My First Pocket Guide to Arizona

Arizona Basics

Arizona Geography

Arizona History

Arizona People

Arizona Places

Arizona Nature

Arizona Miscellany

by Carole Marsh

M My y F Fiir rs st t P Po oc ck ke et t G Gu uiid de e

B By y C Ca ar ro olle e M Ma ar rs sh h

The Carole Marsh Bob Longmeyer Chad Beard Cecil Anderson Steven Saint-Laurent Jill Sanders

Kathy Zimmer Terry Briggs Pat Newman Billie Walburn Jackie Clayton Pam Dufresne

Cranston Davenport Lisa Stanley Antoinette Miller Victoria DeJoy Al Fortunatti Shery Kearney

Published by GALLOPADE INTERNATIONAL

www.thearizonaexperience.com 800-536-2GET • www.gallopade.com ©2001 Carole Marsh • First Edition • All Rights Reserved. ©2011 Ebook Edition Character Illustrations by Lucyna A. M. Green. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. The Arizona Experience logo is a trademark of Carole Marsh and Gallopade International, Inc. A free catalog of The Arizona Experience Products is available by calling 800-536-2GET, or by visiting our website at www.thearizonaexperience.com.

Gallopade is proud to be a member of these educational organizations and associations:

Other Arizona Experience Products • The Arizona Experience! • The BIG Arizona Reproducible Activity Book • The Arizona Coloring Book • My First Book About Arizona! • Arizona “Jography”: A Fun Run Through Our State • Arizona Jeopardy!: Answers and Questions About Our State • The Arizona Experience! Sticker Pack • The Arizona Experience! Poster/Map • Discover Arizona CD-ROM • Arizona “Geo” Bingo Game • Arizona “Histo” Bingo Game

A Word From the Author... (okay, a few words)... Hi! Here’s your own handy pocket guide about the great state of Arizona! It really will fit in a pocket—I tested it. And it really will be useful when you want to know a fact you forgot, to bone up for a test, or when your teacher says, “I wonder . . .” and you have the answer— instantly! Wow, I’m impressed! Get smart, have fun!

Arizona Basics

Arizona Geography

Carole Marsh

Arizona Basics explores your state’s symbols and their special meanings! Arizona Geography digs up the what’s where in your state! Arizona History is like traveling through time to some of your state’s great moments! Arizona People introduces you to famous personalities and your next-door neighbors! Arizona Places shows you where you might enjoy your next family vacation! Arizona Nature - no preservatives here, just what Mother Nature gave to Arizona!

Arizona History

Arizona People

Arizona Places

Arizona Nature

Arizona Miscellany

All the real fun stuff that we just HAD to save for its own section!

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State Name

Who Named You? Arizona’s official state name is...

Arizona

State Name

Word Definition

OFFICIAL: appointed, authorized, or approved, by a government or organization

Statehood: February 14, 1912 Arizona will be on a statecommemorative quarter starting in the year 2008. Look for it in cash registers everywhere!

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Arizona was the 48th state to join the Union.

Coccinella noemnotata is my name (that’s Latin for ladybug)! What’s YOURS?

State Name Origin

W hat’s In A

Name ?

State Name Origin

Arizona may have gotten its name from a Tohono O’odham Indian word arizonac, which means “small spring,” or it may have come from the Aztec word arizuma, which means “silver-bearing.” Many of Arizona’s city names, such as San Luis and Moenkopi reflect its Hispanic and Native American heritages.

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State Nicknames

WHO Are You Calling Names? State Nicknames

Grand Canyon State

Arizona is not the only name by which our state is recognized. Like many other states, Arizona has some nicknames, official or unofficial!

r State e p p Co entine St Val

Arizona is called the Valentine State because it became a state on February 14, Valentine’s Day. It’s called the Baby State because it was the nation’s youngest state for 47 years!

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ate

y State b a B

State Capital/Capitol

Phoenix

Established

1867

State Capital:

State Capital/ Capitol

Capital of Arizona Since

1889

Phoenix got its name from the Egyptian bird of mythology, the phoenix. Legend has it that this bird rose up out of the ashes after it died and was reborn again. Phoenix is built over the ruins of an advanced prehistoric nation known as the Hohokam. This group flourished for centuries before mysteriously vanishing! Previously, the capital of territorial Arizona was Fort Whipple, Prescott, Tucson, and back to Prescott Arizona’s capitol is topped with a before settling copper dome and a in Phoenix. statue called Victory. Word Inside the capitol Definition are murals and paintings illustrating historic events and Arizona’s beautiful scenery.

CAPITAL: a town or city that is the official seat of government CAPITOL: the building in which the government officials meet 7

State Government

Who’s in Charge Here? Arizona’s LEGISLATIVE

GOVERNMENT

has three branches:

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

A governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction

Supreme Court (5 justices) Court of Appeals Superior Courts

State Government

Two Houses: The Senate (30 members) House of Representatives (60 members)

The number of legislators is determined by population, which is counted in the census every 10 years; the numbers above are When you are certain to 18 and register change as according to Arizona laws, Arizona grows you can vote! and prospers! So please do! Your vote counts!

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State Flag

State Flag

✮

Arizona’s current state flag was adopted in 1917...

It features a five-pointed copper-colored star for the state’s most valuable mineral. The background is divided in half horizontally. The lower half is a deep blue, representing liberty. The upper half features 13 As you travel alternating red and yellow throughout rays. These are the colors of Arizona, count the Spain, which once ruled times you see the Arizona flag! the region. Look for it on government vehicles, too!

✮ ✮ ✮ 9

State Seal & Motto

State Seal The state seal of Arizona features images of mining, farming, and cattle ranching. State Seal & Motto It was adopted in 1912.

Word Definition

?

MOTTO: a sentence, phrase, or word expressing the spirit or purpose of an organization or group

State Motto Arizona’s state motto is the Latin Arizona’s state seal also features a dam-created lake used for storing water to irrigate fruit orchards and pastures for cattle.

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Ditat Deus It means “God enriches.”

State Bird

Birds of a Feather Coues’ Cactus Wren The cactus wren is a small brown-and-white spotted bird. It burrows into the flesh of cacti. Its favorite is the saguaro cactus. The bird does this to protect itself from predators and because the inside of a cactus is a lot cooler than the hot Arizona air! It was named the state bird in 1931.

RIDDLE:

If the state bird got mixed up with the state flower, what would you have? ANSWER: A flying cactus— it could happen!

The cactus wren usually builds several nests, but only lives in one; the others are just decoys!

State Bird

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State Tree

PALO VERDE mes

at

g th

noth in There’s

. Hol

State Tree

O.W — th.

outh. . . but a tree and its y s p e tru ke

Arizona’s state tree, the palo verde, is from the Spanish words for “green stick.” This is not an ordinary tree, though! It’s not a hardwood, or a conifer, or an evergreen. It’s actually a legume, closely related to the alfalfa plant! Palo verdes bloom in the spring with yellow-gold blossoms, painting the Arizona desert even more colorfully!

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State Flower

SAGUARO CACTUS BLOSSOM State Flower

so w wo n. rth

A

The blossom of the saguaro cactus is made r e lov up of beautiful elier nev ds flower on earth was Wor white petals with a i am —Will spiky golden center. The Papago and Pima Indians in Arizona used all parts of the saguaro. In fact, they even started their new year in late May or early June when they saw the first blossoms of this plant. After the flowers have bloomed, they fruit. When the fruit ripens, it splits open to reveal a red inside. Native Americans collect the fruit and stew it until it becomes a thick, Saguaro cacti can sweet, syrup. Saguaro store up to 9 tons (9,144 kilograms) cactus blossoms are of water! primarily pollinated by migrating bats!

