Chronic Sinusitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHRONIC SINUSITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chronic Sinusitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00256-6 1. Chronic Sinusitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chronic sinusitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chronic Sinusitis .......................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS .................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS ............................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Chronic Sinusitis ....................................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on Chronic Sinusitis ................................................................................... 64 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 67 Chapters on Chronic Sinusitis ..................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS........................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS..................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 75 Academic Periodicals covering Chronic Sinusitis........................................................................ 75 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95 CHRONIC SINUSITIS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 137

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chronic sinusitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chronic sinusitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chronic sinusitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chronic sinusitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chronic sinusitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chronic sinusitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chronic sinusitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chronic sinusitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Oral and Pharyngeal Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Globus, Dental Erosions, Chronic Sinusitis Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 30(3 Supplement): S35-S38. April 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: This article describes the oral and pharyngeal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which are most likely caused by physical contact of regurgitation of gastric content with surface mucosa and as such suggests abnormalities of the airway protective mechanisms. The authors caution that the body of evidence on the causation, and therefore the diagnosis and treatment of these increasingly diagnosed disorders is still evolving. The lack of a clear cause and effect

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relationship is complicated by the fact that patients with suspected supraesophageal complications of reflux disease frequently lack the characteristic features of esophageal peptic injury, including the most typical symptom of heartburn. These problems often recur, but are usually susceptible to empiric antireflux treatment (for example, with proton pump inhibitors). A detailed patient history may provide important clues to the association of acid reflux and suspected supraesophageal complications. A history of regurgitation, particularly at nighttime, associated with cough or with symptoms suggesting aspiration is a most significant clue to the possibility of supraesophageal complications of GERD. A history of repetitive throat clearing, recurrent hoarseness (particularly in the morning), halitosis (bad breath), or hypersialorrhea (excessive saliva) should also alert the clinician to the possibility of an acid reflux related supraesophageal condition. However, the majority of patients with this condition may have no esophageal symptoms at all. The authors discuss globus pharyngeus, chronic sinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux and dental erosions, as other possible symptoms. 2 tables. 37 symptoms. •

Chronic Sinusitis: Relationship of Computed Tomographic Findings to Allergy, Asthma, and Eosinophilia Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA. 271(5): 363-367. February 2, 1994. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to develop a technique for evaluating the severity of chronic sinus disease and to examine the correlation with allergy, asthma, and eosinophilia. The study consisted of a survey of 104 patients undergoing surgery for chronic sinusitis at a university hospital ear, nose, and throat clinic. Outcome measures used included computed tomographic scans, serum samples, peripheral blood samples, and surgical biopsy specimens. Extensive disease was present in 39 percent of subjects and correlated well with asthma, specific IgE antibodies, and eosinophilia, but not with elevated total IgE. Among patients with peripheral eosinophilia, 87 percent had extensive disease. The authors present their system for quantitation of disease extent using computed tomographic scans of patients with chronic sinusitis. They conclude that the well-accepted associations of chronic sinusitis with asthma and allergy appear to be restricted to the group with extensive disease. 2 figures. 3 tables. 25 references. (AA-M).

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Oral and Pharyngeal Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Globus, Dental Erosions, and Chronic Sinusitis Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 30(3 Supplement): S35-S38. April 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030. Summary: This article reviews the oral and pharyngeal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including globus, dental erosions, and chronic sinusitis. The authors describe the oral and pharyngeal manifestations of GERD, which are most likely caused by physical contact of regurgitation of gastric content with surface mucosa and as such suggests abnormalities of the airway protective mechanisms. The authors caution that the body of evidence on the causation, and therefore the diagnosis and treatment of these increasingly diagnosed disorders is still evolving. The lack of a clear cause and effect relationship is complicated by the fact that patients with suspected supraesophageal complications of reflux disease frequently lack the characteristic features of esophageal peptic injury, including the most typical

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symptom of heartburn. These problems often recur, but are usually susceptible to empiric antireflux treatment (for example, with proton pump inhibitors). A detailed patient history may provide important clues to the association of acid reflux and suspected supraesophageal complications. A history of regurgitation, particularly at nighttime, associated with cough or with symptoms suggesting aspiration is a most significant clue to the possibility of supraesophageal complications of GERD. A history of repetitive throat clearing, recurrent hoarseness (particularly in the morning), halitosis (bad breath), or hypersialorrhea (excessive saliva) should also alert the clinician to the possibility of an acid reflux related supraesophageal condition. However, the majority of patients with this condition may have no esophageal symptoms at all. The authors discuss globus pharyngeus, chronic sinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux and dental erosions, as other possible symptoms. 2 tables. 37 symptoms.

Federally Funded Research on Chronic Sinusitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chronic sinusitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chronic sinusitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chronic sinusitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chronic sinusitis: •

Project Title: CYTOKINES ON OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURON FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, Andrew P.; Assistant Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to provide a wellsupervised, structured training program that will promote the development of the applicant's technical and intellectual skills necessary for success as an independent physician-scientist. This will be accomplished by a coordinated effort in the Johns Hopkins Department of Otolaryngology, the mentors' Basic Science Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and the Allergy and Asthma Center. The project will allow the candidate to pursue his interest in the mechanisms of olfactory loss in chronic sinusitis through a focused, mentored plan to study the effects of inflammatory mediators on olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) function. Research Program: Olfactory loss is a common symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) that markedly diminishes quality of life of affected patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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olfactory dysfunction in CRS remain unknown. Recent studies by the PI show that some cytokines modulate calcium homeostasis in isolated ORNs. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that inflammatory mediators present in chronic rhinosinusitis directly modulate ORN function and promote the loss of olfaction through desensitization of the odor response. Accordingly, this proposal seeks to understand the effects of cytokines on ORN function in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the applicant will 1) identify cytokine receptors on ORNs specific for mediators important in CRS and demonstrate the direct effects of these mediators on ORN odorant-induced responses; 2) develop a transgenic mouse model in which cytokines can be inducibly expressed in the olfactory epithelium; and 3) determine the effect of chronic exposure to cytokines on olfactory receptor neuron function and broadly assess the contribution of protein kinases, transcription factors, and cyclic nucleotides in this process. Training Program: The applicant will participate in a didactic program to enhance his career development. He will audit courses at Johns Hopkins University relating to ethics, research design, and the mechanisms of signal transduction. He will also participate in intellectual activities in Neuroscience, Otolaryngology, and Immunology. Frequent meetings with the sponsors will be arranged to monitor progress. Dr. Randall Reed, in whose laboratory the majority of the work will be performed, will provide primary sponsorship. Additional bench research will be performed in the laboratory of Dr. Schleimer, an established scientist with expertise in airway inflammation and cytokine modulation of cell function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF SURGICAL OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC SINUSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Timothy L.; Otolaryngology and Commun Scis; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common health condition in the United States resulting in more than 200,000 surgical procedures annually, which are not uniformly successful. In this proposal, we present a newer model for understanding CRS surgical outcomes, which we expect will lead to more accurate preoperative prediction of patients likely to benefit from CRS surgery. Our model incorporates a recently developed understanding of the pathophysiology of CRS. The current conceptualization of CRS is one of inflammation with or without anatomic obstruction. Three components play a critical role in CRS pathology 1. Inflammation 2. Polyps 3. Anatomic obstruction. While these three components are clearly related to the pathophysiology of CRS, the question we address in this proposal is how measures related to these components predict surgical outcome. Several factors have been hypothesized to indicate inflammation, polyps, and/or anatomic obstruction and predict surgical outcome. Factors to be considered include demographic and comorbidity factors and objective testing procedures and quality of life. The use of this model of CRS pathology opens up several analytic avenues for better predicting outcomes of CRS surgery, which are to be tested in this project. The studies proposed are hypothesis testing or hypothesis generating in nature. Specific Aims 1 and 2 address the goal of evaluating preoperative factors that are potentially predictive of surgical outcome and developing a predictive model of surgical outcome. Specific Aim 3 explores novel outcomes of sinus surgery including olfactory function and general health related quality of life. This proposal focuses on patients undergoing surgical intervention for the management of CRS. The findings can potentially be applied to the

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200,000 patients annually undergoing sinus surgery and in working toward the longterm goal of developing a comprehensive system for measuring extent of disease so that disease severity and treatment response can be rigorously quantified in the 30 million patients with CRS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC SINUSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Proud, David; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC SINUSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Togias, Alkis G.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Chronic rhinosinusitis effects n estimated 15% of the population of the United States, and the prevalence of this disease has been rising over the past decade. Annual direct medical costs are conservatively estimated at $2.4 billion; excluding the costs associated with the almost 200,000 sinus surgeries performed each year. Despite the high incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis, and its major impact on the health care system, little is known regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. Epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation are consistent and striking features of chronic rhinosinusitis. Indeed, imaging of these mucosal changes by CT or MRI is used to support diagnosis. It remains our central hypothesis that epithelial cell/mucosal dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. This dysfunction may arise due to an inherent genetic defect(s) environmental influences, or, most likely, a combination of the two. This Program Grant presents an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to test this central hypothesis. The first project continues to focus on the potential genetic predisposition of some subjects to develop chronic rhinosinusitis. Specifically, a variety of approaches will be used to further test the hypothesis that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have a higher rte of mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator than the health population. The second project focuses on the role of a specific environmental factor, respiratory viral infection as a trigger factor in altering epithelial cell function in a manner that plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The third project has demonstrated that patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis demonstrated mucosal hyporesponsiveness to stimuli such as histamine, despite the presence of profound inflammation. Efforts will focus on determining the mechanism underlying this hyporesponsiveness and on evaluating if there is a familial predisposition for mucosal hyporesponsiveness. The three projects will interact by sharing protocols, expertise and patients, as well as through intellectual exchange. All three projects depend absolutely on the CORE for recruitment and characterization of patients and control population, and for critical support services. These studies should include important insights into the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis and may lead to the development of new approaches for the treatment of this major health problem.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, Kenny; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND SINUSITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baroody, Fuad M.; Surgery; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Chronic sinusitis was the most frequently reported disease by Americans in the 1993 National Health Interview Survey and is a major contributor to health care costs and decreased productivity. It has recently become apparent that chronic disease is not associated with infection of the paranasal sinuses but is characterized by an eosinophilic/lymphocytic infiltration of the inflamed sinus mucosa. It is also known that there is a close relationship between allergic rhinitis and sinusitis since many subjects with sinusitis are allergic and many allergic subjects suffer from chronic sinus disease. To investigate a potential mechanism for this relationship, we challenged allergic subjects with allergen intranasally and monitored their cellular response in both the nasal and ipsilateral maxillary sinus cavity using lavage. These experiments have yielded exciting preliminary data showing that the number of eosinophils in maxillary sinus secretions increases significantly hours after nasal challenge with allergen but not after sham challenge. Because the nose and the maxillary sinuses are separate cavities, we hypothesize that allergic inflammation in the nose triggers axonal reflexes that lead to the release of neuropeptides within the ipsilateral maxillary sinus cavity. These neuropeptides act locally and promote mediator release from sinus resident cells that result in eosinophil recruitment into the sinus cavity in the hours after allergen challenge of the nose. We hypothesize that histamine, leukotrienes and interleukin 5 produced into the nose and the maxillary sinus will be important for the generation of the eosinophilic response. We will test this hypothesis by measuring these mediators and neuropeptides in maxillary sinus lavages after nasal challenge with allergen and capsaicin, a substance that triggers an axonal reflex. We will also attempt to block the eosinophilic response by local anesthetics and specific receptor antagonists for leukotrienes and histamine. The effect of ongoing allergic or sinus inflammation on the eosinophilic sinus response will also be studied by comparing the response of allergic subjects in and out of their allergy season and subjects with and without chronic sinusitis. Completing this proposal will not only help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the close association between allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis but will also be helpful in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of the inflammatory response within the paranasal sinuses. This will hopefully help to improve our therapeutic modalities for this enigmatic illness that affects millions of Americans every year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UVA ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Platts-Mills, Thomas A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: OVERALL (provided by applicant: The primary objective of research at the University of Virginia has been to understand the role of foreign antigens or allergens in causing and maintaining the chronic inflammation of asthma. However, it has become clear that many factors contribute to the severity of the disease, including: viral infections, chronic hyperplastic sinusitis, the nature of the immune response to allergens and the biochemistry of the lung response, including the recently recognized fall in pH. The current application will focus on four different aspects of this interaction. Project 1 will investigate the mechanisms that control the pH of lung lining fluid, including decreased glutaminase with the resulting fall in ammonia. The hypothesis is that glutaminase can be downregulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) from T cells responding to rhinovirus (RV), and that the pH fall acts on already inflamed lung to exacerbate attacks of asthma. Project 2 focuses on the relationship between chronic sinusitis and asthma using prospective studies, analysis of the response to allergen or viral challenge, and detailed investigation of the relevance of the leukotriene receptors, CysLTR1 and CysLTR2, to inflammation of the sinuses. Project 3 continues studies on the role of viral infections in asthma by studying infants and children hospitalized for asthma/bronchiolitis and by defining the role of pre-existing inflammation and IgE antibody (Ab) in the response to rhinoviral challenge. These studies will play an important role in interacting with each of the other projects. Project 4 will investigate the recent finding that exposure to high levels of the cat allergen, Fel d 1, can induce a "modified T helper (Th)2" response with IgG Ab and IgG4 Ab but without IgE Ab. These studies will examine the relevance of this response to symptoms, asthma and the response to other allergens in ongoing prospective studies in children. The mechanisms controlling the form of immunological tolerance will be investigated by studying the specificity and cytokine response of Fel d 1-specific T cells in vitro. Overall, the studies are designed to understand: 1) the immunological and biochemical events that underlie acute episodes of asthma; 2) the relationship between responses of the nose and sinuses to allergen or viral exposure and subsequent events in the lungs; and 3) the aspects of the immune response to allergens that explain why so many allergic patients are being treated for asthma and admitted to hospital with asthma. Understanding the mechanisms involved is essential for defining new approaches to treatment and prevention and also for explaining the increasing prevalence of asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for chronic sinusitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Capnocytophaga sp. Isolated from a Cat with Chronic Sinusitis and Rhinitis. by Frey E, Pressler B, Guy J, Pitulle C, Breitschwerdt E.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=262471

