My First Pocket Guide to South Dakota

South Dakota Basics South Dakota Geography South Dakota History South Dakota People South Dakota Places South Dakota Nature South Dakota Miscellany

by Carole Marsh

M My y F Fiir rs st t P Po oc ck ke et t G Gu uiid de e

B By y C Ca ar ro olle e M Ma ar rs sh h

The Carole Marsh Bob Longmeyer Chad Beard Cecil Anderson Steven Saint-Laurent Jill Sanders

Kathy Zimmer Terry Briggs Pat Newman Billie Walburn Jackie Clayton Pam Dufresne

Cranston Davenport Lisa Stanley Antoinette Miller Victoria DeJoy Al Fortunatti Shery Kearney

Published by GALLOPADE INTERNATIONAL

www.southdakotaexperience.com 800-536-2GET • www.gallopade.com ©2001 Carole Marsh • First Edition • All Rights Reserved. ©2011 Ebook Edition Character Illustrations by Lucyna A. M. Green. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. The South Dakota Experience logo is a trademark of Carole Marsh and Gallopade International, Inc. A free catalog of The South Dakota Experience Products is available by calling 800-536-2GET, or by visiting our website at www.southdakotaexperience.com.

Gallopade is proud to be a member of these educational organizations and associations:

Other South Dakota Experience Products • The South Dakota Experience! • The BIG South Dakota Reproducible Activity Book • The South Dakota Coloring Book • My First Book About South Dakota! • South Dakota “Jography”: A Fun Run Through Our State • South Dakota Jeopardy!: Answers and Questions About Our State • The South Dakota Experience! Sticker Pack • The South Dakota Experience! Poster/Map • Discover South Dakota CD-ROM • South Dakota “Geo” Bingo Game • South Dakota “Histo” Bingo Game

A Word From the Author... (okay, a few words)... Hi! Here’s your own handy pocket guide about the great state of South Dakota! It really will fit in a pocket—I tested it. And it really will be useful when you want to know a fact you forgot, to bone up for a test, or when your teacher says, “I wonder . . .” and you have the answer— instantly! Wow, I’m impressed! Get smart, have fun!

Carole Marsh

South Dakota Basics explores your state’s symbols and their special meanings! South Dakota Geography digs up the what’s where in your state! South Dakota History is like traveling through time to some of your state’s great moments! South Dakota People introduces you to famous personalities and your next-door neighbors! South Dakota Places shows you where you might enjoy your next family vacation! South Dakota Nature - no preservatives here, just what Mother Nature gave to South Dakota! All the real fun stuff that we just HAD to save for its own section!

South Dakota Basics South Dakota Geography South Dakota History South Dakota People South Dakota Places South Dakota Nature South Dakota Miscellany

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State Name

Who Named You? South Dakota’s official state name is...

State Name

South Dakota Word Definition

OFFICIAL: appointed, authorized, or approved by a government or organization

Statehood: November 2, 1889 South Dakota will be on a statecommemorative quarter starting in the year 2006. Look for it in cash registers everywhere!

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South Dakota was the 40th state to join the Union. Both North and South Dakota were made states on November 2. According to legend, a coin toss decided which would be the 39th and which would be Coccinella the 40th. noemnotata is my name (that’s Latin for ladybug)! What’s YOURS?

State Name Origin

W hat’s In A

Name ?

State Name Origin

Before European explorers and traders came to the Dakota region, Sioux Indians lived there. The name Sioux was given to the tribe by the Chippewa (another tribe), which meant “enemy.” The Sioux called themselves the Dakota, which meant “allies” or “friends.” When the Dakota Territory was created in 1861, it was named for the Native Americans who lived there.

South Dakota

The Sioux did not come to the Dakota area until the mid-1700s.

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State Nicknames

WHO Are You Calling Names? State Nicknames

Mount Rushmore State

South Dakota is not the only name by which our state is recognized. Like many other states, South Dakota has some nicknames, official or unofficial!

S t a e te t o y o C

nshine State u S

Blizzard State

Until 1992, the state flag displayed South Dakota’s former nickname, “Sunshine State.”

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Ar tesian Sta te The nickname “Mount Rushmore State” is on the state flag!

State Capital/Capitol

Established 1878

S t a t e C a p i t a l : Pierre State Capital/ Capitol

Permanent Capital Since 1890

Pierre was named for the French fur trader Pierre Chouteau. The first permanent settlers arrived in Pierre in 1878, and the Chicago and North Western Railway reached the area in 1880. Pierre flourished because of the railroad. Before statehood, both North and South Dakota were included in the Dakota Territory. The towns of Bismarck, Huron, Yankton, and Pierre were all capitals of the territory at one time or another. When South Dakota became a state in 1889, Pierre launched an expensive The capitol is made of native campaign to win the honor of field stone, Indiana being the new state’s capital city. limestone, and Pierre won! both Vermont and Italian marbles. It was finished in 1910, and cost just under $1,000,000!

CAPITAL: a town or city that is the official seat of Word Definition government CAPITOL: the building in which the government officials meet

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State Government

Who’s in Charge Here? South Dakota’s LEGISLATIVE

GOVERNMENT

has three branches:

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

A governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, auditor, and commissioner of school and public lands

Supreme Court (five justices) Circuit Courts County Courts Municipal Courts

State Government

Two Houses: The Senate (35 members) House of Representatives (70 members)

The number of legislators is determined by population, which is counted every ten years; the numbers above are When you are certain to 18 and register change as according to South Dakota South Dakota laws, you can grows and vote! So please prospers! do! Your vote counts!

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State Flag

State Flag

✮

South Dakota’s current state flag was adopted in 1992. It features the state seal surrounded by a golden blazing sun, on a sky-blue field. The state’s official nickname, “South Dakota, The Mount Rushmore State,” is arranged in a circle As you travel throughout South around the sun. Dakota, count the times you see the South Dakota flag! Look for it on government vehicles, too!

✮✮

✮

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State Seal & Motto

State Seal South Dakota’s state seal was adopted in 1885. A plowman, cattle, and a field of corn represent agriculture. A steamboat on the Missouri River symbolizes State Seal transportation and & Motto commerce, and a smelting furnace on the river bank stands for mining. A range of hills is in the background, and the state motto is in a banner at the top of the seal.

Word Definition

?

MOTTO: a sentence, phrase, or word expressing the spirit or purpose of an organization or group

State Motto South Dakota’s state motto is... South Dakota also has a state slogan: “Great Faces, Great Places.” Which famous monument or memorial do you think the slogan is talking about?

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“Under God, the People Rule.” I’d rush more quickly to see that monument!

State Bird

Birds of a Feather Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) On February 13, 1943, South Dakota chose a bird that is native to China as its state bird! Ring-necked pheasants were first brought to North America in the 1800s. Males have greenish-blue feathers on their heads and necks, and brown, black, and white bodies. Many males also have a white collar around their necks, and grow to be about 36 inches (91 centimeters) long, including the tail. Hens (females) are mottled brown, and only grow to be about 25 inches (64 centimeters) long.

State Bird

Ring-necked pheasants were first introduced into South Dakota in 1898. They’re popular game birds!

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State Tree

“W oo d

Black Hills Spruce

is orr

State Tree

eM

h at tree!”—Ge are t orge , sp n Pop ma

(Picea glauca)

The Black Hills spruce was adopted on March 10, 1947 as South Dakota’s state tree. It is a member of the evergreen family, and is recognized by its dense covering of short, blue-green needles and slender pine cones. It grows slower than other white spruces, but it can grow taller than 100 feet (30.5 meters)!

