HYDROPS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
HYDROPS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hydrops: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00560-3 1. Hydrops-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hydrops. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROPS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hydrops......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROPS......................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrops ....................................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYDROPS .................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDROPS ............................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Hydrops.................................................................................................. 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HYDROPS ................................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 71 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 72 Chapters on Hydrops ................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HYDROPS ........................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDROPS ..................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 79 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 80 Academic Periodicals covering Hydrops...................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 101
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HYDROPS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hydrops is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hydrops, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hydrops, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hydrops. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hydrops, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hydrops. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hydrops.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hydrops, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Diagnostic Testing for Endolymphatic Hydrops Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 30(6): 987-1005. December 1997. Summary: Endolymphatic hydrops is a histologic finding consisting of dilatation of the endolymphatic spaces of the membranous labyrinth. Hydrops is a consistent finding in the temporal bones of patients with Meniere's disease. It is also found in the temporal bones of patients with syphilis, trauma, otosclerosis, infection, and other disorders. There is no way to confirm the presence of hydrops other than by histologic evaluation of the labyrinth at autopsy. This article explores other diagnostic tests that may be useful in diagnosing endolymphatic hydrops. The authors first outline the need for an objective, premortem clinical test for the presence of hydrops. They then discuss nonspecific tests, including standard audiometry, routine vestibular testing, and otoacoustic emissions. Specific tests are discussed next, including dehydration testing,
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electrocochleography (ECoG), low frequency biasing, traveling wave velocity, pressure test, and otoadmittance. The authors conclude that electrocochleography appears to have slightly greater sensitivity and reduced specificity when compared to glycerol testing. It is useful in the atypical patient, frequently to reinforce the plan for medical therapy, and occasionally to aid in surgical decision making. The other possibly specific tests for hydrops are not well-established and remain investigational at the present time. 7 figures. 2 tables. 92 references.
Federally Funded Research on Hydrops The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hydrops. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hydrops. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hydrops. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hydrops: •
Project Title: ADDUCIN ISOFORMS IN RBC AND PLATELET DIFFERENTIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilligan, Diana M.; Puget Sound Blood Center 921 Terry Ave Seattle, Wa 98104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The goal of this research is to test the hypothesis that the membrane skeleton protein adducin is critical to the assembly of the membrane skeleton during differentiation of erythrocytes and platelets. The membrane skeleton is crucial to the red cell, providing both support and flexibility as cells move rapidly through the circulation and traverse narrow capillaries. Defects in membrane skeleton proteins cause mild to severe hemolytic anemia and even hydrops fetalis. Inherited hemolytic anemia (spherocytosis or elliptocytosis) is one of the most common inherited diseases. The membrane skeleton is also crucial to normal platelet function. The following specific aims are designed to analyze adducin's role in both erythrocyte and platelet differentiation and function: I. Determine the role of alternatively spliced adducins in erythrocyte differentiation a. complete the analysis of adducin expression patterns during normal human and mouse erythroid differentiation. b. elucidate the role of adducin in erythroid differentiation and function in vivo using two approaches: adducin null "knockout" mice and transgenic mice in which an erythroid specific promoter directs antisense mRNA production to block adducin expression. c. perform molecular dissection of the functions of the alternatively spliced isoforms in vivo by using an
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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erythroid specific promoter to direct overexpression of tagged adducin isoforms (normal or mutant) to compete with normal adducin function in transgenic mice or to rescue knockout mice. II. Determine adducin's role in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet function a. determine adducin expression patterns in mature platelets versus megakaryocytes b. determine the role of adducin in activation and aggregation of platelets c. elucidate the role of adducin in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet function in vivo using two approaches: adducin null "knockout" mice and transgenic mice in which a platelet specific promoter directs antisense mRNA production to block adducin expression. d. perform molecular dissection of the functions of the alternatively spliced isoforms in vivo by using a platelet specific promoter to direct overexpression of tagged adducin isoforms (normal or mutant) to compete with normal adducin function in transgenic mice or to rescue knockout mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL DYSREGULATION
STUDIES
OF
MIDDLE
EAR
PRESSURE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Swarts, J Douglas.; Children's Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583
Hosp
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Clinical and experimental evidences show that disruption of the mechanism for middle ear (ME) pressure regulation is associated with pathophysiological changes including the development of significant under- pressures and mucosal inflammation that if prolonged results in otitis media with effusion (OME). Adequate regulation of ME pressure requires that the intermittent transient openings of the Eustachian tube (ET) provide a sufficient quantity of gas to balance the net glasses associated with the gradient driven exchange between the ME and blood. Poor ET function causes ME under-pressures and OME by the hydrops ex vacuo mechanism, the validity of which has been convincingly demonstrated in experiments conducted under this program. Indeed, treatments for OME that bypass the ET to supply the ME with gas were shown in clinical trials to promote disease resolution. ET function tests in children and adults with concurrent diseases that predispose them to OME show changes in intraluminal congestion that present as a decreased efficiency of the muscular assisted mechanism of tubal dilation. Other studies in children "t risk" for OME and with concomitant OME, show a primary impairment of the active mechanism for tubal openings. However, the prognostic value of ET function tests with respect to disease course is limited, provoking controversy as to the role of ET dysfunction in the pathogenesis of OME. Recent studies conducted under this program show that the discordance between disease progression and test results may be explained by the failure of current test protocols to assess concurrently the functional demand placed upon the ET by the varying rates of transmucosal gas exchange. The overall objective of this project is to develop clinically applicable tests for ME pressure regulation that assess simultaneously these demand and supply functions. Also evaluated is the effect of measured test parameters associated with mucosal healing. Because histopathological studies cannot demonstrate an anatomic basis for poor ET function, new MRI imaging techniques will be used in an attempt to relate in vivo ET structure and function. The goals of this project are to develop a better understanding of ME pressure-dysregulation in the pathogenesis of OME, to evaluate the prognostic value of newly developed test protocols for assessing that function, to identify the underlying cause(s) of ET dysfunction, and to utilize this knowledge in suggesting new treatment strategies for OME. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Hydrops
Project Title: COCHLEAR AND VESTIBULAR ION TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marcus, Daniel C.; Professor; Anatomy and Physiology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Meniere?s Disease is one of the pathological entities characterized by endolymphatic hydrops of the cochlear and vestibular labyrinths. Hydrops can result from an alteration of ion transport properties of the epithelial cells bordering the endolymphatic system. Little is known about the cellular basis of the pathologic processes involved because data are lacking from normal as well as pathological systems concerning active and passive mechanisms of secretion and absorption of ions. Endolymph is unique in that it is the only extracellular fluid in the body with a high potassium (K+) concentration and low sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. It is proposed to study the ion transport processes responsible for fluxes of K+, Na+ and Ca2+ in the vestibular labyrinth and cochlea, specifically vestibular dark cells (VDC) and strial marginal cells (SMC), by further utilization of electrophysiologic techniques and in vitro preparations developed in this laboratory. Specific goals to be addressed by the proposed studies include determining a) the generator of endocochlear potential (EP) and cellular signaling pathways controlling K+ secretion by stria vascularis; b) cellular pathways mediating Ca2+ secretion and absorption; c) cellular pathways mediating control of Na+ and K+ absorption; and d) cellular pathways mediating control of Cl and HCO3 secretion and absorption. Specific parameters to be measured include transepithelial voltage and resistance with the micro-Ussing chamber, transepithelial fluxes of K+, Cl- and Ca2+ with ion- selective vibrating probes, and electrical properties of cell membranes with several configurations of the patch clamp technique. The completion of this project will further our understanding of the processes controlling secretion and absorption of medicallyimportant ions in the inner ear and may provide a foundation for the pharmacological management of inner ear disorders such as genetically-based syndromes and Meniere?s disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COCHLEAR BLOOD FLOW AND NEUROPEPTIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Nuttall, Alfred L.; Professor; Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The migraine related inner ear symptoms for phonopobia , tinnitus, hearing fluctuation, hearing loss, and increased noise sensitivity provide evidence for a possible neurological substrate connecting basilar artery migraine and cochlear pathophysiological mechanisms. Recently we have identified a previously unreported sensory innervation of the cochlear blood vessels originating from the trigeminal ganglia. We have shown that this sensory innervation has a significant effect on cochlear blood flow (CBF) in both normal and pathological conditions (e.g., in the animal model of endolymphatic hydrops, one of the symptoms of Meniere's disease). This proposal seeks to further define the anatomical basis and mechanisms of the trigemino-sensory network around the vertebrovasilar and cochlear vascular system. The proposal offers the hypothesis that the trigemino-sensory system and its related neuropeptide system are important factors contributing to basilar migraine and vascular homeostasis of the cochlea. The study has three specific aims. Aim 1. To establish if there is a physiological basis for the cochlear symptoms in basilar artery migraine headache. Positive results
Studies
7
will confirm a common functional basis for basilar migraine and cochlear symptoms, the basis could be neurogenic inflammation. Aim 2. To demonstrate if vanilloid receptor (VR1) and substance P (SP) are co-localized around cochlear blood vessels, the basilar artery and its related branches. Positive immunocytochemical results will demonstrate: (a) network of the VR1 and (b) SP co-labeled primary sensory neurons around the basilar artery; anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), spiral modiolar artery (SMA) and radial artery; (c), Capsaicin will cause a significant reduction in the density of labeled sensory fibers. Aim 3. To determine the vasoregulatory disturbance of the trigemino-sensory neurons in endolymphatic hydrops. In this study positive results will demonstrate that endolymphatic hydrops causes a reduction in the stimulated trigeminal ganglion induced CBF change. The studies of the proposal will help clarify how trigemino-sensory neurons regulate the vertebro-basilar vascular system and cochlear fluid balance under normal and pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FOXC2 IN HEREDITARY LYMPHEDEMA AND LYMPHATIC DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Glover, Thomas W.; Professor; Human Genetics; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The hereditary lymphedemas are developmental disorders of the lymphatic system that lead to disfiguring and often disabling edema (swelling) of the extremities together with various associated abnormalities. Most are autosomal dominant with variable expression and age of onset. The primary target tissue in these conditions is the lymphatic system, a poorly understood component of the vascular system responsible for microcirculation of fluids drained from tissues and the return to the blood vascular system, and for trafficking cells of the immune system. Despite its importance in congenital and acquired disease, including cancer, very little is known about the molecular events involved in development of the lymphatic system. As with many other developmental pathways, genes involved in hereditary lymphedema can provide important insights into the molecular events Involved in lymphangiogenesis. We recently identified the gene responsible for hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis (LD). This disorder is characterized by lymphedema and extra rows of eyelashes arising from the Meibomian glands. Associated abnormalities include tetralogy of Fallot, cleft palate, hydrops fetalis and cystic hygroma. The gene responsible for LD is the FOXC2 forkhead family transcription factor. The overall goals of this project are to determine the role of FOXC2 in hereditary lymphedema and in the development of the mammalian lymphatic system. Preliminary data indicates that Foxc2+/- mice have highly abnormal lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes analogous to those in patient's with LD. Specific aims are: (1) to fully characterize Foxc2 +/- and -/mice, and transgenic mice overexpressing the gene, for lymphatic abnormalities as a model system for lymphedema-distichiasis and abnormal lymphatic development in mammals; (2) to determine the expression patterns of Foxc2 in the lymphatic system during development to begin to assess the mechanism of Foxc2 insufficiency on lymphatic phenotype and development; (3) to begin to establish the role of Foxc2 in the pathways and hierarchy of genes controlling lymphangiogenesis in mammals; (4) to assess the timing of Foxc2 deficiency in lymphatic and other abnormalities by creating mice in which Foxc2 is conditionally expressed during development. From these studies we will learn the precise defects in the developing mouse lymphatic system caused by
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Foxc2 deficiency, whether Foxc2 expression in lymphatic or other cell types is correlated with these defects, the timing of Foxc2 insufficiency on phenotype, and will begin to determine the role of Foxc2 in the complex biochemical pathways involved in lymphangiogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INNER EAR FLUID INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Salt, Alec N.; Professor; Otolaryngology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1992; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Cochlear fluid disturbances are a major facto in a number of pathologies affecting the inner ear, such as Meniere's disease. The goal of our studies is to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of endolymph volume disturbances. A direct approach is used, based on sensitive techniques, which measure endolymph volume and flow in vivo. Using these measures, we will establish a number of methods, which influence endolymph volume, including infrasonic, and low frequency tones and pressure pulses delivered to the cochlear fluids or ear canal. Ossicular movements induced by some of these stimuli are comparable to those induced by middle middle muscle contractions which have been shown to generate endolymph movements. Mechanisms underlying volume disturbance and those contributing to volume recovery will be investigated. During volume manipulations, indirect methods for quatifying endolymph volume changes will be correlated with direct measurements of endolymphatic cross-sectional area. These studies will lead to improved diagnostic tests for endolymphatic hydrops. A second project will examine physiologic changes occurring in the endolymphatic sac during manipulations of endolymph volume in the cochlea. The magnitude and time course of electrolyte changes in the sac will be measured during disturbances. The time course and spatial distribution of induced anatomical changes of the sac will be documented and quantified using 3-D magnetic resonance microscopy, light and electron microscopy. The functional role played by the endolymphatic sac will be incorporated into quantitative mathematical models of solute dispersion in the inner ear. These studies will identify possible mechanisms by which the sac regulates endolymph volume and will lead to more sophisticated methods for treating endolymph volume disturbances. They will also direct future studies to the tissues and processes underlying specific aspects of volume regulation. The project as a whole will establish the fundamental physiological processes contributing to endolymph volume regulation and will have relevance to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cochlear fluid disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISM-BASED MEASURES OF OTOLOGIC PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Don, Manuel; Professor; House Ear Institute Los Angeles, Ca 90057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The project's long-term goal is to understand the effects of otologic pathology on mechanisms underlying human cochlear and brainstem processes. It proposes a mechanism-based approach that will provide (1) critical neuro-patho-physiological information, and (2) a scientific framework for early diagnoses of difficult-to-identify otologic diseases. In this approach, it uses newlydeveloped non-invasive measures of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to
Studies
9
investigate known and hypothesized pathological changes in the mechanisms underlying specific processes in the peripheral auditory system caused by small acoustic tumors and Meniere's disease. The specific aims are (1) to demonstrate that small (<1 cm) acoustic tumors alter the synchrony and/or amount of neural output to an extent greater than that predicted by audiometric thresholds, and (2) to determine if patients diagnosed with Meniere's disease have abnormal cochlear temporal-related measures consistent with the presence of cochlear hydrops. In addition, a comparative analysis of the results of these studies will determine whether the proposed measures can distinguish between small acoustic tumors and early Meniere's disease. The significance of the proposed work is that it will (1) provide new insight into the effects of otologic pathology on the theoretical and basic scientific mechanisms underlying the human peripheral auditory system, (2) demonstrate that non-invasive physiologic measures guided by a mechanism-based approach can lead to sensitive diagnoses for small acoustic tumors and early Meniere's disease with good specificity, (3) fill the need for non-invasive measures of peripheral auditory system functionality in humans as new therapeutic measures to improve, prevent destruction of, or possibly restore cochlear function are developed, and (4) test the predictive power of currently emerging models of cochlear and brainstem function across the domains of cochlear physiology, neurophysiology, electrophysiology, and pathology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MIDDLE EAR PRESSURE REGULATION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Doyle, William J.; Professor; Children's Hosp Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Middle ear (ME) pressure regulation requires that Eustachian tube (ET) openings supply sufficient quantities of gases to balance the net loss due to transmucosal gas exchange with blood. Dysregulation causes ME under- pressures, mucosal inflammation and otitis media with effusion (OME). Disruption of the balance supply-demand relationship can result from a decreased volume of gas exchanged during ET dilations, an increased rate of transmucosal gas exchange, or both A knowledge of the mechanisms that control pressure regulation and of the conditions that disrupt normal function is fundamental to developing rationale preention or treatment strategies for OME. Recent studies conducted by us provided convincing support for the hydrops ex vacuo theory of disease pathogenesis and also showed that ET function can be up-regulated by preconditions to ME pathology. Free parameters of a mathematical model of ME pressure regulation were estimated in the monkey. Using those estimates, our model accurately predicted the measured ME gas composition, the kinetics of the MEE pressure response to a variety of conditions, and the counterintuitive results of experiments and clinical observations. Other experiments showed that transmucosal exchange of inert gases is primarily perfusion limited, while that of gases that chemically bind with blood components is primarily diffusion limited. A corollary to these results is an increased transmucosal exchange of N2 and other inert gases by inflammation and/or greater blood flow rates. Representing persistent OME as a mucosal disease, the model prescribes the conditions under which maneuvers that artificially aerate the ME can promote disease resolution. The proposed experiments refine our mathematical model so as to better represent physiology, clarify certain aspects of normal ME physiology (e.g. role of mastoid air cells in pressure regulation), further define the effects of inflammation and effusion on the rate of transmucosal gas exchange, evaluate specific treatments for their effect on the rte of transmucosal gas
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exchange, complete the development and testing of treatments for their effect on the rate of transmucosal gas exchange, complete the development and testing of instruments that assess mucosal health, and generate initial estimates of the various model parameters for human subjects. These results will be used to. 1) improve our understanding of ME pressure regulation in health and disease, 2) develop diagnostic tests of ME pressure dysregulation, and 3) suggest rational interventions to present or treat OME. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MR MICROSCOPY OF ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Henson, Miriam; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SEVERE FETAL ANEMIA W/ HYDROPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harper, Dennis C.; Professor; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The goal of this study is to determine if the neurodevelopmental outcome of anemic fetuses treated with intravascular blood transfusion and associated hydrops is different from matched controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hebda, Patricia A.; Associate Professor and Director; Children's Hosp Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The hydrops ex vacuo mechanism relating Eustachian (ET) dysfunction to otitis media with effusion (OME) descried by Politzer has been more completely developed by investigators at our Center. This mechanism includes four casually related, temporally sequential events: 1) the unabated absorption of middle ear (ME) gases (ET dysfunction); 2) a resultant ME under-pressure; 3) an increased permeability of the mucosal vasculature, and 4) a transduction of fluid into the ME space. The mechanism is supported by studies of the behavior of other biological gas pockets and is consistent with the predictions of mathematical mod4ls of ME pressure regulation. Recent studies conducted by us showed that hydrops ex vacuo is a valid explanation for the development and persistence of OME under appropriate conditions. However, the mechanism responsible for transducing the biological signal(s) associated with the under-pressure and initiating ME mucosal inflammation is not known, and has not been studied. While osmotic and hydrostatic effects have been implicated as co-factors, biochemical assays document the presence within the provoked effusion of both proinflammatory cytokines and other chemicals that may have a transducing function as was demonstrated for OME of other etiologies. Because transduction of this signal initiates the inflammatory process, it represents a potential target for other etiologies.