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chronic sinusitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chronic sinusitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical and pathologic study of chronic sinusitis: the role of the eosinophil. Author(s): Harlin SL, Ansel DG, Lane SR, Myers J, Kephart GM, Gleich GJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1988 May; 81(5 Pt 1): 867-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3286721

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A comparison of computerized tomographic staging systems in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Oluwole M, Russell N, Tan L, Gardiner Q, White P. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1996 February; 21(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8674232

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A comparison of imaging techniques in patients with chronic sinusitis (X-ray, MRI, A-mode ultrasound). Author(s): Katz RM, Friedman S, Diament M, Siegel SC, Rachelefsky GS, Spector SL, Rohr AS, Schoettler J, Dorris A. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 May-June; 16(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7557370

5

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A CT study of the course of growth of the maxillary sinus: normal subjects and subjects with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ikeda A, Ikeda M, Komatsuzaki A. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1998 MayJune; 60(3): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579359

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A dangerous complication of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Rotem E, Kalish Y, Melhem A, Hirshberg B. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 February; 108(2): 181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126319

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A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C, Berche P. Source: Chemotherapy. 1994; 40 Suppl 1: 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7805431

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A guide to the management of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kennedy V, Youngs R. Source: The Practitioner. 1998 October; 242(1591): 712-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343449

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A phase I/II study of tgAAV-CF for the treatment of chronic sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Wagner JA, Moran ML, Messner AH, Daifuku R, Conrad CK, Reynolds T, Guggino WB, Moss RB, Carter BJ, Wine JJ, Flotte TR, Gardner P. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 1998 April 10; 9(6): 889-909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581911

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A reappraisal of nasal saline solution use in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kurtaran H, Karadag A, Catal F, Avci Z. Source: Chest. 2003 November; 124(5): 2036-7; Author Reply 2037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605091

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A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and time to relapse after intensive medical treatment for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Subramanian HN, Schechtman KB, Hamilos DL. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2002 November-December; 16(6): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512904

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Abnormal expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator in chronic sinusitis in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients. Author(s): Coltrera MD, Mathison SM, Goodpaster TA, Gown AM. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 June; 108(6): 576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378526

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Abnormalities of cilia and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Fontolliet C, Terrier G. Source: Rhinology. 1987 March; 25(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576062

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Acute and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Jones NS. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2000 May; 6(3): 221-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782707

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Acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Litton WB. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1971 February; 4(1): 25-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5006516

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Acute and chronic sinusitis. How to ease symptoms and locate the cause. Author(s): Ferguson BJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 May; 97(5): 45-8, 51-2, 55-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753746

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Adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in chronic sinusitis using polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Ramadan HH, Farr RW, Wetmore SJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 July; 107(7): 923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217132

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Advances in the management of acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sandler NA, Johns FR, Braun TW. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1996 August; 54(8): 1005-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765390

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of concurrent chronic otitis media with effusion and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P, Shah K. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 February; 126(2): 1746. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10680868

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Alterations of nasal mucociliary transport in patients with hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates, deviations of the nasal septum and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Passali D, Ferri R, Becchini G, Passali GC, Bellussi L. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1999; 256(7): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473825

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Ameloblastoma presenting as chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Cheney ML, Wolf C, Cox RH, Kreutziger KL. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1986 February; 138(2): 11-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3950590

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Amoxicillin concentrations in nasal secretions of patients with acute uncomplicated sinusitis and in paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kment G, Georgopoulos A, Ridl W, Muhlbacher J. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1995; 252(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7546679

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An immunohistological study of nasal and paranasal mucosa of patients with relapsing chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ishida M, Matsunaga T, Uda H. Source: Rhinology. 1984 June; 22(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6463528

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An objective evaluation of the effects of xylometazoline in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Turner JS Jr, Jackson RT. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967 September; 46(9): 1129-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6074719

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An update on chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Winstead W. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1990 April; 88(4): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2332700

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Analysis of HLA antigens in Japanese patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Majima Y, Shimizu T, Ukai K, Sakakura Y. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 February; 109(2 Pt 1): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890778

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Analysis of human papillomavirus in schneiderian papillomas as compared to chronic sinusitis and normal nasal mucosa. Author(s): Yoskovitch A, Frenkiel S, Franco E, Coutlee F, Nachtigal D, Rochon L. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 June; 30(3): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771047

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Anatomic variation in pediatric chronic sinusitis: a CT study. Author(s): Lusk RP, McAlister B, el Fouley A. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1996 February; 29(1): 75-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834273

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Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinus area in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sivasli E, Sirikci A, Bayazyt YA, Gumusburun E, Erbagci H, Bayram M, Kanlykama M. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2003 February; 24(6): 400-5. Epub 2002 December 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652368

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Antibacterial management of acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gooch WM 3rd. Source: Manag Care Interface. 1999 February; 12(2): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10346192

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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pediatric chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Slack CL, Dahn KA, Abzug MJ, Chan KH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 March; 20(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303824

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Antimicrobial management of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 December; 109(12): 1159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8551146

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Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hsu J, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 July-August; 12(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740916

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Antioxidant levels in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy controls. Author(s): Westerveld GJ, Dekker I, Voss HP, Bast A, Scheeren RA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 February; 123(2): 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046290

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Applications of in situ hybridization techniques in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hwang PH, Montone KT, Gannon FH, Senior BA, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1999 September-October; 13(5): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582109

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Aspirin intolerance in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gosepath J, Hoffmann F, Schafer D, Amedee RG, Mann WJ. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1999 MayJune; 61(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325554

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Bacterial patterns found in surgery patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hoyt WH 3rd. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1992 February; 92(2): 205, 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1544823

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Bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Brook I. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 August 28; 246(9): 967-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6973029

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Bacteriologic findings in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Merino LA, Ronconi MC, Hrenuk GE, de Pepe MG. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 October; 82(10): 798-800, 803-4, 806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606178

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Bacteriology of chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis, and paranasal mucopyocele in Japan. Author(s): Ito K, Ito Y, Mizuta K, Ogawa H, Suzuki T, Miyata H, Kato N, Watanabe K, Ueno K. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 June; 20 Suppl 2: S214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7548557

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Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis after amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium therapy. Author(s): Jiang RS, Jang JW, Hsu CY. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 June; 124(6): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391261

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Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis after ampicillin therapy. Author(s): Jiang RS, Hsu CY. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 November-December; 11(6): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438060

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Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis: the bulla ethmoidalis content. Author(s): Rombaux P, Gigi J, Hamoir M, Eloy P, Bertrand B. Source: Rhinology. 2002 March; 40(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12012949

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Bacteriology of ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jiang RS, Hsu CY, Leu JF. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 March-April; 11(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9129755

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Bacteriology of nontraumatic maxillary sinus mucoceles versus chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Busaba NY, Siegel N, Salman SD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 June; 110(6): 969-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852515

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Bacteriology of the ethmoid bullae in children with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Muntz HR, Lusk RP. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 February; 117(2): 17981. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991059

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Bacteriology of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jiang RS, Hsu CY, Jang JW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 September; 112(9): 845-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876374

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Benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with chronic sinusitis: assessment of outcome predictors. Author(s): Gandhi A, Brodsky L, Ballow M. Source: Allergy Proc. 1993 January-February; 14(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462861

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Benign Mucor colonization (fungus ball) associated with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Henderson LT, Robbins KT, Weitzner S, Dyer TC, Jahrsdoerfer RA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 July; 81(7): 846-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3393941

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Brief report: chronic sinusitis management. Author(s): Biedlingmaier JF. Source: Md Med J. 1995 April; 44(4): 289-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7731358

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Cefaclor vs amoxicillin in the treatment of acute, recurrent, and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Huck W, Reed BD, Nielsen RW, Ferguson RT, Gray DW, Lund GK, ZoBell DH, Moster MB. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1993 May; 2(5): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8118565

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Cefotiam concentrations in the sinus fluid of patients with chronic sinusitis after administration of cefotiam hexetil. Author(s): Cherrier P, Tod M, Le Gros V, Petitjean O, Brion N, Chatelin A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 12(3): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508820

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Chronic sinusitis among pediatric patients with chronic respiratory complaints. Author(s): Nguyen KL, Corbett ML, Garcia DP, Eberly SM, Massey EN, Le HT, Shearer LT, Karibo JM, Pence HL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 December; 92(6): 824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8258616

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Chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis: at the nexus of sinonasal inflammatory disease. Author(s): Pinto JM, Baroody FM. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 August; 31 Suppl 1: S10-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243237

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Chronic sinusitis and gastroesophageal reflux: are they related? Author(s): Loehrl TA, Smith TL. Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 February; 12(1): 18-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712114

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Chronic sinusitis and the internist. Inadequate training and education. Author(s): Chester AC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 January 24; 154(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285807

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Chronic sinusitis and zinc-containing endodontic obturating pastes. Author(s): Theaker ED, Rushton VE, Corcoran JP, Hatton P. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 July 22; 179(2): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7632483

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Chronic sinusitis in a child. Author(s): Lusk RP, Mair EA, Poole MD. Source: Head & Neck. 1995 May-June; 17(3): 252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7782211

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Chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 September; 127(3): 339-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658260

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Chronic sinusitis in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Mackay IS, Djazaeri B. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1994; 87 Suppl 21: 17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201581

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Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. Author(s): ten Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT, De Bruine FT, van Buchem MA, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 109(4): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11941310

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Chronic sinusitis literature. Author(s): Gandola C. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 September 12; 154(17): 1996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8074610

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Chronic sinusitis with rofecoxib. Author(s): Block SH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842315

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Chronic sinusitis, steroid-dependent asthma, and IgG subclass and selective antibody deficiencies. Author(s): Fadal RG. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 September; 109(3 Pt 2): 60610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414589

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Chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hoffman SR, Mahoney MC. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 September; 105(9 Pt 1): 1019-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7666716

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Chronic sinusitis. Relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma, and eosinophilia. Author(s): Newman LJ, Platts-Mills TA, Phillips CD, Hazen KC, Gross CW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 February 2; 271(5): 363-7. Erratum In: Jama 1994 September 21; 272(11): 852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8283586

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Chronic sinusitis: characterization of cellular influx and inflammatory mediators in sinus lavage fluid. Author(s): Georgitis JW, Matthews BL, Stone B. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 April; 106(4): 416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7719157

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Chronic sinusitis: clinical and pathophysiological aspects. Author(s): Melen I. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1994; 515: 45-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067243

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Chronic sinusitis: relationship between CT findings and clinical history of asthma, allergy, eosinophilia, and infection. Author(s): Phillips CD, Platts-Mills TA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 January; 164(1): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998536

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Chronic sinusitis: symptoms versus CT scan findings. Author(s): Stewart MG, Johnson RF. Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 February; 12(1): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712116

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Ciliary beating frequency in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Nuutinen J, Rauch-Toskala E, Saano V, Joki S. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1993 June; 119(6): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499095

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Comparative evaluation of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and conventional surgery in the management of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Venkatachalam VP, Jain A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2002 February; 100(2): 78-9, 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206354

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Comparison between low-dose and standard-dose multidetector CT in patients with suspected chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Tack D, Widelec J, De Maertelaer V, Bailly JM, Delcour C, Gevenois PA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 October; 181(4): 939-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500205

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Comparison of conventional instruments and mechanical debriders for surgery of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Selivanova O, Kuehnemund M, Mann WJ, Amedee RG. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2003 July-August; 17(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962188

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Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b.i.d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. Author(s): Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Czecior E, Malafiej E, Orecka B, Namyslowski P, Misiolek H. Source: J Chemother. 2002 October; 14(5): 508-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462431

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Computed tomography to evaluate chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Metson R, Gliklich RE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 September 21; 272(11): 852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8078161

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Computed tomography to evaluate chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ferguson BJ, Eibling DE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 September 21; 272(11): 851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7993435

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Concha bullosa: frequency and appearances on CT and correlations with sinus disease in 308 patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Nadas S, Duvoisin B, Landry M, Schnyder P. Source: Neuroradiology. 1995 April; 37(3): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603601

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Concomitant chronic sinusitis treatment in children with mild asthma: the effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Tsao CH, Chen LC, Yeh KW, Huang JL. Source: Chest. 2003 March; 123(3): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628875

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Coronal CT scan abnormalities in children with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): April MM, Zinreich SJ, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 September; 103(9): 985-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8361320

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Correlation between bacteriology of the middle meatus and ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jiang RS, Lin JF, Hsu CY. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 June; 116(6): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385356

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Correlation of middle meatus and ethmoid sinus microbiology in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ozcan M, Unal A, Aksaray S, Yalcin F, Akdeniz T. Source: Rhinology. 2002 March; 40(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12012950

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Current views on the molecular biology of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Fakhri S, Frenkiel S, Hamid QA. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 August; 31 Suppl 1: S2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243239

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Cytokine profile of chronic sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Sobol SE, Christodoulopoulos P, Manoukian JJ, Hauber HP, Frenkiel S, Desrosiers M, Fukakusa M, Schloss MD, Hamid Q. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 November; 128(11): 1295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431174

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Detection of Helicobacter pylori in nasal and maxillary sinus specimens from patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Morinaka S, Ichimiya M, Nakamura H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 September; 113(9): 1557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972933