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State Flower

PASQUEFLOWER (Anemone nuttalliana or Pulsatilla nuttalliana)

A

so w wo n. rth

Pasqueflowers (also called prairie State crocuses or Flower May Day flowers) grow wild er lov throughout South elier nev ords s a w flower on earth Dakota. The small lavender W i am —Will blooms are one of the first signs of spring in the state. In fact, pasque means “Easter” in French, and pasqueflowers often bloom right around Eastertime! South Dakota named the pasqueflower its official state flower in 1903.

RIDDLE:

ANSWER: A ring-necked flower from China that blooms at Easter—it could happen!

Other contenders for the title of state flower were the cactus flower and the wild rose.

If the state flower got mixed up with the state bird, what would you have?

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C

State Animal

ote y o

(Canis latrans)

State Animal

Coyotes are natural predators of small game birds and rodents. Coyotes (also called prairie wolves or bush wolves) hunt the open fields and prairies of South Dakota, and are mostly found along the Missouri River and in the Black Hills. At one time, South Dakota was even nicknamed the Coyote State! The coyote became the state Coyotes are animal in 1949. close relatives of dogs and wolves.

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I want to howl at the moon!

State Fossil

Triceratops In 1927, an enormous skeleton was unearthed in Harding County. The bones of the ancient Triceratops (which means “three-horned face”) are now on display at the Museum of Geology in Rapid City. Triceratops lived in South Dakota about 68 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Period. South Dakota adopted the Triceratops as its state fossil in 1988.

State Fossil

Triceratops were herbivores... that means they ate plants!

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State Jewelry

Black Hills Gold State Jewelry

In 1848, Father Pierre-Jean De Smet visited the Black Hills of South Dakota. An Indian chief gave him a bag of glistening gold powder, and Father De Smet told him to hide it immediately. Unfortunately, the secret got out and people rushed to the Black Hills to hunt for gold. In 1988, South Dakota adopted Black Hills gold as its official Only jewelry state jewelry. Each piece of created and Black Hills jewelry uses manufactured in traditional grapes-and-leaves the Black Hills can designs. be called Black Hills gold.

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State Mineral

Rose Quartz State Mineral

South Dakota adopted rose quartz as its state mineral in 1966. Rose quartz was first discovered near Custer in the late 1880s. It is mainly mined in the southern Black Hills, and used for ornaments and jewelry. Rose quartz can be translucent (like frosted glass), or transparent.

I love pink!

Quartz is the most abundant mineral on Earth!

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State Gemstone

Fairburn Agate State Gemstone

In 1966, South Dakota adopted a special agate as its official state gemstone. Fairburn agate was first discovered near the town of Fairburn, and is also found in an area that extends from Orella, Nebraska, to Farmingdale, South Dakota. The Fairburn agate is used in jewelry and is prized by rock collectors.

Agate is actually a kind of quartz!

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Agates are great!

State Insect

Honeybee

(Apis mellifera)

State Insect

The honeybee became South Dakota’s state insect in 1978. South Dakota’s honeybees produce a clear, mild honey from clover nectar. Honeybees are social insects that live in large colonies, or hives. They also produce a A typical honeybee yummy, sweet, healthful honey! hive has one queen, thousands of worker Often, the clear South Dakota bees, and a few honey is shipped out of state to hundred drones. Drones are male be blended with darker honey. bees, and workers are female bees. Only the queen bee lays eggs.

It’s good to be the queen! 19

State Fish

Walleye (Stizosedion vitreum vitreum)

State Fish

The walleye was chosen as South Dakota’s state fish in 1982. It is one of the most popular game fishes in the state! National sportswriters have even declared South Dakota the “Walleye Capital” of America. The walleye is named for its unusual “marble” eyes, which are large and can look transparent in certain lights.

Walleyes can grow to be 12 to 36 inches (30 to 91 centimeters) long and to weigh up to 24 pounds (11 kilograms)!

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South Dakota Walleye Put a walleye filet on foil. Drizzle with lemon juice. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Add shredded smoked ham and broil fish until done. Sounds fishy to me!

The State The State of

South Dakota The State

States are great!

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State Location S o u t h D a ko t a i s s p l i t b e t we e n t h e M i d we s t a n d t h e G re at P l a i n s. State Location

T H E CO N T I G U O U S U N I T E D S TAT E S

h ut o S

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Word Definition

ta ko a D

LATITUDE: Imaginary lines which run horizontally east and west around the globe LONGITUDE: Imaginary lines which run vertically north and south around the globe

State Neighbors

On The Border! These border South Dakota: States: North Dakota Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa Body of water: Missouri River

a

Montan

State Neighbors

akota North D

ota Minnes

akota

g Wyomin

South D

Mi sso

uri

Riv er

Iowa a Nebrask

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East-West, North-South, Area

I’ll Take the Low Road… East-West, North-South, Area

South Dakota stretches 245 miles (394 kilometers) from north to south—or south to north. Either way, it’s a long drive!

Total Area: Approx. 77,121 square miles (199,728 square kilometers) Land Area: Approx. 75,896 square miles (196,555 square kilometers) South Dakota is 380 miles (612 kilometers) from east to west—or west to east. Either way, it’s still a long drive! This is a compass rose. It helps you find the right direction on a map!

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Highest & Lowest Points

You Take the High Road!

HIGHEST POINT HARNEY PEAK—7,242 feet (2,207 meters) above sea level

Highest & Lowest Points

Harney Peak is named for General William Selby Harney, who commanded the Black Hills military district in 1878. LOWEST POINT BIG STONE LAKE—962 feet (293 meters) above sea level

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State Counties

I’m County-ing on You! South Dakota is divided into 66 counties. Each county has a board of commissioners, an auditor, a treasurer, a register of deeds, a states attorney, and a sheriff. State Counties

Word Definition

COUNTY: an administrative subdivision of a state or territory 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…

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6, 7, 8, 9, 10…

Natural Resources It’s All Natural!

Only about three percent of the state is covered by timber, most of which is in the Black Hills National Forest.

Word Definition

NATURAL RESOURCES: things that exist in or are formed by nature

Natural Resources

Minerals and rocks: Iron Pyrite Quartz Calcite Feldspar Kaolinite Mica

South Dakota’s most fertile soils are called chernozems, or black earth soils. They are dark brown or black, and rich in humus (organic matter).

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Weather

Weather, Or Not?! South Dakota’s temperatures can drop to -20°F (-29°C) in the winter and top 86°F (30°C) in the summer. Weather

Highest temperature: 120°F (49°C), Gannvalley, July 5, 1936 ºF=Degrees Fahrenheit ºC=Degrees Celsius

Lowest temperature: -58°F (-50°C), McIntosh, February 17, 1936

South Dakota generally has hot summers and cold winters. Most precipitation falls during the growing season.

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Topography

About midway between the James and Missouri rivers is a band of low hills called the Coteau du Missouri.

100 m 328 ft 200 m 656 ft 500 m 1,640 ft 2,000 m 1,000 m 6,562 ft 3,281 ft

TOPOGRAPHY: the detailed mapping of Word Definition the features of a small area or district

Topography

5,000 m 16,404 ft

Ten thousand years ago, a large portion of South Dakota was covered by thick sheets of ice, or glaciers. The combination of glaciers, weathering, and erosion have filled South Dakota with buttes, hills, valleys, gorges, and plains. Some of the state’s most famous features include the Black Hills, the Missouri River, and the Badlands.