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R

State Mammal

ail t g in

State Mammal

The ringtail is also known as the ringtail cat. It’s a relative to the raccoon, which is easy to tell by its ringed tail! Their tails are usually half the length of their bodies. Ringtails have large eyes with white markings Because of the around them. They slightly long ringtail’s tail and cat-like resemble a cat, but are not appearance, related to them. Ringtails are Native Americans gave hunted by great owls it a name that and bobcats. means “half a mountain lion”!

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State Reptile and Amphibian

State Reptile Eleven species of rattlesnakes can be found in Arizona, which is more than any other state in the nation. Arizona’s state reptile is the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake. This particular species was first discovered in the wild by a man from Tombstone, Arizona. This was the last rattlesnake named by snake experts in the United States.

State Reptile and Amphibian

State Amphibian Arizona’s state amphibian is the Arizona tree frog. It’s one of two species of tree frogs found in the state. These little fellows can scale trees because of disk-shaped pads on the ends of their toes. Only male Arizona tree frogs can make sounds, and their breeding call is a nasal clacking sound.

Did you hear that? Sounds like an Arizona tree frog!

Experts believe that the Chiricahua Apaches modeled their war paint after the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake’s facial markings.

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State Neckwear

Bola Tie State Neckwear

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Arizona is the only state with an official state neckwear. The bola was created in the 1940s in Arizona, and in 1971, lawmakers named it the official state neckwear. Bola is actually shortened from boleadora, which is what Argentinean cowboys use to rope cattle. The Spanish also used a weapon called a bola made of two or three strings with heavy balls attached at the ends. The bola tie is a People use all sorts of items to adorn cord held in place by their bolas. Some an ornamental clasp, have even used gallstones! usually with a stone in a metal setting.

State Fossil

Petrified Wood State Fossil

Thousands of years ago, conifer trees grew in upland areas. As they died, the logs were washed down and came to rest in an area of Arizona known as the Painted Desert. Over time, sand, silt, and volcanic ash Trees like these still buried the logs, but preserved grow in some areas them by turning them to today. One modern species is stone! Some of the conifers called the monkey that are now part of the puzzle tree because Petrified Forest may have it is extremely grown as tall as 164 feet prickly! (50 meters)!

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State Gem

Turquoise Turquoise is a stone the color of the sky on a clear day. It was one of the first gemstones ever used for decorative purposes. Great amounts of it have been found in the burial places of State ancient leaders in Gem many cultures. Turquoise is only found near copper deposits because it is formed by copper, aluminum, and phosphorus. The more iron a piece of turquoise contains, the more green it appears. Sky-blue turquoise is free of iron.

Really good turquoise specimens are rare. Cheap stones are sometimes painted blue to make them appear turquoise.

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I like turquoise. It complements my black spots!

State Song In 1982, “Arizona” by Rex Allen, Jr. was adopted as Arizona’s alternate state song because it’s easier to sing than the official state song, “Arizona March Song.”

“Arizona” I love you, Arizona Your mountains, deserts, and streams The rise of Doz Cabezas

State Song

And the outlaws I see in dreams. I love you, Arizona Superstitions and all The warmth you give at sunrise Your sunsets put music in us all. CHORUS: Oo, Arizona You’re the magic in me Oo, Arizona You’re the life-blood of me. Arizona’s official state song, “Arizona March Song,” was adopted in 1919. The words were written by Margaret Rowe Clifford, with music by Maurice Blumenthal.

I love you, Arizona Desert dust on the wind The sage and cactus are blooming And the smell of the rain on your skin.

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State Fish

Arizona Trout The Arizona trout’s scientific name is Salmo apache. Salmo means “leaper,” and this particular species was first identified after being found on an Apache Indian reservation. Arizona trouts are colorful. Their main color is yellowish with dark spots covering their bodies. This fish’s back is golden to olive colored, and the fins are white or yellow tipped. A slash of orange to yellow—like an Arizona sunset!—is on its lower jaw. As little as 10 years ago, the fish was heading toward extinction, but conservation efforts have led to its revival. Today, Arizona trout can be found in streams in the mountainous areas of Arizona, and their numbers are growing!

State Fish

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Sounds fishy to me!

The State The State of

Arizona The State

States are great!

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State Location Ar i zo n a i s o n e of the deser t s t at e s i n t h e S o u t h we s t .

State Location

T H E CO N T I G U O U S U N I T E D S TAT E S

Arizona

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Word Definition

LATITUDE: Imaginary lines which run horizontally east and west around the globe LONGITUDE: Imaginary lines which run vertically north and south around the globe

State Neighbors

On The Border! These border Arizona: States: California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico Country: Mexico borders Arizona’s southern border. River: The Colorado River forms Arizona’s western border.

Colora

ia Californ

do Rive r

Nevada

Utah

na Arizo

State Neighbors

o Colorad

xico New Me

Mexico

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East-West, North-South, Area

I’ll Take the Low Road… East-West, North-South, Area

Arizona stretches 392 miles (631 kilometers) from north to south—or south to north. Either way, it’s a long drive!

Total Area: Approx. 114,006 square miles (295,253 square kilometers) Land Area: Approx. 113,642 square miles (294,310 square kilometers) Arizona is 341 miles (549 kilometers) from east to west—or west to east. Either way, it’s still a long drive! This is a compass rose. It helps you find the right direction on a map!

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Highest & Lowest Points

You Take the High Road!

Highest & Lowest Points

HIGHEST PEAK Humphreys Peak—12,633 feet (3,851 meters)

Humphreys Peak is the remainder of an ancient volcano. Northern Arizona Indians, including the Hopis, consider it the Source of the Clouds. The Navajos call it the Sacred Mountain of the West. LOWEST POINT Colorado River—70 feet (21 meters) above sea level

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State Counties

I’m County-ing on You! Arizona is divided into 15 counties.

State Counties

Word

COUNTY: Definition an administrative subdivision of a state or territory 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…

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6, 7, 8, 9, 10…

Natural Resources It’s All Natural!

Forests make up about 19,596,000 acres (7,930,501 hectares) in Arizona. More than 21 percent of the state is covered by timber.

Word Definition

NATURAL RESOURCES: things that exist in or are formed by nature

Natural Resources

Rocks and Minerals: copper gold molybdenum silver zinc lead uranium turquoise peridot amethyst precious opal fire agate

Rock and Roll!

Arizona has been the nation’s leading producer of copper since 1888. More copper comes from Arizona than the other 49 states combined!

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Weather

Weather, Or Not?! Arizona’s temperatures can drop to 66.9°F (19.4°C) in the winter and reach 105°F (40.6°C) in the summer. Weather

Highest temperature: 128°F (53°C), Parker, June 29, 1994 ºF=Degrees Fahrenheit ºC=Degrees Celsius

Lowest temperature: -40°F (-40°C), Hawley Lake, January 7, 1971

Arizona’s hot, dry climate causes its land to parch and harden. When rainstorms hit, the ground can’t soak up the moisture, so the water rolls off forming flash floods.

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Topography

Back On Top ● Mountains ● Deserts

Sea Level

Arizona’s topography includes:

● Rivers

100 m 328 ft

● Plateaus

Arizona’s Painted Desert has red, yellow, purple, blue, brown, and gray rocks.