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Because transduction of this signal initiates the inflammatory process, it represents a potential target for therapies designed to present mucosal inflammation and OME. Therefore, the primary goal of this project is to define the mechanism for signal transduction including: the nature of the signal (e.g. under-pressure, altered gas composition), the sensory components for signal identification (e.g. osmotic, chemoreceptive, baroreceptive), the early cellular response to the signal (e.g. synthesis of cytokines gap juncture disruption), the role of inflammatory chemicals as secondary signals (e.g. lipid based inflammatory mediators, cytokines) and the physiological response of the mucosa to the primary and secondary signals (e.g. gap juncture formation, altered transmucosal potentials, fluid transduction, inflammatory cell influx). The experiments will involve in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo model systems, and will include histopathological, biochemical (proteins, mRNA, lipids) and physiological outcomes. As in past studies, pharmacological probes will be used to identify the role of specific inflammatory mediators in this process. The biochemical changes that promote healing of the mucosa or cause the purported ME complications of tympanostomy tubes are not yet known, and will be investigated using the above techniques and methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TESTING MOLECULAR MODELS OF SPECTRIN FLEXIBILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Macdonald, Ruby I.; Biochem/Molecular & Cell Biol; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 602081110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this proposal is to understand the molecular basis of flexibility of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein, spectrin, and its relatives, alpha-actinin and dystrophin. Continuing the previously successful strategy of determining the X-ray crystal structure of two connected repeating units of chicken brain alpha-spectrin, which led to the proposal of two of the first molecular models of spectrin flexibility, a follow-up investigation is proposed to critically test those models. The strengths of X-ray crystallography, fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy will be exploited to address the following important questions about the models: 1) Is the conformation of a linker region coordinated with that of an adjacent linker region in a three repeat fragment? 2) Are linker regions predicted to be a random coil by secondary structure prediction methods nonhelical (which, if true, could suggest yet a third model of spectrin flexibility and also offer the possibility of studying mutations correlated with hereditary elliptocytosis)? 3) How does the absence of the nearly invariant tryptophan affect the conformation of the linker region and flexibility of two connected repeats? 4) Is conformational rearrangement of one of the previously determined structures-a key feature of one of the models--due to the phasing or to the sequence of the construct? To answer these crucial questions concerning models of spectrin flexibility, 3 structures will be determined by X-ray crystallography, 2 will be studied by fluorescence energy transfer and 10 will be analyzed by NMR. These three approaches will complement each other as the X-ray crystal structures will provide atomic distances for interpretation of energy transfer data and vector orientations for interpretation of NMR data, and energy transfer and NMR data will provide dynamic information about the crystal structures. The cloned spectrin fragments will also be characterized by their circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra, by their stabilities to urea and thermal denaturation and by their molecular weights on analytical ultracentrifugation. Proposed critical testing of molecular models of spectrin flexibility will contribute fundamental knowledge likely to advance understanding of conditions such as hereditary elliptocytosis and
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spherocytosis, muscular dystrophy, hydrops fetalis and Fanconi anemia, in all of which spectrin or spectrin-related proteins are abnormal or reduced in amount. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VESTIBULAR PATHOLOGY IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ishiyama, Akira; Surgery; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Overall goal of the proposed project is to describe the effects of Meniere's disease on the individual endorgans and vestibular ganglion, and how the pathology relates to the clinical history and vestibular function on routine testing. We propose a prospective study of the vestibular periphery in Meniere's disease using specimens obtained from ablative inner ear surgery and postmortem specimens. The project will use 1) histopathologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to study vestibular pathology 2) unbiased stereology to obtain morphometric measures at multiple levels: neuroepithelium, the nerve fibers, and Scarpa's ganglion neurons in the same subject 3) clinico-pathological correlations and comparisons between morphometric parameters and standarized vestibular testing. Morphometric parameters to be studied include 1) regional total type I, type II, and supporting cell counts in each of the five vestibular endorgans 2) vestibular nerve fiber counts and diameter distribution 3) Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts and volume distribution. Archival temporal bones from patients with Meniere's disease will be used for Scarpa's ganglion neuronal counts. Using this systematic, prospective design we hope to answer important clinical questions such as 1) Does Meniere's disease affect the individual endorgans differently? 2) Can the patterns of neuroepithelial endorgan damage be correlated with clinical history? 3) Does Meniere's disease affect the vestibular nerve and ganglion? 4) Is Meniere's disease associated with an atrophy of the Scarpa's ganglion neurons? 5) Are clinical phenomenon such as Tumarkin falls, delayed endolymphatic hydrops, and chronic dysequilibrium associated with particular patterns of neuroepithelial or differential endorgan damage? or with alterations in neuronal number or size? 6) What are the morphometric correlates to abnormalities on traditional vestibular testing: caloric paresis, and decreased gain and time constant on step rotational testing? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hydrops in the PubMed Central database: •
Extreme hydrops fetalis and cardiovascular abnormalities in mice lacking a functional Adrenomedullin gene. by Caron KM, Smithies O.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14636
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Prenatal Diagnosis of Parvovirus B19-Induced Hydrops Fetalis by Chemiluminescence In Situ Hybridization. by Musiani M, Pasini P, Zerbini M, Gentilomi G, Roda A, Gallinella G, Manaresi E, Venturoli S.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85149
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Recurrent fatal hydrops fetalis associated with a nucleotide substitution in the erythrocyte beta-spectrin gene. by Gallagher PG, Weed SA, Tse WT, Benoit L, Morrow JS, Marchesi SL, Mohandas N, Forget BG.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=441455
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hydrops, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hydrops (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of non-immune hydrops fetalis with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the left lung in a twin. Author(s): Arena S, Liberatore A, Carrera G, Riboni G. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2000 May-June; 52(5-6): 307-12. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11085057
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A clinical and epidemiological study of human parvovirus B19 infection in fetal hydrops using PCR Southern blot hybridization and chemiluminescence detection. Author(s): Wattre P, Dewilde A, Subtil D, Andreoletti L, Thirion V. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 February; 54(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496373
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A new case of mucopolysaccharidosis VII presenting as non immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Walter-Nicolet E, Rakza T, Storme L, Vaillant C, Magnenant E, Cremer R, Thumerelle C, Dobbelaere D. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 162(7-8): 520-1. Epub 2003 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748853
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A patient with endolymphatic hydrops refractory to shunt surgery. Author(s): Brookler KH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 July; 79(7): 493. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10935298
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A rare case of non-immune hydrops fetalis: double-chambered right ventricle. A case report. Author(s): Marton T, Hajdu J, Papp Z. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 July-August; 16(4): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399891
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A review of electrocochleography: instrumentation settings and meta-analysis of criteria for diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Wuyts FL, Van de Heyning PH, Van Spaendonck MP, Molenberghs G. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 526: 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9107349
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A severe transfusion-dependent congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia presenting as hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Cantu-Rajnoldi A, Zanella A, Conter U, Faccini P, Soligo D, Gornati G, Vegni C, Nicolini U. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1997 March; 96(3): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9054660
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Absent aortic and dysplastic pulmonary valves associated with ventricular septal defect in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Eronen M, Heikkila P. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 July-August; 24(4): 400-2. Epub 2002 September 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360386
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Acute Hydrops in keratoglobus. Author(s): McClellan KA, Billson FA. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1987 October; 105(10): 1432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662916
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Acute hydrops in the corneal ectasias: associated factors and outcomes. Author(s): Grewal S, Laibson PR, Cohen EJ, Rapuano CJ. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999; 97: 187-98; Discussion 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703124
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Agenesis of the ductus venosus and its correlation to hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Hoppen T, Hofstaetter C, Plath H, Kau N, Bartmann P. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2000; 28(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10765517
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Amniotic fluid for screening of lysosomal storage diseases presenting in utero (mainly as non-immune hydrops fetalis). Author(s): Piraud M, Froissart R, Mandon G, Bernard A, Maire I. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1996 April 30; 248(2): 143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740579
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Analysis of outcome in hydrops fetalis in relation to gestational age at diagnosis, cause and treatment. Author(s): Sohan K, Carroll SG, De La Fuente S, Soothill P, Kyle P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 80(8): 726-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11531615
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Antenatal detection of idiopathic arterial calcification with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Nagar AM, Hanchate V, Tandon A, Thakkar H, Chaubal NG. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 June; 22(6): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795564
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Antenatal human parvovirus B19 infection and nonimmune hydrops fetalis presenting as severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Choong S, Meagher S. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996 August; 36(3): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8883769
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Aortic vasculopathy with aneurysm: a rare cause of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Nissen T, Silverman NH, Ursell PC. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2000 March; 10(2): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817302
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Audiovestibular sequelae of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 3 children presumably representing 3 symptomatically different types of delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Huygen PL, Admiraal RJ. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 April; 35(2): 143-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735410
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Augmentation of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: an indication for distended saccular hydrops. Author(s): Young YH, Wu CC, Wu CH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 March; 112(3): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148863
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Autosomal dominantly inherited Diamond-Blackfan anemia resulting in nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Rogers BB, Bloom SL, Buchanan GR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 May; 89(5 Pt 2): 805-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9166327
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B19 parvovirus induced fetal hydrops: rapid and simple diagnosis by detection of B19 antigens in amniotic fluids. Author(s): Gentilomi G, Zerbini M, Gallinella G, Venturoli S, Manaresi E, Morandi R, Musiani M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 April; 18(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602483
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B19 parvovirus-induced fetal hydrops:good outcome after intrauterine blood transfusion at 18 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Bousquet F, Segondy M, Faure JM, Deschamps F, Boulot P. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 May-June; 15(3): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781995
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Bart's hydrops fetalis in one of the dizygotic twins: report of a case. Author(s): Huang LW, Hsieh FJ, Yu TK, Chen HY, Lee TY. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1988 March; 87(3): 398-401. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3294347
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Barts hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Wong HB. Source: J Singapore Paediatr Soc. 1987; 29(1): 33-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3320523
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Bart's hydrops fetalis--clinical presentation and management--an analysis of 25 cases. Author(s): Tan SL, Tseng AM, Thong PW. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1989 August; 29(3 Pt 1): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2604653
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Before the horse is out of the barn: fetal surgery for hydrops. Author(s): Bullard KM, Harrison MR. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1995 December; 19(6): 462-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822330
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beta-Glucuronidase deficiency as a cause of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Kagie MJ, Kleijer WJ, Huijmans JG, Maaswinkel-Mooy P, Kanhai HH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 March 1; 42(5): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1632440
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Beta-glucuronidase deficiency as a cause of prenatally diagnosed non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Lissens W, Dedobbeleer G, Foulon W, De Catte L, Charels K, Goossens A, Liebaers I. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 June; 11(6): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1833732
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Beta-glucuronidase deficiency as cause of recurrent hydrops fetalis: the first early prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Van Eyndhoven HW, Ter Brugge HG, Van Essen AJ, Kleijer WJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 September; 18(9): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793981
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Bilateral congenital glaucoma in a child with hydrops fetalis, congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, and lymphoedema. Author(s): Haugen OH, Krohn J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2000 January-February; 37(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714695
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Bilateral endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease: review of temporal bone autopsies. Author(s): Yazawa Y, Kitahara M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1990 July; 99(7 Pt 1): 524-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2195960
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Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon's syndrome with unilateral acute hydrops. Author(s): Wolter JR. Source: J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977 May-June; 14(3): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=915642
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Bilateral multiple otosclerotic foci and endolymphatic hydrops, histopathological case report. Author(s): Black FO, Sando I, Hildyard VH, Hemenway WG. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1969 October; 78(5): 106273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4309846
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Bilateral subdural effusion (hygromas) in non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Schulman H, Landau D, Hertzanu Y. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1992; 22(4): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1523066
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Bilirubinuria: an early indicator of gallbladder hydrops associated with Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Friesen CA, Gamis AS, Riddell LD, Roberts CC, Jackson MA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1989 April; 8(3): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2709270
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Biochemical diagnosis of a fatal case of Gunther's disease in a newborn with hydrops foetalis. Author(s): Verstraeten L, Van Regemorter N, Pardou A, de Verneuil H, Da Silva V, Rodesch F, Vermeylen D, Donner C, Noel JC, Nordmann Y, et al. Source: Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1993 March; 31(3): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8490057
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Blockage of longitudinal flow in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Schuknecht HF, Ruther A. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1991; 248(4): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1859653
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Brain lesions of fetal onset in encephalopathic infants with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Laneri GG, Claassen DL, Scher MS. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1994 July; 11(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7986287
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Brief clinical report: lethal multiple pterygium syndrome in an 18-week fetus with hydrops. Author(s): Isaacson G, Gargus JJ, Mahoney MJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1984 April; 17(4): 835-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6720748
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Cervical ribs: useful marker of monosomy X in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Keeling JW, Kjaer I. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1999 March-April; 2(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9949217
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Changes in the Tullio phenomenon and the fistula sign in the course of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Suzuki M, Kitajima N, Ushio M, Shintani M, Ishibashi T. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2003 MarchApril; 65(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824736
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Characterization of newborns with nonimmune hydrops fetalis admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Mascaretti RS, Falcao MC, Silva AM, Vaz FA, Leone CR. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2003 May-June; 58(3): 125-32. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894308
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Chorangioma of the placenta with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Sabhikhi AK, Chaudhury MC, Singh D, Raja LN. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 June; 33(6): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8979617
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Clinical biological features of Ballantyne syndrome and the role of placental hydrops. Author(s): Carbillon L, Oury JF, Guerin JM, Azancot A, Blot P. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1997 May; 52(5): 310-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9140132
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Clinical experience with a surgical approach to hydrops. Author(s): Neely JG. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 October; 942: 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710474
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Clinical features and keratoplasty results in keratoconus complicated by acute hydrops. Author(s): Akova YA, Dabil H, Kavalcioglu O, Duman S. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2000 June; 8(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980682
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Clinico-pathologic conference: newborn with hydrops fetalis caused by CMV infection case report. Author(s): Lujan-Zilbermann J, Lacson A, Gilbert-Barness E, Pomerance HH. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine. 2003 November-December; 22(6): 481-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578041
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Coagulation and fibrinolysis in viable mid-trimester pregnancies of normal, intrauterine growth retardation, chromosomal anomalies and hydrops fetalis and their eventual obstetric outcome. Author(s): Koh SC, Anandakumar C, Biswas A. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1999; 27(6): 458-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10732304
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Complete spontaneous resolution of severe nonimmunological hydrops fetalis with unknown etiology in the second trimester--a case report. Author(s): Henrich W, Heeger J, Schmider A, Dudenhausen JW. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2002; 30(6): 522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530111
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Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung and fetal hydrops--a case with favourable outcome. Author(s): Entezami M, Halis G, Waldschmidt J, Opri F, Runkel S. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 July; 79(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9643413
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and hydrops: a lethal association? Author(s): Sydorak RM, Goldstein R, Hirose S, Tsao K, Farmer DL, Lee H, Harrison MR, Albanese CT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 December; 37(12): 1678-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483628
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Congenital hypothyroidism and nonimmune hydrops fetalis: associated? Author(s): Kessel I, Makhoul IR, Sujov P. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 January; 103(1): E9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9917489
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Congenital intestinal lymphatic hypoplasia presenting as non-immune hydrops in utero, and subsequent neonatal protein-losing enteropathy. Author(s): Stormon MO, Mitchell JD, Smoleniec JS, Tobias V, Day AS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 November; 35(5): 6914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454588
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Congenital rapidly fatal form of nemaline myopathy with fetal hydrops and arthrogryposis. A case report and review. Author(s): Vardon D, Chau C, Sigodi S, Figarella-Branger D, Boubli L. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1998 July-August; 13(4): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784647
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Constrictive pericarditis associated with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Pedemonte E, Anichini C, Nesi G, Orsi A, Tozzini S, Gori F. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 September; 3(9): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407850
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Corneal hydrops associated with vernal conjunctivitis as a presenting sign of keratoconus in a Congolese child. Author(s): Kaimbo WK. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2002; (283): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058484
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Corneal topography of spontaneous perforation of acute hydrops in keratoconus. Author(s): Nicoli C, Wainsztein RD, Trotta LP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 June; 25(6): 871-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10374172
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Cytogenetic evaluation of cystic hygroma associated with hydrops fetalis, oligohydramnios or intrauterine fetal death: the roles of amniocentesis, postmortem chorionic villus sampling and cystic hygroma paracentesis. Author(s): Chen CP, Liu FF, Jan SW, Lee CC, Town DD, Lan CC. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 May; 75(5): 454-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677770
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Cytomegalovirus antibodies in endolymphatic sac biopsies of patients with endolymphatic hydrops and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Cabriac G, Marks S, Arenberg JG, Pfeiffer PR, Murray RS. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 December 29; 830: 314-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9616690
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Delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Schuknecht HF. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1978 NovemberDecember; 87(6 Pt 1): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=736418
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Delayed endolymphatic hydrops: clinical manifestations and treatment outcome. Author(s): Harcourt JP, Brookes GB. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 August; 20(4): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8548962
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Delayed endolymphatic hydrops: study and review of clinical implications and surgical treatment. Author(s): Huang TS, Lin CC. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 February; 80(2): 76-8, 81-2, 84 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11233350
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Detection of human herpes virus 6 DNA in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Al-Jiffri O, Moore L. Source: Lancet. 2000 April 29; 355(9214): 1519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10801177
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Diagnosis and management of cochlear hydrops. Author(s): Glasscock ME, Miller GW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1977 February; 87(2): 198-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=839917
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Diagnosis and management of early non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Jauniaux E. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 December; 17(13): 1261-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509544
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Diagnosis and management of non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Ettore G, Guarnera S, Bianca S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 November; 18(11): 1213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854738
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Diagnosis and management of non-immune hydrops in the newborn. Author(s): Stephenson T, Zuccollo J, Mohajer M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1994 March; 70(2): F151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8154908
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Diagnosis of non-immune hydrops in the newborn. Author(s): Turnpenny PD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1994 July; 71(1): F71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092884
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Diamond-Blackfan anemia as an unusual cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis: a case report. Author(s): Van Hook JW, Gill P, Cyr D, Kapur RP. Source: J Reprod Med. 1995 December; 40(12): 850-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8926615
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Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: an unusual cause of hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Scimeca PG, Weinblatt ME, Slepowitz G, Harper RG, Kochen JA. Source: Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1988 Fall; 10(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3140685
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Diarrhea and gallbladder hydrops in an immunocompetent child with Cryptosporidium infection. Author(s): Westrope C, Acharya A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 December; 20(12): 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740331
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Digitalization of the mother in treating hydrops fetalis in monochorionic twin with Ebstein's anomaly. Case report. Author(s): Koike T, Minakami H, Shiraishi H, Ogawa S, Matsubara S, Honma Y, Sato I. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1997; 25(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9288668