Sea Level

Back On Top

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Mountains and Ranges

King of the Hill Harney Peak Mount Rushmore Crows Nest Peak Mountains and Ranges

Bear Mountain Thunderhead Mountain Black Hills

The name Black Hills comes from Paha Sapa, the Lakota Sioux name “hills that are black.”

Climb every mountain…

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Rivers

A River Runs Through It! Here are some of South Dakota’s major rivers:

• Missouri River • Big Sioux River • Vermillion River • James River • Grand River • Moreau River • Cheyenne River • Bad River • White River South Dakota is drained almost entirely by the mighty Missouri River!

Rivers

Grab a paddle!

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Major Lakes

Gone Fishin’ Major Lakes

Major lakes in South Dakota include: ● Lake Thompson ● Lake Traverse ● Belle Fourche Reservoir There are more than 200 natural lakes in South Dakota, many of which were formed by glaciers.

Word Definition

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●

Lake Oahe ● Lake Sharpe ● Lewis and Clark Lake ● Lake Francis Case

RESERVOIR: a body of water stored for public use

Cities & Towns Are You a city mouse… or a Country Mouse?

M pu r. Hitc and t on his hcock F R a Bis edora ed Shir t on, a to hu nt B a Ba uffalo, for and dge r.

Have you heard of these wonderful South Dakota town, city, or crossroad names? Perhaps you can start your own list!

MAJOR CITIES:

• Sioux Falls • Rapid City • Aberdeen • Watertown • Brookings • Mitchell • Huron • Pierre • Yankton

Cities & Towns

UNIQUE NAMES:

• Badger • Bison • Buffalo • Faith • Fedora • Hitchcock • Red Shirt • Tea th He h Winn at he wad Fait • Winner er and ould b h e t

som hen go the e Te a. drink

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Transportation Major Interstate Highways South Dakota has about 83,412 miles (134,235 kilometers) of highways, about 678 miles (1,091 kilometers) of which are federal interstate highways. I-90 I-29

Railroads Transportation

There are about 1,991 miles (3,204 kilometers) of railroad track in South Dakota. The major railroads include: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Union Pacific Dakota Minnesota & Eastern

Major Airports South Dakota has more than 140 airports, most of which are private. The busiest commercial airport is in Sioux Falls.

River Ports Early explorers and fur traders traveled the Missouri River, using canoes and flat-bottomed boats. Steamboats became popular in the 1830s when the Yellowstone reached Fort Tecumseh, and were used to transport cargo and people on the Missouri River.

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Timeline 1742 La Vérendrye brothers become the first Europeans in South Dakota 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploration of the Louisiana Territory 1817 Joseph La Framboise founds a fur trading post at present-day Fort Pierre 1861 Dakota Territory is established 1866 Red Cloud’s War begins 1872 Dakota Southern Railroad reaches South Dakota 1874 American troops led by General Custer discover gold in the Black Hills; first Hutterite colony founded in South Dakota Timeline 1876 Sioux War begins 1889 South Dakota becomes the 40th state 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee 1927 Work begins on Mount Rushmore 1941 USS South Dakota is launched 1954 First commercial oil well is drilled in Harding County 1966 Pathfinder Atomic Power Plant begins producing electricity 1973 Members of American Indian Movement (AIM) seize and hold Wounded Knee; siege ends 70 days later 1987 South Dakota begins a state-sponsored lottery 1994 Last of the nuclear missiles is removed from South Dakota 2001 South Dakota enters the 21st century

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Early History

Here come the humans! Early History

The first humans probably came to North America more than 14,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence suggests that some people came across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska, and others sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe. The first people may have arrived in South Dakota at least 15,000 years ago. They were hunters and gatherers, foraged for food, and made stone weapons. By AD 1000, most people were living in farming settlements By 8000 BC, the climate had close to the rivers and lakes. warmed and the population of the big game animals grew smaller and smaller.

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Early Indians Native Americans Once Ruled! By 1500, the Arikara (or Ree) Indians lived in South Dakota. In the 1700s, the Lakota Sioux began migrating into the area from the neighboring Minnesota. The Lakota drove the Arikara northward and westward. For the next 150 years or so, the Lakota had complete control of the area. The Lakota were divided into three tribes—Teton, Yankton, and Santee—and also into smaller clans, or tiyospaye.

Word Definition

Early Indians

WAMPUM: beads, pierced and strung, used by Indians as money or for ornaments.

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Exploration

“A New Frontier” In 1742, the Vérendrye brothers led an expedition from Canada to the where the Bad and Missouri rivers met. They claimed the area for France, and embedded Exploration a lead plate in a hill near present-day Fort Pierre. The front side of the plate read, “In the twenty-sixth year of the reign of Louis XV, the most illustrious Lord, the Lord Marquis of Beauharnois being Viceroy, 1741, Peter Gaultier De La Verendrye The Vérendrye placed this.” Their marker the were brothers first recorded wasn’t discovered until Europeans to 1913, and is now in the enter the South Dakota area. South Dakota Cultural Heritage Center in Pierre! 38

Settlement

Home, Sweet Home In 1803, the United States acquired the South Dakota area as part of the Louisiana Purchase. After Lewis and Clark explored and mapped the Louisiana Territory, they reported that there were many fur-bearing animals in the area. Fur traders and fur trading companies built many trading posts. Settlement In 1812, Louis Bissonette founded a post along the Missouri River. Joseph La Framboise built another fort near the mouth of the Bad River, which became the oldest permanent settlement in South Dakota. The post was rebuilt in 1822 as Fort Tecumseh, and then In 1831, the renamed Fort Pierre in steamboat 1832, after fur trader Pierre Yellowstone chugged its way Chouteau. Fort Pierre up the Missouri became the center of all River to Fort Tecumseh. fur trade and travels in the region. 39

Gold Rush! In the summer of 1874, a military expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer discovered gold in the Black Hills of Dakota Territory. The problem was, the Black Hills and the surrounding area were part of the Great Sioux Reservation created by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. By the middle of 1875, hundreds of miners had snuck in Gold Rush! past U.S. soldiers, and were prospecting in the Black Hills. Sioux leaders asked for $60 million in exchange for mining rights, but the U.S. government thought that the price was too high. The government pulled its troops out, and allowed the gold rush to begin, full-force. About 15,000 miners were in the region by 1876, and mining settlements like Custer and Deadwood sprung up overnight. The gold rush slowed down after a few years, but helped to push for permanent settlement of western Dakota Territory. 40

Legends and Lore The Grasshopper Plague! In 1874, a horrible swarm of grasshoppers descended upon eastern South Dakota. According to legend, the swarm was thick enough to choke people! The ravenous insects ate crops and the wooden tool-handles, and tormented the horses and the cattle. There seemed to be no end to the massive cloud of munching bugs! Father Pierre Boucher decided to appeal to a higher power. He led a pilgrimage on an 11-mile (17.7-kilometer) trek from field to field. In each field, Father Boucher put up a giant cross and the people prayed for help. Their prayers were answered! As if by some miracle, the grasshoppers disappeared that very same day!