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Diagnosis & management of acute & chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Josephson GD, Gross CW. Source: Compr Ther. 1997 November; 23(11): 708-14. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360797

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Diagnosis and management of chronic sinusitis. Do not rely on computed tomography. Author(s): Maclennan AC, McGarry GW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 25; 310(6978): 529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7888905

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Diagnostic techniques in chronic sinusitis: endoscopy, sinusomanometry. Author(s): Bertrand B, Collet S, Betsch C, Rombaux P, Eloy P. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(4): 259-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444374

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Do antral washouts have a place in the current management of chronic sinusitis? Author(s): Pang YT, Willatt DJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 October; 110(10): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977854

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Does the severity of sinus computed tomography findings predict outcome in chronic sinusitis? Author(s): Stewart MG, Donovan DT, Parke RB Jr, Bautista MH. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 July; 123(1 Pt 1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10889486

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Economic implications of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gliklich RE, Metson R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 March; 118(3 Pt 1): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9527115

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Effect of biochemical components on rheologic properties of nasal mucus in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Majima Y, Harada T, Shimizu T, Takeuchi K, Sakakura Y, Yasuoka S, Yoshinaga S. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 August; 160(2): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430708

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Effect of new macrolides on the expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Enomoto F, Andou I, Nagaoka I, Ichikawa G. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2002 July; 29(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167449

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Effect of S-carboxymethylcysteine on ciliary activity in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Sugiura Y, Ohno Y, Okamoto H, Hayashi M. Source: Rhinology. 1993 September; 31(3): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8256077

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Effectiveness and safety of ofloxacin in chronic otitis media and chronic sinusitis in adult outpatients. Author(s): Gehanno P, Cohen B. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1993; 250 Suppl 1: S13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8476579

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Effects of clarithromycin on rheological properties of nasal mucus in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Rhee CS, Majima Y, Arima S, Jung HW, Jinn TH, Min YG, Sakakura Y. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 May; 109(5): 484-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823478

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Effects of long-term low-dose macrolide administration on neutrophil recruitment and IL-8 in the nasal discharge of chronic sinusitis patients. Author(s): Suzuki H, Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1997 June; 182(2): 115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9261930

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Efficacy of a stepwise protocol that includes intravenous antibiotic therapy for the management of chronic sinusitis in children and adolescents. Author(s): Don DM, Yellon RF, Casselbrant ML, Bluestone CD. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 September; 127(9): 1093-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556859

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Efficacy of adenoidectomy in relieving symptoms of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Vandenberg SJ, Heatley DG. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 July; 123(7): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236583

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Efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of patients with asthma and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Palmer JN, Conley DB, Dong RG, Ditto AM, Yarnold PR, Kern RC. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2001 January-February; 15(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11258656

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Endonasal frontal sinusotomy in surgical management of chronic sinusitis: a critical evaluation. Author(s): Hosemann W, Kuhnel T, Held P, Wagner W, Felderhoff A. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 January-February; 11(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065341

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Endonasal micro-endoscopic pansinusoperation in chronic sinusitis. I. Indications and operation technique. Author(s): Draf W, Weber R. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1993 November-December; 14(6): 394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285308

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Endonasal microendoscopic pansinusoperation in chronic sinusitis. II. Results and complications. Author(s): Weber R, Draf W, Keerl R, Schick B, Saha A. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 July-August; 18(4): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9242875

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Endonasal sinus surgery improves mucociliary transport in severe chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hafner B, Davris S, Riechelmann H, Mann WJ, Amedee RG. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 July-August; 11(4): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292177

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Endoscopic diagnosis, medical treatment and a working classification for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Woodham JD, Doyle PW. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1991 December; 20(6): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1723109

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Endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis with antrochoanal polyp. Author(s): Sato K, Nakashima T. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 September; 110(9): 1581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10983967

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Endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic sinusitis in geriatric patients. Author(s): Jiang RS, Hsu CY. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 April; 80(4): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11338647

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Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ikeda K, Tanno N, Tamura G, Suzuki H, Oshima T, Shimomura A, Nakabayashi S, Takasaka T. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 April; 108(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214782

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Endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic sinusitis: a pilot study. Author(s): Lusk RP, Muntz HR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1990 June; 100(6): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2348746

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Endoscopic turbinate photocoagulation offers hope for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Frandzel S. Source: Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 1991 August; 9(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10149461

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Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Nadel DM, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 July-August; 12(4): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740915

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Eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in chronic sinusitis and allergen-induced nasal responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Minshall EM, Cameron L, Lavigne F, Leung DY, Hamilos D, Garcia-Zepada EA, Rothenberg M, Luster AD, Hamid Q. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 1997 December; 17(6): 683-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9409555

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Epidemiology and prevalence of aspecific chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gordts F, Clement PA. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(4): 205-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444368

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Epidemiology and prevalence of aspecific chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Clement PA, Gordts F. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 5; 49 Suppl 1: S101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577785

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Evaluating the efficacy of saline solutions in treatment of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Akbari H. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 September; 21(9): 888-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376373

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Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sener B, Hascelik G, Onerci M, Tunckanat F. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 June; 110(6): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8763374

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Expression of adhesion molecules in nonallergic chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Suzuki H, Nakabayashi S, Oshima T, Furukawa M, Takasaka T, Ando N, Ohtani H, Nagura H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 November; 107(11 Pt 1): 1519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9369401

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Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lee HM, Choi JH, Chae SW, Hwang SJ, Lee SH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 February; 112(2): 1328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597285

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Expression of IgE heavy chain transcripts in the sinus mucosa of atopic and nonatopic patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ghaffar O, Durham SR, Al-Ghamdi K, Wright E, Small P, Frenkiel S, Gould HJ, Hamid Q. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 1998 May; 18(5): 706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569241

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Expression of interleukin (IL)-12 (p40) and IL-12 (beta 2) receptors in allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Wright ED, Christodoulopoulos P, Frenkiel S, Hamid Q. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 29(10): 1320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10520052

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Fosfomycin nebulizer therapy to chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kamijyo A, Matsuzaki Z, Kikushima K, Ogino J, Nozawa I, Matsuoka T, Endo S, Okamoto Y. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2001 August; 28(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489366

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From Fernand Widal rhinitis syndrome and chronic sinusitis to total muco-ciliary disease. Author(s): Mathe G, Abitol J. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1988; 42(8): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3224158

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Functional and morphological pathology of chronic sinusitis mucous membrane. Author(s): Ohashi Y, Nakai Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1983; 397: 11-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6314734

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Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinusitis--a series of 237 consecutively operated patients. Author(s): Jakobsen J, Svendstrup F. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10909008

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Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma. Author(s): Nishioka GJ, Cook PR, Davis WE, McKinsey JP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1994 June; 110(6): 494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8208562

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Gaonkar's maneuver for treating allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gaonkar BN, Gaonkar SN. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1985; 22(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4019398

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Health impact of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Chester AC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1996 June; 114(6): 842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8643320

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Histopathologic evaluation of the ethmoid bone in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Giacchi RJ, Lebowitz RA, Yee HT, Light JP, Jacobs JB. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453507

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Human nasal ciliary-beat frequency in normal and chronic sinusitis subjects. Author(s): Braverman I, Wright ED, Wang CG, Eidelman D, Frenkiel S. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 June; 27(3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9664244

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Hydrocephalus, situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and male infertility in DNA polymerase lambda-deficient mice: possible implication for the pathogenesis of immotile cilia syndrome. Author(s): Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M, Okada Y, Sawa H, Takai H, Nakanishi M, Kawase Y, Suzuki H, Nagashima K, Ikeda K, Motoyama N. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2002 April; 22(8): 2769-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11909969

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Hydroxychloroquin and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Purcell JJ. Source: Conn Med. 1990 December; 54(12): 694. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2282804

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Hypertonic saline for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Seaton TL. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 August; 47(2): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9722790

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Hypoxia in paranasal sinuses of patients with chronic sinusitis with or without the complication of nasal allergy. Author(s): Matsune S, Kono M, Sun D, Ushikai M, Kurono Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 May; 123(4): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797588

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Idiopathic cyclic vomiting syndrome associated with gastroesophageal reflux and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V, Tan H, Selimoglu E. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 October; 143(4): 545; Author Reply 545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603890

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IL-12 receptor beta2 and CD30 expression in paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Suzuki H, Goto S, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Furukawa M, Takasaka T. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 May; 13(5): 1008-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10414397

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IL-4 and IL-13 expression in chronic sinusitis: relationship with cellular infiltrate and effect of topical corticosteroid treatment. Author(s): al Ghamdi K, Ghaffar O, Small P, Frenkiel S, Hamid Q. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 June; 26(3): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176799

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Imaging of chronic sinusitis in adults: X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Zinreich SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 September; 90(3 Pt 2): 445-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527335

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Immunoglobulin classes, complement factors and circulating immune complexes in chronic sinusitis patients. Author(s): Ogunleye AO, Arinola OG. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001 December; 30(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510109

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Immunohistochemical distribution of fibronectin in the mucosa with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ito O, Suzaki H, Nomura Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1991; 111(1): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2014750

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Immunohistochemical localization of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Nonoyama T, Harada T, Shinogi J, Yoshimura E, Sakakura Y. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2000 January; 27(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648069

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Immunohistochemical studies of complement receptor (CR1) in cases with normal sinus mucosa and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Miyaguchi M, Uda H, Sakai S, Kubo T, Matsunaga T. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1988; 244(6): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2964819

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Immunohistological characteristics of nasal polyps. A comparison with healthy mucosa and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jankowski R, Bene MC, Moneret-Vautrin AD, Haas F, Faure G, Simon C, Wayoff M. Source: Rhinol Suppl. 1989; 8: 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2672277

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Immunologic aspects of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lund VJ, Scadding GK. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1991 December; 20(6): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1774792

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Immunopathologic study of chronic sinusitis: a proposal for atopic and non-atopic IgE-activated mast cell allergic inflammation. Author(s): Loesel LS. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 May; 110(5 Pt 1): 44752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11372929

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In vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of bacterial strains isolated from chronic otitis media and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gaillot O, Berche P. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549303

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Incidence of bacteria, L-form and mycoplasma in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Bhattacharyya TK, Mehra YN, Agarwal SC. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1972 October; 74(4): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4538619

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Increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-beta mRNAs in maxillary mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Min YG, Lee CH, Rhee CS, Hong SK, Kwon SH. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1999 September-October; 13(5): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582110

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Inflammation and remodeling of the sinus mucosa in children and adults with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sobol SE, Fukakusa M, Christodoulopoulos P, Manoukian JJ, Schloss MD, Frenkiel S, Hamid Q. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 March; 113(3): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616188

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Inflammatory mechanisms in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge PB. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(4): 209-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444369

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Inhibitory effect of erythromycin on interleukin-8 secretion from exudative cells in the nasal discharge of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Suzuki H, Asada Y, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 March; 109(3): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10089966

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Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic sinusitis: response to systemic corticosteroids. Author(s): Lennard CM, Mann EA, Sun LL, Chang AS, Bolger WE. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2000 November-December; 14(6): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197112

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Interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor expression in chronic sinusitis and response to topical steroids. Author(s): Wright ED, Frenkiel S, Al-Ghamdi K, Ghaffar O, Small P, Troutt T, Tavernier J, Hamid Q. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 April; 118(4): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9560101

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Interleukin-6 expression in chronic sinusitis: colocalization of gene transcripts to eosinophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells. Author(s): Ghaffar O, Lavigne F, Kamil A, Renzi P, Hamid Q. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 April; 118(4): 504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9560103

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Interleukin-8 gene expression in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Yuta A, Sakakura Y. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 March-April; 16(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793513

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Intracranial extension of a frontoethmoidal sinus mucocele. A delayed complication of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Young WF, Rosenwasser RH. Source: N Y State J Med. 1991 April; 91(4): 163-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2047035

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Intractable pediatric chronic sinusitis with antrochoanal polyp. Author(s): Saito H, Honda N, Yamada T, Mori S, Fujieda S, Saito T. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 August 31; 54(2-3): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10967380

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Investigation into allergic response in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Liu CM, Shun CT, Song HC, Lee SY, Hsu MM, How SW. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1992 March; 91(3): 252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1354684

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Involvement of inferior turbinate mucosa in chronic sinusitis--localization of T-cell subset. Author(s): Grevers G, Klemens A, Menauer F, Sturm C. Source: Allergy. 2000 December; 55(12): 1155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117273

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Is antibiotic treatment of chronic sinusitis effective in children? Author(s): Otten HW, Antvelink JB, Ruyter de Wildt H, Rietema SJ, Siemelink RJ, Hordijk GJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 June; 19(3): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923842

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Is septal deviation a risk factor for chronic sinusitis? Review of literature. Author(s): Collet S, Bertrand B, Cornu S, Eloy P, Rombaux P. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2001; 55(4): 299-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859650

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Is there a correlation between radiographic and histologic findings in chronic sinusitis? Author(s): Cousin JN, Har-El G, Li J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 June; 29(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10883832

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Lateralized and bilateral olfactory function in patients with chronic sinusitis compared with healthy control subjects. Author(s): Klimek L, Hummel T, Moll B, Kobal G, Mann WJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 January; 108(1 Pt 1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9432078

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Letter: Chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Zermansky AG. Source: Lancet. 1974 March 30; 1(7857): 561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4131997

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Localization of IL-1 beta mRNA and cell adhesion molecules in the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Tokushige E, Itoh K, Ushikai M, Katahira S, Fukuda K. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1994 October; 104(10): 1245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7523818

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Longitudinal sensitivity of generic and specific health measures in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gliklich RE, Hilinski JM. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 1995 February; 4(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7711687

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Lysozyme and lactoferrin in human maxillary sinus mucosa during chronic sinusitis. An immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Fukami M, Stierna P, Veress B, Carlsoo B. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1993; 250(3): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8357602

