Dsilva, Margaret Usha, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1993, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418505
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Does D.a.r.e. Make a Difference in Students' Attitudes and Behavior toward the Use of Drugs and Alcohol? by Green, Quintin Bernard; Phd from Georgia State University, 2000, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9977040
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Dope Girls: Gender, Race and Class in the Drug Economy by Maher, Lisa, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - Newark, 1995, 437 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9524562
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Drug Market Precipitators: Situational Dynamics of Open-air Drug Markets in Public Housing by Myhre, Marina L.; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Newark, 2000, 447 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9971496
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Drug Markets and Drug Places: a Case-control Study of the Spatial Structure of Illicit Drug Dealing by Eck, John E., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1994, 450 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9514517
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Drug Use among Freshmen at a Southern Urban University and Their Perceptions of Parental Drug Use (college) by Pearson, Carole Laverne, Phd from Georgia State University, 1985, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604318
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Drug Use and Attitudes toward Drugs of College Freshmen and Their Parents by Stormer, Jay Rockey, Phd from University of Florida, 1972, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7300970
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Drug-related Illness in Older Women: Perceptions of Factors Affecting Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Self-management Practices by Yeo, Maryann Vasko; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1999, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ38516
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Drug-related Illness in Older Women: Perceptions of Factors Affecting Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Self-management Practices by Yeo, Maryann Vasko; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1999, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ38516
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Drugs in Sport: the Development of an Instrument to Determine the Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitudes of College Athletes about Sport-performance Drugs and Sport-coping Drugs by King, Nancy Dunavant, Phd from University of Kansas, 1991, 389 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9210067
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Dynamic Equilibrium in the United States Prescription Drug Market after Patent Expiration by Ching, Andrew Tat Tin; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2000, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9983572
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Early Prediction of Drug Use and Later Drug Use Behavior by Gordon, Lisa Diane, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1992, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9226692
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Economic Analysis of Prescription to Over-the-counter Conversion of Drugs (over the Counter, Food and Drug Administration) by Bae, Jay Patrick, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418851
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Economic Analysis of Prescription to Over-the-counter Conversion of Drugs (over the Counter, Food and Drug Administration) by Bae, Jay Patrick, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418851
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Economic Approaches to the Problem of Acceptable Clinical Risks: the Case of Prescription Drugs and Chronic Rheumatic Disease (clinical Risk, Rheumatoid Arthritis) by O'brien, Bernie J., Phd from Brunel University (united Kingdom), 1990, 385 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX92575
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Economic Models of Drug and Alcohol Control Policy (drug Control Policy, Marijuana, Decriminalization, Productivity) by Model, Karyn Elizabeth, Phd from Harvard University, 1992, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9228248
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Effect of Several Psychoactive Drugs on the Monoamine-containing Neurons of Adult and Developing Rat Brains by Taub, Hillel; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK44157
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Effect of Various Anesthetics and Drugs on Control of Breathing in Cats by Mazzarelli, Mark; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39747
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Effect of Various Drugs on Mouse Striatal Para-hydroxyphenylacetic Acid and Metahydroxyphenylacetic Acid Concentrations by Mcquade, Paul Stuart; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60535
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Effectiveness of a Drug Abuse Primary Prevention Program for High School Students (program Evaluation) by Godley, Mark Dominic, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1984, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8510020
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Effectiveness of Domestic and Foreign Drug Supply Reduction Measures: Perceptions of Federal Agents by Barnard, Donald Wayne; Phd from Capella University, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034478
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Effects of a Leisure Education Program on Attitudes of Adolescent Male Delinquents toward Leisure, Alcohol, and Drug Use (boys) by Hutchinson, Jeanette Agers, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1993, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9407730
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Effects of Ciprofloxacin on Drug P450 Metabolic Pathways in Pigs by Cox, Sherry, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092813
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Effects of Dopaminergic Drugs on an Animal Model for Parkinson's Disease by Robertson, George S; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL56270
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Effects of Drug Plan Eligibility on Prescription Drug Utilization among Ontario and British Columbia Seniors (senior Citizens) by Grootendorst, Paul Vincent, Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1995, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN05839
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Effects of Drugs on Miniature End-plate Currents at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction by Pennefather, Peter; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59162
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Effects of Ions, Drugs and Previous Stimulation on Velocity in Squid Axons by Donati, François; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32780
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Effects of Life-skills Training on Knowledge and Self-reported Drug Use in Catholic High Schools: Three Case Studies by Wilkinson, Deborah Q.; Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2000, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968749
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Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure and Caregiving Environment on Infant Development by Mccullough, Patricia Ann; Phd from The University of Toledo, 1999, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9953952
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Entry of New Drugs and Doctors' Prescriptions by Coscelli, Andrea, Phd from Stanford University, 1998, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9837080
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Epidemiology of Youth Drug Use in Rural Communities: 1987-1989 by Peters, Victoria Jean, Phd from Colorado State University, 1990, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9103454
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Equipping Lay Ministry for Young African-american Males Exposed to the Drug Culture (church Outreach, Boys) by White, Samuel Van, Iii, Dmin from Drew University, 1992, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9229533
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Essays on Efficiency Wages with Applications to Workplace Drug Use and to Racial Discrimination (drug Use) by Garcia, Federico Emilio, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1993, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9323718
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Establishing a Model Student Assistance Program: a Comprehensive Drug Prevention Program for Secondary Schools by Vossen, Lois A., Phd from Saint Louis University, 1989, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9014817
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Evaluating the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (d.a.r.e.): a State-wide Analysis by Ferrell, Ronald G., Phd from The Ohio State University, 1997, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9801686
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Evaluating the Effects of Project Dare in Rural Southeast Minnesota Schools (prevention, Substance Abuse, Drug Education) by Thompson, David Drew, Edd from Drake University, 1993, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9502219
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Examining Curriculum and Noncurriculum Effects of a Middle School-based Drug Prevention Program on Early Adolescent Drug Outcomes by Mulhall, Peter Francis Iii, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1994, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9503278
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Examining Practice, Understanding Experience: Aids Prevention Workers and Injection Drug Users in Vancouver, Canada (british Columbia) by Egan, John Patrick, Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2002, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75012
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Experimental Chemotherapeutic Approaches in Solid Tumor Spheroids of Gastrointestinal Cell Lines Using the Chemotherapeutic Drug Gemcitabine-hcl (gemzar(tm)) and the Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Rofecoxib (vioxx(tm)) by Intrieri, Gino, Ms from Southern Connecticut State University, 2003, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414500
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Exploring a Possible Linkage between Drug Addiction and School Dropouts in a Western Massachusetts Urban School System by Ayerve, Miguel A., Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1988, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8906251
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Family Headship and Drug Addiction among Male Puerto Rican Youths: an Investigation of Quality of Family Life by Puyo, Ana Maria, Phd from Fordham University, 1980, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8012801
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Family Systems and Adolescent Drug Abuse by Volk, Robert Joseph, Phd from Purdue University, 1989, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9008708
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Generic Substitution and Prescription Drug Prices at the Retail Pharmacy by Masson, Alison Keith, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1986, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8718078
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Generic Versus Brand- Name Prescription Drug Choice: an Empirical Characterization of Elderly Consumers' Generic Proneness by Yelkur, Rama, Dba from Mississippi State University, 1995, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9616487
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Grandmothers As Caregivers to Their Grandchildren Born with Positive Toxicological Screenings for Illicit Drugs: Degree of Burden and Their Coping Processes (prenatal Substance Abuse, Drug Exposure, Infant Care) by Perrin, Allison S., Edd from University of San Francisco, 1991, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230591
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Guanidine-based Molecular Transporters for Drug Delivery by Vandeusen, Christopher Loren, Phd from Stanford University, 2003, 378 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085236
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Harriet's Children: a Theological Model of Deliverance for African-american Women Addicted to Drugs or Alcohol by Reynolds, Barbara A., Dmin from United Theological Seminary, 1997, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9830666
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Heroin Gave Me the Wings to Fly but Took Away the Sun: Consumers' View of Drug Policy and Heroin Legalization by Demirjian, Arlene; Dsw from City University of New York, 2001, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024781
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High School Completion, Self-concept and Psychopathology among Black Male Drug Abusers by Barnes, Robert William, Phd from Howard University, 1987, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810954
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High-risk Sexual Behavior and Drug Abuse: a Case Study of Women Who Trade Sex for Crack/cocaine by Ellis, Richard Bernhardt, Phd from Kansas State University, 1997, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9736729
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'hop Heads' and 'hypes': Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada, 1920--1961 by Carstairs, Catherine; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2000, 332 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ53757
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How the United States Army Military Police School Supports the National Drug Control Strategy (drug Law Enforcement) by O'brien, Howard Eugene, Da from George Mason University, 1996, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9632160
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Human Security in Southeast Asia: a Case Study of Illicit Drug Trafficking As a Transnational Threat in Myanmar (burma) by Othman, Zarina, Phd from University of Denver, 2002, 299 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055398
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Identity Transformation in Drug Addiction by Anderson, Tammy L., Phd from The American University, 1991, 377 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9225456
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Illegal Drug Trafficking and Economic Development in Colombia by Molina, Pablo Augusto, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1995, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543674
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Illegal Drug Use among Women in Detention by Miller, Brenda Ann, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1980, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8021974
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'i'm an Addict, but I Ain't No Junkie': an Ethnographic Analysis of the Drug Career of Baby Boomers by Boeri, Miriam Williams, Phd from Georgia State University, 2002, 341 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057016
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Images from the Frontlines: the American Press and the War on Drugs (drug Enforcement, Hegemony) by Hickman, Neal David, Phd from University of California, Riverside, 1995, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9613711
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Industries' Internal Differentiation: Strategic Groups and Their Latent Competitive Dimensions in the Italian and U.s. Prescription Drugs Industries (united States) by Buran, Nino, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1992, 316 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227627
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Initiation, Escalation and Change in Level of Alcohol and Drug Use among Adolescents by Boyle, Christine Marie, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1996, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633677
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Interaction Characteristics of Viral Protease Targets and Inhibitors. Perspectives for Drug Discovery and Development of Model Systems by Shuman, Cynthia F., Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 49 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f97553
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Inverse Agonist Activity of Antipsychotic Drugs at Constitutively Active Mutant Human 5-ht(6) and 5-ht(7) Serotonin Receptors by Purohit, Anil, Phd from Albany Medical College of Union University, 2003, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103367
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Investigation into the Relationship between Drug Use and Career Maturity by Jacobson, Susan Lynn, Phd from University of Kansas, 1990, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9110884
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Law, Medicine and Women's Bodies: the Social Control of Pregnant Drug Users by Noble, Amanda Lucy, Phd from University of California, Davis, 1992, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9232859
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Learning Limits: College Women Constructing Meaning about Drugs in Their Relationships by Williams, Kimberly Margaret, Phd from Syracuse University, 1997, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9820616
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Legal Aspects of Drug Testing in North Carolina Public Schools by Blair, Phyllis Kay, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1994, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9502668
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Linking the Two-worlds of Drug Statistics: Differences in the Non-continuation Patterns of Black and White Drug Users in a General Population by Amey, Cheryl H., Phd from University of Florida, 1997, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9905905
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Liposomes for Drug Delivery: from Physico-chemical Studies to Applications by Bergstrand, Nill Helena, Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f111777
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Miracle Medicine: the Impact of Sulfa Drugs on Medicine, the Pharmaceutical Industry and Government Regulation in the United States in the 1930s by Balis, Andrea Frances; Phd from City University of New York, 2000, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9959161
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Modulation of Coronary Blood Flow in the Isolated Rat Heart by Arachidonic Acid and Drugs Affecting Its Metabolism by Belo, Susan E; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59756
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New Concepts in Administration of Drugs in Tablet Form: Formulation and Evaluation of a Sublingual Tablet for Rapid Absorption, and Presentation of an Individualised Dose Administration System by Bredenberg, Susanne Inga-lill, Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f296913
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Outsmarting the State: a Comparative Case Study of the Learning Capacity of Colombian Drug Trafficking Organizations and Government Drug Enforcement Agencies by Kenney, Michael Clark, Phd from University of Florida, 2002, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056753
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Perceptions of School Environment and Locus of Control As Determinants of Outcome in Three School-based Drug Abuse Prevention Projects by Olton, Andre Lech, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 1982, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8227466
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Personality Patterns, Drugs of Abuse and Drug Treatment: a Repeated Measures Study Using the Mcmi and Tops Intake and Intreatment Data by Flynn, Patrick Michael, Phd from University of Miami, 1982, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8227780
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Pharmaceutical Drug Prices in the International Market by Wong, Eina Vivian, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2003, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096858
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Birds by Baert, Kris, Phd from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (belgium), 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f295633
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Postnatal Manipulations and Vulnerability to Drug Use by Flagel, Shelly Beth, Phd from University of Michigan, 2003, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096094
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Predicting Rehabilitated or Relapsed Status of Malay Drug Addicts in Singapore: the Role of Familial, Individual, Religious, and Social Support Factors by Osman, Mohd Maliki, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1998, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9904555
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis at an Urban Hospital in Uganda by Wajja, Anne Juliet, Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2003, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78244
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Psychosocial and Behavioral Prediction of Drug Use during Adolescence: a Test of the Multiple Risk Factor Hypothesis by Scheier, Lawrence M., Phd from University of Southern California, 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3857300
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Quality of Essential Drugs on the Tanzanian Market: Influence of Tropical Climate on in Vitro Dissolution and Bioavailability by Risha, Peter Gasper, Phd from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (belgium), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f297121
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Race, Drugs and Fin-de-siecle Formations of European Culture (sigmund Freud, Oscar Wilde, James Joyce, Ireland) by Marez, Curtis Frank, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1993, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9430594
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Race, Drugs and Politics: Social Construction of a Prison Nation (california) by Ireland, Connie Marie Stivers, Phd from University of California, Irvine, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082053
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Refining Poison, Defining Power: Medical Authority and the Creation of Canadian Drug Prohibition Laws, 1800-1908 by Malleck, Daniel Joseph, Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1999, 397 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ35974
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Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry: the Impact of Drug Resistance by Kile, Joseph David, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1989, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8923331
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Risk Factors and Drug Use in Suburban Adolescents (suburban Communities) by Zucchi, Elaine C., Phd from City University of New York, 1996, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9618126
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Risk for Increased Alcohol and Drug Use and Related Problems among Female Recipients of Public Assistance by Delva, Jorge, Phd from University of Hawaii, 1996, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9713940
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Semantic Differential Assessment of College Students' Attitudes toward Drug and Alcohol Consumption by Thaxton, Valerie Lynn, Edd from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 1985, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8517402
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Signing for a High: a Study of Alcohol and Drug Use by Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents by Dick, Janet Ellen, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, 1996, 344 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633689
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Sisters in the Hood (black Women, Gangs, Drug Culture) by Burris-kitchen, Deborah, Phd from Western Michigan University, 1995, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9529617
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Smart, Angry and Out of Control: a Study of How Teens with Drug and Alcohol Problems Re-learn School by Amtzis, Alan David, Phd from Boston College, 2003, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103224
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Social and Organizational Influences on the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Nursing Homes by Creedon, Michael A., Dsw from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1979, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003096
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Social Identification and Drugs: an Exploration of the Social Bases of Suburban High School Student Drug Using Behaviour. by Yangyuoru, Yvon, Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 1975, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7514530
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Social Identity, Gender, and the Moral Self: the Impact of Aids on the Intravenous Drug User (immune Deficiency) by Hassin, Jeanette, Phd from The University of Arizona, 1993, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9322646
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Social Interactions and Classroom Behaviors of Young Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs in an Integrated Early Childhood Setting (drug Exposed) by Whitney, Mark Francis, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University and San Diego State University, 1993, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330367
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Social Pathology in Urban America: Desertion, Prostitution, Gambling, Drugs and Crime among Eastern European Jews in New York City between 1881 and World War I by Mensch, Jean Ulitz, Phd from Columbia University, 1983, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8511529
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Social Skills Training As a Deterrent to Entry-level Drug Experimentation among 15 Year Old Adolescents (fifteen Year Old) by Brewer, Linda Cheryl, Ded from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1991, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124705
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Social Tolerance for Drug Use among Junior High School Students in Taipei, Taiwan by Li, San-yi , Phd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1996, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9637786
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Solid Dispersions of Drugs : a Determination of Physical Characteristics and Certain Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Selected Systems by Gidwani, Ram Nanikram; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24036
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Solvent Extraction/flow Injection Analysis for the Assay of Drugs and the Determination of Acidity Constants by Fossey, Lynette P; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67506
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Sources of Drug Information and Drug Use Behavior among Adolescent Students in Region Vi, Texas by Mirzaee, Elaheh, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1989, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015551
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Spatial Variations in Drug Enforcement Policy in the United States: Causes and Consequences, 1984-1989 (asset Forfeiture) by Bunnell, Sheena Singh, Phd from The Florida State University, 1995, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605030
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Specifying a Model for Decision-making in a Population of Misdemeanor Drug Offenders by Hoffmann, Barbara J., Phd from City University of New York, 1998, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9830724
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Status of Alcohol and Drug Education in Oregon Schools by Maritim, Gabriel Kipngeno, Phd from University of Oregon, 1984, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8414859
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Stereoselective Metabolism of Verapamil and Four Other Chiral Drugs by Cdna Expressed Cyp450's by Shen, Lixin, Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2003, 394 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083957
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Storage, Transport and Release of Serotonin and Adenine Nucleotides in Blood Platelets : Modification by Drugs and the Release Reaction by Reimers, Hans-joachim; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38018
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Strategic Pricing of Patented New Drugs (drug Pricing, Skimming) by Lu, Zhong John, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9419087
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Student Drug Awareness, Attitudes and Use and Perceptions of School Climate by Thomson, Brent Lowell, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1991, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9130570
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Student Drug Behavior and Opinions Relevant to Drug Education Program Development by Crowe, James Wilson, Edd from Indiana University, 1980, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016694
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Suburban Students' Awareness, Attitudes, and Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs, Grades 6 Through 12 (sixth-grade, Twelfth-grade, Alcohol Attitudes, Drug Abuse Prevention) by Paulucci, Candace Jean, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1992, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227354
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Taking Aim: Target Populations and the Wars on Drugs and Aids (immune Deficiency) by Donovan, Mark Charles, Phd from University of Washington, 1998, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916646
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Talking about Drugs and Violence in Schools: Dominant Elite National Discourses in a Comparative Perspective by Ehrensal, Patricia Anne Loggia; Edd from Temple University, 2001, 784 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3014428
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Telling Signs of Addiction: Drug Discourses from the Victorians to the Present by Driscoll, Lawrence Victor, Phd from University of Southern California, 1995, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9616953
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The Causes of Drug Usage, Distribution, and Smuggling in Saudi Arabia by Almennaa, Fahad Nasser Abdulaziz, Phd from Washington State University, 1995, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9640164
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The Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer Using Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids) by Elliott, Christopher S., Phd from The Ohio State University, 2003, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088847
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The Criminal Responsibility for Drug Abuse in South Africa by Levin, Alfred, Lld from University of Pretoria (south Africa), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2297685
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The Current Status of Drug and Alcohol Education in Washington State: Factors Which Enhance or Inhibit Its Implementation by Kosterman Schmitz, Judi Marie, Edd from Seattle University, 1987, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8722573
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The Determinants of Psychotropic Drug Prescribing by Cleary, Paul David, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8105266
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The Development and Evaluation of a Full-text Drugs Database: Martindale Online by Reynolds, James E. F., Phd from The City University (london) (united Kingdom), 1987, 360 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX82189
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The Development of a Computerized Psychotropic Drug Reference for Teachers by Balan, Christine Marie, Phd from Kent State University, 1994, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9534473
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The Development of a Drug Use Consequences Checklist for a College Population by Cavendish, John Michael, Edd from West Virginia University, 1983, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8318740
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The Dna Cleavage/ligation Reaction of Human Topoisomerase Iialpha: New Insights into Enzyme Function and Drug Mechanism by Bromberg, Kenneth David, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085751
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The Drug Control Debate: a Comparison of Urban Policies and Results by Kurstswanger, Karel A., Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1997, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716644
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The Drug Issue, 1984-1991: a Time-series Analysis of the Influences of Issues, Events and Agendas (agenda-setting, Public Relations, Time Series) by Gonzenbach, William Joseph, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1992, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9302528
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'the Drug Lady': an Ethnographic Investigation of the Culture of High School Substance Usage by Amiss, Caroline, Phd from Georgia State University, 1987, 413 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711559
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The Drug Problem: a Community's Response to Perceived Danger (volumes I and Ii) by Lieb, John Joseph, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1980, 958 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8021467
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The Drug Wave: Youth and the State in Hamburg, Germany, 1945--1975 by Stephens, Robert Patrick; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2001, 368 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033588
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The Economics of Prescription Drug Advertising by Wosinska, Marta Ewa, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063603
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The Effect of a Relational Drug Education Program on the Degree of Alienation and Attitudes toward Drugs among Junior High School Students. by Brand, Ira, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1976, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7627305
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The Effect of a Relational Drug Education Program on the Degree of Alienation and Attitudes toward Drugs among Junior High School Students. by Brand, Ira, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1976, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7627305
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The Effect of Direct-to-consumer Advertising on Prescription Drug Use among the Insured by Hansen, Richard Aaron, Phd from University of Minnesota, 2003, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098595
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The Effect of Drugs on Students' Learning: a Review of Objective and Subjective Test Performance As Influenced by Centrally Acting Drugs in Kindergarten-college and Institutional Subjects. 1937-1968 by Kupiec, Margaret Comer, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1970, 390 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7108781
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The Effect of Immune Modulating Drugs on Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Drug Metabolism by Peterson, Theresa C; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63772
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The Effect of Immune Modulating Drugs on Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Drug Metabolism by Peterson, Theresa C; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63772
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The Effect of Instruction on Comprehension and Recall of Prescription Drug Label Information in Older Adults (patient Education, Medication Instruction) by Daniv, Maria Kostyniuk, Phd from Wayne State University, 1992, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9310641
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The Effect of Psychosocial Typological Factors on Treatment Outcome of Drug Addicts and Alcoholics in Combined Vs Separate Treatment by Beidler, Robert James, Dsw from University of Pennsylvania, 1980, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8108252
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The Effect of Self-regulation on the Ethical Conduct of Tv Drug Advertising - 1973 to 1983 (over-the-counter, Commercials, Regulatory, Otc) by Bartone, Nicholas Michael, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1986, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8610470
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The Effectiveness of an Adolescent Rehabilitation Program for Alcohol and Other Drug Addictions in a San Francisco Hospital: a Five-year Follow-up Study (addictions) by Marzen, Timothy John, Phd from Golden Gate University, 1990, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9034655
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The Effectiveness of Varying Levels of Physically and Socially Threatening Fear Appeals in a Drug Prevention Context (public Service Announcements, Threatening Messages) by Schoenbachler, Denise D., Phd from University of Kentucky, 1992, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9310494
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The Effects of a Drug Education Program on Drug Use and Drug Attitudes among College Athletes (student-athletes) by Damm, John Edward, Edd from West Virginia University, 1990, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121857
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The Effects of a Drug Education Program on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Sixthgrade Students by White, Carole Leverette, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1990, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120296
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The Effects of Affective and Confluent Drug Education on Risk-taking Attitudes of Inner City Eighth Grade Students by Bray, Gladys Whitworth, Phd from The Catholic University of America, 1982, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222387
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The Effects of an Experiential-based Prevention Education Program on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Knowledge, and Social Attitudes and Skills of First-time Offender, Non-adjudicated Youth by Vasquez, Linda Marie; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2000, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3000261
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The Effects of Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Clinical Signs, Milk Production, and Mammary Epithelial Cells in Cows with Endotoxin-induced Mastitis by Wagner, Sarah Anderson, Phd from Iowa State University, 2003, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085951
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The Effects of At-risk Status on a Student's Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Concerning Drugs and Alcohol, Self-esteem, Peer Pressure, and Sensation-seeking Tendencies (at Risk) by Hope, Linda Ruth, Edd from University of Kansas, 1993, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9405747
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The Effects of Calcium-channel Blocking Drugs on the Sympathetic Nerves of the Rat an in Vitro and in Vivo Study by Chaudhry, Archana; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22521
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The Effects of Cholinergic Drugs on Operant Behaviour of the Rat by Mckim, William A; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12003
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The Effects of Drug Regulation and the Scope for Political Influence (pharmaceutical Industry, Regulation) by Olson, Mary Kathryn, Phd from Stanford University, 1991, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9205697
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The Effects of Locally Developed Drug Education on Student Attitudes and Drug Use (dare) by Taranowski, Chester Joseph, Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, 1994, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9426672
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The Effects of Neuroleptic Drugs on Learning and Motor Behavior in Human Subjects by Cutmore, Tim R. H; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40430
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The Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure on the Development of Self-regulatory Functioning in Young Children by Fahy, Thomas Michael, Psyd from University of Hartford, 2003, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073299
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DRUGS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and drugs.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Drugs The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on drugs: •
Array of drugs tames hypertension. Lessening the pressure. Source: Kurtzweil, P FDA-Consum. 1999 Jul-August; 33(4): 18-23 0362-1332
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Avoiding a heart attack: diet, drugs or both? Author(s): Harvard School of Public Health. Source: Sacks, F. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (Jan-February 1997). volume 24(1) page 4-7. cholesterol diet treatment drug therapy heart diseases 0885-7792
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Cholesterol drugs: should you be taking one? Source: Anonymous Consum-Repage 1998 October; 63(10): 54-5 0010-7174
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Controlling blood pressure without drugs. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1998 April 20; 4(5): 6 1081-5880
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Dairy drugs. Source: Mason, J. Veg-Times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Times. June 1990. (154) page 50-56, 58. ill. 0164-8497
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Diet drugs often used inappropriately. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2001 April; 7(4): 8 1081-5880
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Dietary prescription for 25 common drugs. Source: Walsh, J. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (April 1993). volume 16(4) page 2. drugs diet 0893-4452
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Do the new flu drugs measure up? Source: Barza, M Health-News. 1999 November 20; 5(14): 3 1081-5880
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Drugs in disguise. Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (May 1985). volume50(5) page 276-279. drugs risk consumer protection 0010-7174
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Drugs of the deep. Treasures of the sea yield some medical answers and hint at others. Source: Henkel, J FDA-Consum. 1998 Jan-February; 32(1): 30-3 0362-1332
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FDA OK's two drugs for irritable bowel syndrome. The arsenal of IBS drugs is growing, but diagnosis is tricky. Author(s): Section of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Horwitz, B J Health-News. 2002 October; 8(10): 1-2 1081-5880
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Foods, drugs, or frauds? Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (May 1985). volume50(5) page 275. consumer protection risk 0010-7174
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Fruit juice makes antirejection drug more potent. Source: Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1995). volume 18(8) page 3. grapefruits fruit juices immune response transplantation drugs 0893-4452
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Going metric: American foods and drugs measure up. Source: Randal, J. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. Sept 1994. volume 28 (7) page 23-26. 03621332
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High blood pressure. Lifestyle changes replace drugs for some. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 1998 May; 23(7): 5 1052-1577
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Ilya Raskin. Probing the roots of plant-based drugs. Source: Tangley, L US-News-World-Repage 2000 January 3-10; 128(1): 63 0041-5537
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Lothian's Community Drug Problem Service--a brief history of sex, drugs & HIV. Author(s): Royal Edinburgh Hospital, UK. Source: Jamieson, F Nutr-Health. 1995; 10(3): 203-7 0260-1060
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New drug label spells it out simply. Source: Walker, K.Z. O'Dea, K. Nicholson, G.C. Muir, J.G. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. July/August 1999. volume 33 (4) page 29-32. 0362-1332
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On call. I don't trust the claims of all the new herbal drugs and products. Many claim to be clinically proven. What does that mean? Is this valid scientific research? If not, why are such claims tolerated by the medical world? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 August; 7(1): 8 1089-1102
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On call. Last week I received a mailing from a Canadian company that did not support American drugs like Hytrin and Proscar in dealing with enlarged prostates. There were about 30 testimonials in favor of its product. The company says that zinc is an essential ingredient to shrink the prostate. It further states the need for pyridoxine and certain amino acids, Serenoa, repens (saw palmetto), serrulata, Panax extract, and hydrangea extract. Comments from various European magazines are also cited. Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 April; 4(9): 8 1089-1102
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Pharmacologic basis of drug-nutrient interaction related to drug abuse during pregnancy. Source: Enig, M.G. Nutrition-today (USA). (Nov-December 1987). volume 6(6) page 235243. women pregnancy pharmacology 0029-666X
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Preventing type 2 diabetes: lifestyle changes work better than drugs. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2002 April; 8(4): 6 1081-5880
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Recreational drugs: just the facts. Source: Campbell, R.K. Meyer, C.A. Diabetes-Forecast. New York : American Diabetes Association. Mar/April 1986. volume 39 (2) page 22-26. ill. 0095-8301
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Taking St. John's wort with other drugs can be trouble. Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2001 September; 19(9): 4 0741-6245
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Treating hot flashes with drugs. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2000 August; 7(12): 7 1070-910X
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Whose drugs are they, anyhow? Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (March 1985). volume 50(3) page 170-172. penicillins tetracyclines feed additives antibiotics 0010-7174
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “drugs” (or a synonym): •
A new method for evaluation of safety of antiarrhythmic drugs. Author(s): Department of Biology, Mordvinian State University.
[email protected] Source: Balashov, V P Balykova, L A Shuvalova, E N Shevorakova, T I Poderov, V N Bull-Exp-Biol-Med. 2002 May; 133(5): 518-20 0007-4888
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Aldehyde-sequestering drugs: tools for studying protein damage by lipid peroxidation products. Author(s): Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Burcham, P C Kaminskas, L M Fontaine, F R Petersen, D R Pyke, S M Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 229-36 0300-483X
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Aromatic drugs in Unani medicine with special reference to Kitabul-Mia-Lil-Masihi. Author(s): Literary Research Institute of Unani Medicine (CCRUM), New Delhi. Source: Azmi, K A Ahmed, W Siddiqui, M K Bull-Indian-Inst-Hist-Med-Hyderabad. 1999 July; 29(2): 103-12 0304-9558
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Case reports--disparaging herbal drugs? Source: Krenn, L Phytomedicine. 2002 December; 9(8): 763 0944-7113
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Cost-effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in migraine prophylaxis. Author(s): Headache Wellness Center, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27401, USA.
[email protected] Source: Adelman, J U Adelman, L C Von Seggern, R Headache. 2002 Nov-December; 42(10): 978-83 0017-8748
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Deletion of the alpha1 or beta2 subunit of GABAA receptors reduces actions of alcohol and other drugs. Author(s): Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0159, USA.
[email protected] Source: BledNovember, Y A Jung, S Alva, H Wallace, D Rosahl, T Whiting, P J Harris, R A J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2003 January; 304(1): 30-6 0022-3565
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Effect of PYCNOGENOL on the toxicity of heart, bone marrow and immune organs as induced by antitumor drugs. Author(s): Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Source: Feng, W H Wei, H L Liu, G T Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 414-8 0944-7113
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Effects of thymomimetic drugs and zinc supplementation on the cellular immune response in hydrocortisone-suppressed mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Obminska Domoradzka, B Szczypka, M Debowy, J J-Vet-Med-B-Infect-Dis-VetPublic-Health. 2002 December; 49(10): 469-75 0931-1793
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From mechanistic studies on artemisinin derivatives to new modular antimalarial drugs. Author(s): Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France. Source: Robert, A Dechy Cabaret, O Cazelles, J Meunier, B Acc-Chem-Res. 2002 March; 35(3): 167-74 0001-4842
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Herbal interactions with cardiovascular drugs. Author(s): MediPlant Consulting Inc., White Rock, British Columbia, Canada. Source: Awang, D V Fugh Berman, A J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 64-70 08894655
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Implementation of the caco-2 cell culture model as a predictive tool for the oral absorption of drugs. In-house evaluation procedures. Author(s): Biopharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, Lilly Development Centre, Mont-SaintGuibert, Belgium. Source: Ingels, F Deferme, S Delbar, N Oth, M Augustijns, P J-Pharm-Belg. 2002 NovDecember; 57(6): 153-8 0047-2166
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Myo-inositol-1-phosphate (MIP) synthase: a possible new target for antibipolar drugs. Author(s): Stanley Foundation Research Center, Ministry of Health Mental Health Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Guron University of the Negev, Beersheva Israel. Source: Agam, G Shamir, A Shaltiel, G Greenberg, M L Bipolar-Disord. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 15-20 1398-5647
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Natural products as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antimalarial drugs. Author(s): Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le developpement), Faculte de Pharmacie, rue Jean-Baptiste Clement, Chacric;tenayMalabry, 92296, France.
[email protected] Source: Fournet, A Munoz, V Curr-Top-Med-Chem. 2002 November; 2(11): 1215-37 1568-0266
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New (and not so new) antibacterial targets - from where and when will the novel drugs come? Author(s): Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
[email protected] Source: ProJanuary, S J Curr-Opin-Pharmacol. 2002 October; 2(5): 513-22 1471-4892
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New drugs in the future treatment of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Chairman Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, 49100 Petach-Tiqva, Israel. Source: Djaldetti, R Melamed, E J-Neurol. 2002 September; 249 Suppl 2: II30-5 0340-5354
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New immunosuppressive drugs in dermatology (mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus): unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Assmann, T Ruzicka, T Clin-Dermatol. 2002 Sep-October; 20(5): 505-14 0738081X
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No long-term effect of behavioral treatment on psychotropic drug use for agitation in Alzheimer's disease patients. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. Source: Weiner, M F Tractenberg, R E Sano, M Logsdon, R Teri, L Galasko, D Gamst, A Thomas, R Thal, L J J-Geriatr-Psychiatry-Neurol. 2002 Summer; 15(2): 95-8 0891-9887
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On the antioxidant properties of therapeutic drugs: quenching of singlet molecular oxygen by aminosalicylic acids. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica y Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Source: Yppolito, R Pappano, N Debattista, N Miskoski, S Bertolotti, S G Garcia, N A Redox-Repage 2002; 7(4): 229-33 1351-0002
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Regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in Korea. Author(s): Department of Herbal Medicines Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 122-704, South Korea.
[email protected]
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Source: Choi, D W Kim, J H Cho, S Y Kim, D H Chang, S Y Toxicology. 2002 December 27; 181-182: 581-6 0300-483X •
Sterols and sterolins: new drugs for the immune system? Author(s): Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
[email protected] Source: Bouic, P J Drug-Discov-Today. 2002 July 15; 7(14): 775-8 1359-6446
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Study of pharmacological properties of new drugs for external use by the method of cell monolayer bioindication. Author(s): V. V. Karavaev Foundation, Moscow. Source: Seregina, M V Mikhailova, L P Bull-Exp-Biol-Med. 2002 April; 133(4): 412-4 0007-4888
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Transfollicular drug delivery: penetration of drugs through human scalp skin and comparison of penetration between scalp and abdominal skins in vitro. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Ogiso, T Shiraki, T Okajima, K Tanino, T Iwaki, M Wada, T J-Drug-Target. 2002 August; 10(5): 369-78 1061-186X
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Use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Service de Rhumatologie, Institut Calot, Berck sur mer, France. Source: Marguerie, L Flipo, R M Grardel, B Beaurain, D Duquesnoy, B Delcambre, B Joint-Bone-Spine. 2002 May; 69(3): 275-81 1297-319X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to drugs; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Folic Acid/vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,936,00.html Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Provitamin A Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Alternative names: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Alternative names: Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B Complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,962,00.html
Nutrition
Vitamin B1 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Alternative names: Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Alternative names: Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Alternative names: Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vitamin B-Complex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Alternative names: Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Minerals ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Acetyl-l-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Augmentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azelastine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaine Hydrochloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10008,00.html Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Bromocriptine Alternative names: Parlodel Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Buspirone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Channel–Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium D-glucarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Rich Rolaids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium/Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium-Channel Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carnitine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10012,00.html Carnitine (l-carnitine) Alternative names: L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cerivastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Chondroitin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chondroitin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chondroitin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10017,00.html Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Claritin-D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clemastine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clorazepate Dipotassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10020,00.html
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Creatine Monohydrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cromolyn Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com D-alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folate Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glucosamine/chondroitin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isotretinoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Alternative names: Carnitine (L-Carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine/Choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; http://www.healthnotes.com/ Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Molybdenum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nicotine Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nystatin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nystatin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paroxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphocreatine Alternative names: Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium Chloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sodium Bicarbonate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sodium Fluoride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Statin Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tretinoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Vanadium Alternative names: Vanadate, Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vinpocetine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin H (Biotin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Food and Diet Artichoke Alternative names: Cynara scolymus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaine (Trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, Arctium tomentosum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Camembert Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cartilage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cartilage Alternative names: Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cartilage Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cinnamon Alternative names: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dex-A-Diet Plus Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diadex Grapefruit Diet Plan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fava Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMB Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iceberg Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Lhassi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10046,00.html Non-Nutritive and Artificial Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Alternative names: Brewer's Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html
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Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinine Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sucralfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Swordfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Dean Ornish Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whey Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DRUGS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to drugs. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “drugs” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Combining Supplements and Prescription Drugs: What Your Patients Need to Know Source: Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 6(4): 177-183. August 2000. Summary: This journal article reviews what patients need to know about combining herbal supplements and prescription drugs. First, it looks at general clinical issues regarding the concomitant use of herbs and drugs. Then, it summarizes the major concerns, including the lack of knowledge about herbs, lack of quality control for herbal supplements, lack of patient communication about the use of botanicals, and lack of practitioner knowledge about potential interactions. Finally, it reviews known interactions between popular herbal supplements and commonly prescribed classes of drugs, including immunostimulant and immunosuppressive drugs, antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives and diuretics, hypoglycemics and hyperglycemics, and sedatives. The article includes a list of herb-drug combinations to avoid, a resources list, a summary of advice for patients, a recommended reading list, and 21 references.
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to drugs and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to drugs: •
A survey of drug use patterns in western Nepal. Author(s): Shankar PR, Kumar P, Theodore AM, Partha P, Shenoy N. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 July; 44(7): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620727&dopt=Abstract
•
Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China. Author(s): Jia W, Gao W, Tang L. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 December; 17(10): 1127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669243&dopt=Abstract
•
Anti-neovascular therapy by liposomal drug targeted to membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase. Author(s): Kondo M, Asai T, Katanasaka Y, Sadzuka Y, Tsukada H, Ogino K, Taki T, Baba K, Oku N. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 10; 108(2): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639619&dopt=Abstract
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Application of the drugs for expelling the pathogenic wind in treatment of chronic diarrhea. Author(s): Wang K. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 December; 23(4): 264-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719293&dopt=Abstract
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Bispectral index, serum drug concentrations and emergence associated with individually adjusted target-controlled infusions of remifentanil and propofol for laparoscopic surgery. Author(s): Hoymork SC, Raeder J, Grimsmo B, Steen PA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 91(6): 773-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633743&dopt=Abstract
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Case management of human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users: a case study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Author(s): Malta M, Carneiro-da-Cunha C, Kerrigan D, Strathdee SA, Monteiro M, Bastos FI.
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Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 15; 37 Suppl 5: S386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648453&dopt=Abstract •
Cerebral vasoconstriction and stroke after use of serotonergic drugs. Author(s): Petro DJ. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 652; Author Reply 652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746313&dopt=Abstract
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Chronomics: circadian and circaseptan timing of radiotherapy, drugs, calories, perhaps nutriceuticals and beyond. Author(s): Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Wang Z, Wan C, Ulmer W, Katinas G, Singh R, Singh RK, Singh RK, Gupta BD, Singh RB, Kumar A, Kanabrocki E, Sothern RB, Rao G, Bhatt ML, Srivastava M, Rai G, Singh S, Pati AK, Nath P, Halberg F, Halberg J, Schwartzkopff O, Bakken E, Governor Shri Vishnu Kant Shastri. Source: Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology. 2003 September-October; 3(5): 223-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641812&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical application of insect drugs. Author(s): Zhong H, Zhao J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 December; 23(4): 257-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719290&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical corner: herb-drug interactions in cancer chemotherapy: theoretical concerns regarding drug metabolizing enzymes. Author(s): Block KI, Gyllenhaal C. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 March; 1(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664751&dopt=Abstract
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Dendrimers in drug research. Author(s): Boas U, Heegaard PM. Source: Chemical Society Reviews. 2004 January 10; 33(1): 43-63. Epub 2003 December 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14737508&dopt=Abstract
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Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 2: Coagulopathies from drugs. Author(s): Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 November 8; 195(9): 495-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610534&dopt=Abstract
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Drug interactions between herbal and prescription medicines. Author(s): Williamson EM. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2003; 26(15): 1075-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14640772&dopt=Abstract
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Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn.--a brief perspective. Author(s): Dhawan K. Source: Addiction Biology. 2003 December; 8(4): 379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690874&dopt=Abstract
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Drug-eluting intra-coronary stents: have we got the magic bullet? Author(s): Bhatia V, Bhatia R, Dhindsa S. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2003 July-September; 49(3): 291-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14597805&dopt=Abstract
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Gene expression and mitotic exit induced by microtubule-stabilizing drugs. Author(s): Chen JG, Yang CP, Cammer M, Horwitz SB. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 15; 63(22): 7891-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633718&dopt=Abstract
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House of Commons committee releases report on Canada's drug strategy. Author(s): Jurgens R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2002 December; 7(2-3): 9-12. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719486&dopt=Abstract
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How to different and treat irritable bowel syndrome with Chinese drugs? Author(s): Tao C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 December; 23(4): 305-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719306&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoprotection by botanical drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Author(s): Diwanay S, Chitre D, Patwardhan B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698508&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro metabolism of zolmitriptan in rat cytochromes induced with betanaphthoflavone and the interaction between six drugs and zolmitriptan. Author(s): Yu LS, Yao TW, Zeng S.
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Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 December 15; 146(3): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642738&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of histone deacetylase increases cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs targeting DNA. Author(s): Kim MS, Blake M, Baek JH, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, Carrier F. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 November 1; 63(21): 7291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612526&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative electrically elicited stapedius reflex threshold is related to the dosage of hypnotic drugs in general anesthesia. Author(s): Schultz A, Berger FA, Weber BP, Grouven U, Niclaus O, Lullwitz E, Schultz B. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 December; 112(12): 1050-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14703109&dopt=Abstract
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Mistletoe and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer: a model for the phase I study of botanicals and botanical-drug interactions in cancer therapy. Author(s): Mansky PJ, Grem J, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Blackman MR. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 December; 2(4): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713326&dopt=Abstract
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Non-drug therapy in prevention and control of hypertension. Author(s): Sainani GS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 October; 51: 1001-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14719592&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated daunorubicin resistance by tetrandrine in multidrug-resistant human T lymphoblastoid leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Author(s): Liu ZL, Hirano T, Tanaka S, Onda K, Oka K. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 November; 55(11): 1531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713364&dopt=Abstract
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Photoaffinity labeling under non-energized conditions of a specific drug-binding site of the ABC multidrug transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis. Author(s): Alqwai O, Poelarends G, Konings WN, Georges E. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 November 21; 311(3): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623328&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation of antiproliferative drug activity by lonidamine in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Author(s): Ricotti L, Tesei A, De Paola F, Milandri C, Amadori D, Frassineti GL, Ulivi P, Zoli W. Source: J Chemother. 2003 October; 15(5): 480-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598941&dopt=Abstract •
Restorative effect of repetitive administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on bioavailability of paeoniflorin reduced by antibacterial synthetic drugs treatment in rats. Author(s): He JX, Akao T, Tani T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 November; 26(11): 1585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14600406&dopt=Abstract
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Reversal of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance by diallyl sulfide in K562 leukemic cells and in mouse liver. Author(s): Arora A, Seth K, Shukla Y. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2004 January 16 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14729595&dopt=Abstract
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Salvinal, a novel microtubule inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen), with antimitotic activity in multidrug-sensitive and -resistant human tumor cells. Author(s): Chang JY, Chang CY, Kuo CC, Chen LT, Wein YS, Kuo YH. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2004 January; 65(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14722239&dopt=Abstract
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Sho-saiko-to and Saiko-keisi-to, the traditional Chinese and Japanese herbal medicines, altered hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice and rats when administered orally for a long time. Author(s): Nose M, Tamura M, Ryu N, Mizukami H, Ogihara Y. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 October; 55(10): 1419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607025&dopt=Abstract
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Stability testing on typical flavonoid containing herbal drugs. Author(s): Heigl D, Franz G. Source: Pharmazie. 2003 December; 58(12): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14703966&dopt=Abstract
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The prototypic antidepressant drug, imipramine, but not Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), reduces HPA-axis function in the rat. Author(s): Frost P, Bornstein S, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, O'Kirwan F, Hutson C, Heber D, Go V, Licinio J, Wong ML.
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Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2003 October; 35(10): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14605995&dopt=Abstract •
The role of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Nuenninghoff DM, Matteson EL. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 November-December; 21(6 Suppl 32): S29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14740425&dopt=Abstract
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Towards understanding molecular mechanisms of action of homeopathic drugs: an overview. Author(s): Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 November; 253(1-2): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619985&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional herbal medicine research with special reference to tetrandrine and related bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: a preface to this special issue on herbal drugs. Author(s): Kwan CY. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 December; 23(12): I. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14686427&dopt=Abstract
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Vulnerable among the vulnerable: drug users in situations of poverty and indigence in Argentina. Author(s): Vivas LE, Radulich G, Bruno D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 15; 37 Suppl 5: S358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648447&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to drugs; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bell's Palsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bursitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bursitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cluster Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjunctivitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diverticular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Drug Detoxification Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Dupuytren's Contracture Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hemorrhoids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Alternative names: Genital Herpes, Cold Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Impotence Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Alternative names: Spastic Colon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mitral Valve Prolapse Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com MSG Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Night Vision (Impaired) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Photosensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pink Eye Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine
Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitiligo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wilson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yellow Nail Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acupuncture Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Alexander Technique Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,665,00.html Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Applied Kinesiology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,711,00.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Art Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,671,00.html Aston-Patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Bach Flower Remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Belly Bean Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Biomagnetics Alternative names: biomagnetic medicine Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Cayce/Reilly Massage Alternative names: Cayce/Reilly approach to massage Cayce/Reilly method Cayce/Reilly technique Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Chelation Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,679,00.html Chinese Dietotherapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html
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Chiropractic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Clean-Me-Out Program Alternative names: Arise Shine Cleanse Thyself Program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Colon Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,682,00.html Color Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,683,00.html Craniosacral Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,685,00.html Crystal and Gem Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,686,00.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Detoxification Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Hellerwork Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,700,00.html Herbal Medicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Homeopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,703,00.html Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Iridology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,709,00.html Light Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html
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Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Music Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html Myotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,931,00.html Native American Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,721,00.html Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Orthomolecular Medicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Polarity Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,727,00.html Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html Psychometry Alternative names: object reading psychoscopy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Purification Rundown Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Quan Chi Chi Gong Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/q.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rolfing Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,732,00.html Scientology Drug Rundown Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html
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Self-Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Testing for Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Awakened Life Alternative names: The Awakened Life program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Therapeutic Touch Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Therapeutic Touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Trager Approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html Urine Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html
Alternative Medicine
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Vital Energy Healing Alternative names: energy healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/v.html Writing Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,745,00.html Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Chinese Medicine Aiye Alternative names: Chenese Arborvitae Twig and Leaf; Cebaiye (Ce Bai Ye); Cacumen Platycladi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ankun Zanyu Wan Alternative names: (An Kun Zan Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baibu Alternative names: Stemona Root; Radix Stemonae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baifuzi Alternative names: Giant Typhonium Rhizome; Rhizoma Typhonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiguo Alternative names: Ginkgo Seed; Semen Ginkgo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baihe Alternative names: Lily Bulb; Baihe (Bai He); Bulbus Lilii Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Baiiaohuixiang Alternative names: Chinese Star Anise; Fructus Anisi Stellati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiji Alternative names: Common Bletilla Tuber; Rhizoma Bletillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bailian Alternative names: Radix Ampelopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baimaogen Alternative names: Lalang Grass Rhizome; Rhizoma Imperatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiqian Alternative names: Willowleaf Swallowwort Rhizome; Rhizome Cynanchi Stauntonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baishao Alternative names: White Peony Root; Radix Paeoniae Alba Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baitouweng Alternative names: Chinese Pulsatilla Root; Radix Pulsatillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiwei Alternative names: Blackend Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Atrati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizhi Alternative names: Dahurian Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae Dahuricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizhu Alternative names: Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bajitian Alternative names: Morinda Root; Radix Morindae Officinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banbianlian Alternative names: Chinese Lobelia Herb; Herba Lobeliae Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banxia Alternative names: Pinellia Tuber; Rhizoma Pinelliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banzhilian Alternative names: Barbated Skullcup Herb; Herba Scutellariae Darbatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Beidougen Alternative names: Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome; Rhizoma Menispermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Beishashen Alternative names: Coastal Glehnia Root; Radix Glehniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bianxu Alternative names: Common Knotgrass Herb; Herba Polygoni Avicularis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bibo Alternative names: Long Pepper; Fructus Piperis Longi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bichengqie Alternative names: Mountain Spicy Fruit; Fructus Litseae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Biejia Alternative names: Turtle Shell; Carapax Trionycis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bohe Alternative names: Peppermint; Herba Menthae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cang'erzi Alternative names: Siberian Cocklebur Fruit; Fructus Xanthii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cangzhu Alternative names: Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atracylodis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caoguo Alternative names: Fructus Tsaoko Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Caowu Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Caowuye; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caowuye Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cebaiye Alternative names: Chenese Arborvitae Twig and Leaf; Cebaiye (Ce Bai Ye); Cacumen Platycladi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chaihu Alternative names: Chinese Thorowax Root; Radix Bupleuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chaihu Koufuye Alternative names: Chaihu Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chaihu%20Koufuye&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Changshan Alternative names: Antifeverile Dichroa Root; Radix Dichroae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chantui Alternative names: Cicada Slough; Periostracum Cicadae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenpi Alternative names: Dried Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenxiang Alternative names: Chinese Eaglewood Wood; Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cheqiancao Alternative names: Plantain Herb; Herba Plantaginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chishizhi Alternative names: Red Halloysite; Halloysitum Rubrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
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Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanbeimu Alternative names: Tendrilleaf Fritillary Bulb; Chuanbeimu (Chuan Bei Mu); Buibus Fritiliariae Cirrhosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanlianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanmutong Alternative names: Armand Clematis Stem; Caulis Clematidis Armandii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanmuxiang Alternative names: Common Vladimiria root; Radix Vladimiriae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanwu Alternative names: Common Monkshood Mother Root; Radix Aconiti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanxiong Alternative names: Szechwan Lovage Rhizome; Rhizoma Chuanxiong Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuipencao Alternative names: Stringy Stonecrop Herb; Herba Sedi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chunpi Alternative names: Tree-of-heaven Bark; Cortex Ailanthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chushizi Alternative names: Papermulberry Fruit; Fructus Broussonetiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cishi Alternative names: Magnetite; Magnetitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dahuang Alternative names: Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Daii Alternative names: Japanese Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danggui Alternative names: Chinese Angelica; Radix Angelicae Sinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Mingdangshen; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danshen Alternative names: Danshen Root; Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danzhuye Alternative names: Lophatherum Herb; Herba Lophatheri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daqingye Alternative names: Dyers Woad Leaf; Folium Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daxueteng Alternative names: Sargentgloryvine Stem; Caulis Sargentodoxae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dazao Alternative names: Chinese Date; Fructus Jujubae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Difengpi Alternative names: Difengpi Bark; Cortex Illicii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dihuang Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Yangdihuangye; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dijincao Alternative names: Creeping Euphorbia; Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dinggongteng Alternative names: Obtuseleaf Erycibe Stem; Caulis Erycibes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
197
Diyu Alternative names: Garden Burnet Root; Radix Sanguisorbae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongchongxiacao Alternative names: Chinese Caterpillar Fungus; Cordyceps Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongkuiguo Alternative names: Cluster Mallow Fruit; Fructus Malvae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Doukou Alternative names: Round Cardamon Fruit; Fructus Amomi Rotundus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanxueliu Alternative names: Clinopodium Herb; Herba Clinopodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duhuo Alternative names: Doubleteeth Pubescent Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae Pubescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duyi Wei Pian Alternative names: Duyiwei Tablets; Duyi wei Pian (Du Yi Wei Pian) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Duzhong Alternative names: Eucommia Bark; Cortex Eucommiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ebushicao Alternative names: Small Centipeda Herb; Herba Centipedae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ezhu Alternative names: Zedoray Rhizome; Rhizoma Curcumae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fabanxia Alternative names: Prepared Pinellia Tuber; Rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangfeng Alternative names: Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root; Radix Saposhnikoviae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Fangji Alternative names: Fourstamen Stephania Root; Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fenbixie Alternative names: Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengfang Alternative names: Honeycomb; Nidus Vespae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengla Alternative names: Beeswax; Cera Flava Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengmi Alternative names: Honey; Mel Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengxiangzhi Alternative names: Beautiful Sweetgum Resin; Resina Liquidambaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Foshou Alternative names: Finger Citron; Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fufang Danshen Pian Alternative names: Compound Saivia Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fupenzi Alternative names: Palmleaf Raspberry Fruit; Fructus Rubi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuping Alternative names: Common Ducksmeat Herb; Herba Spirodelae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Gancao Alternative names: Liquorice Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ganjiang Alternative names: Zingiber (Dried Ginger); Rhizoma Zingiberis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansong Alternative names: Nardostachys Root; Radix seu Rhizoma Nardostachyos Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansui Alternative names: Gansui Root; Radix Kansui Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gaoben Alternative names: Chinese Lovage; Rhizoma Ligustici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gaoliangjiang Alternative names: Lesser Galangal Rhizome; Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gegen Alternative names: Kudzuvine Root; Radix Puerariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gejie Alternative names: Tokay Gecko; Gecko Source: Chinese Materia Medica Geqiao Alternative names: Clam Shell; Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gonglaomu Alternative names: Chinese Mahonia Stem; Caulis Mahoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouguye Alternative names: Chinese Holly Leaf; Folium Ilicis Cornutae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouji Alternative names: Cibot Rhizome; Rhizoma Cibotii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouqizi Alternative names: Barbary Wolfberry Fruit; Fructus Lycii Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Gouteng Alternative names: Gambir Plant; Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualou Alternative names: Snakegourd Fruit; Fructus Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualoupi Alternative names: Snakegourd Peet; Pericarpium Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangfangii Alternative names: Southern Fangchi Root; Radix Aristolochiae Fangchi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guanghuoxiang Alternative names: Cablin Patchouli Herb; Herba Pogostemonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangjinqiancoa Alternative names: Snowbellleaf Tickclover Herb; Herba Desmodii Styracifolii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangzao Alternative names: Axillary Chocrospondias Fruit; Fructus Choerospondiatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guanmutong Alternative names: Manchurian Dutchmanspipe Stem; Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guijia Alternative names: Tortoise Shell; Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guizhi Alternative names: Cassia Twig; Ramulus Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gujingcao Alternative names: Pipewort Flower; Flos Eriocauli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gusuibu Alternative names: Fortune's Drynaria Rhizome; Rhizoma Drynariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guya Alternative names: Millet Sprout; Fructus Setariae Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Haifengteng Alternative names: Kadsura Pepper Stem; Caulis Piperis Kadsurae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hailong Alternative names: Pipe Fish; Syngnathus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haima Alternative names: Sea-horse; Hippocampus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haipiaoxiao Alternative names: Cuttlebone; Os Sepiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haizao Alternative names: Seaweed; Sargassum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hamayou Alternative names: Forest Frog's Oviduct; Oviductus Ranae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hehuanhua Alternative names: Albizia Flower; Flos Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hehuanpi Alternative names: Silktree Albizia Bark; Cortex Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heizhongcaozi Alternative names: Fennelflower Seed; Semen Nigellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heshi Alternative names: Wild Carrot Fruit; Nanheshi; Fructus Carotae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heshouwu Alternative names: Fleeceflower Root; Radix Polygoni Multiflori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hetaoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heye Alternative names: Lotus Leaf; Folium Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Hezi Alternative names: Medicine Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Chebulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdaii Alternative names: Knoxia Root; Radix Knoxiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdoukou Alternative names: Galanga Galangal Fruit; Fructus Galangae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongfen Alternative names: Red Mercuric Oxide; Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Honghua Alternative names: Safflower; Flos Carthami Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongqi Alternative names: Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongshen Alternative names: Red Ginseng; Radix Ginseng Rubra Source: Chinese Materia Medica Houpo Alternative names: Officinal Magnolia Bark; Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Houpohua Alternative names: Officinal Magnolia Flower; Flos Magnoliae Offcinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaihua Alternative names: Pagodatree Flower; Flos Sophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajuhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Huangbo Alternative names: Amur Cork-tree; Cortex Phellodendri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangjing Alternative names: Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqin Alternative names: Baical Skullcap Root; Radix Scutellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaruishi Alternative names: Ophicalcite; Ophicalcitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashanshen Alternative names: Funneled Physochlaina Root; Radix Physochlainae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huhuanglian Alternative names: Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome; Rhizoma Picrorhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hujiao Alternative names: Pepper Fruit; Fructus Piperis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hujisheng Alternative names: Colored Mistletoe Herb; Herba Visci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huomaren Alternative names: Hemp Seed; Semen Cannabis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Huoxiang Zhengqi Shui Alternative names: Huoxiang Zhengqi Solution Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huzhang Alternative names: Giant Knotweed Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jianghuang Alternative names: Turmeric; Rhizoma Curcumae Longae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiangxiang Alternative names: Rosewood; Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiegeng Alternative names: Platycodon Root; Radix Platycodi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiguanhua Alternative names: Cockcomb Flower; Flos Celosiae Cristatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jigucao Alternative names: Canton Love-pea Vine; Herba Abri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jili Alternative names: Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit; Fructus Tribuli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinfeicao Alternative names: Inula Herb; Herba Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingdaii Alternative names: Peking Euphorbia Root; Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingjie Alternative names: Fineleaf Schizonepeta Herb; Herba Schizonepetae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinguolan Alternative names: Tinospora Root; Radix Tinosporae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
205
Jinmengshi Alternative names: Mica-schist; Lapis Micas Aureus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinqian Baihuashe Alternative names: Coin-like White-banded Snake; Jinqian Baihuashe (Jin Qian Bai Hua She); Bungarus Parvus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinqiancao Alternative names: Christina Loosestrife; Herba Lysimachiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinyinhua Alternative names: Honeysuckle Flower; Flos Lonicerae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiulixiang Alternative names: Murraya Jasminorage; Folium et Cacumen Murrayae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuxiangchong Alternative names: Stink-bug; Jiuxiangchong (Jiu Xiang Chong); Aspongopus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixingzi Alternative names: Garden Balsam Seed; Semen Impatientis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixuecao Alternative names: Asiatic Pennywort Herb; Herba Centellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixueteng Alternative names: Suberect Spatholobus Stem; Caulis Spatholobi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juanbai Alternative names: Spikemoss; Herba Selaginellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhe Alternative names: Tangerine Seed; Semen Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Huajuhong; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Juhua Alternative names: Chrysanthemum Flower; Flos Chrysanthemi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juju Alternative names: Chicory Herb; Herba Cichorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kanggu Zengsheng Wan Alternative names: Kanggu Zengsheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Kanlisha Alternative names: Kanli Coarse Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Kuandonghua Alternative names: Common Coltsfoot Flower; Flos Farfarae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kulianpi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Bark; Cortex Meliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kumu Alternative names: Indian Quassiawood; Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kunbu Alternative names: Kelp or Tangle; Thallus Laminariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Laoguancao Alternative names: Common Heron's Bill Herb, Wilford Granesbill Herb; Herba ErodiiHerba Geranii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Leiwan Alternative names: Thunder Ball; Omphalia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianfang Alternative names: Lotus Receptacle; Receptaculum Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
207
Liangmianzhen Alternative names: Shinyleaf Pricklyash Root; Radix Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liangtoujian Alternative names: Radde Anemone Rhizome; Rhizoma Ahemones Daddeanae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Chuanlianzi; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianzixin Alternative names: Lotus Plumule; Plumula Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liaodaqingye Alternative names: Indigoplant Leaf; Folium Polygoni Tinctorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lingbao Huxin Dan Alternative names: Lingbao Huxin Micropills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Lingxiaohua Alternative names: Trumpetcreeper Flower; Flos Campsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lingyangjiao Alternative names: Antelope Horn; Cornu Saigae Tataricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liuhuang Alternative names: Sulfur; Sulfur Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Alternative names: Chinese Gentian; Radix Gentianae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longyanrou Alternative names: Longan Aril; Longyanrou (Long Yan Rou); Arillus Longan Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Loulu Alternative names: Globethistle Root; Yuzhou loulu; Radix Echinopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luganshi Alternative names: Calamine; Luganshi (Lu Gan Shi); Calamina Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lugen Alternative names: Reed Rhizome; Rhizoma Phragmitis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lujiaoshuang Alternative names: Degelatined Deer-horn; Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luobumaye Alternative names: Dogbane Leaf; Folium Apocyni Veneti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luohanguo Alternative names: Grosvenor Momordica Fruit; Fructus Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luoshiteng Alternative names: Chinese Starjasmine Stem; Caulis Trachelospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lurong Alternative names: Hairy Deer-horn (Hairy Antler); Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luxiancao Alternative names: Pyrola Herb; Herba Pyrolae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabiancao Alternative names: European Verbena Herb; Herba Verbanae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabo Alternative names: Puff-ball; Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Machixian Alternative names: Purslane Herb; Herba Portulacae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Madouling Alternative names: Dutohmanspipe Fruit; Fructus Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
209
Mahuang Alternative names: Ephedra; Herba EphedraeHerba Ephedrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mahuanggen Alternative names: Ephedra Root; Radix Ephedrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maidong Alternative names: Liriope Root Tuber; Shanmaidong; Radix Liriopes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maiya Alternative names: Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manjingzi Alternative names: Shrub Chastetree Fruit; Fructus Viticis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhong Alternative names: Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf; Folium Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maohezi Alternative names: Belleric Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Terminaliae Billericae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maozhaocao Alternative names: Catclaw Buttercup Root; Radix Ranunculi Ternati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi San Alternative names: Maqianzi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Mayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Bimayou; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meiguihua Alternative names: Rose Flower; Flos Rosae Rugosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meihua Alternative names: Plum Flower; Flos Mume Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Mianbixie Alternative names: Sevenlobed Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mianmaguanzhong Alternative names: Male Fern Rhizome; Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mimenghua Alternative names: Pale Butterflybush Flower; Flos Buddlejae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mingdangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mohanlian Alternative names: Yerbadetajo Herb; Herba Ecliptae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mugua Alternative names: Common Floweringquince Fruit; Fructus Chaenomelis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muli Alternative names: Oyster Shell; Concha Ostreae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muxiang Alternative names: Slender Dutchmanspipe Root; Qingmuxiang; Radix Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muzei Alternative names: Common Scouring Rush Herb; Herba Equiseti Hiemalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nambaniangan Alternative names: Baphicacanthus Root; Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nanshashen Alternative names: Fourleaf Ladybell Root; Radix Adenophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Naoyanghua Alternative names: Yellow Azalea Flower; Flos Rhododendri Mollis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Alternative names: Cow-bezoar; Calculus Bovis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nuzhenzi Alternative names: Glossy Privet Fruit; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Oujie Alternative names: Lotus Rhizome Node; Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Peilan Alternative names: Fortune Eupatorium Herb; Herba Eupatorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pianjianghuang Alternative names: Wenyujin Concise Rhizome; Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pingbeimu Alternative names: Ussuri Fritillary Bulb; Pingbeimu (Ping Bei Mu); Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pipaye Alternative names: Loquat Leaf; Folium Eriobotryae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Puhuang Alternative names: Cattail Pollen; Pollen Typhae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Lianqiancao; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianghou Alternative names: Incised Notopterygium Rhizome or Root; Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianhu Alternative names: Hogfennel Root; Radix Peucedani Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Qianjinzi Alternative names: Caper Euphorbia Seed; Semen Euphorbiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qiannianjian Alternative names: Obscured Homalomena Rhizome; Rhizoma Homalomenae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfengteng Alternative names: Orientvine Stem; Caulis Sinomenii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingguo Alternative names: Chinese White Olive; Fructus Canarii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinghao Alternative names: Sweet Wormwood Herb; Herba Artemisiae Annuae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingmengshi Alternative names: Chlorite Schist; Lapis Chloriti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingmuxiang Alternative names: Slender Dutchmanspipe Root; Radix Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingyedan Alternative names: Mile Swertia Herb; Herba Swertiae Mileensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinjiao Alternative names: Largeleaf Gentian Root; Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinpi Alternative names: Ash Bark; Cortex Fraxini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qishe Alternative names: Long-noded Pit Viper; Qishe (Qi She); Agkistrodon Source: Chinese Materia Medica Quanshen Alternative names: Bistort Rhizome; Rhizoma Bistortae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Quanxie Alternative names: Scorpion; Scorpio Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qumai Alternative names: Lilac Pink Herb; Herba Dianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rendongteng Alternative names: Honeysuckle Stem; Caulis Lonicerae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshen Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshenye Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Roudoukou Alternative names: Nutmeg; Semen Myristicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rougui Alternative names: Cassia Bark; Cortex Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ruiren Alternative names: Hedge Prinsepia Nut; Nux Prinsepiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangjisheng Alternative names: Chinese Taxillus Herb; Herba Taxilli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangpiaoxiao Alternative names: Egg Capsule of Mantid; Ootheca Mantidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangshen Alternative names: Mulberry Fruit; Fructus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangye Alternative names: Mulberry Leaf; Folium Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangzhi Alternative names: Mulberry Twig; Ramulus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Sanleng Alternative names: Common Burreed Tuber; Rhizoma Sparganii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanqi Alternative names: Sanchi; Radix Notoginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shaii Alternative names: Seabuckthorn Fruit; Fructus Hippophae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shancigu Alternative names: Appendiculate Cremastra Pseudobulb or Common Pleione Pseudobulb; Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shandougen Alternative names: Vietnamese Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanglu Alternative names: Pokeberry Root; Radix Phytolaccae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanmaidong Alternative names: Liriope Root Tuber; Radix Liriopes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shannai Alternative names: Galanga Resurrectionlily Rhizome; Rhizoma Kaempferiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanyao Alternative names: Common Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzha Alternative names: Hawthorn Fruit; Fructus Crataegi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sharen Alternative names: Villous Amomum Fruit; Fructus Amomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shegan Alternative names: Blackberrylily Rhizome; Rhizoma Belamcandae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Shengjiang Alternative names: Fresh Ginger; Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shengma Alternative names: Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome; Rhizoma Cimicifugae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shenjincao Alternative names: Common Clubmoss Herb; Herba Lycopodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shetui Alternative names: Snake Slough; Periostracum Serpentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shexiang Alternative names: Musk; Moschus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shichangpu Alternative names: Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome; Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shidi Alternative names: Persimmon Calyx; Calyx Kaki Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shihu Alternative names: Dendrobium; Herba Dendrobii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shijueming Alternative names: Sea-ear Shell; Concha Haliotidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiliupi Alternative names: Pomegranate Rind; Pericarpium Granati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiwei Alternative names: Shearer's Pyrrosia Leaf; Folium Pyrrosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shouwuteng Alternative names: Tuber Fleeceflower Stem; Caulis Polygoni Multiflori Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Shudihuang Alternative names: Prepared Rehmannia Root; Radix Rehmanniae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuiniujiao Alternative names: Buffalo Horn; Cornu Bubali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuizhi Alternative names: Leech; Hirudo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sigualuo Alternative names: Luffa Vegetable Sponge; Retinervus Luffae Fructus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Songhuafen Alternative names: Pine Pollen; Pollen Pini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sumu Alternative names: Sappan Wood; Lignum Sappan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suoluozi Alternative names: Buckeye Seed; Semen Aesculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Taizishen Alternative names: Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root; Radix Pseudostellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Taoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Hetaoren; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tiandong Alternative names: Cochinchinese Asparagus Root; Radix Asparagi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianhuafen Alternative names: Snakegourd Root; Radix Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tiankuizi Alternative names: Muskroot-like Semiaquilegia Root; Radix Semiaquilegiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianma Alternative names: Tall Gastrodia Tuber; Rhizoma Gastrodiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Tiannanxing Alternative names: Jackinthepulpit Tuber; Rhizoma Arisaematis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianxianteng Alternative names: Dutchmanspipe Vine; Herba Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tubeimu Alternative names: Paniculate Bolbostemma; Rhizoma Bolbostemmae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tubiechong Alternative names: Ground Beetle; Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tufuling Alternative names: Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome; Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tumuxiang Alternative names: Inula Root; Radix Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Walengzi Alternative names: Arc Shell; Concha Arcae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Weilingcai Alternative names: Chinese Cinquefoil; Herba Potentillae Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Weilingxian Alternative names: Chinese Clematis Root; Radix Clematidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wubeizi Alternative names: Chinese Gall; Galla Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wumei Alternative names: Smoked Plum; Fructus Mume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wushaoshe Alternative names: Black-tail Snake; Zaocys Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wuweizi Alternative names: Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit; Fructus Schisandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Drugs