Legends and Lore

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Revolution Some settlers in the New World felt that England ignored their ideas and concerns. In 1775, the colonies went to war with England. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. While the Revolutionary War and its aftermath were going on in the East, fur traders and explorers began to venture into the West. South Dakota was part of the Louisiana Territory. Revolution Fur trader Pierre Dorion married a Yankton Sioux woman and settled in the South Dakota area around 1780. Other fur traders came to the region from St. Louis, and in 1794 Jean Baptiste Trudeau built winter quarters along the Dorion was the Missouri River. Trudeau first permanent European resident returned to St. Louis two in South Dakota. years later, and his journals were used as guides by many other traders.

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Sioux Relations Until 1861, when President James Buchanan created the Dakota Territory, South Dakota was attached to the territorial governments of (in order) Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and (finally) Nebraska. Hundreds of settlers had migrated from Minnesota and other nearby states, establishing towns at Yankton, Vermillion, and Bon Homme, and farms in the surrounding areas. Sioux As more and more settlers came to Relations South Dakota, the Sioux resisted the loss of their lands to the newcomers. Clashes between Sioux and American soldiers in nearby Wyoming and Nebraska resulted in losses on both sides. In 1858, the Yankton Sioux sold their lands east of the Missouri River to the U.S., keeping only a 430,000-acre (174,021-hectare) reservation for themselves. The treaty signed by the Yankton Sioux opened up more than 11,000,000 acres (4,450,000 hectares) of fertile land between the Big Sioux and Missouri Rivers for American settlement. Word Definition

MIGRATION: the action of moving from one region to another

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The Civil War

The Civil War

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While residents of the Dakota Territory were clashing with the Sioux, the states in the East were also having troubles. The Civil War was fought between the American states. The argument was over states’ rights to make their own decisions, including whether or not to own slaves. Some of the southern states began to secede (leave) the Union. They formed the Confederate States of America. The Civil War was also called the War Between the States. Soldiers often found themselves fighting against former friends and neighbors, even brother against brother. Those who did survive often went home without an arm, leg, or both, since amputation was the “cure” for most battlefield wounds. More Americans were killed during the Civil War than during World Wars I and II together!

Red Cloud’s War In the 1860s, Oglala Sioux Chief Red Cloud tried to keep the U.S. Army from opening the Bozeman Trail Chief Red Cloud to the Montana gold fields through Sioux hunting grounds in Dakota Territory. Between 1866 and 1868, Red Cloud and his allies besieged many U.S. forts along the trail. In 1868, the U.S. agreed to give up the Red Bozeman Trail, and Cloud’s War signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The treaty gave more than 60 million acres (24 million hectares) to the Sioux as the Great Sioux Reservation. Not all of the Sioux signed the treaty, but some Yanktonais and most of the Lakota did move there.

Word Definition

BESIEGE: surround and try to capture

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Famous Documents

Get It In Writing! 1776 Declaration of Independence 1789 U.S. Constitution

Famous Documents

1825 Teton Sioux sign a peace treaty with the U.S. 1858 Yankton Sioux sign a treaty ceding most of their land to the U.S. 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie 1889 South Dakota’s first and current state constitution 1934 Indian Reorganization Act

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Immigrants

Welcome To America! People have come to South Dakota from other states and many other countries on almost every continent! As time goes by, South Dakota’s population grows more diverse. This means that people of different races and from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds have moved to South Dakota. Immigrants

In the past, many immigrants have come to South Dakota from Canada, France, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, and other European countries. More recently, people have migrated to South Dakota from Hispanic countries such as Mexico. Only a certain number of immigrants are allowed to move to America each year. Many of these immigrants eventually become U.S. citizens.

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Disasters & Catastrophes!

1881 Huge amounts of melting snow cause a flood that ravages South Dakota

1888 A severe blizzard kills hundreds

1898 Disasters & Catastrophes!

A half-mile-wide tornado passes north of Clear Lake

1900 A fire destroys $250,000 worth of property in Lead

1952 Major flood of the Missouri river drowns much of Pierre and causes damage all through South Dakota

1998 Most of Spencer is overwhelmed by a tornado

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Legal Stuff 1825 Treaties are signed with many Indian tribes in South Dakota

1861 Dakota Territory is created

1889 President Harrison signs documents formally admitting South and North Dakota

Legal Stuff

1928 Governor William Bulow pardons Poker Alice, a 78-year-old woman convicted of bootlegging

1988 and 1989 South Dakota state legislature legalizes limited gambling in Deadwood; Deadwood voters approve the measure

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Women & Children 1860 First South Dakota schoolhouse built in Bon Homme County

1862 Dakota territorial legislature establishes school code

1864 Women & Children

First permanent South Dakota schoolhouse built in Vermillion

1881 Yankton College is founded as the first college in South Dakota

1918 South Dakota women gain suffrage

1938 First South Dakotan woman elected to U.S. Senate 50

Wars

Fight! Fight! Fight! Wars which impacted South Dakotans include: ● War of 1812 ● Mexican-American War ● Red Cloud’s War ● Civil War ● Sioux War ● Spanish-American War ● World War I ● World War II

Wars

● Korean War ● Vietnam War ● Persian Gulf War

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Rush to Mount Rushmore!

Imagine seeing 60-foot (18.3-meter) tall faces staring at you from the side of a mountain. Now imagine those faces are of four former Rush to Mount presidents. You have an accurate picture in your Rushmore! head of Mount Rushmore, South Dakota’s pride and joy. Off and on between the years of 1927 and 1941, sculptor Gutzon Borglum worked on this impressive monument. Lincoln Borglum took the reigns of the project after his father’s death in 1941. It cost $990,000 to dynamite, chisel, jackhammer, and carve the likenesses of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt out of the granite. More than 2.5 million people flock to Mount Rushmore every year! It’s one of the most popular national parks, and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1991.

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Indian Tribes Manda Arikara Chippewa Yankton Sioux Yanktonai Sioux Lakota (Teton) Sioux: Oglala, Brûlé, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Blackfoot Sioux, Hunkpapa, Minneconjou Dakotas: Sisseton, Wahpeton, Santee The Arikaras lived in villages along the Missouri River. The Sioux tribes were seminomadic, and often moved from place to place.

Indian Tribes

The Indians of South Dakota could not have known that the coming of the settlers would mean an end to the way of life they had known for hundreds of years.

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Explorers and Settlers

Here, There, Everywhere! Pierre Chouteau was a fur trader who pioneered the use of steamboats on the Missouri River, and for whom the state capital is named. Manuel Lisa was a fur trader and merchant who organized the Missouri Fur Company and engaged in considerable trade in the Dakota region. Lisa also gained the help of the Dakota area Indians in the War of 1812. Louis Joseph and François La Vérendrye were the first two known Europeans to enter the Dakota Explorers region, in 1742. and Settlers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned in 1804 by President Jefferson to explore and map the Louisiana Territory, including South Dakota. Pierre Dorion was the first permanent European resident in South Dakota. He settled there around 1780 after marrying a local Indian woman. Bon Voyage! John C. Frémont was an explorer known as the “Pathfinder.” He visited the Dakota region in 1838 and named several lakes in present-day South Dakota.