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Macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and COPD. Author(s): Gotfried MH. Source: Chest. 2004 February; 125(2 Suppl): 52S-60S; Quiz 60S-61S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14872001

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Management of chronic sinusitis in children with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): April MM. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999; 18: 76-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10093103

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Management of chronic sinusitis in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Davidson TM, Murphy C, Mitchell M, Smith C, Light M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 April; 105(4 Pt 1): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7715376

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Management of chronic sinusitis in the adult cystic fibrosis patient. Author(s): Halvorson DJ, Dupree JR, Porubsky ES. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1998 November; 107(11 Pt 1): 946-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9823844

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Management of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lockey RF. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 March 15; 31(3): 141-6,149-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595999

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Management of recurrent and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Arjmand EM, Lusk RP. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 November-December; 16(6): 367-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8572253

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Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7, MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1: expression in chronic sinusitis vs nasal polyposis. Author(s): Watelet JB, Bachert C, Claeys C, Van Cauwenberge P. Source: Allergy. 2004 January; 59(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674934

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Maxillary sinus hypoplasia masquerading as chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Vinson RP, Collette RP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 March; 89(4): 189-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2000352

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Mechanism of neutrophil recruitment induced by IL-8 in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Suzuki H, Takahashi Y, Wataya H, Ikeda K, Nakabayashi S, Shimomura A, Takasaka T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 September; 98(3): 659-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8828544

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Medical and surgical management of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Eloy P, Bertrand B, Rombaux P. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(4): 271-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444375

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Medical management of pediatric chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lippincott LL, Brown KR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2000 October; 152(10): 470-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11059914

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Medical treatment of chronic sinusitis in the immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patient: a review. Author(s): Rybak LP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1982 September-October; 90(5): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6819507

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Methacholine bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Okayama M, Iijima H, Shimura S, Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Okayama H, Shirato K. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1998; 65(6): 450-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817959

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Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 July; 316(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671039

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Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 September; 90(3 Pt 2): 452-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527336

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Microbiology of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Orobello PW Jr, Park RI, Belcher LJ, Eggleston P, Lederman HM, Banks JR, Modlin JF, Naclerio RM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 September; 117(9): 980-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1910729

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Microbiology of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Van Cauwenberge PB, Ingels KJ, Bachert C, Wang DY. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(4): 239-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444372

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Microscopic antrostomies in children: a review of the literature in chronic sinusitis and a plan of medical and surgical treatment. Author(s): Dixon HS. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1976 December; 86(12): 1796-814. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=792595

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Bayar N, Oguzturk O, Kazkayasi M, Koc MC. Source: Rhinology. 2001 September; 39(3): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721502

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Mode of action of long-term low-dose macrolide therapy for chronic sinusitis in the light of neutrophil recruitment. Author(s): Suzuki H, Ikeda K. Source: Current Drug Targets. Inflammation and Allergy. 2002 March; 1(1): 117-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561211

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Molecular immunology and immunotherapy for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Nguyen LH, Fakhri S, Frenkiel S, Hamid QA. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003 November; 3(6): 505-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531972

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Monocyte chemotactic protein expression in allergy and non-allergy-associated chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Wright ED, Frenkiel S, Ghaffar O, al-Ghamdi K, Luster A, Miotto D, Hamid Q. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 October; 27(5): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800627

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Morpho-functional evaluation of osteomeatal complex in chronic sinusitis by coronal CT. Author(s): Pruna X. Source: European Radiology. 2003 June; 13(6): 1461-8. Epub 2002 October 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12764666

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Mucociliary clearance in chronic sinusitis: related human nasal clearance and in vitro bullfrog palate clearance. Author(s): Majima Y, Sakakura Y, Matsubara T, Murai S, Miyoshi Y. Source: Biorheology. 1983; 20(2): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6603238

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Multidisciplinary approach to the therapy of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Bassetti D, Concia E, Solbiati M, Sampietro M. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988; 14(8): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3248509

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Myeloperoxidase and interleukin-8 levels in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Demoly P, Crampette L, Mondain M, Enander I, Jones I, Bousquet J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 June; 27(6): 672-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208188

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Nasal and paranasal sinus anomalies in children with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Milczuk HA, Dalley RW, Wessbacher FW, Richardson MA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 March; 103(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441311

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Nasal interleukin-5, immunoglobulin E, eosinophilic cationic protein, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis. Author(s): Kramer MF, Ostertag P, Pfrogner E, Rasp G. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 June; 110(6): 1056-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852530

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Nasal mucociliary clearance of chronic sinusitis in relation to rheological properties of nasal mucus. Author(s): Atsuta S, Majima Y. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1998 January; 107(1): 4751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9439388

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Nasal mucociliary transport of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Sakakura Y, Majima Y, Harada T, Hattori M, Ukai K. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 November; 118(11): 1234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1418903

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Nasally inhaled dornase alfa in the postoperative management of chronic sinusitis due to cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Raynor EM, Butler A, Guill M, Bent JP 3rd. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 May; 126(5): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807324

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Naso-orbital fracture leading to orbital cellulitis, and visual loss as a complication of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Paterson AW, Barnard NA, Irvine GH. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1994 April; 32(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8199152

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Nebulization treatment with saline compared to bromhexine in treating chronic sinusitis in asthmatic children. Author(s): Van Bever HP, Bosmans J, Stevens WJ. Source: Allergy. 1987 January; 42(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3551671

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Necrotizing sialometaplasia in the setting of acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Granich MS, Pilch BZ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1981 September; 91(9 Pt 1): 1532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7346696

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Neurological consequences of scuba diving with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Parell GJ, Becker GD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 August; 110(8): 1358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942141

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Neutrophil elastase and its complex with alpha 1-antitrypsin in soluble and insoluble fractions of nasal secretions of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hamaguchi Y, Suzumura H, Jin CS, Sakakura Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1991; 111(5): 954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1759584

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Nitric oxide (NO) production in the upper airways is decreased in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lindberg S, Cervin A, Runer T. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1997 January; 117(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039491

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Normalization of maxillary sinus mucosa after FESS. A prospective study of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Author(s): Fang SY. Source: Rhinology. 1994 September; 32(3): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839085

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Objective and subjective outcomes in surgery for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kennedy DW, Wright ED, Goldberg AN. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 March; 110(3 Pt 3): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718412

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Olfactory function after functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Delank KW, Stoll W. Source: Rhinology. 1998 March; 36(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569436

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One-year low-dose erythromycin treatment of persistent chronic sinusitis after sinus surgery: clinical outcome and effects on mucociliary parameters and nasal nitric oxide. Author(s): Cervin A, Kalm O, Sandkull P, Lindberg S. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 May; 126(5): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075221

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One-year outcome analysis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sobol SE, Wright ED, Frenkiel S. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 October; 27(5): 252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800622

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Open trial of intravenous immune serum globulin for chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Ramesh S, Brodsky L, Afshani E, Pizzuto M, Ishman M, Helm J, Ballow M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 August; 79(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291415

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Oral and pharyngeal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease: globus, dental erosions, and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jailwala JA, Shaker R. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2000 April; 30(3 Suppl): S35-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10777170

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Orbital inflammation and optic neuropathies associated with chronic sinusitis of intranasal cocaine abuse. Possible role of contiguous inflammation. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Weisman JS, McFarland JE, Krauss HR, Hepler RS, Shorr N. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1989 June; 107(6): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730401

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Otitis media with effusion as a presenting symptom of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Finkelstein Y, Talmi YP, Rubel Y, Bar-Ziv J, Zohar Y. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1989 September; 103(9): 827-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584869

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Outcome analysis of endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis in patients having Samter's triad. Author(s): Amar YG, Frenkiel S, Sobol SE. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 February; 29(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709165

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Outcome in patients with chronic sinusitis after the minimally invasive sinus technique. Author(s): Catalano P, Roffman E. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693651

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Outcome of reflux therapy on pediatric chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Bothwell MR, Parsons DS, Talbot A, Barbero GJ, Wilder B. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 September; 121(3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10471867

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Paranasal sinus development in chronic sinusitis, cystic fibrosis, and normal comparison population: a computerized tomography correlation study. Author(s): Kim HJ, Friedman EM, Sulek M, Duncan NO, McCluggage C. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 July-August; 11(4): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292178

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PCR analysis of nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, and hypertrophied turbinates for DNA encoding bacterial 16S rRNA. Author(s): Bucholtz GA, Salzman SA, Bersalona FB, Boyle TR, Ejercito VS, Penno L, Peterson DW, Stone GE, Urquhart A, Shukla SK, Burmester JK. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2002 May-June; 16(3): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141776

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Perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis: correlation with rhinologic risk factors. Author(s): Berrettini S, Carabelli A, Sellari-Franceschini S, Bruschini L, Abruzzese A, Quartieri F, Sconosciuto F. Source: Allergy. 1999 March; 54(3): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10321560

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Polypoid mucosa with eosinophilia and glandular hyperplasia in chronic sinusitis: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Berger G, Kattan A, Bernheim J, Ophir D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 738-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150532

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Positive identification in situ of mRNA expression of IL-6, and IL-12, and the chemotactic cytokine RANTES in patients with chronic sinusitis and polypoid disease. Clinical relevance and relation to allergy. Author(s): Davidsson A, Danielsen A, Viale G, Olofsson J, Dell'Orto P, Pellegrini C, Karlsson MG, Hellquist HB. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1996 July; 116(4): 604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8831850

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Possible mechanisms of reduction of nasal mucociliary clearance in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Majima Y, Sakakura Y, Matsubara T, Miyoshi Y. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1986 April; 11(2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3486729

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Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R, Shaker R. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1999 May-June; 13(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392238

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Postoperative olfaction in chronic sinusitis: smokers versus nonsmokers. Author(s): Sugiyama K, Matsuda T, Kondo H, Mitsuya S, Hashiba M, Murakami S, Baba S. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 November; 111(11): 1054-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450184

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Presence of cysteinyl leukotrienes in asthmatic patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Arango P, Kountakis SE. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 July; 112(7 Pt 1): 1190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169896

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Prevalence and risk factors of chronic sinusitis in Korea: results of a nationwide survey. Author(s): Min YG, Jung HW, Kim HS, Park SK, Yoo KY. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1996; 253(7): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891490

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Prevalence of the chronic sinusitis diagnosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Author(s): Shashy RG, Moore EJ, Weaver A. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 March; 130(3): 320-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023840

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Prognosis and prediction of response to surgery in allergic patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lavigne F, Nguyen CT, Cameron L, Hamid Q, Renzi PM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 105(4): 746-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10756225

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Prognostic staging system and therapeutic effectiveness for recurrent or chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Lieu JE, Piccirillo JF, Lusk RP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 September; 129(3): 222-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12958571

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Protocol for acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Lewis CM. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1994 March; 42(5): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201139

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Pulmonary aspiration of nasal secretions in patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma. Author(s): Ozcan M, Ortapamuk H, Naldoken S, Olcay I, Ozcan KM, Tuncel U. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 September; 129(9): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975277

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Quantification of interleukin-1 in nasal polyps from patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Liu Y, Hamaguchi Y, Taya M, Sakakura Y. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1993; 250(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8507466

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Quantitation and immunocytological identification of interleukin-1 in nasal polyps from patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hamaguchi Y, Suzumura H, Arima S, Sakakura Y. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994; 104(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8199459

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Quantitative analysis of mucin and lectin in maxillary sinus fluids in patients with acute and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Shinogi J, Harada T, Nonoyama T, Kishioka C, Sakakura Y, Majima Y. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 February; 111(2): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210868

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Quantitative study of nasal secretory cells in normal subjects and patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Majima Y, Masuda S, Sakakura Y. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 November; 107(11 Pt 1): 1515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9369400

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Radiographic imaging studies in pediatric chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Garcia DP, Corbett ML, Eberly SM, Joyce MR, Le HT, Karibo JM, Pence HL, Nguyen KL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 September; 94(3 Pt 1): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8083458

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Radiographic pattern of chronic sinusitis in Ilorin, Nigeria. Author(s): Ologe FE, Olatunji AA. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003 December; 10(4): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15045009

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Reduced ciliary action in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ohashi Y, Nakai Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1983; 397: 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6314735

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Reduced sialylation of glycoproteins in nasal glands of patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ueno K, Wang ZH, Hanamure Y, Yoshitsugu M, Fukuda K, Furuta S, Uehara F, Ohyama M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1997 May; 117(3): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199529

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Refractory chronic sinusitis: evaluation of symptom improvement after Denker's procedure. Author(s): Wreesmann VB, Fokkens WJ, Knegt PP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 125(5): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700449

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Results and prognostic factors in the radical sinus operation for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Iida M, Fujimori K, Makino K, Sakai M, Miyake H. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1993 June; 18(1-2): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7940611

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Results of Caldwell-Luc after failed endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Cutler JL, Duncavage JA, Matheny K, Cross JL, Miman MC, Oh CK. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 December; 113(12): 2148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660918

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Results of endoscopic sinus surgery in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma. Author(s): Manning SC, Wasserman RL, Silver R, Phillips DL. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1994 October; 120(10): 11425. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7917197

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Retention fluids of chronic sinusitis induce neutrophil adherence to microvascular endothelial cells. Author(s): Itoh K, Katahira S, Matsuzaki T, Ohyama M, Fukuda K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1992 September; 112(5): 882-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456045

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Reversibility of reduced mucociliary clearance in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sakakura Y, Majima Y, Saida S, Ukai K, Miyoshi Y. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1985 April; 10(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4028471

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Role of anaerobes in chronic sinusitis: Will polymerase chain reaction solve the debate. Author(s): Ramadan HH, Mathers PH, Schwartzbauer H. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 November; 127(5): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447231