Wuyao Alternative names: Combined Spicebush Root; Radix Linderae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiakucao Alternative names: Common Selfheal Fruit-Spike; Spica Prunellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangfu Alternative names: Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome; Rhizoma Cyperi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangru Alternative names: Haichow Elsholtzia Herb; Herba Mosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangyuan Alternative names: Citron Fruit; Fructus Citri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xianhecao Alternative names: Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb; Herba Agrimoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xianmao Alternative names: Common Curculigo Rhizome; Rhizoma Curculiginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaohuixiang Alternative names: Fennel; Fructus Foeniculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaoji Alternative names: Field Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaoyelian Alternative names: Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit; Fructus Podophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiatianwu Alternative names: Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome; Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiebai Alternative names: Longstamen Onion Bulb; Xiebai (Xie Bai); Bulbus Aiiii Macrostemi Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
219
Xiheliu Alternative names: Chinese Tamarisk Twig; Xiheliu (Xi He Liu); Cacumen Tamaricis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xinyi Alternative names: Biond Magnolia Flower; Flos Magnoliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xionghuang Alternative names: Realgar; Realgar Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixiancao Alternative names: Siegesbeckia Herb; Herba Siegesbeckiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixin Alternative names: Manchurian Wildginger; Herba Asari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanfuhua Alternative names: Inula Flower; Flos Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanshen Alternative names: Figwort Root; Radix Scrophulariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuchangqing Alternative names: Paniculate Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Paniculati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuduan Alternative names: Himalayan Teasel Root; Radix Dipsaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yadanzi Alternative names: Java Brucea Fruit; Fructus Bruceae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yangdihuangye Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yangjinhua Alternative names: Datura Flower; Flos Daturae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yejuhua Alternative names: Wild Chrysanthemum Flower; Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Yibeimu Alternative names: Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb; Yibeimu (Yi Bei Mu); Buibus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yimucao Alternative names: Motherwort Herb; Herba Leonuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinchaihu Alternative names: Starwort Root; Radix Stellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinchen Alternative names: Virgate Wormwood Herb; Herba Artemisiae Scopariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinyanghuo Alternative names: Epimedium Herb; Herba Epimedii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yizhi Alternative names: Sharpleaf Glangat Fruit; Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuanzhi Alternative names: Thinleaf Milkwort Root; Radix Polygalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuganzi Alternative names: Emblic Leafflower Fruit; Fructus Phylianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yujin Alternative names: Turmeric Root Tuber; Radix Curcumae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuxingcao Alternative names: Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb; Herba Houttuyniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuyuliang Alternative names: Limonite; Limonitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhizi Alternative names: Akebia Fruit; Fructus Akebiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhou Loulu Alternative names: Globethistle Root; Radix Echinopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
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Yuzhu Alternative names: Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zaojiaoci Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Spine; Spina Gleditsiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zelan Alternative names: Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb; Herba Lycopi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zexie Alternative names: Oriental Waterplantain Rhizome; Rhizoma Alismatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhebeimu Alternative names: Thunberg Fritillary Bulb; Zhebeimu (Zhe Bei Mu); Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhenzhu Alternative names: Nacre; Zhenzhumu; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhenzhumu Alternative names: Nacre; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhichuanwu Alternative names: Monkshood Mother Root; Radix Aconiti Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhigancao Alternative names: Prepared Liauorice Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhiheshouwu Alternative names: Prepared FLeeceflower Root; Radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhihongqi Alternative names: Prepared Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhimu Alternative names: Common Anemarrhena Rhizome; Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Zhiqiao Alternative names: Orange Fruit; Fructus Aurantii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhizi Alternative names: Cape Jasmine Fruit; Fructus Gardeniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhongrushi Alternative names: Stalactite; Stalactitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhujieshen Alternative names: Japanese Ginseng; Rhizoma Panacis Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuling Alternative names: Chuling; Polyporus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuru Alternative names: Bamboo Shavings; Caulis Bambusae in Taeniam Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhusha Alternative names: Cinnabar; Cinnabaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuyazao Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit; Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuzishen Alternative names: Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome; Rhizoma Panacis Majoris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zicao Alternative names: Arnebia Root Gromwell Root; Radix Arnebiae Radix Lithospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ziheche Alternative names: Human Placenta; Placenta Hominis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zihuadiding Alternative names: Tokyo Violet Herb; Herba Violae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine
Zirantong Alternative names: Pyrite; Pyritum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zishiyin Alternative names: Fluorite; Fluoritum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisugeng Alternative names: Perilla Stem; Caulis Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisuye Alternative names: Perilla Leaf; Folium Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisuzi Alternative names: Perilia Fruit; Fructus Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ziwan Alternative names: Tatarian Aster Root; Radix Asteris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zonglu Alternative names: Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole; Petiolus Trachycarpi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-HTP Alternative names: 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Alternative names: 5-HTP Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 7-Keto Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Acanthopanax Senticosus Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acebutolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acetaminophen Alternative names: Acephen, Aceta, Amaphen, Anoquan, Apacet, Arthritis Foundation Aspirin Free, Arthritis Foundation Nighttime, Aspirin Free Anacin, Aspirin Free Excedrin, Bayer Select, Dapacin, Dynafed, Endolor, Esgic, Excedrin P.M., Fem-Etts, Femcet, Feverall, Fioricet, Fiorpap, Genapap, Genebs, Halenol, Isocet, Liquiprin, Mapap, Maranox, Meda, Medigesic, Midol, Multi-Symptom Pamprin, Neopap, Nighttime Pamprin, Oraphen-PD, Panadol, Phrenilin, Repan, Ridenol, Sedapap, Silapap, Sominex Pain Relief, Tapanol, Tempra, Tylenol, Uni-Ace, Unisom with Pain Relief Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Acidophilus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,748,00.html Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Acyclovir Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acyclovir Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adapalene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adenosine Monophosphate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adenosine Monophosphate (amp) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10106,00.html Adrenal Complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,994,00.html Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Advanced Formula Di-Gel Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Agrimony Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,833,00.html ALA Alternative names: Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alanine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aldactazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aldoclor Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aldoril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alendronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alka-Seltzer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Alka-Seltzer Plus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allegra-D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allium Sativum Alternative names: Garlic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aloe Vera Alternative names: Aloe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Alternative names: ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html
Alternative Medicine
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Alprazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Althaea Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aluminum Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amantadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Panax quinquefolius Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Ginseng, American Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10003,00.html Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amiodarone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ami-Tex LA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amlodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amoxicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amoxicillin Alternative names: Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Amphotericin B Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ananas Comosus Alternative names: Bromelain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anastrozole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Andrographis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Androstenedione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angelica sinensis Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angkak Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antacids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antacids/Acid Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anthelmintics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anthralin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
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Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anti-Infective Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antimalarial Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Anti-Protozoal Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antitubercular Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antiviral Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aortic Glycosaminoglycans Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Appedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Apresazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctium Lappa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Minus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctostaphylos Alternative names: Bearberry; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10005,00.html Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Arnica Montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arthrotec Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ashwagandha Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine
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Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Ginseng, Asian Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aspirin/acetaminophen Alternative names: Buffets Vanquish, Extra Strength Excedrin, Gelpirin, Goody's, Maximum Pain Relief Pamprin, Menoplex, Supac Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10006,00.html Astragalus Membranaceus Alternative names: Astragalus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mongholicus Alternative names: Astragalus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atenolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ava Alternative names: Kava Kava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Azathioprine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Baclofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Barbiturates Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com B-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bearberry Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beargrape Alternative names: Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beni-koji Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
233
Benzamycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzodiazepines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Benzonatate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benztropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-carotene Alternative names: Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betacarotenum Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-glucan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
234
Drugs
Beta-sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-sitosterol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,972,00.html Betaxolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biguanides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bisacodyl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bismuth Subsalicylate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bisoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bisphosphonates Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bitter Melon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
235
Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa (actea), Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black Cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blackberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,837,00.html Blood-Building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10101,00.html Blue-Green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boldo Alternative names: Peumus boldus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone-Building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,838,00.html Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Boric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boswellia Alternative names: Boswellia serrata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boswellia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Boswellia Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,759,00.html Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Branched-Chain Amino Acids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer’s Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brimonidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Bromelainum Alternative names: Bromelain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brompheniramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
237
Buchu Alternative names: Barosma betulina, Agathosma betulina, Agathosma crenultata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bugleweed Alternative names: Lycopus virginicus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bupleurum Alternative names: Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum falcatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bupropion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butalbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butcher’s Broom Alternative names: Ruscus aculeatus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cactus Grandiflorus Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Caffeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcitrol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calendula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10011,00.html
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Calendula (Pot Marigold) Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calophyllum Alternative names: Punna, Kamani; Calophyllum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Camellia Sinensis Alternative names: Green Tea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candesartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Caprylic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10111,00.html Capsaicin Alternative names: Cayenne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum Frutescens Alternative names: Cayenne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Captozide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Caraway Alternative names: Carum carvi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbamazepine Alternative names: Atretol, Carbatrol, Epitol, Tegretol, Tegretol XR Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carbidopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbidopa/Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
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Cardec DM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carisoprodol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Carvedilol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Alternative names: Cascara sagrada, Rhamnus purshiani cortex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Sagrada Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10013,00.html Cat's Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cayenne Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,765,00.html
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Celecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10014,00.html Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica, Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cetirizine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cetyl Myristoleate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamaemelum Nobile Alternative names: Roman Chamomile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chasteberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine
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Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherry Fruit Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10015,00.html Chili Pepper Alternative names: Cayenne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Angelica Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chitosan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorophyll Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorpheniramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlor-Trimeton 12 Hour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chrysanthemum parthenium Alternative names: Feverfew Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cimetidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
242
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Cimicifuga Alternative names: Black Cohosh; Cimicifuga racemosa (NUTT.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cimicifuga racemosa (Actea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cisapride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Citalopram Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clarithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cleavers Alternative names: Galium aparine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clonidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clonidine Alternative names: Catapres Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Clopidogrel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clozapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cobalamin Alternative names: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
243
Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coleus Alternative names: Coleus forskohlii Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coleus Forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colloidal Oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html Colloidal Silver Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colostrum Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Combipres Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Combivent Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Combivir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html Contac 12 Hour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com CoQ10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Corydalis Alternative names: Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com COSOPT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Laevigata Alternative names: Hawthorn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Monogyna Alternative names: Hawthorn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
245
Curcuma Longa Alternative names: Turmeric Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclobenzaprine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cycloserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyproheptadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dandelion Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Dandelion Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10021,00.html Danggui Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dapsone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Drugs
Darvocet N Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Darvon Compound Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dayquil Allergy Relief Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Deferoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Alternative names: DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Devil’s Claw Alternative names: Harpagophytum procumbens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Devil's Claw Alternative names: Harpagophytum procumbens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Devil's Claw Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Devil's Claw Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,970,00.html Dextromethorphan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com DHA Alternative names: Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Alternative names: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine
247
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dicloxacillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dicyclomine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Didanosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Alternative names: Crystodigin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diltiazem Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dimenhydrinate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dimetapp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dioscorea Villosa Alternative names: Wild yam Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diphenhydramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dipyridamole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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DMAE Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com DMAE Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10023,00.html DMSO Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Alternative names: DHA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Docusate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Donepezil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai (Angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Dorzolamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxazosin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
249
Doxylamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Dyazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Echinacea angustifolia Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea pallida Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea purpurea Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Econazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Alternative names: EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elderberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10024,00.html
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Drugs
Elecampane Alternative names: Inula helenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Electrolytes Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Empirin with Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Enalapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endocet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Entex LA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com EPA Alternative names: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ephedra (Ma huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedra sinensis Alternative names: Ephedra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Equisetum Arvense Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Erocalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estradiol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estropipate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ethambutol Alternative names: Myambutol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eucalyptus globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Excedrin PM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com False Unicorn Root Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10075,00.html Famotidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Alternative names: Foeniculum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,849,00.html
Alternative Medicine
Fenofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fentanyl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Alternative names: Trigonella foenum-graecum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Feverfew Alternative names: Chrysanthemum parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Feverfew Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,780,00.html Fexofenadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Finasteride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fioricet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiorinal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html
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Drugs
Flaxseed Alternative names: Linum usitatissimum, Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluconazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluoroquinolones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluvoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html Fos Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10026,00.html French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fumaric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10027,00.html Gamma Oryzanol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
255
Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Alternative names: GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-oryzanol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10028,00.html Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com General Anesthetics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentian Alternative names: Gentiana lutea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginger Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,787,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
256
Drugs
Ginkgo Biloba Alternative names: Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginseng (Panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html GLA Alternative names: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glipizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucomannan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glucosamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Glutamic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
257
Glutamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glyburide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza Glabra Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html
258
Drugs
Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,985,00.html Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Green-lipped Mussel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
259
Griseofulvin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guaifenesin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guanfacine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guggul Alternative names: Commiphora mukul Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gugulipid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10033,00.html Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gymnema Alternative names: Gymnema sylvestre Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gymnema Sylvestre Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10034,00.html H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Haloperidol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Harpagophytum Procumbens Alternative names: Devil's Claw Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Harpagophytum Zeyheri Alternative names: Devil's Claw Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus oxyacantha, Crataegus monogyna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
260
Drugs
Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hawthorn Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10035,00.html Helidac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herbal Decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Herbal Digestive Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10104,00.html Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMB (Hydroxymethyl Butyrate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hong Qu Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hops Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine
261
Horehound Alternative names: Marrubium vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horehound Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10036,00.html Horse Chestnut Alternative names: Aesculus hippocastanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horse Chestnut Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Horseradish Alternative names: Cochlearia armoracia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense, Scouring Rush, Shave Grass Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horsetail Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huang-qi Alternative names: Astragalus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hung-chu Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huperzia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Huperzine A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huperzine a Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
262
Drugs
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10038,00.html Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydralazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrocodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxyzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyoscyamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypericum Perforatum Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyzaar Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Inderide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indinavir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indole-3-carbinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Vaccine Alternative names: FluShield, Fluvirin, Fluzone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Influenza Virus Vaccine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inhaled Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Interferon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com IP-6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipecac Alternative names: Cephaelis ipecacuanha Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipratropium Bromide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ipriflavone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Irbesartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isosorbide Dinitrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isosorbide Mononitrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ispaghula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ivy Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10112,00.html Juniper Alternative names: Juniperus communis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniper Berry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Kava Kava Alternative names: Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketoconazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketoprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Klamathweed Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kudzu Alternative names: Pueraria lobata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kudzu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,858,00.html L. Acidophilus Alternative names: Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Labetalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactase Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Lactobacillus Acidophilus Alternative names: L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactulose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamivudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lapacho Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Latanoprost Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis, Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Leonurus Alternative names: Motherwort; Leonurus cardiaca Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Levodopa/Carbidopa Alternative names: Sinemet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Ligustrum Alternative names: Ligustrum lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linum Usitatissimum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lipase Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lipase Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lipoic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lipotropic Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lithium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loperamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lopressor HCT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loracarbef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loratadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lortab Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Losartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lotrel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lotrisone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
L-tyrosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lutein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lycopene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lysine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lysine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,862,00.html Ma huang Alternative names: Ephedra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ma huang Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Maalox Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-Dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maidenhair Tree Alternative names: Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mao Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Alternative names: Althaea officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10042,00.html Matricaria Recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maxzide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meadowsweet Alternative names: Filipendula ulmaria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meclizine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Medium Chain Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html
Alternative Medicine
271
Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melissa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html Melissa Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menadione Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Menthol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mesalamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metaxalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metformin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10084,00.html
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Methocarbamol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methylcellulose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyldopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldomet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methylphenidate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methylsulfonylmethane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metronidazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metronidazole (vaginal) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Midrin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mifepristone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
273
Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Milk Thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html Milk-Vetch Root Alternative names: Astragalus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mirtazapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Misoprostol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mistletoe Alternative names: Viscum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moduretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Monascus Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Drugs
Montelukast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com MSM Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,807,00.html Muira Puama Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10045,00.html Mullein Alternative names: Verbascum thapsus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mullein Flower Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,865,00.html Mupirocin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mycolog II Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mylanta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myrrh Alternative names: Commiphora molmol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com NAC (N-AcetylCysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html N-Acetyl Cysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com N-Acetyl-Glucosamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
275
NADH Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com NADH Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10047,00.html Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html Nefazodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Alternative names: Stinging Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrofurantoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitroglycerin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
276
Drugs
Nizatidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nyquil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nyquil Hot Therapy Powder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Octacosanol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oenothera Biennis Alternative names: Evening Primrose Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olanzapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olive Leaf Alternative names: Olea europa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olopatadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omeprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com One Touch Test Strip Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
277
OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oregon Grape Alternative names: Berberis aquifolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Orlistat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxazepam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxybutynin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxycodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10049,00.html
278
Drugs
PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Alternative names: Asian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Panax Quinquefolium Alternative names: American Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parsley Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,869,00.html Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Incarnata Alternative names: Passionflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passion Flower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pau D’arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Tabebuia impestiginosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pau D'arco Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,811,00.html
Alternative Medicine
Penicillamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Alternative names: Cuprimine, Depen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Penicillin V Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pentoxifylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha piperita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Percocet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Percodan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenazopyridine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenelzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenergan VC Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenergan VC with Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Phenergan with Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Alternative names: Bellatal, Solfoton Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenothiazines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phentermine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylalanine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenylpropanolamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenytoin Alternative names: Dilantin Infatab, Dilantin-125 Oral Suspension Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Phrenilin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phyllanthus/Ayurvedic Liver Support Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10050,00.html Phylloquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Methysticum Alternative names: Kava Kava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Isphagula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PMS Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,947,00.html Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pot Marigold Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potentilla Alternative names: Cinquefoil, Silverweed; Potentilla sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Pramipexole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prazosin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prempro Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Primatene Dual Action Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Primidone Alternative names: Mysoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prinizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proanthocyanidins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prochlorperazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Promethazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Propacet 100 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Propafenone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Propoxyphene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
283
Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Protease Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proton Pump Inhibitors (Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psyllium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,814,00.html Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Purple Coneflower Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pygeum Africanum Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10052,00.html Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quetiapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raloxifene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ranitidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raspberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1061,00.html Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Koji Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Pepper Alternative names: Cayenne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Raspberry Alternative names: Rubus idaeus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Rice Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
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Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Monascus purpureus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Reishi Alternative names: Ganoderma lucidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reishi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Repaglinide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Resveratrol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Resveratrol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rifamate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rimactane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Robitussin AC Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Robitussin CF Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Robitussin DM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Roman Chamomile Alternative names: Chamaemelum nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosiglitazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roxicet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Roxiprin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sabal Serrulata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Alternative names: SAMen Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sage Alternative names: Salvia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Salicylates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Salmeterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe Alternative names: S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sarsaparilla Alternative names: Smilax spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saw Palmetto Alternative names: Serenoa serrulata, Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saw Palmetto Alternative names: Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Saw Palmetto Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Schisandra Alternative names: Schisandra chinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scouring Rush Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIS) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selegiline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Senna Alternative names: Cassia senna, Cassia angustifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Serenoa Repens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sertraline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shave Grass Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html Sibutramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sildenafil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Silicon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Silybum Marianum Alternative names: Milk Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Simethicone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sitosterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
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Skullcap Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus rubra, Ulmus fulva Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus fulva, Red Elm, Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Slippery Elm Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10056,00.html Smilax Alternative names: Sarsaparilla; Smilax glabra Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Solidago Virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Soma Compound Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soma Compound with Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html Spanish Licorice Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spleen Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com St. Mary's Thistle Alternative names: Milk Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stanozolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stavudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stevia Alternative names: Stevia rebaudiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stevia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stimulant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Strontium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfasalazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonamides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulforaphane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sumatriptan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sun Drop Alternative names: Evening Primrose Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine
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Sundew Alternative names: Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera ramentacea, Drosera intermedia, Drosera anglica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Annie Alternative names: Artemisia annua Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tacrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tamsulosin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Parthenium Alternative names: Feverfew Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tang Kuei Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taraxacum Officinale Alternative names: Dandelion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Taurine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tavist-D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tempo Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tenoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Terazosin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Terbinafine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Terconazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline Alternative names: Accurbron, Aerolate, Aquaphyllin, Asmalix, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Lanophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T-SR, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-Sav, Theo-X, Theobid, Theochron, Theoclear L.A., Theoclear-80, Theolair, Theolair-SR, Theospan-SR, Theostat 80, Theovent, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Theophylline/Aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Theraflu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thuja Occid Alternative names: Arbor Vitae; Thuja occidentalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thyme Alternative names: Thymus vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyroid Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyroid Hormone Alternative names: Armour Thyroid, S-P-T, Thyrar Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Timolide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Timolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Tobradex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tocotrienols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tolterodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tramadol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-beta-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trazodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triaminic-12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Alternative names: Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, Sulfatrim Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Triotann-S Pediatric Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Turmeric Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tussionex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol Allergy Sinus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol Cold Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol Flu Nighttime Maximum Strength Powder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol Multi-Symptom Hot Medication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol PM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol Sinus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylenol with Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylophora Alternative names: Tylophora indica, Tylophora asthmatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulmus Fulva Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Uncaria Catclaw Alternative names: Cat's Claw, Uno de Gato; Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uncaria Tomentosa Alternative names: Cat's Claw Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Alternative names: Stinging Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Alternative names: Stinging Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valacyclovir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valeriana Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine
Valproic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valsartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaseretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Venlafaxine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vicodin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vicoprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Wild Cherry Alternative names: Prunus serotina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Yam Alternative names: Dioscorea villosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Wild Yam Alternative names: Dioscorea villosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Willow Alternative names: Salix alba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Willow Bark Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Witch Hazel Alternative names: Hamamelis virginiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Wormwood Alternative names: Artemisia absinthium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wygesic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yohimbe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zafirlukast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zestoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zhitai Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ziac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine
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Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zolmitriptan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zolpidem Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DRUGS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning drugs.
Recent Trials on Drugs The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to drugs.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
A Study of Peer Education to Prevent HIV Transmission among Injection Drug Users and Their HIV Risk Contacts Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Injection drug use is the major mode of HIV transmission in many countries. Injection drug users (IDUs) transmit HIV not only through shared drug injection equipment but also through heterosexual and homosexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. Studies have shown that peer education programs can reduce HIV risk behavior in IDUs. However, it is not known if reduced HIV risk behavior leads to fewer HIV infections. The purpose of this study is to find out if a peer education program can reduce the number of new HIV infections by changing the behavior of IDUs and their HIV risk contacts. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00038688
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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A Study to Compare Anti-HIV Drugs Given Twice a Day or Once a Day, With or Without Direct Observation Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare different ways of taking a 3 anti-HIV drug combination over a period of time. The study will compare patients taking part of the drug combination twice a day and patients taking all of the drugs just once a day. The study will also compare patients taking the drugs on their own to patients taking the drugs in the presence of a clinical worker. Viral load (amount of HIV in the blood) and drug side effects will be measured. Anti-HIV drug therapy works best when the drugs are taken exactly as prescribed by a doctor. Because anti-HIV therapy often involves multiple drugs, some people have difficulty taking them all correctly. The easier it is to take anti-HIV drugs, the more likely people will take them as prescribed and get the best effect. This study wants to see if people do better taking anti-HIV drugs once a day or twice a day. It also wants to find out if having a health care professional oversee each weekday dose helps people control their HIV infection. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036452
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Adding New Drugs for HIV Infected Patients Failing Current Therapy Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Even though powerful anti-HIV drug combinations have been successful in patients with little or no prior anti-HIV therapy, studies have shown that these treatments are less effective in patients who have been treated with nucleoside analogues. This study will test the safety and effectiveness of adding one or two new drugs to a personalized anti-HIV regimen for patients whose previous HIV treatments have failed. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031044
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Amifostine and Melphalan in Treating Patients With Primary Systemic Amyloidosis Who Are Undergoing Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation Condition(s): Drug Toxicity; primary systemic amyloidosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining melphalan
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with a chemoprotective drug such as amifostine followed by peripheral stem cell transplantation may protect normal cells from the side effects of chemotherapy and may allow the doctor to give higher doses of chemotherapy drugs and kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of combining amifostine with melphalan in treating patients who are undergoing peripheral stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00052884 •
Anti-HIV Drugs During Pregnancy Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine what doses of anti-HIV medications are appropriate for pregnant women. Anti-HIV medication taken during pregnancy may control a woman's viral load and reduce the chance that the baby will become infected with HIV. Pregnant women may require different doses of anti-HIV drugs than people who are not pregnant. This study will use pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling (a way to find out how drugs act in the body) to determine what doses of which anti-HIV medications are best for HIV infected pregnant women and their infants. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042289
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Atazanavir Used in Combination with Other Anti-HIV Drugs in HIV-Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find a safe and tolerable dose of the protease inhibitor (PI) atazanavir (also known as BMS-232632 or ReyatazTM), with or without a low-dose boost of the PI ritonavir, when taken with other anti-HIV drugs in HIV-infected infants, children, and adolescents. Advancements in anti-HIV drugs for HIV-positive children and adolescents have been hard to make, in part because these patients often do not take the drugs as prescribed. Atazanavir may be a better option for these patients because it is available in the form of powder which children and adolescents may be more willing to take regularly. Using a low dose of ritonavir as a boosting agent for atazanavir may also increase the chances of virologic response of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)-experienced patients. This study will try to find safe and tolerable doses of atazanavir with or without low-dose ritonavir boost
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Drugs
in infants, children, and adolescents. For this study, patients will be enrolled in the U.S. and South Africa. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006604 •
Celecoxib in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme Who Are Receiving Anticonvulsant Drugs and Undergoing Radiation Therapy Condition(s): adult glioblastoma multiforme Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Celecoxib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for their growth. It is not yet known whether the effectiveness of celecoxib in treating glioblastoma multiforme is decreased in patients who are receiving anticonvulsant drugs and undergoing radiation therapy. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of celecoxib in treating patients who are receiving anticonvulsant drugs and undergoing radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00068770
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Comparing the Safety, Effectiveness, and Tolerability of Three Anti-HIV Drug Regimens for Treatment-Naive Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare 3 different anti-HIV drug regimens as first-time treatments for HIV infection. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050895
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Depo-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA, Depo-Provera) Use with Certain AntiHIV Drugs in HIV-Infected Women Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to look at the level of depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA or Depo-Provera) in the blood to see if is affected by certain anti-HIV drugs (nelfinavir [NFV], efavirenz [EFV], indinavir [IDV] in combination with ritonavir [RTV], and nevirapine [NVP]). This study will also look at the levels of these anti-HIV drugs to see if they are affected by DMPA. DMPA is a hormonal birth control method that is given as an injection. It is not known if taking DMPA together with anti-HIV drugs changes the amount of DMPA and/or the amount of anti-HIV drugs in the blood. If higher levels of DMPA occur, side effects may increase. If lower levels of anti-HIV drugs occur, the drugs may become less effective against HIV. This study will look at the levels of anti-HIV drugs and DMPA in the blood when these medications are used together. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00016601 •
Developmental Effects On Children Of Women Who Take Antiepileptic Drugs During Pregnancy Condition(s): Epilepsy; Seizure; Cognition Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine if antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) differ in their neurodevelopmental effects. Specifically, do the children of the women with epilepsy differ in their behavioral and cognitive development depending on which AED their mother takes during pregnancy? Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00021866
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Effectiveness of Adding Interleukin-2 to Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients Recently Infected with HIV Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Chiron Corporation; Agouron Pharmaceuticals; Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see whether taking interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other anti-HIV drugs affects the course of HIV disease in patients with primary HIV infection (the time period that immediately follows infection with HIV). After primary HIV infection, the actual infection is spread through an increasing amount of HIV virus in the body. Studies have shown that, by taking a combination of anti-HIV drugs, it is possible to reduce the amount of HIV in the body to almost undetectable levels. This study will find out if starting anti-HIV drugs during primary infection will interrupt or reduce the spread of HIV in patients' bodies. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006441
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Effectiveness of Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients Who Have Not Received Previous AntiHIV Drugs During Different Stages of HIV Infection Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare changes in HIV levels and certain immune cells among patients at different stages of HIV infection. This study will also see how a combination of stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), indinavir (IDV), and nelfinavir (NFV) affects these levels. Current findings in anti-HIV drug treatment have led to a greater understanding of the background of HIV. To find the best anti-HIV treatment to eliminate all HIV viruses, cells and tissues infected with the HIV virus are examined after combination anti-HIV treatment, when the level of HIV infection is low. The ERADICATE study will examine the idea that HIV viruses can be eliminated at any stage of infection over time. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006443
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Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Brain Excitability Condition(s): Healthy; MedlinePlus consumer health information Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in measuring cortical excitability. The cortex is the outer part of the brain. Patients with seizures have increased cortical excitability and are often treated with antiepileptic drugs to reduce this excitability. The therapeutic effects of antiepileptic drugs are usually tracked with blood tests that measure their blood levels. However, these blood tests may not always correctly reflect the effects of the drugs on the brain. TMS has been used successfully to measure cortical excitability in many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, and may be helpful in measuring drug effects on the brain directly. For this procedure, a wire coil is held over the scalp. A brief electrical current is passed through the coil, creating a magnetic pulse that stimulates the brain. This may cause a pulling sensation on the skin under the coil and twitching in muscles of the face, arm, or leg. During the stimulation, the participant may be asked to tense certain muscles slightly or perform other simple actions. Healthy normal volunteers between 18 and 55 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical history, physical and neurological examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), and blood tests. On the first day of the study, participants will have a baseline TMS and will be randomly assigned to take one of two antiepileptic drugs: group A will take the carbamazepine; group B will take lamotrigine. If they wish, participants may be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for the first 5 days of drug administration while the proper dosage is being determined. They will then be discharged and continue taking the drug for a total of 36 days. During this time, they will have daily blood tests and TMS from days 2 through 5, and again on days 12 and 36. Group A will have additional blood sampling and TMS on days 37, 39, 44, and 53; Group B will have blood tests and TMS on days 38, 40, 45, and 53. Study Type: Observational
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054990 •
Effects on the Immune System of Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients Recently Infected with HIV Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out whether these powerful combinations of anti-HIV drugs are safe and effective for use in patients in the early stages of HIV infection and to find out how patients' immune systems react to HIV and anti-HIV drugs. Doctors generally treat patients in the early stages of HIV infection with the same anti-HIV drugs taken by patients who have had HIV for a long time. These drugs lower the level of HIV in the blood. However, doctors do not know whether patients who take anti-HIV drugs in the early stages of HIV infection actually live longer or have fewer AIDS-related diseases. This study will help doctors answer these questions. In the main study, doctors will look at how 2 different anti-HIV drug combinations affect the immune system. In the 2 substudies, doctors will look at how the body reacts to the hepatitis B vaccine and the tetanus vaccine. These substudies may help doctors learn how HIV-infected patients respond to new infections. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001119
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Erlotinib in Treating Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, or Head and Neck Cancer Condition(s): Drug Toxicity; female reproductive cancer; Head and Neck Cancer; thorax and respiratory cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Chicago Cancer Research Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Erlotinib may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking the enzymes necessary for cancer cell growth. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of erlotinib in treating patients who have metastatic or unresectablenon-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or head and neck cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063895
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Four-Drug Combination Therapy with Zidovudine, Lamivudine, 1592U89 (Abacavir), and 141W94 (Amprenavir) in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if the multidrug combination of zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC), 1592U89 (abacavir [ABC]), and 141W94 (amprenavir [APV]) is a safe and effective treatment for HIV-infected patients and if there is a reduction of active HIV in blood and other tissues. HIV infection is a lifechanging illness and new HIV treatments must be tested. This study will test if a 4-drug combination will reduce HIV virus activity in blood and other tissues and if it is safe and well tolerated. Doctors also want to know if the multidrug combination is able to decrease viral activity over a long time period. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006617 •
Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Amifostine Following Surgery in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced Bladder Cancer Condition(s): stage II bladder cancer; stage III bladder cancer; stage IV bladder cancer; Drug Toxicity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Chicago Cancer Research Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Chemoprotective drugs, such as amifostine, may protect normal cells from the side effects of chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining gemcitabine, cisplatin, and amifostine following surgery in treating patients who have locally advanced bladder cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006105
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Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Treatment for HIV Infected Patients Who Have Interrupted Their Anti-HIV Drug Therapy Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out if taking interleukin-2 (also called IL-2) while stopping anti-HIV drugs for short periods of time can help patients control their HIV viral load (the amount of HIV in the body). IL-2 is a protein found in the blood that helps boost the immune system. Some studies have shown that giving a person extra IL-2 can help the person make more CD4 cells. These cells are a part of the body's immune system that fights infections. If CD4 cells are exposed to higher levels of HIV (which happens when a person taking strong anti-HIV drugs temporarily stops the drugs), the body's immune system may get better at fighting HIV. This study wants to
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find out if a patient can stop taking anti-HIV drugs and then take IL-2 to help the body make more CD4 cells and keep the amount of HIV in the body low. The Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of IL-2 for treating HIV infections, and this study will help doctors decide if IL-2 is an effective treatment for HIV. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00038259 •
Investigational Drug with Neoadjuvant Hormone Therapy in Patients with High Risk Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: This is a multi-center, open label, randomized study. Patients will be randomized to one of the following arms with an allocation ratio of 3:1, respectively: Arm A: Investigational Drug + neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) OR Arm B: neoadjuvant hormone therapy. After randomization, patients will receive study treatment for three cycles (one cycle is defined as 28 days). After completion of three cycles, patients will undergo a prostatectomy and pathology assessments will be completed at a central laboratory, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in Washington, DC. Up to 52 response evaluable patients are expected to be enrolled in this study. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075192
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Motivational Incentives for Enhanced Drug Abuse Recovery: Drug Free Clinics 1 Condition(s): Substance-Related Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Motivational Incentives for Enhanced Drug Abuse Recovery: Drug Free Clinics Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00033007
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Octreotide in Preventing or Reducing Chemoradiotherapy for Anal or Rectal Cancer
Diarrhea
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Condition(s): Anal Cancer; Drug Toxicity; radiation enteritis; Rectal Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Octreotide may be effective in preventing or controlling diarrhea in patients who are undergoing chemoradiotherapy for anal or rectal cancer. It is not yet known whether octreotide is effective in treating diarrhea. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase III trial to determine the effectiveness of octreotide in preventing or reducing diarrhea in patients who are undergoing chemoradiotherapy for anal or rectal cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075868 •
Patient Profiling and Provider Feedback to Reduce Adverse Drug Events Condition(s): Adverse drug reaction reporting systems Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service; Pro Vantage Purpose - Excerpt: As defined by the World Health Organization, an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an effect that is "noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy." The term has since been changed to an adverse drug event (ADE) which is more comprehensive and reflects any injury resulting from a pharmaceutical intervention. Adverse drug events comprise a wide range of effects but in general can be designated as significant or non-significant. Significant effects again denote a range of effects, from temporary or permanent injury or death, to effects that, while not life-threatening, still require substantive intervention. The interventions may include further treatments (i.e. adding a drug) or may involve testing and procedures. Non-significant ADEs are minor effects that require, for instance, discontinuation of a medication. A non-significant effect would be mild dyspepsia that resolves spontaneously after stopping an NSAID. The purpose of the proposed study is to evaluate whether the methodology of patient-profiling and provider feedback truly improves quality. To test this hypothesis, we will conduct a randomized controlled trial. Over one year we will randomly assign approximately 50 patients every two weeks (for a total of approximately 900 eligible patients from 1300 risk profiles) to either at-risk profiling with provider feedback (intervention) or to the current standard of care of pharmacist and physician review (control). After one year (post-randomization), we will compare the number of actual ADEs, as measured by trained pharmacist reviewers blinded to patient assignment, and health utilization and economic outcomes between the intervention group (the patients whose doctors received alerts) and control groups (i.e., those receiving usual care). In addition, we will conduct a pre- and post-study physician survey to assess relevant attitudes (toward risk, cost-consciousness and utilization review) that might impact on acceptance of patient alerts. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013143
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Preventing the Recurrence of Depression with Drugs and Psychotherapy Condition(s): Depression
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Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of Cognitive Therapy (CT) to antidepressant medication (ADM) enhances treatment for depression. This study will also test whether the addition of CT to ADM will prevent recurrences of depression after therapy is over. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057577 •
Rituximab, Carboplatin, Cyclophosphamide, and Etoposide or Etoposide Phosphate Given With Osmotic Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Plus Sodium Thiosulfate and Cytarabine in Treating Patients With Refractory or Recurrent Primary CNS Lymphoma Condition(s): Drug Toxicity; Thrombocytopenia; intraocular lymphoma; primary central nervous system lymphoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Oregon Health and Science University; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab, can locate cancer cells and either kill them or deliver cancer-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, and cytarabine, use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption uses certain drugs to open the blood vessels around the brain and allow anticancer substances to be delivered directly to the brain. Chemoprotective drugs such as sodium thiosulfate may protect normal cells from the side effects of carboplatinbased chemotherapy. Combining rituximab with chemotherapy given with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption plus sodium thiosulfate may kill more cancer cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining rituximab with combination chemotherapy given with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption plus sodium thiosulfate in treating patients who have refractory or recurrentprimary CNS lymphoma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074165
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Safety and Effectiveness of a Three-Drug Combination Treatment for Recently Infected or Converted HIV Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Bristol-Myers Squibb
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI), and BMS-232632 when given early in the course of HIV infection. Acute HIV infection may develop in patients that are exposed to the HIV virus. Following infection, the viral load (level of HIV in the blood) rises rapidly over the next few days to weeks. It is not known which is the best treatment in patients with very early HIV infection. Researchers believe these patients may respond well to strong early treatment. A combination consisting of enteric-coated didanosine (ddI-EC), stavudine (d4T), and the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, BMS-232632, will be tested. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007202 •
Safety and Effectiveness of Emtricitabine Taken Once Daily with Efavirenz and Didanosine in HIV-Infected Children Who Have Taken Few or No Anti-HIV Drugs Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to look at long-term safety and effectiveness of emtricitabine (FTC), efavirenz (EFV), and didanosine (ddI) taken together once daily in HIV-infected pediatric patients who have taken few or no antiHIV drugs. Treatment of HIV-infected patients involves combining drugs from different groups of anti-HIV drugs. At present, the preferred combination is 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and 1 protease inhibitor (PI). For children this treatment may be too complicated or the drugs too difficult to take by mouth. So it is necessary to find other combinations that are effective and easy to take. A study in adults has shown that FTC and ddI (NRTIs) taken once daily together with EFV, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), is effective and well tolerated. This study will look at the FTC/EFV/ddI combination in children. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00016718
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Screening Herbs for Drug Interactions Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The present study is designed to detect potential herb-drug interactions in human volunteers. Research subjects, who have had physicals and found to be healthy, and, who are taking no medications or supplements, will receive a single dose of the prescription drug alprazolam and the over-the-counter cough suppressant, dextromethorphan on two occasions. Once by themselves, and again after taking a selected herbal product for 2 weeks. Comparisons will be made between the blood and
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urine levels of alprazolam and dextromethorphan, respectively, between the two treatment phases. This information will allow us to make predictions on potential herbdrug interactions with many prescription medications. Phase(s): Phase II; MedlinePlus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029263 •
Study drug in patients with malignant gist that have progressed during or not tolerated treatment with imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC(tm)) Condition(s): Gastrointestinal Neoplasms Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: The study is for patients with malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor who have received treatment with imatinib mesylate and either experienced progression of disease or intolerance. Patients will be randomly assigned to receive either study drug or placebo. Patients randomized to receive placebo will be offered crossover to receive study drug at the time their disease progresses on study. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075218
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Study Drug In Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer who Previously Failed Treatment with Irinotecan-, Oxaliplatin-, and Fluoropyrimidine, with and without Bevacizumab Condition(s): Colorectal Cancer; Neoplasm Metastasis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to test whether study drug is active and safe in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have received and failed several specific standard therapies. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00077987
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Study Drug in the Treatment of Patients with Cytokine-Refractory Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Condition(s): Renal Cell Carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to test whether study drug has activity and is safe in patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00077974 •
Study of IV Investigational Drug vs Temozolomide or Carmustine (BCNU) or Lomustine (CCNU) in Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme Condition(s): Glioblastoma Multiforme Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): (Sponsor Name Pending) Purpose - Excerpt: Study of investigational drug in patients with the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who have progression or first recurrence following initial treatment with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00068952
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Study of Tests to Evaluate Effectiveness of Anti-HIV Drugs Condition(s): HIV Infection Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine how laboratory tests called genotyping and phenotyping assess the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection. Some HIV-infected patients have measurable levels of virus in their blood even though they are taking combination drug therapy-including didanosine, stavudine, or efavirenz-against HIV. Genotyping and phenotyping can be used to test for resistance to a specific drug, thereby providing information that can help doctors decide on optimal drug treatment for a given patient. Genotyping identifies mutations, or changes, the virus undergoes that allow it to continue to grow despite drug treatment. Phenotyping involves growing the virus in test tubes with different amounts of drug and then calculating how much drug is required to stop its growth. Patients 18 years of age and older with HIV infection and viral levels between 5000 and 100,000 copies per milliliter of blood who have been taking antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a urine test and various blood tests, including genotyping and phenotyping. Participants will have a series of tests to determine whether or not a drug is active against HIV. This involves temporarily stopping the drug under study (i.e., either efavirenz or didanosine or stavudine). The study procedure is as follows: 1. Patients will have six blood tests over 10 days to measure viral load while on all current anti-HIV medications. On one of those days two blood tests will be done to measure levels of didanosine or stavudine. Efavirenz will also be measured if this drug is to be stopped. 2. The patient will temporarily stop the drug under while continuing to take the other drugs. (Efavirenz
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will be stopped for 3 weeks; stavudine and didanosine will be stopped for 2 weeks.) Seven blood tests will be done at the following intervals to measure viral load: For patients who stop efavirenz, blood will be drawn on days 13, 18, 20, 22, 24,28 and 30. (Day 0 is the first day of the study.) Patients who stop stavudine or didanosine will have blood drawn on days 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 22 and 24. Repeat genotype and phenotype testing will also be done during this time, and a CD4 count (measurement of a certain type of white blood cell) will be done at the end of this 2- or 3-week period. 3. The drug that was stopped will be restarted and viral load tests will be repeated. For patients who stopped efavirenz, viral loads will be tested on days 34, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49 and 52 of the study. Those who restart stavudine or didanosine will be tested on days 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 and 38. Genotype and phenotype tests and a DC4 count will be repeated at the end of this period. The study is completed after the above procedures. However, for patients whose doctors suggest stopping their medications before beginning a new regimen, additional blood samples will be requested to measure viral load while the patient is off all drugs. Blood samples will be drawn on days 2, 7, 14 and 21 after stopping the drugs, or, alternatively, daily for 7 days and then weekly for 3 weeks. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006494 •
Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Before Beginning Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients with Both HBV and HIV Condition(s): HIV Infections; Hepatitis B Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the drug telbivudine (LdT) for treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HIV infected patients. Patients will take telbivudine alone for 24 weeks, add anti-HIV drugs for 24 weeks, then stop taking telbivudine while continuing their anti-HIV drug regimen. To enroll in this study, patients must not be taking any anti-HIV drugs and cannot have taken more than 31 days of treatment with lamivudine (3TC), protease inhibitors (PIs), or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051090
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Triacetyluridine and Fluorouracil Compared With Gemcitabine in Treating Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Condition(s): adenocarcinoma of the pancreas; Drug Toxicity; Pancreatic Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Wellstat Therapeutics Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Giving the drugs in different combinations may kill more tumor cells. Chemoprotective drugs such as triacetyluridine may protect normal cells from the side effects of chemotherapy. It is not yet known which chemotherapy regimen is more effective in treating pancreatic cancer. PURPOSE:
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Randomizedphase III trial to compare the effectiveness of fluorouracil plus triacetyluridine with that of gemcitabine in treating patients who have locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer that cannot be treated with surgery. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00024427 •
Trial of Investigational Drug Plus Chloroquine Versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Plus Chloroquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in India Condition(s): Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: This primary objective of this study is to assess whether the combination of investigational drug with chloroquine is non-inferior to the combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus chloroquine, when used to treat uncomplicated cases of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum in adults in India. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074841
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Using Drug Levels in the Blood to Guide Therapy in HIV Infected Patients Taking a Protease Inhibitor Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Drug resistance testing can be used to see which anti-HIV drugs are likely to suppress the growth of HIV and to select an anti-HIV regimen for HIV infected patients who have failed previous drug regimens. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring blood levels of a drug and may further increase the benefits that resistance testing offers by optimizing protease inhibitor (PI) drug concentrations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether changing the dose of PIs, as indicated by TDM, improves immune system response in PI-experienced patients. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00041769
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When to Start Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients with Opportunistic Infections Condition(s): HIV Infections; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of starting anti-HIV drugs in HIV infected patients who are being treated for opportunistic infections (OIs). This study will follow two patient groups: those who received anti-HIV drugs soon after being diagnosed with an OI and patients with OIs who deferred beginning anti-HIV drugs until after recovering from the OI. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00055120 •
An Investigational Drug Compared to a Marketed Drug and Placebo in the Treatment of Patients with Depression Condition(s): Depression Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Eli Lilly and Company Purpose - Excerpt: The purposes of this study are to determine: The safety of an investigational drug and any side effects that might be associated with it. How the investigational drug compares to marketed antidepressant and placebo (an inactive ingredient) Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073411
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Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); European Commission's Pediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) Purpose - Excerpt: Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study will examine the long-term effectiveness of different antiHIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study will enroll children who have not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Some children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039741
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Anti-HIV Drug Regimens With or Without Protease Inhibitors and Drug Level Monitoring in HIV Infected Adolescents Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will compare the effectiveness of anti-HIV drug regimens with or without a protease inhibitor (PI) in HIV infected adolescents. It will also determine if monitoring drug levels and adjusting the dose as necessary improves the effectiveness of these regimens. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075907
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Computer-Assisted Adherence Program for Patients Taking Anti-HIV Drugs Condition(s): Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-assisted, self-administered adherence program for patients on complicated anti-HIV drug regimens. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051766
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Docetaxel and Cisplatin With or Without Dimesna in Treating Patients With Stage IIIB or Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): Anemia; Drug Toxicity; Neutropenia; Non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as docetaxel and cisplatin, work in different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Chemoprotective drugs such as dimesna may help prevent or decrease the side effects (such as nerve, kidney, and inner ear damage) caused by chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to compare the effectiveness of docetaxel and cisplatin with or without dimesna in treating patients who have stage IIIB or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00077311
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Effect of a T-20 Based Anti-HIV Drug Regimen on HIV Reservoirs Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Resting CD4 cells are inactive but can become active in the future. HIV replication in the resting cells is so minimal that anti-HIV drugs often fail to eradicate virus in these cells. T-20, also known as enfuvirtide, is a new type of anti-HIV drug called a fusion inhibitor. The purpose of this study is to test the ability of T-20 to decrease the level of HIV in resting CD4 cells in patients starting an anti-HIV drug regimen for the first time. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051831
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Efficacy and Safety of Study Drug in Patients with Anthracycline- and TaxaneRefractory Metastatic Breast Cancer Condition(s): Breast Cancer; Neoplasm Metastasis Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to test whether study drug has activity and is safe in patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC). Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00078000
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Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV With Anti-HIV Drugs Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine whether anti-HIV drugs can prevent the sexual transmission of HIV among couples in which one partner is HIV infected and the other is not. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00074581
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Rituximab and Rasburicase in Treating Young Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced B-Cell Leukemia or Lymphoma Who Are Receiving Combination Chemotherapy Condition(s): acute leukemia; childhood large cell lymphoma; childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma; Drug Toxicity Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Children's Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab can locate cancer cells and either kill them or deliver cancer-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug with rituximab may kill more cancer cells. Chemoprotective drugs such as rasburicase may protect kidney cells from the side effects of chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining rituximab and rasburicase with combination chemotherapy in treating young patients who have newly diagnosed advanced Bcellleukemia or lymphoma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057811
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “drugs” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DRUGS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “drugs” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on drugs, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Drugs By performing a patent search focusing on drugs, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on drugs: •
Anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugate drugs with enhanced cytotoxicity compounds, compositions and methods Inventor(s): Fenick; David J. (Washington, DC), Koch; Tad H. (Boulder, CO), Taatjes; Dylan J. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): University Technology Corporation (boulder, Co) Patent Number: 6,677,309 Date filed: February 27, 1998 Abstract: Monomeric and dimeric anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugate compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Specifically, monomeric and dimeric aldehyde conjugates of 1-2, dihetero-substituted anti-cancer drugs, including monomeric and dimeric aldehyde conjugates of anthracyclines, are provided. Also provided are prodrugs which, after administration, release monomeric aldehyde conjugates. Further provided are pharmaceutical and therapeutic compositions containing anti-cancer drug aldehyde conjugates and methods of treating cancer using the aldehyde conjugates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds useful in the treatment of cancer. Particularly, this invention relates to anti-cancer drugs comprising an amino alcohol functionality, e.g. anthracyclines. More particularly, this invention relates to anthracycline aldehyde conjugates formed by reaction of an anthracycline with an aldehyde, e.g. formaldehyde. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) continues to be one of the most important anti-cancer drugs available. It is a broad spectrum drug particularly useful in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute leukemias, sarcomas, and solid tumors of the breast, lung, and ovary (young, R. C. et al. (1981) New Engl. J. Med. 305:139-153). The closely related drug daunorubicin (daunomycin) is used primarily for the treatment of acute leukemia. A major problem associated with doxorubicin and daunorubicin chemotherapy is multi-drug resistance. Multi-drug resistance is characterized by resistance to several drugs developed by tumor cells upon treatment with one drug. Mechanisms proposed for tumor cell multi-drug resistance include overexpression of cell membrane proteins which enhance efflux of the drug, and overexpression of glutathione transferase which transforms xenobiotics to glutathione conjugates for excretion (Volm, M. (1991) Br. J. Cancer 64:700-704; Giai, M. et al. (1991) Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 12:359-73; Black, S. M. and Wolf (1991) Pharmac. Ther. 51:139154; Serafino, A. et al. (1998) Anticancer Res. in press). Glutathione itself is also thought to be involved in resistance in a variety of tumors (Blair, S. L. (1997) Cancer Res. 57:152155). Resistance to anthracycline anti-cancer antibiotics has been shown to involve a lower concentration of drug-produced reactive oxygen species, presumably resulting from overexpression of enzymes which destroy superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Sinha, B. K. and Mimnaugh, E. G. (1990) Free Radicals Biol. Med.8:567-581. In spite of intensive investigation of the mode of action of doxorubicin and daunorubicin, the events leading to cell death and differential cytotoxicity are not totally understood. This has hindered the development of new analogs which are both more effective and which overcome multi-drug resistance. Both drugs are excellent DNA intercalators, and have been shown to concentrate in the cell nucleus (Chaires, J. B. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:2047-2053; Egorin, M. J. et al. (1974) Cancer Res. 34:2243-2245; Coley, H. M. et al. (1993) Br. J. Cancer 67:1316-1323). Crystallographic data have established specific sequences as the sites of drug intercalation (Wang, A. H.-J. et al. (1987) Biochemistry 26:1152-1163; Frederick, C. A. et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29:2538-2549). The drugs are
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redox active through the quinone functionality and are substrates for one-electron redox enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, cytochrome P450 reductase, and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Pan, S. et al. (1981) Mol. Pharmacol. 19:184-186; Schreiber, J. et al. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:348-351; Schreiber, J. et al. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:348-351; Kappus, H. (1986) Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:1-6). Furthermore, reduction in the presence of molecular oxygen results in catalytic production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Lown, W. J. et al. (1982) Biochem. Pharmacol. 31:575-581; Doroshow, J. H. (1983) Cancer Res.43:4543-4551; Sinha, B. K. (1989) Chem. Biol. Interact. 69:293-317). In an anaerobic environment, reduction leads to glycosidic cleavage to produce a quinone methide transient, long thought to be an alkylating agent for DNA (Kleyer, D. and Koch, T. H. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:2380-2387; Abdella, B. R. J. and Fisher, J. A. (1985) Envir. Health Perspect. 64:3-18; Gaudiano, G. et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:6537-6544; Moore, H. W. and Czerniak, R. (1981), Med. Res. Rev. 1:249280). Currently, the most popular explanation for cytotoxicity is induction of topoisomerase-mediated DNA strand breaks through intercalation, with modulation through a signaling cascade involving a cell membrane receptor for doxorubicin (Liu, L. F. (1989) 58:351-375; Tritton, T. R. (1991) Pharmac. Ther. 49:293-301). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677309__ •
Automatic prescription drug dispenser Inventor(s): Rosenblum; Ken (Mendota Heights, MN) Assignee(s): Mendota Healthcare, Inc. (mendota Heights, Mn) Patent Number: 6,697,704 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: An automatic prescription drug dispenser including a remote dispenser, a prescription entry system, and a communications network. The remote dispenser transmits and receives information from the communications network and dispenses prescription drugs to the patient. The prescription entry system transmits and receives information from the communications network and provides an input system for the doctor to electronically enter individual prescriptions for each patient. The communications network coordinates communications between the doctor, insurance carrier, and the remote dispenser. The remote dispenser stores, retrieves, and labels prescription drug and over-the-counter products directly to patients through a remote automated vending machine, a remote dispenser, a prescription entry system, and a communications network. The remote dispenser transmits and receives information from the communications network and dispenses prescription drugs to the patient. The prescription entry system transmits and receives information from the communications network and provides an input system for the doctor to electronically enter individual prescriptions for each patient. The communications network coordinates communications between the doctor, insurance carrier, and the remote dispenser. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns dispensing systems, such as vending machines, particularly dispensing systems for prescription drugs. Travelling from place to place and waiting for a prescription to be filled when sick or while accompanying a sick family member has been an unpleasant experience for many. The typical journey includes a visit with a doctor at a clinic, waiting for the doctor to scribble a handwritten prescription, travelling to a pharmacy, giving the pharmacist the handwritten prescription, and waiting for the pharmacist to interpret and fill the prescription. Many times if the handwritten prescription is difficult to read, the pharmacist will need to call
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the doctor to confirm the prescription. In addition, many times the patient's insurance carrier will not cover the particular prescription because the particular drug is not on the insurance carrier's present formulary or because the quantity exceeds the insurance carrier's coverage limits. These insurance problems may require contacting the insurance carrier, the doctor to rewrite the prescription, or both. Meanwhile, the already ill and tired patient is required to wait as the doctor, pharmacist, and insurance carrier sort out and deliver the prescription to the patient, before they may go home for needed rest. There are several problems with the present prescription drug delivery system. First, existing systems are slow and require the patient to travel from place to place or wait as overworked pharmacists try to quickly and correctly fill prescriptions for numerous irritable patients. In addition to being slow, the system is prone to human error. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06697704__ •
Bax degradation involvement in tumor survival and progression Inventor(s): Dou; Ping (Tampa, FL), Li; Benyi (Tampa, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (tampa, Fl) Patent Number: 6,692,927 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided an assay for determining Bax degradation activity in a patient sample. The assay includes a labeled Bax protein which is incubated with a protein extract from the sample and a detector for detecting a signal from the labeled Bax protein, whereby decreased signals compared to a control indicates Bax degradation activity. Also provided by the present invention is a method for assaying a tissue for Bax degradation activity for determining aggressiveness of a tumor, for screening compounds for inhibitors of Bax degradation activity and for determining efficacy of proteasome inhibitors to prevent Bax degradation including the steps of incubating the sample with a labeled Bax protein and detecting the presence of a label generated signal whereby decrease signal compared to a control indicates Bax degradation activity. A method for screening potential proteasome inhibitors and anticancer drugs for efficacy in preventing Bax degradation activity. A method of determining tumor grade by measuring the Bax protein level and Bax degradation activity level whereby low or moderate levels of Bax protein and high levels of Bax degradation activity indicate a high-grade tumor is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to assays for and treatment of tumors using Bax degradation activity. More specifically, the present invention relates to the using determinations of Bax degredation levels for prognosis and treatment of cancer. Apoptosis, a morphologically distinct form of programmed cell death, plays a major role in development, homeostasis, and many diseases including cancer (Song and Steller, 1999). The process of apoptosis can be divided into three fundamental steps: initiation, commitment, and execution (Reed, 1997). The cell death pathway can be initiated by many stimuli and insults, including deprivation of growth factors or treatment with radiation, chemotherapeutic agents or the kinase inhibitor staurosporin (Reed, 1997). The molecular mechanisms controlling apoptotic commitment are unclear. Results from the most recent experiments have suggested that cellular fate can be determined by Bcl2 family proteins that are localized in mitochondria (Green and Reed, 1998; Adams and Cory, 1998; Gross et al., 1999). Apoptotic execution is initiated by activation of effector caspase protease (such as caspase-3) (Thornberry and Lazebnik, 1998), which in turn
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cleaves important cellular proteins, including a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (Lazebnik et al., 1994), lamin (Lazebnik et al., 1995), DNA-dependent protein kinase (Song et al., 1996) and retinoblastoma protein (RB) (An and Dou, 1996); Tan et al., 1997). The active caspase-3 also cleaves a caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease inhibitor, resulting activation of the deoxyribonuclease that is responsible for the internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA (Enari et al., 1998), a hallmark of apoptotic execution (Thornberry and Lazebnik, 1998). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692927__ •
Catheters for breast surgery Inventor(s): Fontenot; Mark G. (220 Marilyn Dr., Lafayette, LA 70503) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,685,666 Date filed: November 9, 2000 Abstract: Methods and systems for accessing target sites in breast and other tissues comprising catheters having hooks or other anchoring means at their distal ends. The positions of the catheters and tissue are determined using a light source, optionally using both infrared and visible light sources. Once accessed, drugs may be delivered through the catheter, or the catheter may be used to facilitate surgical intervention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to invasive methods and devices which position and anchor single or multiple lumen catheters proximate to breast lesions under radiographic guidance in order to provide a conduit or conduits for reversible placement of devices such as an optical fiber or allow the delivery of medicament or drug solutions such as anesthetic to sites in breast tissue along the length of the catheter. There is an abundance of published literature surrounding wire needle localization (WNL) and its use in breast biopsy. Specifically, WNL is a surgical technique frequently invoked by surgeons to biopsy lesions in the breast discovered as a result of mammography or other breast screening methods. Patients undergoing WNL are placed on a radiographic table usually located in the radiology suite. The breast is placed between two compression plates, arranged moveably in relation to one another, for fixing the breast there between. The compression plates have holes which permit the introduction of a biopsy needle under radiographic guidance into the breast and proximate to the breast lesion to be biopsied. Once the needle is placed in the desired position in the breast, a thin, stiff wire with a distal retaining hook is inserted through the lumen of the needle. As the wire emerges from the distal aspect of the needle, the distal hook of the wire engages the breast tissue proximate to the breast lesion. The needle is withdrawn leaving the hook wire proximate to the lesion. The position of the wire relative to the lesion is verified radiographically. Radiographic views of the wire in the breast are taken and brought to the operating room so as to allow the surgeon to plan the surgical biopsy procedure. The patient is transferred to the operating room. After physically examining the breast and placement of the wire in the breast as well as the radiographs of the wire placement, the surgeon plans the surgical approach for the removal of the desired breast tissue specimen. The wire serves as a marker which can be palpated by the surgeon during surgery. Using a typical syringe and needle, local anesthetic is administered in and around the proposed surgical area. An incision is made and the surgeon dissects around the wire. During the dissection, the surgeon continuously palpates the location of the wire in order to orient the dissection and determine that amount of tissue to be harvested or biopsied. The surgical objective of