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State Founders

Founding Fathers Sitting Bull—Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man and spiritual leader; important in the Sioux War; travelled with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show; helped revive the Ghost Dance spiritual movement in 1890 John B. S. Todd—lobbied in Congress for the creation of the Dakota Territory; first territorial delegate to Congress; territorial legislature named a county after him Jonah Leroy “Doane” Robinson—originated the idea of a national memorial on Mount Rushmore

Founding Mothers Ida and Edith Ammons—pioneers; homesteaded southeast of Pierre in 1907; founded the town of Ammon and the Reservation Wand newspaper

State Founders

Mary Shields Pyle—president of South Dakota’s woman suffrage movement; chosen as 1947 South Dakota Mother of the Year Gladys Pyle—daughter of Mary Shields Pyle; first female member of the South Dakota House of Representatives; first female U.S. senator from South Dakota Anne Tallent—settler and author; first white woman in the Black Hills

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Famous Native Americans Crazy Horse—Oglala Sioux chief; led Teton Sioux in their defense of the Black Hills; fought in the Battles of Little Big Horn and Rosebud Gall—Hunkpapa war chief; helped to defeat Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn; helped persuade Native Americans to accept the government’s plan to educate their children Gall

Red Cloud—Oglala Sioux chief; led Red Cloud’s War; through the Treaty of Fort Laramie, forced U.S. troops to abandon forts and roads that endangered buffalo herds

Famous Native Americans

Spotted Tail—Brûlé Sioux chief; during the Sioux War, worked to persuade government officials to make cultural changes as gradual as possible for the Native Americans

Gabriel Renville—head chief of the SissetonWahpeton Sioux; chief of scouts with General Sibley’s 1863–1865 expedition; helped his people make the transition to reservation life without losing their cultural traditions Ben Reifel—U.S. representative; Brûlé Sioux; president of the American Indian National Bank; executive officer for the Bureau of Indian Affairs

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Ghosts

The GREEN DOOR BROTHEL (now a wild west museum) in Deadwood is reportedly haunted by the sounds of former clients and ‘ladies’ talking and walking around. Since the 1800s, PIERRE has been haunted by the apparition of a Sioux Indian riding a horse. The horse is said to float one foot (0.3 meters) off the ground! Ghosts

D O Y

STEVENS HIGH SCHOOL in RAPID CITY is haunted by “Sparky,” a ghost accompanied by strange smells. The school’s auditorium is the former site of a house where a whole family died.

O

U

B ELIEVE

IN

G H O S T S?

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Sports Stuff ● George Lee “Sparky” Anderson— baseball player and manager; first manager to win the World Series in both National and American leagues ● Floyd Bannister—professional baseball player; played for the Seattle Mariners and Chicago White Sox ● Amanda Clement—baseball’s first woman umpire; in the Baseball Hall of Fame, the Women’s Sports Hall of Fame, the Women’s Sports Foundation, and the South Dakota Hall of Fame ● David Collins—baseball player; played for the Cincinnati Reds and Toronto Blue Jays ● Terry Forster—baseball player; played for the Chicago White Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, and other teams Sports ● Joe Robbie—former owner of Stuff the Miami Dolphins ● Earl Sande—jockey; known as “The Dutchman” and “Handy Guy”; won 968 horse races and the 1930 Triple Crown; in the Jockey’s Hall of Fame ● Casey Tibbs—world champion saddle bronco rider; 1951 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association’s allaround champion ● Norman Van Brocklin—football player and coach; played for the Los Angeles Rams and Philadelphia Eagles; coached the Minnesota Vikings and Atlanta Falcons; in the National Football Hall of Fame

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Entertainers and Public Figures Ida Anding McNeil—South Dakota historian, reference librarian, and assistant superintendent of the Department of History; designed the first state flag; broadcast public service announcements and other programming on her radio station KGFX; recognized as a broadcast pioneer Richard Harkness—journalist; hosted one of the first network news interview programs Pat O’Brien—network news announcer and sports commentator Myron Floren—musician; played accordion on “The Lawrence Welk Show” Bob Barker—game show host Mamie Van Doren—1950s and 1960s film actress

Entertainers and Public Figures

Mary Hart—host of “Entertainment Tonight” Cheryl Ladd—actress; star of the “Charlie’s Angels” television series Catherine Bach—actress; star of “The Dukes of Hazzard” Gary Owens—actor; announcer on the “Laugh-In” television show; voice in many cartoons

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Authors ✒ L. Frank Baum—author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and other books set in Oz ✒ Charles Badger Clark—former poet laureate of South Dakota ✒ Mary Hollock Foote—wrote and illustrated many stories of Western life in the 1880s ✒ Hamlin Garland—won the 1922 Pulitzer Prize in biography for A Daughter of the Middle Border ✒ Herbert Krause—wrote novels about Western life, including Wind Without Rain ✒ Rose Wilder Lane—wrote the “Ernestine” stories for the Saturday Evening Post and novels portraying life in South Dakota Authors

✒ Laura Ingalls Wilder—Rose Wilder Lane’s mother; author of Little House on the Prairie and other books based on her life on the frontier

✒ Frederick Manfred—wrote novels about Sioux life and the Black Hills gold rush Stewart White had to leave Keystone after residents became angry at how he’d portrayed them in his books!

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✒ Ole Edvart Rölvaag—wrote about lives of NorwegianAmerican farmers in Dakota Territory in Giants in the Earth ✒ Stewart Edward White— wrote novels based on people living in the mining community of Keystone in the early 1900s

Artists ✶ Gutzon Borglum—sculptor; sculpted a bust of Lincoln in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol; carved likenesses of Washington, Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Jefferson on Mount Rushmore ✶ Lincoln Borglum—Gutzon Borglum’s son; photographer and sculptor; worked with his father and later supervised the Mount Rushmore project ✶ Harvey Dunn—illustrator for the Saturday Evening Post and American Legion magazines ✶ Oscar Howe—painted and drew scenes from his Sioux heritage; painted murals at the Oscar Howe Art Center, Mobridge’s Municipal Auditorium, and other places; designed the exterior panels of the Corn Palace ✶ Korczak Ziolkowski—sculptor; worked with the Borglums on Mount Rushmore; worked to carve a gigantic sculpture of Chief Crazy Ziolkowski worked on the Horse into Crazy Horse Thunderhead statue for 30 Mountain; years, and his family members sculpted the continued his Sitting Bull and work after Wild Bill Hickok he died! monuments

Artists

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Very Important People James “Scotty” Philip—Scottish-born rancher, cattleman, guide, and scout; credited with helping to save the bison from extinction Tom Brokaw—broadcast journalist; NBC news anchor; author William Henry Harrison Beadle—surveyor general of Dakota Territory; as superintendent of public instruction, increased the number of Dakota Territory schools; worked to protect inexpensive lands set aside by the government for schools Martha Jane “Calamity Jane” Burke—army scout; became famous when she starred in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Very Important People

George Armstrong Custer—soldier; leader of the military expedition that discovered gold in the Black Hills; died in the Battle of Little Big Horn in Montana Niels Hansen—agriculturalist; introduced many grains that would grow in South Dakota’s climate; directed the State Agriculture Experimental Station Theodore Schultz—economist; won the 1979 Nobel Prize in economics Allen Neuharth—founded USA Today in 1982

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More Very Important People Joseph Ward—minister and civic leader; designed South Dakota’s state seal; founded and was first president of Yankton College Seth Bullock—organized Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders; sheriff of Lawrence County Charles Henry Burke—as commissioner of Indian Affairs, improved health care and education for Native Americans James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok—hunter, trapper, soldier, scout, and law officer; toured with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show; tried to “clean up” Deadwood in 1876, but was shot to death by Jack McCall Ernest O. Lawrence—physicist; invented the cyclotron (the first atom-smasher); won the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics; key player in the development of the atom bomb Mary Collins Mary Collins— teacher and missionary to the Sioux; learned the Sioux language and culture; supporter of Indian rights; active in national reform movements

More Very Important People

advised her friend Sitting Bull to stop the Ghost Dance. After his death, Collins helped the Indians with land negotiations.