500 m 1,640 ft 2,000 m 1,000 m 6,562 ft 3,281 ft 5,000 m 16,404 ft

TOPOGRAPHY: the detailed mapping of Word Definition the features of a small area or district DESERT: a dry, sandy region with little or no plant life PLATEAU: a broad stretch of high, level land

200 m 656 ft

Topography

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Mountains and Ranges

King of the Hill

Mountains and Ranges

• Mazatzal • Mohawk • Gila • Harcuvar • Castle Dome • Gila Bend • Sand Tank • Ajo • Boboquivari • Santa Rita

Climb every mountain…

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• Pinaleno • Galiuro • Chiricahua • Santa Maria • Sierra Ancha • White • Mogollon Rim • Santa Catalina

Rivers

A River Runs Through It! Here are some of Arizona’s major rivers:

• Colorado River • Little Colorado River • Gila River • Bill Williams River • Santa Maria River • Big Sandy River • Verde River • San Pedro River During the second half of the 19th century, riverboats would paddle up the Colorado River as far as 200 miles (321.9 kilometers) above Yuma, Arizona.

Rivers

Grab a paddle!

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Major Lakes

Gone Fishin’ Major Lakes

Arizona has few natural lakes, but a number of rivers have been dammed to create artificial lakes. Major lakes in Arizona include:

Lake Mead is Arizona’s largest lake and the largest manmade lake in the United States. It measures 115 miles (185 kilometers) long.

• Lake Powell • Lake Mead • Lake Mohave • Lake Havasu • San Carlos Lake • Theodore Roosevelt Lake

• Apache Lake • Canyon Lake • Saguaro Lake Word Definition

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RESERVOIR: a body of water stored for public use

Cities & Towns Are You a city mouse… or a Country Mouse?

Hey, Wikieup! Happy Jack is Eager to show Why his Snowflake is Superior.

Have you heard of these wonderful Arizona town, city, or crossroad names? Perhaps you can start your own list!

MAJOR CITIES:

UNIQUE NAMES:

• Nogales

• Mexican Water • Chloride • Valentine • Happy Jack • Snowflake • Show Low • Eager • Page • Wikieup • Globe I’m just • Superior Carefree to sample the • Why Chloride in the • Carefree Mexican Waters

• Phoenix • Tucson • Winslow • Flagstaff • Yuma • Lake Havasu City • Bullhead City • Kayenta • Prescott • Glendale • Mesa • Scottsdale • Tempe • Ajo

Cities & Towns

of the Globe.

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Transportation Major Interstate Highways I-40 I-17 I-10 I-19 I-8 Transportation

Railroads Arizona has several railroads that provide freight service, including Southern Pacific, which was the first railroad to enter the region in 1877.

Major Airports Arizona has an international airport in Phoenix. In 1919, Tucson became the first U.S. city to have its own city airport.

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Timeline c. 1000 Hohokam, Anasazi, Mogollon, Sinagua peoples begin building pueblos in Arizona area 1200–1450 These cultures disappear 1064 Sunset Crater volcano erupts 1539 Marcos de Niza is first European to set foot in what is now Arizona 1629 Franciscan priests set up mission for Hopi 1752 Arizona’s first European settlement is established at Tubac 1776 Tucson is founded 1821 Mexico gains independence from Spain; Arizona becomes a Mexican territory 1848 Mexican War ends; most of Arizona becomes Timeline an American territory 1858 Gold discovered near Gila River 1863 Congress establishes Arizona Territory 1886 Apache chief Geronimo surrenders to U.S. troops 1889 Phoenix becomes Arizona’s state capital 1912 Arizona becomes 48th state on February 14 1919 Grand Canyon National Park is established 1936 Hoover Dam is completed 1948 Arizona Indians receive right to vote 1975 Raul H. Castro is state’s first Mexican-American governor 1988 Rose Mofford becomes Arizona’s first female governor 2001 Arizona enters the 21st century!

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Early History

Here come the humans! Early History

Thousands of years ago, ancient peoples inhabited Arizona. They may have originally come across a frozen bridge of land between Asia and Alaska. If so, they slowly traveled east until some settled in what would one day become the state of Arizona. The first inhabitants developed into four distinct cultures: the Anasazi, the Mogollon, These early the Sinagua, and people were nomadic hunters the Hohokam. who traveled in small bands. They camped when seasons offered hunting, fishing, and fruit and nut gathering.

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Early Indians Native Americans Once Ruled! Arizona’s first inhabitants built amazing civilizations. The Anasazi, the Sinagua, the Mogollon, and the Hohokam settled in the area now called Arizona. They moved from caves to houses built in pits to those built of stone on hillsides. The tribes farmed, growing corn, beans, cotton, and squash. They also made beautiful pottery decorated with painted figures of animals and spiritual images. For some reason around 1450, the tribes mysteriously disappeared. Early Various reasons have been given for Indians their disappearance, including diseases, enemy tribes, a severe drought, and salt deposits in their irrigation water. However, some did survive, and it is believed that the Anasazi are ancestors to today’s Hopi, and the Hohokam are ancestors to the Pima and Tohono O’odham. Sometime around 1100, a new group moved from the Northwest into Arizona. These people were known as the Navajos. More groups moved farther south. They were called Apaches. Word Definition

WAMPUM: beads, pierced and strung, used by Indians as money or for ornaments

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Exploration

Land Ho!

The first Europeans known to have entered Arizona were Franciscan missionaries who came in 1539 hoping to find cities filled with gold. In 1540, Spanish explorers came, again in search of wealth and riches. When they didn’t find gold where they expected, the explorers pushed Exploration further. They encountered Hopi Indians, who showed them a remarkable sight—the Grand Canyon! Next came Spanish missionaries who wanted to convert the Indians to Christianity. The Indians may One Spanish have been offended by this missionary was because they began to Eusebio Francisco Kino. He was a attack the Spanish, burning He kind man. taught the Indians down their missions and agricultural methods as he killing the missionaries. explored Arizona and California.

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Settlement

Home, Sweet Home In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and Arizona became part of the Mexican territory. Since the Spanish troops had moved on, the area was easier to settle. American traders, trappers, and Settlement mountaineers moved into the land. Mexico and the United States went to war in 1848 over the land. The United States won and took The discovery of gold in California over the area extending in 1848 caused from Texas to California, many prospectors and miners to which included Arizona. flock to Arizona in hopes they would find gold and riches there, too!

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Copper The Spanish first discovered copper in Arizona during their early expeditions in the 1500s; however, more than 200 years passed before anyone attempted to mine it. One of the state’s founding fathers, Charles Debrille Poston, started one of the first mines near Tubac in the mid-1800s, but attacks by the Apaches halted his operation. Soldiers found copper ore deposits near Bisbee and Copper Douglas, but the Civil War kept them from mining there for several years. By the 1880s, however, Arizona had become the site of one of the world’s greatest copper sources. Prospectors staked out the state, even looking for mineral riches in the Mojave Desert. Some died in their search, but a few were successful. Some of the mines started by these adventurous souls are still in operation today.

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Legends and Lore

Native Americans believed Arizona’s mountainous region east of present-day Scottsdale was sacred to the Thunder God and his people. They also believed the Thunder God had great treasures stored there. In the 1530s, the Spanish explorer Francisco Coronado sought the treasure. Indians would not help him, saying the Thunder God would punish those who came into his land. Coronado and his men laughed and forged ahead. Then strange things began to happen—violent thunderstorms popped up; men fell off cliffs, broke bones, and some completely disappeared! The men began to think the Indians were right! They called the mountain Monte Superstition, and that is how the Superstition Mountains got their name! Another Arizona legend involves a hidden gold mine called the Lost Dutchman Mine. A German prospector named Jacob Waltz, who was called the Dutchman, claimed to have found a rich store of gold ore. Waltz died without revealing the exact location, but many have tried to find it. Some say that the gold cannot be found because it is sacred. “Gold belongs to God,” the Apaches claim.