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the biopsy is to remove an adequate tissue sample such that the wire and the lesion are at the center of the sample surrounded by an adequate margin thickness of normal breast tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06685666__ •
Cholesterol and triglyceride-modulating drugs and methods Inventor(s): Zhang; Jennifer H. (Shanghai, CN) Assignee(s): A.p. Group, Inc. (nashua, Nh) Patent Number: 6,683,104 Date filed: June 12, 2003 Abstract: Urea compounds disclosed herein increase HDL-C levels and as such can be used in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and related conditions such as peripheral vascular disease and ischemic stroke hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and related conditions such as peripheral vascular disease and ischemic stroke, and specifically to drugs that increase levels of HDL. Low HDL cholesterol (HDLC), or hypoalphalipoproteinemia, is a blood lipid abnormality which correlates with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in particular coronary artery disease (CAD), but also cerebrovascular disease, coronary restenosis, and peripheral vascular disease. HDLC levels are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that plasma HDLC concentration is inversely related to the incidence of CAD. HDLC levels are a strong graded and independent cardiovascular risk factor. Protective effects of an elevated HDLC persist until 80 years of age. A low HDLC is associated with an increased CAD risk even with normal (<5.2 mmol/l) total plasma cholesterol levels. Coronary disease risk is increased by 2% in men and 3% in women for every 1 mg/dL (0.026 mmol/l) reduction in HDLC and in the majority of studies this relationship is statistically significant even after adjustment for other lipid and non-lipid risk factors. Decreased HDLC levels are the most common lipoprotein abnormality seen in patients with premature CAD. Four percent of patients with premature CAD have an isolated form of decreased HDLC levels with no other lipoprotein abnormalities while 25% have low HDLC levels with accompanying hypertriglyceridemia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683104__
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Combinations of drugs (e.g., a benzimidazole and pentamidine) for the treatment of neoplastic disorders Inventor(s): Borisy; Alexis (Boston, MA), Foley; Michael A. (Chestnut Hill, MA), Keith; Curtis (Boston, MA), Stockwell; Brent R. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Combinatorx Incorporated (boston, Ma) Patent Number: 6,693,125 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: The invention features a method for treating a patient having a cancer or other neoplasm, by administering to the patient (i) a benzimidazole or a metabolite or analog
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thereof; and (ii) pentamidine or a metabolite or analog thereof simultaneously or within 14 days of each other in amounts sufficient to inhibit the growth of the neoplasm. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the treatment of neoplastic disorders such as cancer. Cancer is a disease marked by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The abnormal cells may no longer do the work of normal cells, and they crowd out and destroy healthy tissue. Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related cause of death among men and women. It is the second most commonly occurring cancer among men and women; it has been estimated that there will be more than 164,000 new cases of lung cancer in the U.S. in the year 2000 alone. While the rate of lung cancer cases is declining among men in the U.S., it continues to increase among women. Lung cancer can be lethal; according to the American Lung Association, an estimated 156,900 Americans are expected to die due to lung cancer in 2000. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693125__ •
Conjugates targeted to the interleukin-2 receptor Inventor(s): Prakash; Ramesh K. (Salt Lake City, UT), Clemens; Christopher M. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (corona, Ca) Patent Number: 6,693,083 Date filed: February 12, 2001 Abstract: A composition for intracellular delivery of a chemical agent into an interleukin-2-receptor-bearing cell, e.g. an activated T cell, includes a chemical agent and at least one copy of an interleukin-2-receptor-binding and endocytosis-inducing ligand coupled to a water soluble polymer. The ligand binds to a receptor on the interleukin-2-receptor-bearing cell and elicits endocytosis of the composition. The composition also preferably includes a spacer for coupling the chemical agent and the ligand to the polymer. Chemical agents can include cytotoxins, transforming nucleic acids, gene regulators, labels, antigens, drugs, and the like. A preferred water soluble polymer is a polyalkylene oxide, such as polyethlene glycol and polyethylene oxide, and activated derivatives thereof. The composition can further comprise a carrier such as another water soluble polymer, liposome, or particulate. Methods of using these compositions for delivering a chemical agent in vivo or in vitro are also disclosed. A method of detecting a disease, such as T-cell lymphocytic leukemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, or nonHodgkin's lymphoma, associated with elevated levels of soluble IL-2 receptor is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to delivery of chemical agents to cells. More particularly, this invention relates to compositions and methods for intracellular delivery of chemical agents to a specific cell type, i.e. cells bearing the interleukin-2 (IL2) receptor. Toxins that target cell surface receptors or antigens on tumor cells have attracted considerable attention for treatment of cancer. E.g., I. Pastan & D. FitzGerald, Recombinant Toxins for Cancer Treatment, 254 Science 1173 (1991); Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,169,933 and 5,135,736; Thorpe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,923; Jansen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,469; Frankel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,188; Uhr et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,447; Masuho et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,450,154 and 4,350,626. These agents include a celltargeting moiety, such as a growth factor or an antigen-binding protein, linked to a plant or bacterial toxin. They kill cells by mechanisms different from conventional
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chemotherapy, thus potentially reducing or eliminating cross resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/305,770, filed Sep. 13, 1994, describes compositions and methods for specific intracellular delivery of a chemical agent into a CR2-receptor-bearing cell, e.g. B lymphocytes. The compositions comprise a CR2-receptor-binding and endocytosis-inducing ligand (CBEL) coupled to the chemical agent. The CBEL binds to the CR2 receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes and elicits endocytosis of the composition such that the composition is transported to lysosomes. In the lysosomes, the chemical agent is preferably separated from the remainder of the composition such that the chemical agent can be transported or diffuse into the cytoplasm or nucleus. Optionally, the composition can include a spacer, which can be either biodegradable (in the lysosome) or non-biodegradable, for coupling the CBEL to the chemical agent. Chemical agents can include cytotoxins, transforming nucleic acids, gene regulators, labels, antigens, drugs, and the like. The composition can further comprise a carrier such as another water soluble polymer, liposome, or particulate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693083__ •
Covalent microparticle-drug conjugates for biological targeting Inventor(s): Meredith; Michael J. (Lake Oswego, OR), Pederson; Richard L. (San Gabriel, CA), Yatvin; Milton B. (Portland, OR) Assignee(s): Oregon Health and Science University (portland, Oh) Patent Number: 6,676,972 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides reagents and methods for specifically delivering antibiotic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, drugs and agents to phagocytic mammalian cells. The invention also relates to specific delivery to and uptake of such compounds by phagocytic cells. The invention specifically relates to reagents and methods for facilitating the entry of antibiotic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, drugs and agents into phagocytic cells. The invention specifically provides compositions of matter and pharmaceutical embodiments of such compositions comprising such antibiotic, antimicrobial or antiviral compounds, drugs and agents conjugated to, impregnated with or coated onto particulate carriers generally termed microparticles. In particular embodiments, the antibiotic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, drugs and agents are covalently linked to a microparticle via a specifically-degradable linker molecule which is the target of a microorganism-specific protein having enzymatic activity. Also provided are porous microparticles impregnated with antibiotic, antimicrobial or antiviral compounds, drugs and agents wherein the surface or outside extent of the microparticle is covered with a degradable coating that is specifically degraded within an infected phagocytic mammalian cell. Also provided are nonporous microparticles coated with antibiotic, antimicrobial or antiviral compounds, drugs and agents and further coated wherein the surface or outside extent of the microparticle is covered with a degradable coating that is specifically degraded within an infected phagocytic mammalian cell. Thus, the invention provides cell targeting of drugs wherein the targeted drug is only released in cells infected with a particular microorganism. Methods of inhibiting, attenuating, arresting, combating and overcoming microbial infection of phagocytic mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro, especially cells infected with tuberculosis-causing and other Mycobacterium species microorganisms, are also provided.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to reagents and methods for facilitating the entry of biologically-active compounds into phagocytic cells. The invention specifically provides particulate carriers generally termed microparticles comprising antimicrobial compounds, both per se as compositions of matter and as pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Alternative embodiments of said microparticle carriers are provided wherein one or a multiplicity of antimicrobial compounds are linked to a microparticle via a specifically-cleaved linker moiety, or wherein a porous microparticle is impregnated with one or a multiplicity of antimicrobial compounds, or wherein the microparticle is coated with one or a multiplicity of antimicrobial compounds, wherein the impregnated or coated microparticle is further coated with a specifically-degradable coating material, wherein in their respective embodiments the specifically-cleaved linker moiety and the specifically-degradable coating material are the targets of a microorganism-specific protein having an enzymatic activity not otherwise expressed in the phagocytic cell, or that is specifically expressed by the phagocytic cell only when infected with said microorganism. Thus, the invention provides cell targeting of drugs to phagocytic cells wherein the targeted drug is only released in phagocytic cells that infected with a particular microorganism. Methods of treating diseases having an intracellular microbial etiology are also provided, particularly for the treatment of tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium-caused diseases. A major goal in the pharmacological arts has been the development of reagents and methods for facilitating specific delivery of therapeutic compounds, drugs and other agents to the appropriate cells and tissues that would benefit from such treatment, and the avoidance of the general physiological effects of systemic or otherwise inappropriate delivery of such compounds, drugs or agents to other cells or tissues of the body. The most common example of the need for such specificity is in the field of antibiotic therapy, in which the amount of a variety of antibiotic, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, drugs and agents that can be safely administered to a patient is limited by their cytotoxic and immunogenic effects. It is also recognized in the medical arts that certain cells are the sites of pharmacological action of certain compounds, drugs or agents or are involved in the biological response to certain stimuli. In particular, it is now recognized that certain cell types are reservoirs for occult infection that evades normal immune surveillance and permits the persistence of a chronically infected disease state. Specific delivery of diagnostic or therapeutic compounds, drugs or agents to such cells is thus desirable to increase the specificity and effectiveness of clinical diagnostic or therapeutic techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676972__ •
Delivery mechanism for balloons, drugs, stents and other physical/mechanical agents and method of use Inventor(s): Jayaraman; Swaminathan (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Vascular Concepts Holdings Limited (british Isles) Patent Number: 6,692,460 Date filed: February 23, 2000 Abstract: The present invention preferably includes a balloon catheter for use with a guidewire. The catheter has a body with a balloon located thereon, preferably at the distal end. A lumen within the catheter body communicates with the interior of the balloon which can be inflated by known methods with saline solution. A series of sleeve members of predetermined lengths and sizes are coupled to and positioned along the length of the catheter body. One or more of the sleeve members can span the length of
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the balloon. Each sleeve member has a passageway and both an exit and entry port so that the guidewire can pass therethrough. Instead of a balloon, the catheter can include a device member that forms a chamber which can store medicine until discharged at the desired site within the blood vessel. Apertures or pores on the catheter body allow for the perfusion of blood or the delivery of medicine to the site of the blood vessel. A method of operation is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to catheters for delivering balloons, drugs, stents, and other devices or agents into the arterial or venal systems of the human body. In particular, this invention relates to catheters that provide a quick, efficient and rapid exchange capability for the delivery of an angioplasty balloon into the arterial vessels of the human heart. The human body includes arterial and venous conduits which run throughout various sections of the human body. These conduits conduct blood into and from the heart which maintain the circulation that helps to sustain the metabolic events in the body. The vessels undergo biological, physiological and mechanical changes depending on the body metabolism which determine the functionality of the wall of the artery. Sometimes the wall of an artery becomes occluded due to deposits of fatty tissues which in turn form plaque on the walls of the artery. These plaques then have to removed to restore the normal function of the artery. One known mechanism of removing the plaque is to compress the plaque against the wall of the artery using a balloon catheter. This procedure is called Percutaneous (under the skin) Transluminal (under x-ray guidance) Coronary (region of intervention) Angioplasty (plaque compression) or PTCA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692460__ •
Emulsions as solid dosage forms for oral administration Inventor(s): Gupte; Sangeeta V. (Waukegan, IL), Hontz; John (Plymouth, MN), Khankari; Rajendra K. (Maple Grove, MN), Kumbale; Ramya (Morris Plains, NJ), Pather; S. Indiran (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): Cima Labs Inc. (eden Prairie, Mn) Patent Number: 6,692,771 Date filed: February 23, 2001 Abstract: Novel emulsion compositions which improve the rate and/or extent of absorption of drugs are disclosed. The novel emulsion compositions of the present invention include drug-containing emulsions adsorbed onto solid particles which may be further formulated into solid dosage forms, methods of preparing such emulsion compositions and their uses thereof. The emulsion compositions and their dosage forms improve the drug-load and the bioavailability of a wide range of drugs including drugs that are known or suspected of having poor bioavailability by the utilization of several different mechanisms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of emulsion compositions and to pharmaceutical dosage forms and the methods of preparing the same. Certain drugs present significant problems in balancing the desire for a convenient oral dosing format and the necessary bioavailability. With some drugs, absorption of an orally administered dose could be as little as 30%, or less. Such poorly absorbed drugs often display large inter- and intra-subject variability in bioavailability. See Aungst, B. J., J. Pharm. Sci., 82:979-987, 1993. Specific examples of such drugs, having the average bioavailability given in parentheses, include methyldopa (25%) with a range of 8% to
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62%; and nalbuphine (approximately 17%) with a range of 6% to 40%. The absorption rate of most drugs depends on two factors: (1) the dissolution of the drug in physiological fluids and (2) the absorption process itself, i.e., the process by which a drug in solution enters the cells at the absorption site and, finally enters the general circulation. Many drugs are absorbed by passive diffusion, i.e., a spontaneous migration of drug molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Other drugs are absorbed by active transportation which involves the expenditure of energy by the body. Some drugs are absorbed by the processes of pynocytosis or endocytosis which involve the engulfing of solid particles and the incorporation of such particles into the cellular contents. However, with these few exceptions, for solid orally administered drugs, absorbed actively or passively, dissolution of the drug is the first step in the absorption process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692771__ •
Fast neutron resonance radiography for elemental mapping Inventor(s): Chen; Gongyin (Bowling Green, KY), Lanza; Richard C. (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): Massachusetts Institute of Technology (cambridge, Ma) Patent Number: 6,693,281 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: Methods and apparatus involving neutron resonance radiography are used to map the elemental composition of an object. Sets of neutrons having energies within particular energy bands are directed through an object to be imaged. The attenuation of the neutrons passed through the object is detected, and that data can be used to detect explosives, weapons, drugs and other contraband. Excerpt(s): The United States of America is a major consuming market of narcotic drugs and a primary target of terrorist attacks. Drug dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder that exacts an enormous cost on individuals, families, businesses, communities, and nations. Terrorist highjacking and bombings, especially those involving and targeting civilian airplanes, greatly jeopardize the lives of the public. Drugs, explosives and weapons are transported illegally by various methods. Large objects such as trucks or cargo containers are checked at the southwest (U.S.-Mexico) border for large amounts of drugs or other goods of interest, while passenger's luggage is screened for a small amount of explosives or drugs (100-300 grams) or for weapons at airports. There are a number of techniques currently used or proposed for defecting drugs, explosives and/or other contraband. There have been many governmental efforts to develop detection technology for drugs, explosives and weapons led by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Commonly used methods for detecting drugs, explosives and/or weapons in parcels or cargo are described, below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693281__
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Formulations for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus Inventor(s): Pearson; Don C. (Lakewood, WA), Richardson; Kenneth T. (Anchorage, AK) Assignee(s): Chronorx Llc (anchorage, Ak) Patent Number: 6,689,385 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: The compositions and dosage forms of the invention are clinically useful as methods for increasing the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of biguanides (metformin) and/or sulfonylureas in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, alone or in combination, as a nutrient for humans. The carefully chosen active ingredients of the invention are designed in a modular fashion to prevent and rectify adverse events associated with insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes mellitus, and with the clinical use of biguanides (metformin) and/or the sulfonylureas. These modules are: (1) Mitochondrial Metabolic Group, (2) Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity Group, (3) Nocturnal Group and, (4) Insulin Alternative Group. When used in concert with a biguanide, a sulfonylurea or with a combination of both, the invention will broaden the clinical usefulness of these drugs. The invention will retard the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes, and reduce the serious microvascular and macrovascular complications commonly associated with insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates to singlecomponent or multi-component formulations used to enhance the efficiency and safety in the clinical use of the biguanide metformin, the sulfonylureas or combinations of sulfonylurea-metformin, in the pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes are prevalent in up to 35% of the population depending upon the age and nature of the subset. In the United States alone, 16 million people have type 2 diabetes and 13 million have impaired glucose tolerance. In fact type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. By 2025, an estimated 300 million people will have diabetes, most of whom will inhabit China, India, and the United States. Because of an aging and increasingly sedentary, obese population with changing, unhealthy diets, insulin resistance is also increasing alarmingly (it is already two to three times more prevalent than type 2 diabetes). This apparent increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes occurs in all ethnic populations, but especially in those that have migrated from their native lands to more urbanized and westernized regions of the world. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exist not merely as part of the aging process, but also as a process that advances aging. Diabetes affects metabolism in totality: carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Its causes and its management are very, very complex and strikingly nonlinear. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689385__
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Highly purified ethyl EPA and other EPA derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorders Inventor(s): Peet; Malcolm (Sheffield, GB), Vaddadi; Krishna S (Melbourne, AU) Assignee(s): Laxdale Limited (stirling, Gb) Patent Number: 6,689,812 Date filed: December 14, 2001
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Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation comprising EPA in an appropriately assimilable form where of all the fatty acids present in the preparation at least 90%, and preferably at least 95%, is in the form of EPA and where less than 5%, and preferably less than 3%, is in the form of DHA is provided for the treatment of a psychiatric or central nervous disorder. The preparation may be administered with conventional drugs to treat psychiatric or central nervous disorders to improve their efficacy or reduce their side effects. Excerpt(s): Even though many new drugs have been discovered over the past twenty years, psychiatric disorders are still relatively poorly treated. With most psychiatric illnesses, drug treatments do not treat all patients successfully. This is true of schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizotypal disorders, bipolar disorder (manicdepression), unipolar depression, dementias, panic attacks, anxiety, sleep disorders, attention, hyperactivity and conduct disorders, autism, personality disorders, and all other psychiatric conditions. For example, in depression, standard drugs achieve a 50% reduction in standard depression scores in about two thirds of patients: the others do not respond. In schizophrenia, the average improvements are only of the order of 2030% (S Leucht et al, Schizophrenia Research 1999;35:51-68) although individual patients may do much better than this. The same is true of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy and Huntington's disease. Again, many patients fail to respond to existing treatments, or respond only to a limited degree. In none of these conditions do existing drugs reliably produce a complete remission of symptoms. There is therefore a great need for new treatments, particularly ones which have novel mechanisms of action. As described in PCT filing WO 98/16216 it was unexpectedly found that an oil enriched in EPA was of value in treating schizophrenia, while an oil enriched in the closely related fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was not. This was surprising because DHA is found in large amounts in human brain whereas EPA is found only in trace quantities. It was therefore anticipated that DHA would be effective but EPA would not. In fact the opposite was found. WO 98/16216 disclosed the use of EPA and its derivatives for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689812__ •
In vivo biosensor apparatus and method of use Inventor(s): Applegate; Bruce M. (Knoxville, TN), Ripp; Steven A. (Knoxville, TN), Sayler; Gary S. (Blain, TN), Simpson; Michael L. (Knoxville, TN) Assignee(s): University of Tennessee Research Corporation (knoxville, Tn), Ut-battelle, Llc (oak Ridge, Tn) Patent Number: 6,673,596 Date filed: December 2, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit devices that detect selected analytes in fluids when implanted in the body of an animal. The device comprises a bioreporter that has been genetically engineered to contain a nucleic acid segment that comprises a cis-activating response element that is responsive to the selected substance operably linked to a gene encoding a bioluminescent reporter polypeptide. In preferred embodiments, the target analyte is glucose, glucagons, or insulin. Exposure of the bioreporter to the target substance causes the response element to up-regulate the nucleic acid sequence encoding the reporter polypeptide to produce a luminescent response that is detected and quantitated. In illustrative embodiments, the
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bioreporter device is encapsulated on an integrated circuit that is capable of detecting the emitted light, processing the resultant signal, and then remotely reporting the results. Also disclosed are controlled drug delivery systems capable of being directly or indirectly controlled by the detection device that provide drugs such as insulin to the animal in reponse to the amount of target analyte present in the body fluids. Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to the field of implantable diagnostic devices (i.e. devices deployed within the body of an animal) for monitoring one or more target substances, analytes, or metabolites in the animal. More particularly, the invention provides implantable biosensor devices for monitoring and regulating the level of analytes in the tissues and circulatory system of a human. In illustrative embodiments, the apparatus comprises a biosensor that is utilized to monitor the level of blood glucose in a diabetic or hypoglycemic patient. The disclosed sensors may also be used to control or regulate the delivery of a drug or other pharmaceutical agent from an external or an implantable drug delivery system. For example, the device may form part of an artificial pancreas to regulate insulin dosage in response to the level of glucose detected in situ. Biosensors are hybrid devices combining a biological component with an analytical measuring element. The biological component reacts and/or interacts with the analyte(s) of interest to produce a response measurable by an electronic, optical, or mechanical transducer. The most common configurations presently available utilize immobilized macromolecules such as enzymes or antibodies to form the biological component. Examples of analytes and immobilized macromolecules include: glucose and immobilized glucose oxidase (e.g., Wilkins et al., 1995); nitrate and immobilized nitrate reductase (Wu et al., 1997); hydrogen peroxide and 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and immobilized horseradish peroxidase (Rubtsova et al., 1998); and aspartate and immobilized L-aspartase (Campanella et al., 1995). A further refinement for biosensors has been developed in recent years that utilizes intact living cells, such as a microorganism, or an eukaryotic cell or cell culture as an alternative to immobilized enzymes. Microbial cells are especially well suited for biosensor technologies; they are physically robust, capable of existing under extremely harsh and widely fluctuating environmental conditions, they possess an extensive repertoire of responses to their environment, and they can be genetically engineered to generate reporter systems that are highly sensitive to these environmental responses. Polynucleotide sequences that comprise specific promoter sequences are operably linked to a gene or a plurality of genes that encode the desired reporter enzyme(s) and then introduced into and maintained within the living cell. When the target analyte is present, the reporter genes are expressed, generating the enzyme(s) responsible for the production of the measured signal. Commonly used reporter systems have utilized either the.beta.-galactosidase (lacZ) or catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (xylE) enzymes (Kricka, 1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673596__ •
Injection drug packaging device Inventor(s): Kano; Kunihiko (Osaka, JP), Kasuya; Masahiko (Osaka, JP), Kodama; Tsuyoshi (Osaka, JP), Nose; Hiroshi (Osaka, JP), Shigeyama; Yasuhiro (Osaka, JP), Yuyama; Shoji (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Yuyama Seisakusho (toyonaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,691,490 Date filed: February 28, 2000
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Abstract: A drug packaging system including a bag supply unit (A) for printing injection drug information on bags and feeding the bags, a drug feed unit (B) for putting drugs specified the doctors' orders into each of the bags (206) received from the bag supply unit (A), and a packaging unit for putting the bags (206) into a bucket (209). The packaging unit includes a bed (230) for supporting bags, a mouth-opening means (231, 232) for opening the mouth of the bag on the bed, and a chute (233) through which drugs are fed into the bag on the bed through the bag mouth. The bed (230) is pivotable between a position for putting drugs into the bag and a position for dispensing the bag. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a drug packaging device for use in an injection drug dispenser system for dispensing injection drugs in the form of e.g. ampules or vials based on doctors' orders. This system includes a conveyor 1, a bucket stocker 2 provided at the upstream side of the conveyor 1, and a bucket lifter 3 provided at the downstream side. Drug dispensers 4, 5 for dispensing ampules and vials for injection and a printer 6 for printing doctors' orders are provided along the conveyor 1 between the bucket stocker 2 and the bucket lifter 3. A control unit 18 controls the units 1-6 based on data from a dispensing instructing computer 19. The computer 19 is connected to e.g. a hospital host computer. Each time a batch of data from the host computer are received by the computer 19, the control unit 18 deposits one bucket 7 onto the conveyor 1 from the bucket stocker 2. Necessary drugs are put into the bucket 7 from the dispensers 4, 5, and doctors' orders are put into the bucket 7 from the printer 6. The buckets 7 are discharged by the lifter 3 and loaded into a rack 16. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06691490__ •
Manufacture of oral dosage forms delivering both immediate-release and sustainedrelease drugs Inventor(s): Lim; Jong C. (San Jose, CA), Shell; John N. (Rocklin, CA) Assignee(s): Depomed, Inc. (menlo Park, Ca) Patent Number: 6,682,759 Date filed: February 1, 2002 Abstract: A method is disclosed for manufacturing a pharmaceutical tablet for oral administration, the tablet combining both immediate-release and prolonged-release modes of drug delivery and using an immediate-release drug that is either insoluble in water or only sparingly soluble and is present in a very small amount compared to the prolonged-release drug. The method involves the use of particles of the immediaterelease drug that are equal to or less than 10 microns in diameter, applied as a layer or coating over a core of the prolonged-release drug, the layer or coating being either the drug particles themselves, applied as an aqueous suspension, or a solid mixture containing the drug in admixture with a material that disintegrates rapidly in gastric fluid. The result in both cases is a high degree of uniformity in the proportions of the immediate-release and prolonged-release drugs, uniformity that is otherwise difficult to achieve in view of the insolubility of the immediate-release drug and its relatively small amount compared to the prolonged-released drug. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates to drug dosage forms that are designed to deliver the drugs to human patients at particular rates. Certain pharmacological therapies either require or benefit from the administration of drugs in a sequential manner. This can be done by a regimen in which the patient follows a prescribed time schedule, but because of patient non-compliance, scrupulous
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adherence to a schedule often requires the assistance of a medical professional. Even those therapies that involve only two dosages, such as an immediate but rapidly declining high-level dosage combined with a prolonged low-level or moderate-level dosage, either of the same drug or of two different drugs, can be a nuisance to the individual or troublesome to maintain if the individual is required to take separate unitary dosage forms. Certain pharmaceutical formulations have therefore been developed that combine both functions into a single dosage form. This simplifies the therapy and reduces or eliminates the chances of improper administration. Many unitary dosage forms that have been proposed for combining immediate release with prolonged release do so by the placement of the drugs in different layers of a tablet or by placing one drug in a quickly-dissolving or quickly-dispersing coating over the surface of a slowly dissolving or swellable core that contains the other drug. With its high initial release concentration and rapid rate of decline, the immediate-release drug is often provided in a much lower amount than the prolonged-release drug. The immediate-release portion of the dosage form is therefore either a very thin layer or coating or a layer or coating with a very low concentration of the drug relative to the drug in the prolonged-released portion. It is common, for example, to design the dosage form such that the amount of drug intended for immediate release is 1/100th or less of the amount intended for prolonged release. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682759__ •
Medical use for atypical.beta.-adrenoceptor agonists Inventor(s): Bahl; Ashwani Kumar (Ware, GB) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (greenford, Gb) Patent Number: 6,696,486 Date filed: February 14, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of compounds which act as agonists at atypical beta-adrenoceptors, for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, especially peptic ulceration, oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis, intestinal ulcerations, including inflammatory bowel disease, and gastrointestinal ulcerations, especially when induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use for certain chemical compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. In particular it relates to the use in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders of compounds which act as agonists at atypical beta-adrenoceptors (also known as beta-3-adrenoceptors). Such receptors have been described for example by J R S Arch et. al., Nature, 309, 163-165 (1984); C Wilson et. al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 100, 309-319 (1984); L J Emorine et. al., Science, 245, 1118-1121 (1989); and A. Bianchetti et. al. Br. J. Pharmacol., 100, 831-839 (1990). Atypical betaadrenoceptors belong to the family of adrenoceptors which mediate the physiological actions of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. Sub-types of the adrenoceptors,.alpha.sub.1 -,.alpha.sub.2 -,.beta.sub.1 -,.beta.sub.2 - and.beta.sub.3 (atypical) can be identified on the basis of their pharmacological properties and physiological effects. Chemical agents which stimulate or block these receptors (but not.beta.sub.3) are widely used in clinical medicine. More recently, emphasis has been placed upon specific receptor selectivity in order to reduce side effects caused, in part, by interactions with other receptors. Atypical beta-adrenoceptors are known to occur in adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. Compounds which act as agonists at
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atypical beta-adrenoceptors may be identified using standards tests (see for instance C Wilson et. al., supra). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696486__ •
Method and test strip of detecting oxidizing adulterant in urine Inventor(s): Chen; Shuenn Tzong (2305 Pinehurst Dr., Tustin, CA 92782) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,689,618 Date filed: April 3, 2000 Abstract: A single reagent system and a method to detect and measure oxidizing adulterants in bodily fluid being screened for drugs of abuse are disclosed. The system comprising a strip containing 0.05 to 0.2 micromole/25 sq. mm. of a benzidine derivative and is used to detect sodium hypochlorite (bleach), chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium nitrite, and pyridinium chlorochromate adulterants in urine, sweat, saliva, blood or other bodily fluids during screening for drugs of abuse. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a single reagent system and method designed to detect and measure oxidizing adulterants in urine, sweat, saliva, blood or other bodily fluids being screened for drugs of abuse. Specifically, the present invention is directed to detect and measure sodium hypochlorite (bleach), chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium nitrite and pyridinium chlorochromate adulterants in urine during screening for drugs of abuse. As the use of illicit drugs in public, workplace, sports and the like has grown, public concern for the health and safety of individuals and the negative impact of such drugs use on productivity of industry has grown as well. Such concern obligated the use of analysis of urine, sweat, saliva, blood, or other bodily fluids, as a way to detect and defer drug use. Such testing for drugs of abuse in industry for prospective and current employees, particularly government employees, military personnel, professional and amateur athletes, truck drivers, pilots, as well as people under supervision of the criminal justice system, has become a routine practice. Because of the significance of a positive result in such testing commonly performed by examining an urine, sweat, saliva, blood or other bodily fluids sample, the testing procedure must withstand vigorous scrutiny. A positive test result of screening for drugs of abuse can have serious impact on the life of a person being tested. The incentive for a user to alter the test specimen is high. The users of drugs of abuse have developed ways to adulterate the collected specimen in an attempt to produce a false negative result in the drug screening test being conducted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689618__
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Method for adjusting the particle size of popcorn polymers during popcorn polymerization Inventor(s): Bertleff; Werner (Viernheim, DE), Kerber; Michael (Weinheim, DE), Meffert; Helmut (Ludwigshafen, DE), Spang; Peter (St Ingbert, DE) Assignee(s): Basf Aktiengesellschaft (ludwigshafen, De) Patent Number: 6,677,417 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: The particle size of popcorn polymers is established during the popcorn polymerization by a process in which reaction mixtures forming popcorn polymers and comprising monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and a crosslinking agent are polymerized in the absence of oxygen and polymerization initiators at up to 200.degree. C. and in which the popcorn polymerization is carried out as a precipitation polymerization in water or in the absence of a solvent and the particle size of the popcorn polymers is controlled in the range from 1.mu.m to 10 mm by passing an inert gas stream into the reaction mixture, and popcorn polymers having a mean particle diameter of from >400.mu.m to 1500.mu.m are used as beverage clarifiers, antidiarrheal drugs and disintegration accelerators for tablets. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for establishing the particle size of popcorn polymers during popcorn polymerization, reaction mixtures forming popcorn polymers and comprising monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and a crosslinking agent being polymerized in the absence of oxygen and polymerization initiators at up to 200.degree. C. It is known that the homopolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone are generally readily soluble in water and in numerous organic solvents. Furthermore, it is known that insoluble, more or less swellable copolymers based on N-vinylpyrrolidone can be prepared by incorporating at least bifunctional vinyl or acryloyl compounds, which act as crosslinking agents, as polymerized units in a conventional manner. However, even when relatively large amounts of bifunctional components are used, it is not possible to prepare polymers having only low swellability and controllable particle size in water. Polymers based on N-vinylpyrrolidone and having low swellability are prepared, for example, by popcorn polymerization, cf. for example DE-A-2059484, DE-A-2255263 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,066. U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,582 discloses a process for the preparation of insoluble, granular polymers which are only slightly swellable in water and comprise basic vinyl heterocycles having a pKa value of more than 4 and their copolymers with up to 30% by weight of copolymerizable monomers, in which the monomers are polymerized in the presence of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the total amount of monomers, of crosslinking agent in the absence of oxygen and polymerization initiators. The polymers are preferably prepared by precipitation polymerization in water. However, they can also be obtained in the absence of solvents for the monomers, by heating the monomers to temperatures of preferably from 150 to 180.degree. C. This reaction is however poorly controllable and gives only low space-time yields and relatively highly contaminated products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677417__
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Method of using a catheter for delivery of ultrasonic energy and medicament Inventor(s): Mills; Timothy (Belvedere Tiburon, CA), Nita; Henry (Mission Viejo, CA), Siegel; Robert (Venice, CA) Assignee(s): Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. (santa Clara, Ca) Patent Number: 6,689,086 Date filed: July 29, 1999 Abstract: An ultrasound delivery catheter equipped and configured for concurrent delivery of drugs or therapeutic agents. The catheter comprises an elongate pliable catheter body having an ultrasound delivery member or wire extending longitudinally therethrough. A drug/therapeutic agent infusion lumen also extends longitudinally through the body of the catheter and opens distally through one or more outflow apertures at or near the distal end of the catheter body. The drug/therapeutic agent outflow apertures are preferably positioned and configured to cause the drug or therapeutic agent to flow in direction(s) non-parallel to the longitudinal axis of the catheter. The delivery of ultrasound through the catheter, concurrent with infusion of drug or therapeutic agent therethrough, will cause the drug or therapeutic agent to be disseminated or dispersed by the ultrasonic vibration or movement at the distal end of the catheter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical equipment and more particularly to ultrasonic methods and devices which may be utilized to a) cardiovascular obstructions such as athroscloratic plaque or thrombus located in a mammalian blood vessel and b) to deliver an infusion of one or more therapeutic agents or drugs concurrently with ultrasonic energy so that the dissemination, dispersal, distribution, absorption, activity or duration of effected by the ultrasonic energy. A number of ultrasonic devices have heretofore been proposed for use in ablating or removing obstructive material from anatomical structures, such as blood vessels. Examples of devices which purportedly utilize ultrasonic energy, alone or in conjunction with other treatment modalities, to remove obstructions from anatomical structures include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,433,226 (Boyd), U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,717 (Pohlman, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,153 (Parisi), U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,281 (Stasz), U.S. Pat. No. 3,565,062 (Kuris), U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,863 (Sterzer), U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,953 (Don Michael, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,954 (Alliger, et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,423 (Fearnot) as well as other patent publications WO87-05739 (Cooper), WO89-06515 (Bernstein, et al.), WO90-0130 (Sonic Needle Corp.), EP316789 (Don Michael, et al.), DE3,821,836 (Schubert) and DE2,438,648 (Pohlman). Ultrasound transmitting catheters have been utilized to successfully ablate various types of obstructions from blood vessels of humans and animals. Patients who are candidates for ultrasound ablation of vascular obstructions may also be candidates for treatment by various thrombolytic agents (i.e., blood clot dissolving agents) or other therapeutic agents or drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689086__
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Methods and apparatus for a coated anchoring device and/or suture Inventor(s): Skiba; Jeffry B. (Santa Rosa, CA) Assignee(s): Orthopaedic Biosystems Ltd, Inc. (memphis, Tn) Patent Number: 6,689,153 Date filed: April 14, 2000
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Abstract: A coated/impregnated anchoring device and/or suture to prevent infection, deliver site specific drugs, and deliver human growth factors to the surgical site. The coatings can include anti-microbial agents to prevent or fight infection en route to and at the surgical site. The coatings can also include site specific drugs and/or human growth factors to fight infection, anesthetize tissue and/or bone en route and at the site, promote tissue regeneration, promote bone regeneration, and/or other desired medical processes. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to an anchoring device and/or suture and methods for its use. More particularly, the present invention relates to a coated anchoring device and/or suture and methods for its use. In many surgical procedures requiring tissue to tissue, tissue to bone, and bone to bone fixation, anchoring devices are used in conjunction with a suture to secure the fixation site. For example, the anchoring device could be a screw to join tissue and/or bone, and the suture could be a type of stitch to bind the tissue and/or bone. The anchoring device and/or suture are susceptible to bacteria at every stage of insertion, from external to the body to internal to the tissue and/or bone. Although sterile conditions are desired at each stage of insertion, in practice, that is not always possible. For example, bacteria may originate outside the body and then use the anchoring device and/or suture as a vehicle for invading the body. Alternatively, bacteria may already exist inside the body and the anchoring device and/or suture may carry such bacteria to other areas continuing the infection process. Sutures are available as both monofilaments and braided filaments with the filaments being comprised of a variety of polymers. The most common suture is a braided polyester. Wicking of bacteria in the suture can be a concern. Braided filaments possess interstices which are sites where bacteria can proliferate. As these bacterial colonies outgrow their homes, they begin to migrate further into the suture causing wicking. Thus, wicking is the process of bacteria infecting the suture and/or surrounding areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689153__ •
Methods and compositions for screening Icrac modulators Inventor(s): Allen; Janet (Meudon, FR), Brunelle; Gilles (Antony, FR), Normant; Emmanuel (Antony, FR), Roman; Fran.cedilla.ois (Vitry sur Seine, FR) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 6,696,267 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods directed at screening or characterizing compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels in cells preferably, calcium-release activated channels in cells. The compositions and methods can be used to produce inhibitors or activators of said channel, which represent leads or candidate therapeutic drugs for treating various pathological conditions. More specifically, the method comprises (a) contacting a test compound and a calcium channel activator, preferably an Icrac activator with a population of calcium channel expressing cells, preferably Icrac expressing cells containing a reporter construct comprising a reporter gene under the control of a NFAT-inducible promoter, and (b) determining the activity of the test compound on the calcium release-activated channel by assessing the reporter gene expression in said cells.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for screening compounds that modulate calcium entry or calcium-mediated activity within cells. More specifically, this invention discloses compositions and methods, including cell based assays, directed at screening or characterizing compounds that modulate the activity of calcium-release activated channels in cells. The compositions and methods can be used to produce inhibitors or activators of said channel, which represent leads or candidate therapeutic drugs for treating various pathological conditions. Calcium influx and regulation play a critical role in many cellular processes in both excitable and nonexcitable mammalian cells, including exocytosis, gene expression, cell differentiation, cell activation, contraction, etc. In non-excitable cells, such as immune cells, calcium concentration and flux are regulated essentially by voltage-independent Ca.sup.++ channels (sometimes referred to as capacitative calcium entry (CCE)), designated storeoperated channels (SOC) or receptor-operated channels (ROC). The activity of these channels is essential in the regulation of calcium entry and participates directly in many important cellular processes such as cell activation or maturation for instance. A particularly important type of store-operated calcium channel is the Calcium releaseactivated channel (Icrac), which is opened in response to depletion of intracellular calcium stores and mediates various intracellular transduction signals. For instance, the Icrac channel is involved in T cell activation following binding of an antigen to the T Cell Receptor (TCR). The fill activation of T lymphocytes is due to the stimulation of the TCR/CD3 complex and CD2, CD4 or CD28 (see for review (1)). Upon antigenic stimulation of T-cells, (2) nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is required for the production of immunoregulatory molecules such as interleukins, IFN-.gamma., or TNF.alpha. (3). NFAT is a complex including a constitutive cytoplasmic component expressed in resting immunomodulatory cells such as T and B-cells, which translocate to the nucleus, and an inducible nuclear component consisting of dimers of fos- and junfamily proteins. Dephosphorylation of the cytoplasmic component of NFAT by Ca.sup.++ /calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, calcineurin, induces its translocation to the nucleus (4). Prolonged elevation of [Ca.sup.++ ].sub.i level, beyond the initial transient increase resulting from the emptying of calcium intracellular pools, is required to maintain calcineurin phosphatase in activated state. After stimulation of immunomodulatory cells such as T-cell by external components, this calcium mobilization is the outcome of capacitative calcium entry, a process originated by the depletion of Ca.sup.++ store and the inflow of extracellular calcium through the specific Calcium release-activated Ca.sup.++ channel (Icrac) (5, 6). Capacitative Ca.sup.++ entry is triggered by stimulation of various receptors such as T-CR, B-CR, high affinity IgE receptor (Fc.epsilon.RI) and IgG receptor (Fc.gamma.RI) (via PLC.gamma., and IP3 receptor activation), CD40 (3) or by calcium ionophore (6, 7). Inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum Ca.sup.++ /ATPase pump (thapsigargin (TG) (Thastrup et al., PNAS 87 (1990) 2466, ref (9)) or cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (8)) directly deplete intracellular calcium stores and lead to Icrac activation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696267__ •
Methods and compositions for treatment of inflammatory disease Inventor(s): Levin; Bruce (One Independence Place, Philadelphia, PA 19106) Assignee(s): Levin; Bruce (philadelphia, Pa) Patent Number: 6,677,321 Date filed: November 28, 2000
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Abstract: Compositions useful for treating inflammatory diseases including arthritis are disclosed which comprise cetyl myristoleate compounds or related compounds and at least one compound useful for treatment of inflammatory disease, such as tetracycline compounds, Cox-2 inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, local anaesthetics, chelating agents, matrix metalloprotease inhibitors, inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and collagen hydrolysate. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment for inflammatory disease and local inflammation and dermal irritation. Also disclosed are compositions including tetracycline and at least one compound useful for treatment of inflammatory disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides compositions and methods for prevention and treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The present invention relates to a method for treating inflammatory disease to prevent or delay the progression of the disease process or to alleviate the symptoms thereof. Diseases and disorders which have significant inflammatory components are ubiquitous. Skin disorders, bowel disorders, certain degenerative neurological disorders, arthritis, autoimmune diseases and other illnesses afflict many patients. In certain disorders, infectious agents may be directly or indirectly responsible for the entire disease process. In other disorders, an infectious or other agent may in some way facilitate an autoimmune or inflammatory response. For many patients, dietary or environmental factors may trigger an autoimmune or inflammatory response. In many patients genetic factors can play a key role. In the majority of cases, the causative elements have not been defined and many of the key pathophysiological components have not been elucidated. Accordingly, treatment options for the majority of these diseases is suboptimal. Currently, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), aspirin compounds and cancer chemotherapeutic immunosuppressive agents are often used. These agents often do not provide adequate symptomatic relief and are not believed to alter the natural progression of the disease. Indeed, some of these agents may make the disease worse. Furthermore, powerful side effects are found with most all of these therapies. Hence, there is a great need for safe and effective therapy for these disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677321__ •
Methods for treatment of male erectile dysfunction Inventor(s): Podolski; Joseph S. (The Woodlands, TX) Assignee(s): Zonagen, Inc. (the Woodlands, Tx) Patent Number: 6,696,072 Date filed: January 31, 2000 Abstract: Improved drug compositions and methods useful in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. An optimized mixture of the drugs phentolamine mesylate, papaverine hydrochloride, and alprostadil in a buffer containing L-arginine and glycine is to be injected into the penile tissue to produce an erection in otherwise impotent men. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved drug compositions useful in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction and also to methods of treatment. More particularly, this invention discloses specific formulations containing the pharmacological agents phentolamine mesylate, papaverine hydrochloride, and alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) in a novel buffer and the administration of such formulations to mammals (including
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humans) to treat male impotence. Impotence is a common medical disorder affecting about 20 million men in the U.S. alone. Male erectile dysfunction has been defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse (Impotence, National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Impotence Conference, JAMA 1993, 270, 83-90). The dominant etiology for this condition is arterial insufficiency associated with cardiovascular disease. Male erectile dysfunction adversely impacts the quality of life, being frequently associated With depression, anxiety, and low selfesteem. Although male erectile dysfunction represents a major clinical problem, treatment for this condition remains problematic and unsatisfactory. One of the least invasive therapies available entails the use of a vacuum constriction device on the penis to produce an erection. The physiology of the penis is such that blood flows in through arteries deep within the tissue while blood flows out through veins near the skin surface. By placing a plastic cylinder over the shaft of the penis and employing a vacuum pump to restrict venous blood flow from the penis, the corpus cavernosum penile tissue becomes engorged with trapped blood and an erection is produced. Common patient complaints are that this device is interruptive to the sex act, has a short duration of effectiveness, and can cause tissue damage to the penis, such as necrosis, with extended use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696072__ •
Methods of reducing microbial resistance to drugs Inventor(s): Levy; Stuart B. (Boston, MA), Oethinger; Margaret (Bad Oeynhausen, DE) Assignee(s): Trustees of Tufts College (medford, Ma) Patent Number: 6,677,133 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: The instant methods and compositions represent an advance in controlling drug resistance in microbes. AcrAB-like efflux pumps have been found to control resistance to drugs, even in highly resistant microbes. Accordingly, methods of treating infection, methods of screening for inhibitors of AcrAB-like efflux pumps, and methods of enhancing antimicrobial activity of drugs are provided. Pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitor of an AcrAB-like efflux pump and an antimicrobial agent are also provided. Excerpt(s): Different drugs used to inhibit microbial growth act by inhibiting different targets. For example, the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics act by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis. When used in treatment, fluoroquinolones are well absorbed orally, are found in respiratory secretions in higher concentrations than in serum and are concentrated inside macrophages. In addition, fluoroquinolones are well tolerated and have an excellent safety record in long-term therapy. Antibiotic resistance, and in particular resistance to fluoroquinolones, has become a problem. Fluoroquinolone resistance in gram negative bacteria is principally caused by mutations affecting the target proteins of the drugs. In the case of fluoroquinolones, these targets are DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. In addition, mutations affecting regulatory genes such as marA, soxS or rob can cause fluoroquinolone resistance (Oethinger et al. 1998. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41: 111). Mar A is a transcriptional activator encoded by the marRAB operon involved in multiple antibiotic resistance (Alekshun et al. (1997) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2067-2075). The marRAB locus confers resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, nalidixic acid, rifampin, penicillin, as well as other compounds. However, marRAB does not encode a multidrug efflux
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system. Rather, it controls the expression of other loci important in directly mediating drug resistance, e.g., ompF, the gene for outer membrane porin, and the acrAB genes for the AcrAB efflux proteins. AcrAB is a multidrug efflux pump (Nikaido, H. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 5853-5859; Okusu et al. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 306-308) whose normal physiological role is unknown, although it may assist in protection of cells against bile salts in the mammalian small intestine (Thanassi et al. (1997) J. Bacteriol. 179,2512-2518). The AcrAB operon is upregulated by MarA (Ma et al. (1995) Mol. Microbiol. 16, 45-55). Mutations in the repressor gene marR lead to overexpression of marA (Alekshun et al. (1997). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2067-2075; Cohen et al. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175, 1484-492); Seoane et al. (1995) J. Bacteriol. 177, 3414-3419). The soxS gene encodes a MarA homolog (Alekshun et al. (1 997) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2067-2075; Li et al. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 20, 937-945; Miller et al. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 21, 441-448) which also positively regulates acrAB (Ma et al. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 19, 101-112). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677133__ •
Mini-E1A gene and gene products Inventor(s): Chen; Hua (Houston, TX), Hung; Mien-Chie (Houston, TX), LaFoc; Daniel Nathan Andrew (Seattle, WA), Loomis; Aaron Garth (Seattle, WA), Paul; Ralph Wilfred (Seattle, WA), Yu; Dihua (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 6,683,059 Date filed: November 21, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for the suppression of oncogenic transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. The present invention discloses functional domains of E1A responsible for the suppression of transformation, and provides mini-E1A constructs that can be used for tumor suppression. The invention also discloses methods for the novel use of mini-E1A in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methodology and associated genetic constructs for the suppression of oncogenic transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. An extensive body of research exists to support the involvement of a multistep process in the conversion of normal cells to the tumorigenic phenotype (see, e.g., Land et al., 1983). Molecular models supporting this hypothesis were first provided by studies on two DNA tumor viruses, adenovirus and polyomavirus. In the case of adenovirus, it was found that transformation of primary cells required the expression of both the early region 1A (E1A) and 1B (E1B) genes (Houweling et al., 1980). It was later found that the E1A gene products could cooperate with middle T antigen or with activated H-ras gene to transform primary cells (Ruley, 1985). In addition, during the last decade, a number of human malignancies have been discovered to be correlated with the presence and expression of "oncogenes" in the human genome. More than twenty different oncogenes have now been implicated in tumorigenesis, and are thought to play a direct role in human cancer (Weinberg, 1985). Many of these oncogenes apparently evolve through mutagenesis of a normal cellular counterpart, termed a "proto-oncogene", which leads to either an altered expression or activity of the expression product. There is considerable data linking proto-oncogenes to cell growth, including their expression in response to certain proliferation signals (see, e.g., Campisi et al., 1983) and expression during embryonic development (Muller et al., 1982). Moreover, a number of the proto-oncogenes are related to either a growth factor or a
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growth factor receptor. These observations suggested the involvement of multiple functions in the transformation process, and that various oncogenes may express similar functions on a cellular level. The adenovirus E1A gene codes for several related proteins to which a number of interesting properties have been attributed. In addition to its ability to complement a second oncogene in transformation, a closely related function allows E1A to immortalize primary cells (Ruley, 1985). For example, introduction of E1A gene products into primary cells has been shown to provide these cells with an unlimited proliferative capacity when cultured in the presence of serum. Another interesting action of E1A function is so-called "trans-activation", wherein E1A gene products stimulate transcription from a variety of viral and cellular promoters, including the adenovirus early and major late promoter as well as other promoters. However, trans-activation is not universal for all promoters. In some instances, E1A causes a decrease in transcription from cellular promoters that are linked to enhancer elements (Haley et al., 1984). It has been shown that exogenously added E1A gene can reduce the metastatic potential of ras-transformed rat embryo fibroblast cells by activating the cellular NM23 gene that is associated with a lower metastatic potential (Pozzatti et al., 1988; Wallich et al., 1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683059__ •
Organic anion transport proteins Inventor(s): Hsiang; Bonnie (Trenton, NJ), Huang; Xin (Cranbury, NJ), Kirchgessner; Todd G. (North Wales, PA), Lynch; Jean S. (Ringoes, NJ), Wang; Zhaoqing (Piscataway, NJ), Wu; Yuli (Newtown, PA), Yang; Wen-Pin (Princeton, NJ), Zhu; Yingjie (Killingworth, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-myers Squibb Co. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 6,692,934 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: The current invention discloses nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for novel organic anion transfer proteins ("OATPs"). The invention encompasses the OATPs described herein, together with vectors containing the cDNA sequences, host cells containing the vectors and polypeptides having all or part of an OATP. Also encompasses are uses for OATPs for targeting drugs to specific organs and for modulating the concentration of endogenous substrates. Excerpt(s): The invention claims isolated nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of novel members of the organic anion transport protein ("OATP") designated OATP2, OATPRP1, OATP-RP2, OATP-RP3, OATP-RP4 and OATP-RP5. Also claimed are vectors containing the nucleic acid sequences, host cells containing the vectors and polypeptides having all or part of the amino acid sequence of OATP2, OATP-RP1, OATP-RP2, OATPRP3, OATP-RP4 and OATP-RP5. Tissue expression of the transporter is described as well as some of its substrates. Also claimed are uses for these novel OATPs, including for targeting drugs to specific tissues, for modulating the concentration of endogenous substrates, and for identifying a substrate capable of being transported by a novel OATP of the invention. The liver functions in the clearance of a large variety of metabolic products, drugs and other xenobiotics by transporting them across the sinusoidal membrane into the hepatocyte. Several classes of transport systems have been described that mediate these processes including the Na+/taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide, NTCP, in rat and human liver (Hagenbuch, B., et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10629-33; Hagenbuch, B. et al., (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93:1326-31) and a family of
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organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) that are principally expressed in liver, kidney and brain, and transport a broad spectrum of substrates in a sodiumindependent manner (Meier, P. J., et al., (1997) Hepatology 26:1667-77; Wolkoff, A. W., (1996) Semin. Liver Dis. 16:121-127). The distribution of this latter family of transporters in liver, kidney and choroid plexus in the brain is thought to reflect common physiological requirements of these organs for the clearance of a multitide of organic anions. There are three OATP isoforms in the rat: roatp1 (Jacquemin, E., et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:133-37); roatp2 (Noe, B. A., et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10346-50; and roatp3 (Abe, T., et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:11395-401). In addition to bile acids, OATPs are known to transport a variety of other compounds. These include, depending on the transporter, unconjugated and conjugated steroids such as estrone sulfate, estradiol-17B-glucuronide, aldosterone, and cardiac glycosides (Boussuyt, X., et al., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276:891-6; Boussuyt, X. (1996) J. Hepatol. 25:733-8; Kanai, N., et al., (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 270:F319-F325; Kanai, N., et al., (1996) Am. J. Physiol. 270:F326-F331; Noe, B. A., et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10346-50). Bromosulfophthalien (Jacquemin, E., et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:133-7); mycotoxin (Kontaxi, M., et al., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279:150713); leukotriene C.sub.4 (Li, L., et al., (1 998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:16184-91); and thyroid hormone (Abe, T., et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:11395) are additional substrates. Several proteins have been identified. Jacquemin,E., et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91:133-137 reported the first cloning and identification of a member of the OATP transporter family, namely the rat oatp1. The first cloning and identification of a human OATP was reported in Kullak-Ublick, G. A., et al., (1995) Gastroenterology, 109:12741282. Its expression was found in liver, kidney brain and other organs. The authors concluded, based on substrate specificities, that it was not the human orthologue of rat oatp1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692934__ •
Prevention and treatment of pulmonary bacterial infection or symptomatic pulmonary exposure to endotoxin by inhalation of antiendotoxin drugs Inventor(s): Rossignol; Daniel P. (Mahwah, NJ), Vermeulen; Mary W. (Ipswich, MA) Assignee(s): Eisai Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,683,063 Date filed: June 11, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides methods of preventing and treating pulmonary bacterial infection or symptomatic pulmonary exposure to endotoxin and related conditions in a patient by administering to the patient antiendotoxin compounds by inhalation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods that are useful in the prophylactic and affirmative treatment of pulmonary bacterial infection or symptomatic pulmonary exposure to endotoxin by inhalation of antiendotoxin compounds. The incidence of gram-negative bacteremia in the United States has been estimated to be approximately 100,000 to 300,000 cases per year, with a mortality rate of 30-60%. Antibiotics are commonly used as the primary chemotherapy for this disease; however, their bactericidal action can result in disruption of the bacterium and concomitant release of endotoxin, i.e., the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) moiety of the bacterial outer membrane. The liberated LPS induces a number of pathophysiological events in mammals (collectively referred to as gram-negative endotoxemia or sepsis syndrome). These
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include fever, generalized inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hypotension, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hepatocellular destruction, and cardiac failure. Although endotoxin initiates septic shock, it has little or no direct toxic effect on tissues; instead, it triggers an immunobiological response leading to a cascade of release of cytokines, such as tumornecrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, and other biological mediators, such as nitric oxide, as well as an array of secondary mediators (e.g., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interferons, platelet-activating factor, endorphins, and colony-stimulating factors). Generation of pathophysiological concentrations of these cytokines and inflammatory mediators influences vasomotor tone, microvascular permeability, and the aggregation of leukocytes and platelets, causing a syndrome termed "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" (or SIRS) and septic shock. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683063__ •
Solid pharmaceutical dispersions Inventor(s): Fawzi; Mahdi B. (Flanders, NJ), Ghebre-Sellassie; Isaac (Morris Plains, NJ), Nesbitt; Russell U. (Somerville, NJ), Parikh; Riten (Randolph, NJ), Reisch, Jr.; Robert (Butler, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 6,677,362 Date filed: March 28, 1994 Abstract: A novel solid pharmaceutical dispersion that improves the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs is produced by combining the drug with a polymer carrier such as polyvinylpyrrolidone. The drug is combined with the carrier without the need for using organic solvents or melting temperatures (fusion) through the use of a transition compound such as polyethylene glycol which partially solubilizes the drug and/or plasticizes the polymer. Excerpt(s): The bioavailabilities of many poorly water soluble drug entities are limited by their dissolution rates which in turn are governed by the particle size and hence the specific surface area and/or the polymorphic state of the active ingredient. At times, these problems are overcome by particle size reduction. There are cases, however, where the dissolution rates of the drug are not favorable enough to improve its bioavailability. Therefore, techniques such as lyophilization, solvent deposition, solvate formation and solid dispersion have been employed to improve the absorption of drugs. A solid dispersion is a pharmaceutical formulation which may be defined as "a dispersion of one or more active ingredients in an inert carrier or matrix at solid state prepared by melting the two (fusion), dissolving them in a solvent, or a combination of approaches, i.e., a quasi melting-solvent method". The solvent-based process uses organic solvents to dissolve and intimately disperse the drug and carrier molecules. The process is relatively difficult. Identification of a common solvent for both drug and carrier is a tedious exercise, and complete solvent removal from the product is, if at all possible, a lengthy process. In addition, the volume of solvents required is excessive, and the cost of solvent recovery systems is prohibitive. The drug and carrier are dissolved in a solvent such as methylene chloride, acetone, ethanol and mixtures thereof and the solvent is later removed by evaporation or the like while the drug/carrier solid dispersion is collected as a powdered mass. Not only is the process lengthy and expensive, but the use of organic solvents renders it hazardous and toxic as well. The second process for the manufacture of pharmaceutical dispersions involves fusion of the
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two components where the drug and the carrier are allowed to melt at temperatures at or above the melting point of the drug. In the fusion process, the drug and carrier are first blended and melted in a suitable mixer. The molten mixture is then cooled rapidly to provide a congealed mass which is subsequently milled to produce a powder. The fusion process is technically simple provided that the drug and carrier are miscible in the molten state but this is not always the case and furthermore, the process is limited in that it tends to lead to drug decomposition due to the high temperatures required to melt the two components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677362__ •
Sustained release matrix for high-dose insoluble drugs Inventor(s): Baichwal; Anand R. (Wappingers Falls, NY) Assignee(s): Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co. (patterson, Ny) Patent Number: 6,689,386 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: Sustained release dosage forms of high dose insoluble drugs such as ibuprofen and methods for their manufacture are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The advantages of controlled release products are well known in the pharmaceutical field and include the ability to maintain a desired blood level of a medicament over a comparatively longer period of time while increasing patient compliance by reducing the number of administrations necessary to achieve the same. These advantages have been attained by a wide variety of methods. Oral controlled release delivery systems should ideally be adaptable so that release rates and profiles can be matched to physiological and chronotherapeutic requirements. While many oral controlled and sustained release formulations are already known, certain drugs that are relatively insoluble in water and which further have relatively high dose requirements (based on weight) present formulation difficulties which render them unsuitable for inclusion in sustained release formulations. Difficulties in preparing suitable sustained release formulations of insoluble drugs are increased when the dose of the insoluble drug to be delivered to render a therapeutic effect over the desired period of time is relatively high, e.g., 500 mg or greater. An example of a high dose, insoluble drug is ibuprofen, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ("NSAID"). Several immediate release forms of ibuprofen are commercially available, e.g., Motrin.RTM. (available from Upjohn) and Brufen.RTM. (available from The Boots Company PLC), and a sustained release ibuprofen formulation, Brufen Retard.TM., is commercially available from the Boots Company PLC. Indomethacin, another high dose insoluble NSAID, is commercially available in sustained release form as Indocin SR.TM. from Merck & Co., Inc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689386__
Patents 351
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Synthetic muscle based diaphragm pump apparatuses Inventor(s): Shahinpoor; Mohsen (9910 Tanoan Dr. NE., Albuqerque, NM 87111), Soltanpour; David (5 Lindsley Dr., Larchmont, NY 10538) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,682,500 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: Implantable, pressure adjustable diaphragm pump systems which are scalable and are characterized by a common type of actuating mechanism. The pumps may be inductively and transcutaneously powered via adjacent, mutually inductive electromagnetic coils. Alternatively the pumps may be effectively "self" powered using a synthetic muscle attached to a local bending or twisting force. The pumps may be used in a range of applications from mechanical applications to medical applications such as intraocular pressure control for glaucoma patients, bodily fluid drainage control, and drug delivery systems. These pump systems each include a pumping chamber having an anterior end attached to an implantable influent conduit. In the case of an ocular pressure control device, the influent conduit is inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye. A flexing ionic polymer conductor composite IPCC synthetic muscle, which is a type of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) synthetic muscle, functions as the primary actuator. The posterior end of the pumping chamber is connected to an effluent or drainage conduit, which may drain bodily fluids or dispense drugs to an area of the body. A key feature of the invention is the self or secondary power generation system in the form of a much larger piece of IPCC synthetic muscle which, in the case of glaucoma prevention systems, may be placed on the globe surface (sclera) of the eye and attached to and secured by the extraocular muscles of the eye. An alternative external power system includes a biocompatible induction coil with gold wire armature that can be transcutanously activated, adjusted, and computer-interrogated and controlled by a surgeon. The device of the invention is further equipped with a pair of adjustable variable flow valves placed at the juncture of the inlet and effluent conduits with the pumping chamber. The valves are used to regulate fluid flow through the pumping chamber. A pressure regulating system including a pressure sensor and pump controlling microprocessor may also be used with the inventive system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pump assemblies. More specifically, it relates to improved diaphragm pumps in a range of sizes, including micro-miniature pumps which may be used as bio-compatible medical implants for controlling diseases such as glaucoma and for controlled delivery of drugs. Mechanical and electromechanical medical implants are well known and, depending upon the type, have met with varying success rates. One problem with these devices is the lack of a reliable, long term power source. Ideally, the power source should last for the life of the implant, as many of these implants require invasive procedures both to install and maintain. Indeed, an external power source is virtually impossible in many situations. One use for mechanical implants is the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a common eye disease which is caused by excessive ocular pressure in the anterior chamber of the eyeball. Many devices and techniques have been devised in order to control this pressure. The devices fall generally into two types; passive devices such as a simple tubular shunt or similar device which drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber, and active devices which have means for controllably draining ocular pressure, the systems typically using check valves or similar mechanical devices. While these systems are somewhat effective, they all tend to suffer from the drawback in that they are unreliable or require frequent
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maintenance which always involves a fairly invasive procedure. Failure to properly maintain the devices can result in long term damage to the eye. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682500__ •
System and method for object identification and behavior characterization using video analysis Inventor(s): Crnic; Linda (25 S. Jasmine St., Denver, CO 80224), Kobla; Vikrant (21674 Kings Crossing Ter., Ashburn, VA 20147), Liang; Yiqing (1334 Stokley Way, Vienna, VA 22182), Wolf; Wayne (146 Philip Dr., Princeton, NJ 08540) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,678,413 Date filed: November 24, 2000 Abstract: In general, the present invention is directed to systems and methods for finding the position and shape of an object using video. The invention includes a system with a video camera coupled to a computer in which the computer is configured to automatically provide object segmentation and identification, object motion tracking (for moving objects), object position classification, and behavior identification. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention may use background subtraction for object identification and tracking, probabilistic approach with expectation-maximization for tracking the motion detection and object classification, and decision tree classification for behavior identification. Thus, the present invention is capable of automatically monitoring a video image to identify, track and classify the actions of various objects and the object's movements within the image. The image may be provided in real time or from storage. The invention is particularly useful for monitoring and classifying animal behavior for testing drugs and genetic mutations, but may be used in any of a number of other surveillance applications. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to object identification and recognition. More particularly, one aspect of the invention is directed to monitoring and characterization of an object in an image, for example an animal or a person, using video analysis. Video analysis has developed over the past few decades to become an integral part of machine operations in manufacturing using machine automation. For example, video object recognition and pattern recognition has been used to orient and align various pieces of a product for machining and assembly in various manufacturing industries. One such use is in the manufacturing of semiconductor integrated circuits and microelectronic packaging. In this case, pattern recognition has made great inroads because the size of the work product is microscopic and orientation and alignment of the work product is thus far too tedious for a human being to do consistently and accurately over a large number of pieces. In recent years, military has carried out research to use video to track moving targets such as tanks and vehicles, in the scene. Other positioning instruments such as global positioning system will be used to assist such tracking. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06678413__
Patents 353
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Systems and methods for delivering drugs to selected locations within the body Inventor(s): Colloton; Robert C. (Cupertino, CA), Evard; Philip C. (Palo Alto, CA), Flaherty; J. Christopher (Los Altos, CA), MacAulay; Patrick E. (San Jose, CA), Macfarlane; K. Angela (Cupertino, CA), Makower; Joshua (Los Altos, CA), Whitt; Jason B. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Transvascular, Inc. (menlo Park, Ca) Patent Number: 6,685,648 Date filed: April 3, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for delivering a drug to a selected tissue region within a patient's body with a catheter having a deployable puncturing element, a drug delivery element and an orientation element on a distal portion thereof. The distal portion of the catheter is percutaneously introduced into a blood vessel, and directed endovascularly to a vessel location adjacent to the selected tissue region. The puncturing element is oriented towards the selected tissue region, and deployed to access the selected tissue region. A drug is delivered with the drug delivery element to the selected tissue region. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for delivering substances into a body, more particularly to systems and methods that use the cardiovascular system as a conduit to deliver drugs, such as therapeutic drugs, genes, growth factors and the like, directly to selected tissue regions within the body, and most particularly to systems and methods that deliver drugs from the venous system transvascularly to selected remote tissue regions. It is often desirable to deliver drugs into a patient's body to treat medical conditions. In particular, a variety of drug therapies are available for treating the coronary system, either alone or in combination with more invasive procedures. Such therapies may include delivering substances, such as nitroglycerin, epinepharin, or lydocaine, endocardially or into the pericardial space to treat the coronary system. In addition, heparin, hirudin, ReoPro.TM. or other antithrombotic compounds may be infused into blood vessels associated with the coronary system, such as occluded coronary arteries, or elsewhere in the cardiovascular system. More recently, gene therapy, e.g. introducing genetic material, and growth factor therapy, e.g. introducing proteins, cells or vectors including angiogenic growth factors, have been demonstrated to provide potential benefits in treating ischemic heart tissue and other regions of the coronary system, for example, by stimulating growth of neovascular conduits, which may evolve into new blood vessels. In current medical therapy, one method of delivering such drugs involves percutaneously introducing an infusion catheter into the patient's cardiovascular system. A distal portion of the catheter is directed to a desired endovascular location, for example into a coronary artery, and a drug is infused into the artery at a location reachable intraluminally. The catheter may include a lumen extending between its proximal and distal ends, the distal end having one or more outlet ports. A source of the drug, such as a syringe, may be connected to the proximal end and the drug delivered through the lumen and outlet port(s) into the desired location. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06685648__
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Treatment of urinary incontinence and other disorders by application of energy and drugs Inventor(s): Edwards; Stuart D. (Portola Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Novasys Medical, Inc. (newark, Ca) Patent Number: 6,692,490 Date filed: September 28, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a method and system for treating disorders of the genito-urinary tract and other disorders in other parts of the body. A particular treatment can include one or more of, or some combination of ablation, nerve modulation, three-dimensional tissue shaping, drug delivery, mapping, stimulating, shrinking (by creation of a pattern of thermal lesions) and reducing strain on structures by altering the geometry thereof and providing bulk to particularly defined regions. The particular body structures or tissues can include one or more of, or some combination of regions, including the bladder, esophagus, vagina, penis, larynx, pharynx, aortic arch, abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, large intestine, small intestine, sinus, auditory canal, uterus, vas deferens, trachea and all associated sphincters. In one aspect of the invention, a catheter is deployed in the body. It may enter the body via a natural orifice, a stoma, or a surgically created opening that is made for the purpose of inserting the catheter. Insertion may be facilitated with the use of a guide wire or a generic support structure or visualization apparatus. In second aspect of the invention, the treatment can include application of energy and substances to effect changes in the target tissue. Types of energy that can be applied include radiofrequency, laser, microwave, infrared waves, ultrasound or some combination thereof. Types of substances that can be applied include pharmaceutical agents such as analgesics, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, bulking agents such as biologically nonreactive particles, cooling fluids or dessicants such as liquid nitrogen for use in cryo-based treatments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treating body tissue, particularly to treating body tissue by altering the shape, density, relative geometry or tension of that body tissue using energy or substances deployed from an interstitial location in the body. Urinary incontinence results from a number of factors. Increasing age, injury from childbirth and related stresses can cause the relative tone of the bladder and accessory muscles to weaken, which, in turn, causes an impaired ability to retain urine. Weight gain and overall deterioration of muscle tone can cause increased abdominal pressure which overcomes sphincter resistance. Nerve pathways that cause the "urge" to urinate can become hyperactive. The relative tension of the urethra can change with age, causing poor urinary control. Injury to the detrusor muscles or to the trigone area also results in impaired urinary continence. These factors do not usually occur by themselves. The typical patient usually presents with two or more of them. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a treatment that can address many of these factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692490__
Patents 355
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Triplex forming oligonucleotides and their use in anti-HBV Inventor(s): Lu; Changde (Shanghai, CN) Assignee(s): Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (shanghai, Cn) Patent Number: 6,682,930 Date filed: July 24, 2000 Abstract: A type of new triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO) which can form triplex DNA when bound to two similar fragments of homopolypurine/homopolypyrimidine sequences. TFOs were designed according to the above structure to bind the DR region and pre-S gene promoter region of HBV, respectively. The 3' end of the TFOs can be monophosphorylated or otherwise chemically modified to increase their stability. Cellular experiments prove that these TFOs can be used as drugs to inhibit HBV and treat hepatitis B. TFO and anti-sense oligonucleotide sequences from the DR or pre-S promoter region of HBV can together bind to target RNA sequences and form a (DNA).sub.2 :RNA hetero-triplex structure that results in the more efficient inhibition of HBV. Excerpt(s): This invention involves a new kind of triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO), particularly a new triplex forming oligonucleotide and their derivatives that form triplex DNA with two similar homopoly purine and pyrimidine fragments. This invention also involves the application of TFO in inhibiting the hepatitis B virus. In the 1980s, it was found that in vivo double stranded DNA (dsDNA) formed by homopolypurine/homopolypyrimidine sequences can fold over, and one of the strands can then form triplex DNA with the 5'-upstream homopolypurine/homopolypyrimidine sequence of dsDNA. The other strand then becomes single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Furthermore, the triplex DNA can become involved in the regulation of gene expression (Lyamichev V I, Mirkin S M, et al., J Biomol Struct Dyn, 1986, 3: 667-9; Larsen A, Weintraub H et al., Cell, 1982, 29: 609-22; Htun H, Dahlberg J E, Science, 1989, 243: 1571-76). Triplex DNA can be also be formed by the in vitro recognition of oligonucleotides with specific target DNA. A strand of homopolypurine/homopolypyrimidine oligonucleotides can specifically recognise a complementary sequence of homopolypurines/homopolypyrimidines in dsDNA by base pair complementation, and can form a stable triplex DNA structure by linking with purine chains in dsDNA via Hoogsteen bonds or anti-Hoogsteen bonds. The oligonucleotide fragment that forms triplex DNA with dsDNA is named Triplex Forming Oligonucleotide (TFO). The formation of triplex DNA can inhibit the binding of proteins to DNA. TFO carrying a terminal EDTA-Fe.sup.2+ to bind a specific target sequence can form triplex DNA, resulting in the targeted dsDNA being cleaved at that specific position in the triplex (Moser H. E., Dervan P. B., Science, 1987, 238: 645-50). Therefore, it is possible to inhibit gene expression at the DNA level by the formation of triplex DNA, which gives rise to the so-called Antigene Strategy. This technology is superior to anti-sense and nuclease technologies. TFO uses a specific sequence of dsDNA as a binding site to form triplex DNA or to cleave targeted DNA at a specific location in the triplex DNA. This inhibits transcription or gene replication. Anti-sense nucleic acids and nuclease enzymes both target mRNA. They cause the inhibition of gene expression by binding with mRNA to stop translation, or by promoting the degradation of mRNA. In cells, a single copy of DNA can produce multiple copies of mRNA. Therefore, it may be more efficient at the DNA level to block gene replication or transcription. DNA replication or RNA transcription can be inhibited by two strategies based on the theory of triplex DNA formation and the rules of base pair
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complementarity. One strategy is to use a TFO fragment based on a promoter of a particular gene, so that it forms triplex DNA by binding to the complementary sequence of the targeted gene, thereby blocking the binding of protein to DNA. In the second strategy, a TFO fragment is designed based on a specific portion of a gene, with which it forms triplex DNA by binding to the complementary sequence of the targeted gene. This inhibits DNA replication or RNA transcription by blocking the movement of the replication-transcription complex. In 1988, Cooney and coworkers proved that the molecular-triplex DNA structure formed at the starting point of c-myc inhibits the transcription of c-myc (Cooney M., Science, 1988, 241:450-9). However, up until now, there have been very few practical applications of TFO in the inhibition of gene expression. In a review of international patents, only one such patent has been found, and this involved the application of TFO to inhibit the expression of androgen receptor gene (U.S Pat. No. 5,556,956, Sep. 17, 1996). The main reason for this lack of applications is that it is very rare to find in promoters or other particular regions of genes homopolypurine/homopolypyrimidine sequences which are long enough. The triplex DNA formed by relatively short TFOs and target dsDNA is not particularly stable or specific, therefore their ability to act as inhibitors is weak, which limits their practical application in the Antigene Strategy. There have only been a few theoretical studies on the range of target dsDNA that can form triplex DNA, but no practical applications have resulted. Horne and Dervan et al designed an alternating triplex DNA containing two fragments of homopolypurine sequences located on the two chains of dsDNA, whereby a part of the TFO sequence matches a purine chain in the double strand, and the other part of the TFO matches the other purine chain in the double strand (Home D A, Dervan P B, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990; 112: 2435-37). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682930__
Patent Applications on Drugs As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to drugs: •
2,2-Diphenylbutanamide derivatives and medicines containing the same Inventor(s): Kamei, Junzo; (Kanagawa, JP), Kanamaru, Yoshihiko; (Chiba, JP), Mogi, Kinichi; (Chiba, JP), Morimoto, Shinichi; (Chiba, JP), Oka, Tetsuo; (Kanagawa, JP), Sakamoto, Takao; (Miyagi, JP), Sato, Susumu; (Chiba, JP), Umehara, Norimitsu; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040034104 Date filed: April 14, 2003 Abstract: 2,2-Diphenylbutanamide derivatives represented by the following formula (1): 1[wherein A represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.n-- (n is 1 or 2) or a methine (CH) group; when A is --CH.sub.2--, B represents a methine group or a nitrogen atom, with A and B forming a single bond; when A is --(CH.sub.2).sub.2--, B represents a nitrogen atom,
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 357
with A and B forming a single bond; when A is a methine group, B represents a quaternary carbon atom, with A and B forming a double bond; each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, which are identical to or different from each other, represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a heterocyclic ring together with the adjacent nitrogen atom; and Ar represents an optionally substituted phenyl group, bicyclic aromatic ring, monocyclic heterocyclic ring, bicyclic heterocyclic ring, or fluorene group]; or salts of the derivatives.The derivatives or salts thereof exhibit excellent.mu.-opioid agonist activity and analgesic activity against neuropathic pain, and are useful as medicines such as peripheral analgesic drugs and neuropathic pain relieving drugs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to 2,2-diphenylbutanamide derivatives or salts thereof exhibiting excellent peripheral analgesic activity and excellent analgesic activity against neuropathic pains; and to medicines containing the derivatives or the salts. Known analgesic drugs include central acting opioid analgesic drugs, such as morphine; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin; and local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine (The Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 42, No. 9, p. 1481, 1999, and references quoted therein). However, morphine exhibits central acting adverse side effects, and thus a limitation is imposed on use of morphine. Meanwhile, existing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and local anesthetic drugs exhibit insufficient analgesic activity against some pains. Therefore, demand has arisen for drugs exhibiting safety and high analgesic activity as compared with the aforementioned drugs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
9,11-cycloendoperoxide pro-drugs of prostaglandin analogues for treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma Inventor(s): Ling, Kah-Hiing John; (Newport Coast, CA), Ni, Jinsong; (Foothill Ranch, CA), Tang-Liu, Diane D.S.; (Newport Beach, CA), Yang, Wu; (Irvine, CA), Yuan, Haiqing; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Gabor L. Szekeres; Suite 112; 8141 E.KAISER Boulevard; Anaheim; CA; 92808; US Patent Application Number: 20040023954 Date filed: August 5, 2002 Abstract: 9,11-Cycloendoperoxide derivatives of biologically active prostaglandin analogs, and particularly of the ocular hypotensive drugs Bimatoprost, Latanaprost, Unoprostone, Travoprost and prostaglandin H.sub.2 1-ethanolamide or of structurally closely related analogs, are pro-drugs which hydrolyze under physiological conditions to provide prostaglandin analogues that are capable of providing sustained ocular and other in vivo concentrations of the respective drugs. The compounds of the invention have the formula shown below where the variables have the meaning defined in the specification. 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of prostaglandin and analog drugs. More particularly the present invention is in the field of prostaglandin analog drugs which are used for treatment of ocular hypertension, glaucoma or have other useful pharmacological properties. Still more particularly, the present invention is directed to pro-drugs of prostaglandin analogs which are used for treatment of ocular hypertension, glaucoma, have beneficial effects on platelet congregation, gastric
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ulceration, blood pressure regulation and inflammation. In accordance with the present invention 9,11 cycloendoperoxide derivatives of biologically active prostaglandin analogs comprise pro-drugs which hydrolyze under physiological conditions to provide prostaglandin analogues that are capable of providing sustained ocular and other in vivo concentrations of biologically active prostaglandin analogues. See Fredholm et al., Prostaglandins 1976, 11, 507-518 and Stringfellow et al., Prostaglandins 1978, 16, 901910). The 9,11-cycloendoperoxide analogs of biologically active prostaglandins are, generally speaking, chemically stable and are converted to the active drugs Bimatoprost, Latanaprost, Unoprostone, Travoprost, and H.sub.2 1-ethanolamide or to structurally closely related analogs, as well as into other biologically active prostglandins, such as prostaglandins D.sub.2, E.sub.2, and F.sub.2alpha, thromboxane and prostacyclin analogs, with ocular hypotensive and other biological activity. The thromboxane and prostacyclin analogues effect platelet aggregation and are expected to play a crucial role in preventing gastric ulceration by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, in blood pressure regulation by control of vascular tone, and in inflammation by inhibiting protease secretion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Anti-proliferative drugs Inventor(s): Gil-Ad, Irit; (Herzelia, IL), Weizman, Abraham; (Tel Aviv, IL) Correspondence: Nath & Associates; 1030 15th Street; 6th Floor; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040029860 Date filed: September 16, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of diseases associated with hyper-proliferation of cells by administering to a subject in need a therapeutically effective amount of at least one psychotropic agent. Specific proliferative diseases against which psychotropic agents were found to be effective are cancer, including multi-drug resistant cancer and diseases associated with hyper-proliferation of the skin cells, such as psoriasis and hyperkeratosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally in the field of pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of disease and disorders, and in particular concerns proliferative diseases such as cancer and various skin disorders. Psychotropics are drugs used for the therapy of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. There have been several studies indicating their effect in other, unrelated diseases. Silver et al., (Society of Biological Psychiatry, 35:824-826, (1999)) studied the inhibitory effect of several anti-psychotic drugs, including haloperidol and fluphenazine on human neuroblastoma cell lines, and demonstrated that haloperidol, flupentixol, fluphenazine, dopamine and desmethyl imipramine had an inhibitory effects on cell numbers. Other studies further showed that phenothiazines have anti-proliferative effects on some tumor cells such as leukemic cells, melanoma, glioma and leukemia (Nordenberg et al., Biochemical Pharmacology, 58:1229-1239, (1999)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 359
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Catheter for delivering electromagnetic energy for enhanced permeation of substances Inventor(s): Flock, Stephen T.; (Mt. Eliza, AU), Marchitto, Kevin S.; (Mt. Eliza, AU) Correspondence: Benjamin Aaron Adler, PH.D., J.D.; Adler & Associates; 8011 Candle Lane; Houston; TX; 77071; US Patent Application Number: 20040024349 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a catheter device/method for enhancing local administration of pharmaceutical compounds. Such device/method is used for various situations which require high concentrations of drugs that are delivered locally. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional patent application claims benefit of provisional patent application U.S. Serial No. 60/126,294, filed Mar. 26, 1999, now abandoned. The present invention relates generally to the fields of medical physics and drug delivery. More specifically, the present invention relates to catheter devices for delivering electromagnetic energy to enhance permeation of substances. The human body is composed of a variety of passageways including blood vessels, intestines, urinary passages, etc. These passageways may, at times, provide unique access to surrounding tissues and organs. For example, the prostate gland is located anatomically in a position that is juxtaposed to the colon and bladder. Thus, by traversing the membranes of the colon or bladder, direct local access to the prostate and surrounding tissue is possible. In this way, these body passageways become a route for local delivery of substances. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Combinatorial method for rapid screening of drug delivery formulations Inventor(s): Karande, Pankaj; (Santa Barbara, CA), Mitragotri, Samir; (Goleta, CA) Correspondence: Fulbright And Jaworski L L P; Patent Docketing 29th Floor; 865 South Figueroa Street; Los Angeles; CA; 900172576 Patent Application Number: 20040023841 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: This invention describes a novel method for rapid screening of formulations for drug delivery, which uses a high throughput array to screen multiple samples. This method monitors the depletion of a test substance from a donor well, the migration of the substance into a test membrane, and/or the migration of the substance through a membrane into a receptor well. It can be used to discover new formulations as well as to optimize the existing formulations for delivering drugs via transdermal, oral, or injectable routes. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/227,453, filed Aug. 23, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. The field of the invention is screening methods for drug delivery. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed rapid screening of thousands of drugs for their effectiveness; see Ng, et al., infra; Verdine, et al., infra. Through the development of combinatorial drug discovery, new drugs, especially low-molecular weight analogs of proteins and peptides, are being continually developed; see Zhang, et al., infra. However, the ability to deliver these drugs is still evaluated by the traditional experiments. In these experiments, the biological membrane under consideration, such as the skin for transdermal drug
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delivery or the intestine for oral drug delivery, is placed in a diffusion cell and the transport across this membrane is measured over several hours; see Bronaugh, et al., infra. In many cases, additional experiments are performed to assess the effect of formulation on membrane permeability. During this process, various formulations are utilized to optimize drug bioavailibility. The objective of this optimization is to identify a formulation that can deliver the required therapeutic dose into the body. Only a few drugs pass this test and are then transferred to the next stage of development. This process is based on traditional experiments and is time-consuming as well as expensive. Availability of a rapid screening method to determine trans-membrane transport of drugs should facilitate the development of drug delivery systems. In spite of their potential value, such methods are not currently available. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for identifying and targeting cancer cells of alimentary canal origin Inventor(s): Park, Jason; (Philadelphia, PA), Schulz, Stephanie; (West Chester, PA), Waldman, Scott A.; (Ardmore, PA) Correspondence: Dorsey &whitney Llp; Four Embarcadero Center; Suite 3400; San Francisco; CA; 94111-4187; US Patent Application Number: 20040033520 Date filed: May 2, 2003 Abstract: Screening and diagnostic reagents, kits and methods for metastatic colorectal cancer or primary and/or metastatic stomach or esophageal cancer are disclosed. Compounds, compositions and methods of treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or stomach or esophageal cancer and for imaging metastatic colorectal cancer or stomach or esophageal tumors in vivo are disclosed. Compositions and methods for delivering active compounds such as drugs, gene therapeutics and antisense compounds to metastatic colorectal cancer or stomach or esophageal cells are disclosed. Vaccines compositions and methods of for treating and preventing metastatic colorectal cancer or primary and/or metastatic stomach or esophageal cancer are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/192,229 filed Mar. 27, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,888, issued May 21, 1996, U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,990 issued Feb. 11, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,037 issued Apr. 26, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,220 issued Oct. 5, 1999, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,656 issued Mar. 9, 1999, which are each incorporated herein by reference and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/180,237 filed Mar. 12, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to in vitro diagnostic methods for detecting cancer cells of the alimentary canal, particularly primary and metastatic stomach and esophageal cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer, and to kits and reagents for performing such methods. The present invention relates to compounds and methods for in vivo imaging and treatment of tumors originating from the alimentary canal, particularly primary and metastatic stomach and esophageal tumors and metastatic colorectal tumors. The present invention relates to methods and compositions for making and using targeted gene therapy, antisense and drug compositions. The present invention relates to prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against cancer cells of the alimentary canal, particularly primary and metastatic stomach and esophageal cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer and compositions and methods of making and using the same.