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Role of chronic sinusitis in cognitive functioning in the elderly. Author(s): Matsui T, Arai H, Nakajo M, Maruyama M, Ebihara S, Sasaki H, Nakajo M, Yoshida Y. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687371

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Role of middle meatus aspiration culture in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gold SM, Tami TA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 December; 107(12 Pt 1): 1586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396669

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Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Sanchez-Fernandez JM, Rivera-Pomar JM, Macias JA. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1983; 104(1): 45-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6857040

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Scanning electron microscopy findings of human respiratory cilia in chronic sinusitis and in recurrent respiratory infections. Author(s): Toskala E, Nuutinen J, Rautiainen M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 June; 109(6): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7642990

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Serum bactericidal effect on capsulated and non-capsulated Haemophilus influenzae in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Harada T, Sakakura Y, Miyoshi Y. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1984; 240(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610409

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Serum immunoglobulins and IgG subclass levels in adults with chronic sinusitis: evidence for decreased IgG3 levels. Author(s): Armenaka M, Grizzanti J, Rosenstreich DL. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 June; 72(6): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8203794

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Severity staging in chronic sinusitis: are CT scan findings related to patient symptoms? Author(s): Stewart MG, Sicard MW, Piccirillo JF, Diaz-Marchan PJ. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1999 May-June; 13(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392233

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Some risk factors for refractory chronic sinusitis: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Elwany S, Bassyouni M, Morad F. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 February; 116(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827583

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Specific inflammatory cell types and disease severity as predictors of postsurgical outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Moran JV, Conley DB, Grammer LC, Haines GK 3rd, Kern RC, Yarnold PR, Tripathi A, Harris KE, Ditto AM. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 November-December; 24(6): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763245

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Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a hospital after exposure to a health care worker with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Boyce JM, Opal SM, Potter-Bynoe G, Medeiros AA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 September; 17(3): 496-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8218696

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Studies of LDH activity concerning malignant transformation from chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Fujisaki S, Sakai S, Ishida M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1972 January; 73(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5061258

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Studies on proactivator from the paranasal mucous membrane in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kosugi T, Takagi I, Kinjo K, Ura M, Okamoto K, Sueno K, Mihara H. Source: Rhinology. 1983 December; 21(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6686718

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Studies on the maxillary ostial function in cases with maxillary pain, intrasinusal cysts and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Jannert M, Andreasson L, Ivarsson A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1984 March-April; 97(3-4): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6720309

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Study of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Fombeur JP, Barrault S, Koubbi G, Laurier JN, Ebbo D, Lecomte F, Sorrel N, Dobler S. Source: Chemotherapy. 1994; 40 Suppl 1: 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7805427

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Subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage associated with chronic sinusitis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ichino Y, Nagata M, Ishikawa T. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1985; 12(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038209

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Techniques for outcomes research in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Gliklich RE, Metson R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 April; 105(4 Pt 1): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7715384

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The anti-inflammatory effect of erythromycin and its derivatives, with special reference to nasal polyposis and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Cervin A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 January; 121(1): 83-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270500

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The approach to acute and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Younis RT, Lazar RH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1991 January; 70(1): 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2065617

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The bacteriology of chronic sinusitis in pediatrics. Author(s): Sturdivant T, Cannon CR. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1993 June; 34(6): 183-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8326520

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The case of a sterile man with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Seaman WB. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1985 August 15; 20(8): 123, 126. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3926785

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The coexistence of chronic sinusitis with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Olszewska-Wasilewska A, Zalewski P, Buczylko K. Source: Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 1992; 60 Suppl 2: 27-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1305499

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The diagnosis and treatment of recurrent and chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Lusk RP, Lazar RH, Muntz HR. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1989 December; 36(6): 1411-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2685721

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The effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Elwany S, Hisham M, Gamaee R. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 255(10): 511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9879477

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The health impact of chronic sinusitis in patients seeking otolaryngologic care. Author(s): Gliklich RE, Metson R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 July; 113(1): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603703

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The impact of sinus computed tomography on treatment decisions for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Anzai Y, Weymuller EA Jr, Yueh B, Maronian N, Jarvik JG. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 April; 130(4): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096424

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The microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis and otitis media:a review. Author(s): van Cauwenberge PB, Vander Mijnsbrugge AM, Ingels KJ. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250 Suppl 1:s3-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8476583

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The microbiology of chronic sinusitis in children. A review. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(1): 51-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105485

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The microbiology of ethmoid and maxillary sinuses in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Aral M, Keles E, Kaygusuz I. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761703

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The opacified maxillary sinus: CT findings in chronic sinusitis and malignant tumors. Author(s): Silver AJ, Baredes S, Bello JA, Blitzer A, Hilal SK. Source: Radiology. 1987 April; 163(1): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3823436

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The role of anaerobes in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Ramadan HH. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 May; 121(5): 591. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7727098

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The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in children with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Cultrara A, Goldstein NA, Ovchinsky A, Reznik T, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(10): 10947. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568794

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The role of chronic sinusitis in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Khalifa MC, El-Shennawy MM, Fateen AM, Hafez SI, Mortagy MS. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1978; 61(1-2): 51-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=756440

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The role of interleukin-12, and tissue antioxidants in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kassim SK, Elbeigermy M, Nasr GF, Khalil R, Nassar M. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 July; 35(5): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12270766

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The surgical management of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Lusk RP. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1998 December; 27(12): 820-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9866139

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The treatment of chronic sinusitis: a controversial issue. Author(s): Lund VJ, Neijens HJ, Clement PA, Lusk R, Stammberger H. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1995 June; 32 Suppl: S21-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665294

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Tissue eosinophilia in chronic sinusitis: quantification techniques. Author(s): Bhattacharyya N, Vyas DK, Fechner FP, Gliklich RE, Metson R. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 September; 127(9): 1102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556861

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Trace elements in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Onerci M, Kus S. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1995; 252(6): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8679159

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Translation and validation assessment of the Chinese version of the chronic sinusitis survey. Author(s): Wang PC, Tai CJ, Chu CC, Liang SC. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 January; 25(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926590

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Traumatic intracavernous aneurysm of the internal carotid artery following surgery for chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Wakai S, Yoshimasu N, Eguchi T, Ashikawa R. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1980 May; 13(5): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7385011

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Treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis with cefadroxil. Author(s): Kaminszczik I. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803251

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Treatment of an oroantral fistula with chronic sinusitis: a case report. Author(s): Coleman GC, Svane TJ, Triplett WW. Source: Tex Dent J. 1990 July; 107(7): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2284617

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Treatment of chronic sinusitis with open drainage and cefaclor. Author(s): Maisel RH, Kimberley BP. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1988 January-February; 9(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358484

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Treatment with hypertonic saline versus normal saline nasal wash of pediatric chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Shai P, Shoseyov N, Shazberg G, Hurvitz H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 May; 101(5): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600495

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Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Majima Y, Sakakura Y. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 October; 110(10 Pt 1): 1711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037831

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Tympanometric findings in patients with adenoid hyperplasia, chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Abd Alhady R, el Sharnoubi M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 July; 98(7): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6747449

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Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of chronic sinusitis in children. Author(s): Richards W, Roth RM, Church JA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1991 February; 30(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007312

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Unilateral choanal atresia masquerading as chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Rothman G, Wood RA, Naclerio RM. Source: Pediatrics. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 1): 941-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971018

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Upregulation of Th-2 cytokine receptors in atopy- and nonatopy-associated chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Kotsimbos TC, al Ghamdi K, Small P, Frenkiel S, Hamid QA. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1996 October; 25(5): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902691

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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen in tissue extracts of paranasal sinus mucous membranes affected by chronic sinusitis and antrochoanal polyps. Author(s): Sunagawa M, Kinjoh K, Nakamura M, Kosugi T. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1999; 256(5): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392298

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Use of nasal cytology in the diagnosis of occult chronic sinusitis in asthmatic children. Author(s): Jong CN, Olson NY, Nadel GL, Phillips PS, Gill FF, Neiburger JB. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 December; 73(6): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998666

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Use of nebulized antibiotics for acute infections in chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Vaughan WC, Carvalho G. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 December; 127(6): 558-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12501108

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Usefulness of patient symptoms and nasal endoscopy in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Rosbe KW, Jones KR. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 May-June; 12(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9653473

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What is the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis in adults? Author(s): Ramadan HH. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 September-October; 16(5): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503372

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•

When sinus trouble won't stay away. For people with chronic sinusitis, nasal irrigation and surgery offer avenues for fewer relapses and better breathing. Author(s): Metson R. Source: Health News. 2004 May; 10(5): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15132116

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Yellow nail syndrome and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Hassard AD, Martin J, Ross JB. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1984 October; 13(5): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6544848

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chronic sinusitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chronic sinusitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chronic sinusitis: •

A complication from neurocranial restructuring: nasal septum fracture. Author(s): Davis GE, Murphy MP, Yueh B, Weymuller EA Jr. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 129(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707197

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A double blind, placebo-controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination Kan Jang in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis. Author(s): Gabrielian ES, Shukarian AK, Goukasova GI, Chandanian GL, Panossian AG, Wikman G, Wagner H. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 October; 9(7): 589-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487322

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A technique for quantitative cytology of nasal secretions. Author(s): Lee HS, Majima Y, Sakakura Y, Kim BW. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1991; 248(7): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1747249

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Acupuncture--a therapeutic concept in the treatment of painful conditions and functional disorders. Report on 971 cases. Author(s): Fischer MV, Behr A, von Reumont J. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1984; 9(1): 11-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6145308

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Beneficial effects of the thymic hormone preparation thymostimulin in patients with defects in cell-mediated immunity and chronic purulent rhinosinusitis. A doubleblind cross-over trial on improvements in monocyte polarization and clinical effects. Author(s): Tas M, Leezenberg JA, Drexhage HA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1990 June; 80(3): 304-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2197046

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Chronic sinusitis: defective T-cells responding to superantigens, treated by reduction of fungi in the nose and air. Author(s): Dennis DP. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2003 July; 58(7): 433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15143856

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Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Author(s): American Academy of Pediatrics. Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 September; 108(3): 798-808. Erratum In: Pediatrics 2001 November; 108(5): A24. Pediatrics 2002 May; 109(5): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533355

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Complementary therapeutic practices in patients with chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Krouse HJ, Krouse JH. Source: Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1999 November; 3(6): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865572

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Diagnosis and management of supra-esophageal complications of reflux disease. Author(s): Nostrant TT, Rabine JC. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2000 June; 2(3): 210-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10957932

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Fatal cardiac and renal failure due to Ecbalium elaterium (squirting cucumber) Author(s): Vlachos P, Kanitsakis NN, Kokonas N. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7966532

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In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-triketones admixed to Melaleuca oils. Author(s): Christoph F, Kaulfers PM, Stahl-Biskup E. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 November; 67(8): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731927

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Intravenous nutrient therapy: the “Myers' cocktail”. Author(s): Gaby AR. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 October; 7(5): 389-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410623

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Nasal specific technique as part of a chiropractic approach to chronic sinusitis and sinus headaches. Author(s): Folweiler DS, Lynch OT. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 January; 18(1): 3841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7706959

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chronic sinusitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Craniosacral Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,685,00.html

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Chinese Medicine Biyan Pian Alternative names: Biyan Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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•

Herbs and Supplements Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Spirulina and Kelp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10058,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chronic sinusitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chronic sinusitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chronic Sinusitis By performing a patent search focusing on chronic sinusitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 7Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chronic sinusitis: •

Cold weather eyeglass system with protective shield Inventor(s): Hynansky; Deanna (Greenville, DE) Assignee(s): Hawaiko, Inc. (Greenville, DE) Patent Number: 6,139,144 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: An eyeglass system comprising conventional eyeglasses and a cold weather protective shield in either one combined unit or in a removable form. The present invention is particularly directed towards people who suffer from chronic sinusitis. The shield component may be integrally attached to the eye glass frame or be releasably attached to a standard-style eyeglass frame (either of which can be fitted with standard size and shape prescription lenses), to provide protection against cold weather. The preferred embodiment of the removable assembly includes a one-piece member having side retaining members with the member serving as the frame, side retaining members, and a top retaining member. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a shield that may be either integrally or removably attached to a standard-style eyeglass frame (which thus can be fitted with standard size and shape prescription lenses) to provide protection against cold weather. The present invention is particularly directed towards people who suffer from chronic sinusitis. Sinuses are hollow air spaces, of which there are many in the human body. Here, sinuses refer to four pair of paranasal cavities located within the skull or bones of the head surrounding the nose. These include the frontal sinuses over the eyes in the brow area, the maxillary sinuses inside each cheekbone, the ethmoids just behind the bridge of the nose and between the eyes, and behind them, the sphenoids in the upper region of the nose and behind the eyes, all of which develop as outpouchings of the nasal mucosa. They remain connected to the nasal cavity for the free exchange of air and mucus via a narrow ostia with a lumen diameter of 1 to 3 mm, and each is joined with the nasal passages by a continuous mucous membrane lining, the mucoperiosteum. Scientists have not yet determined the function of these paranasal sinuses. It is theorized that sinuses serve functions of making mucus, a fluid that helps warm the air people breathe and add moisture to it, lightening of the skull, improvement of vocal resonance, absorption of shock to the face or skull, and secretion of mucus to assist with air filtration. Hair cells--cilia--continually sweep mucus out of the sinuses into your nose. Sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinuses, is a common ailment. Some 16 percent of the U.S. population are reported to be diagnosed with sinusitis annually, and chronic sinusitis reportedly affects an estimated 32 million people in the United States. Air trapped within an obstructed sinus, along with pus or other secretions, may cause pressure on the sinus wall. The result is the some times intense pain of a sinus attack. Similarly, when air is prevented from entering a paranasal sinus by a swollen membrane at the opening, a vacuum can be created that also causes pain. Anything that blocks the sinus openings or keeps the cilia from moving can cause a sinus infection, or acute sinusitis. For example, anything that causes a swelling in the nose--an infection or an allergic reaction--can affect the sinuses. A number of factors can contribute to the development of sinusitis. The most common cause of acute bacterial sinusitis is a viral upper respiratory infection. Viruses can enter the body through the nasal passages and set off a chain reaction resulting in sinusitis. For example, the nose reacts to an invasion

