My First Pocket Guide to Missouri

Missouri Basics

Missouri Geography

Missouri History

Missouri People

Missouri Places

Missouri Nature

Missouri Miscellany

by Carole Marsh

M My y F Fiir rs st t P Po oc ck ke et t G Gu uiid de e

B By y C Ca ar ro olle e M Ma ar rs sh h

The Carole Marsh Bob Longmeyer Chad Beard Cecil Anderson Steven Saint-Laurent Karin Petersen Billie Walburn

Doug Boston Jill Sanders William Nesbitt, Jr. Kathy Zimmer Wanda Coats Terry Briggs Jackie Clayton

Pam Dufresne Cranston Davenport Lisa Stanley Antoinette Miller Victoria DeJoy Tena Simpson

Published by GALLOPADE INTERNATIONAL

www.missouriexperience.com 800-536-2GET • www.gallopade.com ©2001 Carole Marsh • First Edition • All Rights Reserved. Character Illustrations by Lucyna A. M. Green. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. The Missouri Experience logo is a trademark of Carole Marsh and Gallopade International, Inc. A free catalog of The Missouri Experience Products is available by calling 800-536-2GET, or by visiting our website at www.missouriexperience.com.

Gallopade is proud to be a member of these educational organizations and associations:

Other Missouri Experience Products • The Missouri Experience! • The BIG Missouri Reproducible Activity Book • The Missouri Coloring Book • My First Book About Missouri! • Missouri “Jography”: A Fun Run Through Our State • Missouri Jeopardy!: Answers and Questions About Our State • The Missouri Experience! Sticker Pack • The Missouri Experience! Poster/Map • Discover Missouri CD-ROM • Missouri “Geo” Bingo Game • Missouri “Histo” Bingo Game

A Word From the Author... (okay, a few words)... Hi! Here’s your own handy pocket guide about the great state of Missouri! It really will fit in a pocket—I tested it. And it really will be useful when you want to know a fact you forgot, to bone up for a test, or when your teacher says, “I wonder . . .” and you have the answer— instantly! Wow, I’m impressed! Get smart, have fun!

Missouri Basics

Missouri Geography

Carole Marsh

Missouri Basics explores your state’s symbols and their special meanings! Missouri Geography digs up the what’s where in your state! Missouri History is like traveling through time to some of your state’s great moments! Missouri People introduces you to famous personalities and your next-door neighbors! Missouri Places shows you where you might enjoy your next family vacation! Missouri Nature - no preservatives here, just what Mother Nature gave to Missouri!

Missouri History

Missouri People

Missouri Places

Missouri Nature

Missouri Miscellany

All the real fun stuff that we just HAD to save for its own section!

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State Name

Who Named You? Missouri’s official state name is...

Missouri

State Name

Word Definition

OFFICIAL: appointed, authorized, or approved by a government or organization

Missouri will be on a statecommemorative quarter in the year 2003. Look for it in cash registers everywhere!

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Statehood: August 10, 1821 Missouri was the 24th state to join the United States. Coccinella noemnotata is my name (that’s Latin for Lady Bug)! What’s YOURS?

State Name Origin

What’s In A Name ? Missouri probably got its name from the Fox Indian tribe. The Fox warriors came across another tribe who lived along the mesis-piya (Mississippi River). They called this new tribe the Oumessourit, which means “Big-Canoe People.” These people were skilled canoe builders and navigators of the big river. Missou-REE? Or Missou-RAH? How you pronounce Missouri may depend on where you live. Typically, people who live in the eastern half of the state say Noah Webster wouldn’t be much Missou-REE. Neither help in deciding which pronunciation side will give in to the is right. In his dictionary from 1783 other, so Missouri he wrote,“The true pronunciation of the remains a state with name of a place is that which prevails in two pronunciations! and near the place.”

State Name Origin

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State Nicknames

Who Are You Calling Names? State Nicknames

Missouri is not the only name by which our state is recognized. Like many other states, Missouri has some nicknames, official or unofficial!

The Show-Me State

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Missouri‘s unofficial nickname, “Show-Me State,” appears on the state’s license plate. Legend has it that the state got its need-for-proof name from Congressman Willard Duncan Vandiver, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1897 to 1903. In a speech, he said, “...Frothy eloquence neither convinces nor St. Louis, Missouri is known for its satisfies me. I am from large steel arch. Missouri. You have got to The city is show me.” Missouri has also nicknamed “America’s been called “the Mother of Gateway to the the West” because many of West.” its people went on to settle the land as far west as the Pacific Ocean.

State Capital/Capitol

State Capital: Jefferson City Since

1821

State Capital/ Capitol

Missouri wrapped up its first year as a state by naming Jefferson City the capital on December 31, 1821. At that time the city was just a tavern and a church. Over time, more people arrived and more buildings were built. Daniel Boone’s son actually designed the plan for the city. At 40,000 residents, Jefferson City is one of the smallest state capitals. The capitol building in Jefferson City has been rebuilt several times. The first one was built in 1822, but burned in 1837. Another fire in 1911 destroyed the second building. Construction on the current capitol was completed in 1917. The building is made of marble, and a RomanThomas Hart styled dome adorns the top. Benton, a famous painter, created a mural in the state capitol that includes such colorful characters as the bandit Jesse James and Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn.

Word Definition

CAPITAL: a town or city that is the official seat of government CAPITOL: the building in which the government officials meet 7

State Government

Who’s in Charge Here? Missouri has three LEGISLATIVE

GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVE

branches: JUDICIAL

The legislative branch is called the General Assembly.

State Government

Two Houses: The Senate (34 senators); House of Representatives (163 members)

A governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer, state auditor

Supreme Court (seven judges), followed by Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Associate Circuit Courts, Municipal Courts

President Harry Truman of Independence held office during World War II. He made a tough decision to drop the atomic bomb on When you are two Japanese 17 ⁄ , you may cities. While register to vote many people according to Missouri laws. Be died, historians sure to vote! believe even more Your vote people would have counts! suffered had the war not ended. 1

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State Flag

State Flag

Missouri’s flag was adopted in 1913. A shield on the flag divided into two halves represents that Missouri is a part of the federal government, yet still maintains its As you travel own identity. The 24 throughout Missouri, count stars around the the times you see the Missouri shield symbolize that flag! Look for it Missouri was the 24th on government vehicles, too! state to ratify the Constitution. 9

State Seal & Motto

State Seal The state seal was adopted on January 11, 1822. It features two bears holding a shield and 24 stars to represent State Missouri’s being the Seal & Motto 24th state. The shield is divided into two parts to show that Missouri is linked to and independent of the federal government.

Word Definition

?

MOTTO: a sentence, phrase, or word expressing the spirit or purpose of an organization or group

State Motto The phrase “United we stand, divided we fall” is featured on the state seal. George Pope Morris was the first person to say it.

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Missouri’s state motto is . . . . .

Salus populi suprema lex esto

This is Latin for “The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law.”

State Bird

Eastern Bluebird The Eastern Bluebird was adopted as the Missouri state bird on March 30, 1927. Bluebirds are members of the thrush family. The Eastern Bluebird has a brilliant blue head and back and its breast is a vivid rust color. Its cousin, the mountain bluebird, is almost totally blue, and another relative, the western bluebird, has a brown patch on its back. Missourians know that Spring is here when they see Bluebirds fly in at the end of winter. Bluebirds spend the colder months farther

Bluebirds will often build nests in boxes designed for them. They are also the only thrush that nests in holes in trees.

State Bird

There’s a bluebird on my shoulder.