Patents 361
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions for delivery of drug combinations Inventor(s): Harasym, Troy; (North Vancouver, CA), Shew, Clifford; (Vancouver, CA), Tardi, Paul; (Surrey, CA), Webb, Murray; (North Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Morrison & Foerster Llp; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; Suite 500; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20040022817 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: Compositions which comprise delivery vehicles having stably associated therewith non-antagonistic combinations of two or more agents, such as antineoplastic agents, are useful in achieving non-antagonistic effects when combinations of drugs are administered. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/264,538 filed Oct. 3, 2002, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) of provisional applications U.S. Ser. No. 60/326,671 filed Oct. 3, 2001; Ser. No. 60/341,529 filed Dec. 17, 2001; Ser. No. 60/356,759 filed Feb. 15, 2002; Canadian informal application Serial No. CA 2,383,259 filed Apr. 23, 2002; provisional applications U.S. Ser. No. 60/401,984 filed Aug. 7, 2002 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/408,733 filed Sep. 6, 2002. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to compositions and methods for improved delivery of synergistic or additive combinations of therapeutic agents. More particularly, the invention concerns delivery systems which ensure the maintenance of synergistic or additive ratios when the agents are delivered to an intended target by providing formulations comprising delivery vehicles. The progression of many life-threatening diseases such as cancer, AIDS, infectious diseases, immune disorders and cardiovascular disorders is influenced by multiple molecular mechanisms. Due to this complexity, achieving cures with a single agent has been met with limited success. Thus, combinations of agents have often been used to combat disease, particularly in the treatment of cancers. It appears that there is a strong correlation between the number of agents administered and cure rates for cancers such as acute lymphocytic leukemia. (Frei, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4:2027-2037). Clinical trials utilizing combinations of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate with leucovorin rescue and cytarabine (ACOMLA) or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and bleomycin (CHOP-b) have been successfully used to treat histiocytic lymphoma (Todd, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. (1984) 2:986-993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Detection of oxidative intermediates in biological samples Inventor(s): Agarwal, Rajiv; (Carmel, IN) Correspondence: Dann, Dorfman, Herrell & Skillman; 1601 Market Street; Suite 2400; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2307; US Patent Application Number: 20040033614 Date filed: May 14, 2003
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Abstract: Methods are provided for detecting oxidative intermediates in biological samples. These methods may be used to advantage to assess oxidative kidney injury and mitigation of kidney injury in response to drugs, diet and other therapies in patients with chronic kidney disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 60/385,356 filed May 31, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The present invention pertains to methods for monitoring oxidative intermediates in biological samples. More specifically, methods are provided to monitor the urinary presence of carbonylated proteins and lipids. Detection of carbonylated proteins and lipids in urine can be used to advantage as a diagnostic tool for assessing kidney injury as well as the efficacy of drugs, diet or other therapies administered to treat kidney injury in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several publications and patent documents are referenced in this application by full citations or by numerals in parentheses in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full citations for these references are found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of these publications and patents are incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Device, systems and methods for localized heating of a vessel and/or in combination with MR/NMR imaging of the vessel and surrounding tissue Inventor(s): Atalar, Ergin; (Columbia, MD), Yang, Xiaoming; (Baltimore, MD), Yeung, Christopher; (Pikesville, MD) Correspondence: Edwards & ANGELL. Llp; P.O. Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20040024434 Date filed: April 1, 2003 Abstract: Featured are devices, systems and methods for localized heating of a vessel as well as devices, systems and methods for MR/NMR imaging of a vessel while locally heating a portion of the vessel. More particularly featured are such devices, systems and methods for use when administering or delivering therapeutic agents including genes and/or drugs to the tissues of the vessel. Such a method includes positioning a thermal energy delivery device proximal a target site of an internal the vessel of a body and activating the thermal energy delivery device so as to heat the target site thereby locally increasing a temperature of tissue at the target site. In further embodiments, the method includes introducing a therapeutic medium to the target site over a predetermined time period, and wherein said activating occurs at least one of before, during or after said step of introducing. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/369,241 filed Apr. 1, 2002, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to devices, systems and methods for localized heating of a vessel as well as devices, systems and methods for MR/NMR imaging of a vessel while locally heating a portion of the vessel, more particularly such devices, systems and methods for use when administering or delivering a therapeutic medium including genes and/or drugs to the tissues of the vessel, and more specifically to such devices, systems and methods when the vessel is more specifically a part of the vascular system of a body (e.g., a blood vessel). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in the United States (see, e.g., American Heart Association, 1999 Heart And Stroke Statistical
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Update, Dallas, Tex., American Heart Association). Gene therapy is a rapidly expanding field with great potential for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases as well as diseases involving other organs or parts of a mammalian body (e.g., human body) in which therapeutic agents can be delivered to a targeted site of a vessel lumen. Several genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been shown to be useful for preventing acute thrombosis, blocking post-angioplasty restenosis, and stimulating growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) (Nabel, 1995, Circulation 91: 541-548; Isner, 1999, Hosp. Pract. 34: 69-74). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Drugs for diabetes Inventor(s): Del Soldato, Piero; (Monza Milano, IT) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Suite 400; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040023890 Date filed: April 11, 2003 Abstract: Use for the diabetes treatment of compounds or salts thereof, having the following general formula (I): A-(B).sub.b0--(C).sub.c0--NO.sub.2 wherein A contains the radical of a drug having an antiiflammatory or analgesic activity, B is a bivalen: linking group wherein the precursor must meet the tests described in the application, C is a a bivalent linking group as defined in the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to specific classes of compounds and their use for the diabetes treatment. More specifically it relates to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As it is well known, conventionally diabetes is usually divided in two types: diabetes of type 1, which mainly appears in young people, and diabetes of type 2, which affects elderly people. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Enhanced brain function by gaba-ergic stimulation Inventor(s): Leventhal, Audie G.; (Salt Lake City, UT) Correspondence: Klarquist Sparkman, Llp; 121 SW Salmon Street; Suite 1600; Portland; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20040023952 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: Methods are disclosed for improving age-related decreases in cortical function by increasing the activity of inhibitory pathways, such as GABA-ergic pathways, in the central nervous system. In particular examples, subjects with age-related decreases in cortical function are treated by administering therapeutically effective amounts of a GABA-ergic agonist. The disclosed methods also enable screening for drugs that inhibit an age-related decline in cortical function, for example by exposing a subject to a test agent, and measuring an increase in GABA-ergic cortical inhibitory activity. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns treatments for improving age-related cortical function of a subject. Cognition is the ability of a subject to use information about and
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from the environment in an adaptive way. Unfortunately, cognitive and other cortical functions (such as auditory discrimination, somatosensory function, motor function, and language abilities) often decline in aging subjects. This decline is a common cause of incapacity, morbidity and even death in elderly animals and humans. These problems are expected to become more widespread as life span increases, and more individuals live into senescence. One of the great medical and social challenges of the coming decades is to develop approaches to deal with this often incapacitating problem. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is regarded as one of the major inhibitory amino acid transmitters in the mammalian brain. Widely (although unequally) distributed through the mammalian brain, GABA is believed to be a transmitter at approximately 30% of the synapses in the brain. GABA mediates many of its actions through a complex of proteins (GABA receptors) localized both on cell bodies and nerve endings. Postsynaptic responses to GABA are mediated through alterations in chloride conductance that generally, although not invariably, lead to hyperpolarization of the cell. Drugs that interact at the GABAa receptor can possess a spectrum of pharmacological activities depending on their abilities to modify the action of GABA. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Formulations for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus Inventor(s): Pearson, Don C.; (Lakewood, WA), Richardson, Kenneth T.; (Anchorage, AK) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20040034030 Date filed: July 30, 2003 Abstract: The compositions and dosage forms of the invention are clinically useful as methods for increasing the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of biguanides (metformin) and/or sulfonylureas in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, alone or in combination, as a nutrient for humans. The carefully chosen active ingredients of the invention are designed in a modular fashion to prevent and rectify adverse events associated with insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes mellitus, and with the clinical use of biguanides (metformin) and/or the sulfonylureas. These modules are: (1) Mitochondrial Metabolic Group, (2) Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity Group, (3) Nocturnal Group and, (4) Insulin Alternative Group. When used in concert with a biguanide, a sulfonylurea or with a combination of both, the invention will broaden the clinical usefulness of these drugs. The invention will retard the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes, and reduce the serious microvascular and macrovascular complications commonly associated with insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Excerpt(s): This application is related to United States provisional patent applications nos. 60/245,471, filed Nov. 3, 2000, 60/245,950, also filed Nov. 3, 2000, and 60/256,033, filed Dec. 13, 2000, all three of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present application claims benefits from all three such provisional patent applications for all purposes legally capable of being served thereby. This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates to single-component or multi-component formulations used to enhance the efficiency and safety in the clinical use of the biguanide metformin, the sulfonylureas or combinations of sulfonylurea-metformin, in
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the pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes are prevalent in up to 35% of the population depending upon the age and nature of the subset. In the United States alone, 16 million people have type 2 diabetes and 13 million have impaired glucose tolerance. In fact type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. By 2025, an estimated 300 million people will have diabetes, most of whom will inhabit China, India, and the United States. Because of an aging and increasingly sedentary, obese population with changing, unhealthy diets, insulin resistance is also increasing alarmingly (it is already two to three times more prevalent than type 2 diabetes). This apparent increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes occurs in all ethnic populations, but especially in those that have migrated from their native lands to more urbanized and westernized regions of the world. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hydrogels and water soluble polymeric carriers for durg delivery Inventor(s): Bouhadir, Kamal H.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Kruger, Genevieve M.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Mooney, David J.; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20040028745 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: Carriers for drug delivery, methods of making such carriers and for associating them to drugs, the resulting carrier and drug combination and methods for drug delivery, particularly controlled or sustained release delivery, using such carrier and drug combinations. Excerpt(s): The invention includes carriers for drug delivery, methods of making such carriers and for associating them to drugs, the resulting carrier and drug combination and methods for drug delivery, particularly controlled or sustained release delivery, using such carrier and drug combinations. In one aspect of the invention hydrogels of modified alginates or other polysaccharide gels are provided as carriers with drugs associated to them by biodegradeable covalent bonds, ionic bonds and/or by diffusion control within the gel. A variety of release profiles of the drugs or prodrugs thereof can be obtained with release rates ranging, for example, from a few days to several months, particularly from three weeks to four months. In a preferred embodiment, alginates are treated to reduce their molecular weight so that they are of a size which is biodegradeable and biocompatible, crosslinked covalently and/or ionically through the action of divalent cations and reacted with a drug or prodrug so that they are degradeably bonded to the alginate. The extent of lowering of the molecular weight and of covalent or ionic crosslinking can be adjusted to provide mechanical properties and degradation rates which are suitable for the particular application. Applications include, but are not limited to, delivery of chemotherapy drugs, growth factors for localized vascularization, steroids for contraception or hormone replacement therapy and localized delivery of drugs following angioplasty to prevent smooth muscle cell proliferation. In another aspect of the invention, preferably water-soluble polymers are modified so that they can reversibly bind multiple molecules of drug per molecule of polymer. These polymer-drug conjugates can be administered as prodrugs to give a sustained release of the active drug over time. Advantages thereof include a decrease in toxicity effects of the free drug, economizing of the amount of drug needed due to an
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increase in circulation time and facilitating solubilization of hydrophobic drugs. The particular polymer and molecular weight thereof can be selected to suit the particular application, of which chemotherapy applications are of particular interest. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Immunosuppression using piceatannol and a calcineurin inhibitor Inventor(s): Hamawy, Majed M.; (Madison, WI), Knechtle, Stuart J.; (Fitchburg, WI) Correspondence: Quarles & Brady Llp; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 2040; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20040033941 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and drugs for suppressing acute/chronic rejection responses of a transplant recipient. Piceatannol and calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporin A and FK506 are administered in a combined protocol shortly before, and/or after, the transplant. They can be injected in an organic solvent, or other carrier. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part provisional of U.S. provisional application No. 60/228,551, filed Aug. 28, 2000. The present invention relates to methods for suppressing acute/chronic rejection responses of a transplant recipient. More particularly, it involves the use of piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-- trans-stilbene) in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor such as cyclosporin A or FK506 to suppress adverse transplant rejection symptoms. Transplantation is an important therapeutic option for patients, particularly those with end-stage organ diseases. Immunosuppressive strategies have increased the rate of transplant success. However, many prior art immunosuppressants have undesirable side effects, are not well tolerated over long periods by certain recipients, have too high a cost, and/or rely on a suppression mechanism that causes some damage to be done to the transplanted organ/cell before the suppression takes effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Inhibition of psychostimulant-induced and nicotine-induced craving Inventor(s): Breiter, Hans C.; (Lincoln, MA), Kosofsky, Barry E.; (Swampscott, MA), Mandeville, Joseph B.; (Somerville, MA), Marota, John J. A.; (Boston, MA), Rosen, Bruce R.; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040029872 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides methods for inhibiting psychostimulant-induced or nicotine-induced craving of additional psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine or amphetamine) or nicotine. In these methods, D1-like antagonists or D1-like agonists are administered to a patient dependent on psychostimulant drugs or nicotine and therefore susceptible to, or suffering from, such a craving. Also disclosed is an animal model system useful for measuring the ability of test compounds to inhibit psychostimulant-induced or nicotine-induced cravings in humans.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from U.S. Ser. No. 60/059,838, filed Sep. 24, 1997. This invention relates to inhibition of psychostimulantinduced or nicotine-induced craving in humans. The use of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, and of nicotine often leads to repeated use and a profound state of addiction in humans, which is characterized by compulsive drug use and an inability to control use despite significant adverse consequences. Cocaine, for example, is one of the most reinforcing drugs known (Johanson et al., 1989, Pharmacol. Rev. 41:3-52). Progress toward understanding the neural substrates of addiction to cocaine and other addictive drugs has mostly been limited to research with animal models. The use of such animal models, however, has been limited by the inability to correlate observed patterns of brain activation with subjective information about emotional and cognitive responses to drugs, such as euphoria or craving typically experienced after use of addictive drugs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and intra sclera implant for treatment of glaucoma and presbyopia Inventor(s): Castillejos, David; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Donn K. Harms; Patent & Trademark Law Center; Suite 100; 12702 Via Cortina; Del Mar; CA; 92014; US Patent Application Number: 20040024453 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: An intra scleral implant and method of implantation for use in the treatment of intraocular pressure and presbyopia. The implant features a body portion and protrusions from the body portion to anchor the device in a cavity formed in the scleral wall of the eye. Optionally a drug delivery function is provided to allow long term communication of drugs to tissue surrounding the implant. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/210,227 filed Aug. 3, 2001. The disclosed device relates to a scleral implant. More particularly it relates to a device which is implanted in the sclera of the eye for the treatment of excess intraocular pressure which frequently accompanies Glaucoma and for the treatment of presbyopia or loss of accommodation of the eye. Glaucoma is an eye disease wherein the patient gradually loses sight. Such vision loss is caused by damage to the optic nerve which acts like an electric cable and communicates images from the eye to the brain. High intraocular pressure frequently accompanies Glaucoma and is one of the main causes of the nerve damage causing this vision loss. It is thought that increased intraocular pressure is caused when the eye's drainage canals become clogged over time. The intraocular pressure rises to levels causing damage because the correct amount of fluid can't drain out of the eye in the normal fashion. If this excess intraocular pressure is not detected and treated, it can cause a gradual loss of vision. Such a vision loss in some cases occurs over a long period of time. However, in some cases of glaucoma the eye pressure usually rises very fast. It is thought that this happens when the eye drainage canals are blocked or covered over, like the clog in a sink when something is covering the drain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and system for modulation and modification of microbial cell characteristics and production of modified microbial materials Inventor(s): Bergmaier, Dirk; (Quebec, CA), Doleyres, Yann; (Zurich, CH), Fliss, Ismail; (Ste-Foy, CA), Lacroix, Christophe; (Kilchberg, CH) Correspondence: Dowell & Dowell, P.C.; Suite 309; 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202-3124; US Patent Application Number: 20040023360 Date filed: May 14, 2003 Abstract: A method and a system is disclosed for the modulation of various characteristics of probiotic cells and for the production of probiotics having altered characteristics. Such altered characteristics include increased resistance to various stresses, drugs and chemical agents, as well as aggregation. Such a method and a system are useful for the production of probiotics with altered characteristics, which may for example provide health benefits when present in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/380,271, filed May 15, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The invention relates to methods and systems for the modulation and modification of microbial cell characteristics and for the production of microbial materials having such altered characteristics. Immobilization of living organisms is a phenomenon that occurs naturally when cells grow on surfaces. Various studies have shown differences in fermentation characteristics of free and immobilized cells. Immobilization of living microbial whole cells influences cell growth rate and morphology and sometimes alters metabolic behaviour. Furthermore, changes of tolerance of cells to certain environmental stress factors have in some cases been observed for specific systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for diagnosing huntingtons disease and means of treating it Inventor(s): Abbracchio, Mariapia; (Milan, IT), Borea, Pier Andrea; (Ferrara, IT), Cattabeni, Flaminio Nicola; (Milan, IT), Cattaneo, Elena; (Brugherio, IT), Varani, Katia; (Pontelagoscuro, IT) Correspondence: Abelman Frayne & Schwab; 150 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20040023312 Date filed: August 7, 2003 Abstract: The invention is based on the identification of abnormal behaviour of the adenosine A.sub.2A receptor, both as regards the bond to specific ligands and its coupling to the adenylate cyclase system characteristic of cells genetically predisposed to develop Huntington's Disease and of circulating cells in patients affected by this disease. The present invention uses this abnormal behaviour as a diagnostic marker for early detection of the onset and/or progression of this disease, and as a pharmacological target to inhibit to delay progression of the pathology. The invention consists in an invitro method for diagnosing Huntington's disease based on assessment of the increase in the number of A.sub.2A receptors for adenosine and/or of the abnormal activity of
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adenylate cyclase, and in the use of drugs that inhibit this activity, for the prevention and/or treatment of this disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of therapy for diseases of the central nervous system. The invention concerns an in-vitro method for early diagnosis of the onset of Huntington's Disease based on the assessment of abnormal adenylate cyclase activity and the bond to the A.sub.2A receptor for adenosine, and in the use of drugs that inhibit this activity, for the prevention and/or treatment of this disease. Huntington's Disease (HD) is a hereditary disorder of the neurodegenerative type, highly debilitating from the motor and psychiatric point of view (Hayden MR Huntington's chorea, Springer-Verlag:London, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1981). In most cases onset occurs in the fertile age (around 35) with an incidence of one case in 10,000 and a mean duration of the disease of about 17 years. This disease inevitably leads to death after a long devastating clinical course characterized by progressive deterioration and irreversible disability. Often immediately aware of their situation and future, even before evident behavioural changes, people affected by HD tend to isolate themselves and discontinue any type of working and social relationships. Besides the consequences for the patient and his/her family, the long clinical course means that this pathology has extremely high economic costs for society. There is no effective therapeutic treatment for HD; the choreform movements typical of this disease can be reduced, only in part, by anti-psychotics or reserpine (Merck Manual, Ed. Merck Res.Laboratories, 17.sup.th ed., 1999, 1464). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for electro-permeabilisation of individual cellular and organellar structures and use thereof Inventor(s): Chiu, Daniel; (Seattle, WA), Eriksson, Peter; (Goteborg, SE), Lundqvist, Anders; (Goteborg, SE), Orwar, Owe; (Goteborg, SE) Correspondence: Edwards & Angell, Llp; P.O. Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20040023394 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for permeabilisation of a cell structure consisting of a single cell, an intracellular structure or an organelle comprising the following steps: (a) microelectrodes, preferably two carbon fibre electrodes or hollow fibre electrodes, are provided, (b) the microelectrodes are connected to a power supply, (c) the electrodes, individually controlled by high-graduation micromanipulators, are placed close to the cell structure at an appropriate inter-electrode distance, and (d) a highly focused electric field of a strength sufficient to obtain electroporation is applied between the electrodes. The method may be used in order to transfer cell impermeant solutes, such as drugs or genes, into the cell structure or out of the cell structure, in biosensors, in the treatment of tumours and neurodegenerative diseases and in the study of biophysical processes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a highly spatially resolved method for permeabilisation of cell structures, organelle structures and cell-like structures in order to transfer compounds into or out of the structures. It also relates to use of this method. During the last two decades there has been a tremendous growth in experimental methods that allow for biochemical and biophysical investigations of single cells. Such methods include patch clamp recordings which can be used for measurement of
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transmembrane currents through a single ion channel (O. P. Hamill, A. Marty, E. Neher, B. Sakman, F. J. Sigworth, Pfleugers Arch. 391, 85-100 (1981)); laser confocal microscopy imaging techniques that can be used to localise bioactive components in single cells and single organelles (S. Maiti, J. B. Shear, R. M. Williams, W. R Zipfel, W. W. Webb, Science, 275, 530-532 (1997)); use of near field optical probes for pH measurements in the cell interior; and use of ultra-microelectrodes for measurement of release of single catecholand indol-amine-containing vesicles (R. H. Chow, L. von Ruden, E. Neher, Nature, 356, 60-63 (1992) and R. M. Wightman, J. A. Jankowski, R. T. Kennedy, K. T. Kawagoe, T. J. Scroeder, D. J. Leszczyszyn, J. A. Near, E. J. Diliberto Jr., O. H. Viveros, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88, 10754-10758 (1991)). Although numerous high-resolution techniques exist to detect, image and analyse the contents of single cells and subcellular organelles, few methods exist to control and manipulate the biochemical nature of these compartments. Most compounds for biological and medical use that are of interest to include in cells are polar. Polar solutes are cell-impermeant and unable to pass biological membranes unless specific transporters exist. Often in experimental biology as well as in biochemical and clinical work, polar solutes need to be administered to the cytoplasm of cells or to the interior of organelles. Examples of such polar solutes are nanoparticles, dyes, drugs, DNAs, RNAs, proteins, peptides, and amino acids. At present, it is extremely difficult, for example, to label a cell in a cell culture with a dye, or transfect it with a gene without labelling or transfecting its adjacent neighbour. It is even more difficult to introduce polar molecules into organelles because of their size which many times is smaller than the resolution limit of a light microscope, or at least less than a few micrometers in diameter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for identifying validated target and assay combinations for drug development Inventor(s): Connelly, Gene; (Waltham, MA), Gallant, Paul L.; (Dedham, MA), Tally, Francis P.; (Lincoln, MA), Tao, Jianshi; (North Andover, MA), Wendler, Philip A.; (Sudbury, MA) Correspondence: Cubist Pharmaceuticals, INC.; 65 Hayden Avenue; Lexington; MA; 02421; US Patent Application Number: 20040033481 Date filed: October 22, 2002 Abstract: The invention comprises methods useful within a larger process for identifying compounds and/or designing further compounds with activity to produce a desired phenotype (for example, growth inhibition) in cells whose target cell component is the subject of certain studies to identify such compounds. The invention employs constructed cells comprising a regulable gene encoding a biomolecule which modulates (inhibits or activates) in vivo the function of a target component of the cell which can be an enzyme, for example, methionyl-tRNA synthetase of Staphylococcus aureus. The process incorporates methods for identifying biomolecules that bind to a chosen target cell component in vitro, methods for identifying biomolecules that also bind to the chosen target and modulate its function intracellularly, causing a phenotypic effect. The intracellular effect of a biomolecule can be tested in cell culture, or tested after introduction of the constructed cells into a host mammal in vivo, and methods for identifying compounds that compete with the biomolecules for sites on the target in competitive binding assays. Compounds identified by the series of steps in this process
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are candidates for drugs with the desired activity on the cell. Targets for which such compounds can be identified are validated as being essential to a phenotype of the cell. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of 09/344,783 filed on Jun. 25, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/291,874 filed on Apr. 14, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/227,687 filed on Jan. 8, 1999, and which also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/122,949 filed on Mar. 5, 1999. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/227,687 filed on Jan. 8, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/107,751 filed on Nov. 10, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,718 filed on Sep. 24, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/100,211 filed on Sep. 14, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,698 filed on Jul. 30, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/089,828 filed on Jun. 19, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/085,844 filed on May 18, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/081,753 filed on Apr. 14, 1998; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/076,638 filed on Mar. 3, 1998; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/070,965 filed on Jan. 9, 1998. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/122,949 filed on Mar. 5, 1999. The teachings of each of these referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the discovery and development of new drugs, it is a common strategy to first try to identify molecules or complexes of molecules, naturally occurring within cells, that are involved in producing symptoms of a disease. These naturally occurring molecules can be thought of as "targets." A second major part of the strategy is then to find molecules that bind to the targets. These molecules are candidates for drug development, on the theory that a molecule that binds to a target can modulate (inhibit or enhance) the function of the target, thereby causing a change in the biological status of the cell containing the target. The change caused in the cell (e.g., a change in phenotype towards wild type, or a change in growth rate) may be therapeutically beneficial to the animal or human host of the cell. Although methods currently available to validate targets do provide some guidelines in selection of drug targets, they are usually not conducted under the conditions in which a drug actually interacts with its target, and therefore provide a limited set of information. In addition, they do not directly address, among other things: 1) if a wild type (normal) target is essential for cell growth and viability during the disease state; 2) if the wild type gene products themselves are suitable targets for drug discovery; 3) if specific sites on a target are suitable for drug interaction (for example, in a pathogenic organism, there can be one gene coding for a single protein target with two activities--one activity essential for growth and infectivity, the second activity nonessential); 4) if a compensatory mechanism in the cell, either in vitro or in vivo, can overcome or compensate for target modulation or, 5) if a disease state can be cured by modulation of function of the candidate target. These methods also do not provide a direct route for testing wild type target proteins in high throughput screening assays. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for the detection of human hematopoietic short term repopulating cells Inventor(s): Eaves, Connie J; (British Columbia, CA), Glimm, Hanno; (Freiburg, DE) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20040029188 Date filed: July 30, 2003
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Abstract: Two novel populations of human short term repopulating cells are described. In particular, The inventors have shown that sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID-b2M-/mice allow the efficient engraftment of two previously undescribed populations of human short term repopulating cells (STRC) that do not produce detectable progeny in the more widely used NOD/SCID mouse. These novel cells are designated short term repopulating cells--myeloid (STRC-M) and short term repopulating cells--lymphomyeloid (STRC-ML) to reflect their different lineage potentials. The invention includes an assay for detecting STRC-M and STRC-ML which is useful in a wide range of applications including assessing of the engraftment potential of human hematopoietic cells, testing the toxicity of drugs on hematopoietic cells and in assessing the viability of hematopoietic cells that have been stored and processed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel method for the detection of human hematopoietic short term repopulating cells. Blood cells are generated throughout adult life from a tiny subpopulation of undifferentiated stem cells. In adults, these stem cells are concentrated in the bone marrow (BM), although at birth they are also present in the blood in relatively high numbers (1-4). Because hematopoietic stem cells can enter the BM from the circulation at high efficiency, (5,6) the intravenous transplants of adult BM cells and more recently, of cord blood (CB) and mobilized blood (mPB) cell harvests, has become an important therapeutic modality for patients with a broad spectrum of malignant and genetic disorders. Nevertheless, in many instances undesirable patterns of hematologic recovery are obtained, including transplants of autologous sources (7). In addition, experiments in model systems indicate a need for improved understanding of the various types of human hematopoietic cells that make up the total transplantable compartment and how changes in their numbers in a given inoculum will affect the kinetics and durability of engraftment to be obtained with transplants that have been previously manipulated ex vivo to expand, purge or genetically modify the cells originally present. Previous studies in mice have distinguished hematopoietic progenitors with different engraftment properties. Cells with long term reconstituting ability are invariably able to regenerate all hematopoietic lineages and generate progeny capable of repopulating secondary and tertiary recipients (8-10). Other cells with similar differentiation potentialities may reconstitute both lymphoid and myeloid compartments but typically for less than 4 months (9,11). Additional subpopulations of murine cells with myeloid- or lymphoid-restricted reconstituting abilities have been described (12,13). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for reducing the development of drug tolerance and/or physical dependence Inventor(s): Whistler, Jennifer; (El Cerrito, CA), Zastrow, Mark von; (San Carlos, CA) Correspondence: Quine Intellectual Property Law Group, P.C.; P O Box 458; Alameda; CA; 94501; US Patent Application Number: 20040024005 Date filed: January 22, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for reducing, preventing or delaying the development of tolerance to certain drugs that target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). The methods are generally carried out by co-administering with the drug an agonist for the drug-target GPCR that promotes the endocytosis of the targetted receptor. The methods are particularly useful for drugs that target the opioid receptors,
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for example morphine. The present invention also provides compositions comprising a drug and an agonist that are advantageous in preventing the development of tolerance to the drug that can develop when the drug is administered alone. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/351,442 and 60/351,466, both filed Jan. 23, 2002. The present invention relates to generally to the area of methods and compositions for reducing the development of drug tolerance. In particular, the invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing the development of tolerance to drugs that target G protein-coupled receptors. Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs, which are found in abundance in organisms as diverse as vertebrates, nematodes, plants, yeast, and slime mold, as well as in protozoa and the earliest diploblastic metazoa, are of fundamental physiological importance because they mediate the physiological actions of the majority of known neurotransmitters and hormones. A useful review of the properties of GPCRs can be found in Bockaert and Pin, EMBO J. 1999, Vol. 18, pp. 1723-1729. GPCRs share a common structural feature of a central core domain constituted of seven transmembrane helices connected by three intracellular and three extracellular loops. They have been classified into five or six families based on sequence similarities and each family is further divided into a number of subfamilies (see, Bockaert and Pin, supra). GPCR family 1 contains the largest number of known receptors including the rhodopsin, adenosine, adrenergic, serotonin and opioid receptors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for the targeted delivery of therapeutic substances to specific cells and tissues Inventor(s): Waelti, Ernst Rudolf; (Muenchenbuchsee, CH) Correspondence: Perkins Coie Llp; Post Office Box 1208; Seattle; WA; 98111-1208; US Patent Application Number: 20040028687 Date filed: January 15, 2003 Abstract: Provided are methods and compositions for the targeted delivery of therapeutic substances to specific cells and tissues. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be adapted for a wide variety of therapeutic applications that benefit from cell or tissue-specific delivery of drugs, thereby increasing the therapeutic index of drugs that otherwise produce systemic toxicity. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/349,609 filed on Jan. 15, 2002. The present invention relates to the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology. Specifically, the invention relates to highly targeted synthetic membrane vesicles for the delivery of therapeutic substances to selected cells and tissues, as well as their production. Various publications or patents are referred to in parentheses throughout this application to describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Each of these publications or patents is incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods for therapeutic treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome Inventor(s): Breuer, Brenda; (New York, NY), Pappagallo, Marco; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Klauber & Jackson; 411 Hackensack Avenue; Hackensack; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20040028704 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A method of treating and/or preventing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is provided, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin to a patient in need thereof or a patient at risk for development of CTS. More specifically, the method includes one or more injections of a botulinum toxin over a period of time into one or more muscles of the hand and/or wrist, or directly into the carpal tunnel along the median nerve. Pharmaceutical compositions are provided as are combination therapies with other agents such as anti-inflammatory drugs, growth factors, and agents useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The use of the methods of the present invention are also contemplated with other treatment regimens used to treat patients having carpal tunnel syndrome. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to provisional application U.S. Serial No. 60/379,714, filed May 10, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Applicants claim the benefit of the present application under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e). The present invention relates to therapeutic methods for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. More specifically, the instant invention provides a non-surgical alternative for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome through use of botulinum toxin and a prophylactic method for preventing the development of the condition. Furthermore, the present invention provides for combination therapy of carpal tunnel syndrome with botulinum toxin and other standard forms of therapy or treatment regimens. The bones and ligaments of the carpus, or wrist, form a structure that resembles a tunnel. The median nerve enters the hand by passing through the "carpal tunnel" formed by the carpal bones and transverse carpal ligament in the wrist. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a commonly occurring condition affecting the hand that arises from pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Molecular genetic profiling of gleason grades 3 and 4/5 prostate cancer Inventor(s): Caldwell, Mitchell C.; (Menlo Park, CA), Chen, Zuxiong; (Sunnyvale, CA), Fan, Zhenbin; (Mountain View, CA), Mahadevappa, Mamatha; (Fremont, CA), McNeal, John E.; (Oakland, CA), Nolley, Rosalie; (Menlo Park, CA), Palma, John F.; (San Ramon, CA), Stamey, Thomas A.; (Menlo Park, CA), Warrington, Janet A.; (Los Altos, CA), Zhang, Zhaomei; (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: Affymetrix, Inc; Attn: Chief IP Counsel, Legal DEPT.; 3380 Central Expressway; Santa Clara; CA; 95051; US Patent Application Number: 20040029151 Date filed: April 9, 2003 Abstract: Many genes are affected in prostate cancers which have not been previously identified. This includes genes that have been up-regulated or down-regulated. Monitoring the expression levels of these genes is useful to identify the existence of prostate cancer. Also, monitoring the expression levels of these genes is useful to predict
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the effectiveness of treatment, outcome, use of therapeutics, and screening drugs useful for the treatment of prostate cancer. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional of Application No. 60/371,304 filed on Apr. 9, 2002. This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/312,745, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The invention relates to the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. In particular it relates to prostate cancer. Many cellular events and processes are characterized by altered expression levels of one or more genes. Differences in gene expression correlate with many physiological processes such as cell cycle progression, cell differentiation and cell death. Changes in gene expression patterns also correlate with changes in disease or pharmacological state. For example, the lack of sufficient expression of functional tumor suppressor genes and/or the over expression of oncogene/protooncogenes could lead to tumorgenesis (Marshall, Cell, 64: 313-326 (1991); Weinberg, Science, 254: 1138-1146 (1991), incorporated herein by reference for all purposes). Thus, changes in the expression levels of particular genes (e.g. oncogenes or tumor suppressors) serve as signposts for different physiological, pharmacological and disease states. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis Inventor(s): Faustman, Denise L.; (Weston, MA), Hayashi, Takuma; (Malden, MA) Correspondence: Leon R Yankwich; Yankwich & Associates; 201 Broadway; Cambridge; MA; 02139; US Patent Application Number: 20040031066 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: Nonobese Diabetic Mice (NOD mice) that do not develop diabetes may be bred to produce F.sub.1 offspring that develop a condition that closely mimics rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. The RA-like disease in the F.sub.1 mice, designated NOD-RA mice, is similar to human RA in clinical, radiological, histological and serological characteristics. The parents (F.sub.0) and their progeny (F.sub.1) are not diabetic and never develop hyperglycemia, and the parental mice (F.sub.0) do not themselves exhibit any symptoms of the RA-like condition that afflicts some of their progeny. The incidence, penetrance, gender domination, progression, and lifelong exacerbation of symptoms after pregnancy shown in the RA-like condition afflicting NOD-RA mice are all comparable to phenomena observed in the human disease. The NOD-RA mice provide a new spontaneous model of human RA that will be useful for studying rheumatoid arthristis and testing new drugs and reagents for treating or diagnosing the disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the field of medical research, particularly to the development of mammalian models of human rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by joint swelling, deformation and, ultimately, destruction, culminating in severe physical disability. De Graaf et al., in The Epidemiolog of Chronic Rheumatism, Dellgren and Ball, eds. (Blackwell, Oxford, 1963), pp. 446-56; Meenam et al., Arthritis Rheum., 24:544-50 (1981); Gabriel et al., J. Rheumatol, 26:1269-74 (1999); James, Clin Exp. Rheumatol, 17:392-93 (1999). RA is a progressive condition with well-recognized symptoms including symmetrical peripheral joint swelling and synovial inflammation while sparing the axial skeleton; the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) autoantibodies; increased
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concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1.beta. (IL-1.beta.), and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in serum and synovial fluid; low concentrations of interleukin-ra (IL-ra); and pregnancy-induced disease remission followed by severe postpartum flares, that is, while women with RA commonly undergo remission during pregnancy, the disease returns and may be even more severe and show a new onset or more accelerated course after delivery. See, Turgen, in Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine. 2.sup.nd edition, Shanahan ed. (Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1996), pp. 387-98; Hirano et al., Eur. J. Immunol, 18:1797-1801 (1988); Wilder et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 876:14-31 (1999); Iijima et al., J. Rheumatol, 26:755-56 (1999); Ostensen, Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci., 876:13143 (1999). In medical research directed to understanding, diagnosing and treating RA, several animal models of the disease have been described, but no spontaneous animal model that closely mimics all the features of the human disease has been discovered (See, for example, Hang et al., 1982. J. Exp. Med., 155:1690-1701; and Kouskoff et al., 1996. Cell, 87:811-822). Kouskoffet al. report a RA mouse model that exhibits aggressive arthritis, produced by mating a T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse strain with a NOD strain. This RA mouse model is strictly dependent on the presence of the KRN transgene and is characterized by several inherent symptomological features of RA that distinguish it from human RA (hRA), however, including: 100% penetrance, early (i.e., 25-35 days) onset of disease, attack of the distal interphalangeal joints, inflammation of the spine, large excess of myeloid cells over T lymphocytes and plasma cells in the synovial membrane, a total absence of rheumatoid factor (RF) autoantibodies, and a coating of IgG deposits on internal organs. These features result in a more aggressive RA than the RA typically found in humans. Human RA has preferential disease expression in middle-aged females, peripheral disease sparing of the DIP joints, rheumatoid factor autoantibodies, similar peripheral and joint cytokine derangements, etc. The mechanism of development of arhritis-like disease in NOD/TCR mice differs dramatically from that of natural RA expression in humans, limiting the utility of this RA mouse as a model for hRA. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Myc targets Inventor(s): Caron, Hubertus Nicolaas; (Heemskerk, NL), Versteeg, Rogier; (Amerongen, NL) Correspondence: Trask Britt; P.O. Box 2550; Salt Lake City; UT; 84110; US Patent Application Number: 20040033932 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: The invention discloses a catalog of targets of the myc oncogene family identified by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression. The invention also discloses a method for analyzing myc downstream targets in view of the full context of myc induced changes in gene expression. The invention further discloses a method for the treatment of cancer comprising modulating a myc-dependent downstream gene capable of supporting an essentially neoplastic characteristic of the cancer. The invention additionally discloses a method of screening to identify drugs that interfere with myc downstream effects. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of PCT/NL01/00361, filed May 11, 2001, designating the United States of America, corresponding to WO 01/85941 (published Nov. 15, 2001), the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety. The
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invention relates to the treatment and diagnosis of cancer and to the development of drugs for the treatment of cancer. The normal healthy organism maintains a carefully regulated balance that responds to specific needs of the body. In particular, the balance between the creation or multiplication of new cells and the death of superfluous cells is well maintained. However, the exquisite controls that regulate cell multiplication occasionally break down and a cell will grow and divide although the body has no further need for cells of its type. The cell essentially becomes neoplastic whereas there is no real need for the cell. When the descendants of such a cell inherit the propensity to multiply without regulation, the result is a clone of cells that are able to expand indefinitely. Ultimately, a mass called a tumor may be formed by the clones of unwanted cells and the affected individual may develop the beginning of cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nitroderivatives as drugs for diseases having an inflammatory basis Inventor(s): Antognazza, Patrizia; (Milano, IT), Benedini, Francesca; (Milano, IT), Del Soldato, Piero; (Monza, IT) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Suite 400; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040023933 Date filed: April 10, 2003 Abstract: Use for the treatment of diseases having an inflammatory basis of compounds or salts thereof, having the following general formula (I): A-X.sub.t-L-(W).sub.p-NO.sub.2 wherein A contains the radical of a drug, X.sub.t and W arc bivalent radicals, L, is a covalent bond or oxygen, sulphur, NR.sub.tc wherein R.sub.tc is H or a C.sub.1C.sub.5 linear or branched alkyl. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds and the use thereof for diseases affecting the digestive apparatus, in particular the intestinal tract, specifically colites, gastrites, enterites, duodenites and hepatopathies of various nature (on a viral, immune, dismetabolic basis due to intoxications from drugs such as paracetamol and other analgesic, antibiotic, antitumoural, antidepressive drugs, etc., alcohol, etc.). The digestive apparatus diseases are very diffused. While the therapy of the peptic ulcer has generally reached efficacy, the same cannot be said for other diseases affecting the digestive apparatus. For example it is known that yearly in the Unites States more than 25 million people suffer diseases affecting liver and gall-bladder and more than 26,000 people die owing to chronic hepatopathies and cirrhosis. Generally the therapeutical treatment is widely unsatisfatory. Among the compounds used for these treatments interferon.alpha.-2b can be mentioned, which allows the recovery in about 30-40% of the cases affected by chronic hepatitis B and 20-25% of those affected by chronic hepatitis C. However the interruption of the treatment causes a recidivism in 50-80% of the patients. Only 10% of the cases of hepatitis B are satisfactory with interferon.alpha.-2b. Another compound used for these pathologies is ribavirin, however the efficacy is not yet well known. Other used compounds are vaccines, which however are used only in the prophylaxis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nitrosated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds, compositions and methods of use related applications Inventor(s): Earl, Richard A.; (Westford, MA), Ezawa, Maiko; (Acton, MA), Fang, Xinqin; (Lexington, MA), Garvey, David S.; (Dover, MA), Gaston, Ricky D.; (Malden, MA), Khanapure, Subhash P.; (Clinton, MA), Letts, L. Gordon; (Dover, MA), Lin, ChiaEn; (Burlington, MA), Ranatunga, Ramani R.; (Lexington, MA), Richardson, Stewart K.; (Tolland, CT), Schroeder, Joseph D.; (Minneapolis, MN), Stevenson, Cheri A.; (Haverhill, MA), Wey, Shiow-Jyi; (Woburn, MA) Correspondence: Edward D Grieff; Hale & Dorr Llp; 1455 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20040024057 Date filed: July 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes novel nitrosated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated NSAID, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and/or at least one therapeutic agent. The invention also provides novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated NSAID, and at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or at least one therapeutic agent. The invention also provides novel kits comprising at least one nitrosated NSAID, and, optionally, at least one nitric oxide donor and/or at least one therapeutic agent. The invention also provides methods for treating inflammation, pain and fever; for treating gastrointestinal disorders; for facilitating wound healing; for treating and/or preventing gastrointestinal, renal and/or respiratory toxicities resulting from the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds; for treating inflammatory disease states and/or disorders; and for treating and/or preventing ophthalmic diseases and/or disorders. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 60/393,111 filed Jul. 3, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/397,979 filed Jul. 24, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/418,353 filed Oct. 16, 2002; U.S. Application No. 60/449,798 filed Feb. 26, 2003; and to U.S. Application No. 60/456,182 filed Mar. 21, 2003. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds (NSAIDs) are widely used for the treatment of pain, inflammation; and acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, such as, for example, osteoarthritis arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. These compounds inhibit the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase, which is the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids. The NSAIDs also inhibit the production of other prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin G.sub.2, prostaglandin H.sub.2 and prostaglandin E.sub.2, thereby reducing the prostaglandin-induced pain and swelling associated with the inflammation process. The chronic use of NSAIDs has been associated with adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal ulceration and renal and respiratory toxicity. The undesirable side effects are also due to the inhibition of prostaglandin in the affected organ. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel g protein-coupled receptor protein and dna thereof Inventor(s): Matsui, Hideki; (Tsukuba-shi, JP), Shintani, Yasushi; (Toyonaka-shi, JP), Terao, Yasuko; (Kobe-shi, JP) Correspondence: Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc; Intellectual Property Department; 475 Half Day Road; Suite 500; Lincolnshire; IL; 60069; US Patent Application Number: 20040029224 Date filed: November 21, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel G protein-coupled receptor protein comprising the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence as that represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 or salts thereof, and a polynucleotide encoding the same. The present invention also provides a use such as pharmaceuticals, etc.The G protein-coupled receptor protein of the present invention, its partial peptides, or salts thereof and the polynucleotides encoding the receptor protein or its partial peptide (e.g. DNA, RNA, and its derivatives) can be used for; 1) determination of ligands (agonists); 2) preparation of antibodies and antisera; 3) construction of recombinant receptor protein expression systems; 4) development of the receptor binding assay systems using the expression systems and screening of pharmaceutical candidate compounds; 5) effecting drug design based on comparison with structurally similar ligand receptors; 6) reagents for preparation of probes and PCR primers for gene diagnosis; 7) production of transgenic animals; and 8) pharmaceutical drugs for the gene prophylaxis and gene therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel G protein-coupled receptor protein derived from embryonic human brain or its salts and DNA encoding the same, etc. Physiological active substances such as various hormones and neurotransmitters regulate the biological function via specific receptor proteins present on cell membranes. Many of these receptor proteins are coupled with guanine nucleotide-binding protein (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as G protein) and mediate the intracellular signal transduction via activation of G protein. These receptor proteins possess the common structure containing seven transmembrane domains and are thus collectively referred to as G protein-coupled receptors or seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMR). G protein-coupled receptor proteins present on the cell surface of each functional cell and organ in the body, and play important physiological roles as the target of the molecules that regulate the functions of the cells and organs, e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, physiologically active substances and the like. Receptors transmit signals to cells via binding with physiologically active substances, and the signals induce various reactions such as activation and inhibition of the cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for preparing active esters Inventor(s): Masaoka, Hideo; (Sakai-gun, JP), Okuyama, Shigehiro; (Sakai-gun, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040030155 Date filed: June 16, 2003
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Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of active ester, characterized by subjecting to a reaction a mixture of a carboxylic acid, which is a starting material, reagent which forms active ester and a base or a starting material carboxylic acid.The present invention provides an active ester useful as an intermediate of pharmaceutical drugs etc. in high yield using an inexpensive reagent, in one-pot reaction, without causing isomerization, regardless of the structure of starting material carboxylic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of active ester. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of active ester of carboxylic acid, which is an intermediate in the induction from carboxylic acid to amide, ester or alcohol. The method of the present invention makes it possible to prepare active ester efficiently, which is an intermediate of an important compound as a pharmaceutical drug, etc. (3) a method using a mixed acid anhydride. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Quinazoline derivatives and drugs Inventor(s): Mori, Kazuya; (Kyoto-shi, JP), Okano, Masahiko; (Nagaokakyou-shi, Kyoto, JP) Correspondence: Greenberg Traurig, Llp; 885 3rd Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20040034044 Date filed: April 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides an excellent novel analgesic which acts on a nociceptin receptor to exhibit a wide range of the analgesic effect for example on a chronic pain as well as an allodynia accompanied with a herpes zoster.The invention relates to a nociceptin receptor agonist comprising as an active ingredient a compound represented by Formula (I) or a salt thereof: 1wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or alkyl; A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are the same or different and each represents a single bond or a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group; Q represents a single bond, cycloalkylene group, phenylene group or a divalent heterocyclic group; R.sup.2A and R.sup.2B are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or alkyl; R.sup.3 represents an optionally substituted phenyl group or heterocyclic group; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, halogen, nitro, hydroxy, alkoxycarbonyl, --NR.sup.6R.sup.7 and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutically useful novel quinazoline derivative or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same as an active ingredient. As an analgesic, a narcotic analgesic (such as morphine), a nonnarcotic analgesic (such as aspirin or indomethacin) or a narco-antagonistic analgesic (such as pentazocine) is employed. A narcotic analgesic exerts its analgesic effect mainly by inhibiting a central algesic excitatory transmission. A non-narcotic analgesic exerts its analgesic effect mainly by inhibiting the production of a peripheral dolorogenic substance. A narco-antagonistic analgesic exerts its analgesic effect in a mechanism similar to that of a narcotic analgesic. However, there is no analgesic which is effective against a chronic pain which is not suppressed by morphine, an allodynia accompanied with herpes zoster or a hyperalgesia, and an excellent analgesic has been desired to be created. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Rapid screen to identify p-glycoprotein substrates and high affinity modulators Inventor(s): Guelph, Liu; (Ontario, CA), Sharom, Frances J.; (Guelph, CA) Correspondence: Bereskin And Parr; Scotia Plaza; 40 King Street West-suite 4000 Box 401; Toronto; ON; M5h 3y2; CA Patent Application Number: 20040029100 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: A novel method for identifying compounds that interact with P-glycoprotein that involves measuring the quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence is described. The method has many uses including (1) it can be used to screen drugs for their ability to interact with P-glycoprotein; (2) it can be used to screen for high affinity modulators of P-glycoprotein; and (3) it can be used to screen drugs that are potential hazards when used in combination with the modulators and (4) it can be used in methods of conducting target discovery/screening businesses. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of assaying compounds that interact with proteins, in particular methods of identifying compounds that interact with P-glycoprotein. The ABC superfamily is a large group of proteins responsible for movement of substrates across biological membranes, driven by the energy of ATP hydrolysis (1, 2). The substrates moved by ABC proteins are as diverse as ions (e.g. CFTR, a chloride ion channel), and large proteins (e.g. hemolysin B exports hemolysin, a 80 kDa toxic protein). Some family members are importers, such as the bacterial histidine and maltose permeases, while others are exporters, and CFTR is a channel, rather than a transporter. The P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter (Pgp) exports an astonishing variety of hydrophobic natural products, drugs and peptides from mammalian cells, powered by the energy of ATP hydrolysis at its two nucleotide binding (NB) domains. Its physiological role is thought to involve protection against toxic xenobiotics by efflux or secretion of these compounds at the lumenal surfaces of the gut, kidney tubules and bile ductules, and its presence in the endothelial cells of the brain appears to make a major contribution to the blood brain barrier (3). Pgp also plays an important role in the multidrug resistance (MDR) displayed by many human tumours, and is an important factor in predicting the outcome of chemotherapy treatment (4, 5). The application of fluorescence techniques to the study of the structure and function of Pgp has proved very fruitful over the past few years (for reviews, see 6, 7). Biophysical approaches such as this have been made possible by the development of methods for the isolation of sub-milligram amounts of purified Pgp with high levels of ATPase and drug transport activity. Experiments on purified Pgp labelled with the extrinsic fluorophore, MIANS, at Cys residues within the NB domains have led to important insights into the molecular architecture of the protein. For example, quenching experiments showed the existence of cross-talk between the catalytic sites in the NB domains, and the drug binding sites, which are thought to be made up by the membrane-spanning regions of the protein within the lipid bilayer (8). Binding to MIANS-labeled Pgp of nucleotides, and drug or peptide substrates, takes place with apparently normal affinity, however, the transporter is catalytically inactive (8, 9). This potential limitation might be overcome by the use of intrinsic Trp fluorescence of the catalytically active protein as a reporter technique. Trp fluorescence studies have proved invaluable for studying the interaction of a variety of ATPases and ATP-utilizing enzymes with their substrates, including the F.sub.oF.sub.1-ATPase (10), plasma membrane Ca.sup.2+-ATPase (11), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca.sup.2+-ATPase (12), the DnaB helicase (13), and phosphofructokinase (14), as well as membrane transporters, such as melibiose permease (15) and lactose permease (16).