Legends and Lore

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Revolution

Freedom! Freedom! Some settlers in the New World felt that England ignored their ideas and concerns. In 1775, the colonies went to war with England. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. While Arizona was far removed Revolution from the action of the Revolutionary War, things were going on there, too. Tubac, an area just south of Tucson, was the site of a Spanish presidio, or military base. It was established in 1752. In 1776, the Spanish built In 1781, the Yuma Indians revolted after a fort in Tucson. It had years of being abused by the settlers. thick adobe walls that They massacred two the in settlements protected the soldiers area where the Gila and Colorado and their families from rivers meet. The settlements were the frequent attacks of not rebuilt. the Apaches! 42

Slaves and Slavery In 1848, the United States gained the New Mexico territory from Spain. This included most of Arizona. Many Americans who thought slavery was wrong were afraid the new lands would become a slave territory. Still, the lands were opened Slaves and Slavery for settling, and thousands rushed there to claim the land. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.

Word Definition

ABOLITIONIST: person who believed slavery was wrong and should be ended

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The Civil War

The Civil War was fought between the American states. The argument was over states’ rights to make their own decisions, including whether or not to own slaves. Some of the southern states began to secede (leave) the Union. They formed the Confederate States of America. Many of Arizona’s settlers had come from the South, and when the Civil War broke out, they backed the Confederacy. The Civil On February 14, 1862, Confederate War President Jefferson Davis claimed Arizona as the Confederate Territory of Arizona. This made President Abraham Lincoln take action. On February 24, 1863, a bill was passed making Arizona a separate territory from New Mexico. A few minor battles took place in Arizona. In February 1862, a Confederate captain from Texas, Sherod Hunter, marched his troops into Tucson. He had the support of Arizonans, but the Union forces stopped his advances.

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The Civil War

In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation, given by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, freed the slaves still under Confederate control. Some slaves became sharecroppers; others went to Northern states to work in factories.

The Civil War was also called the War Between the States. Soldiers often found themselves fighting against former friends and neighbors, even brother against brother. Those who did survive often went home without an arm, leg, or both, since amputation was the “cure” for most battlefield wounds. More Americans were killed during the Civil War than during World Wars I and II together!

The Civil War

Word Definition

RECONSTRUCTION: the recovery and rebuilding period following the Civil War 45

Famous Documents

Get It In Writing! 1776 Declaration of Independence 1789 U.S. Constitution Famous Documents

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1908 Winters Doctrine 1910 Arizona Enabling Act 1917 Zimmerman Note

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Immigrants

Welcome To America! People have come to Arizona from other states and many other countries on almost every continent! As time goes by, Arizona’s population grows more diverse. This means that people of different races and from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds have moved to Arizona. In the past, many immigrants have come to Arizona from New Spain, which is now known as Mexico. Only a certain number of immigrants are allowed to move to America each year. Many of these immigrants eventually become U.S. citizens.

Immigrants

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Disasters & Catastrophes! 1805 More than 100 Navajo women and children are killed by Spanish attackers in a cave shelter today called Massacre Cave near Canyon de Chelly. 1851 In a gold rush town, Apaches attack a pioneer family, killing the parents and kidnapping two daughters. One daughter, Mary Ann, dies, but Olive is released five years later. The town is named Oatman in honor of the family. 1871 On April 30, a ragged group of whites, Mexicans, and Papago Indians attack an Apache settlement at Camp Grant. They find that most men in the Disasters & tribe are away hunting, but they still attack the Catastrophes! remaining women and children, killing 85. 1875 John Wesley Powell, who lost an arm in a Civil War battle, leads the first expedition down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon with a party of 10 men. Three leave the expedition because they don’t want to tackle Separation Rapid. When they try to walk out of the canyon, Paiute Indians kill them. 1943 Edith Greenwood and a ward attendant, Private James Ford, successfully evacuate all patents in a Yuma, Arizona hospital fire. She is cited for her heroism. 1990 In June, the Dude Fire claims the hunting lodge of writer Zane Grey, killing six firefighters. Some of Grey’s belongings are salvaged, however.

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Legal Stuff 1848 The Mexican-American War begins in 1846, and ends in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This gives the United States the New Mexico territory which includes Arizona. 1853 President Franklin Pierce has diplomat James Gadsden purchase land from the Gila River to the border Arizona shares with Mexico from Mexico. This is called the Gadsden Purchase. 1902 Legal Stuff Reclamation Act is part of water conservation effort to improve Arizona’s watersupply problems. With this act, construction begins on Theodore Roosevelt Dam. 1912 Arizona adopts state constitution that is still used today—even though it’s been amended 93 times! 1948 Arizona Indians receive right to vote. 1963 U.S. Supreme Court gives Arizona access to water from the Colorado River. 1980 Arizona legislature passes law to enforce strict water-management procedures.

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Women 1914 Frances Munds and Rachel Berry are elected to state legislature.

1965 Lorna Lockwood named head of Arizona Supreme Court.

1981 Women

President Ronald Reagan appoints Arizonan Sandra Day O’Connor as first woman U.S. Supreme Court justice.

1988 Secretary of State Rose Mofford becomes Arizona’s first woman governor after taking over for Evan Mecham who was impeached for misconduct.

1995 Legislator Polly Rosenbaum retires after 45 years at this position.

1997 Jane Dee Hull is Arizona’s first elected woman governor.

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Wars

Fight! Fight! Fight! Arizonans have participated in the following wars: ● Mexican-American War ● Civil War ● Spanish-American War ● World War I ● World War II ● Korean War

Wars

● Vietnam War ● Persian Gulf War

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Grand Canyon More Than Just a Big Ditch! Arizona’s official nickname is the Grand Canyon State because this awe-inspiring land formation is in the northwestern part of the state. The Grand Canyon stretches 217 miles (349 kilometers), is 10 miles (16 kilometers) across at its widest point, and is nearly 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) at its deepest. It has been forming for 6 million years since the Colorado River began coursing through the Grand rocks, cutting out the deep gorge. Canyon The Indians, of course, were the first to see the canyon, and they showed it next to Spanish explorers. Today, more than 4 million people tour the canyon each year, and about half of these tourists are not Americans. There are a number of ways to see the canyon. One is to take a plane or helicopter ride over it. Another way is to take a mule trip down into it. There are also raft trips down the Colorado River. A number of lookout points let visitors see the beauty of the Grand Canyon. These include Mather Point, Hopi Point, Mohave Point, and Desert View.

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Indian Tribes Anasazi Hohokam Mogollon Hopi Salado Pima

Patayan Sinagua Navajo Apache Zuni

From the Anasazi to the Zuni, Indian Indians have inhabited Arizona since Tribes 12,000 years ago. Sometime around AD 1350, the Hohokam built a four-story tower known as the Casa The Indians of Grande (which is Spanish Arizona could not that have known for “large house”). Still the coming of the standing today, it is the white man would mean an end to the oldest masonry structure way of life they had known for in the world! hundreds of years. 53

Explorers and Settlers

Here, There, Everywhere! ANTONIO DE ESPEJO made an expedition into Arizona in 1582. He discovered silver near present-day Prescott. MARCOS DE NIZA, a Franciscan missionary, was the first European known to have entered Arizona. Spanish leaders sent him in 1539 to find gold-filled cities called the Seven Cities of Cibola. De Niza reported seeing golden cities, and claimed the area for New Spain. Could de Niza have seen the golden adobe mud walls of Hawikuh and thought they were the real thing? FRANCISCO VÁSQUEZ DE CORONADO returned with de Niza. This time in Hawikuh, it was clear there was no gold. The explorers pushed further. They encountered Hopi Indians, who showed them a remarkable Explorers and Settlers sight—the Grand Canyon! JUAN DE OÑATE started an expedition in 1598. He claimed most of the Southwest, including Arizona, for Spain, and took back valuable minerals he collected. Francisco Tomás Garcés, like Eusebio Francisco Kino, was a kind man, who began his ministry in Arizona but traveled throughout the Southwest. In 1781, he was killed during an attack by the Yuma Indians.