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State Tree

FLOWERING DOGWOOD State Tree

“Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.” —Shakespeare The Flowering Dogwood was named Missouri’s official state tree on June 20, 1955. Missouri’s rocky Ozark Mountains provide the right conditions for Flowering Dogwoods to grow. However, the Dogwood is a very slowgrowing tree. It doesn’t grow very tall, seldom more than 40 feet (12 meters). The four white or pink petals that are found on Dogwoods are not really flowers. The small greenish or yellowish cluster in their center is actually the flower of the tree. In the fall, Dogwoods turn beautiful shades of orange or red and have bright red fruit. This fruit serves as food for wildlife, too.

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State Flower

HAWTHORN Because more than 75 varieties of Hawthorns grow in Missouri, this was a likely choice for the state flower. On March 16, 1923, it was made official. Hawthorns are actually small trees or shrubs and belong to the rose family. There may be as many as 1,000 varieties in North America alone! Hawthorns are also called Haws, Red Haws, Thorns, and Thorn Apples. Hawthorn flowers are white, ruffled blossoms that appear in the Spring. They look a lot like apple blossoms. Hawthorns also produce a small red fruit that birds feed on in the Fall.

“Spring hangs her infant blossoms on the trees...” —William Cowper

State Flower

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State Animal

Missouri Mule

Mules are known for being strong and stubborn. They were useful to farmers and pioneers who settled the Missouri Territory. They were also used by troops during World Wars I and II to haul equipment and supplies. During World War I, State more than 232,000 Mules were used, and most Animal of these were from Missouri! Mules are a cross between horses and donkeys. From the neck up, they resemble donkeys, and from the neck down, horses—except for the tail, which is also like a donkey’s. Their size makes them stronger and sturdier than donkeys, and they don’t need as much water or food as horses. Mules can usually carry about 200 pounds (90 kilograms) without any difficulty. The Missouri Mule was officially named the state animal on May 31, 1995.

RIDDLE: What did one Missouri Mule say to the good-natured one? ANSWER: “If you don’t start being a little more stubborn, you’ll ruin our reputation!”

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State Fossil

Crinoid

More than 20 million years ago, when sea water covered what is now Missouri, Crinoids could be found. State Fossil Crinoids are related to starfish. Also called Sea Lilies, they were free-swimming, but were usually “anchored” by a stem to the ocean floor. They lived with other Sea Lilies in colonies. Crinoid fossils are often beautifully colored.

The Crinoid was officially named the state fossil in 1989.

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State Mineral

Galena Since Missouri is the main leadproducing state in the U.S., it made perfect sense for the State state legislators Mineral to name Galena the official state mineral. The designation was made official on July 21, 1967. Galena is the major source of lead ore, which is refined into lead. Galena has a very regular shape and is often shaped like a cube. It can be dark gray or bluish and is somewhat shiny. Galena is found mostly in the southwestern part of the state.

RIDDLE: What did one Missouri miner say to the other? ANSWER: “Get the lead out!”

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State Rock

Mozarkite Mozarkite was named the official state rock on July 21, 1967. It is found mostly in Missouri’s Benton County. Because it comes in colors ranging from green to red to purple, Mozarkite is often used in jewelry.

State Rock

RIDDLE: Which Missouri mountain range’s name can be found in the word Mozarkite? ANSWER: Ozark Mountains

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State Folk Dance

Square Dance Many of Missouri’s early settlers came from Europe. They brought their native customs, including their State Folk dances, with them. Courtship and Dance folk dances changed and eventually began to resemble what we know today as the Square Dance. On May 31, 1995, the Square Dance became the official state dance of Missouri. That was a reason for the people to get up, and well, dance!

Swing your partner round and round! Do-si-do!

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State Insect

Honeybee – Apis mellifera State Insect

Honeybees are important to Missouri’s profitable agricultural economy. Without them, some plants could not produce fruit, which means that they could not produce seeds. After a while, these plants would die out. These insects are found throughout the state and beekeepers have operations across the state as well. The Honeybee became the official state insect on July 3, 1985.

Scientists have discovered that Honeybees do a special dance to let other bees know where the flowers are located.

I wonder if those Honeybees do a Missouri Square Dance?

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State Tree Nut

Black Walnut State Tree Nut

While Black Walnuts are great in baked goods, they have a lot of other uses, too. It’s no wonder that an industrial state like Missouri would choose this particular one as their state tree nut. Bet you didn’t know that Black Walnut shells are also used for cleaning metal and as a dynamite filler! Another big Missouri product that Black Walnuts are used in is ice cream! YUM! Sometimes you feel like a nut...

R

:

IDDLE What do the Missouri state animal and the state tree nut have in common? ANSWER: Both of them are hard-headed!

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Our State The State of

Missouri

Our State

Missouri was part of the Louisiana Purchase, which was a large parcel of land that President Thomas Jefferson bought from France in 1803. When it was divided, Missouri became part of the northern section known as the Missouri Territory.

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State Location

LO N G I

TUD

E

M i s s o u r i i s l o c ate d i n t h e ce n t ra l por tion, or the hear tland, of the U n i t e d S t at e s. I t i s a l s o k n ow n a s a m i d w e s t e r n s t a t e.

LA T IT

UDE

State Location

T H E CO N T I G U O U S U N I T E D S TAT E S ouri Miss

Word Definition

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LATITUDE: Imaginary lines which run horizontally east and west around the globe LONGITUDE: Imaginary lines which run vertically north and south around the globe

State Neighbors

On The Border! These border Missouri: States:

Iowa Nebraska Oklahoma Kentucky

Body of water:

Nebraska

Illinois Kansas Arkansas Tennessee Mississippi River

State Neighbors

Iowa

Illinois

Kansas

Oklahoma

Missouri

Kentucky Tennessee

Arkansas

With all those states around it, Missouri must be a neighborly place.

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East-West, North-South, Area

I’ll Take the Low Road… East–West North–South Area

Missouri is 365 miles (587 kilometers) from east to west...or west to east. Either way, it’s a long drive! Total Area: 69,709 square miles (180,532 square kilometers) Land Area: 68,896 square miles (178,427 square kilometers)

Missouri is 319 miles (513 kilometers) from north to south...or south to north. Either way, it’s a long drive! This is a compass rose. It helps you find the right direction on a map!

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Highest & Lowest Points

You Take the High Road!

HIGHEST POINT

Highest & Lowest Points

Taum Sauk Mountain in the St. Francois Mountains— 1,772 feet (540 meters) above sea level No one knows exactly how Taum Sauk got its name. One idea is that it is for a legendary Piankishaw Indian—Chief Sauk-ton-qua. Another idea is that Sauk is from the name of an Algonquin Indian tribe and that Taum came from the Indian word Tongo, which was abbreviated as Ton, meaning “big.” Pioneers changed Ton to Taum.

LOWEST POINT The St. Francis River—230 feet (70 meters) above sea level

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State Counties

I’m County-ing on You! Missouri is divided into 114 counties.

State Counties

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13…

Word Definition

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COUNTY: an administrative subdivision of a state or territory

Natural Resources

It’s All Natural! Forests make up about 14 million acres (5,665,800 hectares) in Missouri.

Word Definition

NATURAL RESOURCES: things that exist in or are formed by nature

Natural Resources

Other natural resources in Missouri include: Coal Lead Limestone Natural gas Zinc Copper Silver Barite Crushed stone Gravel Construction sand

Missouri is first in the country’s production of lead and clays that can be fired.

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Weather

Weather, Or Not?! Its central location makes Missouri the right place for almost any type of weather. In the winter, there are sweeps of cold air from the north. In the spring, summer, and fall, warm air eases up from the Gulf of Mexico.