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Direct fetal therapy for hydrops secondary to congenital atrioventricular heart block. Author(s): Anandakumar C, Biswas A, Chew SS, Chia D, Wong YC, Ratnam SS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 May; 87(5 Pt 2): 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677107
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Direct intrauterine fetal therapy in a case of bronchopulmonary sequestration associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Anandakumar C, Biswas A, Chua TM, Choolani M, Chia D, Wong YC, Gole L. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 April; 13(4): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10341405
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Direct intrauterine fetal treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia with severe hydrops fetalis by antiarrhythmic drugs. Author(s): Gembruch U, Hansmann M, Bald R. Source: Fetal Ther. 1988; 3(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3152584
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Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonics: relationships in patients with and without endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Fetterman BL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 June; 111(6): 946-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404602
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Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and glycerol testing in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Magliulo G, Cianfrone G, Triches L, Altissimi G, D'Amico R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 January; 111(1): 102-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11192876
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DNA confirmation of congenital myotonic dystrophy in non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Stratton RF, Patterson RM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 November; 13(11): 1027-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8140064
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Doppler blood flow velocity waveforms in alpha-thalassemia hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Woo JS, Liang ST, Lo RL, Chan FY. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1987 December; 6(12): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3323549
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Early diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops with distortion. Product otoacoustic emissions. Author(s): Magliulo G, Cianfrone G, Di Cello P, Tersigni A. Source: An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 2004; 31(2): 173-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15185614
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Early prenatal sonographic diagnosis of twin triploid gestation presenting with fetal hydrops and theca-lutein ovarian cysts. Author(s): Frates MC, Feinberg BB. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2000 March; 28(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10679701
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Effect of isosorbide on hearing loss due to endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Kakigi A, Takeda T, Saito H, Kataoka H. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995; 519: 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7610874
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Effects of intrauterine treatment on nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Maeda H, Shimokawa H, Nakano H. Source: Fetal Ther. 1988; 3(4): 198-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3273840
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Electrocochleography in endolymphatic hydrops using tone-pip and click stimuli. Author(s): Koyuncu M, Mason SM, Saunders MW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 February; 19(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174307
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Electron microscopic identification of parvovirus virions in erythroid-line cells in fatal hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Knisely AS, O'Shea PA, McMillan P, Singer DB, Magid MS. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1988; 8(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2842740
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Endolymphatic hydrops and otitis media. Author(s): Paparella MM, Goycoolea MV, Meyerhoff WL, Shea D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1979 January; 89(1): 43-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=423652
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Endolymphatic hydrops associated with otosclerosis. Author(s): Shea JJ Jr, Ge X, Orchik DJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1994 May; 15(3): 348-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8579139
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Endolymphatic hydrops in asymptomatic ears in unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Friedrichs I, Thornton AR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 May; 111(5): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359166
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Endolymphatic hydrops in children. Author(s): Bachor E, Karmody CS. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 MayJune; 57(3): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603691
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Endolymphatic hydrops induced by chronic administration of vasopressin. Author(s): Naftalin L. Source: Hearing Research. 2001 May; 155(1-2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396420
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Endolymphatic hydrops: mechanical causes of hearing loss. Author(s): Tonndorf J. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1976 September 16; 212(4): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=990091
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Erythroblastosis fetalis with hydrops resulting from anti-Kell isoimmune disease. Author(s): Frigoletto FD, Davies IJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 April 15; 127(8): 887. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=851149
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Establishing the cause of nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Swain S, Cameron AD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 April; 176(4): 951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9125628
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Etiology and outcome of hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Ismail KM, Martin WL, Ghosh S, Whittle MJ, Kilby MD. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 June; 10(3): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444786
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Etiology and outcome of second trimester non-immunologic fetal hydrops. Author(s): Heinonen S, Ryynanen M, Kirkinen P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 January; 79(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10646810
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Evidence of endothelium involvement in the pathophysiology of hydrops fetalis? Author(s): De Groot CJ, Oepkes D, Egberts J, Kanhai HH. Source: Early Human Development. 2000 March; 57(3): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10742610
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Experimental pathogenesis of hydrops. Author(s): Kimura RS. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1976 September 16; 212(4): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=990078
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Extensive otosclerosis and endolymphatic hydrops: histopathologic study of temporal bones. Author(s): Li W, Schachern PA, Paparella MM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 March-April; 15(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8179110
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Extreme second-trimester serum analyte values in down syndrome pregnancies with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Benn PA, Egan JF, Ingardia CJ. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 April;11(4):262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12375682
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Familial congenital pulmonary lymphangectasia, non-immune hydrops fetalis, facial and lower limb lymphedema: confirmation of Njolstad's report. Author(s): Jacquemont S, Barbarot S, Boceno M, Stalder JF, David A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 August 14; 93(4): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946350
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Familial non-immune hydrops fetalis and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia. Author(s): Njolstad PR, Reigstad H, Westby J, Espeland A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 June; 157(6): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667408
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Familial perinatal hemochromatosis: a disease that causes recurrent non-immune hydrops. Author(s): Kassem E, Dolfin T, Litmanowitz I, Regev R, Arnon S, Kidron D. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1999; 27(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10379502
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Fatal hydrops fetalis caused by anti-D in a mother with partial D. Author(s): Stedman CM, White CA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 July; 104(1): 194-5; Author Reply 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229027
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Fatal hydrops fetalis caused by anti-D in a mother with partial D. Author(s): Lurie S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 July; 104(1): 193-4; Author Reply 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229025
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Fatal hydrops fetalis caused by anti-D in a mother with partial D. Author(s): Cannon M, Pierce R, Taber EB, Schucker J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 102(5 Pt 2): 1143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607035
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Fetal Diamond-Blackfan anemia associated with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Dunbar AE 3rd, Moore SL, Hinson RM. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2003 October; 20(7): 391-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655096
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Fetal Ebstein anomaly--a rare cause of non-immune hydrops. Author(s): Suneja A, Nalini, Agarwal N, Gupta S, Dev G, Jain N. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1996 November-December; 63(6): 812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830066
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Fetal hydrops and familial pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia. Author(s): Thibeault DW, Black P, Taboada E. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 August; 19(6): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357424
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Fetal hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly in the second half of pregnancy: a sign of myeloproliferative disorder in fetuses with trisomy 21. Author(s): Smrcek JM, Baschat AA, Germer U, Gloeckner-Hofmann K, Gembruch U. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May; 17(5): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380964
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Fetal hydrops due to a tachyarrhythmia progressing to organic pulmonary stenosis. Author(s): Fesslova V, Villa L, Nicolini U. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2000 March; 10(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817304
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Fetal hydrops due to supraventricular tachycardia--successful outcome in a difficult case. Author(s): Doherty G, Bali S, Casey F. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 February; 96(2): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12674156
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Fetal hydrops in the first trimester associated with maternal parvovirus infection. Author(s): Smulian JC, Egan JF, Rodis JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 July-August; 26(6): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641392
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Fetal hydrops, associated with maternal propylthiouracil exposure, reversed by intrauterine therapy. Author(s): Yanai N, Shveiky D. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 February; 23(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770404
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Fetal neurenteric cyst causing hydrops: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wilkinson CC, Albanese CT, Jennings RW, Feldstein VA, Goldberg JD, Baehner FL, Farrell JA, Peacock WJ, Harrison MR. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 February; 19(2): 118-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215067
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Fetal 'space-suit' hydrops in the first trimester: differentiating risk for chromosome abnormalities by delineating characteristics of nuchal translucency. Author(s): Shulman LP, Phillips OP, Emerson DS, Felker RE, Tharapel AT. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 January; 20(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701847
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Fetal thoracoamniotic shunting as the only treatment for pulmonary sequestration with hydrops: favorable long-term outcome without postnatal surgery. Author(s): Salomon LJ, Audibert F, Dommergues M, Vial M, Frydman R. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 21(3): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666228
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Fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia presenting antenatally as hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Stanworth SJ, Hackett GA, Williamson LM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2001 May; 21(5): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360291
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Flecainide against fetal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Barjot P, Hamel P, Calmelet P, Maragnes P, Herlicoviez M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 77(3): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9539287
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Frequency of parvovirus B19 infection in nonimmune hydrops fetalis and utility of three diagnostic methods. Author(s): Essary LR, Vnencak-Jones CL, Manning SS, Olson SJ, Johnson JE. Source: Human Pathology. 1998 July; 29(7): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9670826
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Gallbladder hydrops caused by intraluminal clot in hemobilia: an unusual complication of hepatic trauma in childhood. Author(s): Herek O, Yildiran N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 July; 33(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479416
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Gallbladder hydrops in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Author(s): Choi YS, Sharma B. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1989 March; 82(3): 397-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2646736
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Gallbladder hydrops: complication of Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Mofenson HC, Greensher J, Molavi M. Source: N Y State J Med. 1980 February; 80(2): 249-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6929425
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Genetic causes of hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Van Maldergem L, Jauniaux E, Fourneau C, Gillerot Y. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 January; 89(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1728027
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Genetic lesion in homozygous alpha thalassaemia (hydrops fetalis). Author(s): Taylor JM, Dozy A, Kan YW, Varmus HE, Lie-Injo LE, Ganesan J, Todd D. Source: Nature. 1974 October 4; 251(5474): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4424635
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Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency as a cause of hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Ravindranath Y, Paglia DE, Warrier I, Valentine W, Nakatani M, Brockway RA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 January 29; 316(5): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3796702
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Glycogen storage disease type IV presenting as hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Alegria A, Martins E, Dias M, Cunha A, Cardoso ML, Maire I. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1999 May; 22(3): 330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384399
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GM1-gangliosidosis presenting as nonimmune hydrops fetalis: a case report. Author(s): Tasso MJ, Martinez-Gutierrez A, Carrascosa C, Vazquez S, Tebar R. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1996; 24(5): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8950724
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Good prognosis for psychomotor development in survivors with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Haverkamp F, Noeker M, Gerresheim G, Fahnenstich H. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 February; 107(2): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688515
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Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct. A case associated with hydrops of the gallbladder. Author(s): Reul GJ Jr, Rubio PA, Berkman NL. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1975 May; 129(5): 583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=165735
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Gray scale echography in the diagnosis of hydrops due to fetal lung tumor. Author(s): Garrett WJ, Kossoff G, Lawrence R. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1975 March; 3(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=803984
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Greenberg dysplasia (hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia): prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and review of literature. Author(s): Trajkovski Z, Vrcakovski M, Saveski J, Gucev ZS. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 September 1; 111(4): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12210303
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Growth and development of lungs in siblings with nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Chen SC, deMello D. Source: Chest. 1990 May; 97(5): 1255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2331927
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Haematological parameters of parvovirus B19 infection in 13 fetuses with hydrops foetalis. Author(s): Forestier F, Tissot JD, Vial Y, Daffos F, Hohlfeld P. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 March; 104(4): 925-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192461
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Hb H hydrops fetalis syndrome associated with the interaction of two common determinants of alpha thalassaemia (--MED/(alpha)TSaudi(alpha)). Author(s): Viprakasit V, Green S, Height S, Ayyub H, Higgs DR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2002 June; 117(3): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12028055
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Hb H hydrops foetalis syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Lorey F, Charoenkwan P, Witkowska HE, Lafferty J, Patterson M, Eng B, Waye JS, Finklestein JZ, Chui DH. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 October; 115(1): 72-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722414
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Hearing results of intratympanic steroid treatment of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Arriaga MA, Goldman S. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 November; 108(11 Pt 1): 1682-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818826
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Hearing results of intratympanic steroid treatment of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Bayazit Y. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 June; 111(6): 1114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404633
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Hennekam syndrome presenting as nonimmune hydrops fetalis, congenital chylothorax, and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia. Author(s): Bellini C, Mazzella M, Arioni C, Campisi C, Taddei G, Toma P, Boccardo F, Hennekam RC, Serra G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 July 1; 120A(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794699
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Homozygous alpha-thalassaemia and hypospadias--common aetiology or incidental association? Long-term survival of Hb Bart's hydrops syndrome leads to new aspects for counselling of alpha-thalassaemic traits. Author(s): Dame C, Albers N, Hasan C, Bode U, Eigel A, Hansmann M, Brenner R, Bartmann P. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 March; 158(3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10094442
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Hydrops fetalis and extralobar lung sequestration. Author(s): Upadhyay A, Aggarwal R, Choudhry S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 April; 39(4): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11976473
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Hydrops fetalis associated with homozygosity for hemoglobin Taybe (alpha 38/39 THR deletion) in newborn triplets. Author(s): Arnon S, Tamary H, Dgany O, Litmanovitz I, Regev R, Bauer S, Dolfin T, Yacobovich J, Wolach B, Jaber L. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2004 July; 76(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15224363
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Hydrops fetalis caused by alpha-thalassemia: an emerging health care problem. Author(s): Chui DH, Waye JS. Source: Blood. 1998 April 1; 91(7): 2213-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516118
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Hydrops fetalis due to ABO incompatibility. Author(s): McDonnell M, Hannam S, Devane SP. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1998 May; 78(3): F220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713036
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Hydrops fetalis in placental chorioangioma. Author(s): Locham KK, Garg R, Goel S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 January; 38(1): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11175952
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Hydrops fetalis in three male fetuses of a female with incontinentia pigmenti. Author(s): Dufke A, Vollmer B, Kendziorra H, Mackensen-Haen S, Orth U, Orlikowsky T, Gal A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2001 December; 21(12): 1019-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11746157
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Hydrops fetalis secondary to parvovirus B19 infections. Author(s): Xu J, Raff TC, Muallem NS, Neubert AG. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2003 January-February; 16(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583652
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Hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Bukowski R, Saade GR. Source: Clin Perinatol. 2000 December; 27(4): 1007-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816486
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Hydrops fetalis: report of 3 cases. Author(s): Akhter N, Islam SM, Mahmood S, Hossain GA, Chakraborty RK. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 July; 12(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894050
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Hydrops fetalis-associated congenital dyserythropoietic anemia treated with intrauterine transfusions and bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Remacha AF, Badell I, Pujol-Moix N, Parra J, Muniz-Diaz E, Ginovart G, Sarda MP, Hernandez A, Moliner E, Torrent M. Source: Blood. 2002 July 1; 100(1): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12070051
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Hydrops foetalis caused by anti-Mur in first pregnancy--a case report. Author(s): Wu KH, Chang JG, Lin M, Shih MC, Lin HC, Lee CC, Peng CT, Tsai CH. Source: Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 October; 12(5): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383339
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Hydrops foetalis caused by hepatic haemangioma. Author(s): Albano G, Pugliese A, Stabile M, Sirimarco F, Arsieri R. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1998 December; 87(12): 1307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894836
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Hydrops in a corneal graft. Author(s): Dursun D, Fernandez V, Dubovy S, Trentacosta J, Alfonso EC. Source: Cornea. 2002 July; 21(5): 535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072734
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Identification of Gaucher cells in the chorionic villi associated with recurrent hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Soma H, Yamada K, Osawa H, Hata T, Oguro T, Kudo M. Source: Placenta. 2000 May; 21(4): 412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10833378
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Idiopathic chronic fetomaternal haemorrhage resulting in hydrops--a case report. Author(s): Lau MS, Tan JV, Tan TY, Gomez JM, Yeo GS. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 September; 32(5): 642-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626793
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IgG/placental alkaline phosphatase complexes in Rh-incompatible pregnancy with fetal hydrops. Author(s): Grozdea J, Brisson-Lougarre A, Vergnes H, Bierme R, Alie-Daram S, Martin J, Fournie A. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1988; 55(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138817
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Immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss with or without endolymphatic hydrops: a clinical and experimental approach. Author(s): Veldman JE. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 December 29; 830: 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9616677
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Immunohistochemical distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human placenta associated with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Shiraishi S, Kinukawa N, Nakano H, Sueishi K. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine : Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology, Affiliated with the International Paediatric Pathology Association. 1997 January-February; 17(1): 65-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9050061
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Impediment of basilar membrane motion reduces overload protection but not threshold sensitivity: evidence from clinical and experimental hydrops. Author(s): Braun M. Source: Hearing Research. 1996 August; 97(1-2): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844181
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In utero erythrocyte transfusion for fetal xerocytosis associated with severe anemia and non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Ogburn PL Jr, Ramin KD, Danilenko-Dixon D, Fairbanks VF, Ramsey PS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 185(1): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483935
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Increased nuchal translucency, hydrops fetalis or hygroma colli. A new test strategy for early fetal aneuploidy detection. Author(s): Jenderny J, Schmidt W, Hecher K, Hackeloer BJ, Kerber S, Kochhan L, Held KR. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 July-August; 16(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399881
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Infectious keratitis with corneal perforation associated with corneal hydrops and contact lens wear in keratoconus. Author(s): Donnenfeld ED, Schrier A, Perry HD, Ingraham HJ, Lasonde R, Epstein A, Farber B. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 May; 80(5): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8695560
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Inferior vena cava thrombosis presenting as non-immune hydrops in the fetus of a woman with diabetes. Author(s): Weissmann-Brenner A, Ferber A, O'Reilly-Green C, Avila C, Grassi A, Divon MY. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 February; 23(2): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770403
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Insufficient transplacental digoxin transfer in severe hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Younis JS, Granat M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 November; 157(5): 1268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688087
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Intracameral air injection for acute hydrops in keratoconus. Author(s): Miyata K, Tsuji H, Tanabe T, Mimura Y, Amano S, Oshika T. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 133(6): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036664
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Intrastromal clefts in keratoconus patients with hydrops. Author(s): Feder RS, Wilhelmus KR, Vold SD, O'Grady RB. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 July; 126(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9683144
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Intratympanic steroids: do they acutely improve hearing in cases of cochlear hydrops? Author(s): Hillman TM, Arriaga MA, Chen DA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 November; 113(11): 1903-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603044
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Intrauterine adenoviral infection associated with fetal non-immune hydrops. Author(s): Ranucci-Weiss D, Uerpairojkit B, Bowles N, Towbin JA, Chan L. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 February; 18(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516021