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Remedy for hepatopathy Inventor(s): Chin, Masahiro; (Miyagi, JP), Doi, Hideyuki; (Miyagi, JP), Koga, Hiroshi; (Tokyo, JP), Komatsu, Hiromichi; (Shizuoka, JP), Satomi, Susumu; (Miyagi, JP) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, NW; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20040022827 Date filed: July 30, 2003 Abstract: Compositions that contain valine as an active ingredient but which are entirely free of other amino acids or substantially free of amino other acids as an active ingredient are used as drugs or foods for treating or ameliorating hepatic diseases, whereupon less side effects are caused than in the conventional regimens of pharmacotherapy and yet the compositions ameliorate, palliate or gain recovery from symptoms and abnormalities that are caused by such hepatic diseases, for example, fever, lassitude, loss of appetite, vomiting stomachache, ascites and pleural effusion, or complications of hepatic disease (not including hepatic encephalopathy). Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/509,680, filed Mar. 30, 2000, which is the national stage under 35 U.S.C.371 of PCT/JP98/04495, filed Sep. 30, 1998. This invention relates to compositions for treating hepatic diseases or improving the hepatic function that are characterized by containing valine as an active ingredient and being substantially free of other amino acids as an active ingredient. More specifically, the invention relates to pharmaceutical or food compositions that contain valine as an active ingredient capable of treating or ameliorating hepatic diseases such as acute hepatitis, hepatic insufficiency, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis but which are substantially free of other amino acids as an active ingredient. Various amino acid preparations are conventionally used against hepatic diseases such as hepatic insufficiency and cirrhosis. For example, amino acid preparations such as Aminoleban (registered trademark), Morihepamin (registered trademark), Aminoleban (registered trademark) EN, Hepan (registered trademark) ED and Livact (registered trademark) granule are used for such purposes as ameliorating hepatic encephalopathy and hypoalbuminemia that accompany hepatic diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatic insufficiency. In fact, however, these amino acid preparations are used not for direct treatment or amelioration of the mentioned hepatic diseases but rather in anticipation of an improvement in impaired nutrition due to hepatic diseases, namely, for such purposes as improving nitrogen metabolism by correcting the imbalance in plasma amino acids and lowering the blood ammonia level. In addition, these preparations are mixtures of amino acids and single amino acids are little known to be capable of ameliorating the mentioned hepatic diseases. Referring to the official gazette of Examined Japanese Patent Publication No. 29446/1982, it is taught that an injection of Lvaline, when administered alone, is useful in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy; however, hepatic encephalopathy is one of the complications of worsened hepatic disease and toxic substances such as ammonia that accumulate in blood impair the central nervous system to cause various neurotic symptoms; hence, hepatic encephalopathy is different from "hepatic disease" in the sense of term used in the present invention. What is more, the official gazette, supra, makes no suggestion that Lvaline is capable of direct treatment or amelioration of hepatic diseases per se. As a matter of fact, hepatic encephalopathy is currently treated with blood ammonia
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lowering agents such as lactulose and there have been reported no cases of using therapeutics for hepatic diseases in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, of which fact shows that the present invention is by no means easy to derive from the official gazette, supra. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Reversed liquid crystalline phases with non-paraffin hydrophobes Inventor(s): Anderson, David; (Ashland, VA) Correspondence: Whitham, Curtis & Christofferson, PC; Suite 340; 11491 Sunset Hills Road; Reston; VA; 20190; US Patent Application Number: 20040022820 Date filed: June 13, 2003 Abstract: Compounds which are otherwise difficult to solubilize, such as, for example, pharmaceutical actives difficult for the body to absorb, are solubilized into a composition using a solvent system that is a structured fluid. The structured fluid is a reversed cubic phase or reversed hexagonal phase material, or a combination thereof, which includes a polar solvent, a surfactant and a non-paraffinic liquid with a high octanol-water partition coefficient which does not qualify as a surfactant. The compositions thus formed are able to enhance absorption of drugs by the induction of local, transient nanopores in biomembrane absorption barriers and particularly those in which efflux mechanisms, such as those associated with P-glycoprotein and/or cytochrome 3A4, are active. The compositions and methods that are used for solubilizing pharmaceutical actives in structured fluids can simultaneously accomplish solubilization of difficultly soluble drugs and enhancement of absorption. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the solubilization of compounds which are difficult to solubilize. In particular, the invention provides compositions, liquid crystalline solvent systems and methods for solubilizing such compounds. The invention also relates to the enhanced delivery of compounds through biomembrane absorption barriers, such as those found in cells, tissues, and organs. A significant number of compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity and application are poorly soluble in water. Of these, many are also difficult to solubilize with simple liquids and even surfactant-rich phases that are approved for use as, and appropriate for use as, excipients in pharmaceutical products. Generally it is not always enough to solubilize the drug, even if it is in a non-toxic vehicle; the vehicle must lend itself to whatever transformation--e.g., encapsulation, enteric coating, freeze- or spray-drying--is required to arrive at the correct delivery format. For example, for pharmaceutical actives where the most desirable format is the pill form for oral delivery, still the most common drug format by far, most liquid solvents and even surfactants, unless encapsulated, will often be incompatible with the simplest tablet manufacturing procedures, since these procedures were generally developed with solids and powders in mind. Yet the application of these procedures to poorly-soluble drugs without the use of liquids or surfactants often yields a pill that achieves only a very limited bioavailability when administered. It should also be pointed out that while acidic (e.g., hydrochloride) or basic (e.g., sodium) salt forms of low-solubility drugs can often be soluble, such salts can precipitate in the body when they encounter pH conditions that deprotonate the acidic salt or protonate the basic salt. For actives that are to be delivered by injection, solubilization of such compounds is made challenging by the very limited selection of solvents and structured liquids that are approved for injection at levels that would be
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required to solubilize the drug. Furthermore, water-miscible liquid excipients, most notably ethanol, are of limited value since, even when the drug is soluble in neat ethanol, it will often precipitate upon contact with water, either diluent water for injection or in the aqueous milieu of body fluids, such as blood. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Tissue specific prodrugs Inventor(s): Isaacs, John T.; (Pheonix, MD) Correspondence: Edwards & Angell, Llp; P.O. Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20040029778 Date filed: May 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides novel peptide prodrugs which contain cleavage sites specifically cleaved by prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). These prodrugs are useful for substantially inhibiting the non-specific toxicity of a variety of therapeutic drugs. PSMA is secreted by prostatic glandular cells. Upon cleavage of the prodrug by PSMA, the therapeutic drug are activated and exert their toxicity. Sesquiterpene.gamma.-lacton- es form part of the prodrugs, and are designed to be linked to carrier moieties such as the peptides of the invention. Methods for treating cell proliferative disorders are also featured in the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the targeted activation and delivery of therapeutic drugs to cells that produce prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and relates more specifically to PSMA-specific peptide prodrugs that become activated to yield therapeutic drugs. There is currently no effective therapy for men with metastatic prostate cancer who relapse after androgen ablation, even though numerous agents have been tested over the past thirty years. Prolonged administration of effective concentrations of standard chemotherapeutic agents is usually not possible because of dose-limiting systemic toxicities. PSMA is a 100 kDa prostate epithelial cell type II transmembrane glycoprotein that was originally isolated from a cDNA library from the androgen responsive LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line, as disclosed, for example by Horoszewicz et al., Cancer Res. 43:1809-1818, (1980). Immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated that PSMA is expressed by normal prostate epithelium and is even more highly expressed by a large proportion of prostate cancers, including metastatic prostate cancers, as disclosed, for example in Horoszewicz et al.; Wright et al., Urol. Oncol 1:18-28, (1995); and Lopes et al., Cancer Res. 50:64236429, (1990). Low-level detection of the PSMA protein has also been seen in the duodenal mucosa and in a subset of proximal renal tubules. In all other human tissues, including normal vascular endothelium, PSMA expression was not detectable, as disclosed for example, in Silver et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 3:81-85, (1997); and Chang et al., Cancer Res. 59:3192-3198, (1999). PSMA, however, has been detected in the neovasculature of a large number of different tumor types including breast, renal, colon, pancreatic, brain, melanoma, lung, testicular, sarcoma and transitional cell carcinomas (Silver et al., and Chang et al.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Transdermal administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory hydroxide-releasing agents as permeation enhancers
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Inventor(s): Hsu, Tsung-Min; (San Diego, CA), Luo, Eric C.; (Plano, TX) Correspondence: Reed & Eberle Llp; 800 Menlo Avenue, Suite 210; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20040022837 Date filed: July 30, 2003 Abstract: A method is provided for increasing the permeability of skin or mucosal tissue to transdermally administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The method involves use of a specified amount of a hydroxide-releasing agent, the amount optimized to increase the flux of the NSAID through a body surface while minimizing the likelihood of skin damage, irritation or sensitization. Formulations and drug delivery systems for co-administering a hydroxide-releasing agent with an NSAID are provided as well. Excerpt(s): This is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/737,830, filed Dec. 14, 2000; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/569,889, filed May 11, 2000; which is a continuation-in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/465,098, filed Dec. 16, 1999; the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to transdermal administration of pharmacologically active agents, and more particularly relates to methods and compositions for administering nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) transdermally. The delivery of drugs through the skin provides many advantages; primarily, such a means of delivery is a comfortable, convenient and noninvasive way of administering drugs. The variable rates of absorption and metabolism encountered in oral treatment are avoided, and a high degree of control over blood concentrations of any particular drug is made possible. Other inherent inconveniences--e.g., gastrointestinal irritation and the like--are reduced or eliminated as well. This latter advantage is particularly important with drugs that are known to be quite problematic with respect to gastrointestinal side effects. Oral administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or "NSAIDs," is well known to result in mild to serious gastrointestinal side effects in a significant fraction of patients receiving the medication. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Two-dimensionally quantified image method for distinguishing and quantifying over-growing tissue or the like Inventor(s): Awazu, Shoji; (Saitama, JP), Hatori, Akiko; (Chiba, JP), Shigematsu, Akiyo; (Chiba, JP) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040028609 Date filed: August 15, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a rapid screening method for new drug candidates by providing an early visual indication of pharmacological effects [growth suppression or inhibition] in vivo of drugs administered to animals harboring an excessive growth of tissues or cells, such as malignant tumors, and the like, and a rapid
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method for establishing an appropriate use of therapeutic drugs.The present invention is a two-dimensional quantitative imaging method for identifying and quantifying abnormally growing tissues or cells from normally grown tissue or cells by a twodimensional image, preferably by a two-dimensional image analysis of a macroautoradiograph, based on the marker [2-.sup.14C] thymidine or [1,3-N] fluorescent thymidine. Also, the present invention is a two-dimensional quantitative imaging method for simultaneously acquiring two-dimensional quantitative images of a radioactive nuclide and said thymidine. Further, the present invention, based on the aforementioned two-dimensional quantitative imaging method, is a rapid screening method for new drug candidates; a rapid method for establishing an appropriate use of therapeutic drugs; a method for determining the optimum dose of high-energy particles; a method for determining the ratio of the moiety retaining chemical stability of a therapeutic drug; a method for determining the lethal effect of high-energy particles; a method for determining the efficacy of a drug exhibiting tissue-specific efficacy; and a method for establishing an applicable dose of.sup.90Y. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a rapid method for screening new drug candidates in living organisms where mammalian animals are used and to a rapid method for the establishment of an appropriate use of therapeutic drugs. In detail, it further relates to a rapid screening method for new drug candidates by providing an early visual indication of pharmacological effects [growth suppression or inhibition] in vivo of drugs administered to animals harboring an excessive growth of tissues or cells, such as malignant tumors, and the like; a rapid method for establishing an appropriate formula to use of therapeutic drugs; a method for judging the optimum dosage for highenergy particles; a method for determining the ratio of the moiety retaining chemical stability of a therapeutic drug; a method for determining the lethal effects of highenergy particles; a method for determining the efficacy of drugs with tissue-specific efficacy; and a method for establishing an applicable dose of.sup.90Y, and the like. It has always been desirable to develop drugs that are highly effective in suppressing or inhibiting the growth of abnormal tissues or cells such as malignant tumors and the like and subsequent metastases and to establish an appropriate use of such therapeutic drugs. However, many existing anti-cancer drugs not only suppress the growth of malignant cells, but also inhibit the regeneration of normal tissue. Therefore, such existing anticancer drugs cause the patients to suffer from severe side effects and may lead to premature deaths. One treatment strategy in cancer is chemotherapy, in which drugs with anti-tumor activity are used. Most of these drugs are inhibitors or antagonists of substrates involved in nucleic acid synthesis. Recently, efforts are being made in the biotechnology field to develop antibody proteins (monoclonal antibodies) targeting enzymes (the synthetic process of DNA.fwdarw.RNA replication.fwdarw.mRNA.fwdarw.protein) involved in nucleic acid synthesis. However, these antibody proteins provide only slight selectivity in identifying abnormal tissues from normal tissues and have weak toxicity suppression effects (cell death). Therefore, only antibodies directed against CD20, CD30, and the like, involved in immunity, and indicated for hematologic malignancies, have been approved by the US FDA (for example Rituxan). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with drugs, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on drugs. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning drugs. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DRUGS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to drugs. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on drugs include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on drugs: •
Families Living With Drugs and HIV: Intervention and Treatment Strategies Contact: Guilford Publications, Inc., Customer Service Book Order Dept., 72 Spring St, New York, NY, 10012, (800) 365-7006. Summary: A panel of local and national drug abuse experts, drawn from a broad crosssection of agencies and disciplines, met and gave attention to a number of AIDS-related issues, with the results of their discussions published in this monograph. It builds on a framework of the participants' experience in the research and practice of drug treatment, health care, family support services, law, and child welfare. The monograph is comprised of four parts, with Part I serving as an introduction to addiction and the problems of drug and AIDS-affected infants and their families. In Part II, the monograph addresses prevention of substance abuse and approaches to prenatal care that help prevent drug-affected childhoods. Part III considers services to families already involved with drugs, while Part IV examines legal and ethical issues and policy initiatives.
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Catastrophic Rights: Experimental Drugs and AIDS Contact: New Star Books, Limited, 2504 York Ave, Vancouver, (604) 738-9429. Summary: In this monograph, the author examines the rights of patients with cancer or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to have access to experimental and unproven therapeutic drugs used to treat their diseases. The issue is not one of specific drugs, but that of the catastrophic rights of terminally ill persons and the ethical issues related to medical and governmental responsibility to provide such treatments upon demand. The cases of Azidothymidine (AZT), pentamidine, DDI, and gancyclovir are used to put forward the case against making experimental drugs available. However, the main argument of the monograph is actually that the concept of catastrophic rights demands the liberalization in the handling of catastrophic drugs by therapeutic authorities. Other issues discussed include the question of who pays for expensive experimental treatments and the limits of catastrophic rights.
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AIDS: Women, Drugs and Social Care Contact: Falmer Press, Taylor and Francis, Incorporated, 1900 Frost Rd Ste 101, Bristol, PA, 19007, (215) 785-5800. Summary: The objective of this monograph is to document aspects of experiences of women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The information given is based on data collected through interviews with women from 17 locations in the United Kingdom and in Dublin, Ireland. Social services, the health care system, and personal support needs are areas that are addressed. The monograph also identifies some positive ways in which women have responded to the HIV epidemic.
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Residual Effects of Abused Drugs on Behavior Contact: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, PO Box 2345, Rockville, MD, 20852-2345, (301) 468-2600, http://www.health.org. US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: The papers presented in this monograph were presented at a technical review entitled "Residual Effects of Abused Drugs on Behavior: A Clinical-Research Integration". The two major goals were to evaluate the state of knowledge on the residual effects of chronic substance abuse on behavior, and to foster an interdisciplinary research effort to study and understand long-term drug effects by involving laboratory researchers and clinicians.
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The Second Annual National Conference on Preventing and Treating Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse, HIV Infection, and AIDS in Black Communities; From Advocacy to Action Contact: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, PO Box 2345, Rockville, MD, 20852-2345, (301) 468-2600, http://www.health.org. Summary: These proceedings summarize the speeches given at plenary sessions and at workshops, as well as presenting academic papers and personal essays. Workshops focused on Black males, drug-related HIV infection and AIDS, prevention, treatment, and youth. The papers and essays are organized into seven categories: African American males; women, drugs, and AIDS; youth at risk; family; community; voices;
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and facts and figures. The section on African American males discusses social conditions that contribute to or inhibit alcohol and other drug use, the criminal justice system, spirituality, and effective public education. Drug-exposed and drug-impaired babies, maternal drug use, and drug-related HIV infection are examined in the segment on women. The proceedings address family, community, spirituality, and facts and figures with topics such as the role of the family, community at risk, community empowerment, total healing, and federal funding opportunities. •
AIDS and Community - Based Drug Intervention Programs: Evaluation and Outreach Contact: Haworth Press, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY, 13904-9981, (800) 342-9678. Summary: These symposium proceedings trace the conceptual, methodological, empirical, and policy-related programmatic development of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) and Cooperative Agreement (CA) projects. Both the NADR and CA were designed to support development, implementation, and evaluation of community-based interventions targeted to prevent HIV infection among intravenous drug users (IDUs), other drug users at high risk for HIV, and sexual partners of IDUs. The NADR and CA projects recruited IDUs, sexual partners, and crack users for these projects. Through these projects, much was learned about recruiting hidden populations, retaining them in intervention activities, and promoting risk-reduction behaviors. The papers in these proceedings cover a variety of subjects, including goal-oriented counseling and peer groups to reduce HIV/AIDS risk; methods used to assess behavioral change among IDUs; the importance of sampling from hidden populations in research; a public health model for reducing HIV-related risk behavior among IDUs and their sexual partners; and the characteristics of female sexual partners of IDUs.
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Women, HIV, Drugs: Practical Issues Contact: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1 Hatton Pl, London. Summary: This anthology on HIV and drug issues begins with a brief review of the history of women and HIV in the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe by Dr. Dorothy Black. Sheila Henderson goes on to discuss some general issues regarding women and HIV, including women and drug use, isolation, reproduction, sex and sexuality, and child care. Kate Thomson focuses on Positively Women, a self help group for HIV-positive women. Jane Wilson and Jane Ramsey address the spread of HIV among women in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and its implications. Jenny Miller and Mary Treacy identify street agencies, including those that provide outreach and counseling services for drug users. Brenda House, a residential recovery unit for women who have problems with drug use, is described by Joy Roulston. Dr. Mary Hepburn presents information on obstetrics, women, and drug use in the context of HIV. Dr. Sue Ruben discusses the implications of drug dependency units. The final paper by Jane Goodsir focuses on HIV, drug use, and the law.
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Women, HIV, Drugs : Criminal Justice Issues Contact: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1 Hatton Pl, London. Summary: This book discusses the issue of the treatment of women criminal offenders in England who are drug users and/or HIV-positive. The editors have compiled articles written by practitioners and academics in the fields of probation, drug services, criminology, and HIV to reveal current practices and debates. The book addresses the impact of new developments on the British criminal justice system, particularly
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legislation to provide alternatives to prison sentences. The editors conclude that considerable efforts are needed to rethink services for the women at the receiving end of the intersection of criminal justice, health services, drugs, and HIV. •
Women Poverty and AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence Contact: Common Courage Press, Books for an Informed Democracy, Institute for Health and Social Justice Series, PO Box 702, Monroe, ME, 04951, (207) 525-0900. Summary: This book examines the links between poverty, gender, and the prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The first section of the book reflects on the AIDS pandemic from the perspectives of poor women in both developed and developing countries. The second section reexamines portions of the social science, public health, and clinical medicine literature on AIDS. An entire chapter is devoted to the challenges faced by communitybased service organizations as they address issues and obstacles faced by poor women with HIV. The third section is a resource of AIDS-related organizations whose efforts are of relevance to poor women.
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Drugs of Abuse, Immunity, and Infection Contact: CRC Press, Incorporated, 2000 Corporate Blvd NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, (561) 994-0555. Summary: This book focuses on possible relationships among drugs of abuse, such as marijuana, morphine, cocaine, and alcohol, on immune response function and altered resistance to microorganisms, especially opportunistic ones. The book presents a number of literature reviews concerning various categories of drugs, immunity, and infectious diseases. The first series of chapters addresses the effects of marijuana on the immune response. The effects of opiates, including morphine, on infectious diseases, are described in the second set of reviews. Several reviews then describe the effects of ethanol on immunity, both in general and on bacterial infections. The final chapter explores the connection between psychiatric drugs and immunity.
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Sex, Drugs, and the Continuing Spread of AIDS Contact: Roxbury Publishing Company, 537 North Orlando Ave Ste 3, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, (213) 653-1068. Summary: This book provides an overview of the AIDS epidemic and addresses the debate over the increasing heterosexual spread of HIV in the United States. The book presents a perspective on the nature and origins of AIDS, its social dimensions and impact on people and institutions, and alternatives for reducing the continuing spread of the disease. The first two chapters explore the origins and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, the natural history of HIV infection in homosexual men, and incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users (IDUs). The third chapter examines the special risks faced by those who frequent bathhouses, sex clubs, shooting galleries, and crack houses. Heterosexual transmission is considered in Chapter 4. The fifth chapter focuses on prevention and intervention strategies.
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Against the Odds: The Story of AIDS Drug Development, Politics and Profits Contact: Harper Perennial, Harper Collins Publishers, 10 E 53rd St, New York, NY, 10022, (212) 207-7000.
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Summary: This book traces the quest for a cure and treatments for AIDS. The authors criticize the drug-approval process of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and point out that the AIDS Clinical Trials Groups (ACTG) have excluded women, minorities, and children. The authors discuss the development of such drugs as azidothymine (AZT), pentamidine, ganciclovir, and ddI. They write that pharmaceutical companies have priced approved drugs out of patients' reach and have become embroiled in licensing disputes that have kept other drugs from the market. The authors discuss the role AIDS activists have played in smuggling drugs into the country and speeding up the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval process. The authors conclude that the nation's bureaucratic and political responses to AIDS have been disgraceful, but that biomedical science and the FDA have come far in the past 10 years. •
Massachusetts Clinical Trials Directory for AIDS and HIV - Related Drugs Contact: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, HIV/AIDS Bureau, 250 Washington St 3rd Fl, Boston, MA, 02108-4619, (617) 566-8358, http://www.state.ma.us/dph/aids/hivaids.htm. Summary: This directory lists clinical trials of therapeutic drugs related to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that are being conducted in Massachusetts. Each protocol lists the goals of the trial, criteria for inclusion and exclusion, and the telephone numbers of researchers and administrators. This directory also lists Investigational new drugs (IND's) and openlabel protocols with nationwide accrual.
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National Directory of Alcohol and Other Drugs Prevention and Treatment Programs Accessible to the Deaf Contact: Rochester Institute of Technology, Campus Connections Bookstore, 48 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, (716) 475-2504. Summary: This directory provides current information related to the identification and location of culturally and linguistically accessible alcohol and other drug (AOD) programming for deaf consumers. The information in this directory is a result of individual agency responses to a questionnaire disseminated during April 1995. All programs and/or agencies are presented alphabetically by state, city, and program name within that city. Each listing includes the name, address, phone number, and contact name of the program or facility, number of staff and interpreters, services offered, number of deaf clients served, age of clients served, number of special devices for the deaf, and financial arrangements. The appendices include a listing of 12-step program center offices with TTY equipment.
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Women, Drug Use, and HIV Infection Contact: Haworth Press, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY, 13904-9981, (800) 342-9678. Summary: This monograph brings together 13 papers presenting empirical findings from a multisite program of research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among out-of-treatment drug users, sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). They identify factors related to HIV infection among females who smoke crack cocaine and/or inject drugs or who are the sex partners of individuals who use these drugs. The reports are categorized under four headings: (1) HIV Risk Behavior Change of Female Drug Users, (2) Contextual Variables in Women's HIV Risk Behaviors, (3) Gender Differences in HIV Risk Behavior and Health Status of Drug Users, and (4) A Unique Population of Women At Risk: Women Who Trade Sex for Money and Drugs.
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Epidemiology of HIV Infection Among Drug Users in Amsterdam Contact: Department of Public Health and Environment, Drugs Department of the Municipal Health Service, of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Summary: This monograph discusses a study started at the end of 1985 to investigate the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among drug users in Amsterdam, in relation to changes in drug use and sexual behavior. The voluntary participants were injection (IDU) and non-injection drug users recruited from methadone outpatient clinics and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics for drug-using sex workers. They responded to a questionnaire concerning their clinical symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, use of oral drugs, IV-drug use, and sex work. The chapters of the monograph are presented as separate articles discussing the following aspects of the study: 1) prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among drug users; 2) HIV and STD's in drug-using sex workers and the potential for heterosexual transmission, in relation to sexual practices and condom use with clients; 3) heterosexual behavior of IV drug users, and the implications for HIV transmission; and 4) changes in IV drug use over time, in relation to knowledge of HIV antibody status. Two chapters trace the relationship between risk reduction and lower incidences of HIV in the study population. The estimated incidence of hepatitis B among drug users in Amsterdam and the incidence of hepatitis C in the study cohort are examined as surrogate markers for HIV infection. The final chapter discusses the findings of the study in relation to current epidemiologic data and preventive strategies.
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Drugs Pregnancy and Childcare: A Guide for Professionals Contact: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1 Hatton Pl, London. Summary: This monograph introduces health-care workers to the problems faced Intravenous drug users (IVDU's) who are either pregnant or already parents. It provides guidelines for policy development in prenatal and social work assessments, and offers practical information on drugs and drug abuse as they relate to the care of the pregnant drug user and her baby. The first section focuses on the drug-using pregnant woman, pointing out some considerations in establishing a prenatal care policy for this population. The second section discusses pre-conception counseling for female drug users, obstetric and fetal complications that can develop as a result of drug abuse, and a medical resume of drug withdrawal regimes during pregnancy. This section also covers issues related to labor and childbirth, and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. The final section deals with issues related to drugs and the family, examining the risks to children living in drug-using families. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is central if the mother was HIVpositive during pregnancy. The monograph also discusses parental placements in residential rehabilitation houses.
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Drugs of Abuse : Chemistry, Pharmacology, Immunology, and AIDS Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: This monograph is based on papers and discussion from a technical review on "Current Chemical and Pharmacological Advances on Drugs of Abuse Which Alter Immune Function and Their Impact Upon HIV Infection," held October 31-November 2, 1988, in Rockville, MD. It publishes the texts of 16 papers.
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AIDS & Intravenous Drug Use: Issues and Solutions Contact: Victoria Health Department, Health & Community Services, AIDS/STD Unit, GPO Box 4057, Melbourne, (011) 616-7777. Summary: This monograph looks at issues involving Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and IV-drug abuse that confront human services workers. It says that they can help prevent the spread of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by reviewing their personal attitudes toward drugs, by helping their organizations accept that HIV is a real risk to Injecting drug users (IDU's), by helping users help themselves to better health, by providing self-protection messages, by giving counseling and group education sessions about AIDS, by providing safer sex and drug-use equipment, and by creating an environment where IDU's can get that equipment and information. It presents background information on the epidemic, looks at attitudes toward drugs and IDU's, and provides information on how IDU's see the situation. It then gives a list of suggested solutions to the problems, and gives advice on talking with IDU's and disposing of syringes.
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A Collection of NIDA Notes: Articles That Address Drugs and AIDS Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Center on AIDS and Other Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd Rm 5798, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9593, (301) 443-1801, http://www.nida.nih.gov/ooa/ooahome.html. Summary: This monograph presents a collection of National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) articles that focus on the relationship between drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Topics include the prevention of drug abuse-related infectious diseases, the role of gender in drug abuse research, NIDA research, conferences on the link between drug abuse and infectious diseases, an information network on HIV prevention, and drug abuse treatment and outreach.
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Guidelines for Establishing DOTS-Plus Pilot Projects for the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Contact: WHO Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Stop Tuberculosis Department, Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gtb/index.htm. Summary: This monograph presents guidelines developed by the Scientific Panel of the Working Group on Directly Observed Treatment, short-course (DOTS)-Plus for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The World Health Organization created the Working Group on DOTS-Plus for MDR-TB in 1999. The guidelines describe criteria and technical standards that must be in place before beginning a DOTS-Plus pilot project to treat MDR-TB patients and provide an international standard for the structure and function of pilot projects. Also, the criteria must be met before the pilot project can be supported by international provision of reserve second-line anti-TB drugs at favorable cost and by help from international expertise and monitoring. The annex section includes various strategies that may be used in DOTS-Plus pilot projects.
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AIDS and Alcohol/Drug Abuse: Psychosocial Research Contact: Haworth Press, Incorporated, Harrington Park Press, Incorporated, 12 W 32 St, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 563-4247. Summary: This monograph presents the text of seven papers dealing with AIDS and alcohol and/or drug abuse. The first discusses racial prejudice in AIDS research and prevention programs, noting the disproportionate rate of HIV infection among minority populations. It charges that the poor health care received by these populations makes them vulnerable to a higher infection rate. Prevention and research programs are seen as either unfairly singling out minorities, or as ignoring them. The next three papers look at various aspects of the problem of injecting drug use among Alaska Natives and other Native Americans, including the first report specifically devoted to injection drug use in Alaska to appear in open print. It states that Alaska has a major problem, and injecting drug users (IDUs) are a potential vector of HIV transmission into the general population. Another paper presents epidemiological data on AIDS and attitudinal surveys which show the need for ongoing research into injection drug abuse among Native Americans. It argues for expanding alcoholism treatment programs to include injection drug use and HIV education. The next paper looks at the epidemiology of HIV in Alaska and its connection with IV drug use. The fifth paper presents the results of a study of alcohol abuse and sexual behavior among a sample of 604 gay men in New York City who do not have AIDS. The sixth looks at shooting galleries and the potential for their owners to participate in AIDS education, while the final paper looks at health psychology research and HIV-prevention campaigns. It analyzes San Francisco's Bleachman campaign.
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Integrating Cultural, Observational, and Epidemiological Approaches in the Prevention of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS Contact: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Epidemiology Services and Prevention Research, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rm 5153 MSC 9589, Bethesda, MD, 208929589, (301) 443-6504, http://www.nida.nih.gov/DESPR. Summary: This monograph provides both a historical and future perspective on the evolving substantive and methodological dialog between epidemiologists and ethnographers who focus on risk behaviors, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, and strategies to prevent further spread of the infection. The following topics are covered: Frontiers in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Drug Abuse Prevention Research; Toward a Critical Biocultural Model of Drug Use and Health Risk; Anthropological Research in Drugs and AIDS; Interdisciplinary Research on the Transmission of Blood-Borne Pathogens in Drug Injection Practices; Complexities in the Lives of Female Drug Users in the AIDS Era; Prevention Research on Substance Abuse, Sexual Behavior, and HIV/AIDS in Asia and Australia; Neighborhood Violence in New York City and Indigenous Attempts to Contain It; Access and Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in Injection Drug Users; Ethics, Ethnography, Drug Use, and AIDS; An Approach to Ethical Decision Making in Ethnographic Research on HIV Prevention and Drug Use; and the Ethnography of Street Drug Use Before AIDS.
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Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World : The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance Contact: WHO Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Stop Tuberculosis Department, Stop
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Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gtb/index.htm. Summary: This monograph provides findings from the First Phase of the World Health Organization's (WHO) and the International Union Against Tuberculosis (TB) and Lung Disease's (IUATLD) Global Project on anti-TB drug resistance surveillance. Data was gathered from 35 countries in five continents. Surveillance or surveys were conducted on approximately 50,000 TB cases sampled from areas representing 20% of the world's population. Findings show that (1) drug resistance was found in all countries surveyed; (2) there were several "hot spots" where multidrug-resistance (MDR) TB prevalence was high and could threaten control programs (i.e., Latvia, Estonia, Russia, the Dominican Republic, Argentina, and the Ivory Coast); (3)there was a strong correlation between both the overall quality of TB control and use of standardized short course chemotherapy and low levels of drug resistance; and (4) the MDR TB level was a useful indicator of national TB program performance. •
Guidelines for the Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Contact: WHO Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Stop Tuberculosis Department, Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gtb/index.htm. Summary: This monograph provides guidelines from the World Health Orgnaization (WHO) on the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). Chapter titles include Basic Principals for Management of MDR TB, Assessing the Individual Case of Apparent MDR TB, Available Drugs for MDR TB, Choosing a Chemotherapy Regimen for a Patient with Apparent MDR TB, and The Place of Surgery. The appendix provides information on second-line antituberculosis drugs.
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Drugs and AIDS Contact: Bureau For At-Risk Youth, PO Box 760, Plainview, NY, 11803-0760, (516) 3495520, http://www.at-risk.com. Summary: This monograph, written for adolescents, discusses the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and substance abuse. The monograph includes several personal anecdotes from adolescents relating their experiences with risky behavior and substance abuse. It discusses HIV and how it develops into AIDS, the history of HIV, HIV epidemiology worldwide, HIV transmission, and HIV testing results. Substance abuse can help to facilitate the spread of HIV by lowering individuals' inhibitions and leading them to practice unsafe behaviors, and drug abuse can directly result in the transmission of HIV if contaminated needles are shared for injection drug use. The monograph explains the ways that HIV can be spread through unprotected vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse and identifies risk factors that make this type of transmission more likely. HIV can be prevented through practicing sexual abstinence, practicing safer sex with condoms, avoiding substance abuse, and not sharing needles for injection drug use. The monograph also provides information about drug abuse treatment programs. Adolescents can help to fight HIV/AIDS by educating their friends about this pandemic, showing compassion toward persons with HIV/AIDS, and protecting themselves from HIV/AIDS. The monograph provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about HIV/AIDS.
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Anti-HIV Drugs Contact: NAM Publications Limited, Lincoln House, 1 Brixton Rd, London, http://www.aidsmap.org. Summary: This monograph, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), provides information about antiretroviral drugs, focusing on nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and fusion inihibitors. The monograph explains how antiretroviral drugs work, identifies the aims of medical treatment, and makes recommendations about treatment adherence. It also discusses the importance of regular check-ups, the monitoring of treatment effectiveness, the use of antiretrovirals during pregnancy, and the side effects of these drugs. For each of the drug types, it discusses the effects on HIV and the immune system and lists the drugs within that class. For each specific drug, the monograph presents dosage recommendations, mode of administration, common and rare side effects, and key drug interactions.
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Effective AIDS Prevention With Active Drug Users: The Harm Reduction Model Source: Counseling Chemically Dependent People With HIV Illness. Contact: Haworth Press, Incorporated, Harrington Park Press, Incorporated, 12 W 32 St, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 563-4247. Summary: This paper describes the Harm Reduction Model from Merseyside, United Kingdom. It is a philosophy and strategy for health care professionals and drug treatment workers enabling them to look at drug use and drug users in a new way which will facilitate more effective treatment. The paper discusses the dishonesty of drug users and the use of drugs as a coping mechanism; drug use and HIV/AIDS prevention (transmission through needles and syringes and sexual behavior and drug use). The Harm Reduction Model states that HIV/AIDS takes priority over prevention of drug use and abstinence from drugs should not be the only objective of services to drug users. It stresses "user-friendly" services with low entry barriers. A variety of safer drug use programs are discussed, such as needle exchange, teaching proper injection techniques, or alternate ways of taking drugs and drug maintenance. Communication skills for individuals working with drug users are outlined.
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State HIV/AIDS Drug Programs Contact: National Conference of State Legislatures, Intergovernmental Health Policy Project, AIDS Policy Center, 444 NCapitol St NW Ste 515, Washington, DC, 20001, (202) 624-5400, http://www.ncsl.org.Ihpp. Summary: This report contains the proceedings of a conference entitled State HIV/AIDS Drug Programs, that took place October 5 and 6, 1992. The conference addressed government policies that assist persons with HIV/AIDS in purchasing therapeutic drugs. Several pieces of legislation, including the AIDS Drug Reimbursement Program and the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act, were examined. The four main issues discussed were financing state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP), enrollment, distribution of the drugs, informing the public of such programs, and data collection for evaluation purposes. Specific state programs related to these areas were discussed. Appendixes include a list of conference attendees, an
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overview of the reporting system of the Ryan White CARE Act, and the results of a survey indicating which states pay for various FDA-approved drugs. •
Encouraging Peer Support for Risk Reduction Among Injecting Drug Users Contact: National Institute on Alcohol and Drugs, Project AIDS and Drug Use, St Jacobsstraat 6c, PO Box 725, Utrecht. Summary: This report of the satellite meeting on peer support among injecting drug users (IDU's) at the VIII International Conference on AIDS in Amsterdam, in July 1992, presents theoretical, political, and practical issues around encouraging peer support for risk reduction. This report contains the oral presentations of speakers who are leading researchers and entrepreneurs in this field.
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HIV Prevention Among Drug Users: A Resource Book for Community Planners and Program Managers Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: This resource book examines the complex nature, consequences, and treatment of drug use, abuse, and dependence. The first section reviews major categories of drugs linked to HIV and their effects, patterns of drug use in the United States, and sources of national, state, and local data on drug use. The second section explores the links among drug use, sexual behavior, and HIV transmission. The third section addresses theoretical and practical aspects of planning HIV-prevention programs among drug users. This includes the use of social and behavioral theory in the design and implementation of effective HIV-prevention interventions. The fourth section examines several key public policy issues associated with HIV and drug use from national, state, local, and agency perspectives. Section 5 offers information on an array of federal, national, state, and other programs that offer information, materials, and technical assistance services related to HIV prevention among drug users. This book, in draft format, is intended for use by HIV prevention planners and program managers involved in the community planning process and other community-based prevention initiatives for drug users and their sex partners.
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Hugs Not Drugs Contact: National Awareness Foundation, Hugs Not Drugs Project, 1013 Lucerne Ave 1St Fl, Lake Worth, FL, 33460, (561) 585-7771, http://www.hugsnotdrugs.com. Summary: This study guide, intended for family use, emphasizes the message, Be drug free. It discusses poisons, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, AIDS, and illegal drugs, using fillin-the-blank exercises, word finds, surveys, quizzes, and true or false activities.
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Surviving the 90's: Alcohol, Other Drugs, and HIV/AIDS Contact: Metrowest - East Massachusetts Regional Prevention Center, 552 Massachusetts Ave Ste 203, Cambridge, MA, 02139, (617) 441-0700, http://www.preventioncenter.org. Summary: This teaching guide is designed for use by instructors of English as a Second Language and Adult Basic Education, to teach their students about alcohol and other drugs and HIV/AIDS. It contains reference materials and a selection of teaching and learning activities that include a variety of skill and literacy levels. It is divided into four sections that discuss alcohol, other drugs, HIV/AIDS, and personal or community level
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assistance for problem drinkers or other drug users. A resource pack containing examples of brochures and factsheets from a number of sources is included. •
Act - 1 - Alcohol & Other Drugs: A Competency - Based Training Contact: Child Welfare League of America, Headquarters Office, 440 1st St NW 3rd Fl, Washington, DC, 20001-2085, (800) 407-6273, http://www.cwla.org. Summary: This trainer's guide is the first module of a curriculum designed to help child welfare and human service agencies better recognize and address problems from alcohol and other drugs (AOD) in order to protect children and strengthen and support families. It is intended to be a component of preservice and/or inservice training for all levels of staff and caregivers, to assure a consistent skill and knowledge level in addressing the following: the dynamics of addiction; the impact of chemical dependency on families; the effects of maternal substance abuse on fetal, newborn, and infant health and development; and the range of service needs, intervention strategies, programs, and outcomes for chemically dependent individuals and their children. The training comprises eight sessions, with Session Three focusing on the general medical complications associated with intravenous (IV) drug use, and the relationship between IV drug use and HIV/AIDS. Participants complete a quiz on HIV/AIDS and perform other activities that help them identify HIV/AIDS risk factors and intervene to assure that essential services are provided if an individual has HIV/AIDS. An HIV/AIDS glossary is included as a handout.
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Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse: The Challenge of HIV/AIDS; A Guide for Training Mental Health Providers Contact: New York University, School of Education Health Nursing and Arts Professions, Department of Health Studies, AIDS/SIDA Mental Hygiene Project, 35 W 4th St Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10012, (212) 998-5614. Summary: This training guide is part of a project to provide HIV/AIDS education and training to mental health and other care providers in agencies under contract to the New York City Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Alcoholism Services (DMHMRAS). The curriculum modules address the following topics: health implications of alcohol and other drug problems; prevention of HIV infection in substance users; maternal drug use; assessment of the adult client; treatment and recovery from alcohol and other drug dependencies; and spiritual discernment in alcohol, other drugs, and HIV issues.
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Alcohol and Drugs Are Women's Issues; Vol. I & Vol. II Contact: Women's Action Alliance, 370 Lexington Ave Ste 603, New York, NY, 10017, (212) 532-8330. University Press of America, 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, MD, 20706, (800) 462-6420. Summary: This two-volume book provides a comprehensive review of the issues for multicultural groups of women and explores the linkages among a broad range of women's health, social, and policy issues, and alcohol and drugs. The editor believes that prior to these volumes, the sparse information available on a national level has not reached many populations of young and adult women in need. The first volume explores the issues affecting African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, and lesbian women. The relationship between alcohol and drug problems in women and other women's issues such as violence, incest, and sexual abuse are addressed. Recommendations for those working with diverse groups of women are
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offered. Volume Two is a step-by-step guide to replicating the Women's Alcohol and Drug Education Project's model program. That program provides content or staff training sessions, content for six educational classes for center or organization participants, an evaluation of a test of the model at the six original sites, each center's experiences in implementing the program, suggested resources, and funding resources. •
A Promising Future: Alcohol and Other Drug Problem Prevention Services Improvement Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, Budget/Planning and Evaluation Unit, Rm 90-18, 5600 Fishers Ln Rockwall II Bldg, Rockville, MD, 20857, (301) 443-1584. Summary: This volume includes discussion of the economic and human costs of problems related to alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. It addresses how these costs have led to increased Federal support for AOD abuse prevention. Prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the clinical epidemiology of drug abuse and AIDS is also covered. Past prevention efforts have focused on individual strategies; now a more balanced approach is being used that acknowledges the contribution of social, cultural, and economic factors in the development of AOD problems. The five chapters in this monograph cover: 1) a historical perspective on preventing AOD problems in the United States; 2) the current status of AOD prevention efforts by the government; 3) prevention designed to reduce consumption of alcohol and the demand for illicit drugs; 4) the clinical epidemiology of drug abuse and AIDS; and 5) prevention of drug abuse and AIDS.
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AIDS, Drugs and Sexual Risk: Lives in the Balance Contact: Open University Press, Celtic Court, Ballmoor. Summary: Using an ethnographic approach to drug injecting behavior, this book provides insight for designing interventions to reduce the spread of HIV between injecting drug users (IDUs). It looks at the culture that IDUs share with respect to three areas of HIV risk behavior including shared needles and syringes, sexual contact, and prostitution. The lifestyles and HIV-related behaviors of IDUs in an area of Glasglow are described, including quotes from anonymous participants. The authors find that widespread knowledge of HIV in this subculture is not sufficient to change behaviors and that social behavior patterns exert strong influences on behaviors.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “drugs” (or a synonym) in their titles. •
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=drugs&mode=books
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Chapters on Drugs In order to find chapters that specifically relate to drugs, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and drugs using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on drugs: •
Medications and Characteristics of Drugs Causing Ototoxicity Source: Volta Review. 9(5): 195-203. November 1999. Contact: Available from Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Subscription Department, 3417 Volta Place, NW, Washington, DC 20007-2778. Voice/TTY (202) 337-5220. Website: www.agbell.org. Also available as individual copies from Publication Sales Department, 3417 Volta Place, NW, Washington, DC 20007-2778. Voice/TTY (202) 337-5220. Website: www.agbell.org. PRICE: $22.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A drug or substance can be deemed potentially ototoxic (damaging to the ear or hearing) when administration of the agent results in symptoms such as hearing loss, head noise or tinnitus, imbalance, or vertigo. In many instances, actual damage can be objectively measured in the form of hearing deficit and balance dysfunction. This chapter on ototoxicity is from a monograph that was written by assembling the leading experts from all over the country to present to both the consumer and the professional the latest information on the diagnosis and management of hearing loss in children and adults. The authors note that, in essence, any medication that enters the confines of the inner ear can be toxic and destroy the structures of hearing. All aminoglycosides are ototoxic to varying degrees; some are cochleotoxic, while others produce vestibular (balance system) ototoxicity. Hearing loss secondary to aminoglycosides ototoxicity is always sensorineural in nature, affecting primarily the high frequencies and progressing to involve all frequencies. Other medications that may produce ototoxicity include loop diuretics, such as furosemide and ethacrynic acid, quinidine, salicylates, and certain chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatinum. 20 references.
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Liver Disease Caused by Drugs, Anesthetics, and Toxins Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1403-1447. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: Hepatotoxicity is liver injury caused by drugs and other chemicals. Adverse drug reactions are noxious, unintentional effects that occur at doses used for prophylaxis and therapy. This chapter on liver disease caused by drugs, anesthetics, and toxins is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include definitions and the general
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importance of drugs and toxins as causes of liver disease; epidemiology, including individual risk factors; pathophysiology; the clinicopathologic features of drug-induced liver disease, including classification and histopathology; prevention and management; dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, including that due to acetaminophen and niacin (nicotinic acid); drug-induced acute hepatitis; drug-induced granulomatous hepatitis; drug-induced chronic hepatitis; drug-induced cholestasis; chronic cholestasis; liver disease caused by anesthetic agents and jaundice in the postoperative period; druginduced steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis; vascular toxicity; liver tumors; and complementary and alternative medicines and environmental agents. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 1 figure. 12 tables. 437 references. •
Local Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Tinnitus: Principles, Surgical Techniques and Results Source: in Hazell, J., ed. Proceedings of the Sixth International Tinnitus Seminar. London, England: Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Centre. 1999. p. 73-75. Contact: Available from Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Centre. 32 Devonshire Place, London, W1N 1PE, United Kingdom. Fax 44 + (0) 207 486 2218. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.tinnitus.org. PRICE: Contact publisher for price. ISBN: 0953695700. Also available on CD-ROM. Summary: Local treatment of inner ear diseases involves the direct application of pharmacological substances and or electrical stimulation of the inner ear structures. This article on local drug delivery systems for the treatment of tinnitus is from a lengthy document that reprints the proceedings of the Sixth International Tinnitus Seminar, held in Cambridge, United Kingdom, in September 1999 and hosted by the British Society of Audiology. In this article, the authors note that, in contrast to systemic pharmacotherapy, these local delivery systems present no dosage problems, result in no systemic side effects, and bypass the blood cochlea barrier. The round window membrane is the preferred access. The basic precondition is a stable coupling element, which allows a controlled drug release into the perilymphatic space. While technical difficulties do not allow direct access to the perilymphatic space, a catheter possessing a certain shape may be inserted into the round window niche. Among the disadvantages of these local drug delivery systems are the necessity of a surgical procedure, local side effects in the inner ear, only short term benefits from treatment, and the lack of coupling elements and implantable microdosage systems. The authors report on their clinical experiences using this type of local drug delivery system with lidocaine, glutamate, glutamic acid, diethylaesther, caroverine, and gentamycin. 8 references.
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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Injury Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 408-430. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used groups of drugs. They are quite effective as antiinflammatory, antipyretic (fever reducing), and analgesic (painkilling) agents. Although these compounds represent a very effective class of drugs, their use is associated with a broad spectrum of untoward
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reactions, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, kidney, and platelet. This chapter on NSAID injury in the GI tract is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include epidemiology; mechanisms of toxicity of NSAIDs, including topical effects, cyclooxygenase inhibition, and multifactorial mechanisms of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced damage; clinical manifestations of NSAID injury in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, small intestine, colon, liver, and pancreas; and the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 15 figures. 6 tables. 200 references. •
Drug Metabolism in the Liver and Intestines Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 592-604. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: The absorption of drugs into the body most often involves passive diffusion through lipid membranes, usually via the digestive tract but occasionally through the skin or lungs. Most drugs that gain entry into the body would remain there for a very long time if it were not for the body's ability to convert (metabolize) drugs into more water-soluble and hence more readily excreted, metabolites. The liver is the major organ involved in drug metabolism. For some xenobiotics, the small intestine also plays a major role. This chapter on drug metabolism in the liver and intestines is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include general principles, the discovery of drug-metabolizing enzymes, P450s and drug metabolism, phase 2 enzymes, and the role of transporters. 4 figures. 3 tables. 139 references.
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Drugs and the Liver Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.335-363. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: The liver is particularly concerned with drug metabolism, and especially of drugs given orally. Drugs can cause toxic effects that can mimic almost every naturally occurring liver disease in man. This chapter on drugs and the liver is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter is organized into specific pathologies and their potential causes: hepato-cellular zone 3 necrosis, due to carbon tetrachloride, Amanita mushrooms, paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and burns; hepato-cellular zone 1 necrosis, due to ferrous sulfate or phosphorus; mitochondrial cytopathies, due to sodium valproate, tetracyclines, tacrine, antiviral nucleoside analogues, and Bacillus cereus; steatohepatitis, due to perhexiline maleate, amiodarone, synthetic estrogens, and calcium channel blockers; fibrosis, due to methotrexate, other cytotoxic drugs, arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, and retinoids; vascular changes, due
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to sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis hepatitis, and veno-occlusive disease (VOD); acute hepatitis, due to isoniazid, methyl dopa, halothane, hydrofluorocarbons, systemic antifungals, oncology drugs, nervous system modifiers, sustained-release nicotinic acid (niacin), sulfonamides and derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithyroid drugs, quinidine and quinine, troglitazone, and anti-convulsants; chronic hepatitis, due to herbal remedies and recreational drugs; canalicular cholestasis, due to cyclosporine A and ciprofloxacin; hepato-canalicular cholestasis, due to chlorpromazine, penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, haloperidol, cimetidine and ranitidine, oral hypoglycemic agents, tamoxifen, other causes, and dextropropoxyphene; ductular cholestasis; biliary sludge; sclerosing cholangitis; hepatic nodules and tumors; and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer). 28 figures. 5 tables. 170 references. •
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug (NSAID)-Induced Gastropathy Source: in Chung, P. and Kim, K.E. Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Diagnosis and Treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2003. p. 75-96. Contact: Available from Humana Press. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512. (973) 256-1699. Fax (973) 256-8341. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.humanapress.com. PRICE: $99.50; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 588290042. Summary: The term NSAID gastropathy refers to the spectrum of side effects in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract suffered by patients using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This chapter on NSAID- induced gastropathy is from a textbook in which leading experts in the fields of gastroenterology, surgery, and radiology comprehensively review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and treatment of acute bleeding disorders of the GI tract. The author of this chapter notes that the toxicity of NSAIDs ranges from commonly experienced nuisance symptoms such as dyspepsia to much more serious events such as symptomatic and complicated ulcers. The author discusses the pathogenesis of NSAID toxicity, clinical presentation, the risks of GI complications with NSAIDs, prevention and treatment of dyspepsia associated with NSAID use, treatment of ulcers in NSAID users, and the prevention of NSAID-associated gastrointestinal ulcers and complications. 3 figures. 3 tables. 52 references.
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Cognitive Drugs Source: in Giaquinto, S. Aging and the Nervous System. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 1988. p. 180-184. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0471918350. Summary: This chapter briefly summarizes and discusses the efficacy of medications for improving cognition. It is argued that pharmacology offers hope for new forms of treatment for cognitive disorders, but that many problems remain and progress will depend on basic research and an improved understanding of the elderly patient's condition. Various factors to be considered in the pharmacological model are outlined. The classes of drugs and the results obtained with several specific drug types are also discussed. Particular attention is given to neurotransmitters, 'nootropic' drugs, which have a selective effect on neurons, and neuromodulation in the domain of the phospholipids. 13 References.
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Cholinergic Drug Studies in Dementia and Depression Source: in Zandi, T.; Ham, R.J., eds. New Directions in Understanding Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. New York: Plenum Press. 1990. p. 65-76. Contact: Available from Plenum Press. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (800) 221-9369 or (212) 620-8000. PRICE: $59.50. Summary: This chapter describes three studies to evaluate the functional significance of the observed cholinergic system lesions in Alzheimer's disease. A variety of pharmacological probes are used to test the function, responsiveness, and sensitivity of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease and in the elderly in general. These studies have a number of limitations, such as the limited numbers of control subjects in the two agonist studies and the lack of a similar antagonist study with a nicotinic blocker. Further, the adverse behavioral effects of the two agonists drugs preclude firm conclusions being made about the therapeutic potential of cholinergic augmentation. In addition, chronic nicotine administration may produce desensitization of central nicotinic receptors and up-regulate receptor numbers, probably secondary to this desensitization. The scopolamine studies established that muscarinic cholinergic systems clearly must be involved in the cognitive disorder of Alzheimer's disease although it is not entirely clear exactly what types of cognitive operations these systems modulate. Implications for therapy from these studies indicate the difficulty in using the cholinergic agonists that are currently available.37 references.
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Drugs Used for Vertigo and Vomiting Source: in Bennett, D.R., ed. Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Division of Toxicology. 1994. p. 439-464. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Division of Drugs and Toxicology, 515 North State Street, Chicago, IL 64610. (312) 464-500. ISBN: 0899706029. PRICE: $78.00 for AMA members, $98.00 for nonmembers. Summary: This chapter discusses drugs that are effective in combating vertigo or nausea and vomiting. The vertigo section includes a description of vertigo; its causes; subjective vertigo; drug-induced vertigo; and Meniere's disease. The section also includes a discussion of drug selection for antivertigo drugs. Drugs discussed include scopolamine; antihistaminic drugs; antianxiety agents and antidepressants; diazepam (Valium); droperidol (Innovar); and fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze). The chapter concludes with the chemical formation, and a discussion of uses, adverse reactions and precautions, and dosage and preparations for each of the pharmaceuticals discussed. 1 table. 101 references.
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Drug Modification of Inflammation Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 323-328. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals discusses the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of joint inflammation. The major activities of NSAIDs are outlined. Factors that may affect the response of patients to NSAIDS are highlighted. The pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs are explained. Adverse reactions to NSAIDs are described, focusing on gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, hematological, cutaneous, respiratory, and central nervous system effects. The impact of
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NSAIDs on cartilage integrity are noted. Interactions of NSAIDs are highlighted. Guidelines for prescribing NSAIDs are provided. 15 references, 2 figures, and 4 tables. •
Drugs in General Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 153-156. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the use of drug therapy for people with Meniere's disease. The author encourages readers not to be fearful of using drugs for Meniere's disease, but to be respectful of their power. The author first outlines recommendations that, if followed, can help readers avoid some of the complications or bad results that can happen with drug therapy. Topics include how to get drug information, generic versus trade names for drugs, and athletes and forbidden drugs (which usually include diuretics, a common category of drugs for people with Meniere's). The author encourages readers to educate themselves about any drugs that are prescribed for them, and to take an active part in their own health care. 6 references.
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Drug-Induced Liver Disease Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 2352-2365. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on drug induced liver disease is from a comprehensive gastroenterology textbook that provides an encyclopedic discussion of virtually all the disease states encountered in a gastroenterology practice. In this chapter, the authors cover epidemiology, drug metabolism and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity (liver damage by toxin), classification of hepatotoxic agents, types of drug reactions (clinical pictures), treatment, the criteria for causal assessment of drug-induced liver injury, lessons from drugs withdrawn from the market, the drug approval process, hepatotoxicity in the patient with chronic liver disease, and a clinician's guide to handling new drugs. The authors stress that the exact number of drug-induced liver injuries per year in the United States is unknown, but the severity of many of these cases and the tragedy involved in a presumed preventable injury makes it imperative that all sensible precautions be taken to avoid such incidents. The chapter is illustrated with black-andwhite graphs and drawings. 4 figures. 9 tables. 161 references.
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Drug-Related Issues Source: in Vogel, D.; Carter, J.E.; Carter, P.B. Effects of Drugs on Communication Disorders. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1999. p. 27-38. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 774-8398. E-mail:
[email protected].
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Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939964. Summary: This chapter on drug-related issues is from a handbook that gives communication specialists information about prescription drugs and their use with patients who suffer neurogenic or psychogenic communication disorders. The book was designed for communication specialists who work in medical centers, rehabilitation clinics, private practice, public schools, or any setting in which drug therapy may influence a client's communication. This chapter offers general information about drugrelated issues, including how drugs are administered and arrive at their destination in the body, the procedures for drug approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the influence of age on drug effectiveness (drug therapy in children and older persons), how to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug, and a discussion of dietary supplements and naturally occurring remedies. 3 references. •
Approach to the Patient with Drug or Alcohol Dependency Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 1107-1119. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on the approach to patients with drug or alcohol dependency is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. The authors of this chapter are concerned with the neurobiology and clinical presentations of traditional drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens, and cannabis, as well as tobacco, laxatives, diuretics, and anabolic steroids. Topics covered include drugs of abuse and brain reward systems, principles of treatment, individual drugs of abuse, bulimia and substance abuse, diagnosis of patients with suspected substance abuse, and management of acute drug overdose or toxicity. 1 figure. 8 tables. 162 references.
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New Drugs In Development for Paget 's Disease Source: in A Patient's Guide to Paget 's Disease of Bone. New York, NY: The Paget 's Disease Foundation, Inc. 1994. p. 15-17. Contact: Paget Foundation For Paget 's Disease of Bone and Related Disorders. 200 Varick Street, Suite 1004, New York, NY 10014-4810. (212) 229-1582 or FAX (212) 2291502. PRICE: Free. Summary: This chapter reviews the progression of Paget 's disease ( PD ) and discusses the following two classes of drugs in use today to treat the disease: calcitonins and bisphosphonates. The author indicates that effective treatments are available and the prospects for further therapeutic advances over the next several years are excellent. A information card listing the FDA- approved drugs, their trade names, and method of transmission is included.
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Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to drugs have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:11 •
National Directory of Alcohol and Other Drugs Prevention and Treatment Programs Accessible to the Deaf Source: Rochester, NY: Substance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf (SAISD), National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). Contact: Available from Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). Campus Connection Bookstore, 48 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5604. Voice (716) 475-2504; TTY (716) 475-7071; Fax (716) 475-6499. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This directory provides current information related to the identification and location of culturally and linguistically accessible alcohol and other drug (AOD) programming for deaf consumers. All programs and agencies are presented alphabetically by state, city, and program name within that city. Information for each entry includes the name and address, telephone numbers, year established, ownership, number of staff, type of interpreters, services offered, number of interpreted AA meetings, special devices for the Deaf, number of Deaf clients served, ages served, populations served, financial arrangements, and publications. The appendices include a map of the U.S., a listing of Alcoholics Anonymous and Related 12-Step Program Central Offices with TTY equipment, and a blank questionnaire for reporting additions or deletions.
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Injury control: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1995. 20 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide describes posters, brochures, fact sheets, newsletters, curricula, and other materials with injury prevention messages. Studies, articles, reports, and organizations are also listed. For each description of written materials it provides details on the target audience, setting, readability, and availability.
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Impaired driving: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1994. 24 pp.
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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “drugs” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide lists prevention materials and programs for impaired driving. Studies, articles, posters, videotapes and reports are listed, with format, readability, language, setting, target audience and topic given. Brief annotations are also provided for each entry. Finally, there is a listing of groups, organizations and programs which address impaired driving. •
Women: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1994. 22 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This resource guide lists materials that look at the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use specific to women. Some items are prevention materials for consumers, and others are aimed at professionals. A list of organizations is included.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DRUGS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on drugs. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on drugs is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “drugs” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on drugs: •
Drug Strategies and Harm Reduction Workshop - Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges: National Congress on the State of HIV/AIDS in Racial and Ethnic Communities; Washington, DC, September Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Minority Health Resource Center, PO Box 37337, Washington, DC, 20013-7337, (800) 444-6472, http://www.omhrc.gov. Summary: Dr. Steven Jones discusses why sterile injection is important and a correct recommendation for those who cannot stop using injection drugs. He describes how all used syringes are contaminated, and the limited practical efficacy of bleach cleaning. In Dr. Jones' opinion, injection drug users who cannot stop should have access to sterile equipment and should be taught to discard syringes and needles after one use, and that bleach is only a substitute for those without access to sterile equipment. He also feels that the laws should be revised to recognize the public health value of sterile needles and syringes. Joel Gordon of a street outreach program in Albuquerque, NM, talks about the services provided to injection drug users in his program. He provides details on creation and implementation and the importance of a client-driven program focusing
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on harm reduction. Participation was not contingent upon abstinence, nor was treatment pushed as the alternative. Built into the program is peer education and counseling; work on esteem-building and decision-making skills; and adherence to strict standards of confidentiality and ethics. •
Sex, Drugs, and HIV: Young Women Speak Out Contact: San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco Community Health Network Centers, Special Programs for Youth, 375 Woodside Ave Bldg W-3, San Francisco, CA, 94127-1298, (415) 753-7760, http://www.dph.sf.ca.us/chn/HlthCtrs/SPY.htm. LIFEJACKETS Productions, 2828 Clark Rd Ste 11, Sarasota, FL, 34231, (800) 366-2150, http://www.lifejackets.com. Summary: On this videorecording, young women discuss their behavior, attitudes, and feelings about sexuality, drugs, and AIDS. The teenagers emphasize that everyone is at risk for HIV and explains how drugs and alcohol increase that risk. They speak about their sexual experiences and condom use. Finally, two of the teenagers reveal their HIVpositive status and talk about how they found out. A discussion guide is included that indicates this video has special value for multicultural and hard-to-reach audiences.
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Drug Abuse: Meeting the Challenge Contact: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, PO Box 2345, Rockville, MD, 20852-2345, (301) 468-2600, http://www.health.org. Summary: Presented in a documentary format, this videorecording targets substance abuse and addiction as a major public health issue. Topics addressed include the epidemiology of drug usage in the U.S. population, basic research on the social and physiological mechanisms of addiction, preventive education, and drugs in the workplace. Because of its association with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), drug abuse merits special concern among health planners. Since 1974, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has collected risk-factor intervention data from selected households, high schools, and health service organizations to monitor drug abuse activity and provide technical assistance to community health education and employer-sponsored drug prevention programs. The videorecording emphasizes the position of NIDA to assist public awareness campaigns for the prevention of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.
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The Glitter: Sex, Drugs, and the Media Contact: Human Relations Media Incorporated, 175 Tompkins Ave, Pleasantville, NY, 10570, (914) 769-7496. Summary: The video addresses the impact of advertising and programming on consumerism and personal values. It focuses on the effects on adolescents who are in the process of emotionally and intellectually separating from their parents and are developing their own value systems. Many teenagers may not only be purchasing the products, but are also adopting the beliefs and value systems presented in their advertisements. Violence, sex, bias in news reporting, and the double standard for women are among the themes discussed. The need for critical thinking skills for adolescent television viewers is stressed. The discussions of a high school communications class and the opinions of communications experts is included. A Teacher's Resource Book (with a program summary, learning objectives, class activities, suggestions for discussion questions, and student worksheets) accompanies the tape.