Weather

Highest temperature: 118ºF (48ºC), at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954 ºF=Degrees Fahrenheit ºC=Degrees Celsius

Lowest temperature: -40ºF (-40ºC), at Warsaw on February 13, 1905

Missouri is located in what is called “Tornado Alley.” The state averages 27 dangerous tornadoes each year.

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In Missouri the weather changes so frequently that if you don’t like what’s going on outside now, wait a minute, and it’ll be something different!

Topography

Back On Top During the Ice Age when glaciers covered the northern part of North America, the edge of these reached as far south as the central region of the United States. When they melted, they formed the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio Rivers. Missouri has many different kinds of landforms. Some of them are the glaciated plains of the northwest, the mountains of the southeast, and the lowlands found in the south. Thick grass that was 7 feet (2 meters) tall Topography covered Missouri’s prairies when the settlers first arrived. They had to cut through it before they could get to the great dirt. Imagine how hard this was since they didn’t have the tractors and other equipment we have today. Those Missouri Mules must have come in very handy!

Missouri’s southeastern lowlands have experienced earthquakes over the years. The three worst ones took place in 1811 and 1812. The most recent major shocks were in 1975. Geologists expect another big quake to rock the area around New Madrid someday.

Word Definition

TOPOGRAPHY: the detailed mapping of the features of a small area or district 29

Mountains & Mounds

King of the Hill Mountains The Ozark region in Missouri is the highest and most rugged area between the Appalachian and the Rocky mountains. It covers about 55,000 square miles (142,439 square kilometers). The Ozark Mountains were saved from deforestation Mountains during pioneer times because & Mounds the area was too rocky to be farmed. As you go farther west, the trees thin out and wide prairies abound.

Mounds

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Mound Builders inhabited the Missouri area more than 1,500 years ago, especially along the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Many of the mounds they built still remain. St. Louis is situated in an area where many mounds were located. In fact, St. Louis originally was called “Mound City.” The largest mound Missouri’s in Missouri is near Caruthersville. It Mound Builders is 35 feet (11 meters) high, 250 feet left many relics, (76 meters) wide, and a whopping including a shell amulet and a 400 feet (122 meters) long. When Bird Man tablet. it was built, the Indians covered the sides with burnt clay that varied from 3 to 5 inches (7.6 to 12.7 centimeters) thick.

Rivers

Down the River Missouri is a spring-filled state. There are more than 10,000 springs in the Ozarks. Big Spring in Carter County is the largest.

More than 50,000 miles (80,465 kilometers) of rivers and streams flow through Missouri.

Rivers

Here are some of Missouri’s major rivers.

• Mississippi • Missouri • Salt • Meramec • St. Francis

• Current • Black • Platte • Chariton • Grand 31

Major Lakes & Reservoirs

Gone Fishin’

Missouri doesn’t have many large natural lakes. Most of them were man-made for the purpose of controlling flooding from the many rivers and streams, and to provide the power for electric plants.

Major Lakes & Reservoirs

Here are some of Missouri’s largest lakes and reservoirs: ● Bull Shoals Lake

● Pomme de Terre Lake

● Clearwater Lake

● Table Rock Lake

● Harry S. Truman Reservoir ● Wappapello Lake ● Lake of the Ozarks

The Lake of the Ozarks attracts many visitors because it is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. It covers 58,000 acres (23,472 hectares). Swan Lake and Squaw Creek are national wildlife refuges in Missouri. Geese and ducks stop in when they are migrating north for the summer and south for the Electrical power winter. More than 300 bald eagles produced by the spend their winters at the refuges. force of water is called hydroelectricity.

RESERVOIR: a body of Word water stored for public use Definition

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Cities & Towns Are You a city mouse… or Country Have you heard these wonderful Missouri city, town, and crossroad names? Perhaps you can start your own list! LARGER TOWNS: St. Louis Kansas City Springfield Independence St. Joseph Columbia Florissant University City

Cities & Towns

OTHER TOWNS: Advance Black Jack Buffalo Crane Doolittle Liberty Licking It was Peculiar for Peculiar the Buffalo to try to Advance in his quest for Liberty!

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Transportation Major Interstate Highways I-70, I-35, I-29, I-44, I-55, I-57 Missouri has 121,787 miles (195, 992 kilometers) of public highways.

Transportation

Railroads Nine of the nation’s largest railways serve Missouri. Coal and farm products are the main items they transport. Missouri has 7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers) of railroad.

Major Airports International airports in Missouri are in St. Louis and Kansas City.

Ports Missouri’s chief ports are in St. Louis and Kansas City.

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Timeline 1673 French explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet find the mouth of the Missouri River during their exploration of the Mississippi River 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, claims the Mississippi Valley for France 1720 Philip Renault brings slaves to open a silver mine, but finds only lead 1764 Pierre Laclède and René Auguste Chouteau found St. Louis 1803 The United States buys Louisiana from France for $15 million 1812 Missouri Territory is organized by Congress 1818 Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state 1821 Missouri is admitted as the 24th state and Jefferson City named state capital 1857 Supreme Court rules in the Dred Scott case that slavery cannot be prohibited in U.S. territories Timeline 1873 Nation’s first public kindergarten opens in St. Louis 1945 Harry Truman of Independence becomes president upon death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1965 Gateway Arch in St. Louis is topped out 1984 Harriett Woods elected as lieutenant governor, the highest office held by a woman in Missouri 1988 Federal judge orders Kansas City public schools to desegregate 1993 Great Flood devastates 112 counties, kills 49 people, and causes $4 billion of damage 2001 Missouri enters the 21st century

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Early History

Here come the humans! Early History

Thousands of years ago, ancient peoples inhabited Missouri. They may have originally come across a frozen bridge of land between Asia and Alaska. If so, they slowly traveled east until some settled in what would The Mississippians, one day become the an early Indian culture, lived along state of Missouri. riverbeds in the lower Mississippi Valley. They lived in Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, and Mississippi.

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Early Indians

Native Americans Once Ruled! The Bluff Shelter people were the first people to make permanent settlements in Missouri. They lived in caves on steep hillsides. They also traveled on the state’s rivers in birchbark canoes. The Hopewell Culture built the first mounds, or simple rounded heaps of earth, on the edges of bluffs that overlooked the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. They lived near the mounds in small villages protected by wooden stockades. The Hopewell Culture gradually was replaced by the Mississippians, whose trading territory reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast.

Word Definition

Early Indians

WAMPUM: beads, pierced and strung, used by Indians as money, or for ornaments or ceremonies.

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Exploration

Land Ho! Hernando De Soto was probably the first European to see the Mississippi River in 1541. He may have traveled as far north as Missouri before turning around to return south. Around that same time, Exploration another Spanish expedition left Mexico and may have camped in western Missouri. The fur trade brought French explorers and trappers from Canada farther south. The French were overjoyed to find the Mississippi River. They believed it would lead them west to René-Robert the Pacific Ocean. Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, named the land he claimed Louisiana, in honor of King Louis XIV.

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Colonization

Home, Sweet Home Although France’s empire in the New World stretched from the St. Lawrence River in the north to New Orleans in the south, few people were settling there. Instead, the French sent small groups of Catholic priests who built missions. Each mission was supposed Colonization to convert Indians to Christianity, provide a fur trading station, and hold the land for France. News of a silver strike brought settlers to Missouri in the 1700s, but they found only lead ore. The French built their first permanent settlement, The French government Ste. Genevieve, in 1750 on needed money. the banks of the Mississippi They turned Louisiana over to River. St. Louis became Spain in a secret treaty in 1762 so it known as a crossroads for wouldn’t be taken the British and Spanish over by the British. empires in the New World.