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Intrauterine left chamber myocardial infarction of the heart and hydrops fetalis in the recipient fetus due to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Author(s): Marton T, Hajdu J, Hruby E, Papp Z. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 March; 22(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920902
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Intrauterine resolution of nonimmune hydrops associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Author(s): Fadel HE, Ruedrich DA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 June; 71(6 Pt 2): 1003-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2836768
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Intrauterine treatment of idiopathic hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Shimokawa H, Hara K, Maeda H, Miyamoto S, Koyanagi T, Nakano H. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1988; 16(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3050015
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Investigation of endolymphatic hydrops by electrocochleography in patients with Cogan's syndrome. Author(s): Benitez JT, Bojrab DI, Lubbers DE, Arsenault MD. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1999 December; 78(12): 929-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624058
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Isolated cardiomegaly in the second trimester as an early sign of fetal hydrops due to intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Henrich W, Fuchs I, Buhrer C, van Landeghem FK, Albig M, Stoever B, Dudenhausen JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 October; 31(8): 445-9. Erratum In: J Clin Ultrasound. 2004 January; 32(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528445
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Jumping translocation in a newborn boy with dup(4q) and severe hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Duval E, van den Enden A, Vanhaesebrouck P, Speleman F. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 August 15; 52(2): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7802011
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Kawasaki disease associated with gallbladder hydrops. Author(s): Coskun Y, Bayraktaroglu Z, Gokalp A, Cil A, Ozkutlu S. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1995 July-September; 37(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7502367
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Kawasaki disease associated with hydrops of the gallbladder. A case presentation and review of the literature. Author(s): Westfall CT, Massello TP. Source: Z Kinderchir. 1981 April; 32(4): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7282078
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Kawasaki disease complicated by gallbladder hydrops mimicking acute abdomen: a report of three cases. Author(s): Hou JW, Chang MH, Wu MH, Lee CY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 January-February; 30(1): 52-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2700275
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Kawasaki syndrome: report of four cases with acute gallbladder hydrops. Author(s): Grisoni E, Fisher R, Izant R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1984 February; 19(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6699768
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Keratoconus and acute hydrops in mentally retarded patients with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Boger WP 3rd, Petersen RA, Robb RM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 February; 91(2): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7468739
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Keratoconus and corneal hydrops associated with compulsive eye rubbing. Author(s): Koenig SB, Smith RW. Source: Refract Corneal Surg. 1993 September-October; 9(5): 383-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241044
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Keratoconus with acute corneal hydrops. Author(s): Valella MT. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1989 August; 60(8): 578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2794326
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Keratoconus with acute hydrops and perforation. Brief case report. Author(s): Rubsamen PE, McLeish WM. Source: Cornea. 1991 January; 10(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2019114
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Large chorioangioma associated with hydrops fetalis: prenatal diagnosis and management. Author(s): D'Ercole C, Cravello L, Boubli L, Labit C, Millet V, Potier A, Blanc B. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 September-October; 11(5): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8894632
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Late onset of hydrops fetalis following intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Mielke G, Enders G. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1997 January-February; 12(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101221
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Late secondary hydrops: a new therapeutic approach. Author(s): Dionne J, Dionne R, Fradet G. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1996 June; 25(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783085
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Lethal hydrops fetalis due to congenital dyserythropoietic anemia in a newborn: association of a new skeletal abnormality. Author(s): Tekinalp G, Sarici SU, Erdinc AS, Gogus S, Balci S, Gurgey A. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2001 December; 18(8): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11764104
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Letter: Coombs-test-positive infants with hydrops. Author(s): Turbeville DF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 October 3; 291(14): 737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4859386
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Letter: Endolymphatic hydrops and glaucoma production. Author(s): Berkowitz WP, Sessions DG, Stroud MH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1974 July-August; 83(4): 555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852773
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Letter: Sacrococcygeal teratoma and "non-immunological" hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Kohler HG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 August 14; 2(6032): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=985707
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Lipid keratopathy following corneal hydrops. Author(s): Shapiro LA, Farkas TG. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1977 March; 95(3): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=300239
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Listeriosis: a cause of non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Gembruch U, Niesen M, Hansmann M, Knopfle G. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1987 May; 7(4): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3295846
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Local clearance by radioactive isotope in the knee joint under various conditions-with special reference to the mechanism of hydrops. Author(s): Tanabe H, Iseki F, Tomatsu T, Matsu K. Source: Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1971 July; 45(7): 549-57. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5166505
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Localization, frequency, and severity of endolymphatic hydrops and the pathology of the labyrinthine membrane in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Okuno T, Sando I. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1987 July-August; 96(4): 438-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3619290
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Long-term outcome in fetal hydrops from parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Sheikh AU, Ernest JM, O'Shea M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 August; 167(2): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1497035
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Long-term outcome of 51 liveborn neonates with non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Nakayama H, Kukita J, Hikino S, Nakano H, Hara T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 January; 88(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090542
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Luetic endolymphatic hydrops: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Amenta CA 3rd, Dayal VS, Flaherty J, Weil RJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1992 November; 13(6): 516-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1449177
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Luetic hydrops--diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Pillsbury HC, Shea JJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1979 July; 89(7 Pt 1): 1135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=449556
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Lysosomal storage diseases presenting as transient or persistent hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Bonduelle M, Lissens W, Goossens A, De Catte L, Foulon W, Denis R, Jauniaux E, Liebaers I. Source: Genet Couns. 1991; 2(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1799421
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Management of non-immune hydrops: 8 years' experience. Author(s): Anandakumar C, Biswas A, Wong YC, Chia D, Annapoorna V, Arulkumaran S, Ratnam S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 September; 8(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915090
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Management of parvovirus infection in pregnancy and outcomes of hydrops: a survey of members of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. Author(s): Rodis JF, Borgida AF, Wilson M, Egan JF, Leo MV, Odibo AO, Campbell WA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 179(4): 985-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790385
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Maternal hydrops syndrome following successful treatment of fetal hydrops by shunting of bilateral hydrothorax. Author(s): Deurloo K, Devlieger R, Oepkes D. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 November; 23(11): 944-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634984
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Maternal syndrome associated with hydrops fetalis: case report. Author(s): Keane B. Source: N Z Med J. 1978 July 26; 88(616): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=100749
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Maternal thyrotoxicosis and fetal nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Stulberg RA, Davies GA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 June; 95(6 Pt 2): 1036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10808023
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Measurement of pressure and displacement of the membranous labyrinth in endolymphatic hydrops by the tensile test. Author(s): Tanaka M, Ishii T, Takayama M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 528: 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9288233
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Meniere's disease and delayed endolymphatic hydrops in children. Author(s): Mizukoshi K, Shojaku H, Aso S, Asai M, Watanabe Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2001; 545: 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11677744
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Micro-lesions in Reissner's membrane evoked by acute hydrops. Author(s): Flock A, Flock B. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 2003 March-April; 8(2): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634454
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Midaortic syndrome in the fetus and premature newborn: a new etiology of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and reversible fetal cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Zeltser I, Parness IA, Ko H, Holzman IR, Kamenir SA. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 June; 111(6 Pt 1): 1437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777568
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Middle cerebral artery Doppler for the prediction of fetal anaemia in cases without hydrops: a practical approach. Author(s): Abdel-Fattah SA, Soothill PW, Carroll SG, Kyle PM. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2002 September; 75(897): 726-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200240
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Middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetric assessment in two cases of hydrops fetalis without fetal anaemia. Author(s): Shah NK, Martin WL, Whittle MJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2004 January; 24(1): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755403
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Middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetric deceleration angle as a predictor of fetal anemia in Rh-alloimmunized fetuses without hydrops. Author(s): Bahado-Singh RO, Oz AU, Hsu C, Kovanci E, Deren O, Onderoglu L, Mari G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 183(3): 746-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10992203
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Molecular defects in Hb H hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Chan V, Chan VW, Tang M, Lau K, Todd D, Chan TK. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1997 February; 96(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9029003
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Mucocele formation 20 years after an appendiceal uterine transplantation for infertility mistaken for hydrops tubae profluens. Author(s): Grisaru D, Lessing JB, Brazowski E, Botchan A, Daniel Y, Peyser MR. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 July; 11(7): 1433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8671481
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Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII as a cause of recurrent non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Cheng Y, Verp MS, Knutel T, Hibbard JU. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2003; 31(6): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711113
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Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII associated with hydrops fetalis: histopathological and ultrastructural features with genetic implications. Author(s): Molyneux AJ, Blair E, Coleman N, Daish P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 March; 50(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9155679
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Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly disease) as a cause of increased nuchal translucency and non-immune fetal hydrops: study of a family and technical approach to prenatal diagnosis in early and late pregnancy. Author(s): Geipel A, Berg C, Germer U, Krapp M, Kohl M, Gembruch U. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 June; 22(6): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116312
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Multimodal imaging in the congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia-congenital chylothorax-hydrops fetalis continuum. Author(s): Bellini C, Mazzella M, Campisi C, Taddei G, Mosca F, Toma P, Villa G, Boccardo F, Sementa AR, Hennekam RC, Serra G. Source: Lymphology. 2004 March; 37(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15109074
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Mumps labyrinthitis, endolymphatic hydrops and sudden deafness in succession in the same ear. Author(s): Hyden D. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1996 November-December; 58(6): 338-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8958544
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Neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine red cell transfusion for parvovirus B19-induced fetal hydrops. Author(s): Dembinski J, Haverkamp F, Maara H, Hansmann M, Eis-Hubinger AM, Bartmann P. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 November; 109(11): 1232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452460
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Neutropenia complicating Rh-hydrops fetalis: the effect of treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). Author(s): Segal N, Leibovitz E, Juster-Reicher A, Even-Tov S, Mogilner B, Barak Y. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1998 March-April; 15(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9592847
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Nomimmune hydrops fetalis due to Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Author(s): Saladi SM, Chattopadhyay T, Adiotomre PN. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2004 February; 41(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004307
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Nonimmune hydrops fetalis due to congenital syphilis associated with negative intrapartum maternal serology screening. Author(s): Levine Z, Sherer DM, Jacobs A, Rotenberg O. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1998 April; 15(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565220
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Non-immune hydrops fetalis in the first trimester: a review of 30 cases. Author(s): Has R, Recep H. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 28(3): 187-90. Erratum In: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2002; 29(1): Following Table of Contents. Recep H [corrected to Has R]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11530871
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Nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Sosa ME. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 1999 December; 13(3): 33-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10818859
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Nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): White LE. Source: Neonatal Netw. 1999 September; 18(6): 25-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690096
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Nonimmune hydrops fetalis: fetal and neonatal outcome during 1983-1992. Author(s): Wafelman LS, Pollock BH, Kreutzer J, Richards DS, Hutchison AA. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 1999; 75(2): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852356
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Nonimmune hydrops from fetomaternal hemorrhage treated with serial fetal intravascular transfusion. Author(s): Hartung J, Chaoui R, Bollmann R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 96(5 Pt 2): 844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11094236
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Noninvasive diagnosis of anemia in hydrops fetalis with the use of middle cerebral artery Doppler velocity. Author(s): Abdel-Fattah SA, Soothill PW, Carroll SG, Kyle PM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 December; 185(6): 1411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744917
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Observational study of effect of intrauterine transfusions on outcome of fetal hydrops after parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Fairley CK, Smoleniec JS, Caul OE, Miller E. Source: Lancet. 1995 November 18; 346(8986): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7475774
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Old theme and new reflections: hearing impairment associated with endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Horner KC. Source: Hearing Research. 1991 March; 52(1): 147-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061203
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Ontogeny of the fetal immune system: study on pregnancies with Rhisoimmunization and nonimmune fetal hydrops. Author(s): Noia G, Romano D, De Santis M, Gozzo ML, Colacicco L, Mariorenzi S, Straface G, Rumi C, Caruso A, Mancuso S. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 1999 January; 90(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9884359
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Optic hydrops: isolated nerve sheath dilation demonstrated by CT. Author(s): Jinkins JR. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1987 September-October; 8(5): 86770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3118680
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Osteopenia, abnormal dentition, hydrops fetalis and communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): MacDermot KD, Buckley B, Van Someren V. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1995 October; 48(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8591675
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Osteopenia, abnormal dentition, hydrops fetalis and communicating hydrocephalus: unusual early clinical signs in Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Author(s): Fryns JP. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1996 August; 50(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8937775
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Otosclerosis and endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Liston SL, Paparella MM, Mancini F, Anderson JH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1984 August; 94(8): 1003-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6748826
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Outcome of infants with a diagnosis of hydrops fetalis in the 1990s. Author(s): Wy CA, Sajous CH, Loberiza F, Weiss MG. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1999; 16(10): 561-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10874994
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Outcome of non-immune hydrops fetalis and a fetus with hydrothorax and/or ascites: with some trials of intrauterine treatment. Author(s): Negishi H, Yamada H, Okuyama K, Sagawa T, Makinoda S, Fujimoto S. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1997; 25(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085206
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Outcome of nonimmune hydrops fetalis diagnosed during the first half of pregnancy. Author(s): Iskaros J, Jauniaux E, Rodeck C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 September; 90(3): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9277637
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Parvovirus B19 in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Rogers BB, Over CE. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 February; 30(2): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029458
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Parvovirus infects cardiac myocytes in hydrops fetalis. Author(s): O'Malley A, Barry-Kinsella C, Hughes C, Kelehan P, Devaney D, Mooney E, Gillan J. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 2003 September-October; 6(5): 414-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708734
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Pathologic quiz case: a 5-day-old boy with hydrops fetalis. Mucolipidoses I (Sialidosis III). Author(s): Godra A, Kim DU, D'Cruz C. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 August; 127(8): 1051-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873188
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Pearson's syndrome: a rare cause of non-immune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Li CH, Lam CW, Lee CW, Kwong NS, Szeto SC. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 December; 116(12): 1952-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986619
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Penetrating keratoplasty with a valved glaucoma drainage implant for congenital glaucoma and corneal scarring secondary to hydrops. Author(s): Zacharia PT, Harrison DA, Wheeler DT. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1998 April; 29(4): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9571665
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Pericardial teratoma complicated by hydrops: successful fetal therapy by thoracoamniotic shunting. Author(s): Grebille AG, Mitanchez D, Benachi A, Aubry MC, Houfflin-Debarge V, Vouhe P, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 September; 23(9): 735-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975784
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Post-traumatic hydrops. Author(s): DiBiase P, Arriaga MA. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1997 December; 30(6): 1117-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9386247
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Prenatal diagnosis of parvovirus B19-induced hydrops fetalis by chemiluminescence in situ hybridization. Author(s): Musiani M, Pasini P, Zerbini M, Gentilomi G, Roda A, Gallinella G, Manaresi E, Venturoli S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 July; 37(7): 2326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364606
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Pseudotumour cerebri and optic hydrops--magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic and therapeutical considerations in a paediatric case. Author(s): Hutzelmann A, Buhl R, Freund M. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1998 September; 28(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788014
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Pulmonary sequestration presenting as fetal hydrops. Author(s): Correa-Rivas MS, Ferra OS. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2003 June; 22(2): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866144
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Quantitative analysis of cardiac function in non-immunological hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Chiba Y, Kobayashi H, Kanzaki T, Murakami M. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1990; 5(3-4): 175-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2130843
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Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of homozygous alpha-thalassaemia (Hb Barts hydrops fetalis). Author(s): Chan V, Yip B, Lam YH, Tse HY, Wong HS, Chan TK. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 November; 115(2): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703333
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Quantitative study of Scarpa's ganglion and vestibular sense organs in endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Richter E. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1981 March-April; 90(2 Pt 1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6971592
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Rapid development of hydrops fetalis in the donor twin following death of the recipient twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Author(s): Ries M, Beinder E, Gruner C, Zenker M. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1999; 27(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343936
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Recurrent nonimmune hydrops fetalis associated with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome. Author(s): de Koning TJ, Toet M, Dorland L, de Vries LS, van den Berg IE, Duran M, Poll-The BT. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1998 August; 21(6): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762608
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Resolution of fetal tachycardia and hydrops by a single adenosine administration. Author(s): Hubinont C, Debauche C, Bernard P, Sluysmans T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 92(4 Pt 2): 718. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764685
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Resolution of human parvovirus B19-induced nonimmune hydrops after intrauterine transfusion. Author(s): Odibo AO, Campbell WA, Feldman D, Ling PY, Leo MV, Borgida AF, Rodis JF. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1998 September; 17(9): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733171
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Resolution of hydrops fetalis despite persistent fetal tachycardia. Author(s): Silver LE, Platt LD, Santulli TV Jr, Carlson DE. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2001 October; 20(10): 1141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587022
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Resolution of hydrops fetalis in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation after prenatal steroid therapy. Author(s): Tsao K, Hawgood S, Vu L, Hirose S, Sydorak R, Albanese CT, Farmer DL, Harrison MR, Lee H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 508-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632377
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Resolution of non-immune hydrops in Noonan syndrome with favorable outcome. Author(s): Witters I, Spitz B, Van Hole C, Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Verbek K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 July 15; 110(4): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116221
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Retrospective analysis of 17 liveborn neonates with hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Liu CA, Huang HC, Chou YY. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 December; 25(12): 826-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635839
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Reversible fetal hydrops associated with indomethacin use. Author(s): Pratt L, Digiosia J, Swenson JN, Trampe B, Martin CB Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 2): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770593
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Role of amiodarone in the treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Khositseth A, Ramin KD, O'Leary PW, Porter CJ. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 September-October; 24(5): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627312
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Second-trimester maternal serum inhibin A levels in fetal trisomy 18 and Turner syndrome with and without hydrops. Author(s): Lambert-Messerlian GM, Saller DN Jr, Tumber MB, French CA, Peterson CJ, Canick JA. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 October; 18(10): 1061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9826898
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Second-trimester maternal serum progesterone levels in Turner syndrome with and without hydrops and in trisomy 18. Author(s): Lambert-Messerlian GM, Saller DN Jr, Tumber MB, French CA, Peterson CJ, Canick JA. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 May; 19(5): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10360519