JUAN BAUTISTA DE ANZA was a Spanish explorer who established a land route between Arizona and Monterey, California in 1774.

¡Vamos! 54

State Founders These Arizonans played especially important roles in the creation of the United States of America!

Founding Fathers CHARLES DEBRILLE POSTON was a prospector, miner, and politician. He was Arizona Territory’s first delegate to the U.S. Congress. He’s known as the Father of Arizona. JOHN W. (JACK) SWILLING was a prospector and farmer. He used ancient Hohokam canals to irrigate surrounding farmland. He’s called the Father of Phoenix. PAULINE WEAVER was a trapper and scout who helped settle Arizona in the 1830s. In 1862, he discovered gold in Yuma County.

Founding Mothers NELLIE CASHMAN was an Irish woman known as the Angel of Tombstone. She occasionally found gold. She also operated hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses. She helped hospitals, schools, churches, and impoverished people.

State Founders

SHARLOT HALL wrote a poem in 1905 when she was 12 that sparked Arizonans’ determination to become a state. Named state historian in 1909, she collected important Arizona artifacts. ANGELINE MITCHELL BROWN moved to Prescott, Arizona, at age 22. After one encounter with attacking Indians, they praised her for her bravery. A stagecoach she was on almost went over a waterfall, and another time, the horse team pulling her almost plunged over a cliff!

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Famous Native Arizonans COCHISE—leader of the Chiricahua Apache, turned from friendly to violent after several members of his tribe were killed by U.S. troops. Cochise led stealthy, brutal attacks against pioneers in the Arizona Territory for nearly a decade in the 1860s. He surrendered and peacefully spent the rest of his life on the Chiricahua Reservation, where he died in 1874. MICKEY FREE—Arizonan whose mother was Mexican and father was part-Indian, part-Irish. Free was kidnapped and raised by Apaches. As an adult, he helped the U.S. Army outwit the Indians, whom he despised. GERONIMO—the Apache chief born near present-day Clifton, Famous Arizona. After Mexican rogues Native killed his family, Geronimo Arizonans attacked settlers. General George Crook captured Geronimo in 1882, but he escaped. He surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles in 1886. Geronimo lived out his life in prison at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, dying at age 80. IRA HAYES—a Pima Indian photographed in the famous picture of American Marines raising the American flag at Iwo Jima in 1945. Tragically, Hayes froze to death on the Gila River Reservation in 1955.

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Ghosts

D O Y

One of Arizona’s most haunted places may be near Sierra Vista. The adobe ruins of the Bronco Mine Cabin are there. Some supernatural experts say that the place may be haunted by as many as a dozen spirits! Several mine owners have died violently at the hands of Mexican and Apache attackers. The cabin was also often used by outlaws as a hideout. As you might expect with outlaws, shootouts sometimes broke out between the outlaws themselves or when lawmen ventured into the area. Troubled souls may still be wandering around looking for peace.

Ghosts

O

U

B ELIEVE

IN

G H O S T S?

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Sports Stuff ● CHARLOTTE “SKIPPER” ARMSTRONG

of Scottsdale was a five-time AllAmerican pitcher for the Phoenix A1 Queens women’s baseball team. ● ALICE GREENOUGH was the first woman to be inducted into the American Cowgirl Hall of Fame. ● BOB HORNER, baseball standout at Arizona State University. ● HELEN HULL JACOBS of Globe was the first tennis player to win the women’s singles championship four times in a row and was the Wimbledon singles champion Sports in 1936. Stuff ● JUAN LEIVAS earned the Best Cowboy award in the world’s first rodeo in Prescott, Arizona. ● KERRI STRUG—Tucson native who, in spite of a sprained ankle, performed perfectly to help the 1996 U.S. women gymnasts earn their first team gold medal. ● LOUIS TEWANIMA—a Native American runner who held the U.S. record in the 10,000-meter (10,936-yard) race for 52 years.

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Entertainers ● STEVE ALLEN—original host of The Tonight Show,

grew up in Phoenix ● ALICE COOPER—singer who has a

club in Phoenix ● LYNDA CARTER—actress from Phoenix ● TED DANSON—actor from Flagstaff ● HUGH DOWNS—former TV announcer lives

in Carefree ● DOLAN ELLIS—Arizona’s official balladeer ● STEVIE NICKS—singer, composer from Phoenix ● NICK NOLTE—actor who grew up in Phoenix ● VALERIE PERRINE—actress who grew up

in Phoenix

Entertainers

● MARTY ROBBINS—successful country

western singer, born in Glendale ● LINDA RONSTADT—Grammy-winning singer who

was born in Tucson ● DAVID SPADE—comedian and actor, grew up

in Scottsdale ● STEVEN SPIELBERG—director, grew up

in Scottsdale ● TANYA TUCKER—country singer who grew up

in Willcox

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Authors ✒ EDWARD ABBEY—essayist and novelist whose works encouraged conservation ✒ LAURA ADAMS ARMER—winner of Newberry Medal for Waterless Mountain, a children’s story about Arizona Indians ✒ LEVINGTON COMFORT—wrote biography of Apache chief Mangas Coloradas after passing through Arizona and becoming intrigued with the figure ✒ ZANE GREY—novelist, who often included Arizona settings in his works ✒ TONY HILLERMAN—novelist who writes mysteries involving Navajo ways

Authors

✒ BARBARA KINGSOLVER—novelist who lives in Tucson

✒ OLIVER LA FARGE—Pulitzer winner who wrote books about the Navajos ✒ ROSS SANTEE—writer and artist who wrote realistic Western tales including cowboys and Apaches, died in Globe

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DID YOU KNOW?: Who wrote Riders of the Purple Sage? ANSWER: Zane Grey

✒ LESLIE MARMON SILKO—Tucson novelist who writes of Native American issues

Artists ✶ SOLON BORGLUM—sculptor who did bronze statue in Prescott’s square that honors Rough Riders from the SpanishAmerican War ✶ R.C. GORMAN—a leading Native American artist born on the Navajo Reservation ✶ ULYSSES SIMPSON KAY—composer ✶ CHARLES MINGUS—jazz bassist and composer, born in Nogales ✶ TED DE GRAZIA—artist who paints scenes of Arizona ✶ LAFAYETTE MAYNARD DIXON— artist who painted Arizona landscapes and Native American scenes ✶ BIL KEANE—cartoonist who humorously captures family life, lives in Scottsdale ✶ MARIA MARTINEZ—New Mexican potter whose work has influenced Arizonan potters ✶ THOMAS MORAN—traveled with John Wesley Powell on his Colorado River expedition and captured scenery in paintings ✶ NAMPEYO—potter who researched ancient Hopi techniques and revived those methods and styles ✶ FREDERIC REMINGTON—artist and sculptor who depicted scenes of the American West ✶ GUSTA THOMPSON— Apache basketmaker ✶ RAYMOND YAZZIE—Navajo jewelrymaker

Artists

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Very Important People CHRISTOPHER “KIT” CARSON—Famous scout who once defeated 30 Indians with the aid of only one companion CESAR CHAVEZ—Labor leader who campaigned for better working conditions for migrant workers and field hands FATHER KINO—Franciscan missionary credited with being the first person to bring cattle into Arizona NANCY HAYDEN—Wife of sheriff and U.S. Senator Carl Hayden who became known as “Betsy Ross of Arizona” after she sewed the state’s first flag SILVESTRE HERRERA—only Arizonan to win the Medal of Honor during World War II Very Important People

PERCIVAL LOWELL—astronomer who founded Lowell Observatory near Flagstaff; studied Mars and predicted discovery of Pluto

FRANK LUKE, JR. —World War I military aviator who grew up in Phoenix Edward L. Schieffelin was a prospector who discovered silver ore in an area he named Tombstone because he had been told all he would find there would be his tombstone!