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by viruses that cause infections such as the common cold, flu, or measles by producing mucus and sending white blood cells to the lining of the nose, which congest and swell the nasal passages. When this swelling involves the adjacent mucous membranes of the sinuses, air and mucus are trapped behind the narrowed openings of the sinuses. If the sinus openings become too narrow to permit drainage of the mucus, then bacteria, which normally are present in the respiratory tract, begin to multiply. Most apparently healthy people harbor bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, in their upper respiratory tracts with no ill effects until the body's defenses are weakened or drainage from the sinuses is blocked by a cold or other viral infection. The bacteria that may have been living harmlessly in the nose, throat, or sinus area can multiply and cause an acute sinus infection. Chronic inflammation of the nasal passages (rhinitis) also can lead to sinusitis. Allergic rhinitis or hay fever is the most common cause of chronic sinusitis and is a frequent cause of acute sinusitis. Vasomotor rhinitis, caused by humidity, cold air, alcohol, perfumes, and other environmental conditions, also can result in a sinus infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06139144__ •

Systems and methods for electrosurgical endoscopic sinus surgery Inventor(s): Eggers; Philip E. (Dublin, OH), Ellsberry; Maria B. (Fremont, CA), Hovda; David C. (Mountain View, CA), Thapliyal; Hira V. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): ArthroCare Corporation (Sunnyvale, CA) Patent Number: 6,109,268 Date filed: December 15, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for selectively applying electrical energy to a target location within the head and neck of a patient's body, particularly including tissue in the ear, nose and throat. The present invention applies high frequency (RF) electrical energy to one or more electrode terminals in the presence of electrically conductive fluid to remove and/or modify the structure of tissue structures. Depending on the specific procedure, the present invention may be used to: (1) volumetrically remove tissue (i.e., ablate or effect molecular dissociation of the tissue structure); (2) shrink or contract collagen connective tissue; and/or (3) coagulate severed blood vessels. For example, the present invention may be useful for ablation and hemostasis of tissue in sinus surgery (e.g., chronic sinusitis or the removal of turbinates, polypectomies), collagen shrinkage, ablation and/or hemostasis in procedures for treating snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (e.g., soft palate, such as the uvula, or tongue/pharynx stiffening, and midline glossectomies), for gross tissue removal, such as tonsillectomies, adenoidectomies, tracheal stenosis and vocal cord polyps and lesions, or for the resection or ablation of facial tumors or tumor with the mouth and pharynx, such as glossectomies, laryngectomies, acoustic neuroma procedures and nasal ablation procedures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of electrosurgery, and more particularly to surgical devices and methods which employ high frequency electrical energy to treat tissue in regions of the head and neck, such as the ear, nose and throat. The present invention is particularly suited for sinus surgery and the treatment of obstructive sleep disorders. Sinuses are the air-filled cavities insides the facial bones that open into the nasal cavities. Sinusitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more of the paranasal sinus cavities. Sinusitis is often associated with a viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection that spreads to the sinuses. When the sinus opening

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becomes blocked, the cavities fill, producing deep pain and pressure. Postnasal or nasal drainage, nasal congestion with pressure, headaches, sinus infections and nasal polyps are most commonly associated with chronic sinusitis. Treatment of mild sinusitis typically involves antibiotics, decongestants and analgesics, and is designed to prevent further complications. For more severe or chronic sinusitis, surgery is often necessary to return the nose and sinuses to normal function, particularly with patients who have undergone years of allergy treatment and still suffer from sinus blockage, or patients born with small sinuses and nasal passages. Recent developments in the field of endoscopic surgical techniques and medical devices have provided skilled physicians with instrumentation and methods to perform complicated paranasal sinus surgical procedures. Improved visualization of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, for example, has now made these anatomical areas more accessible to the endoscopic surgeon. As a result, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become the technique of choice in the surgical approach to sinus disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06109268__

Patent Applications on Chronic Sinusitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chronic sinusitis: •

Composition and method for the treatment of sinusitis Inventor(s): Nicolay, Phil Arnold; (Dewitt, MI) Correspondence: Powell Goldstein Frazer; & Murphy Llp; 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue 6th Floor; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020018771 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: A composition and method for the treatment of chronic sinusitis in which a composition containing "friendly" colonial bacteria is applied externally in the form of either a spray or a flush. The bacteria are selected from the genus Lactobacillus and the genus Bifidobacterium. The selected bacteria are provided in a therapeutically effective amount in a water solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to ailments of the sinuses in humans. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a composition and method for the treatment of sinusitis in humans. The composition includes the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus as an anti-fungal agent in distilled water as a carrier. Formed within the bones of the human skull are four sets of open spaces which define the nasal sinuses. These spaces include a pair of frontal sinuses located above the eyes, a pair of maxillary sinuses located to either side of the nose, a pair of sphenoid sinuses located behind the bridge of the nose, an a pair of ethmoid sinuses located in the upper nose. Through the formation of a surprisingly large amount of mucous fluid (about 1 liter per day), the sinuses help to drain and continually clean the nose. The sinus membranes are lined with cilia which move in wave-like fashion and, by movement of the mucous fluid

8

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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thereover, aid in the flushing and cleansing of the sinus cavities. In their ordinary and healthy condition, the sinuses allow for the free passage of air and the equalization of air pressure. Mucous fluid flows from the sinuses and drains into the nose. However, when the passageways are obstructed, fluid cannot pass freely through the sinuses, and the sinus cavities fill with fluid and are blocked. Symptoms of sinus blockage include coughing, facial pressure, congestion, and fatigue. Sufferers of sinusitis frequently confuse sinusitis for another ailment, such as a cold, a flu, or a sore throat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chronic sinusitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chronic sinusitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chronic sinusitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chronic sinusitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chronic sinusitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on chronic sinusitis: •

Tobacco and Your Oral Health Source: Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1997. 38 p. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $22.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153261. Summary: This book describes the oral health consequences of tobacco use. The authors explain how tobacco use can lead to stained teeth and other problems such as changes in appearance, bad breath, a decrease in the senses of smell and taste, facial wrinkling, the development of tartar (calculus), changes in periodontal structures (gums and supporting bone), impaired wound healing with dental therapy (such as implants), and a variety of other oral conditions including dental abrasion, hairy tongue, smoker's

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palate, leukoplakia, chronic sinusitis, and oral cancer. The authors also discuss developing a tobacco-free lifestyle, the health benefits of quitting, addiction, becoming an ex-tobacco user, choosing a cessation program, and tips for staying tobacco free. The book includes numerous full-color line drawings illustrating each of the tobacco-related problems. The book also includes two self-tests for nicotine addiction. (AA-M).

Chapters on Chronic Sinusitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chronic sinusitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chronic sinusitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chronic sinusitis: •

Infection and Diabetes Source: in Harris, M.I., et al., eds., for the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG). Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. 1995. p. 485-499. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text book and chapter available online at no charge; book may be purchased for $20.00. Order number: DM-96 (book). Summary: This chapter on infection and diabetes is from a compilation and assessment of data on diabetes and its complications in the United States. The authors characterize infections related to diabetes as 'probable' (the data support the presence of the association), 'possible' (presence or absence of an association cannot be established from current data) and 'doubtful' (data argue for no association). People with diabetes probably have a higher risk of the following infections: asymptomatic bacteriuria, lower extremity infections, reactivation tuberculosis in American Indians, infections in surgical wounds after sternotomy and total hip replacement, and group B streptococcal. Support for these associations comes from controlled observational studies in all cases, except for lower extremity infections, where the magnitude of the association between foot and ankle infection and diabetes from hospital-based data appears too great to be explained by detection, selection, or other potential biases. Local and systemic immunologic defects probably account for higher infection rates in patients with diabetes. Autonomic and sensory neuropathy probably account for higher bacteriuria and lower extremity infection rates, while systemic immunologic effects of diabetes may be responsible for the increased risk of surgical wound infection and tuberculosis reinfection. Populationbased data also support a probable higher influenza and pneumonia mortality rate in patients with diabetes. There is a possible association between diabetes and prevalence of the following infections: cystitis, pyelonephritis, candida vulvovaginitis and cystitis, pneumonia, influenza, chronic bronchitis, bacteremia, primary tuberculosis, reactivation tuberculosis in non-American Indians, mucormycosis, malignant otitis externa, and Fournier's gangrene. Doubtful associations exist between diabetes and prevalence of

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chronic sinusitis or S. aureus colonization (staph infection). 6 tables. 103 references. (AA-M). •

Sinusitis Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 437-439. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, discusses infections and allergies affecting paranasal sinuses that can cause symptoms ranging from minor, chronic irritation to life threatening illness. Professional voice users can be especially sensitive to the manifestations of sinusitis, as they are to most diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract. Minor complaints can lead to alteration in technique, vocal fatigue, and loss of vocal range. Serious sinus infections can result in disruptions in performance schedules. The authors discuss the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, the symptoms of acute sinusitis, nasal polyps, the impact of allergies (allergic rhinitis), the diagnosis of sinus disease, the medical treatment for chronic sinusitis, endoscopic sinus surgery, and traditional surgical options for sinus problems. The authors conclude that sinusitis is a common illness that can greatly affect professional voice users because of the direct effect on mucous production and consistency in the vocal tract, nasal obstruction, loss of nasal resonance, and the debilitating effects of a generalized, potentially serious illness.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on chronic sinusitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on chronic sinusitis: •

AIDS/HIV Update 1 & 2: 15th National Lesbian & Gay Health Conference & 11th Annual AIDS/HIV Forum; Houston, TX, July 20-25, 1993 Contact: Encore Cassettes, PO Box 231340, San Diego, CA, 92194, (619) 596-8402. Summary: These sound recordings contain the transcript of a medical update on the status of HIV and AIDS testing, research, and treatment. The first speaker discusses the use of CD4 cell counts as "surrogate" markers for the amount of virus to chart the progression of HIV disease. The point is made that CD4 counts are a percentage of cells, and are not a good choice to quantify disease remission as a result of treatment. The speaker continues with a discussion of viral burden, methods of virologic detection, and the development of laboratory markers for long-term survivors. The formation of syncytia in virus culture is seen as a significant development in determining long-term survival. The presentation continues with a review on the progression of HIV and AIDS in women, a history of HIV disease, current clinical trial directions, antiviral treatments, new drug development, and research on gene therapy. Current standards and future directions for cytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy are explored. The last speaker of the session discusses other opportunistic infections, including chronic sinusitis; conditions

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that clinicians should look for in immunocompromised individuals; and the occurrence of increasingly difficult to diagnose infections.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHRONIC SINUSITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chronic sinusitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chronic sinusitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chronic sinusitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chronic sinusitis: •

Prevalence of chronic sinusitis may be overestimated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 16, 2004

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•

IV Immune Globulin Improves Chronic Sinusitis In Some Children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 1997

•

Patients With Chronic Sinusitis Have Reduced Antioxidant Defense Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 27, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chronic sinusitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on chronic sinusitis: •

Loss of Smell: When the Nose Doesn't Know Source: Harvard Health Letter. 22(4): 6-7. February 1997. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter. P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews the sense of smell and the occurrence of smell disorders. The author first reviews the physiology of smell, noting that as with sight and hearing, the acuity of this sensory ability decreases with age. The causes for smell impairments are then reviewed, including septal deviations and chronic sinusitis (which can cause persistent nasal obstruction), trauma to the head or nose, or a viral illness. Progressive neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease or multiple sclerosis, can affect the olfactory (smell) nerves, and loss of smell can be a warning sign for these conditions. Other causes can include nutritional deficiencies or medication effects. The author briefly outlines the types of diagnostic testing that can be done to establish and define the presence of a smell disorder. The article concludes with a review of the safety issues for the home of a person who do not have an adequate sense of smell. 1 figure.

Academic Periodicals covering Chronic Sinusitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chronic sinusitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chronic sinusitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical

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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4350 20 847 49 57 5323

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chronic sinusitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chronic sinusitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chronic sinusitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chronic sinusitis”:

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Bronchitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchitis.html Nasal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nasalcancer.html Nose Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nosedisorders.html Sinusitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chronic sinusitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Doctor, What Is Sinusitis? Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org. PRICE: Available free online; print brochure is $30.00 for 100 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure discusses sinusitis, an infection of the sinus cavities caused by bacteria and sometimes confused with a cold or allergy. Causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis are discussed. A checklist is provided to help patients know when it is appropriate to call a doctor. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chronic sinusitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide

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useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chronic sinusitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chronic sinusitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chronic sinusitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chronic sinusitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chronic sinusitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chronic sinusitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chronic sinusitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

91

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

95

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHRONIC SINUSITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a,

Dictionary 99

C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]

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Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.