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Severe nonimmune hydrops fetalis and congenital corneal opacification secondary to human parvovirus B19 infection. A case report. Author(s): Plachouras N, Stefanidis K, Andronikou S, Lolis D. Source: J Reprod Med. 1999 April; 44(4): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10319311
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Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome presenting with persisting nuchal oedema and nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Maymon R, Ogle RF, Chitty LS. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 February; 19(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215064
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Spontaneous bilateral corneal perforation of acute hydrops in keratoconus. Author(s): Dantas PE, Nishiwaki-Dantas MC. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2004 January; 30(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722468
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Spontaneous corneal hydrops and perforation in both eyes of a patient with pellucid marginal degeneration. Author(s): Jeng BH, Aldave AJ, McLeod SD. Source: Cornea. 2003 October; 22(7): 705-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14508268
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Spontaneous resolution of nonimmune hydrops in a fetus with a cystic adenomatoid malformation. Author(s): Higby K, Melendez BA, Heiman HS. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1998 July-August; 18(4): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730204
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Successful management of fetal hydrops due to congenitally complete atrioventricular block. Author(s): Sivarajah J, Huggon IC, Rosenthal E. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2003 August; 13(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694963
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Successful prenatal digoxin therapy for Ebstein's anomaly with hydrops fetalis. A case report. Author(s): Hsieh YY, Lee CC, Chang CC, Tsai HD, Yeh LS, Tsai CH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 August; 43(8): 710-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9749427
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Survival of a preterm neonate with late onset hydrops fetalis due to parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): McNamara PJ, Ramanan R. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1998 October; 87(10): 1088-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825979
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The incidence of, and factors leading to, parvovirus B19-related hydrops fetalis following maternal infection; report of 10 cases and meta-analysis. Author(s): Yaegashi N, Niinuma T, Chisaka H, Watanabe T, Uehara S, Okamura K, Moffatt S, Sugamura K, Yajima A. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 July; 37(1): 28-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733374
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The severity of immune fetal hydrops is predictive of fetal outcome after intrauterine treatment. Author(s): van Kamp IL, Klumper FJ, Bakkum RS, Oepkes D, Meerman RH, Scherjon SA, Kanhai HH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568796
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The spontaneous reversal of pre-eclampsia associated with parvovirus-induced hydrops and the placental theory of pre-eclampsia: a case report. Author(s): Zaki M, Greenwood C, Redman CW. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 December; 110(12): 1125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14664886
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Thoracoamniotic shunting for treatment of fetal bilateral hydrothorax with hydrops. Author(s): Chao AS, Chung CL, Cheng PJ, Lien R, Soong YK. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1998 September; 97(9): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9795535
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Three cases of cochleosaccular endolymphatic hydrops without vertigo revealed by furosemide-loading vestibular evoked myogenic potential test. Author(s): Seo T, Node M, Miyamoto A, Yukimasa A, Terada T, Sakagami M. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 September; 24(5): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501460
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Transient hydrops fetalis of the donor fetus in twin-twin transfusion syndrome after therapeutic amnioreduction. Author(s): Morine M, Maeda K, Higashino K, Miura N, Kinoshita T, Endo S, Irahara M. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 22(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905515
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Treatment of hemoglobin Bart's hydrops with bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Chik KW, Shing MM, Li CK, Leung TF, Tsang KS, Yuen HL, Cheng SB, Yuen PM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 June; 132(6): 1039-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627601
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Treatment of severe fetal chylothorax associated with pronounced hydrops with intrapleural injection of OK-432. Author(s): Jorgensen C, Brocks V, Bang J, Jorgensen FS, Ronsbro L. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 21(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528165
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Two cases of atrial flutter with fetal hydrops: successful fetal drug therapy. Author(s): Won HS, Lee IS, Yoo HK, Yoo SJ, Ko JK, Lee PR, Kim A, Mok JE. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1998 December; 13(6): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886180
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Type 2 Gaucher disease with hydrops fetalis in an Ashkenazi Jewish family resulting from a novel recombinant allele and a rare splice junction mutation in the glucocerebrosidase locus. Author(s): Reissner K, Tayebi N, Stubblefield BK, Koprivica V, Blitzer M, Holleran W, Cowan T, Almashanu S, Maddalena A, Karson EM, Sidransky E. Source: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 1998 April; 63(4): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9635296
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Ultrasound as an aid in the diagnosis of hydrops of the gallbladder. Author(s): Chandnani PC, Chhabria PB, Perrill CV, Grisoni E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 March 7; 237(10): 996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576256
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Ultrasound biomicroscopy of corneal hydrops in Terrien's marginal degeneration. Author(s): Berrocal AM, Chen PC, Soukiasian SH. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2002 May-June; 33(3): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027103
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Ultrasound placental cysts associated with massive placental stem villous hydrops, diploid DNA content, and exomphalos. Author(s): Pridmore BR, Khong TY, Wells WA. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1994 January; 11(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8155201
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Ultrasound recognition and treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops: a case report. Author(s): Chang CL, Chao AS, Wu CD, Lien R, Cheng PJ. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998 June; 21(2): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9729659
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Ultrastructure of keratoconus with healed hydrops. Author(s): Stone DL, Kenyon KR, Stark WJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1976 September; 82(3): 450-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=961796
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Umbilical pressure measurement in the evaluation of nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Weiner CP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 March; 168(3 Pt 1): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8456887
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Unilateral endolymphatic hydrops and associated abnormalities. Author(s): Sando I, Holinger LD, Balkany T, Wood RP II. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1976 May-June; 85(3 Pt 1): 368-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=937962
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Unilateral endolymphatic hydrops: what about the contralateral ear? Author(s): Salvinelli F, Trivelli M, Greco F, Casale M, Miele A, Lamanna F, Pallini R. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2002; 123(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360725
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Unusual electrocardiogram findings in a preterm infant after fetal tachycardia with hydrops fetalis treated with flecainide. Author(s): Trotter A, Kaestner M, Pohlandt F, Lang D. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2000 May-June; 21(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10818187
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Use of electrocochleography for assessing endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Lyme disease and Meniere's disease. Author(s): Selmani Z, Pyykko I, Ishizaki H, Ashammakhi N. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 March; 122(2): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936909
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Value of autopsy in nonimmune hydrops fetalis: series of 51 stillborn fetuses. Author(s): Rodriguez MM, Chaves F, Romaguera RL, Ferrer PL, de la Guardia C, Bruce JH. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 2002 July-August; 5(4): 365-74. Epub 2002 May 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12016530
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Varicella vaccination during early pregnancy: a cause of in utero miliary fetal tissue calcifications and hydrops? Author(s): Apuzzio J, Ganesh V, Iffy L, Al-Khan A. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(3): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625972
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Venous Doppler ultrasonography in the fetus with nonimmune hydrops. Author(s): Gudmundsson S, Huhta JC, Wood DC, Tulzer G, Cohen AW, Weiner S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 January; 164(1 Pt 1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1986621
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Ventilatory management casebook. Resuscitation in hydrops fetalis. Author(s): Goldsmith JP, Chen C. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1991 September; 11(3): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1919831
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Verification of a new test of endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Thornton AR, Farrell G, Phillips AJ, Haacke NP, Rhys-Williams S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1989 December; 103(12): 1136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614230
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Vestibular aqueduct in Meniere's disease and non-Meniere's disease with endolymphatic hydrops: a computer aided volumetric study. Author(s): Masutani H, Takahashi H, Sando I, Sato H. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1991; 18(4): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1820744
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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Young YH, Huang TW, Cheng PW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 September; 112(9): 1623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352676
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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Ohki M, Matsuzaki M, Sugasawa K, Murofushi T. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2002 November-December; 64(6): 424-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499767
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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with contralateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Ohki M, Matsuzaki M, Sugasawa K, Murofushi T. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 January; 259(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954921
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Viral theory for Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops: overview and new therapeutic options for viral labyrinthitis. Author(s): Arenberg IK, Lemke C, Shambaugh GE Jr. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 December 29; 830: 306-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9616689
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Yellow nail syndrome presenting as non-immune hydrops: second case report. Author(s): Slee J, Nelson J, Dickinson J, Kendall P, Halbert A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 July 3; 93(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861674
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hydrops.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrops The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hydrops” (or a synonym): •
Effect of endolymphatic hydrops on capsaicin-evoked increase in cochlear blood flow. Author(s): Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0506, USA. Source: Vass, Z Brechtelsbauer, B Nuttall, A L Miller, J M Acta-Otolaryngol. 1995 November; 115(6): 754-8 0001-6489
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Failure of forskolin to elevate the endocochlear potential in experimental endolymphatic hydrops of the guinea pig. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Japan. Source: Kitano, I Mori, N Nario, K Umemoto, M Sakagami, M Fukazawa, K Matsunaga, T Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1998; 5339-11 0365-5237
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Intrauterine hypercalcaemia and non-immune hydrops fetalis--relationship to the Williams syndrome. Author(s): King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: Westgren, M Eastham, W N Ghandourah, S Woodhouse, N Prenat-Diagn. 1988 June; 8(5): 333-7 0197-3851
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Milwaukee shoulder with massive bilateral cysts: effective therapy for hydrops of the shoulder. Author(s): Harry S Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65201, USA. Source: Patel, K J Weidensaul, D Palma, C Ryan, L M Walker, S E J-Rheumatol. 1997 December; 24(12): 2479-83 0315-162X
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Reversal of foetal hydrops and foetal tachyarrhythmia associated with maternal diabetic coma. Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Universita di Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Greco, P Vimercati, A Giorgino, F Loverro, G Selvaggi, L Eur-J-Obstet-GynecolReprod-Biol. 2000 November; 93(1): 33-5 0301-2115
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Steroid therapy for hydrops associated with antibody-mediated congenital heart block. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7570. Source: Watson, W J Katz, V L Am-J-Obstet-Gynecol. 1991 September; 165(3): 553-4 00029378
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
Nutrition
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hydrops. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hydrops and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hydrops: •
(-)-Epiafzelechin: cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory agent from aerial parts of Celastrus orbiculatus. Author(s): Min KR, Hwang BY, Lim HS, Kang BS, Oh GJ, Lee J, Kang SH, Lee KS, Ro JS, Kim Y. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 June; 65(5): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418338
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30 cases of intractable renal edema treated by removing blood stasis and promoting diuresis. Author(s): Ren C, Zhu P. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 June; 17(2): 99-102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437175
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3-Geranyl-4-hydroxy-5-(3'-methyl-2'-butenyl)benzoic acid as an anti-inflammatory compound from Myrsine seguinii. Author(s): Dong M, Nagaoka M, Miyazaki S, Iriye R, Hirota M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1999 September; 63(9): 1650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10540754
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A case study of simultaneous recovery from multiple physical symptoms with medical qigong therapy. Author(s): Chen KW, Turner FD. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2004 February; 10(1): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025889
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A comparative study of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium subcoriaceum and linarin isolated from Buddleia cordata. Author(s): Martinez-Vazquez M, Ramirez Apan TO, Lastra AL, Bye R. Source: Planta Medica. 1998 March; 64(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9525105
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A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, affords exceptionally high protection against tumor promotion in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Author(s): Lahiri-Chatterjee M, Katiyar SK, Mohan RR, Agarwal R. Source: Cancer Research. 1999 February 1; 59(3): 622-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973210
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A glycosyl analogue of diacylglycerol and other antiinflammatory constituents from Inula viscosa. Author(s): Manez S, Recio MC, Gil I, Gomez C, Giner RM, Waterman PG, Rios JL. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 April; 62(4): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10217718
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A nanometer lipid emulsion, lipid nano-sphere (LNS), as a parenteral drug carrier for passive drug targeting. Author(s): Seki J, Sonoke S, Saheki A, Fukui H, Sasaki H, Mayumi T. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2004 April 1; 273(1-2): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010132
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A new anti-oedematogenic nor-pregnane derivative isolated from Mandevilla illustris. Author(s): Niero R, Alves RV, Filho VC, Calixto JB, Hawkes JE, Sant'Ana AE, Yunes RA. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 September; 68(9): 850-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357405
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A novel long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, beta-Oxa 21:3n-3, inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and carrageenan-induced paw reaction and selectively targets intracellular signals. Author(s): Costabile M, Hii CS, Robinson BS, Rathjen DA, Pitt M, Easton C, Miller RC, Poulos A, Murray AW, Ferrante A. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 October 1; 167(7): 3980-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564817
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A pharmacological study of Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol aqueous extract. Author(s): Perez-Guerrero C, Herrera MD, Ortiz R, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Fernandez MA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 August; 76(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448550
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A phase II study of docetaxel in patients with paclitaxel-resistant metastatic breast cancer. Author(s): Valero V, Jones SE, Von Hoff DD, Booser DJ, Mennel RG, Ravdin PM, Holmes FA, Rahman Z, Schottstaedt MW, Erban JK, Esparza-Guerra L, Earhart RH, Hortobagyi GN, Burris HA 3rd. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 October; 16(10): 3362-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779713
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A pilot evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Culcasia scandens, a traditional antirheumatic agent. Author(s): Okoli CO, Akah PA. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 October; 6(5): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11059504
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A preliminary study on the anti-inflammatory properties of Emilia sonchifolia leaf extracts. Author(s): Muko KN, Ohiri FC. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 February; 71(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11449473
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A randomised controlled trial of micronised purified flavonoid fraction vs placebo in patients with chronic venous disease. Author(s): Danielsson G, Jungbeck C, Peterson K, Norgren L. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002 January; 23(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748952
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A simple method for measuring severely reduced glomerular filtration rate. Author(s): White AJ, Rachalewska M, Venkannagari RR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 2000 September; 28(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11001500
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Abdominal rhabdoid tumor presenting as fetal hydrops: a case report. Author(s): Castellino SM, Powers R, Kalwinsky D, DeVoe M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 May; 23(4): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846311
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Changes in CAP adaptation in experimentally induced endolymphatic hydrops. Author(s): Kinoshita H, Ochi K, Sugiura N, Kenmochi M, Nishino H, Ohashi T. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30 Suppl: S19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543155
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Diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops by low-frequency masking. Author(s): Mrowinski D, Scholz G, Krompass S, Nubel K. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 1996 March-April; 1(2): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9390796
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Low-frequency masking for detection of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with glaucoma. Author(s): Kabudwand EA, Nubel K, Gerdemann M, Scholz G, Mrowinski D. Source: Hearing Research. 1998 February; 116(1-2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9508036
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to hydrops; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDROPS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hydrops” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hydrops, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Hydrops As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hydrops:
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Apparatus and method for displacing the partition between the middle ear and the inner ear using a manually powered device Inventor(s): Hissong, James B.; (Jacksonville, FL) Correspondence: Epstein, Edell, Shapiro, Finnan & Lytle, Llc; Suite 400; 1901 Research Boulevard; Rockville; MD; 20850; US Patent Application Number: 20030220585 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: Apparatus and method for treating a disease or condition of the ear, such as Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops, includes a manual device operable by hand to pressurize air and pressure transmitting arrangement for delivering the pressurized air to the middle ear, preferably in pulses, to displace the partition between the middle ear and the inner ear to influence fluid in the inner ear. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to apparatus and methods for influencing the fluid system of the inner ear for treating the symptoms of Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops and, more particularly, to use of a manually powered device to deliver pressurized air to the middle ear to displace the partition between the middle ear and inner ear of the human ear. Meniere's disease is a chronic disease from which millions of people suffer. The origin of Meniere's disease is believed to be an imbalance in the hydrodynamic system of the inner ear, described as endolymphatic hydrops. In addition to the severity of the symptoms of Meniere's disease, which include fluctuating hearing loss, fluctuating tinnitus, fluctuating sense of fullness in the ear and fluctuating vertigo, the unpredictable onset of the symptoms creates a major handicap for sufferers of Meniere's disease. The symptoms of Meniere's disease are believed to be caused by endolymphatic hydrops, an excessive buildup of endolymphatic fluid in the cochlea. Meniere's disease is typically characterized by varying degrees of four classic symptoms: 1) fluctuating hearing loss, the extent of which increases over time; 2) fluctuating tinnitus, causing various sounds, described as whining, roaring or other sounds; 3) fluctuating sense of fullness, or a "plugged ear" sensation similar to a sensation one experiences upon descending from a mountain and being unable to clear or equalize the pressure in one's ear; and 4) fluctuating vertigo, or dizziness that can range from mild to severe. As used herein, the terms "symptoms of Meniere's disease" means some or all of the above symptoms in that the method and apparatus of the present invention can provide treatment for any of the above symptoms, individually or together, which are caused by endolymphatic hydrops. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hydrops, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hydrops.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hydrops. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HYDROPS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hydrops. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hydrops include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hydrops: •
Inner Ear Surgeries: Meant to Control Vertigo-Disequilibrium Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). 1996. 36 p. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $10.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number B-5. Summary: This document from the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA) describes inner ear surgeries used to control vertigo or disequilibrium. The author stresses that most individuals who develop vestibular problems will never need to consider surgical treatment. The majority of those people will have either a spontaneous resolution of the symptoms or will respond satisfactorily to medical management such as dietary changes, vestibular rehabilitation, or medication. However, surgical procedures exist for many vestibular problems including acoustic neuroma, endolymphatic hydrops,
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Meniere's disease, vascular compression syndrome, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus (BPPN), cholesteatoma, perilymph fistula, and otosclerosis. The author notes that some of the procedures described in this document may also be meant to preserve or improve hearing; however, they have been included because of their intended control of vertigo or disequilibrium. Descriptions of surgical treatments include information about intended outcomes and possible bad outcomes. Procedures described include general surgery, such as mastoidectomy and tympanotomy; procedures for inner-ear problems, including labyrinthectomy, gentamicin ear treatment, vestibular nerve section, and PE (pneumatic equalization) tubes; procedures for problems other than Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops, including perilymph fistula repair, posterior canal partitioning, microvascular decompression, stapedectomy, acoustic neuroma removal, and cholesteatoma removal; procedures some times used for Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops, including endolymphatic sac decompression procedures and cochleosacculotomy; and procedures less often used for Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops, including sacculotomy (tack procedure or Cody tack), cryosurgery, ultrasound surgery (done in Sweden), and cochlear dialysis. 36 references.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Quaestio medica. praeside M. Joan. Franc. Clemente Morand. Vices gerente M. Simonis Vacher. An detur hydrops in quo humectantia, diluentiaque hydragogis praemittenda?. Author: Morand, Jean François Clément, 1726-1784; Year: 1768
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Role of the endolymphatic sac in the pathogenesis of endolymphatic hydrops in man, by I. Kaufman Arenberg, William F. Marovitz, and George E. Shambaugh, Jr. Author: Arenberg, I. Kaufman (Irving Kaufman), 1941-; Year: 1970
Chapters on Hydrops In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hydrops, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hydrops using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and 10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hydrops: •
Types of BPPV Source: in Hayback, P.J. BPPV: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 2000. p. 29-32. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $34.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261142. Summary: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear balance disorder characterized by sudden brief bouts of intense vertigo and nystagmus (rapid eyeball movements) induced by specific head movements. This chapter on the types of BPPV is from a book that was written for people who have or suspect they have BPPV and who want to know more about its nature, causes, diagnosis, and treatments as well as strategies for coping with its effects. This chapter notes that physicians sometimes classify BPPV by pattern, intensity, the canal (s) affected, and the involvement of one ear or both ears; some also categorize it by debris. BPPV can affect any of the three semicircular canals in either ear and can affect more than one canal simultaneously. BPPV can occur in only one ear or in both. The author notes that not all physicians agree on the existence of the different patterns and intensities of BPPV, particularly the persistent and extreme varieties. Many believe that if the symptoms are constant or nearly so, the disorder must be something other than BPPV. BPPV can occur with, or be caused by, other vestibular (balance system) disorders such as vestibular neuronitis, ototoxicity, perilymph fistula, Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and inner ear syphilis. BPPV accompanied by another vestibular problem will usually have many symptoms beyond those of unaccompanied BPPV. The author stresses that most cases of BPPV are self limiting, mild, unilateral (only on one side), and involve only the posterior canal; they are not difficult to diagnosis or treat. The book is published by the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA), a nonprofit organization that provides information and support to people with inner ear disorders. 7 references.