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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT— architect who incorporated nature in his designs and designed several structures in Arizona

Tombstone A Deadly Day in the Town Too Tough To Die In 1881, Virgil Earp was Tombstone, Arizona’s marshall, and his brothers Morgan and Wyatt were his deputies. John “Doc” Holliday, a dentist from Georgia and a skilled gambler and gunman, was also a deputy. Tensions had been mounting between the Earp group and the Clantons from neighboring Cochise County. The Cochise County sheriff, Wyatt Earp Johnny Behan, was engaged to a beautiful young actress named Josephine Marcus. However, she had fallen for the dashing Wyatt Earp. Some say that Behan encouraged an encounter between the Tombstone group and Ike and Billy Clanton and Frank and Tom McLaury that was destined to end in death. Tombstone On October 26, 1881, tempers flared at a vacant lot near the O.K. Corral. The Clanton clan squared off against the Earps and Doc Holliday. Shots were fired and when the smoke cleared, Billy Clanton and Frank and Tom McLaury were dead; Morgan and Virgil Earp, and Holliday were injured. Clanton supporters kept pursuing the Earps until they killed Morgan and gravely wounded Virgil. Wyatt killed three men he suspected of taking part in his brother’s murder before hiding out in Colorado. He died in 1929 at the age of 80. The gunfight at the O.K. Corral still inspires books and movies.

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Political Leaders RAUL H. CASTRO—Arizona’s first Hispanic governor BARRY GOLDWATER—born in Phoenix, former U.S. senator who ran for president in 1964 CARL HAYDEN was sheriff of Maricopa County, but served in the U.S. Congress for 57 years—longer than any other congressman in history! JOHN McCAIN—Arizona senator who launched a bid for the U.S. presidency in 2000 SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR—first female U.S. Supreme Court justice, who grew up near Duncan, Arizona

Political Leaders

WING ONG—Phoenix native who was first Chinese-American in the United States to be elected to a state legislature

MORRIS UDALL—born in St. Johns, U.S. representative STEWART UDALL—born in St. Johns, was the first Arizonan to have a cabinet position when he served as Secretary of the Interior from 1961–1969 GEORGE WYLIE PAUL HUNT—Arizona’s first state governor, who had also served as a territorial legislator and a president of Arizona’s constitutional convention ROSE MOFFORD—born in Globe, Arizona’s first woman governor

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Good Guys, Bad Guys (and Gal)

Good Guys “TEXAS JOHN” SLAUGHTER—sheriff of Cochise County, credited with chasing off a lot of the riffraff. COMMODORE PERRY OWENS—sheriff of Apache County in the late 1880s. He was called both a hero and a hired hitman. ARIZONA RANGERS—lawmen created in 1901 to stop cattle rustlers and bandits.

Bad guys and gal THE APACHE KID—outlaw who escaped while on his way to prison for killing an Indian responsible for his father’s murder; killed everyone who came near him. Some say he died in 1894, but others said he lived in Mexico for years after that.

Good Guys, Bad Guys (and Gal)

PEARL HART—“lady” outlaw who pulled the last stagecoach robbery in America in 1899 near presentday Kearny, Arizona. JOHN DOYLE LEE—Mormon pioneer who participated in a slaughter of 140 immigrants in the Arizona region. He was captured after starting a ferry service across the Colorado River. Lee was tried, found guilty, and executed by a firing squad.

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Churches and Schools CHURCHES

Keeping the Faith Chapel of Santa Maria—Elgin Chapel of the Holy Cross—Sedona The First Christian Church—Phoenix Mission San Xavier del Bac—Tucson Tumacacori Mission—Tumacacori St. Ann’s Church—Tubac Holy Trinity Monastery—St. David St. Augustine Cathedral—Phoenix St. Paul’s Episcopal Church—Tombstone

SCHOOLS Arizona State University—Tempe University of Arizona—Tucson Northern Arizona Churches and Schools University—Flagstaff Grand Canyon University—Phoenix Prescott College—Prescott Navajo Community College—Tsaile Old Tubac School—Tubac

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Parks and Forests PARKS Riordan Mansion State Historic Park—Flagstaff Slide Rock State Park— near Sedona Fort Verde State Park—Camp Verde Jerome State Historic Park—Jerome Betatakin Ruins—Kayenta White House Ruins—Canyon de Chelly Four Corners Petrified Forest National Park Painted Desert Lost Dutchman State Park—Apache Junction Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park—Yuma Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site—Ganado

FORESTS Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest Apache National Forest Arizona’s Four Kaibab National Forest Corners State Park Prescott National Forest includes the only spot in the nation Tonto National Forest where you can Coconino National Forest stand on one spot and be in four Coronado National Forest

Parks and Forests

states at the same time!

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Home, Sweet Home!

Historical Homes

● Bonelli House—Kingman ● Douglas Mansion, Jerome State Historic Park—Jerome ● Antelope House—Canyon de Chelly ● Leonardo Romero House—Tucson ● Muheim Heritage House—Bisbee Home, Sweet Home!

● Silva House—Phoenix ● Riordan Mansion, Riordan State Park—near Flagstaff

● Governor’s Mansion—Prescott ● John C Frémont House—Prescott ● William C. Bashford House—Prescott 68

Battlefield and Forts

Battlefield

● Picacho Peak is the site of westernmost battle of the Civil War, which was little more than a skirmish that occurred on April 15, 1862.

A few of Arizona’s famous

Forts

● Brigham City is a rock fort founded by Mormon settlers in 1876, near Winslow. ● Fort Moroni, near Flagstaff, was built after the Civil War, and was built by Mormon settlers as protection against Indian attacks. ● Presidio San Augustín del Tucson in Tucson was established in 1776. ● Fort Bowie, near Willcox, was built in the 1860s to ward off attacks from Indians. Battlefield and Forts ● Fort Huachuca became a permanent installation in 1886 during the campaign to capture Geronimo. ● Fort Defiance, near Window Rock, was established in 1851 to subdue the Navajo. ● Fort Apache, near Whiteriver, was founded as Camp Ord in 1870 and renamed Fort Apache in 1879. This fort was built to help subdue Geronimo and the Apache chief Victorio.

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Libraries Check out the following special Arizona libraries! (Do you have a library card? Have you worn it out yet?!) The Arizona Territorial Library was established in 1864 and today houses the state’s archives. The state’s largest libraries is at the University of Arizona in Tucson, while the second largest is at Arizona State University in Tempe. By the 1870s, libraries were established in the towns of Prescott, Tucson, and Phoenix. Arizona Historical Society is located in Tucson. The Department of Library and Archives can be found in Phoenix. Bookmobiles ensure that library patrons in even the most remote areas can have access to library materials.

Libraries

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The Arizona Collection of the Arizona State Library contains about 105,000 items relating to Arizona and its people.