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Early Economy The fur trade brought explorers and trappers from Canada to Missouri. French missionaries set up trading stations at their missions, and the fur trade with the Native Americans turned into a booming business. French miners brought African slaves to Missouri to look for silver. They found lead, not silver. Lead proved to be valuable because it was used to make bullets. Settlers heading for California and the Northwest got Early Economy off the steamboats and bought supplies in Missouri before heading out on the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. Southern planters who moved to the area brought more slaves and grew Miner Philip cotton, tobacco, and Renault built a hemp. People on smaller network of crude roads to get his farms also grew crops lead to market. The roads became and raised cattle. Missouri’s first “highway” system.

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Folklore

Fact Or Fiction? Mike Fink was the “king of the keelboatmen” on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. He was such a good marksman that he was barred from shooting contests when he was 17. His favorite stunt was to shoot a tin cup off the head of a friend. As a young man, Fink served Folklore as a scout and spy on the Indian frontier. Later, he became one of the mighty keelboatmen—called “half horse, half alligator.” Tall and brawny, Fink was known as an expert After killing a fellow navigator who told fur trapper, Fink was shot dead by a friend tall tales as he of his victim. As his legend grew, Fink maneuvered down came to symbolize the river. the good and bad qualities of the American frontiersman.

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Revolution

Freedom! Some settlers in the New World felt that England ignored their ideas and concerns. In 1775, the British colonies on the Atlantic coast went to war with England. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. During the American Revolution, Spain controlled Revolution Louisiana, which included Missouri. They kept the British out of the area by blockade. When the war ended in 1783, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, which opened the port of New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River to more trade. France’s emperor, Napoléon Bonaparte, convinced Spain to return the Louisiana Territory to France in 1800. A small group of Thomas Jefferson, the American British soldiers and president, sent envoys to France 1,000 Indian allies tried to capture St. to arrange a deal. In 1803, Louis on May 26, 1780. Captain Napoléon sold all of Louisiana to Fernando de the United States for $15 million. Leyba, 50 Spanish soldiers, and St. The deal included most of Louis citizens drove the western North America, from attackers back. Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

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Slaves and Slavery

The U.S. faced a national crisis in 1818 when Missouri applied for statehood. The balance of power in Congress between free and slave states would be upset if Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 solved the problem. Missouri could enter as a slave state if Maine entered as a free state at the same time. Slavery was also prohibited north of Slaves and latitude 36°31’, Slavery Missouri’s southern border, so that other states formed from the Louisiana Territory would maintain the balance. Slave Dred Scott’s owner took Scott with him to live in Illinois and Minnesota, both free states. They returned to Missouri in 1838. After his owner died in 1846, Scott sued for liberty, arguing that his residency in free states made him a citizen. In 1856, the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court which decided Most Missourians that Scott was a slave and could never owned not sue in federal court. slaves. Many of them fought against slavery, and were known as abolitionists.

Word Definition

ABOLITIONIST: person who believed slavery was wrong and should be abolished.

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The Civil War

The Civil War

The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery and the right of the states to make their own individual decisions. Southern states, with plantations and slaves, were on one side of this battle. Northern states, who opposed slavery or had no need for it, were on the other side. Some states remained neutral on the issue. In 1860, one out of eleven people in Missouri was a slave. Missouri’s proslavery and antislavery factions fought to gain control of the state. In July 1861, the proUnion forces gained control. Most of Missouri’s Civil War skirmishes occurred when Southern sympathizers tried to take the state from Union sympathizers. Around 40,000 Missourians fought for the Confederacy, while 110,000 fought for the Union. More than 27,000 Missourians died in the war. It took years for the state to recover from the devastation of this unfortunate war, in which Americans could find nothing to agree upon, except to fight.

Word Definition

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RECONSTRUCTION: the recovery and rebuilding period following the Civil War.

The Civil War

More Americans were killed during the Civil War than during World Wars I and II!

The Civil War was also called the War Between the States. Soldiers often found themselves fighting against former friends and neighbors, even brother against brother. Those who did survive often went home without an arm, leg, or both, since amputation was the “cure” for most battlefield wounds.

The Civil War

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Famous Documents

Get It In Writing! Declaration of Independence, 1776 U.S. Constitution, 1787 Famous Documents

First state constitution, 1820 Missouri State Constitution of 1865 required public officeholders to take “Ironclad Oath” Current state constitution adopted, 1945

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Immigrants

Welcome To America! Missourians have come to Missouri from other states and many other countries on almost every continent! As time has gone by, Missouri’s population has grown more diverse. This means that people of different races and from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds have moved to Missouri. In 1850, one out of three St. Louis residents was German. During the early days, nearly half of Missouri’s immigrant population was German. Tens of thousands of Irish immigrants have also settled in Missouri. The regional headquarters of the Irish American Chamber of Commerce in the U.S.A. (ICCUSA) is in St. Louis. Once a Spanish colony, the Hispanic presence has been strong in Missouri. Hispanic Missourians also come from Puerto Rico, Peru, Honduras, Mexico, and Chile, as well as other countries. Asians first came to Missouri between 1850 and 1870 as laborers. African-Americans came to Missouri as slaves and as free people. By 1969, Missouri was second in the nation in the number of African-Americans serving in state and local government.

Immigrants

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Disasters & Catastrophes!

1811 1849

The first in a series of earthquakes hits New Madrid

Great St. Louis Fire burns the heart of the city

1896 1925 Tornado in St. Louis kills 137

Disasters & Catastrophes

The Tri-state Tornado blows through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana leaving hundreds dead and thousands injured

Tremors from the New Madrid Shocks in 1811 were felt in Michigan, New England, and Canada. The New Madrid Fault is still active.

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1955

Tornadoes hit Missouri and Kansas killing 115 people

1973 The Missouri and Mississippi Rivers flood, devastating large parts of Missouri

Legal Stuff

1820

The Missouri Compromise approved by the U.S. Congress allows one free state and one slave state to be admitted to the Union to keep the free state-slave state balance

1865

New constitution requires public officeholders to take “Ironclad Oath,” stating they have never been disloyal to the Union

1875

Legal Stuff

New constitution is adopted and the “Ironclad Oath” no longer required

1964

Civil rights laws enacted by the U.S. Congress

1990

Governor John Ashcroft signs education bill that allows parents to choose the public school their children will attend

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Women & Children ● The University of Missouri in Columbia began to admit women students in 1869. Stephens College, also in Columbia, is the oldest women’s college west of the Mississippi River. ● Victoria Minor filed suit in St. Louis in 1872 when she was not allowed to register to vote. Her lawyers argued that women should have the right to vote under the 14th amendment, which forbids states from enforcing laws that interfere with the rights of citizens. In 1875, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision made it clear that a constitutional amendment was Women & needed for women to have the right to vote. Children ● First public kindergarten in U.S. opens in St. Louis in 1873. ● Congress approves women’s suffrage (the right to vote) in 1920. ● Missouri is one of three states reported to be in compliance with federal civil rights laws concerning public higher education in 1989.