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Political Leaders James Abdnor—chaired the Senate Water Resources Subcommittee; represented South Dakota in disputes about the use of water from the Missouri River James Abourezk—first Arab American elected to the U.S. Senate (1973); championed Indian rights Francis Higbee Case—U.S. representative and senator; sponsored legislation that created the federal interstate highway system Thomas Daschle—U.S. representative; U.S. senator Hubert Humphrey—vice president (1965–1969); fought for civil rights and social reforms George McGovern—U.S. senator and representative; leading critic of the Vietnam War; lost the 1972 Political presidential election to Richard Nixon Leaders Arthur C. Mellette—last territorial governor of Dakota Territory George T. Mickelson—as governor of South Dakota, promoted highway construction and development of the Missouri River William Janklow—first South Dakota governor to serve two four-year terms Timothy Johnson—U.S. representative and senator John Thune—U.S. representative

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Superlative South Dakotans Gertrude S. Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa)—Yankton Dakota American Indian activist; teacher, musician, and writer; formed the National Council of American Indians in 1928; worked to promote a federal commission to study Indian conditions Joseph J. Foss—World War II aviator; awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor and Distinguished Flying Cross Peter Norbeck—as governor of South Dakota, started policies to end monopolies, lower railroad prices, and maintain farm prices; as U.S. senator promoted development of Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Custer State Park, and the Badlands National Monument Robert W. Haire—Catholic priest and reformer; founded a hospital at Aberdeen after moving to Dakota Territory in 1880; edited a labor newspaper; Superlative active in pushing for an initiative and South Dakotans referendum law William Robert Hare—missionary; established schools and missions in Dakota Territory William Mervin “Billy” Mills— track-and-field athlete; first Joseph Foss shot American to win the down 31 enemy aircraft in 10,000-meter race World War II! (1964 Olympics); founded the Billy Mills Leadership Institute; reactivated the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame

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Churches and Schools CHURCHES

Keeping the Faith African Methodist Episcopal Church, Yankton—built by former slaves in 1885 Holy Fellowship Episcopal Church, Greenwood—built in 1886 as a mission to the Sioux Fort Randall Chapel, Yankton Reservation—built in 1875; only standing building at the Fort Randall outpost St. Joseph Cathedral, Sioux Falls—designed in 1916 by Emmanuel L. Masqueray Chapel Car Emmanuel, Madison—one of seven railroad cars equipped with pews, organ, and pulpit; dedicated in 1893 by Baptist minister Boston Smith

SCHOOLS Oahe Mission School and Chapel, north of Pierre—built in 1877 Churches by Indian laborers and and Schools missionary Thomas Riggs South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City—established in 1885 Yankton College—established in 1881; closed in 1984 South Dakota State University, Brookings—largest university in the state University of South Dakota, Vermillion—founded in 1862

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Historic Sites and Parks Fort Sisseton State Historic Park, southwest of Lake City—contains 17 original and reconstructed structures of the military outpost built in 1864 Badlands National Park, southwestern South Dakota—filled with canyons, ridges, and spires; created about 80 million years ago by volcanic ash and sediment; preserves mixed-grass prairie and other grasslands Custer State Park, east of Custer—surrounds the winter stronghold of the Gordon Party who came to the Black Hills looking for gold Bear Butte State Park, east of Sturgis—site of the 1,400-foot (4,267-meter) tall Bear Butte; a holy place among the local Indians

Historic Sites and Parks

Wind Cave National Park, near Custer—28,000 acres (11,332 hectares) of wildlife preserve along one of the longest caves in the world Black Hills National Forest, eastern South Dakota— includes the entire Black Hills

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Home, Sweet Home! Historical Homes Cramer-Kenyon Heritage House, Yankton—built in 1886 Pettigrew Home, Sioux Falls—home of Richard Franklin Pettigrew, businessman and politician; completed in 1889; now a museum Ingalls House, De Smet— shanty and house built in 1887; occupied by Laura Ingalls and her family; now a museum filled with Ingalls memorabilia and period furniture Governor’s House, Pierre—built in 1934 by the Works Progress Administration Prairie Homestead, Badlands National Historic Park— rare example of a preserved homesteader’s house Home, Sweet Home!

Valhalla, east of Custer—log home built by Peter Norbeck in 1927; used mainly for state government functions

Badger Clark Home, east of Custer—built circa 1910 by South Dakota’s first poet laureate Poker Alice House, Sturgis—home, casino, dance hall, and brothel of the infamous Alice Tubbs

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Forts and Battlefields A few of South Dakota’s famous

Forts

● Fort Randall Historic Site, Yankton

Reservation—established in 1856 to keep the peace between settlers and the Sioux; active military outpost in the 1880s ● Fort Pierre, near Pierre —first permanent European settlement in South Dakota ● Fort Meade, Fort Sturgis—replaced Camp Sturgis in 1878 as the peace-keeping headquarters of the Black Hills; home of the Seventh Cavalry who were involved in the massacre at Wounded Knee A few of South Dakota’s famous ● Crow Creek Massacre, near Crow Creek— around AD 1325, about 500 Arikara men, Forts women and children were massacred in and a tribal battle Battlefields ● Wounded Knee Memorial, Pine Ridge Reservation—monument to the more than 200 men, women, and children killed on December 29, 1890 when Seventh Cavalry soldiers clashed with Sioux demonstrators ● Battle of Slim Buttes, near Reva—the site of an 1876 standoff battle between Crazy Horse and U.S. soldiers 69

Battlefields

Libraries Check out the following special South Dakota libraries! (Do you have a library card? Have you worn it out yet?!) Carnegie Free Public Library, Watertown—built in 1905; has the Kampeska Heritage Museum collections Sioux Falls Library Aberdeen Library Rapid City Library University of South Dakota Library, Vermillion South Dakota State University Library, Brookings Watertown Regional Library Libraries

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South Dakota has more than 100 public libraries that circulate about 8 books for every resident, every year!

Zoos and Attractions Mammoth Site, Hot Springs—an ancient sinkhole filled with many mammoths who were trapped when they came to drink; more than 40 mammoth skeletons have been unearthed Wall Drug, Wall—world famous as the largest drug store Corn Palace, Mitchell—exhibition hall and auditorium first opened in 1892; has been rebuilt twice; every year, the facade is decorated with murals made of thousands of bushels of grains, corn, and grasses grown by local farmers 1880 Town, west of Murdo—more than 30 buildings dating from 1870 to 1919 Geographical Center of the United States, near Castle Rock Great Plains Zoo and Museum, Sioux Falls—natural habitats of species from five continents Zoos and Attractions

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Museums Dakota Territorial Museum, Yankton—Sioux artifacts, memorabilia from Yankton’s steamboat era, period clothing and furniture W.H. Over State Museum, Vermillion—Plains Indians artifacts, archaeological exhibits, pioneer tools and clothing Old Minnehaha County Courthouse Museum, Sioux Falls—interpretive exhibits about pioneer settlement and Plains Indians Cultural Heritage Center, Pierre—headquarters of the South Dakota State Historical Society; displays include the Vérendrye Plate Saint Francis Mission—built in 1886; contains the Buechel Memorial Lakota Museum dedicated to Jesuit missionary Father Buechel Custer County Historical Society Museum, Custer— exhibits of the Custer Expedition to the Black Hills Indian Museum of North America, north of Custer— art, artifacts, tools, and clothing of Plains and other North American tribes Museums