Zoos and Attractions Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum—Superior The Arboretum at Flagstaff Havasu National Wildlife Refuge—Lake Havasu City The Phoenix Zoo—Phoenix Desert Botanical Garden—Phoenix The Aquary Museum—Tucson Reid Park Zoo—Tucson Pioneer Herb Garden—Prescott Tucson Botanical Gardens—Tucson Snowbowl Ski Area—Flagstaff The Mystery Castle—Tempe Lowell Observatory—Flagstaff

Zoos and Attractions

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Museums ● Arizona State Capitol Museum—Phoenix ● Arizona Historical Society/Pioneer Museum—Flagstaff ● Arizona Museum of Youth—Mesa ● Museum of Northern Arizona—Flagstaff ● Museum of Astrogeology—Meteor Crater ● Mohave Museum of History and Arts—Kingman ● The Colorado River Museum—Bullhead City ● Colorado River Indian Tribes Museum—Parker ● Sharlot Hall Museum—Prescott ● Navajo Tribal Museum—Window Rock ● St. Michaels Historical Museum—Window Rock ● Jim Grays Museum—Petrified Forest ● Old Trails Museum—Winslow ● Titan Missile Museum—Green Valley ● Stradling Museum of the Horse—Patagonia ● Desert Caballeros Western Museum—Wickenburg ● John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum—Page ● Hatahali Museum—Tsaile ● Pioneer Historical Museum—near Riordan State Park ● Smoki Museum—Prescott

Museums

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Monuments and Memorial

MONUMENTS Pipe Springs National Monument—Colorado City Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument—near Flagstaff Wupatki National Monument—near Flagstaff Walnut Canyon National Monument—Flagstaff Hi Jolly Monument—Quartzsite Tuzigoot National Monument—between Clarkdale and Cottonwood Navajo National Monument, including Keet Seel ruins—Kayenta Saguaro National Monument (East and West, Tucson) Miners Monument—Bisbee Coronado National Monument—next to the Coronado National Forest Tonto National Monument—Tonto Basin Pipe Spring National Monument—west of Fredonia Roughrider Memorial Monument—Prescott

Monuments and Memorial

Canyon de Chelly National Monument—Canyon de Chelly Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument—south of Ajo Casa Grande Ruins National Monument—north of Coolidge

MEMORIAL Montezuma Castle National Memorial—near Beaver Creek

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The Arts

✮

• Agnisiuh (pronounced Ag-nee-see-uh) • El Mundo Gallery—Sedona • Tlaquepaque (pronounced T-locky-pocky) • Arts and Crafts Village—Sedona • Arcosanti—Cordes Junction • Roy Purcell’s murals—Cerbat Mountains • Phippen Western Art Museum—Prescott • University Museum of Art—at the University of Arizona in Tucson • Hopi House—Grand Canyon Village • Prescott’s Phippen Museum of Western Art—Prescott • Sundome Center for the Performing Arts—Sun City • Gammage Center for the Performing Arts at Arizona State University was designed by Frank The Arts Lloyd Wright.

✮

✮

To be, or not to be involved in the arts—that is the question. What is your answer?

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✮ ✮

Cliffs, Canyons, and Points • Monument Valley—on Arizona’s northeastern border • Bell Rock—near Sedona • Vermillion Cliffs—near Fredonia • Marble Canyon—near Fredonia • Point Imperial—on the Grand Canyon’s North Rim • Oak Creek Canyon—near Sedona • Cathedral Rock—near Sedona • Toroweap Point—near Colorado City • Petroglyphs—south of Ash Fork • Spider Rock Overlook—Canyon de Chelly • Weaver’s Needle—near Wickenburg • Mummy Cave—Canyon de Chelly • Canyon del Muerto (“Canyon of the Dead”)— near Canyon de Chelly National Cliffs, Monument Canyons, and Points • Massacre Cave— near Canyon de Window Rock is a Chelly land formation Indians say was • Big Cave—Canyon del formed by the Muerto, Canyon de Chelly Giant Snake! • Newspaper Rock—east of Holbrook

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Roads, Bridges, and More!

Roads, Route 66—Built 70 years ago, this was the nation’s first transcontinental highway. This road started a cultural revolution which prompted songs and even a TV show about the adventures on this national road. Apache Trail—which is Arizona 88, goes through Tonto National Forest, the Superstition Mountains and by many Indian ruins.

Bridges, Rainbow Bridge—world’s tallest stone arch 50 miles north of Lake Powell’s Wahweap Marina London Bridge—the original one from England was purchased, torn down, and rebuilt in Lake Havasu City Agate Bridge—Petrified Forest Navajo Bridge—Lees Ferry Roads, Bridges, and More!

and More! Grand Canyon Railway—Williams Hoover Dam—Lake Mead Meteor Crater—near Flagstaff

Arizona has more American Indian reservations than any other state. These include Kaibab, Navajo, Hopi, Hualapai, Havasupai, Fort Mohave, Colorado River, Fort Apache, San Carlos, Fort McDowell, Salt River, Gila River, Maricopa, Gila Bend, Cocopah, Tohono O’odham Nation (Papago), Zuni, Yavapai-Prescott, and San Xavier reservations.

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Dry, Dusty Deserts

Great Basin—the desert region covering the southwestern half of the state. Mohave (or Mojave, but pronounced MO-hov-ee)—the smallest U.S. desert, lies mostly in California, but flows over into Arizona across the Colorado River. Chihuahuan—east of Tucson in the southeastern part of the state, is a relatively high desert that is Dry, mostly located in Mexico. Dusty Deserts Sonoran—desert area covering the central portion of the Basin and About two-thirds Range Region. of Arizona is covered by desert.

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Animals

Some of Arizona’s animals include: Scorpion Desert tortoise Desert iguana Chuckwalla

Ringtail Bighorn sheep Mule deer Bobcat Mountain lion Black bear Gila monster Glossy snake

Sidewinder Western spadefoot Coyote Swift fox Javelina Golden-mantled ground squirrel

Animals

Short-horned lizard Collared lizard Pika Texas horned lizard Miners often kept ringtails in the camps to help control rats. They called the animal “miner’s cats.” You may remember that this is Arizona’s state mammal!

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Wildlife Watch Some endangered Arizona animals are: Jaguar Ocelot Masked bobwhite Bonytail chub Black-footed ferret Mount Graham red squirrel Mexican spotted owl Sonoran pronghorn The Mount Graham red squirrel, which only lives in the Pinaleno Mountains, has been the subject of controversy for some time as proposed construction of several observatories on Mount Graham threatens its habitat.

Razorback sucker Gila trout

Wildlife Watch

Apache trout

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Birds You may spy these

birds in Arizona:

Mountain chickadee American pipit White-crowned sparrow Western tanager Mountain bluebird Gray jay Clark’s nutcracker Common raven Steller’s jay Rock wren Gambel’s quail Roadrunner Mexican junco Cooper’s hawk Golden eagle The neck and Cassin’s finch of feathers chest Scaled quail the scaled quail Birds look like scales on Gila a fish. When woodpecker these birds are frightened, they run rather than fly.

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Insects

Don’t let these Arizona bugs bug you! Mayflies Damselflies Field crickets Dragonfly Stick insects Firefly Giant water bugs Water striders Yucca moths Spittlebugs Mosquito Ant lions Ground beetles Whirligig beetles Honeybee Longhorn beetles Sphinx moth Ladybug beetle Band-winged Grasshopper Do we know any of these bugs?

Maybe... Hey, that ladybug is cute!

Whirligig beetles have two pairs of eyes—one pair looks above the water, the other under it!

Insects

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Fish SWIMMING IN ARIZONA’S WATERS: Apache trout Humpback chub Bonytail Colorado River pikeminnow Largemouth black bass Rainbow trout Channel catfish Black crappie Bluegill Carp Threadfin shad Mosquito fish

Fish

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Pond Critters IN ARIZONA’S PONDS, YOU MAY FIND: Leeches Freshwater mussels Water fleas Freshwater crayfish Fishing spiders Water boatmen Diving beetles Muskrats Hydras

Fishing spiders are also called nursery-web spiders because the female spins a web, puts her eggs inside it, and stands guard over it until the eggs hatch.