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Wars

Fight! Fight! Fight! Wars that Missourians participated in: ● Mormon Wars ● Mexican-American War ● Civil War ● Spanish-American War ● World War I ● World War II ● Korean War ● Vietnam War ● Persian Gulf War

Wars

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Claim to Fame

Gateway To The West Even though the Gateway Arch was completed in 1965, it is a symbol of the important role Missouri played in the long 19th century trek to the unsettled territories of the West. In the early 1800s, determined pioneers crossed the Claim Mississippi River at St. Louis, where trails led to to Fame the great unknown. St. Louis was considered the gateway to the West and a jumping-off point to the wide open frontier of the United States. Trappers, explorers, and wagon trains of settlers continued on their journey, crossing western Missouri to towns such as Independence, Liberty, and St. Joseph. These were starting points, or trailheads, to the Oregon Trail and to western routes to California and Texas. Others followed the Santa Fe Trail out of Independence to New Mexico to carry trade goods between Missouri and the Southwest.

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Indian Tribes • Sauk (or Sac) • Fox • Illinois

• Oto • Iowa • Missouri • Quapaw

• Kansa • Osage • Shawnee • Delaware • Potawatomi

The Indians of Missouri could not have known that the coming of settlers would mean an end to the way of life they had known for hundreds of years!

Three Indian tribes were living in Missouri when the first French explorers arrived—the Missouri, the Iowa, and the Osage. Neither the Missouri nor the Iowa ever had more than 1,000 people, and both were branches of the powerful Sioux. The most important tribe in Missouri The Osage built was the Osage. Their territory permanent villages on high ground, near extended from the Arkansas River water and hunting in the south to the Missouri River in land. Several families the north. The Osage were known occupied large for their height. Many were over 6 lodges built of poles covered with woven feet (1.8 meters) tall, and some of mats and buffalo the men were more than 7 feet hides. (2.1 meters) tall.

Indian Tribes

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Explorers

Here, There, Everywhere! In the 1500s, HERNANDO DE SOTO explored Missouri while searching for gold. He was probably the first European to see the Mississippi River. FRANCISCO VÁSQUEZ DE CORONADO explored the Mississippi River Valley. He was also looking for gold. In the 1600s, French explorers LOUIS JOLLIET and FATHER JACQUES MARQUETTE sailed down the Mississippi River. They became the first Europeans to find the mouth of the Missouri River. Explorers

RENÉ-ROBERT CAVELIER, SIEUR DE LA SALLE sailed down the Mississippi River and claimed the area for France.

N In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson sent MERIWETHER LEWIS and WILLIAM CLARK (Lewis and Clark Expedition) to explore the region, map the Missouri River, and open a route to the Pacific Ocean.

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E

W

S

State Founders

Founding Fathers

PIERRE LACLÈDE and RENÉ AUGUSTE CHOUTEAU established a trading post on the Mississippi River. It grew to be the city of St. Louis. PHILIP RENAULT led a group of French miners on a search for silver and found lead instead. Renault mined the hills of Missouri for 24 years and laid out Missouri’s very first roads. French Priest FATHER GABRIEL MAREST founded the village of St. Francis Xavier on the Mississippi River at the mouth of the River des Peres. It was the first European settlement in Missouri. COLONEL GEORGE MORGAN of Philadelphia established a colony at New Madrid. For a time, DANIEL BOONE and MOSES AUSTIN were among Missouri’s new settlers.

Founding Mothers ROSE-PHILIPPINE DUCHESNE was a Roman Catholic nun who established schools in St. Louis and St. Charles.

State Founders

MARTHA JANE CANNARY BURKE, better known as Calamity Jane, was a frontier scout and mail carrier. NELLIE TAYLOE ROSS was born in St. Joseph and became the first woman governor of a state. Her husband was governor of Wyoming and died while in office. Nellie was elected to complete his term of office from 1925 to 1927. MRS. RICHARD GENTRY was one of the first women to be named postmistress of a town. She and her husband lived in Columbia. When he was killed in the Seminole Indian Wars in Florida, she was named to the post and held it for 35 years!

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Famous African-Americans GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER was the son of slaves, but worked very hard to go to college. He became a botanist and teacher who experimented with peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. He developed more than 300 different products that could be made from peanuts! He helped improve the economy of the South because he showed farmers new ways to help soil depleted from growing cotton. MARGARET BUSH WILSON was an attorney who fought for equal rights of African-Americans. She was chairman of the board for the National Association for the Advancement Famous of Colored People (NAACP) in the late 1970s AfricanAmericans and early 1980s. ROY WILKINS was a civil rights activist and executive director of the NAACP. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. JAMES MILTON TURNER was born a slave, but worked to become an educator, civic leader, and diplomat. President Abraham Lincoln appointed him minister to Liberia. He was the first African-American to be appointed to an important diplomatic post.

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Wrinkles the Hero One of the heroes of the second World War was not a typical soldier. In fact, he wasn’t even human! Wrinkles was a brave dog who helped his owner by acting as a messenger. Sergeant Archie Boyd of Grant City was a sniper in France, fighting for the United States Army. Wrinkles carried several messages between this brave soldier and his commanding officer. Even though Wrinkles was wounded three times by shrapnel, he still carried several messages for Wrinkles the Hero Sergeant Boyd. Because of Wrinkles’ help, Sergeant Boyd was able to keep in contact with his commanding officer. When the war ended, the governments of both France and Italy decorated Wrinkles for his bravery. Wouldn’t you want a dog like Wrinkles? 57

Sports Figures LAWRENCE PETER “YOGI” BERRA–professional baseball player (catcher) and coach; known for sayings such as “It’s never over ’til it’s over.” JAY HANNA “DIZZY” DEAN–professional baseball player; pitched for St. Louis Cardinals; pitched 34 winning games in 1934 CHARLES DILLON “CASEY” STENGEL–professional baseball player and manager STAN MUSIAL–professional baseball player MARK MCGWIRE–professional baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals; broke 37-year major league record for most home runs hit in one season in 1998 LEROY “SATCHEL” PAIGE–professional baseball player, Hall of Famer; played in more than 2,500 games, helped win at least 2,000, pitched 250 shut-out games, and pitched more than 40 “no-hitters”

Sports Figures

TORREY FOLK–rower; part of silver medal-winning eight in 1998 and 1999 World Championships; participated in the Olympics in Sydney KAROL DAMON– participated in the high jump at the Sydney Olympics

Satchel Paige said he wasn’t exactly sure how old he really was because the family goat ate his birth certificate!

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A Missouri women’s motorcycle club, called Women on Wheels, rides on weekends and helps with community events.

Entertainers ★

CHUCK BERRY–singer

★

JOSEPHINE BAKER–entertainer

★ ★

CHARLIE PARKER–jazz saxophonist, nicknamed “Bird” or “Yardbird” JOHN HUSTON AND ROBERT ALTMAN– film directors

★

GRACE BRUMBRY–opera star

★

SARAH CALDWELL–opera conductor

★

ED ASNER, KEVIN KLINE, AND DICK VAN DYKE–actors

★

ANGELA WINBUSH–rhythm-and-blues artist

★ ★

BOBBY MCFERRIN–musician, first AfricanAmerican who performed regularly at the Metropolitan Opera

Entertainers

VINCENT PRICE–actor, starred in many horror movies; one was the original version of “The Fly” GINGER ROGERS–dancer and actress

★

SCOTT JOPLIN–musician from St. Louis, “King of Ragtime”

Do You Know??? Who sings, “Don’t Worry, Be Happy!”? ANSWER: Bobby McFerrin

★

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Authors Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as MARK TWAIN, wrote many novels based on memories he’d gathered from his youth. Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn bring many of these memories to life. The famous whitewashed fence that Tom Sawyer got his friends to not only paint, but pay him for the privilege of painting, still stands beside Twain’s boyhood home on Hill Street in Hannibal. Other notable Missouri authors and such include: ✒ ZOE AKINS–poet and playwright, received Pulitzer Prize ✒ SARA TEASDALE–poet ✒ THOMAS STEARNS (T.S.) ELIOT–author, won Nobel Prize for literature, best known for his poem, Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats, which was the basis for Broadway’s longest-running musical, Cats. ✒ MARIANNE CRAIG MOORE–poet, received Pulitzer Prize ✒ ROBERT HEINLEIN–science-fiction writer Authors

✒ MONA VAN DUYN–poet, first woman poet laureate of the U.S.