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Sex, Drugs, and AIDS Contact: O.D.N. Productions, Incorporated, 74 Varick St #304, New York, NY, 10013, (212) 431-8923. University of Minnesota, University Film and Video, 1313 5th St Ste 108, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, (612) 627-4270. Summary: This film, hosted by actress Rae Dawn Chong, tells young people what they need to know to avoid getting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The film describes what AIDS is, transmission, and provides peer support for modifying at-risk behavior. Sex, drugs, and AIDS also promotes understanding of those who are infected with the AIDS virus.
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Ruben/Drugs Contact: AIDS Films, 50 W 34th St Ste 6B, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 431-8923. Summary: This public service announcement (PSA) features Ruben Blades advising intravenous drug users (IVDU's) to quit their habit and seek help. Blades also encourages IVDU's to clean their paraphernalia and not share their needles.
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It's Your Choice: Pediatric HIV Clinical Drug Trials Contact: State of the Art, Incorporated, 4455 Connecticut Ave NW, Ste B-200, Washington, DC, 20008, (202) 537-0818. Summary: This video explains the process and procedure that parents must go through before enrolling a child in a clinical drug trial. The families portrayed in this video have young children with HIV, and must decide whether or not a new clinical drug trial will be appropriate and/or beneficial for the child, the parents, and the family as a whole. Parents are encouraged to gather all the facts and learn about all their options before making a decision. The medical professionals interviewed for the videotape explain that drugs are always tested with animals and in laboratories to determine whether or not they show any promise before they are brought to clinical trial. The various phases of clinical trials are summarized.
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Drugs and HIV: IVDU Issues - Prevention & Beyond: A Framework for Collective Action. A National Conference on HIV Infection and AIDS Among Racial and Ethnic Populations Summary: This videocassette recording features a workshop on AIDS and the injection drug user (IDU). The panelists, Raul Magana, Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA; Orland Gladden, Sacramento AIDS Foundation, Sacramento, CA; and Wendy Truitt, Outreach, Inc., Atlanta, GA; discuss injecting drug use and associated risk factors. The workshop aims to provide understanding of the injecting drug user (IDU) and the IDU community, addiction as a disease, and how and where to reach the IDU. The speakers highlight the impact of heterosexual HIV transmission within this population, how to structure an effective HIV-prevention program for IDUs, and the importance of networking, evaluation, and documentation. The remainder of the workshop is devoted to questions from selected audience participants.
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Seize Control of the Food and Drug Administration Contact: Gay Mens Health Crisis, 119 W 24th St Tisch Bldg, New York, NY, 10011-1995, (212) 367-1205, http://www.gmhc.org.
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Summary: This videorecording features excerpts of news broadcasts of the demonstration by homosexuals and lesbians to seize control of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) headquarters in Rockville, MD. Interviews with several of the leaders of the demonstration are also included. The purpose of the demonstration was to publicize the need for faster testing and earlier approval of experimental drugs for treating Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The small numbers of women and minorities in drug trials were also cause for concern. •
Drugs and AIDS: Getting the Message Out Contact: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, PO Box 2345, Rockville, MD, 20852-2345, (301) 468-2600, http://www.health.org. Summary: This videorecording focuses on the progression of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through-IV needle sharing by drug abusers. It emphasizes the importance of health education and the role that the community and church can play in promoting safe health practices among high-risk individuals. The roles of volunteers and health educators are demonstrated as they encourage condom use and modification of risky behavior, and advocate universal precautions for emergency health care workers. Media public awareness campaigns are shown to be an effective mode of shedding light on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. The videorecording stresses the view that the only hope of a cure is through education and prevention. Telephone hotline numbers are included.
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AIDS: Alcohol and Drugs -- Perceptions Versus Realities Contact: Healthcare Network, 5087 Tammiami Trail E, Naples, FL, 33962, (941) 775-9999. Summary: This videorecording for addiction counselors, narrated by Dr. Larry Siegel, presents a discussion of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its relationship to drug and alcohol use. It begins with a detailed explanation of AIDS, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the immune system, and opportunistic infections. It explains that HIV-antibody testing does not diagnose or treat AIDS. The videorecording distinguishes between exposure to HIV and infection with HIV, and makes the point of reducing high-risk behaviors. It explains how the use of alcohol and drugs biochemically interferes with the proper functioning of the immune system. It asserts that AIDS does not mean death and encourages addiction counselors to treat chemically dependent, HIV-positive persons as dual-diagnosed individuals.
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Rap'n Down STD's, Drugs and AIDS Contact: San Francisco Department of Public Health, STD Information and Education Unit, Rap'n Down Contest, 1372 Mission St, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 431-0751. Summary: This videorecording opens with a public service announcement (PSA) by the California Medical Association. A speaker then gives information about a rap contest that was held at community centers throughout San Francisco, CA. The contest consisted of adolescents creating a rap that gave information about the transmission and prevention of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clips are shown of the finalists competing in the last round. The videorecording ends by showing the PSA's that were made with the winners of the project.
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Sex, Drugs, and Remote Control Contact: University of Iowa, Audiovisual Center, 215 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, (319) 335-2539. Summary: This videorecording uses three short, humorous sketches to present a message about alcohol use, drug abuse, and safer sexual conduct. The first sketch shows an intoxicated young couple, Jane and Peter, who leave a party, headed for casual sex; Captain Condom and the Condomettes burst into their car to bring a message about condom use. The second sketch shows three girls, one of them (Leslie) innocent and inexperienced, who go to a singles bar; Leslie meets and leaves with a young man who rapes her. The third sketch shows a young man, Jim, watching television while using alcohol and drugs; he keeps flipping through a number of channels seeing messages about sex, drugs, alcohol, condom use, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. Sprinkled throughout the videorecording are statistics on HIV infection, date rape, steroid use, alcohol use, and drug abuse.
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Sex, Drugs & HIV Contact: Select Media Incorporated, 60 Warren St, New York, NY, 10007, (212) 732-4437. Summary: This videorecording, hosted by actress Rae Dawn Chong, gives young people the information they need to help them make informed choices about sex and HIV infection. Through a series of vignettes, the viewer is informed about behavioral factors which can and cannot result in the transmission of HIV. Among the factors discussed are safer sex practices, casual contact transmission, IV-needle sharing, and risky behaviors, as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and how to prevent them. Sexual abstinence is recommended; however, for those persons who do engage in sexual intercourse, condom use is urged.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on drugs: •
AIDS: Kids, Prostitutes and Drug Users Contact: National Public Radio, 2025 M St NW, Washington, DC, 20036, (202) 822-2000. Summary: This sound recording deals with children with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), sex workers, and Intravenous drug users (IVDU's), in Newark, NJ. Female sex workers in Newark have one of the highest rates of infection with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. Several sex workers are interviewed, and their use of drugs and condoms is discussed. The lack of definitive research on the likelihood of a female sex worker transmitting HIV to a client is explained. IVDU's are also interviewed. The use of peer counselors to encourage them to seek and continue treatment, including methadone programs, is described. The children of IVDU's are frequently born addicted to drugs and/or infected with HIV. Children's Hospital in Newark has a special ward and a team of health professionals for treating
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these children. Various members of the staff are interviewed. They describe common childhood opportunistic infections and the devastating effects of HIV on normal development in many cases. Several vivid case studies are discussed, including the foster mother of three children with AIDS. The high rates of infection in Black and Hispanic children are also analyzed. •
Drug Abuse and AIDS: Intervention in Hispanic American Populations Contact: Audio Visual, Incorporated, 5542 Tuxedo Rd, Cheverly, MD, 20781, (301) 3225600. Summary: This sound recording of a National Institute on Drug Abuse Conference held Jan. 13, 1991, deals with culturally appropriate intervention strategies for the prevention of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among Hispanic-American populations. The first speaker describes a community outreach program in Arizona. Participants are questioned about their knowledge of HIV transmission and their own risky behaviors. Cultural acceptance of certain behavior changes may be difficult to bring about. The second speaker describes a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) community-based research program for pregnant women. Women who have exchanged sex for drugs, who use no protection or contraceptives, or who have had many pregnancies have extra risk for HIV infection. Treatment barriers include fear of losing their children because of their drug use, lack of transportation, and lack of child care. Provision of a food pantry and clothes closet, and traveling to homeless shelters prove successful intervention strategies with this group. The third speaker compares health problems and risk factors among Blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Transmission among Hispanics is mainly by IV-needle sharing and heterosexual transmission. Other topics include substance-abuse patterns, sexual behavior of males, condom use, and psychological symptoms. The also discuss Hispanic sexual and cultural biases.
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Babies: Drugs, Alcohol, & AIDS Contact: Sunrise Media, 96 Inverness Dr E, Englewood, CO, 80112, (303) 792-3822. Summary: This sound recording offers a panel discussion dealing with problems involving mothers who are dependent on drugs or alcohol during pregnancy and after their babies are born. A growing number of these women are infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which they may pass on to their infants. The first speaker is an attorney, who analyzes the legal problems such mothers may face in retaining custody of their children. They also face grave difficulties finding treatment programs which will accept them, and child care to attend any they do find. Poor and Black women are the ones who most frequently lose custody of their children. The next two speakers are legislators who discuss new treatment approaches for such women and their children. Innovative funding for such programs is also examined.
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for drugs. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with drugs. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to drugs: Alendronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fosamax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202794.html
Alosetron •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotronex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500107.html
Antihistamines and Decongestants •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets; Actagen; Actifed; Actifed Allergy Nighttime Caplets 20; Alcomed; Alcomed 2-60; Allent; Allercon; Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerfrim; Allerphed; Amilon; Anamine; Anamine T.D.; Andec; Andec-TR; Aprodrine; Atrofed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html
Calcitonin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calcimar; Cibacalcin; Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html
Calcium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html
Cholecystographic Agents, Oral •
Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Bilivist; Bilopaque; Cholebrine; Oragrafin Calcium; Oragrafin Sodium; Telepaque http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202136.html
Chorionic Gonadotropin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.P.L.; Pregnyl; Profasi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202266.html
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Colony Stimulating Factors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Leukine; Neupogen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202628.html
Dimethyl Sulfoxide •
Mucosal - U.S. Brands: Rimso-50 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202196.html
Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Havrix; Vaqta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202902.html
Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Engerix-B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202281.html
Hydrocodone and Ibuprofen •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vicoprofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203600.html
Infant Formulas •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alimentum; Alsoy; Carnation Follow-Up Formula; Carnation Good Start; Enfamil; Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier; Enfamil Premature Formula; Enfamil Premature Formula with Iron; Enfamil with Iron; Gerber Baby Formula with Iron; Gerber Soy Formula; Isomil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202678.html
Ketorolac •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Toradol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202318.html
Lamivudine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epivir; Epivir-HBV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202791.html
Laxatives •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html
Levocarnitine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carnitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202325.html
Levomethadyl •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orlaam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202766.html
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Meloxicam •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mobic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500131.html
Minoxidil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loniten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202373.html
Misoprostol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytotec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202375.html
Naltrexone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: ReVia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202388.html
Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html
Phosphates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F.; K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html
Rauwolfia Alkaloids •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Harmonyl; Raudixin; Rauval; Rauverid; Serpalan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202503.html
Risedronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actonel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203554.html
Urofollitropin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fertinex; Metrodin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202586.html
Vitamin K •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: AquaMEPHYTON; Mephyton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202599.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
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Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to drugs by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor.
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The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for drugs: •
Rifampin (trade name: Rifadin I.V.) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=14
•
Mefloquine HCL (trade name: Lariam) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=193
•
Diazepam viscous solution for rectal administration http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=489
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Antiepilepsirine http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=561
•
Benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicilloic, benzylpenillo (trade name: PRE-PEN/MDM) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=583
•
Cascara sagrada fluid extract http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=622
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Butyrylcholinesterase http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=687
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Dexamethasone http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=938
•
Dimethylsulfoxide http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=882
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “drugs” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Use of Bleach for Disinfection of Drug Injection Equipment Source: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 42, No. 21, June 4, 1993. Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: On April 19, 1993, the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and CDC issued a joint bulletin updating recommendations to prevent transmission of HIV through the use of bleach for disinfection of drug injection equipment. The bulletin particularly addresses persons who cannot or will not stop injecting drugs. This bulletin states that 1) bleach disinfection of needles and syringes continues to play an important role in reducing the risk of HIV transmission for injecting drug users (IDUs) who reuse or share a needle or syringe; and 2) sterile, never-used needles and syringes are safer than bleachdisinfected, previously used needles and syringes. The bulletin contains provisional recommendations for the use of bleach to disinfect needles and syringes, including a recommendation for the use of full-strength household bleach to disinfect needles and syringes.
•
NGO Perspectives on Access to HIV-Related Drugs in 13 Latin American and Caribbean Countries Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: The aim of this report is to highlight significant ways in which nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Latin America and the Caribbean concerned with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and persons who have HIV/AIDS help facilitate access to HIV-related drugs. It is based on reports from 13 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean prepared by persons familiar with NGOs in these countries and with knowledge of the situation of people living with HIV/AIDS. In particular, they provided information on the availability of treatment for people with AIDS in the national health system, which is the context for the involvement of NGOs in providing assistance to persons with
Physician Resources 429
HIV/AIDS, and the extent to which collaborative networks play a role in this. The report includes information from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. An examination of the reports shows that in most countries advocacy for the rights of people with HIV/AIDS is the predominant activity of AIDS NGOs in Latin American and the Caribbean. A number of NGOs supplement their advocacy activities with "activism" on behalf of persons with HIV/AIDS (e.g., legal action). The role of NGOs in access to HIV-related drugs in Latin America and the Caribbean is evolving. It is normally possible to obtain HIV-related drugs only through official routes such as health institutions and social security systems. In some cases, NGOs supply drugs to persons with HIV/AIDS or have set up drug banks or community pharmacies. In other cases, NGOs have set up special "solidarity funds" to share costs in an attempt to enable persons with HIV/AIDS to purchase drugs. Others simply provide information on the disease and its treatment with drugs. •
Legislative Responsibility in Preventing the Spread of HIV Among IV Drug Users; Facts About Drugs, Drug Users and Syringe Decriminalization in New York State Contact: New York Needle Exchange Network, 132 Crosby St, New York, NY, 10012, (718) 567-8262. Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide legislators and decision-makers with information on AIDS, drug use, needle exchange and the need for syringe decriminalization. The intent is to assist lawmakers in adopting legislative proposals that favor of needle decriminalization. It offers supportive evidence on five specific issues: 1) Because the causes of drug use and addiction are complex, prescriptions to "just say no" will be ineffective in helping to stop the AIDS epidemic; 2) People share injection equipment because hypodermic syringes are scarce, expensive, and cannot be carried without fear of arrest; 3) Syringe exchange is inexpensive and effective; 4) Disinfectant kits, while useful in emergencies, cannot substitute for accessible sterile syringes; 5) Decriminalization of needles and syringes is necessary to expand drug injectors' access to sterile injection equipment. The report recommends repeal of New York State Penal Law 220.45 and New York State Public Health Law 338 [1] and [2]; legislation expanding existing syringe exchange programs in New York and establishment of new programs to meet HIV prevention and drug treatment assistance needs; and legislation requiring all manufacturers and distributors of hypodermic syringes to include educational information about safe use and disposal of needles and syringes.
•
U.S. Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1--Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United Source: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports November 22, 2002;51(RR-18):1-40. Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: These recommendations update the February 4, 2002 guidelines developed by the U.S. Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce the risk of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This report provides health care providers with information for discussion with HIV-1-infected pregnant women to enable such women to make an informed decision regarding the use
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of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and use of elective cesarean delivery to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission. Various circumstances that commonly occur in clinical practice are presented, and the factors influencing treatment considerations are highlighted. The results of Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 076 documented that ZDV chemoprophylaxis can reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission by nearly 70%. Epidemiologic data have confirmed the efficacy of ZDV for reduction of perinatal transmission and have extended this efficacy to children of women with advanced disease, low CD4 T-lymphocyte counts, and prior ZDV therapy. Also, advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and in treatment and monitoring of persons with HIV-1 disease have resulted in changes in standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infected adults. The report recommends that standard antiretroviral therapy should be offered to HIV-1-infected pregnant women and ZDV chemoprophylaxis should be incorporated into the antiretroviral regimen, to prevent perinatal transmission. Both treatments should be accompanied by a discussion of the known and unknown short- and long-term benefits, and risks to the mother and infant. •
Prevention of HIV/AIDS and Other Blood - Borne Diseases Among Injection Drug Users: A National Survey on the Regulation of Syringes and Needles Source: The Journal of the American Medical Association; Vol. 277, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1997. Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: This article describes the results of a survey of laws and regulations governing the sale and possession of needles and syringes in the United States and its territories. The paper discusses legal and public health proposals to increase the availability of sterile syringes as an HIV-prevention measure for persons who continue to inject drugs. Every state, the District of Columbia (DC), and the Virgin Islands (VI) have enacted state or local laws or regulations that restrict the sale, distribution, or possession of syringes. Drug paraphernalia laws prohibiting the sale, distribution, and/or possession of syringes known to be used to introduce illicit drugs into the body exist in 47 states, DC, and VI. Syringe prescription laws prohibiting the sale, distribution, and possession of syringes without a valid medical prescription exist in eight states and VI. Pharmacy regulations or practice guidelines restrict access to syringes in 23 states. The paper considers legal and public health approaches to improve availability of sterile syringes to prevent blood-borne diseases among injection drug users, including: clarification of legitimate medical purposes of sterile syringes for HIV prevention; modification of drug paraphernalia laws to exclude syringes; repeal of syringe prescription laws; repeal of pharmacy regulations and practice guidelines restricting the sale of sterile syringes; promotion of training of health professionals about the prevention of blood-borne pathogens; permission of local discretion in establishing syringe exchange programs; and design of community programs for safe syringe disposal.
•
AIDS Medicines in Development; Drugs and Vaccines Contact: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, 1100 15th St NW Ste 900, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 835-3414, http://www.phrma.org. Summary: This brochure discusses recent developments in drug research for treatment and prevention of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Anti-virals, immunomodulators, and anti-
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infectives are listed, along with the status of their development. Vaccines and diagnostic tests are also included. •
HIV Prevention Bulletin: Medical Advice for Persons Who Inject Illicit Drugs Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: This bulletin summarizes new information on preventing transmission of HIV and other bloodborne infections among injection drug users and updates prevention recommendations published in April 1993. The findings of a workshop on the use of sterile syringes by injection drug users and several recent publications indicate that the use of sterile syringes is associated with prevention of HIV and other bloodborne diseases. The bulletin explains the dangers of sharing syringes and injection equipment and the critical importance of prevention and treatment of drug dependence. Drug users are urged to stop injecting drugs, enter and complete substance abuse treatment, and take steps to reduce personal and public health risks if they continue to inject drugs.
•
U.S. Public Health Service Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy for Maternal Health and Reduction of Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Contact: HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service, PO Box 6303, Rockville, MD, 208496303, (800) HIV 0440, http://www.hivatis.org. Summary: This draft includes a request for comments on proposed guidelines for use of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-1-infected pregnant women for maternal health indications and reduction of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. The guidelines are being developed for health care providers to use when discussing antiretroviral drugs with their pregnant patients. The guidelines represent a consensus of 35 expert consultants and are an update and revision of previous guidelines adopted in February 1994. Since 1994 there have been major advances in understanding the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and in treating and monitoring HIV disease. These updated recommendations reflect that new understanding and have important implications for maternal and fetal health. The announcement summarizes: special considerations regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs by HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants, updates on Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 076 (PACTG 076) results and other studies relevant to ZDV chemoprophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission, perinatal HIV-1 transmission and maternal HIV-1 RNA copy number, general principles regarding use of antiretrovirals in pregnancy, and recommendations for antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis to reduce perinatal HIV transmission.
•
The HIV Drug Book Contact: Project Inform, HIV Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org. Summary: This is a guide to all the drugs commonly used by people with HIV/AIDS. The handbook features a master alphabetical index and drug descriptions that are categorized by their specific uses in treating HIV/AIDS-related symptoms and illness. Seventeen classes of drugs are included: antibiotic, antidiarrheal, antifungal, antihistamine, antinausea/antivomiting, antiprotozoal, antiseizure, antiulcer, antiviral, antiwasting, corticosteroid, immune-based therapy, neuropathy drugs, pain relievers, psychoactive drugs, and vaccines. The index contains all the names by which a drug
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may be known. The text reflects state-of-the-art medical knowledge and standard medical practice. Drug profiles include general information, indications, side effects, maintenance, cautions and warnings, use in children and the elderly, breast feeding and pregnancy, drug and food interactions, and comments. The book also includes a guide to opportunistic infections. •
Practical Approaches in the Treatment of Women Who Abuse Alcohol and Other Drugs Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: This manual is designed to help treatment program personnel meet the specific needs of women with substance abuse problems. It is for substance abuse treatment staff who work in programs that serve both men and women and for staff who serve women only. The authors indicate that although it is written for a wide audience, the manual is most relevant to Federally funded programs that mainly serve low-income populations. The manual begins with an assessment of the extent of the problem, pointing to the enormity of attendant health and social issues faced by women who abuse alcohol and other drugs. It then presents strategies related to engaging women in the treatment process, providing comprehensive services to women, and ensuring a continuum of care during the recovery process. Sections focus on the needs of diverse population groups of women, including women of various racial and ethnic groups, women in the justice system or homeless, lesbians, and women with disabilities. The manual also specifically addresses issues relevant to many women in treatment, including violence, sexual abuse, and co-occurring mental health problems.
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Women and Drug Abuse; A Position Paper by the United Nations System Contact: United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, Vienna, http://www.undcp.org. Summary: This paper contains an assessment by the United Nations on the worldwide issues surrounding women and drug abuse. Gender analysis helps determine the scope of drug-related problems in societies and develop effective interventions. Drug abuse affects women in many social, cultural, and economic contexts, even if they do not use drugs. The paper explores the social and health implications of drug abuse, including HIV transmission. It examines women's roles in drug supply and gender effects of migration and employment. Local and international responses to drug abuse and related problems include developing national drug plans, improving family counseling services, integrating drug education and life skills training early in school curriculums, and promoting research into drug abuse prevention, treatment, and social reintegration efforts for women.
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The International Drug Strategy Institute Position Paper on the Medicinal Applications of Marijuana Contact: Cotton - O'Neil Clinic, 901 SW Garfield Avenue, Topeka, KS, 66606-1695, (913) 354-9591. Summary: This paper examines the scientific and medical facts surrounding the therapeutic applications of marijuana, the potentially harmful effects of the drug, the alleged unfilled needs of the medical community in the related therapeutic areas, and appropriate solutions. It traces the history of the movement to use marijuana therapeutically, from its 1972 rescheduling from an illegal drug to a drug with potential
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for abuse but able to be prescribed, to the 1994 court decision setting forth new guidelines that only rigorous scientific proof can satisfy the requirements of "currently accepted medical use". The article focuses on the harmful and addictive properties of the drug as a major issue for the chronic use necessary for conditions such as AIDS wasting syndrome or glaucoma. It enumerates the negative side effects of marijuana, indicates the availability of alternative drugs, and outlines the social consequences of rescheduling marijuana. The conclusion suggests that properly designed studies should be funded if therapeutic applications are identified by reputable medical groups, but condemns the "drug culture's" efforts to legalize and legitimize drug use. •
Alcohol and Drug Use and Sexual Behaviors Placing Runaways at Risk for HIV Infection Contact: Columbia University, Division of Child Psychiatry, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, (212) 854-1754. Summary: This paper presents the results of a study which examined how alcohol and drug use may increase runaways' risk for HIV infection. Lifetime and current alcohol and drug use and sexual risk acts were examined among 152 male and 148 female runaways, aged 11-19, predominantly Black and Hispanic, residing at 4 residential shelters in the New York City area from April 1988 to May 1991. Results indicate that most runaways reported alcohol (71 percent) and drug use (46 percent), with about a quarter of them (27 percent) using either alcohol or drugs at least once a week during the previous 3 months. Physical symptoms of substance abuse were reported by 47 percent; 17 percent reported addiction. Current substance use was higher among males and Hispanics, and increased with age. Substance use was significantly related to reporting more sexual partners and less frequent condom use. The results suggest that HIV/AIDS prevention programs must target use of alcohol and non-injecting drugs in order to reduce the number of risky sexual acts.
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HIV Treatment Strategy, Part III: Drug Information for People Living With AIDS Contact: Carl Vogel Center, 1012 14th St NW Ste 707, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 6380750. Summary: This paper provides prescriptive drug treatment information for Persons With AIDS (PWA's). It is important for HIV-positive individuals to talk to a physician about a complete antiviral, immunomodulatory, and prophylactic drug program. Antivirals/antibiotics include AZT, ddc, and/or ddi; Combination of the three is thought to increase overall effectiveness. D4T either alone or with ddi looks promising. Many physicians include acyclovir to prevent HIV activation by herpes viruses. Some physicians recommend IV Compound Q for individuals with CD-4's over 100. Doxycycline is used as an anti-mycoplasma agent, Peptide-T seems most useful for neuropathy and cognitive dysfunction problems. Bitter melon is being tried with CD-4 increases is also looking promising. Some immune modulators include: Antioxidants, antabuse/disulfiram, coenzyme Q10, DNCB, glutathione, isoprinosine, naltrexone, pentoxifylline/trental, recombinant gp 160 vaccine, and thymus derivatives. Pap smears and vaginal exams should be conducted regularly for women. Extra nutrients for women should be implemented.
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Keeping Score: What We Are Getting for Our Federal Drug Control Dollars Contact: Drug Strategies, 2445 M St NW Suite 480, Washington, DC, 20037, (202) 6636090.
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Summary: This report assesses how the Federal Government spends its money on drug control. It concentrates on four areas: illicit drug use, drug-related crime, drugs in the workplace, and the impact of drugs on health and health care costs. These topics cover the national drug policy goals set by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) in 1994. Each section of the report discusses key aspects of the nation's drug problem and reviews the combined effort of the Clinton Administration and the Congress to address public concerns. In addition, the report briefly describes community-based programs that have been successful in reducing drug use. •
Keystone National Policy Dialogue on Expanded Access to Promising Therapeutic Drugs for HIV Infection and AIDS With Implications for Other Life - Threatening Diseases; Final Report Contact: Keystone Center, PO Box 606, Keystone, CO, 80435, (970) 468-5822. Summary: This report contains recommendations for the encouragement and facilitation of early and open access to experimental HIV drug therapies. The report summarizes discussions that took place at a meeting convened to address clinical trial methodology and design, regulatory restrictions, and research barriers. The report examines the challenges presented by expanded access to drug therapies. The goal of expanded access is to give the broadest group of patients without satisfactory alternatives new hope for a prolonged and improved quality of life while continuing to pursue clinical research that will provide more definite data on the usefulness of new therapies. The report is a summary of discussions surrounding these issues and the recommendations that emerged at the meeting.
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State AIDS Drug Assistance Programs: A National Status Report on Access; A Technical Report Contact: AIDS Treatment Data Network, 611 Broadway Ste 613, New York, NY, 10027, (212) 260-8868, http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/network. National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, 444 N Capitol St NW Ste 339, Washington, DC, 20001-1512, (202) 434-8090, http://www.nastad.org. Summary: This report describes the results of a comprehensive survey of all AIDS drug assistance programs (ADAPs) that receive funds through Title II of the Ryan White CARE Act. Results of the survey indicate that the anti-HIV regimens containing protease inhibitors have forced many state ADAPs to take drastic measures to avoid bankruptcy. Thirty-five states reported taking at least one emergency measure in the last year in response to the crisis in ADAP funding and increased demand for combination therapies. Among these measures were capping program enrollment, restricting access to certain formulary medications, reducing drug coverage, and delaying or indefinitely suspending coverage of the new drugs. There was wide variation among state ADAPs in their drug coverage. Access to both antiretrovirals and drugs for AIDS-related opportunistic infections remains uneven among state ADAPs. There is also wide variation among state ADAPs in their eligibility criteria. The report concludes with suggestions for improving state ADAPs.
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Drug Use and HIV/AIDS Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This report discusses the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among persons using illicit drugs, especially
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injecting drug users (IDUs). The report examines the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among IDUs and identifies ways to reduce their risk for contracting this disease such as early intervention, the distribution of a comprehensive package of prevention information, as well as outreach and peer education. It explains the elements of successful interventions such as having a supportive environment, reducting the demand for illicit drugs, and building partnerships within communities. The report cites and describes successful HIV/AIDS risk reduction programs targeting IDUs. •
Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women Infected With HIV-1 for Maternal Health and Reducing Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Office of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Series, 1600 Clifton Rd NE M/S C-08, Atlanta, GA, 30333, (404) 332-4555, http://www.cdc.gov. Summary: This report discusses the use of antiretroviral drugs on pregnant women who have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission. It examines several aspects of this type of treatment for HIV-positive pregnant women, such as nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. It recommends the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy, presenting four different scenarios. These scenarios are HIV-positive pregnant women with no prior experience with antiretroviral drugs, HIV-positive women who have been taking antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, HIV-positive women who are in labor and have had no previous antiretroviral medications, and infants born to mothers who had no antiretroviral medications before or during birth. It includes information about maternal-child surveillance while taking antiretroviral treatment.
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Issue Brief: Trends in Opportunistic Infection Drug Coverage and Spending Contact: National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, 444 N Capitol St NW Ste 339, Washington, DC, 20001-1512, (202) 434-8090, http://www.nastad.org. Summary: This report explores acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) coverage of medications for the prevention and treatment of AIDS-related opportunistic infections (OIs) across states. It provides information about ADAPs and drugs for the prevention and treatment of OIs, presents trends in OI drug formulary coverage and spending, and explores reasons for these trends. Data indicate that there has been a trend toward increased coverage of drugs to prevent and treat OIs by state ADAPs. However, most states do not offer the full complement of recommended OI drugs. In addition, coverage varies across the United States. Spending on OIs appears to reflect the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996. Between 1997 and 1998, there were significant decreases in OI/other drug spending per capita. Although per capita OI/other drug spending has increased steadily since that time, it has not again reached the same level as in 1997. The lack of fiscal resources is one of the most prominent reasons why states do not bring additional drugs into their formularies.
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Management of Possible Sexual, Injecting-Drug-Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV, Including Considerations Related to Antiretroviral Therapy : Public Health Service Statement Source: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports September 25 1998;47(RR-17). Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This report focuses on the medical management of possible nonoccupational exposures to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The report describes therapy after nonoccupational exposures, such as through needle sharing and sex. It discusses statistical data about the possible benefits of providing antiretroviral therapy as a method of HIV prevention for possible exposure cases. It explains the side effects that a person might experience while taking antiretroviral therapeutic drugs. The report analyzes the possible future uses of antiretroviral therapies to prevent the HIV after potential exposures. Factors related to using antiretroviral therapy as a means of HIV prevention, include sexually transmitted diseases, drug abuse, and individual evaluation for risky behaviors in the past. It also explains the research needs and studies that should occur before any true evaluation of this method of HIV prevention can be considered viable.
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Prospectus: Global TB Drug Facility: A Global Mechanism to Ensure Uninterrupted Access to Quality TB Drugs for DOTS Implementation Contact: WHO Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Stop Tuberculosis Department, Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gtb/index.htm. Summary: This report presents information about the Global Tuberculosis (TB) Drug Facility, a program designed to ensure access to and the availability of TB drugs. The monograph explains the operating principles, management, procurement procedures, financial requirements, and the benefits of the Global TB Drug Facility Program such as the expansion of the use of directly observed therapy, short course (DOTS).
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Towards the Creation of Strategic Partnerships : Improving Access to Drugs for HIV/AIDS Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This report provides an overview of a consultative meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland from June 30 to June 2, 1997, hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO), to create strategic partnerships between national governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in their countries to improve accessibility to therapeutic drugs for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The objectives of this consultative meeting were to determine the drug situation for HIV/AIDS as perceived by the various actors at the global, regional, and country levels. The report reviews the structure and the sequencing of activities for the consultative process. Efforts to expand access to HIV-related drugs must realistically take into account the technical, financial, and social capacities of
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individuals and the health-care system in individual countries. The report outlines the concerns raised by meeting participants in relation to partnership strategy for access to drugs. It summarizes the level of involvement of United Nations (UN) agencies in providing access to HIV/AIDS drugs. The report supplies a synopsis of the conclusions and recommendations of the consultative meeting for different regions and countries. One recommendation is to form governmental/NGO partnerships to improve the accessibility of HIV/AIDS drugs to members of the general population with HIV/AIDS. •
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This report reviews the causes, treatment, and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and describes recent outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Drugresistant tuberculosis is not a new phenomenon. However, recent outbreaks have differed considerably from previous ones; recent outbreaks involve large numbers of patients and the disease is transmitted not only from patient to patient, but also from patient to health care worker. Most cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States can be prevented by using drug-susceptibility surveillance to monitor trends, directly observed therapy to ensure adherence to and completion of therapy, and initial regimens that include four drugs. Most of the transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis in health care settings can be prevented by fully implementing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines.
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Drugs Used in the Treatment of HIV Infection and AIDS Contact: Louisiana State University Medical Center, Delta Region AIDS Education and Training Center, 136 S Roman St 3rd Fl, New Orleans, LA, 70112, (504) 903-0788, http://www.deltaetc.org. Summary: This report summarizes the mechanism of action, in-vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions and clinical use of drugs used to treat patients with HIV disease. The pharmaceuticals are organized in the following categories: antiretroviral agents, antiviral agents, antifungal agents, pneumonia, encephalitis, diarrhea, Mycobacterium species infections, hemopoietic agents, and nutritional stimulants.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 579477 10000 7980 7225 1887 606569
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “drugs” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
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Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
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The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on drugs can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to drugs. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to drugs. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “drugs”:
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Other guides Amphetamine Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amphetamineabuse.html Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Club Drugs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html Drug and Medical Device Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugandmedicaldevicesafety.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to drugs, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Alcoholism Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00340 Alcoholism Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://store.health.org/catalog/facts.aspx?topic=3
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Diagnosis/Symptoms Alcohol Abuse: How to Recognize Problem Drinking Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/755.xml Knowing the Signs of Alcoholism Can Save Lives Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://www.ncadi.samhsa.gov/newsroom/rep/212.aspx
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Treatment Alcohol Alert: New Advances in Alcoholism Treatment Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa49.htm Naltrexone for Alcoholism Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/130.xml Understanding Alcohol Use Disorders and Their Treatment Source: American Psychological Association http://helping.apa.org/therapy/alcohol.html
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Alcohol Impairment Chart Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/bac-chart/ Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/007.xml Driving Safely by Avoiding Alcohol Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUHGJ928C &sub_cat=465 Post-Traumatic Sress Disorder (PTSD) and Problems with Alcohol Use Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/specific/fs_alcohol.html Smoking Cessation in Recovering Alcoholics Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/269.xml What Are the Myths Vs. Facts About Alcohol and the Liver? Source: American Liver Foundation http://www.liverfoundation.org/cgibin/dbs/articles.cgi?db=articles&uid=default&ID=1009&view_records=1 What Recovering Alcoholics Need to Know About Osteoporosis Source: Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National Resource Center http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=r804i&doctitle=What%2BRecovering%2B Alcoholics%2BNeed%2Bto%2BKnow%2BAbout%2BOsteoporosis&doctype=HTML %2BFact%2BSheet
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Children Alcohol Alert: Children of Alcoholics: Are They Different? Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa09.htm Children of Alcoholics: Important Facts Source: National Association for Children of Alcoholics http://www.nacoa.net/impfacts.htm Facts 4 You Source: National Association for Children of Alcoholics http://www.nacoa.net/facts4u.htm Kids and Alcohol Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/body/alcohol.html Questions and Answers about Addiction: Alcoholism Source: National Association for Children of Alcoholics http://www.nacoa.net/addictqa.htm
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From the National Institutes of Health Alcoholism: Getting the Facts Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/booklet.htm FAQ' s on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/faq/q-a.htm Genetics of Alcoholism Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa60.htm
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Latest News Five Million Parents Have Alcohol Problems Source: 02/11/2004, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.samhsa.gov/news/newsreleases/040211nr_ACOA.htm
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Men What Do You Know about Men's Health? Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Men Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4women.gov/mens/men.cfm?page=110&mtitle=alcohol
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Organizations Al-Anon/Alateen Source: Al-Anon, Alateen http://www.al-anon.alateen.org/ Alcoholics Anonymous http://www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/ American Council for Drug Education http://www.acde.org/ National Association for Children of Alcoholics http://www.nacoa.net/ National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.health.org/ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/
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Research Alcohol Alert: Craving Research, Implications for Treatment Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa54.htm
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Alcohol Alert: Economic Perspectives in Alcoholism Research Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa51.htm Finding and Treating Alcohol Problems in Primary Care Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/5/I-49 Mouse Model Links Alcohol Intake to Marijuana-Like Brain Compounds: New Pathway Presents Target for Medication Development Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/niaaa-20.htm •
Statistics 22 Million in U.S. Suffer from Substance Dependence or Abuse Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2003pres/20030905.html Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Are America's Number One Health Problem Source: National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence http://www.ncadd.org/facts/numberoneprob.html FASTATS: Alcohol Use Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/alcohol.htm
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Teenagers Coping with an Alcoholic Parent Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/families/coping_alcoholic.html
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Women Alcohol Abuse and Treatment Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/sa-alcoh.htm Alcohol Alert: Are Women More Vulnerable to Alcohol's Effects? Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa46-text.htm Alcohol and Women Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZPU8DH97C &sub_cat=2008
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on drugs. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Know Your Risk : HIV, Alcohol and Drugs : Be Smart, Be Safe Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-8466, (831) 4231400, http://www.promotehealth.com. Summary: This brochure discusses how substance abuse (alcohol and drugs) increases the risk of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The brochure examines HIV transmission and gives suggestions on how to prevent HIV/AIDS. It examines the connection between substance abuse, unprotected sex, sexual abuse, and violence.
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Tuberculosis (TB): Take the Drugs to Kill the Bugs! Contact: Queens University, Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart St, Kingston, (613) 549-6666, http://www.kgh.on.ca/kgh/home.html. Summary: This brochure, for individuals with tuberculosis (TB), provides general information about TB treatment. It explains how TB is transmitted and distinguishes between active TB and TB infection, it discusses the importance of undergoing medical treatment and adhering to anti-TB drugs, and it discusses the use of directly observed therapy (DOT). It provides information about the drugs used in the treatment and their possible side effects and recommends that individuals who experience these side effects see their healthcare providers immediately. It includes a TB diary for patients to keep track of their medication.
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Drug Abuse and AIDS Contact: Connecticut Clearinghouse, 334 Farmington Ave, Plainville, CT, 06062-1321, (800) 232-4424, http://www.ctclearinghouse.org. Summary: This fact sheet examines the relationship between drug abuse and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Behavior associated with drug abuse is the single largest factor in the spread of HIV in the United States (US). HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system over a period of time and develops into AIDS, an incurable disease. Shared needles, cotton swabs, rinse water, and cookers for injecting drugs leaves the abuser vulnerable to contracting or transmitting HIV. Research has shown that substance abuse interferes with judgement about sexual (and other) behavior, making it more likely that users have unplanned and unprotected sex. The fact sheet reviews some statistics regarding the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among substance abusers, particularly injection drug users (IDUs). Research has shown that drug abuse treatment is a proven means of preventing the spread of HIV and AIDS, especially when combined with prevention and community-based outreach programs for at-risk people. A table shows the epidemiology and incidence rates of HIV/AIDS among high-risk groups such as IDUs, men who have sex with men (MSM), and at-risk heterosexuals.
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HIV Infection in Persons Using Injection Drugs Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet is for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who are also injection drug users (IDUs). IDUs often experience viral and bacterial health problems not directly related to HIV (e.g., infections from contaminated materials, from close personal contact with others, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) from unprotected sex). Examples of bacterial and viral infections include skin infections, bone infections, heart valve infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes simplex virus. Bacterial pneumonias, TB , chronic HBV and HCV, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are more frequent among IDUs with HIV/AIDS. Medical care is important for IDUs with HIV/AIDS so that problems associated with injection drug use and HIV/AIDS can be monitored and treated. Some of the symptoms often associated with withdrawal from injection drug use includes fever, chills, weight loss, shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, stiff neck, and localized weakness or numbness. People experiencing these symptoms should see a doctor immediately. IDUs with HIV/AIDS can help to take care of their health by ceasing to use drugs, making regular visits to their primary care provider, adhering to HIV/AIDS regimens, and seeing a mental health provider. A table is provided that identifies some of the medical complication of IDUs.
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From Theory to Therapy: The Development of Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease Source: Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc. 1997. [62 p.]. Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900; (321) 335-8700. PRICE: $20.95. Summary: This information kit discusses experimental drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease and is useful for caregivers and family members who wish to learn about the development of new drugs and what it means to participate in an experimental drug study. The first section describes the typical passage of drugs from early laboratory studies through human testing to Food and Drug Administration approval. This section also provides information for caregivers and family members about the process of experimental drug studies for Alzheimer's disease patients. The second section describes how the brain works, possible causes of Alzheimer's disease, and the theories behind drugs currently being tested for the treatment of cognitive symptoms. The third section examines the behavioral changes seen in Alzheimer's disease patients and the methods used to help manage these behaviors. The fourth section contains five appendices: a glossary, list of books for further reading, chart of specific experimental drugs being tested for the treatment of cognitive symptoms, and list of selected drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. The fifth section provides fact sheets and additional information about experimental drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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AIDS: Another Way Drugs Can Kill Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Center on AIDS and Other
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Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, Rm 5213 MSC 9561, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9561, (301) 443-1124, http://www.nida.nih.gov. Summary: This information package presents materials from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) campaign, "AIDS: Another Way Drugs Can Kill." The materials outline statistics showing that many adolescents are sexually active, and that many also use alcohol and drugs. Studies have shown that using these substances impairs judgment and makes adolescents more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, which could lead to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. The campaign materials try to make adolescents, their teachers, and their parents aware of the connection between Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), alcohol, and drugs. •
Drug-Associated HIV Transmission Continues in the United States Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This information sheet discusses drug-associated transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States (US) and prevention strategies for injection drug users (IDUs). It reviews the risks associated with sharing needles, having sex with an IDU, and trading sex for drugs or engaging in other risky sexual behaviors. Injection drug use has directly and indirectly accounted for 36% of (AIDS) cases in the US. Of the 42,156 new cases of AIDS reported in 2000, 11,635 (28%) were IDU-associated. The information sheet recommends comprehensive prevention strategies for substance abusers including educating IDUs on how to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV and how to sterilize injection equipment, providing access to sterile injection equipment, preventing initiation of drug injection, using community outreach programs to reach drug users, improving access to quality substance abuse treatment programs, instituting HIV prevention programs in prisons, providing health care for HIV-infected IDUs, and making HIV risk-reduction counseling and testing available for IDUs and their sex partners.
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How HIV Drugs Get Approved Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet explains the process of approving drugs for treating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Anti-HIV drug development can take seven years or more. The information sheet explains why drug development takes so long, describes the four phases of clinical trials, and discusses the use of surrogate markers for full approval of new HIV drugs. In addition, it identifies the legal ways to use drugs that the Food and Drug Administration has not approved and provides sources of additional information.
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Drug Use and HIV Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet presents information about the relationship between drug use and the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is spread easily when injection drug users (IDUs) share equipment to inject drugs because
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of the blood that is often left on items such as needles, syringes, cookers, and filters. IDUs should never share any equipment, and they should always clean their equipment with bleach and water before and after each use. Some communities have started needle exchange programs to give free, clean syringes to IDUs so that they do not need to share syringes. Some drug users trade sex for drugs, and drug use increases the chance that people will not protect themselves during sexual activity. HIV-positive people who use street drugs are less likely to adhere to their medication regimen, and they may experience drug interactions between their medications and street drugs or they may overdose. •
Drug Resistance: Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) Granules for Treatment Contact: New York City Department of Health, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, PO Box 74, New York, NY, 10013, (212) 788-4155, http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/nyclink/html/doh/html/tb/tb.html. Summary: This information sheet provides health professionals with information on the use of the second-line drug aminosalicyclic acid (PAS) granules for the treatment of persons with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB). It reviews the history of PAS as an anti-TB drug. It discusses the dosing regimen for PAS and the adverse reactions that some patients may experience.
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Drug Level Testing Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet provides people who have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with an overview of drug level testing, or therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Although this type of testing can determine if the level of a medication in a patient's blood is too high or too low, it is not generally used or available in the United States. The information sheet outlines factors that can affect drug levels, explains whether TDM works for all HIV drugs, identifies difficulties with TDM, presents situations in which TDM could provide useful information, and highlights future directions for TDM.
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Taking Current Antiretroviral Drugs Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet uses a tabular format to provide an overview of various antiretroviral drugs, including reverse transcriptase, protease, and fusion inhibitors. Information on each drug includes its name, daily dosage for adults, how to take and store it, side effects, and special considerations.
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Dealing With Drug Side Effects Contact: Project Inform, National HIV/AIDS Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org. Summary: This information sheet, discusses coping techniques for dealing with the side effects of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs. The information sheet explains the key to coping with side effects, how side effects occur differently in women,
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and how individuals can care for themselves. The brochure explains the possible causes and ways HIV-positive individuals deal with side effects like fatigue, anemia, headache, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, dry mouth, rash, peripheral neuropathy, period problems, and hair loss. A chart is provided listing specific drugs and their possible side effects and the percentage of people who experienced these side effects in research studies. •
Abstinence Starter Kit : Abstinence From Sex, Drugs, and Alcohol Contact: Human Life Resource Center, 11244 S Western Ave, Chicago, IL, 60643-4116, (312) 422-9300. Summary: This instructional package provides educators with materials to promote sexual and substance abuse abstinence among adolescents. It identifies the consequences posed to adolescents who engage in sexual intercourse and substance abuse, including pregnancy, emotional trauma, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It outlines the benefits of abstinence regarding individuals' self-esteem and the development of relationships with partners. Instructor-led sessions, games, and materials reinforce the sexual and substance abuse abstinence message among adolescents.
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Healthy Outcomes for America's Elderly: Eliminating Inappropriate Use of Psychoactive Drugs Source: Washington, DC: National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. 1991. [250 p.]. Contact: Available from National Citizen's Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. 1224 M Street, NW, Suite 301, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 393-2018. PRICE: $30.00. Summary: This packet of articles and printed materials addresses two issues, the inappropriate use of antipsychotics and other psychoactive drugs, and the rationale and appropriate use of these medications plus anxiolytics (antianxiety drugs), sedatives and hypnotics, and antidepressants for elderly individuals. The materials are designated according to target audience: for lay people, for professionals, or for both lay people and professionals. The manual provides an overview of drug use and misuse within nursing care facilities and stresses the importance of a correct diagnosis of a patient's condition prior to any drug use. Alternatives to chemical treatment are explored, and several approaches to evaluating and then modifying behaviors are presented. Treatment for sleep disorders, depression, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, mood changes, aggression, and delirium in the elderly are discussed.
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Global TB Drug Facility Contact: WHO Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Stop Tuberculosis Department, Stop Tuberculosis Strategy and Operations Unit, 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211, Geneva, http://www.who.int/gtb/index.htm. Summary: This pamphlet briefly describes the Global Tuberculosis (TB) Drug Facility. The pamphlet explains the Global TB Drug Facility, its goals, benefits, and how it works to improve access to TB drugs and directly observed therapy, short course (DOTS).
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Managing Drug Side Effects Contact: AIDS Community Research Initiative of America, Community Based Clinical Trials Center, 230 W 38th St 17th Fl, New York, NY, 10018, (212) 924-3934, http://www.acria.org. Summary: This pamphlet is intended as a reference guide for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to better understand the different side effects associated with drugs prescribed for them. The pamphlet is divided into four sections: the first section explains how to use the information within the guide; the second section provides basic information about drug side effects; the third section is a reference of the most common side effects experienced by persons taking drugs to treat HIV/AIDS and discusses some of the most popular ways of dealing with these side effects; and the fourth section contains a glossary of the medical terms used in this reference guide and other publications.
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Recreational Drugs and HIV Antivirals: A Guide to Interactions for Clinicians Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Office of Communications, 5600 Fishers Ln Rm 14-15, Rockville, MD, 20857, (301) 443-6652, http://hab.hrsa.gov/. Summary: This pamphlet is intended for use by clinicians and other health care professionals to provide advice that may reduce harm to patients who use recreational drugs in conjunction with antiretroviral agents. The pamphlet identifies the general and pharmacokinetic effects of alcohol, amphetamines, amyl nitrite, benzodiazepines, cocaine, ecstasy, gamma-hydroxy-butyrate, heroin, ketamine, LSD, marijuana, and methadone. The pamphlet also describes the known interactions of these substances with antiretroviral agents.
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About Combination Drug Therapy for HIV Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: This pamphlet presents information about the use of combination drug therapy to treat individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The pamphlet discusses combination drug therapy and how it works; each type of antiretroviral drug, its role in combination therapy, and its side effects; how to adhere to this type of drug regimen; and ways HIVpositive individuals can help to keep themselves healthy.
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Drug Interactions Contact: Project Inform, National HIV/AIDS Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org. Summary: This pamphlet provides information about possible drug interactions with antiretroviral medications that are used to treat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pamphlet identifies drugs that fall under antiretroviral medications and medical and street drugs that may react with them.
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Safer Works : If You Shoot Drugs Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org.
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Summary: This pamphlet, for injecting drug users, discusses needle cleaning and sterilization to help prevent the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis. It demonstrates the 3 X 3 method to clean and sterilize needles. •
ACT - 2, Alcohol & Other Drugs: A Competency - Based Training Contact: Child Welfare League of America, Headquarters Office, 440 1st St NW 3rd Fl, Washington, DC, 20001-2085, (800) 407-6273, http://www.cwla.org. Summary: This teaching aid is the second module of a curriculum designed to help child welfare and human service agencies better recognize and address problems from alcohol and other drugs (AOD), in order to protect children and strengthen and support families. It is a specialized training curriculum to give a common understanding of the developmental, neurobehavioral, and medical needs of infants and children exposed prenatally to AOD to their caregivers. Additional goals of the multidisciplinary, crosssystem training are to enhance caregivers' abilities to serve chemically dependent parents and to make significant contributions to the case planning process, and to maximize the team approach to working with children and their families. The training comprises four sessions, with Session Two focusing on helping participants recognize and respond to possible medical problems found in infants exposed prenatally to AOD. Strategies are given for responding to children with AOD-withdrawal symptoms, apnea, seizures, fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or HIV/AIDS. Participants role play a situation in which foster parents discuss, with family members who are against the decision, their willingness to continue to care for an infant whom they have just been told is HIV-positive.
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “drugs” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Atrial fibrillation: drug treatment and electric cardioversion Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 30 (revised 2002 March 4); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3377&nbr=2603&a mp;string=drugs Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:
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A Family Guide To Keeping Youth Mentally Healthy and Drug Free Summary: A Family Guide To Keeping Youth Mentally Healthy and Drug Free is a public education Web site developed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to communicate to Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7537
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About CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/FDA) Summary: Browse this site for information related to the programs and services of the Center for drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3679
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Access to Investigational Drugs: Summary: A fact sheet that defines investigational drugs (drugs under study, but not yet FDA approved) and describes how patients and doctors cn obtain them. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7093
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AIDSinfo: Overview of Clinical Trials Summary: Clinical trials are research studies designed to answer specific questions about the safety and/or effectiveness of drugs, vaccines, other therapies, or new ways of using existing treatments. Source: AIDSinfo http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7646
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AIDSinfo: Overview of Drugs Summary: The antiretroviral drugs listed on this page are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating HIV infection. Source: AIDSinfo http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7644
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American Indian and Alaska Native Women's Health: Substance Abuse/Mental Health Summary: This page features links to information on drugs, tobacco, alcohol, and mental health. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6868
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Approved Animal Drug Database (The Green Book) Summary: The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration Act of 1988 requires that a list of all animal drug products approved by the U. S. Source: Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=314
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Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations Summary: This publication identifies drug products approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3677
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Are you Cool or Clueless? Summary: Parents are invited to take this online quiz to test their knowledge of the drug-related slang names currently in use. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6164
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Are You Drug Smart? Test Your Chemical IQ Summary: This online checkup provides players with the truth about some illegal drugs and the dangers to users' health. Source: Do It Now Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5665
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Background on Antibiotic Resistance Summary: Overuse of antibiotics is jeopardizing the usefulness of essential drugs. Decreasing inappropriate antibiotic use is the best way to control resistance. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7693
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BenefitsCheckUp Summary: BenefitsCheckUp helps thousands every day to find programs for people ages 55 and over that may pay for some of their costs of prescription drugs, health care, utilities, and other essential items or Source: The National Council on the Aging, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7219
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Brain's Response to Drugs: Teacher's Guide Summary: This is the teacher's guide for the Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6434
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Buying Medicines and Medical Products Online Summary: Useful, easy-to-understand information about buying prescription drugs and medical products online. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4991
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Catalog of FDA Information for Consumers: Publications and Audiovisuals Summary: Visit this site for a current listing of publications and audiovisuals on a variety of health topics, including food, drugs, health fraud and more. Information is available in English and Spanish. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2098
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CenterWatch Clinical Trials Listing Service Summary: You can use this listing to search for clinical trials, find out information about physicians and medical centers performing clinical research, and learn about drug therapies newly approved by the Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1083
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Chemotherapy and You: A Guide to Self-Help During Cancer Treatment Summary: A booklet intended to help cancer patients, their caregivers and friends understand chemotherapy--the use of drugs to treat cancer. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=61
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Club Drugs Facts and Figures Summary: This document is an overview of certain drugs that have emerged and become popular among teens and young adults at dance clubs and Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7195
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Club Drugs: Community Drug Alert Bulletin Summary: This advisory from the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse to community leaders, parents and the general public addresses the Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5010
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Consumer Drug Information Page - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Summary: The drug information sheets posted on this site provides basic information about medications recently approved by the FDA. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3624
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Contract for Life Summary: This contract is designed to facilitate communication between young people and their parents about potentially destructive decisions related to alcohol, drugs, peer pressure and behavior. Source: Students Against Destructive Decisions http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7709
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Dictionary of Street Drug Slang Summary: Search this site for online assistance in finding basic definitions for some general terms, symbols and acronyms related to substance abuse. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1979
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Doxycycline and Penicillin G Procaine for Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure) Summary: This drug information sheet from FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research provides recommendations for the antibiotics doxycycline and penicillin G procaine for treatment of inhalational anthrax. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6368
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Drug Abuse Prevention and Education Summary: Parents, health professionals and community workers can find information about effective strategies for preventing drug use, and keeping drugs out of neighborhoods and schools. Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2146
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Drug Information Home Page - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Summary: This page links users to CDER material and resources available online. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=997
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Drug Interactions: What You Should Know Summary: Some drugs have adverse affects if taken together. Learn more about protecting yourself and your family from drug and common food interactions. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5972
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Drug Safety Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7480
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DrugDigest Summary: An online resource where users can learn more about drugs, dietary supplements and drug interactions; find out how the drug they are taking compares with others like it; and get information about the Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6138
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Drug-Free Resource Net Summary: This site provides access to a compilation of information about illicit drugs and illicit drug use among the Nation's youth. Source: Partnership for a Drug-Free America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2879
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Drugs and Crime Facts Summary: A summary of U.S. statistics about drug-related crimes, law enforcement, courts, and corrections from Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and non-BJS sources. Source: U.S. Department of Justice http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4552
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Drugs of Abuse Summary: The focus of this publication is the physiological effects of drug abuse. Source: U.S. Department of Justice http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2908
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Drugs of the Deep: Treasures of the Sea Yield Some Medical Answers and Hint at Others Summary: This online consumer health advisory reports on sea-based products that are being tested and researched for medical use - drugs, biologics, and medical devices. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2104
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FDA Consumer: Magazine of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Summary: The official magazine of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), each issue contains in-depth feature articles written for the general public on getting healthy and staying healthy. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=602
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FDA Hot Topics Summary: Grouped by topic, these are the latest consumer interest updates from the FDA. Topics include drugs, foods, medical devices/radiological products, veterinary medicine, and miscellaneous. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6542
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FDA Kids’ Home Page Summary: A kids' web site that provides information on food safety, vaccinations, animal foods and drugs, medical devices, and the role of the FDA investigator. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4358
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Frequently Asked Questions About Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Over-theCounter Medications Summary: This online fact sheet presents answers to commonly asked questions regarding drug interactions involving nonprescription medications. Source: American Pharmaceutical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5019
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Generic Drugs: Questions and Answers Summary: This page provides answers to frequently asked questions about generic drugs and their dosage, safety, strength, quality, performance and intended use. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6921
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Girl Power! Product Catalog Summary: Girl Power!, an anti-drug campaign addressing 9- to 14-year old females, offers the opportunity to order Girl Power! T-shirts and other novelty items through this website. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=631
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Girl Power!: Body FX Summary: Information on alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, and club drugs that is written for girls. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6440
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Health Hints: Use Caution with Pain Relievers Summary: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wants you to benefit from your medicines and not be hurt by them. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7884
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How Are Alcohol and Drugs Affecting Your Life? – A Self-Test For Teenagers Summary: This online self-test can help teens decide if they are at risk for developing alcoholism and/or dependence on another drug. Source: National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5667
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How Can I Help Someone? Summary: Do you know a parent, a sibling, a friend (or yourself) who uses alcohol or drugs too much? Get some useful advice and resources at this web site. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5657
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How HIV Causes AIDS Summary: A detailed understanding of HIV and how it establishes infection and causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is crucial to identifying and developing effective drugs and vaccines to fight Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=229
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If Someone Close.Has A Problem With Alcohol Or Other Drugs Summary: This article explains how substance abuse affects more people than the user, and supports friends and family in dealing with their loved one's problems. Provides tips on helping the user. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=952
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Influenza Antiviral Drugs and Related Information Summary: This web site offers links to several sources of general information about influenza including the influenza vaccine, antiviral drugs that have been approved in the United States for influenza, a list Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5621
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Keep Your Brain Healthy: Don't Use Drugs Summary: A National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) nation wide public service campaign designed to help America's youth understand the risks associated with drug use. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5503
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Keeping Youth Drug-Free Summary: A substance abuse guide for adults that outlines reasons children give for using drugs. Specific examples teach adults how to address peer pressure among youth and provide other practical skills. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=933
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McGruff and Scruff's Drug and Violence Prevention Story and Activity Book Summary: Stories, games and quizzes especially for Native American children with important messages about drugs and alcohol, sexual abuse and other violent acts. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5836
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Medicaid Drug Rebate Program Summary: The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires a drug manufacturer to enter into and have a national rebate agreement with the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services for States to receive Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1400
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Medication Safety Alert Summary: Medical practitioners can search this database for information about medication and device errors and adverse drug reactions. Source: Institute for Safe Medication Practices http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5150
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Medications - Mental Health, Mental Illness Summary: This booklet is designed to help people understand how and why drugs can be used as part of the treatment of mental health problems. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=141
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MedWatch, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Medical Products Reporting Program Summary: MedWatch, the FDA Medical Products Reporting Program, is an initiative designed to both educate all health professionals about the critical importance of being aware of, monitoring for, and reporting Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=678
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Mind Over Matter Series Index Summary: The Mind Over Matter series is designed to encourage young people in grades five through nine to learn about the effects of drug abuse on the body and the brain. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3804
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National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information: FOR KIDS ONLY Summary: The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) sponsors this section for kids and provides information in both English and Spanish. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4361
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National Drug Control Strategy Annual Reports Summary: The National Drug Control Strategy is the Federal government's plan to reduce the Nation's drug use and its consequences. Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2147
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National Institute on Drug Abuse Prescription Drugs Initiative Summary: NIDA's public health initiative is intended to raise awareness about recent trends in the misuse and abuse of prescription drugs in the United States. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6249
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News and Press Releases - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Summary: This page provides the latest press releases and announcements from this U.S. Department of Health and Human Services agency. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1508
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NIDA Publications Catalog Summary: Browse this site for a listing of material -- research monographs, brochures, fact sheets, newsletters, posters, and videos -- available from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3808
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Home Page Summary: This area has information for consumers and industry about nonprescription drugs. Check this area for updates, changes, and announcements. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6926
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Over-the-Counter Drug Review Process Summary: An interactive chart that provides an overview of CDER's over-the-counter drug review process, and how CDER determines the safety and effectiveness of OTC drug products. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=995
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Partnership for a Drug-Free America: Help for Teens Summary: Teenagers can browse through this list to find answers to questions about drugs and drug abuse among their peers. Find out how you can help or get help for a friend with a drug problem. Source: Partnership for a Drug-Free America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5669
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Pediatric Pharmacology: A Child is Not A Miniature Adult Summary: In response to the need for appropriate drug therapy for pediatric patients, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) established a Network of Pediatric Pharmacology Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3785
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Pharmacy Index Summary: This site contains current information on commonly used medications including, drug class and actions, proper use, precautions, drug interactions, side effects and related diseases and treatments. Source: Commercial Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2872
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Prescription Drug Information Summary: This guide to more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications provided by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in the USP DI® Advice for the Patient® is hosted by the National Library of Source: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6288
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Prescription Drugs for Preventing Malaria Summary: This fact sheet is written especially with travelers in mind and provides information about the drugs your doctor would prescribe to prevent malaria infection. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6242
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Prescription Drugs User Fees Summary: The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992 provided FDA with increasing levels of resources for the review of human drug applications. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=594
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Preventing Malaria in Infants and Children Summary: Written especially for parents who are taking small children abroad, this fact sheet provides information about the drugs your doctor would prescribe to protect your children from malaria infection. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6243
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Preventing Malaria in the Pregnant Woman Summary: Written especially for pregnant women planning a trip abroad, this fact sheet provides information about the drugs your doctor would prescribe to protect you from malaria infection. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6244
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Questions and Answers for Withdrawal of Duract Summary: Answers to consumers' questions concerning the withdrawal of Duract from the market and FDA's recommendation that patients stop taking the drug after reports of a rare but serious liver problem as Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3645
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Questions To Ask Your Doctor If You Have High Blood Pressure Summary: Questions you should ask if your doctor prescribes a drug to treat your blood pressure. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5290
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Quiz on Drugs Summary: Kids can solve this word quiz and learn the truth about drug abuse. This page is designed especially for Native American children but can benefit all kids. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5840
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Reporting Problem Products to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Summary: Consumers are urged to report defective and problematic products to the FDA. The evaluation procedures for foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, and veterinary drugs are described. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=585
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Sara's Quest Summary: Sara's Quest is a science-based drug abuse educational game. Players search out the correct answers to questions about how marijuana affects the brain. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5668
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Search The Prevention Materials Database (PMD) Summary: Users are guided through data fields to search for substance abuse prevention materials -- alcohol and other drugs; drug education; and substance abuse prevention. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=955
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Spanish Language Publications from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7503
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Straight Facts About Drugs and Alcohol Summary: This publication is designed to help adolescents recognize and deal with their or a peer's substance abuse problem. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2459
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Teen Page, Office of National Drug Control Policy Summary: A web site where teens can learn the truth about drugs, how to be healthy, and also have fun. Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5658
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Thalidomide Information for Consumers Summary: This document provides details about the drug thalidomide including manufacturer, active ingredient, dosage, approved usage and side effects. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3640
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The Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) Summary: The Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) (formerly the Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS)) of the Division of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology (DPE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=996
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The CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) Handbook Summary: The CDER Handbook was developed to provide a user-friendly resource on the World Wide Web for obtaining information on the Center's processes and activities of interest to regulated industry, health Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3678
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The Club Drugs Initiative Web Site Summary: This national research and education public-private partnership initiative was launched to combat the increasing use of club drugs by young adults at all-night dance parties such as Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5009
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What You Need to Know About Drugs: Inhalants Summary: Learn about the dangers of inhalants in this article for kids. Learn what it is, how it's used and what it does to you. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5880
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What's New on the HIV/AIDS Web Page - Office of Special Health Issues/FDA Summary: This site provides current news, announcements and directives related to HIV/AIDS drugs and therapies. Source: Office of Special Health Issues, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3600
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Who's Got the Power? You or Drugs Summary: In Source: National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5666
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Women and Drug Abuse Summary: Today, more than 4 million women in this country use drugs. Women of all ages, races and cultures. Women just like your best friend, your sister, your co-worker, or your daughter. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=876
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Word Find Summary: Solve the word puzzle to find out what drug-free kids can do and become. This page is designed especially for Native American children but can benefit all kids. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5841 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to drugs. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on drugs is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to drugs. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “drugs” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “drugs” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to drugs, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “drugs” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Drugs Find newsletters on drugs using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “drugs.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Drug-Induced Rheumatic Syndromes Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 51(4): 1-4. 2002.