Pond Critters

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Rocks and Minerals Rocks are solid masses of minerals or rock fragments that occur in nature. Some rocks you may find in Arizona include:

R0cks

Rhyolite Sandstone Conglomerate Coal Chert Flint

Schist Slate Gneiss Marble Slate Quartzite

Meteorites Tuff

Minerals are the building blocks of all rocks. Most minerals are tiny and you need a magnifying glass to see them clearly. Some minerals you may find in Arizona include:

Minerals

Augite Iron Pyrite Quartz

Rocks and Minerals

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Calcite Feldspar Kaolinite

Sand, dust, and volcanic ash settle on the ground and quickly harden into a rock called tuff. Animals caught in tuff are sometimes preserved in rock. Snakes, coyotes, and other animals have been found preserved this way.

Mica Hornblende Olivine

Rock and Roll!

Trees These trees tower over Arizona: Joshua tree Ponderosa pine Western spruce Douglas fir Western juniper Quaking aspen Gambel oak Hackberry Serviceberry Alder Rocky Mountain maple Arizona sycamore

Trees

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Wildflowers rs? flowe Are you cr a n azy izo about these Ar

Violet Wild geranium Lady’s slipper Jacob’s ladder Spring beauty Butter-and-eggs Indian paintbrush Black-eyed Susan

Fireweed Gold poppy Chicory Prickly pear Globemallow Cattail Mariposa lily

Wildflowers

Flower Power!

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Cream of the Crops Agricultural products from Arizona:

Lettuce Cotton

Cauliflower

Lemons Broccoli

Tangerines

Grapefruits Oranges

Honeydews Cream of the Crops

Cattle

Sheep

Arizona is the top producer of pima cotton, which was developed on the Pima Indian Reservation.

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First/Big/Small/Etc. The Arizona trout is found only in Arizona. The saguaro cactus, whose blossom is the Arizona state flower, is the tallest cactus in the United States. The Grand Canyon in Arizona is the largest gorge in the world. Arizona—with the exception of the Navajo Nation—does not observe daylight savings time. There’s a fountain in Fountain Hills that is believed to be the tallest in the world. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states, which is the only spot in the United States where someone can stand in four states at the same time. Of all the states, Arizona has the largest percentage of land designated as Indian lands. Oraibi is the oldest Indian settlement in the United States. The world’s largest solar telescope is located at Kitts Peak National Observatory in Sells. First/Big/ Small/Etc.

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Arizona is known for its five C’s: copper, cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate!

Festivals

Celeb

Wyatt Earp Days—Tombstone Country Music Festival—Payson Arizona’s Own Garlic Festival—Sedona Navajo Tribal Fair—Window Rock

rate!!!

Arizona National Livestock Show—Phoenix

Festival in the Pines—Flagstaff Frontier Days—Prescott Lost Dutchman Days— Apache Junction Gold Rush Days— Wickenburg London Bridge Days—Lake Havasu City Annual Thunderbird Invitational Hot-Air Balloon Races—Glendale Festivals

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Holidays

Calendar Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 3rd Monday in January

Groundhog Day, February 2

Valentine’s Day and Arizona’s statehood anniversary, February 14

Presidents’ Day, 3rd Monday in February

Cinco de Mayo, May 5

Independence Day, July 4

Labor Day, 1st Monday in September

Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October

Veterans Day, November 11

Arizona celebrates its admission to the U.S. on February 14.

Thanksgiving, 4th Thursday in November

Holidays

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Christmas, Chanukah, Kwanza, Vietnamese Tet, and Chinese New Year are all special celebrations in Arizona.

ona is fa z i r

m

A

Famous Food o

us

for …

the following foods which show off the influence Mexicans have had on the state! Jalapenos Tamales Chili Oven bread Tortillas Sourdough biscuits Tucson once proclaimed itself the Mexican Food Capital of the World. A favorite is guacamole. Here’s a recipe to try: GUACAMOLE 2 soft, ripe avocados 2 tablespoons minced onion 1 chili pepper Juice from 1/2 lime 1 tomato 1/2 teaspoon salt Peel the avocados and remove the seeds. Mash the pulp with a fork, leaving it a little chunky. Slice the chili in half lengthwise and remove the seeds. Mince the chili. Chop the tomato. Add chili, tomato, and onion to the avocados. Mix well. Squeeze the lime juice into the mixture. Mix in the salt. Serve with tortilla chips! Yum, yum. This is great!

Let’s dig in! Famous Food

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Business & Trade Arizona Works! Agricultural products: ● Beef cattle ● Cotton ● Lettuce ● Milk

Manufacturing products: ● Electronics ● Industrial machines ● Telecommunications equipment

Business & Trade

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Arizona is not known for being a high-wage state. Minimum wage is usually the standard, but one Arizona transplant nearly halved her income to move there. “You get paid in sunshine,” she said.

Mining products ● Copper ● Gold

Arizona Books & Websites My First Book About Arizona by Carole Marsh America the Beautiful: Arizona by Jean F. Blashfield Kids Learn America by Patricia Gordon and Reed C. Snow Let’s Discover the States: Arizona by the Aylesworths The Arizona Experience Series by Carole Marsh

Cool Arizona

Websit es

http://www.state .az.us http://www.thea rizonaexperience .com http://www.50sta tes.com http://www.netst ate.com http://www.arizo naguide.com

Arizona Books & Websites

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Glossary

Arizona

Glossary G LO S S A R Y W O R D S

irrigate—to move the natural flow of water to a dry area to provide water for crops and livestock ghost town—vacant towns that dot Arizona. These were “boom towns” when people flocked to them, usually because a mineral had been found there. After all the resources had been removed, the residents moved on, leaving a ghost town. Hopi—a Native American tribe in Arizona, whose name means “peaceful people” kachinas—doll-like figures representing gods mission—Catholic church where native inhabitants were brought to be taught Christianity and to be prepared to become subjects of the Spanish king preisidio—a military base Glossary

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Spelling List

Arizona Spelling Bee

SPELLING WORDS

Here are some special Arizona-related words to learn! To take the Spelling Bee, have someone call out the words and you spell them aloud or write them on a piece of paper.

adobe bola canyon copper desert jalapeno meteor observatory ore petrified

petroglyphs pima cotton pottery prospector pueblo saguaro superstition tortilla turquoise volcano Spelling List

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About the Author About the Author... CAROLE MARSH has been writing about Arizona for more than 20 years. She is the author of the popular Arizona State Stuff Series for young readers and creator along with her son, Michael Marsh, of Arizona Facts and Factivities, a CD-ROM widely used in Arizona schools. The author of more than 100 Arizona books and other supplementary educational materials on the state, Marsh is currently working on a new collection of Arizona materials for young people. Marsh correlates her Arizona materials to the Arizona learning standards. Many of her books and other materials have been inspired by or requested by Arizona teachers and librarians. You know… that was a great experience!

Sure was! Thanks for taking me along.

EDItorial Assistant: About the Author

Terry Briggs

GRAphic Designer: DEsigner: Graphic Al Fortunatti

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Good Uses For Your State Pocket Guide: Study for tests! Prepare reports! Find quick answers! Amaze your friends! Impress adults! Win trivia games! Get Smart and Have Fun!!

“This is the BEST, most thorough, most FUN little book about our state!”

The perfect reference guide for students in grades 3 and up—or anyone! This handy, easy-to-use guide is divided into 7 color-coded sections. Riddles, recipes and surprising facts make this guide a delight!

www.gallopade.com 1-800-536-2GET

Come with us—explore your state!

See you inside!

This small handheld computer is your guide within a guide! All through this book it will offer fascinating little facts about your state!