✒ MAYA ANGELOU–poet, writer of autobiographical and children’s books, read one of her poems at President Bill Clinton’s inauguration

Samuel Clemens took his pen name from his experiences on the Mississippi River. Mark Twain is a riverboat term that means “two fathoms” or 12 feet (3.7 meters).

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✒ EUGENE FIELD–journalist and poet, wrote “Wynken, Blynken, and Nod” and “Little Boy Blue” ✒ LANGSTON HUGHES–poet, work focused on racial problems in the U.S. ✒ HOWARD NEMEROV–poet, received Pulitzer Prize, U.S. poet laureate

nom de plume: French for pen name, a fictitious name a writer chooses to write under instead of his/her real name

Artists THOMAS HART BENTON was known across the country for his giant paintings, or murals, on the walls of public buildings. In 1935, he painted a mural in the state capitol building in Jefferson City. His mural includes characters such as Jesse James and Tom Pendergast. SPENCER TAYLOR and SOLOMON THURMAN painted a famous mural at the Lambert St. Louis International Airport. Its images reflect the achievements of African-American fliers.

GEORGE CATLIN studied the Native Americans who lived in St. Louis and began recording their lives on canvas. He studied their clothing and lifestyles and collected many artifacts.

GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM was an artist whose paintings showed pioneer life, river scenes, and political events.

Artists

CHARLES EAMES was a furniture designer known for “Eames chairs.” His work was celebrated at New York’s Museum of Modern Art with the first one-man furniture exhibit. LORY BROWN is a basket weaver who uses a variety of pine needles to create her baskets. JO ELLEN CAMPBELL designs Victorian Santas and “dolls with attitude” that are sought after by many collectors.

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Very Important People Omar N. Bradley–general in the U.S. Army, commanded the U.S. ground troops in France during the D-Day invasion in 1944. Robert Somers Brookings–merchant and philanthropist, president of Washington University Francis Preston Blair, Jr.–lawyer and politician, helped establish the Free Soil party Charles Lindbergh–famous aviator, flew a plane named Spirit of St. Louis Adolphus Busch–businessman, philanthropist Very Important People

Laura Ingalls Wilder–author of the Little House series of books based on her childhood experiences of pioneer life

Dale Carnegie–writer, lecturer, established institute for effective speaking and human relations Carry Nation–temperance leader, fought against the evils of alcohol Walter Cronkite–broadcast journalist Joyce Clyde Hall–manufacturer, opened greeting card business that eventually

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More VIPs grew into Hallmark Cards William Powell Lear–electronic engineer, founder of Lear, Inc. Annie Turbo Malone– businesswoman, manufacturer of beauty products James S. McDonnell–aviation pioneer, founder of McDonnell Aircraft Corporation James Cash Penney–merchant, founder of JCPenney Company John Joseph “Black Jack” Pershing–U.S. Army general, commanded American Expeditionary forces in Europe during World War I, received Pulitzer Prize in history More VIPs Harlow Shapley–astronomer Virgil Thomson–composer, music critic Norbert Wiener–mathematician, wrote Cybernetics which introduced the ideas of controlling information and communicating through machines Gyo Obata–Japanese-American architect, native of St. Louis, his company has designed many of St. Louis’ landmarks

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Good Guys & Bad Guys Good Guys and Gals: SUSAN ELIZABETH BLOW was an educator born in St. Louis. In 1873, she opened the first U.S. public kindergarten in her hometown. JOSEPH CHARLESS was an editor and publisher who, in 1808, founded Missouri’s first newspaper, the Missouri Gazette in St. Louis. THOMAS ANTHONY DOOLEY was a doctor who brought medical aid to people in Vietnam and Laos. He founded Medico, an organization to help with international medical aid.

JOSEPH PULITZER was a journalist and publisher who combined newspapers to form the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Pulitzer worked for civil reform and honest government. His will created the Pulitzer Prize in journalism, letters, and music.

DR. JAMES FRANK, an African-American, was elected president of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and worked to bring women’s athletic programs into the NCAA.

MARTHA JANE “CALAMITY JANE” CANNARY BURKE was born in Princeton, Missouri in 1852. Her reputation as a frontierswoman started when she became a scout for General George Custer in 1870. Captain Egan, commander of the Army post at Goose Creek, Wyoming, gave Calamity Jane her nickname Good Guys after she saved his life. & Bad Guys

Bad Guys and Gals: JESSE JAMES and his brother, FRANK, led a group of outlaws who robbed and burned their way across the Midwest after the Civil War. Bob Ford shot and killed Jesse James on April 3, 1882.

BELLE STARR was born in Carthage, the daughter of a judge. Belle and her brother Edward were Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War. Belle joined up with the James brothers and her picture appeared on “Wanted” posters alongside theirs throughout Missouri in the 1870s.

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Political Leaders HARRY S. TRUMAN–33rd U.S. President ALEXANDER MCNAIR–Missouri’s first governor ARTHUR M. HYDE, SAM A. BAKER, AND HENRY S. CAULFIELD–Republican governors from the 1920s HARRIET WOODS–Missouri’s first female lieutenant governor JAMES BEAUCHAMP “CHAMP” CLARK–speaker of U.S. House of Representatives REBECCA MCDOWELL–Missouri secretary of state WILLIAM HENRY ASHLEY–fur trader, manufacturer, explorer, lieutenant governor THOMAS HART BENTON–politician, U.S. senator, U.S. representative

Political Leaders

JOSEPH FOLK–lawyer, politician, governor RICHARD GEPHARDT–lawyer, politician, U.S. representative, House majority leader THOMAS J. “BOSS” PENDERGAST–politician, Democrat, his political machine controlled Jackson County in early 1900s; convicted of tax evasion in 1939 MEL CARNAHAN–two-term governor killed in plane crash in 2000, elected posthumously for a Senate seat; his wife Jean was appointed to fill his seat

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Churches and Schools

Keeping the Faith Centenary United Methodist Church, St. Louis– built in 1869 to serve the oldest Methodist congregation in the city Christ Church Episcopal Cathedral, St. Louis–handsome Gothic Revival structure dedicated in 1867; noted for its carved stone altar Cathedral of Saint Louis, St. Louis– completed in 1914; one of the city’s famous landmarks Church of Saint Genevieve, Ste. Genevieve–built in 1876 Cathedral of Immaculate Conception, Kansas City– built in 1882

S C H O O L S Des Péres School, St. Louis–was the first experimental kindergarten in 1873; now contains exhibits of early textbooks and teaching aids Churches and Schools

Prairie Mound School, Laclede–General John J. Pershing taught here before leaving for West Point; located at a historic site in honor of Pershing

University of Missouri, Columbia–the Columbia campus was the first state university west of the Mississippi Lincoln University, Jefferson City–originally established in 1886 by black Civil War soldiers Washington University, St. Louis–private and well-known university; has one of the nation’s leading medical schools

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St. Louis University, private Catholic school; home to WEW, Missouri’s first radio station

Historic Sites & Parks ★ Scott Joplin House State Historic Site, St. Louis ★ Hyde Park, St. Louis–townhouses built between 1850 and 1900 ★ Boone’s Lick State Historic Site, Arrow Rock–preserves the natural saline spring, Daniel Boone’s sons manufactured salt here from 1806 to 1811 ★ Dillard Mill State Historic Site, Jefferson City–hidden in the Ozark hills, beautifully preserved water-powered gristmill ★ Faust County Park-St. Louis Carousel, Chesterfield ★ Towosahgy State Historic Site, New Madrid–contains the remains of an ancient Indian fortified village and ceremonial center

Historic Sites & Parks

★ Harry S. Truman National Historic Site, Independence ★ General John J. Pershing Boyhood Home State Historic Site, Laclede 67

Home, Sweet Home!