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Monuments and Memorials

Vérendrye Monument, Fort Pierre—on the hillside where the Vérendrye brothers’ lead plaque was found Samuel H. Ordway, Jr. Memorial Prairie, west of Leola—one of the last preserved tall-grass and mixed-grass prairies that were once found all over the eastern Great Plains Mount Rushmore National Memorial, south of Keystone Crazy Horse Memorial, north of Custer— 563-foot (171.6-meter) tall, 641-foot (195.4-meter) long sculpture of Chief Crazy Horse; a work-in-progress Monuments Mount Mariah Cemetery (Boot Hill), and Memorials Deadwood—resting place of Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane USS South Dakota Memorial, Sioux Falls— dedicated to the most decorated battleship of World War II Sitting Bull Monument, west of Mobridge— dedicated to the Hunkpapa spiritual leader 73

The Arts Brookings Summer Arts Festival—the region’s largest art festival Case Art Museum, Mitchell—features works of 1880s artists, including Harvey Dunn, James Earle Fraser, John Innes, and Nancy Coonsman Hahn Black Hills Playhouse, east of Custer—a nonprofit professional theater and training program Dahl Fine Arts Center, Rapid City—home of the Dakota Art Gallery, Cyclorama Gallery, and Central Gallery Matthews Opera House, Spearfish—built in 1906 Lewis & Clark Gallery, Yankton—artwork of popular regional artists Oscar Howe Art Center, Mitchell—permanent exhibit of Howe’s paintings

✮

South Dakota Art Museum, Brookings

✮

The Arts

To be, or not to be involved in the arts—that is the question. What is your answer?

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✮

Ruins and Reservations

Ruins Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village, Mitchell—fortified village on the James River; was occupied by ancient Indians 900 years ago; the only South Dakota prehistoric landmark open to the public

Reservations Crow Creek and Lower Brûlé Reservation, north of Chamberlain—about 125,000 acres (50,588 hectares); separated by the Missouri River Standing Rock Reservation, west of Mobridge—846,291 acres (342,494 hectares); extends into North Dakota; Sitting Bull’s home after he was released from Fort Randall Cheyenne River Reservation, south of Standing Rock Reservation—1,400,614 acres (566,828 hectares); center of the Ghost Dance religion in the 1880s Pine Ridge Reservation, south central South Dakota—1,783,741 acres (721,8880 hectares); second-largest reservation in the U.S.; location of Wounded Knee

Ruins and Reservations

Rosebud Reservation, west of Winner—527,640 acres (213,536 hectares); home of Spotted Tail Yankton Reservation, west of Yankton—36,561 acres (14,796 hectares); near the Fort Randall Historic Site

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Scenic Roads Take the Long Way Home!

Black Hills, from Devils Tower Junction (Wyoming) to Custer—155 miles (249 kilometers) through the famous Black Hills; passes by many historical and scenic sites Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway, from Custer—a 56-mile (90-kilometer) loop that passes through Custer State Park and by Mount Rushmore Custer Scenic Byway, Wind Cave National Park to Custer State Park—33 miles (53 kilometers); passes the Mount Coolidge Fire Tower and vast patches of burnt forest left over from 1988 and 1990 fires Scenic Roads

South Dakota 44, from Rapid City to Badlands National Park—65-mile (105-kilometer) route past the Buffalo Gap National Grassland, through a portion of the Badlands National Park, and past the Pine Ridge Reservation

Badlands, through Badlands National Park— 30 miles (48 kilometers) past several foot trails, including the Fossil Exhibit Trail, Cliff Shelf Nature Trail, and Saddle Pass Trail

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Cavern Collection Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns, south of Rapid City— one of the few caves in the world with hexagonal (six-sided) calcite crystals called dogtooth spar; contains the Petrified Fish Crevasse, a 110-foot (33.5-meter) long natural rock hall with fossilized marine life in the walls Black Hills Caverns, west of Rapid City—chambers with large cave rooms; colorful logomites, stalactites, and other formations Crystal Cave Park, west of Rapid City—crystals cover more than three-quarters of the walls and ceilings Wonderland Cavern, north of Rapid City—dogtooth spar, popcorn crystals, flowstone, helictites, and more Beautiful Rushmore Cave, east of Keystone— discovered by goldseekers in the 1800s; colorful “dripstone” formations, including stalagmites, stalactites, ribbons, and columns Jewel Cave National Monument, west of Custer— more than 75 miles (121 kilometers) Question: of surveyed passages; may be • Which is the Cavern more than 10 million years stalagmite? old; famous for calcite “jewels” Collection deposited by water; looks like • Which is the the inside of a geode Answer: Stalactites are long, tapering formations hanging from the roof of a cavern, produced by continuous watery deposits containing certain minerals. The mineral-rich water dripping from stalactites often forms conical stalagmites on the floor below.

stalactite?

Word SPELUNKER: a person who goes exploring caves for fun Definition

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Animals South Dakota’s Animals include:

Coyote Porcupine Brown Snake Rattlesnake

Animals

Ferret Turtle Buffalo Bobcat Pronghorn Antelope White-tailed Deer Mule Deer Jackrabbit Prairie Dog Otter Mountain Lion Fox Black Bear Squirrel Pronghorns are the fastest mammals in Badger the Western Hemisphere. They can Gopher run up to 60 miles (97 kilometers) per hour!

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Wildlife Watch Take a Walk on the Wild Side! Some endangered and threatened South Dakota animals are:

American Burying Beetle Whooping Crane Eskimo Curlew Bald Eagle Black-footed Ferret Piping Plover Topeka Shiner Pallid Sturgeon Least Tern Piping plovers are shore birds that were once common along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and along the Great Lakes.

Gray Wolf

Wildlife Watch

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Birds You may spy these

birds in South Dakota:

Grouse Bobwhite Quail Ring-necked Pheasant Peregrine Falcon Wild Turkey Partridge Red-winged Blackbird Yellow-headed Blackbird Goldfinch Wren Robin Peregrine falcons almost went extinct Eagle Birds

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in North America by 1960 because of pesticides that made the birds’ egg shells too thin. Luckily, restrictions on pesticide use have helped the peregrine population grow.

Insects Don’t let these South Dakota bugs Mayfly bug you! Damselfly Walking Stick Termite Giant Water Bug Spittlebug Ant Lion Ground Beetle Whirligig Beetle Stag Beetle Weevil Sphinx Moth

Firefly Cricket

Ladybug Grasshopper Do we know any of these bugs?

Maybe... Hey, that ladybug is cute!

Whirligig beetles have two pairs of eyes—one pair looks above the water, the other under it!

Insects

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Fish SWIMMING IN SOUTH DAKOTA’S WATERS:

Walleye Northern Pike Brook Trout Rainbow Trout Brown Trout Catfish Salmon Bass

Fish

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Pond Critters IN SOUTH DAKOTA’S PONDS, YOU MAY FIND: Hydra Leech Freshwater Mussel Water Flea Freshwater Crayfish Fishing Spider Dragonfly Giant Water Bug Back Swimmer Water Strider Mosquito Minnow

Doctors once used leeches to cure illness. They thought the leech would suck out the disease!

Pond Critters

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Rocks & Minerals Rocks are solid masses of minerals or rock fragments that occur in nature. Below are a few types of rock that can be found in South Dakota.

