Chronic Prostatitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHRONIC PROSTATITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES ...

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CHRONIC

PROSTATITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chronic Prostatitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00254-X 1. Chronic Prostatitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chronic prostatitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chronic Prostatitis........................................................................ 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS ................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chronic Prostatitis....................................................................... 45 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 46 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS ............................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS.......................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Chronic Prostatitis..................................................................................................... 59 Patent Applications on Chronic Prostatitis ................................................................................. 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS ............................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapters on Chronic Prostatitis................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS ............................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 69 Academic Periodicals covering Chronic Prostatitis ..................................................................... 69 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 CHRONIC PROSTATITIS DICTIONARY................................................................................. 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chronic prostatitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chronic prostatitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chronic prostatitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chronic prostatitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chronic prostatitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chronic prostatitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chronic prostatitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chronic prostatitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Predictors of Patient Response to Antibiotic Therapy for the Chronic Prostatitis. Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial Source: Journal of Urology. 165(5): 1539-1544. May 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: Antibiotics are the most popular choice of therapy for all categories of the chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. This article reports on a study undertaken to determine if culture, leukocyte, or antibody status of prostate specific specimens predicts patient response to antibiotic therapy. Patients clinically diagnosed with the chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome according to the National

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Institutes of Health (NIH) definition had a lower urinary tract evaluation that included standard microscopy and culture of prostate specific specimens, and determination of the ratios of antibody levels against identified prostate pathogens. Symptom evaluation consisted of the NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index pain scale 0 to 21, symptom severity index scale 0 to 100, symptom frequency questionnaire scale 0 to 50, and quality of life scale 0 to 6. Patients were stratified according to microscopy, culture, and immune statu; were treated with 12 weeks of ofloxacin, and were assessed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks with symptom scores as well as global assessments. Based on leukocyte and culture results, 102 evaluable patients were stratified into categories II (14 percent), IIIA (48 percent), and IIIB (38 percent) of the chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Of the cases, 23 percent were categorized as antibody positive and 77 percent as antibody negative. Average age was 42 years (plus or minus 10 years) and 92 percent of patients were white. Of the patients, 57 percent believed that they had moderate to marked improvement. All categories of the chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome and patients in whom antibody was positive or negative had significant improvement in the NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index, symptom severity index, symptom frequency questionnaire, and quality of life scores compared with baseline. There was no significant difference in patient response to the stratification based on culture, leukocyte, or antibody status. The authors conclude that culture, leukocyte, and antibody status of prostate specific specimens does not predict antibiotic response in patients with the chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The perceived beneficial effect of antibiotics needs to be evaluated in a randomized placebo controlled trial. 3 figures. 3 tables. 34 references. •

National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index: Development and Validation of a New Outcome Measure Source: Journal of Urology. 162(2): 369-375. August 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: Chronic abacterial prostatitis is a syndrome characterized by pelvic pain and voiding symptoms, which is poorly defined, poorly understood, poorly treated, and bothersome. Research and clinical efforts to help men with this syndrome have been hampered by the absence of a widely accepted, reliable, and valid instrument to measure symptoms and quality of life impact. This article reports work on the development and validation of a new outcome measure in which the researchers developed a psychometrically valid index of symptoms and quality of life impact for men with chronic prostatitis. The authors conducted a series of focus groups comprising chronic prostatitis patients at four centers in North America, in which they identified the most important symptoms and effects of the condition. The results were used to create an initial draft of 55 questions that were used for formal cognitive testing on chronic prostatitis patients at the same centers. After expert panel review, formal validation testing of a revised 21 item draft was performed in a diverse group of chronic prostatitis patients and two control groups of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and healthy men. Based on this validation study, the index was finalized. Analysis yielded an index of nine items that address three different aspects of the chronic prostatitis experience. The primary component was pain, which was captured in four items focused on location, severity, and frequency. Urinary function, another important component of symptoms, was captured in two items (one irritative and one obstructive). Quality of life impact was captured with three items about the effect of symptoms on daily activities. The nine items had high test retest reliability and internal

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consistency. All but the urinary items discriminated well between men with and without chronic prostatitis. The authors conclude that this National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index provides a valid outcome measure for men with chronic prostatitis. The index is psychometrically robust, easily self administered, and highly discriminative. It may be useful in clinical practice as well as in research protocols. 2 appendices. 5 tables. 27 references. •