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Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Developmental Anomalies, and Pediatric Disorders of the Biliary Tract Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1019-1042. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: In this textbook chapter, the embryologic and anatomic characteristics of the bile ducts and gallbladders are reviewed with a focus on information that is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract disease and in understanding of the anomalies and congenital malformations of these structures. The author then considers biliary tract disease in infants and children, because many of the disorders occurring early in life are caused by abnormal morphogenesis or adversely affect the process of development. The chapter is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include development of
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the liver and biliary tract; anatomy of the biliary tract and gallbladder; congenital anomalies of the extrahepatic ducts and of the gallbladder; disorders of the biliary tract in children; diseases of the bile ducts, including extrahepatic biliary atresia, spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct, bile plug syndrome, primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cysts, congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, paucity of the interlobular bile ducts, syndromic paucity of interlobular bile ducts (Alagille syndrome or arteriohepatic dysplasia), and the medical management of chronic cholestasis; and diseases of the gallbladder, including cholelithiasis, calculous cholecystitis, acute acalculous cholecystitis, and acute hydrops of the gallbladder. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 12 figures. 4 tables. 161 references. •
Balance and Other Vestibular Functions Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 33-42. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the physiology of balance and other vestibular functions. The author states that balance is so important to normal functioning that is should be regarded as the sixth sense. Vestibular function includes the collection, transmission, and reflex use of movement, gravity, and position information. The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, vestibulo-cochlear nerve, brain, and the vestibular reflexes are all involved. The author reviews the vestibular damage and changes that can occur in endolymphatic hydrops, including utricular and saccular enlargement, ruptured semicircular canal walls (the membranous labyrinth), abnormal collections of blood, hair cell disintegration, lifting of the otolithic membrane, and chemical environment changes. 1 figure. 1 table. 17 references.
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Medical and Surgical Evaluation and Management of Tinnitus Source: in Tyler, R.S., ed. Tinnitus Handbook. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2000. p. 221-241. Contact: Available from Singular-Thomson Learning. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 477-3692. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939220. Summary: This chapter is from an audiology textbook that offers clinicians and recent graduates information on tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears). In the chapter, the authors focus on the medical evaluation of tinnitus patients, including both radiological (x ray) and laboratory testing, as well as medical and surgical management. The authors stress that often treatment of the underlying pathological condition, or withdrawal from the offending medication (many drugs have tinnitus as a side effect) will alleviate the symptom of tinnitus. Topics include the importance of obtaining an adequate patient history, the physical examination of the patient, diagnostic classification, laboratory evaluation, and diseases and disorders associated with tinnitus, including: endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere's disease), cerebellopontine angle tumors, temporomandibular joint syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, myoclonus, vascular
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abnormalities, arteriovenous malformations and fistulae, carotid artery abnormality, skull base neoplasms (growths, including cancer), benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), and systemic disease. The authors conclude that for many patients, reassurance that there are no underlying tumors or impeding medical emergencies can reduce their anxiety and symptoms of tinnitus. However, the authors reiterate that a thorough medical evaluation must accompany the management of tinnitus, as underlying medical etiologies (causes)of tinnitus may go undiagnosed for years with increased morbidity for the patient. 9 figures. 116 references. •
Common Neurotological Disorders Source: in Baloh, R.W. Dizziness, Hearing Loss, and Tinnitus. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. 1998. p. 139-198. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. Business Office, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556 or (919) 677-0977. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter on common neurotological disorders is from a textbook that presents a concise approach to evaluating patients with dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus. The first section outlines infections of the ear and temporal bone, including acute otitis media, chronic otomastoiditis, malignant external otitis, intracranial complications of otitic infection, toxic (serous) labyrinthitis, viral neurolabyrinthitis, herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome), and syphilitis labyrinthitis. The next section considers vascular disorders, including labyrinthine ischemia and infarction, labyrinthine hemorrhage, vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks, lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome), lateral pontomedullary infarction, cerebellar infarction, and cerebellar hemorrhage. Additional topics covered include benign positional vertigo (canalithiasis), Meniere's disease (endolymphatic hydrops), autoimmune inner ear disease, migraine (benign recurrent vertigo), tumors, trauma (otitic barotrauma, perilymph fistula, labyrinthine concussion, and noise-induced hearing loss), ototoxicity, otosclerosis, aging (presbycusis and disequilibrium of aging), developmental disorders (maldevelopment of the inner ear, and Chiari malformation), and multiple sclerosis. For each condition, the author summarizes the symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and management strategies. Numerous tables and flowcharts guide the reader through the diagnostic workup. Important points are highlighted and presented in the margins of the text. 29 figures. 2 tables. 133 references.
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Meniere's Disease: Diagnosis and Management Source: in Sharpe, J.A. and Barber, H.O., eds. Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Vertigo. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd. 1993. p. 375-384. Contact: Available from Raven Press, Ltd. 1185 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. (800) 77-RAVEN or (212) 930-9500. PRICE: $115.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0881679550. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on the vestibulo-ocular reflex, otolithic and otolith-ocular function, presents an overview of the diagnosis and management of Meniere's disease (idiopathic hydrops). The book is directed to vestibular physiologists, otologists, neurologists, and internists actively engaged in treating patients with dizziness and balance disturbance and to therapists providing exercise programs for vestibular rehabilitation. The authors discuss the epidemiology of Meniere's; its clinical features, including vertigo and hearing loss; the clinical course of Meniere's disease; the bilaterality of Meniere's disease; differential diagnosis; pathogenesis; and treatment
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options, including preventive, treatment of the vertiginous attack, surgical treatment, and chemical ablation. The authors stress the value of an effective patient-physician relationship featuring the sympathetic care of the patient, not only the patient's symptoms, with Meniere's disease. 1 figure. 84 references.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hydrops. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hydrops is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hydrops” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hydrops: •
Goodbye Gallstones Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 020195A. Summary: More than one million people will discover they have gallstones this year, and most will be women. Not all gallstones cause problems, but when they do, a variety of treatments are available. This videotape is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Mary Lee and featuring Dr. Eberhard Mack, the common symptoms, diagnosis, and management of gallstones are covered. Dr. Mack introduces the function of the gallbladder as a storage bag for bile, which is a 'detergent' produced
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by the liver that is used for digestion. Dr. Mack shows an illustration of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, including the gallbladder, and describes where gallstones tend to form. Dr. Mack then shows actual gallstones, one a cholesterol stone, one a black pigment stone, and describes how gallstones form and the speed of growth of different types of stones. Risk factors for gallstones include being gender, being over 40, having a fair complexion (genetics), having a familial tendency, losing weight rapidly, and giving birth to many children. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, sometimes accompanied by nausea or vomiting. The pain is usually one to two hours in duration, as the gallstone passes. Some people have gallstones that are asymptomatic. Diagnostic considerations include patient history, abdominal film (xray), ultrasound, and cardiovascular testing (to rule out cardiovascular disease). Dr. Mack reviews the complications of gallstones, including gallstone pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis (infection of the gallbladder), hydrops, and jaundice. The program concludes by describing the use of open cholecystectomy, using a mini incision technique, and the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Dr. Mack demonstrates the instruments used for the latter technique. The program concludes by referring viewers to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hydrops.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hydrops is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hydrops. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hydrops” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hydrops: •
Features of parvovirus B19- related hydrops fetalis after maternal infection elucidated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 07, 1998
•
Low Risk Of Fetal Hydrops In Parvovirus-Infected Pregnant Women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 26, 1998
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hydrops” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hydrops, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hydrops” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on hydrops: •
Vestibular Injury: Compensation, Decompensation, and Failure to Compensate Source: On the Level. 17(1): 2-3. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. Summary: The balance system of the inner ear and brain can be damaged in many ways. Viral infections (labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis), disorders that affect the fluid levels in the inner ear (Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops), trauma from head injury, benign tumors (acoustic neuroma), and degeneration of the balance organ cells with aging can all cause permanent damage to the balance organ or balance nerve. This newsletter article explores the compensation and decompensation processes involved with vestibular injury. The author notes that when the balance system is damaged, it has little ability to repair itself. The body recovers from the injury by having the part of the brain that controls balance recalibrate itself to compensate for the unmatched signals being sent from the damaged and well ears. This compensation process occurs naturally in most people. Some patients require help from vestibular rehabilitation therapy in order to recover from an injury to the balance system. The author explores acute and chronic compensation, decompensation, and failure to compensate. The author also describes the types of treatment options available for people with balance disorders.
•
Temporal Bone Database: A Resource for All Researchers Source: Registry. 2(2): 7. December 1994. Contact: Registry: Newsletter of the NIDCD National Temporal Bone, Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry. 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114-3096. Summary: This brief article describes the Temporal Bone Database, a database that contains records from 6,154 cases (over 12,000 specimens) from eighteen U.S. temporal bone laboratories and collections. The database provides access to demographic, histopathologic, and when available, processing and historical information on the cataloged specimens. The article includes a table that lists the number of specimens in the database for several common and rare otologic disorders, including acoustic neuroma, acoustic trauma, Alport's syndrome, cochlear implant, Cogan's syndrome, chronic otitis media, cupulolithiasis (BPV), endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere's), glomus tumors, labyrinthitis, Mondini anomaly, otosclerosis, ototoxicity, Paget's disease, presbycusis, and temporal bone fracture. The toll-free database search number is also included.
Academic Periodicals covering Hydrops Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hydrops. In addition to these
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sources, you can search for articles covering hydrops that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 24790 369 208 11 87 25465
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “hydrops” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hydrops can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hydrops. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hydrops. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hydrops”:
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Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Meniere's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menieresdisease.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hydrops. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Endolymphatic Hydrops Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1991. 2 p. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling. Order number F-2. Summary: This fact sheet from the Vestibular Disorders Association presents information on coping with endolymphatic hydrops. Topics covered include the anatomy of the inner ear and vestibular system; the symptoms and causes of endolymphatic hydrops; managing the symptoms, including the need for adequate fluid intake; drug side effects that may have an impact on endolymphatic hydrops; drug therapy to manage the disease; and coping with dizziness. The fact sheet concludes with a reminder that learning to cope with a chronic illness takes time and patience.
•
Hydrops and Meniere's Diet Suggestions Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling. Order number S-11.