Coal Sandstone Shale Limestone

Rhyolite Conglomerate Mudstone Meteorites

Minerals are the building blocks of all rocks. A mineral can be as large as a person, but most are tiny and you will need a magnifying glass to see them clearly. Below are a few types of minerals that can be found in South Dakota.

Olivine Calcite Augite Feldspar Hornblende

Rocks & Minerals

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Oil and tar come from some kinds of shale.

Watch out for falling meteorites!

Trees These trees tower over South Dakota: PONDEROSA PINE SPRUCE ASPEN BIRCH OAK MAPLE COTTONWOOD JUNIPER BEECH WILLOW ELM ASH

Trees

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Wildflowers ldflowers? ta wi ou crazy a y o e r k a A bou t these South D

Butter-and-eggs Chicory Goldenrod Fireweed Oxeye Daisy Prickly Pear Lupine

Wildflowers

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Do you ever think you would eat Butter-and-Eggs for a sore throat? Early settlers used this beautiful yellow and orange flower to make a medicine that soothed a scratchy throat!

Wild Geranium Violet Black-eyed Susan Indian Paintbrush Buttercup Queen Anne’s Lace

Flower Power!

Cream of the Crops Agricultural products from South Dakota:

Corn

Wheat

Hay

Sunflower Seeds

Oats

Beef Cattle

Cream of the Crops

Sheep

Poultry

Hogs

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First/Biggest/Smallest/Etc. Standing Butte Ranch near Pierre is the home of the United States’ largest buffalo herd. When it is completed, the Crazy Horse Memorial will be the world’s largest sculpture. The summit of Harney Peak is the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The USS South Dakota was the most decorated battleship of World War II. The Dakota Southern Railroad was the first railroad to operate in South Dakota. The Pathfinder Atomic Power Plant near Sioux Falls was the world’s first all-nuclear power plant. The Mammoth Site in Hot Springs contains the world’s largest collection of mammoth bones found in one place. First/ Biggest/ Smallest/Etc.

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The Homestake Mine at Lead is the world’s largest underground gold mine.

Festivals

Celeb rate!!!

Governor’s Cup Stock Car Races, Aberdeen—June

Lewis & Clark Heritage Days, Elk Point—August Highland Games, Scotland—September Black Hills Powwow, Rapid City—October

Black Hills Passion Play, near Spearfish—summer Trial of Jack McCall, Deadwood—daily during the summer Black Hills Roundup, Belle Fourche—July Gold Discovery Days, Custer—July Days of ‘76 Festival, Deadwood—August Sioux Empire Fair, Sioux Falls—August State Fair, Huron—August

Laura Ingalls Wilder Pageant, De Smet—June–July Corn Palace Festival, Mitchell—September Schmeckfest, Freeman—March–April

Festivals

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Holidays

Calendar Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 3rd Monday in January

Groundhog Day, February 2

Presidents’ Day, 3rd Monday in February

Memorial Day, last Monday in May

Independence Day, July 4

Labor Day, 1st Monday in September

Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October

Veterans Day, November 11

Thanksgiving, 4th Thursday in November

South Dakota celebrates its admission to the U.S. on November 2.

Holidays

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u

as n fe t upon a c

t

s he

Y o

Delicious Dishes

e

yu

m my

foo ds ...

in South Dakota! Kuchen Stuffed Pheasant Roast Pheasant Beef Jerky Dakota Seed Bread Stroganoff

Sunflower Seed Cookies Venison Dream Bars Filled Cabbage Corn Chowder Creamy Cucumbers

Yum, yum. This is great!

Let’s dig in!

Casseroles Broiled fish Yeast bread Cinnamon buns Turnovers Cornbread Delicious Dishes

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Business & Trade South Dakota Works! South Dakota has a diverse economy with several major industries including: Agriculture South Dakota has more than 17 million acres (6.9 million hectares) of farmland. South Dakotans raise corn, soybeans, wheat, hay, sunflower seed, oats, and sorghum, along with many other crops. Much of South Dakota’s farm income comes from livestock sales, including beef cattle, hogs, and poultry. Manufacturing Food processing is one of South Dakota’s biggest manufacturing industries. South Dakotans also make industrial machinery, printed materials, electronics, computers, construction equipment, and many other products. Mining Even though South Dakota is not a big mining state overall, it does mine much of the United More than half of State’s gold, South Dakota’s particularly at electricity comes the Homestake Mine in from hydroelectric the Black Hills. Other plants on the Missouri River. important mineral Business products include & Trade cement, crushed stone, sand, gravel, and lime.

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Books & Websites My First Book About South Dakota by Carole Marsh America the Beautiful: South Dakota by Emilie U. Lepthien Kids Learn America by Patricia Gordon and Reed C. Snow Let’s Discover the States: South Dakota by the Aylesworths The South Dakota Experience Series by Carole Marsh

Cool South Da k

ota We

bsi

tes http://www.state.sd. us http://www.southda kotaexperience.com http://www.50state s.com http://www.netstat e.com

Books & Websites

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Glossary

G LO S S A R Y W O R D S

South Dakota Glossary

Glossary

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auditor: a person who examines and checks business accounts butte: a hill that rises abruptly from a flat area of land, with steep sides and a flat top homesteader: a settler granted land by the United States government predator: an animal that preys upon another or others reservation: land set aside for a special purpose revolution: the overthrow of a government secede: to voluntarily give up being part of an organized group suffrage: the right to vote seminomadic: partly nomadic; wandering from place to place sediment: earth, sand, or other matter deposited by water translucent: lets light through, but is not clear enough to see through union: group of nations, people, etc… joined together in a larger unit

Spelling List

South Dakota Spelling Bee

SPELLING WORDS

Here are some special South Dakota-related words to learn! To take the Spelling Bee, have someone call out the words and you spell them aloud or write them on a piece of paper.

agriculture Arikara buffalo calamity Chouteau Deadwood economy geography government homestead

Hunkpapa legislature mammoth Missouri museum Rushmore Sioux Thunderhead topography Vermillion Spelling List

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About the Author About the Author... CAROLE MARSH has been writing about South Dakota for more than 20 years. She is the author of the popular South Dakota State Stuff Series for young readers and creator along with her son, Michael Marsh, of South Dakota Facts and Factivities, a CD-ROM widely used in South Dakota schools. The author of more than 100 South Dakota books and other supplementary educational materials on the state, Marsh is currently working on a new collection of South Dakota materials for young people. Marsh correlates her South Dakota materials to the South Dakota learning standards. Many of her books and other materials have been inspired by or requested by South Dakota teachers and librarians. You know… that was a great experience!

Sure was! Thanks for taking me along.

EDItorial Assistant: About the Author

Antoinette R. Miller

GRAphic Designer: DEsigner: Graphic Al Fortunatti

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Good Uses For Your State Pocket Guide: Study for tests! Prepare reports! Find quick answers! Amaze your friends! Impress adults! Win trivia games! Get Smart and Have Fun!!

“This is the BEST, most thorough, most FUN little book about our state!”

The perfect reference guide for students in grades 3 and up—or anyone! This handy, easy-to-use guide is divided into 7 color-coded sections. Riddles, recipes and surprising facts make this guide a delight!

www.gallopade.com 1-800-536-2GET

Come with us—explore your state!

See you inside!

This small handheld computer is your guide within a guide! All through this book it will offer fascinating little facts about your state!