Early Residency

★ Campbell House, St. Louis

★ Samuel Cupples House, St. Louis–noted for its sandstone carvings ★ Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion, St. Louis– farmhouse that was expanded into a stately Greek Revival structure in 1863 ★ Daniel Boone Home, Defiance ★ Mark Twain Boyhood Home, Hannibal ★ Governor’s Mansion, Jefferson City–sits atop bluffs overlooking the Missouri River Home, Sweet Home!

★ Laura Ingalls Wilder Home, Mansfield–Wilder farmhouse

★ Lightburne Hall, Liberty–largest standing antebellum mansion in the state, built around 1850 ★ Jesse James Home and Farm, Liberty 68

Forts & Battlefields Some of Missouri’s

Forts

● Fort Carondolet, Nevada–built on the Osage River in 1795 ● Fort Osage, a reconstructed frontier outpost and fort built in 1808 Some of Missouri’s

Battlefields

● Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, near Springfield–site of a Civil War battle

Forts &

Battlefields ● Battle of Lone Jack, Jackson County–Civil War battle in which neighbors and friends fought against each other

● Battle of Lexington, Lexington–site of a Civil War battle 69

Libraries Check out the following special state libraries! (Do you have a library card? Have you worn it out yet?!) ✓ Central Public Library, St. Louis– imposing granite structure built in 1912

✓ Harry S. Truman Library, Independence ✓ Missouri State Library, Jefferson City ✓ Pius XII Memorial Library, St. Louis– at St. Louis University

✓ Winston Churchill Memorial Library, Fulton–at Westminster College

Libraries

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Many libraries in the state have specialized collections of books and other media. One is the Linda Hall Library in Kansas City. It houses a collection of scientific books and media.

Places to Visit • Silver Dollar City, Branson–replica of an old Ozark mining town • Gateway Arch, St. Louis–reaches 630 feet (192 meters) above the city and commemorates the westward expansion of the United States • Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis • Mark Twain State Park, Hannibal • Branson, concerts (especially country music) by a variety of performers • Truman Farm Home, Grandview • Kansas City Zoological Gardens • Nature Interpretive Center, Lebanon • Missouri Town, 1855, Lee’s Summit • The Magic House, St. Louis–children’s museum • Dickerson Park Zoo, Springfield • Floating McDonald’s Restaurant, St. Louis– on the Mississippi River

Places to Visit

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Museums • Mark Twain Home and Museum, Hannibal • Historic Hermann Museum, Hermann • Jail Museum and Marshal’s Home, Independence • Missouri State Museum, Jefferson City • Kansas City Museum • Toy and Miniature Museum, Kansas City • Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City–eighth largest museum of its kind in the United States • Laura Ingalls Wilder-Rose Wilder Lane Museum, Mansfield • American Saddle Horse Museum, Mexico • Ralph Foster Museum, Point Lookout • Jesse James Museum, St. Joseph • The Dog Museum, St. Louis • Soldiers’ Memorial Military Museum, St. Louis Museums

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Monuments & Memorials

MONUMENTS George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond

MEMORIALS Pony Express National Memorial, St. Joseph Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis Winston Churchill Memorial & Library, Fulton Liberty Memorial, Kansas City Swope Memorial and Mausoleum, Kansas City

Monuments & Memorials

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The Arts • St. Louis Symphony–one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the nation, founded in 1800 • Kansas City Philharmonic–organized in1933 • State Ballet of Missouri, Kansas City • Folly Theater, Kansas City–most colorful performing hall in the city, listed on the National Register of Historic Places • Swope’s Park Starlight Theatre, Kansas City–outdoor theatre that presents plays and concerts under the moon • Coterie Children’s Theater, Kansas City–a children’s acting company, organized in 1973 The Arts Kansas City and St. Louis are wellknown jazz cities. For centuries, both cities have encouraged the best in the business from Scott Joplin, the “King of Ragtime,” to Charlie Parker, nicknamed “Yardbird.”

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• Jazz and Blues Festival, Kansas City–offers free summertime shows that attract worldwide visitors • St. Louis Artists’ Guild– more than a century old

Pony Express

Giddy-Up! The Pony Express of the Wild West got its start in St. Joseph, Missouri on April 3, 1860. The boys of the Pony Express carried mail on horseback from St. Joseph to Sacramento, California. They would change horses every few miles so that they could cross the country in around 10 days! The Pony Express only lasted about a year and a half, then was put out of business by the creation of the transcontinental telegraph. It is remembered as one of the United States’ great endeavors.

Pony Express

Whoa, Nelly! That’s a lot of riding!

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Roads, Bridges, & More! Roads… Missouri Ozarks Highway, from Salem to Eminence Missouri Valley Wine Country Road, from U.S. 61 to Hermann

. . .Bridges… Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, Hillsboro–first built in 1872 and later rebuilt in 1886 Union Covered Bridge, Paris–one of four remaining covered bridges in the state Burfordville Covered Bridge–140-foot (42.7 meter) bridge built of local yellow poplar A.S.B. Bridge, Kansas City–this Armour, Swift and Burlington bridge spans the Missouri River, completed in 1911

Roads, Bridges, & More

Locust Creek Covered Bridge, Laclede–longest of four extant covered bridges in the state, built in 1868 Eads Bridge, St. Louis–first arched steel-truss bridge in the world, completed in 1874

MetroLink, St. Louis–a light-rail system takes commuters throughout the city, and back and forth across the Mississippi River from Illinois to St. Louis

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…and more!

Caves A huge system of limestone caves exists in Missouri. There are around 5,000 caves in the state! Sometimes Missouri is called the Cave State. Many of these caves have “caved” in, and some have left arches that are now natural bridges. Some caves in the state are “show caverns,” where visitors can see stalagmites and stalactites. Some caves you can find in Missouri: Marvel Cave, Branson–third-largest show cave in the U.S. Crystal Cave, near Cassville Ozark Caverns, Lake of the Ozarks Fantasy World Caverns, Eldon Onondaga Cave, on the Lost River–tourists can enter in flat-bottomed boats

Caves

?????: Which is the stalagmite? Which is the stalactite?

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ANSWER: Stalactites are long, tapering formations hanging from the roof of a cavern, produced by continuous watery deposits containing certain minerals. The mineral-rich water dripping from stalactites often forms cone-shaped stalagmites on the floor below.

Animals

“Show me” some Missouri animals!

Animals

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Beaver Deer Mink Opossum Otter Rabbit Raccoon Skunk Squirrel Turkey

The deer population in Missouri has risen drastically over the last 40 years.

Wildlife Watch Take A Walk On the Wild Side Some of Missouri’s endangered animals:

Bald Eagle Gray Bat Indiana Bat Ozark Big-eared Bat Peregrine Falcon

Prairie State Park is a native bluestem prairie, meant to restore the native ecosystem in part of Missouri. It even has buffalo!

Wildlife Watch

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Birds You may spy these

Birds

Bluebird Blackbird Bobwhite Cardinal Crow Dove Hawk Hummingbird Mallard Meadowlark Oriole Owl Quail Hummingbirds’ wings beat 75 Robin times a second— Turkey so fast that you only see a blur! Woodpecker They make short, squeaky sounds, Wood Thrush but do not sing.