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Summary: This fact sheet suggests dietary guidelines that may help people cope with hydrops and Meniere's disease. Topics include how dietary factors can affect dizziness; using diet therapy to avoid secondary fluctuations in inner ear fluid; and considering the effects of drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, and over-the-counter medications. Specific suggestions for daily dietary strategies are provided. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hydrops. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hydrops. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hydrops. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hydrops. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hydrops” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hydrops”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hydrops” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
101
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
103
HYDROPS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acoustic Maculae: Thickened areas of the saccule and utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the
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complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-Thalassemia: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]
Dictionary 105
Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anemic: Hypoxia due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by
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contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with
Dictionary 107
cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation. [NIH]
Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Audiometry: The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds, and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH]
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Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Basilar Membrane: A membrane that stretches from the spiral lamina to the basilar crest consisting of an inner and an outer part. The inner part supports the spiral organ of Corti. [NIH]
Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]
Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH]
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Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Sequestration: A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome: An inborn error of carbohydrate
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metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomegaly: Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellopontine: Going from the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for
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coordinating movement) to the pons (part of the central nervous system located near the base of the brain.) [NIH] Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Choledochal Cyst: A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant. [NIH] Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chorionic Villi: The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH]
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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Duct: Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector
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not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival
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hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]
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Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]
Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH]
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Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]
Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Down syndrome: A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH]
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Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echography: Ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endolymph: The fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH]
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Endolymphatic Duct: Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth. [NIH] Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equalization: The reduction of frequency and/or phase distortion, or modification of gain and or phase versus frequency characteristics of a transducer, by the use of attenuation circuits whose loss or delay is a function of frequency. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Transfusion: The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of
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energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetal Death: Death of the young developing in utero. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, flecainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored
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in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
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[NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH]
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Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition
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may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of
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psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incontinentia Pigmenti: A genodermatosis occurring mostly in females and characterized by skin changes in three phases - vesiculobullous, verrucous papillomatous, and macular melanodermic. Hyperpigmentation is bizarre and irregular. Sixty percent of patients have abnormalities of eyes, teeth, central nervous system, and skin appendages. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous
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energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Hypotension: A condition in which there is a diminution or loss of muscular tonicity, in consequence of which the muscles may be stretched beyond their normal limits. [NIH]
Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intrahepatic bile ducts: The bile ducts that pass through and drain bile from the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These
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may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]
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Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]
Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU]
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Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]
Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH]
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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome: An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities. [NIH]
Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU]
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Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurogenic Inflammation: Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel
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across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oligohydramnios: Presence of less than 300 ml of amniotic fluid at term. Principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tracts, intra-uterine growth retardation, high maternal blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and prolonged pregnancy. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU]
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Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Otolith: A complex calcareous concretion in the inner ear which controls man's sense of balance and reactions to acceleration. [NIH] Otolithic Membrane: A gelatinous membrane surmounting the acoustic maculae of the saccule and utricle and containing minute calciferous granules, known as otoconia, otoliths, or statoconia. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paracentesis: A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument. [NIH]
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Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU]
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Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH]
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Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and
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costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19-
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hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis,
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caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Rhabdoid tumor: A malignant tumor of either the central nervous system (CNS) or the
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kidney. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the CNS often have an abnormality of chromosome 22. These tumors usually occur in children younger than 2 years. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saccule: The smaller of the 2 sacs within the vestibule of the ear. [NIH] Saccule and Utricle: Two membranous sacs within the vestibule of the inner ear. The smaller, the saccule, lies near the opening of the scala vestibuli. The larger, the utricle, is in the superoposterior part of the vestibule. Both receive filaments from the vestibulocochlear nerve. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and
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opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Skull Base Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (skull neoplasms). [NIH] Skull Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
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Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]
Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spherocytes: Small, abnormal spherical red blood cells with more than the normal amount of hemoglobin. [NIH] Spherocytosis: A condition in which there are abnormally thick, almost spherical, red blood cells or spherocytes in the blood. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH]
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Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stria Vascularis: A layer of highly vascular pigmented granular cells on the outer wall of the cochlear duct. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subdural Effusion: Leakage and accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; intracranial hypotension; and other conditions. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions
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of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tachyarrhythmia: Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm. [EU]
Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also
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called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or
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animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Triploid: Pertaining to an organism with more than three chromosome sets in its vegetative cells. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH]
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Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]
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Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position. [NIH] Vestibular Neuronitis: That due to a lesion in the labyrinth or vestibule. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation
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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
151
INDEX A Abdomen, 38, 78, 103, 119, 127, 134, 135, 142, 143, 144 Abdominal, 64, 78, 103, 110, 133, 135, 146 Ablation, 76, 103 Abscess, 103, 141 Acoustic, 9, 71, 81, 103, 118, 133, 148 Acoustic Maculae, 103, 133 Actin, 103, 130, 131 Actinin, 11, 103, 118 Acuity, 103, 107 Acute renal, 103, 123 Adaptation, 64, 103 Adenine, 103 Adenosine, 48, 103, 104, 110, 135 Adenylate Cyclase, 103, 120 Adjustment, 103 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 115, 137 Adverse Effect, 103, 141 Aetiology, 32, 103 Affinity, 103, 104, 142 Age of Onset, 7, 104, 109 Agonist, 104, 132 Alertness, 104, 110 Algorithms, 104, 108 Alimentary, 104, 126, 134 Alkaline, 34, 104, 110, 135 Alkaline Phosphatase, 34, 104 Alkaloid, 104, 110, 132 Alpha-Thalassemia, 24, 33, 104 Alternative medicine, 80, 104 Alveoli, 104, 117 Amino acid, 104, 106, 122, 131, 134, 138, 141, 143, 146, 147 Amino Acid Sequence, 104, 106 Amiodarone, 49, 104 Ammonia, 104, 147 Amniocentesis, 21, 105 Amnion, 105 Amniotic Fluid, 16, 105, 121, 132 Ampulla, 105, 112 Anaemia, 14, 42, 105 Analgesic, 62, 105 Analogous, 7, 105, 146 Anaphylatoxins, 105, 114 Anatomical, 6, 8, 105, 107, 125, 140 Anemia, 4, 12, 16, 23, 28, 34, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 104, 105
Anemic, 10, 105 Aneuploidy, 35, 105 Aneurysm, 15, 105 Animal model, 6, 105 Anions, 105, 127 Annealing, 105, 136 Anomalies, 20, 73, 105 Antagonism, 105, 110 Anthrax, 92, 105 Antianginal, 104, 106 Antiarrhythmic, 24, 104, 106 Antibodies, 21, 106, 124, 128, 136 Antibody, 58, 104, 106, 113, 124, 125, 141, 142 Antigen, 104, 106, 114, 124, 125, 141 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 106, 114 Antihypertensive, 106, 120 Anti-inflammatory, 61, 62, 63, 106, 115, 125 Antioxidant, 62, 106, 141 Anxiety, 75, 106 Aorta, 106, 110, 148 Aponeurosis, 106, 121 Aqueous, 63, 106, 116, 118, 127 Arrhythmia, 106, 120 Arterial, 15, 106, 124, 138 Arteries, 106, 108, 109, 112, 115, 129, 130 Arterioles, 106, 109, 110, 129, 147 Arteriovenous, 37, 75, 106, 129 Artery, 6, 42, 75, 105, 106, 108, 109, 115, 118, 129 Ascites, 46, 106, 132 Asymptomatic, 25, 78, 106, 112, 120, 133 Ataxia, 106, 111, 123 Atrial, 52, 104, 107, 120, 144 Atrial Flutter, 52, 107 Atrioventricular, 23, 51, 107, 144 Atrioventricular Node, 107, 144 Atrium, 107, 144, 148 Atrophy, 12, 107 Attenuation, 107, 119 Atypical, 4, 107 Audiology, 42, 64, 74, 107 Audiometry, 3, 107 Auditory, 8, 107, 113, 122 Autodigestion, 107, 133 Autoimmune disease, 107, 130 Autopsy, 3, 54, 107
152
Hydrops
Axons, 107, 131 B Bacillus, 105, 107 Bacteria, 106, 107, 108, 118, 129, 146, 147 Bacterial Physiology, 103, 107 Bacteriophage, 107, 146 Bacterium, 107, 123 Barotrauma, 75, 107 Basal Ganglia, 107, 108, 109, 121 Basilar Artery, 6, 108 Basilar Membrane, 35, 108 Basophils, 108, 122, 127 Benign, 72, 73, 75, 81, 108, 109, 121, 122, 131, 140 Benign tumor, 81, 108 Benzoic Acid, 62, 108 Bilateral, 17, 18, 41, 50, 52, 58, 108, 134, 137, 139 Bile, 73, 77, 108, 116, 120, 126, 127, 137, 143 Bile Acids, 108, 143 Bile Acids and Salts, 108 Bile duct, 73, 108, 126, 137 Bile Pigments, 108, 127 Biliary, 73, 108, 112, 113, 133 Biliary Atresia, 74, 108 Biliary Tract, 73, 108, 133 Biochemical, 8, 10, 18, 108, 111, 141 Biological Transport, 108, 117 Biosynthesis, 108, 120 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 62, 72, 80, 87, 108 Bladder, 109, 125, 130, 147 Blastocyst, 109, 114, 135 Blood Coagulation, 109, 110, 111 Blood Coagulation Factors, 109, 111 Blood Flow Velocity, 24, 109 Blood Glucose, 109, 123 Blood Platelets, 109, 129, 141, 145 Blood pressure, 106, 109, 111, 124, 130, 132, 142 Blood transfusion, 10, 16, 109 Blood vessel, 6, 109, 111, 112, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 134, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147 Blot, 13, 19, 109 Body Fluids, 109, 110, 117, 142 Bone Conduction, 107, 109 Bone Marrow, 34, 52, 109, 113, 128, 129 Bone Marrow Cells, 109, 113, 129 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 34, 52, 109 Brachial, 109, 139 Brachial Artery, 109, 139 Brain Neoplasms, 109, 124, 143
Brain Stem, 109, 112, 113, 142, 146, 148 Bronchial, 110 Bronchopulmonary, 23, 110 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration, 23, 110 Buffers, 110, 142 Bypass, 5, 110 C Caffeine, 93, 110 Calcification, 15, 31, 110 Calcium, 6, 110, 114, 129 Cannula, 110, 133 Capillary, 110, 121, 147, 148 Capsaicin, 7, 58, 110 Capsules, 110, 121 Carbohydrate, 48, 110, 115, 121 Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome, 48, 110 Carbon Dioxide, 111, 121, 135 Carcinogenic, 111, 137, 143 Cardiac, 46, 48, 106, 110, 111, 116, 130, 143 Cardiomegaly, 37, 111 Cardiomyopathy, 42, 111 Cardiovascular, 13, 78, 111, 141 Cardiovascular Abnormalities, 13, 111 Cardiovascular disease, 78, 111 Cardiovascular System, 111 Case report, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 41, 50, 51, 53, 56, 64, 111 Cations, 111, 127 Caudal, 111, 136 Cell, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 43, 74, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 138, 139, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149 Cell Count, 12, 111 Cell membrane, 6, 108, 111, 126 Central Nervous System, 109, 110, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 136, 139, 141 Central Nervous System Infections, 111, 122, 124 Cerebellar, 7, 75, 107, 111, 113 Cerebellopontine, 74, 111, 112 Cerebellopontine Angle, 74, 112 Cerebellum, 109, 111, 112, 136 Cerebral, 42, 107, 108, 109, 112, 115, 120, 123, 129, 138, 141, 146 Cerebral Arteries, 108, 112, 129 Cerebrospinal, 112, 123, 141, 143 Cerebrospinal fluid, 112, 123, 141, 143 Cerebrovascular, 111, 112 Cerebrum, 112
153
Cervical, 19, 112, 130, 140 Chemotactic Factors, 112, 114 Cholecystectomy, 78, 112 Cholecystitis, 74, 78, 112 Choledochal Cyst, 74, 112 Cholelithiasis, 74, 112 Cholestasis, 74, 112 Cholesteatoma, 72, 112 Cholesterol, 78, 108, 112, 115, 143 Cholinergic, 112, 132 Chorion, 112 Chorionic Villi, 34, 112 Chromosomal, 20, 105, 112 Chromosome, 29, 105, 112, 117, 127, 130, 140, 146 Chromosome Abnormalities, 29, 112 Chronic, 12, 26, 34, 63, 68, 74, 75, 81, 92, 113, 114, 120, 125, 133, 138, 143, 146, 147 Chronic Disease, 68, 113 Chronic renal, 113, 120, 147 Cirrhosis, 113, 123 Clamp, 6, 113 Cleft Palate, 7, 113 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 87, 113 Cloning, 108, 113 Cochlea, 6, 8, 68, 113, 125, 142 Cochlear, 6, 8, 22, 24, 36, 58, 72, 74, 81, 113, 142, 143, 145, 148 Cochlear Diseases, 113, 145 Cochlear Duct, 113, 143 Cochlear Nerve, 74, 113, 142, 148 Cochlear Nucleus, 113, 148 Cofactor, 113, 138 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 113, 122 Common Bile Duct, 74, 112, 113, 116 Complement, 11, 105, 113, 114, 127 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 65, 114 Complementary medicine, 61, 114 Computational Biology, 87, 114 Conception, 114, 120, 143 Concomitant, 5, 114 Concretion, 114, 133 Conduction, 107, 114 Cone, 114, 127 Congestion, 5, 114, 119, 130 Conjugated, 108, 114 Conjunctiva, 114, 146 Conjunctivitis, 21, 114 Connective Tissue, 109, 115, 121, 128, 144 Consciousness, 105, 115, 138 Constriction, 115, 127, 138