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Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter provides health professionals with information on drug induced rheumatic syndromes. Categories of drug induced rheumatic diseases are drug induced lupus (DIL), drug induced myopathy/myositis (DIM), and drug induced vasculitis (DIV). Although more than 100 drugs have been implicated in DIL, the drugs most studied have been procainamide and hydralazine. However, these drugs are not commonly prescribed today, and the illness they produce is often different from those recently implicated in DIL. Minocycline is a treatment used for acne and rheumatoid arthritis that has caused immune and autoimmune phenomena. Several of the new recombinant biologics have been implicated in DIL, including interferon alpha, interferon gamma, and antitumor necrosis factor therapies. It is not possible to predict who will develop DIL, so patients with idiopathic lupus should be allowed to take potentially lupus inducing drugs but with careful monitoring. Drugs associated with the development of DIV include hematopoietic growth factors such as G-CSF and GM-CSF; vaccines for hepatitis B, influenza, and others; and leukotriene inhibitors. The article concludes that the number of drugs that are capable of inducing rheumatic syndromes is growing. Elements in the assessment of a possible association between exposure and the development of a rheumatic disorder include temporal association, lack of likely alternative explanations, rechallenge, and biological plausibility. 1 table and 23 references.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on drugs: •
Task Force Advises Against Diet Drugs Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 11(2):27; Mar/Apr 1997. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: In this article, the author reviews an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association by the National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. According to Berg, the Task Force article finds that no weight loss program results in permanent weight loss for a majority of the participants. In addition, Berg says, the Task Force does not recommend the routine use of drugs to treat obesity in most patients.
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New Study Revisits Heart Valve Abnormalities Associated With Diet Drugs Source: WIN Notes. p. 3. Spring 2001. Contact: Weight-control Information Network. 1-877-WIN-4627.
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Summary: Julius Gardin, M.D., of the Division of Cardiology, the University of California, Irvine, examined the causal relationship between the appetite suppressants fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine and heart valve abnormalities. The study, originally published in the April 5, 2000, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), found that these antiobesity agents are associated with an increase in the prevalence of some, but not all, valvular abnormalities. The study also explored whether these drugs are unrelated to serious cardiac events like heart attack, congestive heart failure, or ventricular arrhythmia. Participants were white obese females in their forties. Among patients who took the drugs for less than 3 months, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of aortic regurgitation (AR) occurred between patients taking the appetite suppressants and those in the control group. With increasing exposure, prevalence rates increased. An accompanying JAMA editorial by Hershel Jick, M.D., of the Boston University School of Medicine, finds this duration effect as evidence of the causal relationship between the drugs and heart valve abnormalities. Jick agrees with Gardin and his colleagues that most drug-related cardiac abnormalities are minor and unlikely to advance to clinical disease. •
Clinical Drug Trial Issues Source: Research Perspective. [Newsletter] 1(1): 1-2. Winter 1991. Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900; (312) 335-8700; (312) 335-8882 (TDD); FAX (312) 335-1110. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This article discusses the role of pharmaceutical companies and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in developing and testing drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease. The article also states the recommendations of the Alzheimer's Association's Medical and Scientific Advisory Board for the conduct of trials that will facilitate the development of effective drugs while protecting the interests of participants. Recommendations include: firming the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease so that trials may be compared; including patients who may be severely demented or have comorbid conditions, and those who have not previously been included due to other factors; designing effective large-scale trials; collecting complete patient information and selected outcome measures that complement the patient selection criteria; and adhering to certain ethical guidelines. 2 references.
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Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease: Antipsychotic Agents Source: Alzheimer's Association, San Diego, Inc. Newsletter. 7(3): 8. Summer 1989. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, San Diego, Inc. P.O. Box 23877, San Diego, CA 92193. (619) 541-1776. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This article explains how antipsychotic drugs may be used to treat certain behavior problems associated with Alzheimer's disease. Antipsychotics may be useful in patients with confused thoughts, delusions or hallucinations, and may be especially useful at night, since they cause drowsiness. Various side effects are listed, as well as the names of drugs that may be prescribed.
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Drug Development For Alzheimer's Source: Alzheimer's Association Newsletter. 9(2): 6, 8. Summer 1989.
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Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900; (312) 335-8700; (312) 335-8882 (TDD); FAX (312) 335-1110. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This article explains the steps for studying and approving a new drug for use in the United States and provides suggestions to help families put news about experimental treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in perspective. Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials in humans are discussed, along with the process of FDA approval. Families are advised to get as much information as possible (from a physician or the Alzheimer's Association), to take note of where the study is published and how reputable it may be, and to evaluate the possibilities of the new drug in terms of what they may mean for the family member with AD. •
Physician's Perspective on Drug Studies for Alzheimer's Disease Source: CAPSule. [Newsletter] 6(4): 1. 1990. Contact: Available from Children of Aging Parents. 2761 Trenton Road, Levittown, PA 19056. (215) 945-6900. Summary: This article identifies key points that may help patients and their families who are deciding about entering an Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug study. These points include the understanding that no drug yet being tested holds any promise of actually slowing down the physical progress of AD in the brain and that such drugs, rather, are limited to improving symptoms. In addition, while the brains of AD patients have been found to have a large number of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, science has not yet found the cause of AD. Caregivers of loved ones with AD are reminded that they are allowing their loved one to take advantage of a possible benefit of the treatment, and that others may be helped from the findings of AD drug studies.
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Drug Therapy for IBD During Pregnancy Source: Foundation Focus. p. 16-17. April 1997. Contact: Available from National Headquarters, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. 386 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 932-2423 or (212) 685-3440. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.ccfa.org. Summary: This article reviews recommendations for drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy. The authors note that the ability to get pregnant (fertility) is normal in women with ulcerative colitis (UC) and nearly normal in those with Crohn's disease. The main factor determining whether a pregnant woman with IBD will deliver a healthy baby is whether the disease is active or inactive. If the pregnant woman is experiencing a flareup of disease, she is at greater risk for miscarriage or premature delivery, and the baby is at greater risk for having a low birth weight. Emergency surgery for severe IBD during pregnancy is particularly dangerous for both the woman and the fetus. For these reasons, taking medications during pregnancy to maintain remission of IBD or to treat a flareup is recommended. Pregnant women with IBD can be safely treated with sulfasalazine and this drug can be safely continued throughout the pregnancy to maintain remission. Other drugs discussed include Asacol, Pentasa, Dipentum, and Rowasa, which all contain 5-ASA, the active ingredient in sulfasalazine; steroids; azathioprine (Imuran) and 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol); methotrexate; and antibiotics. The authors provide recommendations for the use of each of these drugs before and during pregnancy, and during breastfeeding. (AA-M).
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Prokinetic Drugs and Gastrointestinal Motility Source: Lifeline Letter. 16(2): 1-2. March/April 1995. Contact: Available from Oley Foundation, A-23, Hun Memorial, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208. (800) 776-OLEY or (518) 262-5079. Summary: This article, from a newsletter for people living with home parenteral and/or enteral nutrition, explains prokinetic drugs and gastrointestinal motility. The article provides information about the causes of motility disorders; symptoms; and the role of prokinetic drugs, including cisapride, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and bethanechol. The author cautions that sensory, psychological, and social factors (the 'brain-gut connection') may all influence the clinical response to prokinetic drug therapy. 1 figure. (AA-M).
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Hypertension Drugs: They Can Treat More Than High Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 17(11): 5. November 1999. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews the drugs used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). The author focuses on the additional benefits of these drugs. Not only do hypertension drugs help control elevated blood pressure, but some actually offer additional health benefits. These can include treating heart failure, diabetes, or symptoms resulting from an enlarged prostate. There are several types of hypertension drugs, and each type helps control elevated blood pressure in a different way. These include diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, and central acting agents (central adrenergic inhibitors). In choosing drug therapy to treat a specific patient's hypertension, the physician will consider age, overall health, other medications already being taken, and cost considerations. One table outlines the possible additional health benefits these drugs have beyond treating elevated blood pressure. 1 table.
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Groups in Conflict Over Effectiveness of Dementia Drug Source: Brown University Long-Term Care Letter. 3(4): 5. [Newsletter] February 25, 1991. Contact: Available from Brown University Long-Term Care Letter. Manisses Communications Group, Inc. P.O. Box 3357, Wayland Square, Providence, RI 02906. (401) 831-6020. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This newsletter article concerns the controversy over the use of the dementia drug Hydergine. The consumer advocacy group, Public Citizen, has asked the Food and Drug administration to remove the dementia drug Hydergine from the market because a Colorado research team found it to be ineffective. According to the article, Hydergine is the only U.S. drug approved for treating Alzheimer's disease and certain other dementias. Not all consumer groups agree with Public Citizen. The Alzheimer's Association believes the drug has some positive benefits, such as improved behavior and quality of life. The drug's manufacturer, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, has cited more than 50 studies indicating that Hydergine is effective. But Public Citizen says that these studies were conducted for too short a time or did not include a control group and that findings of the Colorado research suggest the drug may have negative effects. Public
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Citizen also believes that banning the drug would save long term care providers substantial amounts of money and staff time. •
TN's Jolting Symptoms and the Drugs That Help Source: TN Alert. p. 1, 6. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from Trigeminal Neuralgia Association. P.O. Box 340, Barnegat Light, NJ 08006. (609) 361-1014. Summary: This newsletter article describes the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and the drugs that may be helpful in its treatment. Topics covered include the typical symptoms of pain associated with TN; factors that may produce TN; diagnostic tests used to confirm the condition; drug therapy, including that with carbamazepine; drug side effects; and other pharmaceutical options, including phenytoin, baclofen, pimozide, capsaicin, and oxcarbazepine.
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Smart Drugs Source: Alzheimer's Association: Sharing the Caring. [Newsletter] 7: 7-9. December 1991. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association (Australia). P.O. Box 51, North Ryde, NSW 2113, AUSTRALIA. (02) 878-4466 or (02) 878-4430. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This newsletter article discusses ten so-called 'smart drugs' that have been promoted in the media as improving memory and possibly helping people with Alzheimer's disease. Most have not been shown to work and can cause dangerous side effects. The drugs reviewed are hydergine, vasopressin, dilantin, piracetam, tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA or Tacrine), L-Dopa, procaine hydrochloride, stimulants, growth hormone, and propranolol. The author states that except for THA, there is very little evidence that the drugs are helpful to people with Alzheimer's disease.
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Antirheumatic Drug Therapy During Pregnancy Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 46(2):2-4; April 1997. Contact: Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta GA 30309. (404) 8727100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Summary: This newsletter article for health professionals discusses the pharmacologic management of rheumatic disease in pregnant women. The effects of various drug therapies during pregnancy are examined, focusing on aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, sulfasalazine, gold salts, penicillamine, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine. The article concludes that, although drug therapy for pregnant women with active rheumatic disease is limited, low to moderate doses of corticosteroids are generally safe and effective. In addition, certain NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, and azathioprine may be used for severe or life-threatening disease. 11 references.
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Don't Mix Over-the-counter Drugs Source: Arthritis Observer. 48(3):1; Winter 1996. Contact: Arthritis Foundation, 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (404) 8727100. (404) 872-9559 (fax).
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Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with arthritis offers advice on the simultaneous use of prescription and nonprescription medications. If nonprescription medications are taken in conjunction with prescription drugs, they act additively to produce side effects. The most common side effects involve the stomach and range from mild heartburn to life-threatening bleeding ulcers. They also have an adverse effect on the kidneys and the central nervous system. Individuals may overmedicate themselves if they take a nonprescription form of their prescription medication. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are also affected by medications for other conditions. Therefore, individuals should not mix medications unless they know the consequences. •
Drugs in Development Source: Research and Practice. 5(3): 2-3. Fall 1997. Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900. (312) 335-8700. FAX: (312) 335-1110. Internet: www.alz.org. PRICE: Free. Summary: This newsletter article highlights the status of new treatments under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It discusses the types of drugs that currently are being studied and summarizes some of the initial findings about the effects of antioxidants such as vitamin E or selegiline, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and estrogen. It includes a chart summarizing current research into drugs that may improve the cognitive symptoms of AD. The chart includes the names of 22 drugs being studied and brief descriptions of the mechanisms of action, trial sponsors, and phase of development.
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Alzheimer's Disease and Drug Vulnerability Source: Brown University Long-Term Care Letter. 3(2): 4-5. [Newsletter] January 23, 1991. Contact: Available from Brown University Long-Term Care Letter. Manisses Communications Group, Inc. P.O. Box 3357, Wayland Square, Providence, RI 02906. (401) 831-6020. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This newsletter article identifies factors that can cause adverse drug reactions among Alzheimer's disease patients. Four major areas of possible adverse effects are described: side effects from anticholinergic agents such as antihistamines and tricyclic antidepressants; confusion as an occasional side effect of many common medications; increased vulnerability to Parkinsonism from antipsychotics and some other agents; and increased susceptibility to depression caused by some drugs and nutritional deficiencies. Since so many drugs may cause adverse effects in Alzheimer's disease patients, health professionals are advised to evaluate all drug treatments in terms of overall function and well-being.
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Drug Therapy of Chronic Pain Source: Lifeline: The Newsletter of the National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. p. 6-8,10-12. Fall 1998. Contact: Available from National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. P.O. Box 274, Millboro, VA 24460. (540) 862-9437. Fax (540) 862-9485. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals and people who have chronic pain with information on the main classes of drugs used to treat pain.
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Medications are usually taken orally in the form of a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid, but some may be delivered through creams, skin patches, inhalers, injections, spinal catheters, and rectal suppositories. The main drugs used to treat pain are the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and a group referred to as adjuvant analgesics. NSAID classes include salicylates, propionic acids, acetic acids, fenamates, and oxicams. Opioid analgesics have long been an accepted therapeutic modality in the treatment of acute and chronic pain; however, concerns about dosage increases and addiction have lead to controversy over their use. Evidence indicates that these concerns are unfounded, so opioids are appropriate for pain management. Morphine and fentanyl are two opioid formulations uniquely made for management of chronic pain. Adjuvant analgesics are a mixed class of medications that may be used to provide additive analgesic effect and to counteract the side effects of more traditional analgesics. Adjuvant analgesics include tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, stimulants such as caffeine and dextroamphetamine, steroids, phenothiazines, oral local anesthetics, sympatholytics, sumatriptan, and topical capsaicin. The article discusses the rationale for selecting particular drugs over others, their mechanism of action, and their common side effects. 3 tables and 17 references. •
Keep an Eye on These Drugs: Possible Aggravators of Psoriasis Source: Psoriasis Resource. 3(2): 11. July 2001. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have psoriasis with information on drugs that can worsen this condition. One such drug is lithium, which is used to treat manic depression and other psychiatric disorders and which aggravates psoriasis in about 50 percent of those who take it. However, several alternatives to lithium are available. Carbamazepine, which is sometimes prescribed for the same mood disorders as lithium, has no history of worsening psoriasis. Valproic acid is another anticonvulsant that has been used as an alternative to lithium. Other medications that can cause psoriasis to flare are antimalarials such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine; Inderal; quinidine; and indomethacin.
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FDA Approves Second Device to Deliver Drugs to Inner Ear Source: On the Level. 17(1): 1, 6. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. Summary: This newsletter article reports on the recent FDA approval of a device called MicroWick, which is used to aid drug delivery to the inner ear. The device may be useful in treating Meniere's disease, sudden viral deafness, and autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). MicroWick delivers medications such as dexamethasone or gentamicin to the inner ear via the round window, a membrane covered opening between the inner ear and middle ear. MicroWick is a 9mm by 1mm piece of polyvinyl acetate that is inserted into the ear by an ear surgeon during a simple office procedure. The outer end of the MicroWick protrudes slightly through a ventilation tube into the ear canal. Over the next couple of weeks, the patient drops a liquid medication prescribed by a neurotologist into the ear canal. The article includes 2 references for readers wishing additional information. 2 references.
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Drugs in the Management of Alzheimer's Victims Source: Alzheimer's Association, San Diego Chapter Newsletter. 6(3): 5. Fall 1988. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, San Diego Chapter. P.O. Box 23877, San Diego, CA 92193. (619) 541-1776. PRICE: Single copies free. Summary: This newsletter article, written by a physician for families of people with Alzheimer's disease, describes the use of drugs in the management of Alzheimer's patients. While no current treatment will stop the degenerative process or produce clinically important improvements in thinking and memory, drug treatment may calm agitation and help relieve some of the confusion caused by Alzheimer's disease. An appropriate drug might be an antipsychotic agent such as haloperidol or phenothiazine. The article emphasizes the importance of trying nondrug treatments first and of tailoring drug choices to the individual.
Associations and Drugs The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to drugs: •
Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry Telephone: (617) 726-7739 Toll-free: (888) 233-2334 Fax: (617) 724-1911 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org Background: The Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry is a national not-for-profit research organization that was established to study the safety of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy. This organization was established at the Massachusetts General Hospital with funds provided by six manufacturers of antiepileptic drugs. The Registry seeks to determine whether the frequency of birth defects is increased among infants exposed to any AEDs during pregnancy. The Registry works toward this goal through collecting and analyzing data from women in the United States and Canada during pregnancy and post delivery. The Registry hopes to enroll women during pregnancy and before any prenatal testing in order to avoid any selection bias. The Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry supplies fact sheets, flyers, general information about the potential affects of antiepileptic drugs, and slides for presentations. In addition, the Registry is working to provide assistance to Spanish speaking individuals. Pregnant women with epilepsy and their health care providers may call a toll-free number (888) 233-2334 for enrollment information.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to drugs. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with drugs.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about drugs. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “drugs” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “drugs”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “drugs” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “drugs” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on drugs: •
Basic Guidelines for Drugs Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Drug abuse and dependence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001522.htm Drug abuse first aid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000016.htm Drug allergies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000819.htm Drug signs and teenagers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001975.htm Drug-induced cholestasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000218.htm
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Drug-induced diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000293.htm Drug-induced hepatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000226.htm Drug-induced hypertension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000155.htm Drug-induced hypothyroidism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000306.htm Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000578.htm Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000555.htm Drug-induced lupus erythematosus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000446.htm Drug-induced nonimmune thrombocytopenia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000556.htm Drug-induced pulmonary disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000104.htm Drug-induced tremor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000765.htm Drugs that may cause impotence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004024.htm •
Signs & Symptoms for Drugs Abdominal cramping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm
Online Glossaries 487
Ataxia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Behavior changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003255.htm Bloodshot eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Bloody sputum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Blueness of the skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Bluish lips and fingernails Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Breath sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Brittle fingernails Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003247.htm Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Changes in behavior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003255.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Clammy skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003216.htm Cold intolerance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003095.htm Cold sweat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003216.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm
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Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Dark urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Decreased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003050.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Double vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Enlarged liver Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Enlarged spleen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm Excessive perspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Excitement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm
Online Glossaries 489
Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Flushing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm Frightening hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm Hoarseness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Hyperactivity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003256.htm Impaired memory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Lack of coordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Lightheadedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm
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Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Loss of consciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Loss of coordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Loss of vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Memory loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle rigidity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Pale skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Paleness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Palpitations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm
Online Glossaries 491
Puffy face Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003105.htm Rapid breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Rapid heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Rapid pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Respiratory arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sensitivity to light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003041.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sleep disturbances Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Sleepiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Slurred speech Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Staggering Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm
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Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Tachypnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tiredness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Unsteady gait Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Vomit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Weight gain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm Yellow skin color Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Drugs Angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003327.htm Anti-DNA test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Antinuclear antibody (ANA) panel Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm
Online Glossaries 493
Anti-SM test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Attention span Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003326.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Cocaine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm Direct Coombs' test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003344.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Hemoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003645.htm Heroin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm Hydromorphone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm Indirect bilirubin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003479.htm Indirect Coombs' test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003343.htm Lupus erythematosus cell test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003635.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm
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Phencyclidine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm Platelets Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm Prolactin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003718.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm RBC (nuclear) scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003835.htm Red blood cell count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm Reticulocyte count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003637.htm Serum haptoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003634.htm Serum sodium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003481.htm Serum TSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm T3 resin uptake Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm T4 test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003517.htm Tests for SLE Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003635.htm THC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •
Nutrition for Drugs Caffeine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Cholesterol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002472.htm
Online Glossaries 495
Coffee Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm High-fiber Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002470.htm •
Background Topics for Drugs Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcoholism - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002199.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Allergy-causing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Analgesic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Bile Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002237.htm Biliary tract Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002240.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Cannabis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm
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Chemical dependence - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002169.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Convulsion, first aid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000021.htm Deodorants Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002696.htm Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Drug abuse first aid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000016.htm Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Gasoline Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002806.htm Hallucinogens Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Heart disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htm Hypersensitivity reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Illicit drug use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Immune response Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm INCIDENCE Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm
Online Glossaries 497
Labored breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm LSD Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Marijuana Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Metabolite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002258.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Self-help groups Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Stimulants Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002308.htm Stimuli Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002309.htm Support groups Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm Typewriter correction fluid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002909.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Vital signs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002341.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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DRUGS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-phosphate: A drug that halts cell suicide in human white blood cells. [NIH] Abacavir: A nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTIs) developed by Glaxo Wellcome. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity
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associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25. [NIH]
Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA
Dictionary 501
and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (antidepressive agents, tricyclic) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH]
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Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH]
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Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and
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many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Aminosalicylic Acids: A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH]
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Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anchorage: In dentistry, points of retention of fillings and artificial restorations and appliances. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels
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from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiangiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]
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Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimetastatic: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also
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neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antituberculosis: Refers to a drug used to treat tuberculosis. [NIH] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aorta, Thoracic: The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the diaphragm. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to
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which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artificial Pancreas: A large machine used in hospitals that constantly measures glucose (sugar) in the blood and, in response, releases the right amount of insulin. Scientists are also working to develop a small unit that could be implanted in the body, functioning like a real pancreas. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs
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to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiometry: The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds, and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds. [NIH] Audition: The sense of hearing. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH]
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Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits
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the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bankruptcy: The state of legal insolvency with assets taken over by judicial process so that they may be distributed among creditors. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders.
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Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH]
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Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]
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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of bacteremia, viremia, and fungemia where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Regeneration: Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes bony callus formed after bone fracture but not yet replaced by hard bone. [NIH] Bony Callus: The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during normal healing. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH]
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Bradykinesia: Abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. [EU] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Bulking Agents: Laxatives that make bowel movements soft and easy to pass. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH]
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Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;
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called also vas capillare. [EU] Capping: A 7-methyl guanosine cap attached to the 5'-end of eucaryotic mRNAs by a phosphodiester linkage. The cap is believed to increase the stability of the message, since most nucleases require a 5'-3'or 3'-5'bond in order to cleave the RNA. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Glycosides: Substances obtained from species of Digitalis, Strophanthus, and other plants that contain specific steroid glycosides or their semisynthetic derivatives and used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotoxic: Having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH]
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Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Bones: The eight bones of the wrist: capitate bone, hamate bone, lunate bone (semilunar bone), pisiform bone, scaphoid bone, trapezium bone, trapezoid bone and triquetral bone. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or
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negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a
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gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemosensitivity assay: A laboratory test to analyze the responsiveness of a tumor to a specific drug. [NIH]
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Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Welfare: Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinergic Agents: Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that
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affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of muscarinic agonists, although most modern texts discourage that usage. [NIH] Cholinergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors. [NIH] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina.
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It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor
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subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen,
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which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the
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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in
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body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumer Advocacy: The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or
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clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Crack Cocaine: The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (freebased), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criminology: The study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime. [NIH]
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Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cystectomy: Used for excision of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Cytidine: A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the fivecarbon sugar D-ribose. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they
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produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]
Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called
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also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Waste: Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. [NIH] Deoxyribonuclease I: An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide endproducts. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA. EC 3.1.21.1 (formerly EC 3.1.4.5). [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Designer Drugs: Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by
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modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of
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phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilantin: A drug that is often used to control seizures. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimesna: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a
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molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]
Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dopamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH]
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Dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. [NIH] Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from combination drug therapy in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Industry: That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use
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elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) drug labeling is also available. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Drug Utilization: The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenitis: An irritation of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures
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that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]
Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae
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infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]
Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU]
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Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi
Dictionary 541
and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracelluar fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
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distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Evaluable patients: Patients whose response to a treatment can be measured because enough information has been collected. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular
Dictionary 543
proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fast Neutrons: Neutrons, the energy of which exceeds some arbitrary level, usually around one million electron volts. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH]
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Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Flunitrazepam: Benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug. Steps are being taken to reclassify this substance as a Schedule 1 drug with no accepted medical use. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluphenazine: A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH]
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Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Formularies: Lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from pharmacopoeias in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
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Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: GIST. A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gleason: Numerical value ranging from 1 to 5 used to indicate the degree of differentiation of the prostate cancer cells. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH]
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Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose Oxidase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH]
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Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
GP41: 41-kD HIV transmembrane envelope glycoprotein which mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the membrane of the target cell. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]
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Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]
Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU]
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Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Harmaline: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. A CNS stimulant acting as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH]
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Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematopoietic growth factors: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is
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usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Hirudin: The active principle in the buccal gland secretion of leeches. It acts as an antithrombin and as an antithrombotic agent. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH]
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Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH]
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Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxybenzoic Acids: Benzoic acid substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH]
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Hypolipidemic: A drug that lowers abnormally high plasma concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides or both. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiosyncrasy: An abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual. [EU] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or
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immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impotent: Unable to have an erection adequate for sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH]
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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous
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energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Inservice Training: On the job training programs for personnel carried out within an institution or agency. It includes orientation programs. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are
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distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-3: A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. Also called multi-CSF, it is considered one of the hematopoietic colony stimulating factors. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU]
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Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
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Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom
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replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lassitude: Weakness; exhaustion. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmania: A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocyte Count: A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils,
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and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an
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electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH]
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Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lunate: A curved sulcus of the lateral surface which forms the anterior limit of the visual cortex. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of
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plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve
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or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melibiose: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH]
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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Competency: The ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the individual is engaged. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Mercaptopurine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate,
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necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Micromanipulators: A high precision instrument used in microinjection or chromosome dissection activities. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH]
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Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of
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a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH]
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Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscarinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]
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Needle Sharing: Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease. [NIH] Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH]
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Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins,
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endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a
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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in
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both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum;
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lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
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[NIH]
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than curare but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release. [NIH] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papovaviridae: A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses affecting mostly mammals. Most members can induce tumors in hosts. There are two genera: Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH]
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Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH]
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Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. [NIH] Pericytes: Smooth muscle cell that wraps around normal blood vessels. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow
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recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with
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their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacopoeias: Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from formularies in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions. [NIH] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of dextroamphetamine. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch.
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Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Photosensitization: The development of abnormally heightened reactivity of the skin to sunlight. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth
Dictionary 587
day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic
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weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyomavirus: A genus of the family papovaviridae consisting of potentially oncogenic viruses normally present in the host as a latent infection. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH]
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Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral
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fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Presbyopia: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]
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Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prokinetic Drugs: Medicines that cause muscles in the GI tract to move food. An example is cisapride (SIS-uh-pryd) (Propulsid). [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propionic Acids: 3-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the
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configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostitution: The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein
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C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH]
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Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of
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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Pyrazinamide: A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the
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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH]
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Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a
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specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH]
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Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoblastoma Protein: Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein. [NIH]
Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH]
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Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Round Window: Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH]
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Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scaphoid Bone: The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of carpal bones. [NIH]
Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary
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cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selection Bias: The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample. [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [NIH] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semilunar Bone: A carpal bone which is located between the scaphoid and triquelateral bones. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senile Plaques: Spherical masses consisting of amyloid fibrils and neuronal processes. [NIH]
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Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors: Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. These agents have been used in treatment of depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and alcoholism, as analgesics, and to treat obesity and bulimia. Many of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit serotonin uptake; they are not included here. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins
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have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Sibutramine: A drug used for the management of obesity that helps reduce food intake and is indicated for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss when used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet. It works to suppress the appetite primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, constipation, insomnia, and a slight increase in average blood pressure. In some patients it causes a higher blood pressure increase. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]
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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]
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Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somnolence: Sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]
Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU]
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Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squalene Synthetase: Catalyzes the rearrangement and reduction of the cyclopropane compound, presqualene pyrophosphate to form squalene, with NADPH as the coenzyme. [NIH]
Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stapedius: The stapedius muscle arises from the wall of the middle ear and is inserted into the neck of the stapes. Its action is to pull the head of the stapes backward. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH]
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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Street Drugs: Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity. [NIH]
Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subculture: A culture derived from another culture or the aseptic division and transfer of a
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culture or a portion of that culture (inoculum) to fresh nutrient medium. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH]
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Sympatholytics: Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the adrenergic antagonists and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals. Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists) are included here. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synthetic retinoid: A substance related to vitamin A that is produced in a laboratory. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taxanes: Anticancer drugs that inhibit cancer cell growth by stopping cell division. Also called antimitotic or antimicrotubule agents or mitotic inhibitors. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testimonials: Information provided by individuals who claim to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature. [NIH]
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Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth
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Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Time Perception: The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by
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other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to
Dictionary 615
the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triacetyluridine: A substance that is being studied for its ability to protect against the gastrointestinal side effects caused by fluorouracil. It is a precursor of uridine, which is a
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component of RNA. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities.
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[NIH]
Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract.
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[NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Utilization Review: An organized procedure carried out through committees to review admissions, duration of stay, professional services furnished, and to evaluate the medical necessity of those services and promote their most efficient use. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in
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nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic)
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nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
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Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
623
INDEX 1 1-phosphate, 135, 499 A Abacavir, 23, 307, 308, 499 Abdomen, 499, 515, 540, 560, 565, 581, 582, 584, 606, 608, 613 Abdominal, 136, 354, 447, 486, 499, 513, 533, 537, 562, 581, 584, 617 Abdominal Pain, 447, 499, 617 Ablate, 28, 341, 499, 538 Ablation, 119, 341, 354, 384, 499 Abortion, 181, 499, 555 Acatalasia, 499, 519 Acceptor, 499, 565, 580, 615 Accommodation, 367, 499, 590 ACE, 31, 141, 473, 499 Acetaminophen, 63, 224, 231, 403, 404, 499 Acetic Acids, 476, 499 Acetone, 349, 499, 562 Acetylcholine, 499, 522, 523, 576, 577 Acidity, 60, 125, 190, 499 Acne, 162, 470, 499, 530 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 318, 392, 395, 398, 401, 413, 435, 449, 451, 459, 499 Actin, 52, 500, 573, 574, 576 Acuity, 500, 510 Acute leukemia, 320, 324, 500 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 329, 500 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 361, 500 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 500 Acute myeloid leukemia, 53, 500 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 500 Acute renal, 349, 500, 552 Acyclovir, 70, 224, 433, 500, 546 Acyl, 13, 64, 500, 541 Acylation, 14, 500 Adaptability, 500, 520 Adaptation, 43, 59, 500, 522, 559, 573, 587 Adenine, 70, 126, 500, 595 Adenocarcinoma, 315, 500, 553, 577 Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, 22, 500 Adenosine, 57, 70, 224, 368, 369, 373, 500, 504, 517, 556, 586, 612 Adenovirus, 346, 501, 599 Adenylate Cyclase, 368, 369, 501 Adipose Tissue, 338, 501 Adjustment, 328, 499, 500, 501
Adjuvant, 476, 501, 546 Adolescence, 122, 501, 582 Adrenal Cortex, 501, 503, 529, 541, 554, 590, 598 Adrenal Glands, 501, 504 Adrenal Medulla, 501, 519, 540, 577 Adrenaline, 338, 501 Adrenergic, 226, 233, 373, 473, 501, 508, 535, 540, 570, 585, 591, 595, 603, 610, 617 Adrenergic Agonists, 501, 610 Adrenergic Antagonists, 501, 610 Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, 501, 603 Adsorptive, 13, 501 Adverse Effect, 23, 32, 63, 68, 86, 378, 437, 475, 501, 525, 537, 586, 598, 604, 620 Aerobic, 501, 571, 580 Aerobic Metabolism, 501, 580 Aerobic Respiration, 501, 580 Aerosol, 502, 620 Afferent, 502, 590 Affinity, 56, 58, 67, 343, 381, 502, 510, 525, 533, 566, 605 Agar, 502, 526, 587 Age of Onset, 502, 617 Aggressiveness, 326, 502 Agoraphobia, 502, 556, 581 Akathisia, 502, 508 Alanine, 59, 225, 502 Albumin, 502, 511, 610 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 502, 535 Aldehydes, 502, 621 Aldosterone, 348, 503 Alertness, 54, 503, 517 Alginates, 365, 503 Algorithms, 503, 514 Alimentary, 76, 360, 503, 540, 582 Alkaline, 503, 504, 517, 580, 585 Alkaloid, 503, 510, 516, 518, 525, 551, 572, 577, 581, 595, 598, 601, 612 Alleles, 18, 503 Allergen, 151, 503, 532, 603 Allogeneic, 503, 584 Alloys, 503, 581 Allylamine, 503 Alopecia, 162, 503, 530 Alpha Particles, 503, 596 Alprostadil, 344, 503 Alternative medicine, 23, 469, 503
624
Drugs
Alveoli, 503, 619 Ameliorating, 382, 503 Amifostine, 302, 303, 308, 503 Amine, 20, 27, 370, 503, 553 Amino Acid Sequence, 347, 379, 504, 506, 547, 591 Aminophylline, 292, 504 Aminosalicylic Acids, 135, 504 Amiodarone, 227, 404, 504 Ammonia, 382, 503, 504, 609, 617 Amnesia, 28, 504 Amnestic, 504, 571 Amphetamine, 17, 26, 43, 45, 51, 55, 66, 67, 95, 106, 366, 442, 504, 533 Ampulla, 504, 522, 539 Amygdala, 50, 504, 512, 564, 612 Amyl Nitrite, 451, 504 Amyloid, 10, 33, 84, 504, 602 Amyloidosis, 163, 302, 303, 504 Anabolic, 99, 408, 442, 505, 534 Anabolic Steroids, 408, 442, 505 Anaerobic, 325, 505, 573 Anaesthesia, 79, 156, 505, 558 Anal, 9, 309, 310, 397, 505, 544, 545, 585 Analgesic, 57, 357, 363, 377, 380, 403, 476, 495, 499, 505, 516, 525, 533, 539, 556, 564, 569, 572, 574, 579, 595, 609 Analog, 27, 44, 328, 357, 499, 500, 505, 533, 544, 546, 562, 607 Analogous, 19, 20, 505, 536, 588, 615 Analytes, 335, 336, 505 Anaphylatoxins, 505, 527 Anatomical, 27, 54, 341, 505, 510, 522, 528, 557, 570, 601 Anchorage, 334, 364, 505 Androgenic, 99, 505 Androgens, 501, 505, 529 Anemia, 163, 174, 318, 450, 486, 505, 516, 545, 552, 566, 621 Anesthesia, 28, 83, 87, 159, 505, 530, 539, 562, 571, 590 Anesthetics, 55, 113, 255, 402, 476, 505, 512, 541 Angina, 163, 505, 506, 577, 583, 591 Angina Pectoris, 505, 591 Angiogenesis, 44, 363, 505, 506, 567 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 45, 506 Angioplasty, 92, 332, 363, 365, 506 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 4, 79, 506 Animal model, 16, 43, 47, 56, 57, 60, 68, 366, 367, 376, 506
Anions, 348, 502, 506, 561 Anode, 506 Antagonism, 506, 517, 525, 612 Anterior chamber, 351, 506, 561 Anthelmintic, 506, 595 Anthracycline, 319, 324, 506, 531 Anthrax, 456, 506 Antianginal, 504, 506 Antiangiogenesis, 53, 506 Antiarrhythmic, 56, 80, 133, 504, 506 Antibacterial, 57, 59, 92, 135, 160, 506, 534, 548, 561, 606 Antibodies, 9, 33, 49, 336, 379, 386, 495, 506, 510, 551, 554, 557, 566, 572, 587, 596 Anticholinergic, 4, 38, 61, 475, 507, 586 Anticoagulant, 507, 592 Anticonvulsant, 76, 85, 123, 304, 476, 507, 518, 569, 585 Antidepressant, 10, 16, 56, 82, 109, 122, 160, 311, 317, 507, 556 Antidote, 507, 544, 563, 605 Antiemetic, 507, 508, 522, 570 Antiepileptic, 62, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 91, 95, 134, 305, 306, 477, 507 Antifungal, 42, 57, 68, 229, 431, 437, 507, 544, 562 Antifungal Agents, 229, 437, 507 Antigen, 33, 329, 343, 346, 384, 502, 506, 507, 526, 553, 554, 555, 557, 558, 568, 570, 599, 603 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 507, 526 Antihistamine, 431, 507 Antihypertensive, 57, 77, 507, 554, 570, 598 Anti-infective, 229, 431, 507, 554, 561 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 344, 507, 510, 520, 529 Antimetabolite, 500, 507, 544, 569, 600 Antimetastatic, 32, 507 Antimicrobial, 82, 330, 331, 345, 507, 524, 536, 574 Antineoplastic Agents, 36, 361, 507, 584, 620 Antioxidant, 54, 135, 507 Antiproliferative, 159, 507 Antipsychotic, 10, 19, 22, 31, 49, 55, 99, 117, 471, 477, 507, 508, 522, 524, 565, 576, 598, 600 Antipsychotic Agents, 49, 471, 508 Antipyretic, 403, 499, 508, 533, 574, 595 Antiseptic, 57, 499, 508, 519 Antispasmodic, 508, 579, 601