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[NIH]

Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to

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determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in

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many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative. [NIH] Cefotiam: A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The

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concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choanal Atresia: Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the

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amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as

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antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: Sudden, repeated attacks of severe vomiting (especially in children), nausea, and physical exhaustion with no apparent cause. Can last from a few hours to 10 days. The episodes begin and end suddenly. Loss of fluids in the body and changes in chemicals in the body can require immediate medical attention. Also called abdominal migraine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU]

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Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]

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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and

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differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equalization: The reduction of frequency and/or phase distortion, or modification of gain and or phase versus frequency characteristics of a transducer, by the use of attenuation circuits whose loss or delay is a function of frequency. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

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Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Sinus: One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid

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into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed

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against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion

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and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization

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involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

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Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including

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the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms

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the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]

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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucociliary Clearance: Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH]

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Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Oroantral Fistula: A fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH]

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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have

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grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH]

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Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH]

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Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU]

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Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH]

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Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH]

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Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH]

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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH]

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Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surgical Wound Infection: Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH]

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Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Extracts: Preparations made from animal tissues or organs; they usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active; extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions. [NIH]

Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle

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(pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Turbinates: The scroll-like bony plates with curved margins on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

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Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. [EU] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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137

INDEX A Ablate, 63, 97 Ablation, 63, 97 Abrasion, 67, 97 Abscess, 97, 129 Acetylcholine, 97, 104, 121 Acoustic, 63, 97, 100 Acuity, 75, 97 Adolescence, 97, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 97, 106, 125 Adverse Effect, 97, 129 Agonist, 97, 108, 121 Airway, 3, 4, 6, 97, 129 Algorithms, 97, 102 Alkaline, 97, 98, 102 Alkaloid, 97, 103, 104, 121 Allergen, 8, 9, 26, 97, 107 Allergic Rhinitis, 8, 18, 26, 27, 28, 38, 41, 69, 97, 113 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 39, 97 Alternative medicine, 74, 97 Ambulatory Care, 98 Amine, 98, 114 Amino Acid Sequence, 98, 99 Amino Acids, 98, 110, 123, 125, 126, 133 Ammonia, 9, 98 Amoxicillin, 13, 16, 17, 98 Amphetamines, 98, 105 Ampicillin, 16, 98 Ampulla, 98, 109 Amyloid, 98 Anaerobic, 13, 98, 120 Anal, 6, 98 Analgesics, 64, 98 Anaphylatoxins, 98, 105 Anatomical, 64, 99, 128 Androgens, 97, 99, 106 Anergy, 99, 131 Anesthesia, 97, 98, 99 Anesthetics, 8, 99 Aneurysm, 51, 99 Ankle, 68, 99 Annealing, 99, 124 Anomalies, 38, 99 Antiallergic, 99, 107 Antibacterial, 14, 57, 99, 104, 122, 130 Antibiotic, 14, 17, 24, 33, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 110, 123, 130

Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 17, 99 Antibodies, 4, 99, 114, 115, 124 Antibody, 9, 19, 99, 105, 114, 115, 119, 130 Antigen, 52, 99, 105, 114, 115, 119 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 99, 105 Anti-inflammatory, 48, 99, 107, 112 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 100, 107 Antimicrobial, 15, 100, 103, 104 Antineoplastic, 100, 107, 111 Antioxidants, 50, 100 Antiviral, 71, 100, 111, 116 Anus, 98, 100 Apnea, 100 Apoptosis, 100, 107 Arachidonic Acid, 100, 117 Archaea, 100, 119 Arginine, 98, 100, 121, 133 Arteries, 100, 101, 102 Arterioles, 100, 102 Artery, 51, 99, 100, 101, 102, 126 Aspiration, 4, 5, 43, 45, 100 Asymptomatic, 68, 100 Atopic, 27, 31, 100 Attenuation, 100, 110 Auditory, 100, 119 Auditory nerve, 100, 119 Autoimmune disease, 100, 120 Axillary, 100 B Bacteremia, 68, 101 Bactericidal, 46, 101 Bacteriostatic, 101, 110 Bacterium, 101, 132 Bacteriuria, 68, 101 Base, 101, 117, 132 Basilar Artery, 101, 119 Basophils, 101, 113 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 101, 116 Bilateral, 33, 101 Bile, 101, 111, 118, 130 Bile Acids, 101, 111, 130 Biliary, 101, 103 Biliary Tract, 101, 103 Biochemical, 9, 23, 97, 101, 117 Biological response modifier, 101, 116 Biopsy, 4, 101 Biopsy specimen, 4, 101 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 74, 81, 102

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Bladder, 102, 107, 120, 133 Blood Coagulation, 102 Blood pressure, 102, 112, 120 Blood vessel, 63, 102, 103, 109, 118, 119, 123, 127, 129, 134 Bone Marrow, 102, 112, 113, 115, 118 Bone Marrow Cells, 102, 113 Bone scan, 102, 128 Bowel, 98, 102 Bradykinin, 102, 121 Broad-spectrum, 98, 102, 103, 122 Bronchi, 102, 132 Bronchial, 21, 36, 48, 50, 102, 114 Bronchioles, 102 Bronchiolitis, 9, 102 Bronchitis, 68, 86, 102 C Calcium, 6, 102, 105, 129, 132 Capsaicin, 8, 103 Carbohydrate, 103, 106, 112, 125 Carcinogenic, 103, 116, 130 Cardiac, 57, 103, 109, 130 Cardiovascular, 103, 118 Case report, 47, 51, 103 Cefadroxil, 51, 103 Cefotiam, 17, 103 Cefuroxime, 21, 103 Cell Adhesion, 30, 33, 103 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 30, 33, 103 Cell Count, 71, 103 Cell Differentiation, 103, 129 Cell Division, 101, 103, 124, 128 Cell proliferation, 103, 129 Cellulitis, 38, 103 Central Nervous System, 97, 98, 103, 104, 112, 113, 118, 120 Cephalexin, 103 Chemotactic Factors, 103, 105 Chiropractic, 57, 104 Chlorophyll, 104, 111 Choanal Atresia, 52, 104 Cholesterol, 101, 104, 130 Cholinergic, 104, 121 Chromatin, 100, 104, 118 Chronic Disease, 8, 104 Ciliary, 20, 23, 27, 28, 44, 104, 120 Ciprofloxacin, 11, 31, 47, 104 Clarithromycin, 24, 104 Clavulanic Acid, 11, 21, 104 Clinical trial, 5, 71, 81, 104, 106, 108, 126, 127 Cloning, 102, 104

Coagulation, 102, 104, 114 Coca, 104 Cocaine, 40, 104 Collagen, 63, 105, 111, 124, 125 Collapse, 105, 129 Comorbidity, 6, 105 Complement, 30, 98, 105 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 59, 105 Complementary medicine, 55, 105 Complete remission, 106, 127 Computational Biology, 81, 106 Computed tomography, 21, 22, 23, 30, 49, 106, 128 Computerized axial tomography, 106, 128 Computerized tomography, 41, 106 Congestion, 64, 65, 106 Conjunctiva, 106, 116 Conjunctivitis, 106, 113 Connective Tissue, 63, 102, 103, 105, 106, 111, 112, 118, 119, 120 Connective Tissue Cells, 106 Consciousness, 98, 106, 108 Constipation, 106, 111, 117 Contraindications, ii, 106 Controlled study, 55, 106 Coordination, 106, 120 Corticosteroid, 29, 106 Cranial, 100, 107, 110, 113, 123, 130 Curative, 107, 132 Cyclic, 6, 29, 107, 113, 121 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome, 29, 107 Cysteinyl, 42, 107 Cystitis, 68, 107 Cytokine, 6, 9, 22, 42, 52, 107, 116 Cytomegalovirus, 71, 107 Cytoplasm, 100, 101, 107, 109, 118 Cytotoxic, 103, 107, 129 D Decarboxylation, 107, 114 Decompression, 107, 108 Degenerative, 107, 120 Delivery of Health Care, 107, 113 Denaturation, 107, 124 Dentures, 107, 132 Depolarization, 107, 129 Desensitization, 6, 107, 115 Diabetic Retinopathy, 108, 124 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 74, 108 Diarrhea, 108, 111, 117 Diffusion, 108, 115 Digestion, 101, 102, 108, 118, 123, 130

139

Direct, iii, 6, 7, 69, 108, 127 Dissociation, 63, 108 Dissociative Disorders, 108 Distal, 108, 109, 111, 126 Diving, 39, 108 Dopamine, 105, 108, 121 Double-blind, 11, 56, 108 Drug Interactions, 108 Drug Tolerance, 108, 132 Duct, 98, 108, 128, 130 Duodenum, 101, 109, 123, 130 E Edema, 108, 109, 120 Effector, 97, 105, 109 Efficacy, 21, 24, 26, 47, 109, 133 Effusion, 40, 109 Elastin, 105, 109 Electrode, 63, 109 Electrolyte, 106, 109, 119, 125 Emphysema, 97, 109 Empiric, 4, 5, 109 Endoscope, 109 Endoscopic, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 39, 40, 45, 48, 63, 64, 69, 109 Endoscopy, 22, 52, 109 Endothelial cell, 45, 109, 116 Endothelium, 109, 121 Endothelium-derived, 109, 121 Endotoxin, 109, 133 Environmental Health, 56, 80, 82, 109 Enzymatic, 103, 105, 109, 114, 124 Enzyme, 107, 109, 112, 113, 123, 124, 126, 129, 134 Eosinophil, 8, 10, 109, 113, 116 Eosinophilia, 4, 19, 20, 41, 50, 109 Eosinophilic, 8, 38, 109 Epidermal, 27, 109, 110, 117, 134 Epidermal Growth Factor, 27, 109, 110 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 27, 110 Epidermis, 109, 110, 117 Epithelial, 7, 110 Epithelial Cells, 110 Epithelium, 6, 109, 110, 123 Equalization, 65, 110 Erythromycin, 31, 40, 48, 104, 110 Esophageal, 4, 56, 110, 112 Esophagitis, 110, 112 Esophagus, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 123, 127, 130 Ethmoid, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 49, 64, 110, 123 Eukaryotic Cells, 110, 115 Exhaustion, 107, 110

Extracellular, 98, 106, 110, 111 Extracellular Matrix, 106, 110, 111 Extremity, 68, 110 F Facial, 63, 65, 67, 110, 119 Family Planning, 81, 110 Fat, 100, 102, 106, 110, 112, 118, 120 Fatigue, 65, 69, 110 Fibroblasts, 106, 111, 116 Fibronectin, 30, 111 Fibrosis, 7, 11, 12, 18, 22, 34, 38, 41, 58, 111, 128 Filtration, 62, 111 Fistula, 111, 122 Flushing, 65, 111 Foramen, 111, 119 Free Radicals, 108, 111 Frontal Sinus, 24, 62, 64, 111 Functional Disorders, 56, 111 Fungus, 17, 111 G Gamma-interferon, 111, 116 Gangrene, 68, 111 Gas, 98, 108, 111, 117, 121, 122, 128, 131 Gastric, 3, 4, 98, 109, 111, 113, 114, 122, 123 Gastric Acid, 98, 111, 122 Gastric Juices, 111, 123 Gastrin, 111, 114 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 3, 4, 18, 29, 40, 111, 112 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 3, 4, 40, 112 Gastrointestinal, 102, 104, 112, 118, 131 Gastrointestinal tract, 112, 118 Gene, 11, 32, 51, 71, 102, 112, 128 Gene Expression, 32, 112 Gene Therapy, 11, 71, 112 Genetic testing, 112, 124 Genital, 104, 112, 134 Geriatric, 25, 112 Gland, 97, 112, 118, 124, 128, 130, 131 Glomerular, 112, 127 Glomeruli, 112, 127 Glucocorticoids, 97, 106, 112 Glycoprotein, 97, 111, 112, 113, 133 Gonadal, 112, 130 Gonorrhea, 103, 112 Governing Board, 112, 125 Graft, 112, 115 Graft Rejection, 112, 115 Gram-negative, 103, 113, 120, 122 Gram-positive, 103, 113, 122, 131

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Granulocyte, 32, 113 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 32, 113 Guanylate Cyclase, 113, 121 H Halitosis, 4, 5, 113 Hay Fever, 63, 97, 113 Headache, 113, 116 Health Care Costs, 8, 113 Health Expenditures, 113 Heartburn, 4, 5, 113 Hematopoiesis, 113, 116 Hemoglobinopathies, 112, 113 Hemorrhage, 47, 108, 113 Hemostasis, 63, 113 Heredity, 112, 114 Histamine, 7, 8, 98, 114 Histidine, 114 Hoarseness, 4, 5, 114 Homeostasis, 6, 114 Homologous, 112, 114, 128, 131 Hormonal, 106, 114 Hormone, 56, 106, 111, 114, 119, 125, 129 Human papillomavirus, 14, 114 Hybridomas, 114, 116 Hydrolysis, 114, 123, 125, 126, 133 Hydroxylysine, 105, 114 Hydroxyproline, 105, 114 Hyperplasia, 7, 41, 51, 114, 120 Hypersensitivity, 97, 107, 109, 114, 117 Hypertrophy, 13, 114 Hypoplasia, 35, 114 I Immune response, 9, 99, 100, 107, 112, 114, 115, 131, 134 Immune system, 114, 115, 118, 120, 134 Immunity, 56, 114, 116 Immunization, 114, 115 Immunocompromised, 72, 115 Immunoglobulins, 46, 115 Immunologic, 30, 68, 104, 115 Immunology, 6, 10, 18, 19, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 51, 56, 115 Immunosuppression, 115, 122 Immunosuppressive, 115 Immunosuppressive therapy, 115 Immunotherapy, 37, 107, 115 In situ, 15, 42, 115 In Situ Hybridization, 15, 115 In vitro, 6, 9, 31, 37, 57, 112, 115, 124 In vivo, 6, 112, 115, 120 Incision, 115, 117, 131