Continuum, 43, 115 Contraindications, ii, 115 Contralateral, 54, 55, 115 Convulsions, 115, 118, 137 Coordination, 112, 115, 130 Cornea, 34, 38, 50, 115, 127 Coronary, 107, 111, 115, 129, 130 Coronary heart disease, 111, 115 Coronary Thrombosis, 115, 129, 130 Corpus, 115, 134, 137, 148 Corpus Luteum, 115, 137 Cortex, 107, 112, 113, 115, 120, 129 Corticosteroid, 115, 143 Cranial, 112, 113, 116, 122, 126, 128, 131, 135, 146, 148 Craniocerebral Trauma, 116, 122, 124, 143, 145 Cryosurgery, 72, 116 Curative, 116, 132, 144 Cutaneous, 106, 116 Cyclic, 103, 110, 116, 120 Cyst, 29, 116 Cystic Duct, 31, 113, 116 Cytokine, 63, 116 Cytomegalovirus, 16, 21, 37, 116 Cytoplasm, 108, 111, 116, 119, 130, 132 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 116, 118 D Deamination, 116, 147 Decidua, 116, 135 Decision Making, 4, 116 Decompensation, 81, 116 Decompression, 72, 116 Decompression Sickness, 116 Dehydration, 3, 117 Deletion, 32, 117 Denaturation, 11, 117, 136 Dendrites, 117, 131 Density, 7, 117, 132 Dentition, 45, 46, 117 Diabetes Mellitus, 117, 123 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 80, 117 Diffusion, 9, 108, 117, 126 Digestion, 78, 104, 108, 117, 127, 143 Dilation, 5, 45, 117, 123 Diploid, 53, 105, 117, 130, 136, 146 Direct, iii, 5, 8, 23, 24, 117, 139 Dissection, 4, 117 Diuresis, 61, 110, 117 Diuretic, 117, 120, 127 Dizziness, 68, 75, 92, 93, 117, 148 Docetaxel, 63, 117
154
Hydrops
Dorsal, 113, 117, 136 Dorsum, 117, 121 Down syndrome, 27, 117 Drive, ii, vi, 57, 73, 117, 126 Drug Interactions, 117 Duct, 105, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120, 140, 143 Duodenum, 108, 117, 143 Dysplasia, 31, 74, 117 Dyspnea, 116, 118 Dystrophin, 11, 118 Dystrophy, 12, 118 E Echography, 31, 118 Eclampsia, 51, 118, 137 Edema, 7, 61, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128, 130, 132, 137, 147 Effector, 113, 118 Efficacy, 118, 146 Effusion, 9, 10, 118 Electrocardiogram, 54, 118 Electrolyte, 8, 115, 118, 136, 142, 147 Electrons, 106, 118, 127, 133, 139 Embolus, 118, 125 Embryo, 105, 109, 118, 137 Emollient, 118, 121 Emulsion, 62, 118 Endolymph, 6, 8, 118 Endolymphatic Duct, 119 Endolymphatic Sac, 8, 21, 72, 119 Endothelium, 26, 119 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 119 Endothelium, Vascular, 119 Endotoxins, 114, 119 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 119 Enzymatic, 104, 110, 114, 119, 120, 136 Enzyme, 103, 104, 118, 119, 125, 136, 138, 144, 148 Eosinophils, 119, 122, 127 Epidemiological, 13, 119 Epigastric, 119, 133 Epithelial, 6, 108, 116, 119 Epithelial Cells, 6, 119 Epithelium, 119 Equalization, 72, 119 Erythema, 65, 119, 130 Erythrocyte Transfusion, 35, 119 Erythrocytes, 4, 105, 109, 119, 123, 139 Eukaryotic Cells, 116, 119, 125 Eustachian tube, 5, 9, 107, 119 Excitation, 107, 119, 131 Exocrine, 120, 133 Extracellular, 6, 115, 120, 142
Extremity, 120, 134 F Facial, 27, 120 Family Planning, 87, 120 Fat, 108, 109, 115, 118, 120, 127, 130, 136, 142 Fatty Liver, 111, 120 Febrile, 120, 130 Fetal Death, 21, 120 Fetus, 19, 36, 42, 46, 50, 52, 54, 120, 135, 137, 147 Fibrinolysis, 20, 120 Fissure, 113, 120 Fistula, 19, 72, 73, 75, 120 Flatus, 120, 121 Flecainide, 29, 54, 120 Fluorescence, 11, 120 Foetal, 58, 120 Follicles, 120, 125 Forearm, 109, 120, 139 Forskolin, 58, 120 Free Radicals, 106, 120 Furosemide, 52, 120 G Gallbladder, 18, 23, 30, 31, 37, 38, 53, 74, 77, 103, 108, 112, 116, 120 Ganglia, 6, 121, 131, 135 Ganglion, 12, 48, 121, 142, 146, 148 Gas, 5, 9, 10, 104, 111, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 132 Gas exchange, 5, 9, 121 Gastrointestinal, 73, 78, 121, 141, 144 Gastrointestinal tract, 73, 78, 121, 141 Gene, 7, 13, 72, 108, 118, 121 Generator, 6, 121 Genetic testing, 121, 136 Genetics, 7, 17, 19, 27, 31, 32, 37, 45, 46, 49, 53, 56, 78, 121 Genotype, 121, 135 Gestation, 16, 24, 121, 135, 137 Gestational, 15, 121 Gestational Age, 15, 121 Gland, 103, 121, 128, 133, 135, 140, 143, 145 Glomerular, 64, 121, 126 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 64, 121 Glomerulus, 121 Glucose, 30, 109, 117, 121, 123, 140 Glycerol, 4, 24, 121 Glycine, 104, 108, 122, 132 Glycoprotein, 122 Gonadal, 122, 143
155
Governing Board, 122, 137 Graft, 34, 122 Granulocyte, 44, 113, 122 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 44, 113, 122 Granulosa Cells, 122, 125 H Haematoma, 122 Haemorrhage, 34, 122 Hair Cells, 113, 122, 142, 148 Handicap, 68, 122 Head Movements, 73, 122 Headache, 6, 110, 122, 123 Headache Disorders, 122 Health Promotion, 77, 122 Heart attack, 111, 122 Heart failure, 123, 132 Hemochromatosis, 27, 123 Hemoglobin, 32, 52, 104, 105, 119, 123, 142 Hemoglobin C, 105, 123 Hemolytic, 4, 123 Hemorrhage, 45, 75, 116, 122, 123, 139, 143 Hepatic, 30, 34, 113, 123 Hepatocyte, 112, 123 Hereditary, 7, 11, 123, 139 Heredity, 121, 123 Hernia, 20, 123 Herpes, 22, 75, 123 Herpes virus, 22, 123 Herpes Zoster, 75, 123 Homeostasis, 6, 123 Homogeneous, 115, 123 Hormonal, 107, 115, 123 Hormone, 115, 123, 125, 129, 137, 145 Hydrocephalus, 45, 46, 123, 126, 127 Hydrogen, 110, 117, 124, 130, 133 Hydrolases, 124, 128 Hydrolysis, 124, 126, 138 Hyperaemia, 115, 124 Hyperbilirubinemia, 124, 127 Hypersensitivity, 63, 124 Hypertension, 111, 124, 126, 137, 147 Hypoplasia, 21, 28, 124 Hypospadias, 32, 124 Hypothyroidism, 20, 111, 124 I Idiopathic, 15, 34, 37, 75, 124 Illusion, 124, 148 Immune response, 106, 107, 115, 124, 144, 147, 148 Immune system, 7, 45, 124, 128, 130, 149 Immunohistochemistry, 12, 124
Immunologic, 26, 112, 121, 124 Impairment, 5, 45, 106, 107, 112, 124, 129 In situ, 47, 125 In Situ Hybridization, 13, 47, 125 In vitro, 6, 11, 125, 136, 141 In vivo, 4, 5, 8, 11, 125 Incidental, 32, 125 Incision, 78, 125, 126 Incontinence, 123, 125 Incontinentia Pigmenti, 33, 125 Indomethacin, 49, 125 Infarction, 75, 124, 125 Infertility, 42, 125 Inflammation, 5, 9, 10, 20, 106, 112, 114, 123, 125, 127, 131, 133, 134, 136, 139, 143, 146, 147 Infusion, 125, 146 Ingestion, 105, 125, 136 Inhibin, 50, 125 Inner ear, 6, 8, 12, 68, 71, 73, 74, 75, 81, 92, 93, 109, 113, 125, 127, 133, 140 Innervation, 6, 125 Insight, 9, 126 Insulator, 126, 130 Intensive Care, 19, 126 Intermittent, 5, 126 Intestinal, 21, 126 Intestines, 103, 121, 126 Intoxication, 126, 149 Intracellular, 63, 110, 125, 126, 128, 129, 136 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 124, 126 Intracranial Hypertension, 75, 122, 123, 126, 134, 145 Intracranial Hypotension, 126, 143 Intrahepatic, 74, 126 Intrahepatic bile ducts, 74, 126 Intramuscular, 126, 134 Intraocular, 120, 126 Intraocular pressure, 120, 126 Intravascular, 10, 45, 126 Intravenous, 125, 126, 134 Inulin, 121, 126 Invasive, 8, 126, 128 Involuntary, 122, 126, 130, 132, 139 Ion Transport, 6, 126 Ions, 6, 110, 118, 124, 126, 127 Ipsilateral, 55, 127 Ischemia, 75, 107, 127 Isosorbide, 25, 127 J Jaundice, 78, 112, 124, 127
156
Hydrops
K Karyotype, 105, 127 Kb, 86, 127 Keratitis, 35, 127 Keratoconus, 18, 20, 21, 35, 36, 38, 50, 53, 127 Kinetics, 9, 127 L Labile, 113, 127 Labyrinth, 3, 6, 41, 74, 113, 118, 119, 125, 127, 133, 135, 140, 148 Labyrinthine, 40, 75, 127 Labyrinthitis, 43, 55, 75, 81, 127 Lens, 35, 50, 127 Lesion, 30, 127, 148 Lethal, 19, 20, 39, 127 Lethargy, 123, 124, 127 Leukocytes, 108, 109, 112, 119, 125, 127, 132 Linkages, 123, 127 Lipid, 11, 39, 62, 121, 127, 130 Liver, 73, 78, 103, 108, 113, 116, 118, 120, 123, 126, 127, 129, 137, 147 Localization, 40, 124, 127 Localized, 7, 103, 118, 122, 125, 127, 132, 136 Loop, 123, 128 Lymph, 7, 112, 119, 128, 130, 140 Lymph node, 7, 112, 128, 130, 140 Lymphatic, 7, 21, 28, 119, 125, 128, 132, 140, 142, 145 Lymphatic system, 7, 128, 140, 142, 145 Lymphedema, 7, 27, 128 Lymphocyte, 63, 106, 128 Lymphoid, 106, 128 Lysosomal Storage Diseases, 15, 128 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 47, 128 Malformation, 13, 20, 37, 49, 50, 75, 128 Malignant, 75, 109, 128, 131, 139, 144 Malignant tumor, 128, 139 Malnutrition, 107, 128 Mammogram, 110, 128, 129 Mandibular Nerve, 128, 146 Mastication, 128, 146 Maxillary, 128, 146 Mediate, 113, 128, 148 MEDLINE, 87, 128 Medullary, 75, 128 Megakaryocytes, 5, 109, 129
Membrane, 4, 40, 42, 105, 108, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 129, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141, 142 Membrane Proteins, 129, 142 Meninges, 111, 112, 116, 129 Mental, iv, 4, 86, 88, 117, 124, 129, 138, 140, 147 Mental Retardation, 117, 129 Meta-Analysis, 14, 51, 129 Metastasis, 129, 131 Metastatic, 63, 109, 129 MI, 101, 129 Mice Minute Virus, 129, 134 Microbiology, 47, 103, 107, 129 Microcalcifications, 110, 129 Microcirculation, 7, 129 Microtubules, 129, 133 Middle Cerebral Artery, 45, 129 Milk Thistle, 129, 141 Mitotic, 117, 129 Mitotic inhibitors, 117, 129 Modification, 104, 119, 129 Molecular, 4, 7, 11, 20, 42, 53, 87, 89, 108, 114, 130, 142 Molecule, 106, 114, 118, 120, 124, 130, 133, 139, 147 Monitor, 130, 132 Monosomy, 19, 105, 130 Motility, 125, 130, 141 Motion Sickness, 130, 131 Mucinous, 121, 130 Mucocutaneous, 30, 130 Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, 30, 130 Mucosa, 11, 130 Multiple sclerosis, 75, 130 Muscle Contraction, 8, 118, 130 Muscular Dystrophies, 118, 130 Mydriatic, 117, 130 Myelin, 130 Myocardial infarction, 36, 115, 129, 130 Myocardium, 129, 130 Myoclonus, 74, 130 Myofibrils, 118, 130 Myopathy, 21, 130 Myosin, 130, 131 Myotonic Dystrophy, 24, 131 N Nausea, 78, 131, 138, 147 Necrosis, 125, 129, 130, 131 Neonatal, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 33, 44, 131 Neoplasms, 109, 131, 141
157
Neoplastic, 112, 131 Nerve, 12, 45, 81, 106, 107, 113, 117, 121, 126, 128, 130, 131, 138, 139, 140, 143, 146, 148 Nerve Fibers, 12, 113, 131, 148 Nervous System, 111, 122, 131, 135, 144, 147 Neural, 9, 131 Neuritis, 81, 131, 148 Neurogenic Inflammation, 7, 131 Neurologic, 124, 131 Neuroma, 71, 81, 131 Neuronal, 12, 131 Neurons, 7, 12, 113, 117, 121, 131, 132, 144, 148 Neuropeptide, 6, 131 Neurophysiology, 9, 131 Neurosyphilis, 131, 134 Neurotransmitter, 103, 104, 122, 131, 143, 144 Neutrophils, 122, 127, 132 Niacin, 132, 146 Nicotine, 93, 132 Nitrogen, 104, 116, 132, 146 Nuclear, 11, 64, 108, 118, 119, 121, 131, 132 Nuclei, 113, 118, 128, 132, 140, 142, 148 Nucleic acid, 125, 132 Nystagmus, 72, 73, 127, 132 O Ocular, 20, 75, 130, 132 Oedema, 50, 132, 137 Oligohydramnios, 21, 132 Opacity, 117, 132 Ophthalmic, 47, 53, 132, 146 Osmosis, 132 Osmotic, 10, 127, 132 Ossicles, 133 Otitis, 5, 9, 10, 25, 75, 81, 133 Otitis Media, 5, 9, 10, 25, 75, 81, 133 Otitis Media with Effusion, 5, 9, 10, 133 Otolith, 75, 133 Otolithic Membrane, 74, 133 Otosclerosis, 3, 25, 27, 46, 72, 75, 81, 133 Ovarian Cysts, 24, 133 Ovaries, 133, 144 Ovary, 115, 133 Ovum, 115, 116, 121, 133, 137 Oxidation, 106, 133 P Paclitaxel, 63, 133 Paediatric, 19, 35, 46, 47, 54, 133 Palate, 113, 133
Palliative, 133, 144 Pancreas, 73, 103, 123, 133 Pancreatic, 133 Pancreatitis, 78, 133 Paracentesis, 21, 133 Paralysis, 134 Paraparesis, 134 Parenteral, 62, 134 Paresis, 12, 131, 134 Paresthesias, 131, 134 Paroxysmal, 72, 73, 122, 134 Particle, 134, 146 Parvovirus, 13, 15, 16, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 79, 129, 134 Patch, 6, 134 Pathogenesis, 5, 9, 26, 72, 75, 134 Pathologic, 6, 20, 47, 115, 124, 134, 139 Pathologic Processes, 6, 134 Pathologies, 8, 134 Pathophysiology, 26, 73, 134 Patient Education, 92, 96, 98, 101, 134 Pelvis, 103, 133, 134, 147 Penis, 124, 134 Peptide, 104, 124, 134, 138, 145 Perforation, 21, 35, 38, 50, 74, 134 Perfusion, 9, 134 Pericarditis, 21, 134 Perilymph, 72, 73, 75, 135 Perinatal, 15, 20, 23, 27, 30, 37, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 55, 135 Perineum, 124, 135 Peripheral Nervous System, 111, 131, 134, 135, 143 Peritoneal, 73, 106, 132, 135 Peritoneal Cavity, 106, 132, 135 Peritoneum, 135 Petechiae, 122, 135 Petrolatum, 118, 135 Pharmacologic, 135, 145 Phenolphthalein, 118, 135 Phenotype, 7, 135 Phosphorus, 110, 135 Physical Examination, 74, 121, 135 Physiologic, 8, 9, 104, 108, 126, 130, 135, 139, 144 Physiology, 6, 9, 74, 131, 135 Pigment, 78, 135 Pituitary Gland, 115, 120, 135 Placenta, 19, 34, 35, 112, 135, 137 Plants, 104, 111, 121, 126, 136, 140, 145, 147
158
Hydrops
Plasma, 106, 111, 113, 118, 119, 121, 123, 136 Plasma cells, 106, 136 Platelet Aggregation, 105, 120, 136 Platelets, 4, 136, 145 Pleural, 132, 136 Pleural cavity, 132, 136 Pneumonia, 115, 136 Poisoning, 126, 131, 132, 136 Polymerase, 48, 136 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 48, 136 Polyunsaturated fat, 63, 136 Pons, 108, 109, 112, 136 Posterior, 72, 73, 106, 108, 112, 117, 133, 136 Postnatal, 29, 136 Potassium, 6, 136 Practicability, 136, 146 Practice Guidelines, 88, 137 Precursor, 118, 119, 122, 137, 146 Preeclampsia, 15, 137 Pre-Eclampsia, 51, 137 Pre-eclamptic, 118, 137 Pregnancy Tests, 121, 137 Prenatal, 13, 16, 17, 22, 24, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 118, 137 Prenatal Diagnosis, 13, 16, 17, 22, 24, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 137 Presbycusis, 75, 81, 137 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 74, 137 Progesterone, 50, 137, 143 Progression, 5, 105, 137 Progressive, 113, 130, 131, 137, 139, 146 Promoter, 4, 137 Prophylaxis, 137, 147 Prospective study, 12, 137 Prostaglandins, 125, 137 Prostaglandins A, 125, 137 Protein C, 104, 107, 138, 142, 147 Protein S, 72, 108, 138 Proteinuria, 137, 138 Proteolytic, 114, 138 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 133, 138 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 133, 138 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 126, 138 Psychic, 129, 138, 140 Psychoactive, 138, 149 Psychomotor, 31, 111, 138 Psychotherapy, 138, 139 Public Policy, 87, 138 Publishing, 12, 74, 138
Pulmonary, 14, 17, 27, 28, 29, 32, 43, 48, 109, 110, 138, 148 Pulmonary Artery, 109, 138, 148 Pulmonary Valve, 14, 138 Pupil, 115, 117, 130, 138 Purpura, 122, 138 R Radial Artery, 7, 139 Radiation, 120, 139, 149 Radioactive, 40, 124, 132, 139 Radiography, 121, 139 Radiological, 74, 139 Radiology, 18, 42, 47, 139 Radiopharmaceutical, 121, 139 Reassurance, 75, 139 Receptor, 7, 103, 106, 114, 139, 141 Recombinant, 44, 53, 139, 147 Rectum, 120, 121, 125, 139 Red blood cells, 119, 123, 139, 140, 142 Refer, 1, 113, 117, 123, 127, 139, 148 Reflex, 74, 75, 139 Refractory, 14, 139 Relaxant, 120, 139 Resorption, 124, 139 Retina, 127, 139, 140 Retinitis, 111, 139 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 111, 139 Rhabdoid tumor, 64, 139 Ribose, 103, 140 Risk factor, 78, 137, 140 Rod, 107, 113, 140 Rubella, 38, 140 S Saccule, 103, 133, 140, 148 Saccule and Utricle, 103, 133, 140 Salivary, 116, 140 Salivary glands, 116, 140 Saponins, 140, 143 Schizoid, 140, 149 Schizophrenia, 140, 149 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 140, 149 Sclerosis, 130, 140 Screening, 15, 44, 113, 140 Secretion, 6, 115, 124, 125, 140 Seizures, 111, 134, 140 Semicircular canal, 73, 74, 125, 140 Seminiferous tubule, 125, 141 Senile, 137, 141 Septal, 14, 141 Sequencing, 136, 141, 144 Serology, 44, 141 Serotonin, 132, 141, 146
159
Serous, 75, 119, 141 Serum, 27, 50, 105, 113, 141 Shock, 130, 141, 146 Shunt, 14, 141 Side effect, 74, 92, 103, 141, 145 Silymarin, 62, 129, 141 Skeletal, 31, 39, 113, 130, 141 Skeleton, 4, 103, 141 Skull, 75, 109, 112, 116, 141, 144 Skull Base, 75, 141 Skull Base Neoplasms, 75, 141 Skull Neoplasms, 141 Small intestine, 116, 117, 123, 126, 141, 148 Smooth muscle, 105, 110, 120, 141, 144 Sodium, 6, 142 Soft tissue, 109, 141, 142 Solvent, 121, 132, 142 Soybean Oil, 136, 142 Spatial disorientation, 117, 142 Specialist, 58, 93, 117, 142 Species, 107, 110, 127, 129, 134, 142, 146, 149 Specificity, 4, 9, 104, 142 Spectrin, 11, 13, 118, 142 Sperm, 112, 141, 142, 144 Spherocytes, 142 Spherocytosis, 4, 12, 142 Spinal cord, 109, 111, 112, 121, 129, 131, 134, 135, 139, 142 Spiral Ganglion, 113, 142, 148 Spiral Lamina, 108, 142 Spirochete, 142, 144 Spleen, 116, 128, 142 Squamous, 112, 142 Squamous Epithelium, 112, 142 Stasis, 61, 143 Steel, 113, 143 Stenosis, 28, 143 Sterility, 125, 143 Steroid, 32, 49, 58, 108, 140, 143 Steroid therapy, 49, 58, 143 Stimulant, 110, 143 Stimulus, 117, 119, 126, 131, 134, 139, 143, 144 Stomach, 103, 107, 121, 123, 126, 131, 135, 141, 142, 143 Strand, 136, 143 Stress, 74, 76, 131, 143 Stria, 6, 143 Stria Vascularis, 6, 143 Stricture, 143 Stroke, 86, 111, 143
Subacute, 125, 143 Subarachnoid, 122, 126, 143 Subclinical, 125, 140, 143 Subcutaneous, 118, 132, 134, 143 Subdural Effusion, 18, 143 Substance P, 140, 143 Substrate, 6, 124, 144 Supraventricular, 28, 29, 49, 53, 144 Symptomatic, 120, 133, 144 Synaptic, 132, 144 Synaptic Transmission, 132, 144 Synchrony, 9, 144 Syphilis, 3, 44, 73, 131, 144 Systemic, 75, 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 144, 147 Systemic disease, 75, 144 T Tachyarrhythmia, 24, 28, 58, 144 Tachycardia, 28, 29, 48, 49, 53, 54, 144 Temporal, 3, 9, 12, 17, 27, 75, 81, 122, 144, 146 Tendon, 121, 144 Teratoma, 39, 47, 144 Testicles, 144 Therapeutics, 144 Thermal, 11, 136, 144 Thoracic, 110, 144 Thorax, 103, 144 Threshold, 35, 124, 144 Thrombocytes, 136, 144 Thrombocytopenia, 29, 145 Thrombosis, 36, 138, 143, 145 Thrombus, 115, 125, 136, 145 Thymus, 128, 145 Thyroid, 124, 145 Thyrotoxicosis, 41, 145 Thyrotropin, 124, 145 Tinnitus, 6, 68, 74, 75, 133, 138, 145, 148 Tone, 25, 145 Tonus, 145 Tooth Preparation, 103, 145 Torsion, 125, 145 Toxaemia, 137, 145 Toxic, iv, 75, 132, 145 Toxicity, 117, 145 Toxicology, 88, 145 Toxins, 106, 119, 125, 145 Traction, 113, 146 Transduction, 10, 146 Transfection, 108, 146 Transfusion, 14, 34, 36, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 146
160
Hydrops
Translocation, 37, 146 Transplantation, 42, 113, 146 Trauma, 3, 30, 75, 81, 131, 133, 146 Treatment Outcome, 22, 146 Trigeminal, 6, 128, 146 Trigeminal Ganglion, 7, 146 Trigeminal Nerve, 146 Triploid, 24, 146 Trisomy, 28, 50, 105, 146 Tryptophan, 11, 141, 146 Tumour, 121, 146 Tunica, 130, 146 U Ulcerative colitis, 137, 146 Ultrasonography, 54, 118, 121, 147 Uraemia, 133, 147 Urea, 11, 147 Urethra, 124, 134, 147 Urinary, 123, 125, 132, 147 Urinary tract, 132, 147 Urine, 109, 113, 117, 125, 138, 147 Uterus, 105, 112, 115, 116, 133, 137, 147 V Vaccination, 54, 147 Vaccines, 147, 148 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 35, 147 Vascular Resistance, 104, 147 Vasculitis, 133, 147 Vector, 11, 146, 147 Vegetative, 146, 147 Vein, 105, 106, 126, 132, 147 Vena, 36, 147 Venereal, 144, 147
Venous, 54, 63, 106, 116, 132, 138, 147 Ventricle, 14, 107, 138, 148 Ventricular, 14, 104, 120, 124, 144, 148 Venules, 109, 110, 119, 129, 148 Vertebral, 108, 148 Vertigo, 52, 68, 71, 73, 75, 92, 133, 148 Vesicular, 122, 123, 148 Vestibular, 3, 6, 12, 16, 48, 52, 55, 71, 73, 74, 75, 81, 92, 103, 122, 127, 148 Vestibular Nerve, 12, 72, 103, 148 Vestibular Neuronitis, 73, 148 Vestibule, 113, 125, 140, 141, 148 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 113, 140, 145, 148 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 145, 148 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 148 Villi, 124, 148 Villous, 53, 148 Villus, 17, 21, 148 Viral, 55, 75, 81, 146, 148 Virus, 107, 111, 140, 146, 148 Vitreous, 127, 139, 148 Vitro, 148 Vivo, 4, 149 W White blood cell, 106, 122, 127, 128, 136, 149 Withdrawal, 74, 149 X Xenograft, 105, 149 X-ray, 11, 120, 128, 132, 139, 149 Y Yeasts, 135, 149