Index 625
Antithrombotic, 99, 508, 553, 592 Antituberculosis, 229, 397, 508 Antitussive, 508, 533, 579 Antiviral, 58, 70, 73, 92, 229, 330, 331, 404, 431, 433, 437, 460, 500, 508, 559, 575, 600 Antiviral Agents, 58, 437, 508 Anus, 505, 508, 515, 526, 597 Anxiety, 67, 163, 335, 345, 486, 502, 508, 581, 590, 591 Anxiety Disorders, 508, 581 Anxiolytic, 34, 85, 508, 571 Aorta, 354, 508, 619 Aorta, Thoracic, 354, 508 Apathy, 508, 576 Apnea, 181, 452, 508 Apolipoproteins, 508, 565 Apoptosis, 30, 32, 33, 39, 52, 81, 326, 509, 519 Appetitive Behavior, 17, 509 Applicability, 21, 30, 509 Aqueous, 74, 337, 351, 384, 509, 512, 524, 531, 538, 554, 563, 565 Aqueous humor, 351, 509, 524 Arachidonic Acid, 119, 378, 509, 564, 591 Arginine, 230, 344, 505, 509, 577 Aromatic, 70, 134, 357, 509, 518, 549, 585 Arrhythmia, 49, 56, 165, 471, 506, 509 Arterial, 332, 345, 503, 509, 518, 522, 555, 577, 593, 611 Arteries, 345, 353, 508, 509, 514, 515, 528, 561, 565, 570, 573, 613 Arterioles, 509, 515, 517, 618 Arteriosclerosis, 509, 555 Arteritis, 161, 509 Artery, 64, 79, 92, 328, 332, 353, 506, 509, 529, 539, 561, 594, 601 Articular, 509, 562, 580 Artificial Pancreas, 336, 509 Aseptic, 93, 509, 607, 608 Aspartate, 67, 108, 336, 509, 533, 562, 585 Aspirin, 4, 32, 73, 89, 224, 231, 344, 380, 474, 509 Assay, 29, 39, 42, 125, 326, 370, 372, 379, 510, 556 Astringent, 510, 519 Astrocytes, 36, 510, 560, 570, 572 Astrocytoma, 510, 547, 548 Ataxia, 62, 487, 510, 521, 612 Atrial, 56, 92, 452, 504, 510 Atrial Fibrillation, 56, 92, 510 Atrium, 510, 619 Atrophy, 510, 575
Atropine, 61, 231, 510, 512, 601 Attenuation, 333, 510 Atypical, 10, 19, 22, 31, 55, 338, 510, 524, 600 Audiometry, 78, 510 Audition, 38, 510 Auditory, 354, 364, 510, 551, 590 Autacoids, 510, 558 Autoantibodies, 375, 510, 511 Autoantigens, 510, 511 Autoimmune disease, 344, 375, 511, 573 Autologous, 372, 511, 584 Autonomic, 101, 499, 503, 508, 511, 512, 529, 578, 583, 609 Autonomic Nervous System, 511, 512, 529, 583, 609 Autoradiography, 21, 511 Avidin, 39, 511 Axons, 114, 511, 579, 590, 595, 599 B Babesiosis, 511, 595 Bacillus, 404, 506, 511 Baclofen, 12, 17, 232, 474, 511 Bacteremia, 348, 511, 515 Bacterial Infections, 60, 392, 511, 520 Bacterial Physiology, 500, 511 Bacterial toxin, 329, 511 Bactericidal, 348, 511, 542 Bacteriophage, 511, 587, 615 Bacteriostatic, 511, 541 Bacterium, 348, 512, 552 Bankruptcy, 434, 512 Barbiturate, 512, 612 Basal Ganglia, 34, 508, 510, 512, 523, 547, 564, 578 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 510, 512, 523 Base, 355, 380, 500, 512, 530, 531, 532, 542, 547, 562, 584, 585, 595, 611 Basement Membrane, 512, 542, 562 Basophils, 512, 550, 563, 587 Belladonna, 510, 512 Benign, 20, 45, 84, 164, 512, 546, 551, 575, 581, 596 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 84, 512 Benzene, 512, 555 Benzodiazepines, 34, 48, 233, 451, 476, 512, 544 Beta blocker, 79, 473, 512 Beta-pleated, 504, 512 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 512, 560 Bethanechol, 473, 513 Bezoar, 210, 513
626
Drugs
Bile, 23, 62, 234, 346, 348, 381, 495, 513, 522, 540, 546, 548, 561, 565, 608 Bile Acids, 348, 513, 608 Bile Acids and Salts, 513 Bile duct, 381, 513, 522 Bile Pigments, 513, 561 Biliary, 62, 102, 402, 404, 495, 513, 522 Bilirubin, 493, 502, 513, 548, 555 Binding Sites, 33, 39, 48, 82, 127, 381, 513 Bioassays, 53, 513 Bioavailability, 13, 25, 47, 52, 59, 77, 122, 160, 332, 349, 383, 513, 558 Biochemical, 18, 36, 54, 61, 69, 78, 79, 159, 358, 369, 503, 507, 513, 549, 563, 580, 584, 603 Bioengineering, 13, 426, 513 Biological response modifier, 513, 559 Biological therapy, 513, 550 Bioluminescence, 513, 566 Biomarkers, 59, 513 Biomechanics, 52, 514 Biopsy, 327, 514 Biotechnology, 69, 75, 359, 386, 427, 469, 514 Biotin, 39, 141, 148, 511, 514 Biotransformation, 15, 514, 585 Bipolar Disorder, 85, 164, 335, 514 Bivalent, 363, 377, 514 Blast phase, 514, 523 Blastocyst, 514, 527, 580, 587, 616 Bleomycin, 361, 514 Blood Cell Count, 494, 514, 552 Blood Coagulation, 514, 517, 613 Blood Glucose, 336, 514, 552, 555, 559 Blood Platelets, 126, 514, 603, 613 Blood pressure, 74, 77, 132, 358, 465, 473, 489, 490, 493, 507, 514, 518, 519, 521, 555, 556, 572, 584, 604, 605 Blood-Borne Pathogens, 7, 396, 430, 515 Blood-Brain Barrier, 15, 27, 36, 41, 311, 515, 564, 586, 611 Body Fluids, 336, 384, 513, 515, 516, 537, 605, 616 Bolus, 22, 515 Bolus infusion, 515 Bolus injection, 22, 515 Bone Conduction, 510, 515 Bone Marrow, 38, 134, 165, 372, 500, 512, 514, 515, 523, 526, 530, 547, 550, 552, 556, 566, 568, 583, 606, 607, 608, 612, 621 Bone Regeneration, 342, 515 Bony Callus, 515
Boron, 56, 141, 515 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 515 Bowel, 132, 158, 173, 174, 344, 505, 515, 516, 528, 534, 540, 558, 560, 563, 584, 608, 617 Bowel Movement, 515, 516, 528, 534, 608 Brachial, 515, 567 Brachial Plexus, 515, 567 Brachytherapy, 515, 560, 596 Bradykinesia, 23, 516 Bradykinin, 516, 577 Brain Stem, 516, 576 Branch, 11, 483, 516, 530, 538, 566, 582, 585, 594, 606, 612 Breakdown, 516, 534, 546, 579 Bronchi, 516, 540, 542, 612, 614 Bronchial, 504, 513, 516, 553, 612 Bronchial Spasm, 513, 516 Bronchoconstriction, 516, 587 Buccal, 24, 516, 553, 555, 566 Buffers, 516, 606 Bulimia, 165, 408, 516, 603 Bulking Agents, 354, 516 Bupivacaine, 516, 564 Buprenorphine, 20, 516 Burns, 165, 404, 516 Burns, Electric, 516 Butyric Acid, 34, 516 Bypass, 403, 516 C Cadmium, 71, 516 Cadmium Poisoning, 516 Caffeine, 27, 35, 57, 237, 476, 494, 517, 595 Calcineurin, 343, 366, 517 Calcium, 36, 79, 130, 142, 342, 343, 404, 418, 473, 517, 526, 563, 567, 581, 601, 604 Calcium channel blocker, 79, 404, 473, 517 Calcium Channel Blockers, 79, 404, 473, 517 Calcium Channels, 342, 517, 581 Calmodulin, 343, 517 Cannabidiol, 517 Cannabinoids, 35, 517 Cannabinol, 517 Cannabis, 203, 408, 495, 517, 612 Capillary, 15, 25, 36, 165, 516, 517, 600, 619 Capping, 434, 518 Capsaicin, 238, 239, 474, 476, 518 Capsules, 37, 518, 535, 540, 546 Captopril, 77, 238, 518 Carbamazepine, 25, 238, 306, 474, 476, 518
Index 627
Carbohydrate, 334, 518, 529, 548, 549, 589, 603 Carbon Dioxide, 518, 531, 544, 546, 586, 598, 619 Carboplatin, 311, 518 Carboxy, 518 Carboxylic Acids, 14, 60, 518 Carcinogen, 518, 541, 568, 613 Carcinogenic, 24, 63, 512, 518, 558, 577, 579, 591, 605, 608, 616 Carcinoma, 313, 314, 518, 530, 577, 607 Cardiac Glycosides, 239, 348, 518 Cardiomyopathy, 65, 166, 518 Cardiopulmonary, 26, 518 Cardiorespiratory, 518, 571 Cardioselective, 518, 591 Cardiotoxic, 49, 518 Cardiotoxicity, 49, 518 Cardiovascular disease, 69, 91, 328, 345, 362, 519 Cardiovascular System, 341, 353, 519, 529 Cardioversion, 452, 519 Carnitine, 140, 142, 145, 519 Carotene, 138, 232, 233, 294, 519, 599 Carpal Bones, 374, 519, 601 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 166, 374, 519 Case report, 92, 134, 519 Case-Control Studies, 24, 519 Caspase, 326, 519 Catalase, 33, 499, 519 Catechol, 7, 336, 370, 519 Catecholamine, 519, 533, 535, 585 Catheter, 327, 331, 332, 341, 353, 354, 359, 403, 519, 539, 561 Catheterization, 29, 506, 519, 561 Cathode, 506, 519 Cations, 365, 519, 561 Caudal, 520, 534, 578, 589 Caudate Nucleus, 512, 520, 578 Causal, 99, 107, 407, 471, 520, 612 Cause of Death, 329, 520 Cecum, 520, 563 Celecoxib, 84, 240, 304, 520 Cell Death, 39, 324, 326, 375, 386, 509, 520, 542 Cell Differentiation, 343, 375, 520, 604 Cell Division, 511, 520, 530, 542, 550, 568, 569, 571, 587, 591, 611 Cell membrane, 37, 52, 324, 379, 517, 520, 532, 538, 542, 546, 586 Cell proliferation, 39, 365, 509, 520, 560, 599, 604
Cell Respiration, 501, 520, 571, 580, 598 Cell Survival, 520, 550 Cell Transplantation, 302, 520 Cellulose, 520, 587 Central Nervous System Infections, 520, 551 Centrifugation, 520, 552, 570, 610 Cerebellar, 510, 521, 597, 615 Cerebellar Diseases, 510, 521, 615 Cerebral Cortex, 510, 521, 542, 544, 575, 595 Cerebral hemispheres, 512, 516, 521, 547, 611 Cerebrospinal, 521, 523, 604 Cerebrospinal fluid, 521, 523, 604 Cerebrovascular, 328, 512, 517, 519, 521, 612 Cerebrum, 521, 611 Cervical, 166, 515, 521, 567 Character, 505, 521, 531 Checkup, 454, 521 Check-up, 398, 521 Chelating Agents, 344, 521 Chemoprevention, 86, 127, 521 Chemopreventive, 521, 543 Chemoprotective, 303, 308, 311, 315, 318, 320, 521, 534 Chemoreceptor, 508, 521 Chemosensitivity assay, 60, 521 Chemotactic Factors, 522, 527 Chemotherapeutic agent, 17, 326, 330, 384, 402, 522 Chest Pain, 447, 522 Child Care, 391, 416, 522 Child Welfare, 119, 389, 400, 452, 522 Chimeras, 58, 522 Chin, 156, 157, 158, 382, 522, 569 Chlorine, 339, 522 Chlorophyll, 241, 521, 522 Chloroquine, 316, 476, 522, 595 Chlorpromazine, 43, 405, 522, 544 Cholangitis, 405, 522 Cholestasis, 403, 405, 485, 522 Cholesterol Esters, 522, 565 Choline, 27, 145, 522 Cholinergic, 4, 9, 10, 21, 32, 130, 406, 508, 522, 523, 573, 577 Cholinergic Agents, 10, 522 Cholinergic Agonists, 406, 523 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 523, 535 Chondroitin sulfate, 344, 523 Chorea, 369, 508, 523
628
Drugs
Choroid, 348, 523, 599 Choroid Plexus, 348, 523 Chromatin, 509, 523, 540, 577 Chromosomal, 523, 587, 601 Chromosome, 523, 551, 564, 570, 601, 615 Chronic Disease, 91, 523, 525 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 523 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 514, 523 Chronic phase, 65, 523 Chronic renal, 523, 545 Chylomicrons, 523, 565 Ciliary, 509, 523, 524, 603 Ciliary Body, 523, 524, 603 Ciliary processes, 509, 524 Cimetidine, 241, 405, 524 Cinchona, 524, 595 Ciprofloxacin, 114, 242, 405, 524 Circadian, 157, 524 Circulatory system, 336, 524, 539, 581 Cirrhosis, 92, 166, 174, 377, 382, 403, 524 CIS, 335, 524, 599 Cisplatin, 17, 143, 308, 318, 524 Clamp, 49, 369, 524 Cleave, 355, 518, 524 Clinical Medicine, 338, 392, 524, 589 Clone, 15, 65, 377, 524 Clonic, 524, 569 Cloning, 15, 348, 514, 524, 559 Clozapine, 22, 31, 55, 242, 524 Coagulation, 349, 514, 525, 552, 613 Coca, 525 Cochlea, 52, 403, 525, 558, 600 Cochlear, 52, 525, 614, 619 Cochlear Diseases, 525, 614 Cod Liver Oil, 525, 538 Codeine, 243, 250, 279, 280, 289, 295, 525, 533, 579 Coenzyme, 64, 243, 244, 433, 525, 607 Cognition, 6, 38, 305, 363, 405, 525, 576 Colchicine, 243, 525, 616 Colitis, 182, 472, 525 Collagen, 39, 344, 504, 512, 525, 543, 544, 546, 554, 567, 587, 591 Collagen disease, 525, 554 Colon, 22, 24, 110, 167, 174, 181, 186, 359, 384, 404, 500, 525, 526, 558, 563, 617 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 349, 526 Colorectal, 22, 80, 167, 313, 360, 526 Colorectal Cancer, 22, 80, 167, 313, 360, 526 Combination chemotherapy, 311, 320, 526 Combination Therapy, 307, 374, 451, 526
Combinatorial, 33, 359, 526 Communicable disease, 526, 617 Communication Disorders, 321, 407, 408, 426, 526 Communis, 264, 526 Comorbidity, 8, 526 Complement, 20, 21, 41, 109, 347, 435, 471, 505, 526, 527, 547, 603 Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 155, 156, 299, 403, 527 Complementary medicine, 156, 527 Complementation, 65, 355, 527 Complete remission, 335, 527, 598 Complete response, 527 Compliance, 40, 100, 119, 337, 527 Compress, 332, 527 Compulsive Behavior, 527, 603 Computational Biology, 427, 527 Conception, 64, 394, 499, 527, 528, 543, 607 Concomitant, 77, 155, 348, 527 Condoms, 3, 8, 11, 397, 415, 527 Conduction, 85, 113, 510, 527 Cone, 527, 586, 609 Congenita, 527, 595 Congestion, 181, 490, 508, 527, 541 Congestive heart failure, 471, 518, 527 Conjugated, 44, 244, 330, 348, 513, 528, 530 Conjunctiva, 528, 558, 586, 616 Connective Tissue, 515, 525, 528, 532, 544, 546, 569, 593, 599, 601, 608, 611 Consciousness, 310, 490, 505, 528, 531, 532, 535, 552, 594 Constipation, 167, 487, 508, 528, 604 Constriction, 345, 528, 601, 618 Constriction, Pathologic, 528, 618 Consumer Advocacy, 473, 528 Consumption, 16, 45, 94, 105, 124, 401, 528, 533, 537, 598 Contamination, 515, 528, 553 Continence, 354, 528 Continuum, 432, 528 Contraception, 365, 528 Contractility, 506, 528 Contraindications, ii, 528, 536 Contralateral, 528, 543, 579, 597 Control group, 8, 38, 310, 471, 473, 528, 596 Contusion, 38, 528 Convulsions, 488, 507, 512, 528, 555 Coordination, 134, 489, 490, 521, 528, 573, 594 Cornea, 506, 509, 528, 549, 562, 601, 608
Index 629
Coronary, 64, 69, 79, 92, 119, 158, 328, 332, 353, 505, 519, 528, 529, 570, 573, 577, 583 Coronary heart disease, 69, 519, 528 Coronary Thrombosis, 529, 570, 573 Corpus, 345, 529, 583, 590, 603, 613 Corpus Luteum, 529, 590 Cortex, 55, 195, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 212, 213, 239, 306, 529, 553, 566, 590, 597 Cortical, 40, 55, 57, 78, 306, 363, 529, 542, 590, 595, 602, 612 Corticosteroid, 431, 529, 589 Cortisone, 529, 533, 589 Courtship, 509, 529 Crack Cocaine, 3, 97, 103, 393, 529 Cranial, 529, 551, 560, 575, 579, 583, 616, 619 Craniocerebral Trauma, 512, 529, 551, 612, 614 Creatine, 43, 143, 144, 146, 529 Creatine Kinase, 43, 529 Creatinine, 529 Criminology, 391, 529 Cues, 29, 530 Curare, 530, 573, 581 Curative, 530, 577, 612 Cutaneous, 65, 168, 406, 506, 530, 563, 566 Cyanide, 530, 605 Cyclic, 44, 168, 501, 517, 530, 550, 577, 586, 592, 612 Cyclin, 53, 530 Cyclophosphamide, 245, 311, 361, 474, 530 Cyclosporine, 245, 405, 474, 530 Cyproterone, 530, 544 Cystectomy, 60, 530 Cytarabine, 311, 361, 530 Cytidine, 58, 530 Cytochrome, 24, 25, 45, 49, 53, 63, 64, 129, 325, 383, 524, 530 Cytogenetics, 530, 601 Cytokine, 22, 313, 376, 530, 560, 583, 612 Cytomegalovirus, 72, 530, 531, 546 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 531, 546 Cytoplasm, 330, 370, 509, 512, 520, 531, 540, 576, 577, 600, 601, 610 Cytosine, 70, 530, 531, 544, 595 Cytoskeleton, 19, 52, 531, 571 Cytotoxic, 17, 22, 32, 52, 58, 331, 404, 518, 531, 557, 596, 604 Cytotoxicity, 32, 71, 83, 159, 324, 503, 524, 531 Cytotoxins, 52, 329, 330, 531
D Data Collection, 24, 398, 531 Daunorubicin, 159, 324, 531, 536 Deamination, 70, 531, 534, 572, 617 Decarboxylation, 531, 553, 570 Decidua, 531, 587 Defense Mechanisms, 68, 531 Degenerative, 344, 477, 531, 553, 572, 580 Delavirdine, 531, 577 Deletion, 29, 40, 134, 509, 531 Delirium, 4, 450, 508, 531 Delivery of Health Care, 532, 551 Delusions, 471, 532, 594 Dementia, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 41, 168, 180, 406, 473, 500, 508, 532, 576 Dendrites, 43, 532, 576, 595 Dendritic, 43, 532, 568, 599 Density, 40, 44, 69, 354, 520, 532, 565, 579, 588, 606 Dental Waste, 515, 532 Deoxyribonuclease I, 327, 532 Depersonalization, 532, 581, 601 Depolarization, 49, 532, 604 Depressive Disorder, 16, 532, 565 Deprivation, 326, 532 Derealization, 532, 581 Dermal, 344, 532 Dermatology, 89, 135, 532 Dermis, 532, 609, 614 Desensitization, 406, 532 Designer Drugs, 27, 532 Detoxification, 54, 168, 186, 533, 548 Deuterium, 533, 554 Developing Countries, 392, 533 Dexamethasone, 422, 476, 533 Dexfenfluramine, 17, 471, 533 Dextroamphetamine, 476, 504, 533, 569, 570, 585 Dextromethorphan, 246, 312, 533 DHEA, 246, 533 Diabetes Mellitus, 168, 334, 364, 533, 548, 552, 583 Diagnostic procedure, 323, 469, 533 Dialysate, 533, 537 Diaphragm, 351, 508, 533, 553, 588 Diarrhea, 156, 168, 309, 310, 437, 447, 450, 452, 486, 488, 533 Diarrhoea, 533, 555 Diastolic, 533, 555 Diclofenac, 14, 247, 533 Diclofenac Sodium, 533 Didanosine, 247, 312, 314, 533, 534
630
Drugs
Dideoxyadenosine, 534 Diencephalon, 534, 576, 590, 611, 612, 613 Digestion, 503, 513, 515, 534, 537, 560, 565, 583, 608, 618 Digestive system, 321, 534, 546, 573 Digestive tract, 404, 534, 605, 607 Dihydrotestosterone, 534, 597 Dilantin, 280, 474, 534 Dilatation, 405, 499, 506, 534, 590, 618 Dilator, 534, 577 Dimesna, 318, 534 Diploid, 527, 534, 587 Discrimination, 27, 34, 37, 67, 114, 364, 534 Disease Progression, 40, 534, 620 Disinfectant, 429, 534, 542 Disinfection, 428, 534 Disorientation, 531, 534 Dispenser, 325, 337, 534 Disposition, 15, 23, 46, 52, 68, 95, 110, 534 Dissection, 327, 534, 570 Dissociation, 502, 534 Distal, 327, 331, 341, 353, 376, 535, 538, 541, 583, 590, 593 Disulfiram, 433, 535 Diuresis, 517, 535, 612 Dizziness, 62, 488, 535, 581, 619 Docetaxel, 248, 318, 535 Domesticated, 535, 550 Donepezil, 10, 11, 248, 535 Dopa, 405, 474, 535, 564 Dopamine Agonists, 6, 535 Dorsal, 66, 535, 589 Dosage Forms, 332, 334, 337, 350, 364, 535 Dose-dependent, 4, 33, 403, 535, 621 Dose-limiting, 384, 536 Double-blind, 37, 536 Doxorubicin, 32, 52, 60, 248, 324, 361, 536 Doxycycline, 248, 433, 456, 536 Drive, ii, vi, 39, 49, 131, 402, 403, 405, 409, 536 Drug Approval, 96, 407, 408, 417, 536 Drug Combinations, 155, 302, 307, 317, 361, 365, 536 Drug Delivery Systems, 42, 59, 96, 108, 336, 351, 360, 385, 403, 536 Drug Design, 379, 421, 422, 536 Drug Industry, 6, 109, 536 Drug Interactions, 23, 25, 34, 45, 53, 157, 159, 312, 398, 421, 437, 449, 451, 457, 458, 463, 536 Drug Labeling, 536, 537 Drug Monitoring, 316, 449, 536
Drug Packaging, 336, 337, 536 Drug Resistance, 17, 32, 52, 94, 123, 324, 345, 346, 396, 397, 449, 537 Drug Tolerance, 67, 372, 373, 537, 614 Drug Toxicity, 4, 57, 302, 307, 308, 309, 311, 315, 318, 320, 537 Drug Utilization, 23, 83, 111, 114, 537 Duct, 504, 519, 537, 542, 581, 601, 609, 618 Duodenitis, 338, 537 Duodenum, 404, 513, 537, 539, 583, 608 Dwell time, 60, 537 Dyes, 370, 504, 512, 537, 548, 577 Dyskinesia, 86, 182, 508, 537 Dysmenorrhea, 169, 537, 574 Dyspepsia, 310, 405, 537 Dyspnea, 537, 581 Dystonia, 508, 537 E Edema, 169, 537, 545, 560, 575, 589 Effector, 326, 499, 526, 537, 575, 586 Efferent, 52, 537 Elastic, 537, 606, 609 Elasticity, 509, 537, 590 Elastin, 525, 537, 543 Elective, 430, 537 Electrocoagulation, 525, 538 Electrode, 369, 506, 519, 538 Electrolysis, 506, 520, 538 Electrolyte, 503, 529, 531, 538, 571, 589, 605 Electrophysiological, 26, 538 Electroplating, 519, 538 Electroporation, 369, 538 Elementary Particles, 538, 577, 593 Emaciation, 500, 538 Embryo, 347, 499, 514, 520, 538, 558, 569, 588 Emesis, 508, 538 Empirical, 100, 106, 115, 391, 393, 538 Emulsion, 332, 511, 538, 544 Encapsulated, 74, 336, 383, 538, 565 Encephalitis, 437, 538 Encephalitis, Viral, 538 Encephalopathy, 41, 382, 539 Endarterectomy, 506, 539 Endemic, 65, 539, 566, 606 Endocrine System, 539, 576 Endocytosis, 329, 330, 333, 372, 539 Endogenous, 14, 15, 26, 46, 47, 58, 347, 378, 501, 511, 535, 539, 540, 546, 548, 579, 592, 614 Endometrium, 531, 539, 568, 616
Index 631
Endopeptidases, 539, 592 Endorphin, 539, 546 Endoscopic, 539, 571 Endothelial cell, 25, 32, 36, 39, 44, 381, 515, 539, 560, 613 Endothelium, 36, 378, 384, 539, 577, 587 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 539 Endothelium, Vascular, 539 Endothelium-derived, 378, 539, 577 Endotoxemia, 348, 539 Endotoxic, 539, 564 Endotoxin, 43, 130, 348, 539, 540, 616 Energy balance, 26, 540 Enhancer, 347, 540, 599 Enkephalins, 540, 576, 579 Enteral Nutrition, 473, 540 Enteric-coated, 312, 540 Enteritis, 309, 540 Enterocolitis, 540 Enterocytes, 25, 540 Enterohepatic, 23, 540, 609 Enterohepatic Circulation, 540, 609 Environmental Exposure, 540, 579 Environmental Health, 426, 428, 540 Enzymatic, 14, 44, 65, 330, 331, 504, 517, 519, 527, 534, 540, 541, 553, 563, 568, 599 Eosinophils, 540, 550, 563 Ephedrine, 27, 251, 540 Epidemic, 21, 334, 365, 390, 392, 395, 429, 540, 606 Epidemiological, 106, 328, 396, 540 Epigastric, 540, 581 Epinephrine, 251, 501, 535, 540, 576, 577, 617 Epithelial, 13, 119, 130, 384, 500, 524, 531, 541, 549, 560, 562, 581 Epithelial Cells, 130, 541, 560, 562 Epithelium, 13, 22, 384, 512, 539, 540, 541, 561 Erectile, 170, 344, 541, 583 Erection, 344, 345, 541, 557 Erythema, 541, 618 Erythrocyte Indices, 514, 541 Erythrocytes, 505, 511, 514, 515, 541, 597, 603 Erythromycin, 53, 251, 405, 473, 541 Escalation, 12, 44, 117, 541 Esophageal, 360, 541 Esophagus, 354, 404, 534, 541, 546, 552, 578, 583, 585, 608 Esterification, 64, 541 Estradiol, 251, 348, 541
Estrogen, 24, 91, 251, 475, 530, 541, 602, 611 Estrone, 348, 541 Ethacrynic Acid, 402, 541 Ethanol, 12, 34, 37, 57, 67, 95, 349, 384, 392, 541, 543 Ethnic Groups, 432, 542 Etoposide, 52, 72, 311, 542 Eukaryotic Cells, 542, 579, 617 Euphoria, 367, 504, 542 Evaluable patients, 309, 542 Evoke, 542, 608 Excipients, 110, 383, 542 Excitability, 306, 542, 574, 595 Excitation, 57, 521, 542, 576 Excitatory, 57, 380, 511, 542, 549 Exhaustion, 506, 542, 563, 566 Exocrine, 542, 581 Exocytosis, 343, 542, 553, 610 Exogenous, 514, 518, 539, 542, 548, 592, 617 Expectorant, 542, 605 Extensor, 542, 594 External-beam radiation, 542, 596 Extracellular, 29, 32, 62, 66, 343, 373, 504, 510, 528, 539, 542, 543, 544, 567, 570, 605 Extracellular Matrix, 32, 528, 542, 543, 544, 567 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 543, 567 Extracellular Space, 542, 543, 570 Extraocular, 351, 543 Extrapyramidal, 22, 502, 508, 535, 543 Extremity, 515, 543, 567 Eye Infections, 501, 543 F Family Planning, 427, 543 Famotidine, 43, 252, 543 Fast Neutrons, 543, 577 Fat, 150, 317, 501, 509, 513, 515, 516, 519, 529, 543, 562, 564, 565, 573, 599, 605, 609, 610, 616 Fatigue, 166, 450, 488, 543, 552 Fatty acids, 14, 335, 502, 518, 543, 549, 565, 591, 613 Fenfluramine, 26, 471, 533, 543 Fenretinide, 81, 543 Fentanyl, 253, 406, 476, 543 Fermentation, 368, 543 Fetus, 46, 68, 472, 499, 543, 586, 590, 618 Fibrillation, 56, 452, 543 Fibrin, 514, 543, 587, 613 Fibrinogen, 543, 544, 587, 613
632
Drugs
Fibroblasts, 80, 544, 560 Fibrosis, 168, 403, 404, 503, 544, 601 Fissure, 526, 544, 590 Fixation, 342, 544, 603 Flatus, 544, 546 Flucytosine, 68, 544 Flumazenil, 34, 544 Flunitrazepam, 48, 544 Fluorescence, 381, 544 Fluorouracil, 254, 315, 316, 544, 615 Fluphenazine, 49, 358, 544 Flushing, 489, 535, 544 Flutamide, 43, 544 Fold, 36, 58, 60, 64, 355, 544, 545 Folic Acid, 137, 144, 545, 563 Food Technology, 545, 570 Foramen, 522, 526, 545 Forearm, 514, 545, 567 Formularies, 435, 545, 585 Formulary, 6, 326, 434, 435, 545 Fourth Ventricle, 523, 545, 613 Fovea, 544, 545 Fractionation, 545, 610 Fraud, 455, 545 Free Radicals, 324, 507, 535, 545 Frontal Lobe, 545, 589 Frostbite, 170, 545, 585 Fungemia, 515, 545 Fungi, 65, 67, 507, 513, 543, 545, 548, 570, 607, 621 Fungicides, Industrial, 507, 545 Fungistatic, 68, 545 Furosemide, 402, 545 G GABA, 34, 55, 57, 363, 364, 511, 545, 604 Gait, 492, 521, 546 Gallbladder, 170, 499, 513, 534, 546 Gamma Rays, 546, 596 Gamma-Endorphin, 546 Ganciclovir, 393, 546 Ganglia, 34, 499, 503, 512, 546, 575, 583, 609 Gap Junctions, 546, 610 Gas, 35, 90, 340, 504, 518, 522, 544, 546, 554, 577, 619, 620 Gas exchange, 546, 619 Gastric, 62, 80, 283, 337, 357, 519, 524, 535, 543, 546, 552, 553, 579, 583, 596 Gastric Juices, 546, 583 Gastrin, 524, 546, 554 Gastritis, 170, 338, 546
Gastroenterology, 132, 348, 404, 405, 407, 408, 546 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 313, 546 Gastrointestinal tract, 65, 338, 368, 402, 404, 523, 541, 546, 564, 603, 616 Gastrostomy, 540, 546 Gelatin, 39, 546, 549, 609, 613 Gels, 365, 546 Gemcitabine, 115, 159, 308, 315, 316, 546 Gene Expression, 30, 32, 39, 51, 64, 66, 342, 343, 355, 375, 376, 547 Gene Therapy, 22, 353, 360, 379, 501, 547 Genetic Code, 547, 578 Genetic Engineering, 514, 524, 547 Genetics, 14, 444, 530, 547, 571, 585 Genital, 170, 171, 524, 547, 618 Genomics, 30, 547 Genotype, 24, 45, 315, 547, 585 Germ Cells, 547, 568, 580, 606, 612 Gestation, 547, 583, 587, 589 Giardiasis, 547, 595 Ginkgo biloba, 45, 255, 547 Ginseng, 45, 202, 213, 222, 224, 227, 231, 250, 256, 278, 288, 547 Gland, 501, 529, 547, 553, 555, 581, 586, 592, 601, 602, 608, 609, 613 Gleason, 374, 547 Glioblastoma, 304, 314, 547, 548 Glioblastoma multiforme, 304, 314, 548 Glioma, 36, 358, 548 Glomerular, 39, 548, 598 Glomeruli, 548 Glomerulosclerosis, 39, 548 Glomerulus, 548 Glucocorticoid, 533, 548, 554, 589 Glucose, 27, 334, 335, 336, 365, 509, 514, 520, 533, 548, 552, 555, 559, 568, 601 Glucose Intolerance, 533, 548 Glucose Oxidase, 336, 548 Glucose tolerance, 334, 365, 548 Glucose Tolerance Test, 548 Glucuronic Acid, 548, 552, 617 Glucuronides, 13, 23, 548 Glutamate, 55, 57, 67, 108, 403, 533, 549, 562, 569 Glutamic Acid, 256, 403, 545, 549, 576, 591 Glutathione Transferase, 324, 549 Glycerol, 516, 549, 586 Glycerophospholipids, 549, 586 Glycine, 67, 257, 344, 504, 513, 549, 576, 603 Glycosaminoglycan, 523, 549
Index 633
Glycosidic, 325, 549, 568, 575, 578 Glycosylation, 58, 549 Goblet Cells, 540, 549 Gonadal, 549, 608 Gonorrhea, 447, 549 Gout, 171, 525, 549, 574 Governing Board, 549, 589 Gp120, 40, 549 GP41, 40, 549 Grade, 5, 60, 99, 101, 105, 109, 110, 118, 122, 124, 126, 130, 326, 548, 549 Graft, 549, 550, 554, 557, 573 Grafting, 549, 557 Graft-versus-host disease, 550, 573 Gram-negative, 348, 539, 550, 573, 574 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 539, 550, 574 Gram-positive, 550, 574 Granule, 382, 550, 600 Granulocyte, 13, 376, 526, 550 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 526, 550 Growth factors, 30, 326, 342, 353, 365, 374, 550, 570 Guanine, 379, 550, 595 Guanylate Cyclase, 550, 577 Guinea Pigs, 52, 550 Gyrase, 345, 550 H Habitat, 550, 577 Habitual, 46, 521, 550 Habituation, 18, 550 Haematoma, 550 Haemorrhage, 73, 499, 550 Hair Cells, 52, 551 Hair follicles, 532, 551, 620 Half-Life, 39, 551 Hallucination, 551 Hallucinogen, 26, 551, 585 Haploid, 551, 587 Haptens, 502, 551 Harmaline, 23, 551 Headache, 62, 134, 166, 176, 181, 182, 450, 489, 517, 551, 555, 558, 604 Headache Disorders, 551 Health Care Costs, 434, 551 Health Education, 412, 414, 551 Health Expenditures, 551 Health Services, iv, 11, 310, 392, 401, 428, 438, 444, 453, 532, 551 Hearing Disorders, 526, 551 Heart attack, 92, 132, 471, 519, 551 Heart failure, 473, 506, 540, 552
Heartbeat, 552, 609 Heartburn, 171, 475, 552 Helminthiasis, 520, 552 Hematocrit, 514, 541, 552 Hematologic malignancies, 386, 552 Hematopoietic growth factors, 470, 552 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 372, 552 Heme, 63, 513, 530, 552, 580 Hemoglobin, 493, 505, 514, 521, 541, 552 Hemoglobin A, 521, 552 Hemoglobinopathies, 547, 552 Hemolytic, 486, 552 Hemorrhage, 529, 538, 551, 552, 595, 608 Hemostasis, 552, 603 Heparin, 260, 353, 552 Hepatic, 14, 49, 64, 160, 382, 403, 405, 406, 502, 531, 548, 552, 572 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 382, 552 Hepatitis A, 382, 419, 553 Hepatocellular, 83, 159, 349, 405, 553 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 83, 159, 405, 553 Hepatocyte, 43, 347, 522, 553 Hepatotoxic, 43, 407, 553 Hepatotoxicity, 10, 402, 407, 553 Hepatovirus, 553 Hereditary, 369, 549, 553, 572, 575, 599 Heredity, 547, 553 Herpes, 170, 171, 172, 183, 380, 433, 447, 500, 553 Herpes virus, 433, 553 Herpes Zoster, 172, 183, 380, 553 Heterogeneity, 502, 553 Heterotrophic, 545, 553 Hiccup, 522, 553 Hippocampus, 201, 553, 564, 576, 595 Hirudin, 353, 553 Histamine, 24, 95, 101, 260, 505, 507, 508, 524, 543, 553, 581, 591, 596 Histamine Release, 505, 553, 581 Histidine, 260, 381, 553 Histology, 554, 576, 581 Histone Deacetylase, 83, 159, 554 Homeostasis, 26, 32, 40, 326, 554 Homogeneous, 528, 554, 584 Homologous, 503, 514, 547, 554, 573, 593, 603, 610, 615 Hormonal, 26, 305, 510, 529, 554 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 365, 554 Hormone therapy, 309, 554 Horseradish Peroxidase, 336, 554
634
Drugs
Host, 41, 68, 337, 347, 370, 371, 511, 554, 556, 557, 564, 588, 618, 620 Human growth hormone, 13, 554 Hybrid, 336, 524, 554 Hybridization, 47, 554, 572 Hybridomas, 538, 554, 560 Hydralazine, 262, 470, 554 Hydrocortisone, 134, 554 Hydrogen, 324, 336, 339, 357, 380, 499, 503, 512, 516, 518, 519, 533, 534, 543, 548, 554, 555, 564, 572, 577, 578, 580, 593, 621 Hydrogen Peroxide, 324, 336, 339, 519, 548, 554, 564 Hydrogenation, 512, 555 Hydrolysis, 48, 381, 514, 524, 555, 575, 586, 593 Hydrophobic, 62, 366, 381, 549, 555, 565 Hydroxybenzoic Acids, 504, 555 Hydroxylysine, 525, 555 Hydroxyproline, 504, 525, 555 Hyperalgesia, 380, 555 Hyperbilirubinemia, 555, 561 Hyperglycemia, 375, 555 Hyperkeratosis, 358, 555 Hyperreflexia, 555, 612 Hypersensitivity, 165, 496, 503, 532, 555, 564, 600, 603 Hypertension, 6, 119, 132, 159, 172, 179, 357, 473, 486, 506, 517, 519, 555, 560, 585, 589, 591 Hyperthermia, 404, 555 Hyperthyroidism, 172, 555, 591 Hypertriglyceridemia, 328, 555 Hypertrophy, 512, 555 Hypnotic, 28, 34, 38, 78, 83, 85, 159, 512, 555, 571, 590, 612 Hypodermic, 429, 555 Hypoglycaemia, 531, 555 Hypoglycemic, 336, 405, 555 Hypoglycemic Agents, 405, 555 Hypolipidemic, 79, 556 Hypotension, 61, 349, 508, 513, 528, 535, 556, 587 Hypotensive, 357, 358, 556 Hypothermia, 173, 404, 555, 556 Hypothyroidism, 173, 486, 556 Hypotonia, 23, 521, 523, 556 Hypoxanthine, 556, 621 Hypoxia, 531, 556, 612 I Ibuprofen, 32, 57, 262, 350, 418, 419, 556
Id, 137, 161, 442, 452, 468, 482, 484, 556 Idiopathic, 81, 89, 470, 556 Idiosyncrasy, 42, 556 Illusion, 556, 619 Imidazole, 514, 553, 556, 596 Imipramine, 63, 160, 358, 556 Immune function, 556, 557 Immune response, 132, 134, 392, 496, 501, 507, 511, 529, 551, 556, 557, 603, 609, 618, 620 Immunity, 22, 386, 392, 499, 502, 531, 556, 557 Immunization, 556, 557, 603 Immunoassay, 90, 556 Immunocompromised, 68, 557 Immunocompromised Host, 68, 557 Immunogenic, 331, 557, 564 Immunoglobulin, 506, 557, 572 Immunohistochemistry, 51, 557 Immunologic, 522, 556, 557, 583, 596, 621 Immunology, 82, 373, 376, 394, 501, 502, 554, 557 Immunophilin, 517, 557 Immunosuppressant, 8, 82, 544, 557, 569 Immunosuppressive, 92, 126, 135, 155, 344, 366, 517, 530, 548, 557, 611 Immunosuppressive Agents, 344, 557 Immunotherapy, 513, 532, 557 Impairment, 4, 8, 10, 28, 37, 38, 83, 443, 510, 522, 531, 537, 543, 557, 569, 594 Implant radiation, 557, 560, 596 Implantation, 367, 527, 557, 580 Impotence, 173, 345, 486, 541, 557, 581, 585 Impotent, 344, 557 In situ, 27, 161, 336, 557 Incest, 400, 557 Incision, 327, 558, 561, 592 Incontinence, 183, 354, 540, 558, 601 Incubated, 326, 558 Indicative, 558, 582, 618 Indinavir, 263, 305, 306, 558 Indomethacin, 32, 263, 350, 357, 380, 476, 558 Induction, 39, 45, 55, 64, 72, 126, 325, 351, 380, 383, 505, 508, 558, 562 Infarction, 176, 558 Infiltration, 558, 590 Inflammatory bowel disease, 338, 472, 558 Influenza, 72, 73, 74, 173, 263, 460, 470, 558 Infusion, 341, 353, 515, 558 Ingestion, 45, 506, 516, 548, 555, 558, 588
Index 635
Inhalation, 12, 348, 502, 504, 553, 558, 570, 588 Initiation, 117, 326, 448, 558, 591, 614 Inner ear, 318, 402, 403, 476, 515, 525, 558 Innervation, 515, 558, 567 Inoculum, 372, 559, 609 Inorganic, 524, 559, 566, 573 Inositol, 135, 263, 559, 569 Inotropic, 535, 559 Insecticides, 559, 621 Insertional, 17, 559 Inservice Training, 400, 559 Insight, 54, 401, 559 Insomnia, 173, 174, 489, 559, 604, 616 Instillation, 60, 559 Institutionalization, 11, 559 Insulator, 559, 573 Insulin, 174, 263, 334, 335, 336, 364, 365, 509, 548, 559, 562, 617 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 559 Interferon, 83, 263, 377, 470, 559, 566 Interferon-alpha, 83, 559 Interindividual, 63, 559 Interleukin-1, 22, 349, 376, 559 Interleukin-2, 305, 308, 329, 560 Interleukin-3, 526, 560 Interleukin-6, 39, 349, 376, 560 Interleukin-8, 349, 560 Interleukins, 343, 557, 560 Intermediate Filaments, 560, 576 Intermittent, 174, 560, 565, 584 Internal Medicine, 78, 546, 560 Internal radiation, 560, 596 Interpersonal Relations, 51, 560 Interstitial, 39, 354, 515, 543, 560, 598 Intestinal, 22, 23, 25, 49, 53, 62, 115, 119, 174, 338, 377, 519, 540, 548, 560, 581 Intestinal Mucosa, 62, 540, 560 Intestine, 46, 360, 513, 515, 526, 540, 560, 563 Intoxication, 531, 560, 621 Intracellular Membranes, 560, 568 Intracranial Hypertension, 551, 560, 614 Intramuscular, 37, 560, 582 Intramuscular injection, 37, 560 Intraocular, 311, 351, 367, 560, 561, 578 Intraocular pressure, 351, 367, 561, 578 Intravascular, 100, 349, 561 Intravenous, 8, 11, 67, 93, 125, 372, 391, 394, 395, 400, 413, 415, 496, 515, 545, 558, 561, 582 Intravesical, 60, 561
Intrinsic, 381, 502, 512, 561 Intubation, 519, 561 Invasive, 59, 61, 327, 345, 351, 353, 556, 561, 566 Invertebrates, 53, 561, 566 Involuntary, 512, 523, 543, 561, 574, 597, 605 Iodine, 144, 561, 605 Ion Channels, 510, 561, 585, 610 Ionizing, 503, 540, 561, 567, 596 Ions, 114, 381, 499, 512, 516, 517, 521, 535, 538, 541, 554, 561, 572, 601 Iris, 506, 528, 561 Ischemic stroke, 57, 328, 561 Isoenzyme, 529, 561 Isoniazid, 77, 264, 405, 561 J Jaundice, 403, 489, 555, 561 Jejunostomy, 540, 562 Joint, 136, 182, 375, 406, 428, 434, 436, 489, 509, 524, 562, 580, 610, 611 Joint Capsule, 562, 610 K Kainate, 55, 562 Kb, 426, 562 Keratinocytes, 560, 562 Keratitis, 76, 562 Ketamine, 21, 37, 55, 67, 451, 562, 585 Keto, 223, 562 Ketoacidosis, 499, 562 Ketoconazole, 12, 265, 562 Ketone Bodies, 499, 562 Kidney Disease, 321, 362, 426, 562 Kinetic, 48, 58, 63, 561, 562 L Labile, 526, 562 Labyrinth, 525, 558, 562, 602, 619 Laceration, 562, 612 Lactation, 76, 562 Lactulose, 266, 383, 562 Laminin, 39, 512, 543, 562 Lamivudine, 92, 266, 306, 307, 308, 315, 419, 562 Language Disorders, 526, 563 Large Intestine, 354, 520, 526, 534, 560, 563, 597, 605 Larynx, 354, 563, 614 Lassitude, 382, 563 Latent, 117, 563, 588 Laxative, 502, 562, 563 Lectin, 563, 568 Leishmania, 65, 563
636
Drugs
Leishmaniasis, 65, 563, 583 Lens, 509, 527, 563, 590 Leprosy, 10, 563 Lethal, 49, 56, 329, 386, 511, 530, 563 Lethargy, 556, 563 Leucovorin, 361, 563 Leukemia, 58, 159, 166, 174, 318, 320, 324, 329, 358, 523, 536, 547, 552, 563 Leukocyte Count, 82, 563 Leukocytes, 349, 512, 514, 515, 522, 540, 558, 559, 560, 563, 564, 577, 616 Leukopenia, 564, 621 Leukotrienes, 349, 509, 564 Levodopa, 7, 86, 238, 267, 535, 564, 602 Levorphanol, 533, 564 Library Services, 482, 564 Lidocaine, 357, 403, 564 Life cycle, 522, 545, 563, 564 Ligament, 374, 564, 592 Ligands, 29, 48, 368, 379, 564 Ligation, 128, 564 Light microscope, 370, 564 Limbic, 18, 55, 504, 564, 590 Limbic System, 504, 564, 590 Linkage, 115, 518, 564, 568 Lip, 12, 564 Lipid, 33, 69, 79, 134, 328, 334, 381, 404, 509, 522, 549, 559, 562, 564, 565, 571, 573, 616 Lipid A, 328, 334, 564 Lipid Peroxidation, 33, 134, 564 Lipopolysaccharide, 348, 550, 565 Lipoprotein, 69, 79, 328, 550, 565 Liposomal, 72, 156, 565 Liposome, 329, 330, 565 Lipoxygenase, 564, 565 Lithium, 84, 268, 476, 508, 565 Liver cancer, 405, 565 Liver Neoplasms, 565, 620 Lobe, 192, 554, 565, 582, 591 Localization, 68, 327, 557, 565 Locomotion, 124, 565, 587 Locomotor, 54, 66, 565 Long-Term Care, 10, 473, 475, 565 Loop, 52, 268, 402, 541, 565 Low-density lipoprotein, 565 Loxapine, 49, 565 Lucida, 562, 565 Lumen, 327, 331, 341, 353, 363, 539, 566 Luminescence, 63, 566 Lunate, 519, 566 Lupus, 175, 182, 470, 486, 493, 566, 611
Lymph, 521, 524, 539, 566 Lymphatic, 175, 539, 558, 566, 569, 606, 613 Lymphatic system, 566, 606, 613 Lymphoblastic, 566 Lymphoblasts, 500, 566 Lymphocyte, 430, 500, 507, 566, 568 Lymphocyte Count, 430, 500, 566 Lymphocytic, 329, 566 Lymphoid, 372, 506, 566 Lymphoma, 175, 311, 320, 329, 361, 552, 566 Lysosome, 330, 566 M Macrophage, 376, 526, 550, 560, 566 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 376, 526, 566 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 74, 566 Malaria, 71, 75, 316, 464, 524, 566, 567 Malaria, Falciparum, 566, 567 Malaria, Vivax, 566, 567 Malignancy, 38, 567 Malignant, 61, 313, 372, 385, 386, 500, 507, 546, 547, 565, 567, 575, 595, 596, 601, 611 Malignant tumor, 61, 385, 386, 567 Mammary, 130, 567, 611 Mammography, 327, 567 Mania, 567 Manic, 335, 476, 508, 514, 565, 567, 594 Manic-depressive psychosis, 567, 594 Man-made, 519, 567 Marital Status, 9, 567 Mastication, 567, 616 Matrix metalloproteinase, 156, 567 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 537, 567 Meat, 567, 605 Medial, 52, 55, 66, 509, 567, 579, 600 Median Nerve, 374, 519, 567 Mediate, 26, 29, 49, 51, 55, 109, 338, 347, 373, 379, 535, 567, 596 Mediator, 66, 535, 560, 567, 603 Medical Records, 10, 568 Medicament, 327, 341, 350, 568, 609 MEDLINE, 427, 568 Medroxyprogesterone, 270, 304, 305, 568 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 304, 305, 568 Medullary, 40, 533, 568, 595 Meiosis, 514, 568, 573, 610 Melanin, 561, 568, 585, 617 Melanocytes, 568 Melanoma, 358, 384, 515, 568
Index 637
Melibiose, 381, 568 Melphalan, 302, 568 Membrane, 29, 41, 47, 52, 56, 65, 68, 156, 325, 334, 346, 347, 348, 359, 364, 373, 381, 384, 403, 476, 510, 520, 523, 527, 528, 532, 539, 542, 549, 550, 561, 562, 563, 568, 570, 573, 574, 579, 580, 583, 585, 586, 588, 593, 595, 599, 600, 603, 604, 606, 610, 615 Membrane Lipids, 568, 586 Membrane Proteins, 29, 568, 593, 606 Memory, 6, 28, 33, 37, 38, 474, 477, 489, 490, 504, 531, 532, 568 Meninges, 520, 529, 568 Menopause, 175, 271, 568, 591 Menstrual Cycle, 12, 568, 590 Menstruation, 169, 531, 537, 568, 569 Mental Competency, 84, 569 Mental Disorders, 321, 569, 594 Mental Processes, 535, 569, 594 Mental Retardation, 400, 526, 569 Meperidine, 533, 569 Mephenytoin, 45, 569 Mercaptopurine, 472, 569 Mesenchymal, 550, 566, 569 Mesoderm, 569, 616 Mesolimbic, 47, 508, 569, 619 Metabolic disorder, 30, 549, 569 Metabolite, 23, 49, 328, 497, 514, 534, 541, 563, 569, 590 Metabotropic, 55, 569 Metaphase, 514, 569 Metastasis, 32, 61, 313, 319, 346, 567, 569 Metastatic, 32, 36, 307, 313, 315, 316, 319, 347, 360, 384, 569, 601 Methamphetamine, 20, 27, 41, 569 Methionine, 44, 74, 271, 569, 591, 609 Methotrexate, 272, 361, 404, 472, 474, 569 Methyldopa, 272, 332, 570 Methylene Chloride, 349, 570 Methylphenidate, 51, 272, 570 Metoclopramide, 272, 473, 570 MI, 30, 365, 498, 570 Microbe, 570, 614 Microbiology, 500, 510, 570 Microdialysis, 27, 29, 57, 570 Microglia, 510, 570, 572 Micromanipulators, 369, 570 Microorganism, 53, 330, 331, 336, 570, 582, 620 Microscopy, 15, 37, 370, 512, 554, 570 Microsomal, 49, 570
Microspheres, 22, 570 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 570, 576 Microtubules, 560, 570, 571, 576, 580 Midazolam, 37, 571 Migration, 39, 333, 359, 432, 571 Milligram, 381, 571 Milliliter, 314, 571 Mineralocorticoids, 501, 529, 571 Miscarriage, 176, 472, 571 Miscible, 350, 384, 571, 584 Mitochondria, 326, 571, 579 Mitomycin, 60, 571 Mitosis, 509, 571 Mitotic, 81, 158, 535, 542, 571, 611, 620 Mitoxantrone, 52, 571 Mobilization, 343, 571 Modeling, 19, 27, 59, 108, 536, 571 Modification, 24, 53, 126, 368, 406, 414, 430, 504, 533, 534, 547, 571, 595, 621 Modulator, 34, 571 Molecular Probes, 538, 571 Molecular Structure, 572, 616 Monitor, 42, 70, 336, 362, 412, 437, 529, 572, 578 Monoamine, 21, 113, 155, 504, 533, 551, 572, 602, 617 Monoamine Oxidase, 155, 504, 533, 551, 572, 602, 617 Monoclonal, 33, 37, 311, 320, 384, 386, 554, 572, 596, 600 Monoclonal antibodies, 33, 37, 311, 320, 384, 386, 572, 600 Monocyte, 566, 572 Mononuclear, 566, 572, 616 Monophosphate, 126, 224, 534, 572 Mood Disorders, 66, 476, 572 Morphine, 47, 66, 357, 373, 380, 392, 476, 516, 525, 569, 572, 574, 579 Morphological, 44, 538, 568, 572 Morphology, 368, 572 Motility, 52, 473, 558, 572, 603 Motion Sickness, 176, 572, 574, 591, 601 Motor Activity, 47, 528, 572, 594 Movement Disorders, 508, 572, 612 Mucins, 540, 549, 572, 601 Mucocutaneous, 563, 573 Mucosa, 62, 384, 566, 573, 608 Mucositis, 573, 613 Mucus, 513, 542, 572, 573, 617 Multidrug resistance, 42, 52, 160, 381, 573, 584 Multiple sclerosis, 335, 573
638
Drugs
Multivalent, 33, 573 Muscarinic Agonists, 523, 573 Muscle Contraction, 573, 601 Muscle relaxant, 573, 585, 611 Muscle Spindles, 573, 585 Mutagenic, 573, 577, 605 Mutate, 31, 573 Myalgia, 558, 573 Mycophenolate mofetil, 135, 573 Mycoplasma, 433, 520, 573 Mydriatic, 573, 601 Myelin, 573 Myeloid Cells, 376, 573 Myeloma, 38, 573 Myocardial infarction, 328, 508, 512, 529, 570, 573, 591 Myocardium, 505, 570, 573, 574 Myopathy, 470, 574 Myosin, 517, 573, 574 Myositis, 470, 574 Myotonia, 574, 595 N N-acetyl, 63, 274, 554, 574 Nalbuphine, 333, 574 Nalidixic Acid, 345, 574 Naloxone, 574 Naltrexone, 420, 433, 442, 574 Naproxen, 57, 146, 574 Narcolepsy, 533, 540, 570, 574 Narcosis, 574 Narcotic, 87, 95, 111, 333, 380, 543, 564, 569, 570, 572, 574 Nasal Mucosa, 558, 574 Nasogastric, 540, 574 Natriuresis, 506, 574 Nausea, 32, 62, 176, 406, 447, 450, 490, 507, 508, 535, 574, 581, 617 NCI, 1, 53, 302, 304, 307, 308, 309, 311, 318, 320, 425, 524, 574 Needle Sharing, 414, 415, 416, 436, 575 Nelfinavir, 305, 306, 575 Neocortex, 575, 576 Neonatal, 394, 575 Neoplasia, 575 Neoplasm, 313, 319, 328, 575, 581, 601, 616 Neoplastic, 328, 329, 376, 377, 554, 566, 575 Nephropathy, 562, 575 Nephrosis, 575 Nephrotic, 92, 575 Nephrotic Syndrome, 92, 575 Nerve Endings, 108, 364, 575, 610
Nervous System, 4, 26, 30, 41, 96, 127, 311, 363, 369, 382, 405, 406, 475, 495, 499, 502, 504, 511, 512, 517, 520, 523, 524, 525, 529, 533, 537, 540, 545, 546, 547, 549, 551, 564, 567, 569, 570, 572, 573, 575, 576, 579, 583, 585, 586, 601, 603, 609, 610, 611, 612, 617 Networks, 97, 429, 575 Neural, 43, 66, 367, 502, 504, 570, 572, 575 Neuralgia, 180, 474, 575 Neuraminidase, 72, 73, 74, 575 Neuroanatomy, 41, 564, 575 Neuroblastoma, 81, 358, 575 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 369, 512, 575 Neuroeffector Junction, 575 Neuroendocrine, 15, 26, 576 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 472, 576 Neurofilaments, 576 Neurogenic, 408, 576, 617 Neuroleptic, 50, 63, 78, 130, 502, 508, 525, 576 Neurologic, 547, 576 Neuromuscular, 87, 114, 499, 576, 581 Neuronal, 47, 51, 57, 66, 84, 517, 574, 576, 602 Neuronal Plasticity, 47, 576 Neuropathy, 431, 433, 576, 583 Neuropeptides, 15, 50, 576 Neurophysiology, 532, 576 Neurosis, 576 Neurotic, 382, 576 Neurotoxic, 55, 576 Neurotoxicity, 10, 533, 576 Neurotransmitter, 4, 15, 17, 46, 499, 501, 504, 516, 523, 535, 545, 549, 553, 561, 576, 578, 604, 609, 610, 617 Neutrons, 333, 503, 515, 543, 577, 596 Neutrophils, 43, 550, 560, 564, 577, 587 Nevirapine, 89, 305, 577 Niacin, 137, 139, 403, 405, 420, 577, 616 Niche, 403, 577 Nicotine, 14, 27, 67, 146, 366, 367, 406, 577 Nitric Oxide, 349, 378, 577 Nitrogen, 354, 356, 382, 503, 505, 530, 543, 544, 568, 577, 616 Nitroglycerin, 275, 353, 577 Nitrosamines, 577, 605 Non-nucleoside, 435, 531, 577 Non-small cell lung cancer, 80, 318, 577 Nonverbal Communication, 526, 577 Norepinephrine, 54, 501, 535, 540, 570, 576, 577, 585, 598, 604, 610
Index 639
NSAIDs, 6, 14, 32, 62, 127, 276, 344, 357, 378, 385, 403, 405, 406, 474, 476, 578 Nuclear, 30, 62, 64, 343, 494, 512, 542, 546, 547, 564, 567, 578, 599, 612 Nuclei, 503, 504, 547, 564, 566, 571, 577, 578, 579, 588, 593, 619 Nucleic acid, 68, 329, 330, 335, 347, 355, 386, 531, 534, 547, 554, 556, 577, 578, 595, 600, 621 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 554, 578 Nucleus Accumbens, 43, 50, 54, 66, 578, 619 Nursing Care, 450, 578 Nursing Staff, 9, 578 O Obstetrics, 78, 87, 391, 578 Occult, 331, 578 Ocular, 351, 357, 578 Ocular Hypertension, 357, 578 Odds Ratio, 578, 598 Odour, 509, 578 Oesophagitis, 338, 578 Ointments, 535, 578, 581 Oligosaccharides, 254, 575, 578 Omeprazole, 276, 579, 593 Oncogene, 346, 375, 376, 579 Oncogenic, 346, 579, 588, 593 Oncology, 80, 83, 157, 302, 309, 320, 405, 579 Opacity, 532, 579 Operon, 345, 579, 591, 598 Ophthalmic, 80, 378, 579 Ophthalmology, 544, 579 Opiate, 572, 574, 579 Opioid Peptides, 540, 579 Opium, 572, 579, 581 Opportunistic Infections, 316, 317, 414, 416, 432, 434, 435, 500, 579 Opsin, 579, 599, 600 Optic Chiasm, 579 Optic Nerve, 367, 579, 599, 601 Orbital, 526, 579 Organelles, 370, 520, 531, 568, 579, 587 Orthostatic, 508, 580 Osmosis, 580 Osmotic, 311, 502, 580 Osteoarthritis, 177, 378, 580 Ototoxic, 402, 580 Outpatient, 95, 96, 121, 394, 580 Ovary, 324, 529, 541, 580, 588, 608 Overdose, 408, 449, 580 Overexpress, 19, 580
Ovum, 529, 531, 547, 564, 580, 590, 616, 621 Ovum Implantation, 580, 616 Ownership, 409, 580 Oxidation, 499, 507, 514, 530, 564, 580 Oxidative metabolism, 23, 501, 564, 580 Oxides, 549, 580 Oxygenase, 62, 73, 580 P Paclitaxel, 52, 278, 580 Paediatric, 74, 580 Pain Threshold, 47, 580 Palladium, 57, 581 Palliative, 85, 87, 530, 581, 612 Pancreas, 315, 402, 404, 499, 509, 513, 514, 534, 546, 559, 581, 616 Pancreatic, 177, 315, 384, 519, 581 Pancreatic cancer, 315, 581 Pancuronium, 87, 581 Paneth Cells, 540, 581 Panic, 67, 163, 335, 556, 581, 603 Panic Disorder, 67, 556, 581, 603 Papaverine, 344, 579, 581 Papillary, 555, 581 Papilloma, 581, 599 Papovaviridae, 581, 588 Paraffin, 383, 581 Parasite, 65, 71, 581 Parasitic, 65, 552, 581 Parenteral, 473, 582 Paresthesias, 581, 582 Parietal, 579, 582, 584, 588 Parkinsonism, 475, 508, 564, 582 Partial remission, 582, 598 Partnership Practice, 582, 590 Parturition, 578, 582 Patch, 49, 369, 582, 615 Pathogen, 7, 559, 582 Pathogenesis, 4, 32, 84, 405, 430, 431, 582 Pathologic, 509, 514, 528, 555, 582, 594, 618 Pathologic Processes, 509, 582 Pathologies, 377, 404, 582 Pathophysiology, 402, 403, 405, 582 Patient Compliance, 350, 582 Patient Education, 446, 480, 482, 498, 582 Patient Selection, 80, 471, 582 Pediatrics, 58, 59, 582 Peer Group, 96, 391, 582 Pelvic, 177, 582, 592 Pelvis, 499, 582, 617, 618 Penicillamine, 279, 474, 582 Penicillin, 59, 279, 345, 456, 506, 582, 618
640
Drugs
Penis, 345, 354, 527, 583, 584, 598 Pentamidine, 328, 329, 390, 393, 583 Pentoxifylline, 279, 433, 583 Pepsin, 524, 583 Pepsin A, 524, 583 Peptic, 89, 177, 338, 377, 583 Peptic Ulcer, 89, 177, 338, 377, 583 Peptide, 13, 26, 30, 44, 379, 381, 384, 433, 504, 539, 546, 579, 583, 591, 592, 593, 596, 613 Perception, 46, 118, 527, 532, 551, 583, 601 Perfusion, 27, 332, 556, 583 Perhexiline, 404, 583 Pericytes, 36, 583 Perinatal, 429, 431, 435, 583 Peripheral blood, 503, 559, 583 Peripheral Nervous System, 78, 540, 570, 575, 576, 583, 590, 609 Peripheral Neuropathy, 450, 583, 621 Peripheral stem cell transplantation, 303, 583 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 174, 177, 328, 584, 585 Peritoneal, 402, 404, 533, 537, 584 Peritoneal Dialysis, 533, 537, 584 Peritoneum, 584 Peroxide, 325, 548, 584 Personality Disorders, 335, 584 Perspiration, 488, 584 Petechiae, 550, 584 Petrolatum, 538, 584 Petroleum, 581, 584 P-Glycoprotein, 15, 42, 381, 584 Phagocyte, 566, 584 Phallic, 544, 584 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 520, 542, 546, 584 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 535, 584 Pharmacist, 107, 310, 325, 584 Pharmacodynamics, 49, 59, 60, 87, 120, 584 Pharmacogenetics, 63, 585 Pharmacokinetic, 20, 49, 52, 59, 73, 125, 303, 451, 585 Pharmacologic, 10, 57, 61, 133, 474, 504, 505, 510, 544, 551, 585, 614, 617 Pharmacopoeias, 545, 585 Pharmacotherapy, 8, 33, 85, 87, 382, 403, 585 Pharynx, 354, 558, 585 Phencyclidine, 12, 55, 67, 494, 585 Phenolphthalein, 538, 585
Phenotype, 32, 315, 346, 370, 371, 527, 585 Phentermine, 26, 280, 585 Phentolamine, 344, 585 Phenyl, 57, 357, 380, 569, 585 Phenylalanine, 280, 583, 585, 617 Phenylpropanolamine, 27, 280, 585 Phenytoin, 280, 474, 518, 585 Phosphodiesterase, 583, 586 Phospholipases, 586, 604 Phospholipids, 62, 405, 543, 559, 565, 568, 586 Phosphorus, 404, 517, 586 Phosphorylated, 525, 586 Phosphorylation, 35, 586 Photocoagulation, 525, 586 Photoreceptor, 586, 600 Photosensitization, 62, 586 Physical Examination, 521, 586 Physicochemical, 13, 586 Physiologic, 28, 50, 59, 502, 535, 551, 568, 569, 586, 591, 597, 615 Physiology, 50, 51, 62, 345, 538, 546, 576, 586 Physostigmine, 23, 586 Pigments, 513, 519, 586, 587, 599 Pilot Projects, 395, 586 Pilot study, 61, 586 Piracetam, 474, 586 Pituitary Gland, 529, 586, 591 Placenta, 46, 68, 222, 541, 586, 590, 594 Plana, 587, 603 Plaque, 8, 332, 341, 506, 587 Plasma, 38, 43, 47, 52, 64, 328, 334, 364, 376, 381, 382, 502, 506, 512, 520, 522, 526, 539, 544, 546, 548, 552, 556, 571, 573, 587, 598, 602, 620 Plasma cells, 38, 376, 506, 573, 587 Plasmid, 39, 587, 618 Plasmin, 587 Plasminogen, 80, 587 Plasminogen Activators, 587 Plasticity, 44, 47, 587 Plastids, 580, 587 Platelet Activating Factor, 79, 587 Platelet Activation, 587, 604 Platelet Aggregation, 358, 503, 505, 577, 583, 587, 613 Platelets, 349, 494, 512, 577, 587, 613 Platinum, 78, 524, 565, 581, 587 Pleomorphic, 578, 588 Pleura, 588 Pleural, 382, 588
Index 641
Pleural cavity, 588 Pleural Effusion, 382, 588 Pneumonia, 71, 437, 447, 528, 583, 588 Podophyllotoxin, 542, 588 Poisoning, 170, 516, 521, 531, 537, 560, 574, 588, 605 Pollen, 211, 216, 281, 588, 595 Polyethylene, 329, 349, 588 Polymerase, 327, 508, 588, 591, 598, 599 Polymers, 110, 340, 342, 365, 588, 593 Polymorphic, 349, 588 Polymorphism, 15, 588 Polyomavirus, 346, 581, 588 Polyposis, 500, 526, 588 Polysaccharide, 365, 507, 520, 549, 589, 593, 617 Port, 332, 353, 589 Port-a-cath, 589 Posterior, 55, 351, 505, 510, 523, 535, 561, 581, 589, 601 Postnatal, 47, 120, 589, 607 Postoperative, 403, 545, 569, 589 Postoperative Period, 403, 589 Postsynaptic, 57, 364, 575, 589, 604, 610 Post-synaptic, 589, 610 Postural, 61, 589 Potassium, 36, 146, 503, 541, 571, 589, 595 Potentiate, 66, 118, 589 Potentiation, 66, 159, 523, 589, 604 Practicability, 589, 615 Practice Guidelines, 430, 438, 452, 589 Precipitation, 340, 589 Preclinical, 11, 21, 42, 52, 589 Prednisolone, 589 Prednisone, 361, 589 Pre-Eclampsia, 78, 512, 589 Prefrontal Cortex, 43, 66, 589 Pregnanolone, 34, 590 Prejudice, 396, 590 Premedication, 590, 601 Prenatal, 101, 103, 114, 115, 121, 130, 389, 394, 477, 538, 590 Prenatal Care, 389, 394, 590 Presbyopia, 367, 590 Presynaptic, 575, 576, 590, 610 Presynaptic Terminals, 575, 590, 610 Prevalence, 8, 10, 16, 35, 38, 54, 79, 121, 334, 365, 392, 394, 397, 471, 578, 590 Private Practice, 408, 590 Probe, 49, 570, 590 Procainamide, 470, 590 Procaine, 456, 474, 564, 590
Prodrug, 34, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 90, 365, 384, 590 Progeny, 372, 375, 590 Progesterone, 68, 275, 282, 590, 608 Prognostic factor, 60, 590 Progressive, 369, 375, 520, 523, 524, 532, 537, 541, 550, 575, 580, 587, 590, 598, 616 Projection, 66, 531, 578, 579, 590, 591, 595, 597, 619 Prokinetic Drugs, 473, 591 Proline, 20, 525, 555, 591 Promethazine, 43, 282, 591 Promoter, 39, 336, 342, 347, 355, 356, 591 Promotor, 591, 599 Prone, 326, 591 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 546, 579, 591 Prophase, 514, 573, 591, 610 Prophylaxis, 134, 310, 377, 379, 402, 508, 590, 591, 618 Propionic Acids, 476, 591 Propofol, 28, 156, 591 Propranolol, 283, 474, 591 Prospective Studies, 38, 591 Prospective study, 10, 38, 87, 591 Prostaglandin, 80, 344, 357, 378, 506, 591, 613 Prostaglandins A, 358, 558, 591, 592 Prostaglandins D, 592 Prostate gland, 359, 592 Prostatectomy, 309, 592 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 164, 592 Prostitution, 3, 8, 125, 401, 592 Protease Inhibitors, 15, 24, 25, 40, 41, 283, 315, 318, 398, 434, 435, 592 Protective Agents, 517, 592 Protein Binding, 25, 592 Protein C, 14, 29, 31, 372, 379, 502, 504, 508, 511, 565, 592, 606, 617 Protein Conformation, 504, 592 Protein S, 508, 514, 541, 547, 554, 592, 600, 612 Proteinuria, 548, 575, 589, 593 Proteoglycan, 39, 593 Proteolytic, 30, 526, 544, 587, 593 Protocol, 10, 53, 366, 393, 430, 431, 593 Proton Pump, 76, 283, 579, 593 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 76, 283, 593 Protons, 63, 503, 554, 561, 593, 596 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 580, 593 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 580, 593 Proto-Oncogenes, 346, 593
642
Drugs
Protozoa, 65, 373, 513, 563, 570, 593, 607, 616 Protozoal, 229, 593 Protozoan, 520, 547, 566, 593 Proximal, 353, 362, 384, 535, 541, 590, 593, 601, 603 Pruritus, 508, 591, 593 Psoriasis, 179, 358, 476, 594 Psychiatric, 16, 334, 335, 358, 369, 392, 447, 476, 526, 569, 594 Psychiatry, 6, 9, 10, 12, 18, 21, 28, 37, 38, 48, 65, 82, 84, 91, 135, 358, 433, 544, 594, 608, 619 Psychic, 569, 576, 594, 602 Psychoactive, 4, 27, 35, 106, 113, 120, 126, 431, 450, 594, 612, 621 Psychogenic, 408, 594, 617 Psychology, 11, 43, 45, 54, 66, 102, 396, 535, 594 Psychomotor, 6, 20, 37, 43, 47, 518, 531, 576, 594 Psychomotor Performance, 37, 594 Psychosis, 55, 507, 508, 594 Psychotomimetic, 504, 533, 594 Psychotropic, 110, 122, 124, 128, 135, 358, 594 Psyllium, 264, 281, 283, 594 Public Policy, 98, 110, 399, 427, 594 Puerperium, 578, 594 Pulmonary, 8, 13, 25, 166, 179, 348, 486, 514, 522, 528, 564, 594, 609, 619 Pulmonary Artery, 514, 594, 619 Pulmonary Edema, 179, 522, 594 Pulse, 63, 306, 491, 494, 572, 594 Purines, 595, 603, 621 Purpura, 550, 595 Pyramidal Cells, 44, 595 Pyramidal Tracts, 543, 595 Pyrazinamide, 77, 595 Pyrimidines, 595, 603 Q Quality of Life, 9, 10, 345, 434, 473, 595 Quaternary, 357, 581, 592, 595, 601 Quercetin, 141, 146, 147, 595 Quinacrine, 476, 595 Quinidine, 283, 402, 405, 476, 524, 595 Quinine, 152, 405, 524, 595 R Race, 5, 8, 20, 98, 112, 120, 122, 535, 568, 571, 595 Racemic, 20, 535, 568, 595
Radiation therapy, 304, 535, 542, 545, 560, 596 Radioactive, 56, 386, 511, 551, 554, 557, 560, 567, 571, 572, 578, 579, 596, 605, 616 Radiography, 333, 596 Radioimmunotherapy, 596 Radiolabeled, 15, 596 Radiological, 375, 458, 596 Radiology, 327, 405, 596 Radiotherapy, 34, 157, 515, 596 Random Allocation, 596 Randomization, 309, 310, 596 Randomized, 6, 7, 82, 87, 309, 310, 313, 537, 596 Ranitidine, 43, 284, 405, 596 Rape, 415, 596 Ras gene, 346, 596 Reaction Time, 23, 596 Reactive Oxygen Species, 324, 597 Reagent, 339, 380, 522, 597, 605 Reality Testing, 594, 597 Receptors, Serotonin, 597, 603 Recombinant, 49, 123, 329, 379, 419, 433, 470, 597, 619 Recombination, 547, 597 Rectal, 179, 309, 310, 476, 597 Rectum, 508, 515, 526, 534, 544, 546, 558, 563, 592, 597, 609 Recurrence, 61, 310, 314, 514, 521, 567, 597 Red blood cells, 541, 552, 580, 597, 601, 605 Red Nucleus, 510, 597, 619 Reductase, 32, 64, 65, 144, 325, 336, 569, 597 Refer, 1, 516, 526, 535, 544, 545, 547, 553, 565, 576, 577, 594, 596, 597, 603, 614, 619 Reflex, 52, 83, 159, 189, 573, 597 Refraction, 597, 606 Refractory, 22, 311, 313, 319, 538, 597 Regeneration, 342, 386, 597 Regimen, 42, 60, 302, 315, 316, 319, 337, 397, 430, 449, 451, 537, 582, 585, 597 Regurgitation, 471, 552, 597 Relapse, 29, 384, 597 Relative risk, 35, 38, 597 Relaxant, 581, 585, 598 Reliability, 21, 598 Remission, 376, 472, 514, 567, 597, 598 Renal failure, 39, 92, 531, 598 Renal pelvis, 598, 615 Renin, 506, 518, 598 Renin-Angiotensin System, 506, 518, 598
Index 643
Repressor, 346, 579, 598 Reproductive system, 592, 598 Resection, 598, 615 Reserpine, 369, 598 Respiration, 508, 518, 521, 530, 572, 598 Respiratory distress syndrome, 349, 598 Respiratory Physiology, 599, 619 Response Elements, 39, 599 Retina, 523, 563, 579, 599, 600, 603 Retinal, 527, 579, 599, 600 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 579, 599 Retinoblastoma, 327, 599 Retinoblastoma Protein, 327, 599 Retinoid, 57, 95, 599 Retinol, 147, 148, 599, 600 Retropubic, 592, 599 Retroviral vector, 547, 599 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, 15, 285, 312, 315, 398, 435, 599 Reversion, 519, 599 Rheology, 583, 599 Rheumatic Diseases, 469, 470, 474, 599 Rheumatism, 82, 375, 556, 599, 600 Rheumatoid, 82, 113, 179, 180, 375, 378, 470, 522, 525, 574, 600 Rheumatoid arthritis, 82, 375, 378, 470, 522, 525, 574, 600 Rhinitis, 540, 600 Rhodopsin, 373, 579, 599, 600 Ribavirin, 377, 600 Riboflavin, 138, 139, 600 Ribose, 327, 500, 530, 600 Ribosome, 600, 615 Rigidity, 490, 582, 587, 600 Risk factor, 21, 328, 394, 397, 400, 403, 413, 416, 591, 598, 600 Risk-Taking, 8, 48, 600 Risperidone, 23, 31, 285, 600 Ritonavir, 303, 305, 600 Rituximab, 311, 320, 600 Rod, 511, 512, 524, 539, 586, 600 Round Window, 403, 476, 600 Rutin, 595, 600 S Saccharin, 12, 600 Salicylate, 600 Salicylic, 600 Salicylic Acids, 600 Saliva, 35, 339, 532, 601 Salivary, 38, 530, 531, 534, 581, 601 Salivary glands, 530, 531, 534, 601 Saponins, 601, 608
Sarcoma, 384, 447, 601 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 381, 601 Satellite, 399, 601 Scaphoid Bone, 519, 601 Schizoid, 601, 621 Schizophrenia, 18, 23, 55, 180, 335, 358, 508, 565, 600, 601, 619, 621 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 532, 601, 621 Sclera, 351, 367, 523, 528, 601 Sclerosis, 176, 509, 525, 573, 601 Scopolamine, 406, 512, 601 Screening, 20, 25, 54, 69, 106, 312, 326, 327, 339, 342, 343, 345, 359, 360, 363, 371, 375, 376, 379, 381, 385, 386, 524, 601 Scrotum, 601, 618 Sebaceous, 532, 601, 620 Secondary tumor, 569, 601 Secretory, 38, 40, 575, 579, 602, 610 Sedative, 28, 34, 37, 78, 408, 512, 525, 544, 556, 571, 590, 591, 602 Sedentary, 334, 365, 602 Sedimentation, 520, 602, 616 Segmental, 548, 602 Segmentation, 352, 602 Seizures, 306, 452, 491, 518, 531, 534, 547, 585, 602 Selection Bias, 477, 602 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 602, 611 Selegiline, 287, 475, 602 Self Administration, 29, 602 Semen, 191, 201, 203, 205, 212, 213, 216, 592, 602 Semicircular canal, 558, 602 Semilunar Bone, 519, 602 Seminal vesicles, 602, 618 Semisynthetic, 518, 542, 602 Senescence, 33, 364, 602 Senile, 8, 180, 472, 508, 602 Senile Plaques, 8, 472, 602 Senna, 288, 419, 603 Sensibility, 505, 555, 603 Sensitization, 17, 43, 47, 66, 385, 603 Sensor, 351, 603 Sepsis, 348, 545, 603 Septal, 564, 603 Septic, 349, 509, 603 Septum, 55, 603 Septum Pellucidum, 603 Sequence Analysis, 15, 603 Sequencing, 15, 436, 603
644
Drugs
Serine, 343, 539, 593, 603 Serologic, 556, 603 Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, 24, 603 Serous, 539, 588, 603 Serrata, 235, 523, 603 Serrated, 603 Serum, 49, 86, 95, 156, 180, 345, 347, 376, 494, 502, 505, 526, 529, 565, 571, 603, 616 Sex Characteristics, 501, 505, 604, 612 Sexual Abstinence, 397, 604 Sexual Partners, 391, 433, 604 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 180, 415, 436, 447, 450, 604 Shedding, 414, 604 Shock, 55, 181, 349, 497, 539, 554, 604, 615 Shunt, 351, 604 Sibutramine, 17, 288, 604 Signal Transduction, 34, 39, 379, 517, 559, 604 Signs and Symptoms, 597, 598, 604 Silicon, 56, 288, 604 Silicon Dioxide, 604 Skeletal, 505, 523, 524, 529, 530, 556, 573, 595, 601, 604 Skeleton, 375, 500, 562, 591, 604, 605 Skin graft, 605, 607 Skull, 515, 529, 605, 611 Sludge, 405, 605 Small cell lung cancer, 307, 605 Small intestine, 346, 354, 404, 520, 523, 537, 540, 547, 554, 560, 574, 605 Smooth muscle, 365, 503, 505, 510, 513, 516, 517, 553, 572, 573, 577, 581, 583, 598, 605, 609 Sneezing, 604, 605 Social Behavior, 103, 401, 605 Social Environment, 595, 605 Social Problems, 5, 605 Social Security, 429, 605 Social Support, 4, 97, 120, 605 Social Work, 5, 118, 394, 605 Sodium Iodide, 339, 605 Sodium Nitrite, 339, 605 Soft tissue, 515, 605 Solid tumor, 324, 506, 514, 536, 606 Solvent, 125, 340, 349, 366, 383, 499, 512, 542, 549, 570, 580, 584, 606 Soma, 289, 595, 606 Somatic, 501, 564, 568, 571, 583, 590, 606, 611 Somnolence, 62, 606 Sound wave, 527, 606
Spasticity, 511, 606 Spatial disorientation, 535, 606 Specialist, 478, 606 Specificity, 25, 27, 38, 60, 331, 502, 517, 539, 606 Spectrin, 52, 606 Spectroscopic, 48, 606 Spectrum, 30, 67, 70, 324, 348, 364, 372, 403, 405, 562, 570, 606 Sperm, 505, 523, 588, 606, 616 Sphincter, 354, 563, 606 Spinal cord, 510, 511, 515, 516, 520, 521, 522, 567, 568, 575, 576, 583, 595, 597, 606, 609 Spirochete, 606, 610 Spleen, 289, 488, 504, 530, 566, 606 Sporadic, 575, 599, 606 Spores, 559, 607 Sputum, 487, 607 Squalene Synthetase, 65, 607 Squamous, 577, 607 Squamous cell carcinoma, 577, 607 Stabilization, 97, 585, 607 Staging, 60, 607 Stapedius, 83, 159, 607 Stapes, 607 Statistically significant, 328, 471, 607 Stavudine, 290, 306, 312, 314, 607 Steady state, 64, 607 Steel, 524, 607 Stem cell transplantation, 303, 607 Stem Cells, 372, 550, 583, 607 Stents, 158, 331, 332, 607 Sterile, 7, 342, 411, 428, 429, 430, 431, 448, 509, 607 Sterility, 530, 607 Sterilization, 452, 607 Steroid, 8, 68, 99, 415, 513, 518, 529, 548, 581, 601, 608 Stimulant, 16, 20, 27, 47, 54, 290, 504, 517, 533, 551, 553, 569, 570, 585, 608, 611, 618 Stimulus, 17, 26, 34, 106, 127, 528, 536, 538, 542, 551, 559, 560, 561, 582, 596, 597, 608, 613 Stoma, 354, 608 Stool, 526, 558, 563, 608 Strand, 17, 59, 325, 355, 588, 608 Street Drugs, 93, 449, 451, 608 Stress, 15, 16, 47, 66, 100, 101, 126, 178, 181, 368, 407, 491, 511, 519, 544, 574, 600, 608, 618 Striatum, 29, 54, 578, 608
Index 645
Stroke, 27, 55, 57, 67, 78, 157, 181, 305, 306, 321, 335, 362, 426, 519, 561, 608 Stroma, 32, 561, 608 Stromal, 32, 608 Stromal Cells, 32, 608 Structure-Activity Relationship, 19, 26, 608 Stupor, 563, 574, 608 Subacute, 558, 608 Subarachnoid, 545, 551, 608 Subclinical, 558, 602, 608 Subculture, 401, 608 Subcutaneous, 537, 582, 609 Subspecies, 606, 609 Substance P, 541, 569, 602, 609 Substrate, 25, 27, 46, 52, 58, 59, 347, 378, 575, 609, 617 Substrate Specificity, 25, 27, 46, 609 Sudden death, 49, 609 Sulfadoxine, 71, 316, 609 Sulfur, 147, 207, 543, 549, 562, 569, 609 Sulindac, 22, 290, 609 Sumatriptan, 290, 476, 609 Superoxide, 324, 609 Supplementation, 134, 609 Support group, 495, 496, 497, 609 Suppositories, 476, 546, 609 Suppression, 346, 366, 385, 386, 529, 609, 621 Supraspinal, 511, 609 Surfactant, 383, 609 Sweat, 339, 487, 532, 555, 584, 609 Sweat Glands, 532, 609 Sympathetic Nervous System, 506, 511, 609, 610 Sympatholytics, 476, 610 Sympathomimetic, 26, 504, 533, 535, 540, 569, 578, 585, 610, 617 Symphysis, 522, 592, 610 Symptomatic, 10, 344, 348, 405, 497, 610 Symptomatic treatment, 10, 610 Synapse, 501, 575, 590, 610, 615 Synapsis, 610 Synaptic, 43, 54, 576, 577, 603, 604, 610 Synaptic Transmission, 577, 610 Synaptic Vesicles, 610 Synaptosomes, 108, 610 Synergistic, 18, 19, 43, 46, 361, 610 Synovial, 375, 562, 610 Synovial Fluid, 376, 610 Synovial Membrane, 376, 562, 610 Synthetic retinoid, 543, 610
Syphilis, 447, 610 Systemic disease, 68, 611 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 522, 525, 611 Systemic therapy, 522, 611 Systolic, 555, 611 T Tachycardia, 492, 511, 611 Tachypnea, 492, 511, 611 Tacrine, 9, 10, 32, 291, 404, 474, 611 Tacrolimus, 135, 611 Tamoxifen, 57, 291, 405, 602, 611 Tardive, 182, 508, 611 Taxanes, 52, 611 Telencephalon, 512, 521, 611 Telomerase, 53, 611 Temporal, 43, 45, 470, 504, 551, 553, 611 Temporal Lobe, 504, 611 Tendon, 526, 606, 611 Terminator, 534, 611, 621 Testicular, 384, 611 Testimonials, 133, 611 Testis, 541, 611, 612 Testosterone, 45, 505, 597, 612 Tetani, 612 Tetanic, 612 Tetanus, 307, 612 Tetracycline, 292, 344, 345, 536, 612 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 104, 517, 612 Thalamic, 55, 510, 612 Thalamic Diseases, 510, 612 Thalamus, 55, 534, 564, 590, 612 Thalidomide, 466, 612 Theophylline, 292, 504, 595, 612 Therapeutics, 20, 65, 68, 76, 85, 157, 315, 360, 375, 383, 421, 572, 612 Thermal, 354, 362, 515, 535, 577, 612 Thiamine, 138, 139, 612 Thiotepa, 60, 612 Third Ventricle, 612, 613 Thoracic, 515, 533, 567, 588, 613, 621 Thorax, 307, 499, 613 Threonine, 343, 593, 603, 613 Threshold, 52, 83, 159, 542, 555, 613 Thrombin, 543, 544, 587, 592, 613 Thrombocytes, 587, 613 Thrombocytopenia, 311, 486, 587, 613 Thrombolytic, 341, 587, 613 Thrombomodulin, 592, 613 Thrombosis, 363, 512, 593, 608, 613 Thromboxanes, 509, 613 Thrombus, 341, 529, 558, 561, 587, 613
646
Drugs
Thymidine, 39, 71, 386, 613 Thymus, 293, 433, 556, 566, 613 Thyroid, 293, 348, 405, 555, 556, 561, 605, 613, 617 Thyrotropin, 556, 613 Time Perception, 45, 613 Tin, 56, 112, 519, 583, 587, 613 Tinnitus, 52, 78, 402, 403, 613, 620 Tolerance, 21, 43, 51, 57, 125, 368, 372, 373, 500, 516, 548, 614 Tome, 239, 296, 614 Tone, 349, 354, 358, 513, 556, 573, 606, 614 Tonic, 569, 614 Tonus, 614 Tooth Preparation, 500, 614 Topical, 62, 146, 224, 242, 294, 404, 476, 510, 542, 554, 581, 584, 614 Toxicology, 20, 42, 52, 64, 67, 90, 134, 136, 158, 406, 428, 614 Toxin, 374, 407, 539, 540, 612, 614 Trace element, 515, 604, 613, 614 Tracer, 554, 614 Trachea, 354, 516, 542, 563, 585, 613, 614 Traction, 524, 614 Transcriptase, 40, 312, 398, 435, 449, 499, 531, 534, 562, 577, 599, 607, 611, 614, 621 Transcription Factors, 30, 109, 599, 614 Transdermal, 359, 385, 614 Transduction, 35, 343, 604, 615 Transfection, 514, 538, 547, 615 Transferases, 549, 615 Transitional cell carcinoma, 384, 615 Translating, 31, 615 Translation, 355, 504, 541, 615 Translational, 19, 49, 615 Translocate, 343, 615 Translocation, 30, 343, 541, 615 Transmitter, 364, 499, 510, 535, 561, 567, 570, 578, 610, 615, 617 Transplantation, 132, 366, 523, 556, 584, 615 Transurethral, 60, 592, 615 Transurethral resection, 60, 592, 615 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 592, 615 Trauma, 450, 531, 615 Treatment Failure, 68, 615 Treatment Outcome, 14, 129, 615 Tremor, 23, 486, 582, 615 Triacetyluridine, 315, 615 Triad, 134, 616 Triazolam, 37, 294, 616
Tricyclic, 16, 294, 475, 476, 501, 556, 616 Trigeminal, 474, 616 Trigger zone, 508, 616 Triglyceride, 69, 328, 555, 616 Troglitazone, 405, 616 Trophoblast, 68, 514, 616 Trypanosomiasis, 583, 616 Tryptophan, 381, 525, 603, 616 Tubercle, 578, 616 Tuberculostatic, 561, 616 Tubulin, 19, 53, 570, 571, 616 Tumor marker, 513, 616 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 43, 612, 616 Tumor suppressor gene, 375, 599, 616 Tumorigenic, 346, 616 Tumour, 78, 616 Tunica, 539, 573, 616 Type 2 diabetes, 133, 334, 363, 364, 365, 617 Tyramine, 153, 572, 617 Tyrosine, 53, 269, 295, 346, 535, 617 U Ubiquitin, 576, 617 Ulcer, 617 Ulceration, 358, 378, 583, 617 Ulcerative colitis, 472, 558, 617 Unconscious, 28, 497, 505, 531, 556, 617 Universal Precautions, 414, 617 Urea, 328, 609, 617 Uremia, 598, 617 Ureter, 598, 615, 617 Urethra, 354, 512, 583, 592, 615, 617, 618 Uridine Diphosphate, 548, 617 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 548, 617 Urinary Retention, 513, 617 Urinary tract, 354, 574, 609, 617 Urinary tract infection, 574, 617 Urinate, 354, 617, 618 Urogenital, 549, 618 Urokinase, 80, 618 Urticaria, 89, 618 Uterus, 354, 499, 521, 529, 531, 539, 569, 590, 598, 618 Utilization Review, 310, 618 V Vaccination, 91, 618 Vaccine, 82, 263, 307, 419, 433, 460, 501, 593, 618 Vacuoles, 55, 539, 580, 618 Vagina, 354, 569, 598, 618 Vaginal, 67, 272, 397, 433, 618
Index 647
Valine, 382, 582, 618 Valves, 351, 618 Vas Deferens, 354, 618 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 363, 618 Vascular Resistance, 504, 618 Vasculitis, 470, 618 Vasoconstriction, 78, 157, 540, 618 Vasodilation, 503, 506, 535, 581, 618 Vasodilator, 503, 504, 516, 535, 553, 554, 581, 583, 618 Vasomotor, 349, 618 Vector, 27, 39, 396, 559, 615, 618 Vein, 561, 578, 601, 619 Venereal, 610, 619 Venoms, 531, 619 Venous, 166, 332, 345, 353, 512, 514, 563, 577, 593, 619 Venous blood, 345, 514, 563, 619 Venter, 619 Ventilation, 476, 619 Ventral, 50, 55, 106, 578, 619 Ventral Tegmental Area, 55, 106, 619 Ventricle, 504, 520, 553, 578, 594, 595, 611, 619 Ventricular, 49, 56, 471, 504, 619 Venules, 515, 517, 539, 619 Vertigo, 183, 402, 406, 619, 620 Vesicular, 37, 553, 570, 619 Vestibular, 402, 407, 476, 551, 619 Vestibule, 525, 558, 602, 619 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 614, 619 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 614, 619 Veterinary Medicine, 134, 427, 454, 458, 620 Villous, 214, 523, 620 Vinblastine, 616, 620 Vinca Alkaloids, 620 Vincristine, 361, 616, 620 Vinorelbine, 53, 620 Vinyl Chloride, 404, 620 Viral Load, 303, 308, 312, 314, 620 Viremia, 515, 620
Virulence, 614, 620 Virus Diseases, 508, 620 Visceral, 65, 183, 511, 563, 564, 584, 620 Vitamin A, 147, 559, 599, 620 Vitro, 10, 13, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 34, 42, 43, 45, 49, 52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 83, 122, 130, 136, 158, 329, 330, 355, 360, 368, 369, 370, 371, 437, 547, 552, 557, 607, 611, 620 Vivo, 13, 20, 24, 27, 29, 42, 50, 52, 60, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 99, 130, 329, 330, 335, 355, 357, 358, 360, 370, 371, 372, 385, 386, 534, 547, 552, 557, 570, 605, 609, 611, 613, 620 Vulgaris, 162, 232, 233, 293, 620 W Wakefulness, 531, 620 War, 74, 97, 99, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 117, 124, 125, 620 Wart, 45, 620 White blood cell, 315, 499, 500, 506, 514, 523, 550, 558, 563, 564, 566, 572, 573, 587, 620 Windpipe, 585, 613, 621 Withdrawal, 21, 23, 34, 162, 394, 443, 447, 452, 464, 531, 569, 585, 621 Womb, 598, 618, 621 Wound Healing, 184, 378, 567, 621 X Xanthine, 32, 325, 621 Xanthine Oxidase, 325, 621 Xenobiotics, 46, 63, 68, 324, 347, 381, 404, 621 Xenograft, 506, 621 X-ray, 332, 493, 494, 519, 544, 546, 567, 578, 596, 621 Y Yeasts, 545, 585, 621 Z Zalcitabine, 562, 621 Zidovudine, 307, 308, 429, 621 Zygote, 527, 621 Zymogen, 592, 621
648
Drugs