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birds in Missouri:

Insects

Don’t let these Missouri bugs bug you! Beetle Cicada Cricket Dragonfly Bumblebee Firefly Honeybee Katydid Mayfly Butterfly Mosquito Moth Termite Walking Stick Weevil Ladybug Yellow Jacket

Grasshopper Do we know any of these bugs?

Maybe... Hey, that ladybug is cute!

Ants

Praying Mantis

Whirligig Beetles have two pairs of eyes—one pair looks above the water, the other looks under it!

Insects

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Fish SWIMMING IN MISSOURI WATERS:

Bass Buffalo Fish Carp Catfish Crappie Perch Pike Sturgeon Sunfish

Fish

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Pond Critters IN MISSOURI’S PONDS, YOU MAY FIND: Crayfish Dragonflies Fishing Spiders Freshwater Eels Hydras Leeches Mussels Turtles Water Bugs Water Striders

When a fishing spider senses the movement of its prey underwater, it will dive to catch it.

Pond Critters

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Rocks & Minerals Minerals are the building blocks of all rocks. Most minerals are tiny and you will need a good magnifying glass to see them well. Some minerals you can find in Missouri: Calcite Feldspar Iron Pyrite Kaolinite Quartz Rocks are solid masses of minerals or rock fragments that occur in nature. Some rocks you can find in Missouri: Limestone Meteorite Mudstone Sandstone Shale Rocks & Minerals

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The limestone caves in Missouri are made mostly of the mineral calcite.

Trees These trees grace the state of Missouri: Alder Black Willow Dogwood Elm Hackberry Hawthorn Maple Oak Persimmon Redbud Red Cedar Walnut

Trees

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Wildflowers these out b a “Show-Me State” Ar e you crazy wildflowers? Black-eyed Susan Buttercup Chicory Goldenrod Jacob’s Ladder Lupine

Wildflowers

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Queen Anne’s Lace Spring Beauty Trillium Violet Wild Geranium

A red trillium smells like rotten meat! This attracts flies, which pollinate the plant. The roots of this flower were once used to treat rattlesnake bites.

Cream of the Crops Missouri’s agricultural products include:

Rice Wheat

Cotton Corn

Hogs Hay

Soybeans Eggs

Beef Cattle Cream of the Crops

Milk Turkeys

Sorghum Grain 87

Missouri Potpourri Missouri has two kinds of poisonous snakes–the rattlesnake and the copperhead. The longest cave in the state is Perry County’s Crevice Cave. It has 28 miles (45 kilometers) of surveyed passages. Table Rock Lake is rumored to have its own Loch Ness monster. People call the 200-pound (90-kilogram) catfish “Bubba.” Frank and Jesse James’ dad was a Baptist preacher in Excelsior Springs. The “unsinkable” Molly Brown, who survived the Titanic disaster, was born in Hannibal. She grew up just four blocks from Mark Twain. Missouri’s southeastern lowlands have regularly been shaken by earthquakes.

Missouri Potpourri

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Festivals Cabin Fever Quilt Show, Independence

Fair St. Louis Storytelling Festival, St. Louis Riverfest, Cape Girardeau National Tom Sawyer Days, Hannibal Pony Express Celebration, St. Joseph State Fair, Sedalia Oktoberfest, Hermann

Ozark Mountain Christmas, near Branson

Festivals

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Holidays

Calendar Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 3rd Monday in January

Valentine’s Day, February 14

Presidents’ Day, 3rd Monday in February

Memorial Day, last Monday in May

Independence Day, July 4

Labor Day, 1st Monday in September

Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October

Missouri Day, 3rd Wednesday of October

Veterans Day, November 11

Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November

Christmas Day, December 25

Holidays

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Missouri has a unique anniversary–February 18 is the “Cow Milked While Flying” anniversary!

Famous Foods Some typical Missouri foods you can enjoy :

Prime Rib Toasted Ravioli Cashew Chicken Barbecued Pork Corn-on-the-Cob

Kansas City is called the “Barbecue Capital of the World.” Henry Perry made Kansas City famous in the 1920s by barbecuing the state’s great beef over an outdoor pit and wrapping the cooked slabs of juicy meat in newspaper.

Famous Foods

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Business & Industry Missouri Works! Missourians are a diverse group in terms of business and industry. They mix chemicals, build automobiles, and make cheese. They are lawyers, farmers, pilots, computer scientists, doctors, professors, street sweepers, bakers, and mechanics. Manufacturing is concentrated mainly in St. Louis and Kansas City. St. Louis is also a center for the printing and publishing industries. It is the headquarters of several of the nation’s largest companies. Some major Missouri companies include: • Hallmark, Inc. • Monsanto Company • Procter & Gamble Paper • Folgers Coffee Business & Industry • Ralston Purina • Anheuser-Busch, Inc. 92

Missouri Books & Websites My First Book About Missouri by Carole Marsh

America the Beautiful: Missouri by Martin Hintz

Let’s Discover the States: Missouri by the Aylesworths

Cool Missouri

Website

s

http://www.50states.co m http://www.state.mo. us http://www.missourie xperience.com

Missouri Books & Websites

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Glossary

Missouri G LO S S A R Y W O R D S

Words to Know

Glossary

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abolitionist: a person opposed to slavery cavern: a large cave constitution: a document outlining the role of a government emancipation: to be set free extant: still existing immigrant: a person who comes to a new country to live revolution: the overthrow of a government secede: to voluntarily give up being a part of an organized group stalactites: rock formation that is shaped like an icicle and hangs down from the ceiling of a cave stalagmites: rock formation that is shaped like an upside-down icicle and builds up from the ground of a cave treaty: an agreement between two or more nations, having to do with trade or cooperation

Spelling List

Missouri

Spelling Bee

SPELLING WORDS

Here are some special Missouri-related words to learn! To take the Spelling Bee, have someone call out the words and you spell them aloud or write them on a piece of paper.

agriculture barbecue Beauchamp expansion Girardeau Hannibal Independence industry Jolliet

Lindbergh Louisiana Marquette Mississippi Napoleon Onondaga Osage Quapaw Wainwright Spelling List

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About the Author About the Author... CAROLE MARSH has been writing about Missouri for more than 20 years. She is the author of the popular Missouri State Stuff series for young readers and creator, along with her son, Michael Marsh, of “Missouri Facts and Factivities,” a CD-ROM widely used in Missouri schools. The author of more than 100 Missouri books and other supplementary educational materials on the state, Marsh is currently working on a new collection of Missouri materials for young people. Marsh correlates her Missouri materials to the Missouri Show-Me Standards for Social Studies. Many of her books and other materials have been inspired by or requested by Missouri teachers and librarians. You know… that was a great experience!

Sure was! Thanks for taking me along.

Editorial Assistants: About the Author

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Terry Briggs Pam Dufresne Billie Walburn Jill Sanders Jackie Clayton

Good Uses For Your State Pocket Guide: Study for tests! Prepare reports! Find quick answers! Amaze your friends! Impress adults! Win trivia games! Get Smart and Have Fun!!

“This is the BEST, most thorough, most FUN little book about our state!”

The perfect reference guide for students in grades 3 and up—or anyone! This handy, easy-to-use guide is divided into 7 color-coded sections. Riddles, recipes and surprising facts make this guide a delight!

www.gallopade.com 1-800-536-2GET

Come with us—explore your state!

See you inside!

This small handheld computer is your guide within a guide! All through this book it will offer fascinating little facts about your state!