Incompetence, 111, 115 Infertility, 29, 115 Infiltration, 8, 115 Influenza, 68, 116 Ingestion, 113, 116 Initiation, 116, 132 Initiator, 116 Inorganic, 116, 120 Insulator, 116, 120 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 38, 116 Interferon, 9, 111, 116 Interferon-alpha, 116 Interleukin-1, 32, 43, 50, 116 Interleukin-12, 50, 116 Interleukin-2, 116 Interleukin-5, 32, 38, 116 Interleukin-6, 32, 116 Interleukin-8, 31, 32, 37, 116 Interstitial, 116, 127 Intracellular, 115, 116, 119, 121, 125, 129 Intravenous, 24, 40, 57, 117 Invasive, 41, 114, 117, 118 Involuntary, 117, 127 Ions, 101, 108, 109, 117 Ipsilateral, 8, 117 Irrigation, 53, 117 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 111, 117 K Kb, 80, 117 Keratinocytes, 116, 117 L Labile, 105, 117 Larynx, 23, 27, 30, 47, 117, 132, 134 Latent, 117, 125 Lectin, 43, 117, 119 Lenses, 62, 117 Lesion, 117, 118, 133 Lethal, 101, 117 Leucocyte, 109, 117 Leukemia, 112, 117 Leukoplakia, 68, 117 Leukotrienes, 8, 42, 100, 117 Ligands, 27, 103, 118 Lipid, 118, 120 Liver, 100, 101, 107, 112, 113, 118, 128 Liver scan, 118, 128 Localization, 30, 33, 118 Localized, 97, 115, 118, 124, 133 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 111, 112, 118 Lymph, 100, 109, 118, 131 Lymph node, 100, 118 Lymphatic, 109, 115, 118, 119, 130

141

Lymphocytes, 32, 99, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 130, 134 Lymphocytic, 8, 118 Lymphoid, 99, 117, 118, 132 M Macrolides, 23, 34, 118 Macrophage, 113, 116, 118 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30, 118, 128 Malignant, 47, 49, 68, 100, 118, 121 Malignant tumor, 49, 118 Mannans, 111, 118 Maxillary, 8, 11, 16, 17, 22, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 43, 46, 47, 49, 62, 64, 118, 119, 122, 123 Maxillary Sinus, 8, 11, 16, 22, 30, 33, 34, 39, 43, 46, 49, 62, 64, 119, 122 Meatus, 21, 22, 45, 119, 130 Medial, 110, 119, 130 Mediate, 103, 108, 119 Mediator, 8, 116, 119, 124 MEDLINE, 81, 119 Membrane, 28, 47, 62, 97, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129 Membrane Proteins, 119, 126 Mental, iv, 5, 80, 82, 108, 110, 115, 119, 126, 133 Mental Processes, 108, 119, 126 Mentors, 5, 119 Mesenchymal, 110, 113, 119 Metastasis, 103, 119, 121 Microbiology, 17, 22, 26, 36, 49, 101, 119 Microorganism, 119, 134 Microscopy, 46, 119 Migration, 116, 119 Mineralocorticoids, 97, 106, 119 Mitochondrial Swelling, 119, 121 Modification, 110, 120, 127 Molecular, 5, 22, 26, 27, 29, 37, 63, 81, 83, 98, 102, 106, 120, 124, 132, 133 Molecule, 99, 101, 105, 108, 109, 113, 114, 117, 120, 122, 124, 127, 129 Monitor, 6, 120, 121 Monocyte, 37, 56, 120 Mononuclear, 120, 133 Morphological, 28, 111, 120 Motility, 111, 120 Mucins, 120, 128 Mucociliary, 13, 25, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 120, 129 Mucociliary Clearance, 38, 42, 45, 48, 120

Mucosa, 3, 4, 8, 13, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 46, 120 Mucus, 23, 24, 38, 62, 120 Multiple sclerosis, 75, 120 Myalgia, 116, 120 Mycoplasma, 31, 120 Myelin, 120 N Nasal Cavity, 62, 64, 119, 120, 123, 130, 133 Nasal Mucosa, 14, 15, 62, 116, 120 Nasal Obstruction, 69, 75, 120 Nasal Polyps, 30, 39, 41, 43, 64, 69, 120 Nasal Septum, 13, 55, 120 Natural killer cells, 116, 121 Nausea, 107, 121, 133 Nebulizer, 27, 121 Necrosis, 51, 100, 121 Neoplasms, 100, 120, 121 Nervous System, 103, 119, 121, 131 Neuroma, 63, 121 Neuronal, 121 Neurons, 105, 121, 131 Neuropathy, 68, 121 Neuropeptides, 8, 121 Neurotransmitter, 97, 102, 108, 114, 121, 129, 131 Neutrophil, 24, 35, 37, 39, 45, 97, 116, 121 Nicotine, 68, 121 Nitric Oxide, 40, 121 Nuclear, 110, 121 Nuclei, 112, 118, 121, 126 Nucleic acid, 115, 122 Nucleus, 100, 101, 104, 107, 110, 118, 120, 122, 126, 130 O Occult, 52, 122 Ofloxacin, 23, 122 Olfaction, 6, 42, 122 Omeprazole, 122, 126 Opportunistic Infections, 71, 122 Oral Health, 67, 122 Oral Hygiene, 113, 122 Orbit, 122 Orbital, 38, 40, 47, 122 Oroantral Fistula, 51, 122 Otitis, 13, 16, 23, 31, 40, 49, 68, 122 Otitis Media, 13, 16, 23, 31, 49, 122 Otitis Media with Effusion, 13, 122 Outpatient, 122 Oxidation, 100, 122 Oxidative metabolism, 117, 122

142

Chronic Sinusitis

P Palate, 37, 63, 68, 122, 129, 134 Palliative, 123, 132 Pancreatic, 111, 123 Pancreatic Juice, 111, 123 Papillomavirus, 123 Paranasal Sinuses, 8, 29, 62, 64, 69, 119, 123, 129, 130 Partial remission, 123, 127 Patch, 117, 123 Pathologic, 10, 100, 101, 114, 123 Pathophysiology, 6, 8, 123 Patient Education, 86, 90, 92, 95, 123 Pediatrics, 18, 29, 48, 51, 52, 56, 123 Pelvis, 123, 127 Penicillin, 98, 123 Pepsin, 123 Peptic, 4, 123 Peptide, 104, 123, 125, 126, 131 Peptide Chain Elongation, 104, 123 Perinatal, 103, 123 Peripheral blood, 4, 116, 123 Pharmacologic, 99, 123, 132 Pharynx, 63, 112, 116, 120, 123 Phospholipases, 123, 129 Phosphorus, 102, 123 Photocoagulation, 26, 104, 123 Physiologic, 97, 124, 127 Physiology, 29, 75, 124 Pilot study, 25, 124 Pituitary Gland, 106, 124 Plants, 97, 104, 117, 124, 128, 132 Plasma, 97, 99, 101, 111, 114, 119, 120, 124 Plasma cells, 99, 124 Platelet Activation, 124, 129 Platelet Aggregation, 98, 121, 124 Platelet Factor 4, 116, 124 Platelets, 101, 121, 124 Pneumonia, 68, 106, 124 Polymerase, 12, 29, 45, 124 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 12, 45, 124 Polymorphism, 51, 124 Polyp, 25, 32, 125 Polypeptide, 98, 105, 109, 125 Polyposis, 35, 38, 48, 125 Polysaccharide, 99, 125 Posterior, 98, 101, 122, 125, 130, 134 Postoperative, 38, 42, 125 Postsynaptic, 125, 129, 131 Potassium, 16, 119, 125 Potentiates, 116, 125 Potentiation, 125, 129

Practicability, 125, 133 Practice Guidelines, 82, 125 Predisposition, 7, 125 Preoperative, 6, 125 Prevalence, 7, 9, 26, 42, 68, 73, 125 Progesterone, 125, 130 Prognostic factor, 44, 125 Progression, 71, 125 Progressive, 75, 103, 108, 121, 124, 125, 127 Proline, 105, 114, 125 Prospective Studies, 9, 126 Prospective study, 39, 126 Protease, 97, 126 Protein Kinases, 6, 126 Protein S, 102, 104, 110, 126 Proteins, 98, 99, 104, 105, 107, 110, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126, 129, 131, 132 Proteolytic, 97, 105, 126 Protocol, 24, 43, 126 Proton Pump, 4, 5, 122, 126 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 4, 5, 126 Protons, 126, 127 Proximal, 108, 120, 126, 129 Psychology, 108, 126 Public Policy, 81, 126 Publishing, 10, 67, 69, 126 Pulmonary, 12, 25, 43, 97, 102, 109, 118, 126, 128 Pulse, 120, 126 Purulent, 56, 126 Putrefaction, 111, 127 Pyelonephritis, 68, 127 Q Quality of Life, 5, 6, 34, 127 R Race, 50, 119, 127 Radiation, 111, 115, 127, 128, 134 Radioactive, 102, 118, 120, 121, 127, 128 Randomized, 109, 127 Reactivation, 68, 127 Receptor, 5, 8, 29, 30, 32, 99, 108, 127, 129, 131 Recombination, 112, 127 Recur, 4, 5, 127 Refer, 1, 62, 105, 118, 127, 132 Reflex, 8, 127 Reflux, 4, 41, 42, 56, 111, 112, 127 Refractory, 7, 44, 46, 127 Regimen, 109, 127 Regurgitation, 3, 4, 111, 113, 127 Reinfection, 68, 127 Relapse, 11, 127

143

Remission, 71, 127 Renal failure, 57, 127 Research Design, 6, 127 Resection, 63, 128 Respiration, 36, 100, 120, 122, 128 Respiratory syncytial virus, 12, 128 Respiratory System, 120, 128 Retrospective, 11, 128 Retroviral vector, 112, 128 Rhinitis, 8, 10, 27, 63, 128 Rhinovirus, 9, 128 Risk factor, 33, 41, 42, 46, 126, 128 S Saline, 11, 26, 29, 38, 51, 128 Saliva, 4, 5, 128 Salivary, 107, 128, 131 Salivary glands, 107, 128 Saponins, 128, 130 Scans, 4, 128 Sclerosis, 120, 128 Screening, 104, 128 Secretion, 31, 62, 106, 109, 112, 114, 119, 120, 122, 128 Secretory, 44, 120, 122, 128, 131 Segregation, 101, 127, 128 Semisynthetic, 98, 103, 104, 129 Septal, 33, 75, 129 Sequencing, 124, 129 Serum, 4, 40, 46, 98, 105, 119, 129, 133 Shock, 62, 129, 133 Side effect, 97, 129, 132 Signal Transduction, 6, 129 Signs and Symptoms, 127, 129 Skeleton, 129 Skull, 62, 64, 122, 129, 132 Sleep apnea, 63, 129 Small intestine, 109, 114, 129, 133 Smooth muscle, 98, 106, 114, 129, 131 Snoring, 63, 129 Social Environment, 127, 129 Specialist, 87, 130 Species, 103, 119, 127, 130, 131, 133 Specificity, 9, 130 Spectrum, 103, 130 Sphenoid, 64, 123, 130 Sphenoid Sinus, 64, 130 Spinal cord, 103, 104, 121, 127, 130 Spleen, 107, 118, 130 Sputum, 19, 130 Staging, 10, 43, 46, 128, 130 Stenosis, 63, 130, 131 Sterile, 48, 130

Sterility, 115, 130 Steroid, 19, 128, 130 Stimulant, 114, 130 Stimulus, 109, 116, 127, 130 Stomach, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130 Strand, 124, 130 Streptococcal, 68, 130 Streptococcus, 63, 130, 131 Stress, 111, 117, 121, 125, 131 Stricture, 130, 131 Subacute, 115, 129, 131 Subclinical, 115, 131 Subcutaneous, 103, 109, 131 Submaxillary, 109, 131 Substance P, 110, 128, 131 Suction, 111, 131 Superantigens, 56, 131 Suppression, 106, 131 Suppurative, 103, 131 Surgical Wound Infection, 68, 131 Synaptic, 121, 129, 131 Synaptic Transmission, 121, 131 Systemic, 32, 68, 102, 115, 131 T Tachycardia, 101, 131 Tachypnea, 101, 131 Tartar, 67, 132 Temporal, 119, 132 Therapeutics, 56, 57, 132 Thermal, 108, 124, 132 Tinnitus, 122, 132 Tissue Extracts, 52, 132 Tolerance, 9, 132 Tomography, 132 Tonsillitis, 51, 132 Tonsils, 132 Topical, 29, 32, 132 Toxic, iv, 114, 121, 132 Toxicity, 108, 132 Toxicology, 57, 82, 132 Toxin, 109, 132 Trachea, 102, 117, 123, 132 Transcription Factors, 6, 132 Transduction, 129, 132 Transfection, 102, 112, 133 Translation, 50, 110, 133 Translocation, 104, 110, 133 Transmitter, 97, 108, 119, 133 Trauma, 75, 110, 113, 121, 132, 133 Treatment Outcome, 11, 133 Triad, 40, 133

144

Chronic Sinusitis

Trypsin, 97, 133 Tryptophan, 105, 133 Tuberculosis, 68, 133 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 32, 133 Tunica, 120, 133 Turbinates, 13, 41, 63, 133 U Ulcer, 103, 133 Unconscious, 99, 133 Uremia, 127, 133 Urinary, 101, 104, 107, 133 Urinary tract, 101, 133 Urinary tract infection, 101, 133 Urine, 101, 102, 109, 133 Uvula, 63, 129, 134 V Vaccine, 126, 134 Vagina, 134 Vascular, 109, 115, 121, 134 Vasodilator, 102, 108, 114, 134 Vein, 99, 117, 121, 134 Venules, 102, 134

Vertigo, 122, 134 Vestibule, 120, 134 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 134 Viral, 7, 9, 62, 63, 71, 75, 116, 132, 134 Virus, 71, 114, 116, 128, 132, 134 Visual Acuity, 117, 134 Vitro, 134 Vivo, 134 Vocal cord, 63, 134 Vulva, 134 Vulvovaginitis, 68, 134 W Warts, 114, 134 White blood cell, 63, 99, 113, 118, 120, 121, 124, 134 Windpipe, 123, 134 Wound Healing, 67, 103, 134 X X-ray, 10, 30, 106, 121, 128, 134 Y Yeasts, 111, 134