Prevalence of Prostatitis-Like Symptoms in a Population Based Study Using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index Source: Journal of Urology. 165(6): 842-845. March 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: In this community based study, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) chronic prostatitis symptom index was used to determine the prevalence of prostatitis like symptoms among men (age 20 to 74 years) at risk. The questionnaire collected information on two domains of chronic prostatitis identified in the NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index, including pain (location, severity and frequency), voiding function (irritative, obstructive), demographics, quality of life, general health, and health seeking behavior. A total of 2,987 eligible men received the survey, and it was completed by 868 (29 percent). Of these men, 84 (9.7 percent) were identified as having chronic prostatitis like symptoms. The average age of the prostatitis population was 50 years compared with 52 years for men without the prostatitis like symptoms. Prevalence was 11.5 percent in men younger than 50 years and 8.5 percent in men 50 years or older. Of the sample population, 57 (6.6 percent) men had prostatitis like symptoms and an index pain score 8 or greater (moderate to severe). Of the prostatitis group, 60 percent sought medical help for their symptoms. The authors conclude that using this new prostatitis symptom index confirms that chronic prostatitis like symptoms are common. 1 figure. 1 table. 16 references.

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Validity and Responsiveness of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index Source: Journal of Urology. 169(2): 580-583. February 2003. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIHCPSI) was validated in a sample of men with longstanding prostatitis, but it has not been validated in primary care samples or assessed for responsiveness to change. This article reports on a study that assessed this instrument, including its reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change in a sample of men with pelvic pain visits for health maintenance organization primary care and urology clinics. A total of 261 men with recent primary care or urology clinic visits for pelvic pain and no evidence of specific disease completed the NIH-CPSI and quality of life measures. Validity was demonstrated for the NIH-CPSI pain and quality of life scales through their moderate correlations with other validated measures of these constructs. The NIH-CPSI total scale but not the subscales showed high internal consistency. The pain, quality of life, and total scores were moderately responsive to change, but the urinary symptoms scale was less responsive. The authors conclude that the NIH-CPSI total score appears to be a valid, reliable, responsive measure of prostatitis symptoms in primary and secondary care patients. The findings support the use of the total score as an outcome measure. It

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may be useful to supplement it with valid, reliable measures of pain intensity and activity interference. 5 tables. 14 references. •

Quercetin in Men with Category III Chronic Prostatitis: A Preliminary Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Source: Urology. 54(6): 960-963. December 1999. Contact: Available from Urology. P.O. Box 2126, Marion, OH 43306-8226. (800) 215-4692. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) category III chronic prostatitis syndromes (nonbacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia or prostate pain) are common disorders with few effective therapies. Bioflavonoids have recently been shown in an open-label study to improve the symptoms of these disorders in a significant proportion of men. This article reports on a study undertaken to confirm these findings in a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. The study included 30 men with category IIIa and IIIb chronic pelvic pain syndrome who were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive either placebo or the bioflavonoid quercetin 500 milligrams twice daily for 1 month. The NIH chronic prostatitis symptom score was used to grade symptoms and the quality of life impact at the start and conclusion of the study. In a followup, unblind, open label study, 17 additional men received 1 month of a supplement containing quercetin, as well as bromelain and papain (Prosta-Q), which enhance bioflavonoid absorption. Two patients in the placebo group refused to complete the study because of worsening symptoms, leaving 13 placebo and 15 bioflavonoid patients for evaluation in the blind study. Both the quercetin and placebo groups were similar in age, symptom duration, and initial symptom score. Patients taking placebo had a mean improvement in NIH symptom score from 20.2 to 18.8 (not significant), while those taking the bioflavonoid had a mean improvement from 21.0 to 13.1. Twenty percent of patients taking placebo and 67 percent of patients taking the bioflavonoid had an improvement of symptoms of at least 25 percent. In the 17 patients who received Prosta-Q in the open label study, 82 percent had at least a 25 percent improvement in symptom score. The authors conclude that therapy with the bioflavonoid quercetin is well tolerated and provides significant symptomatic improvement in most men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. 1 figure. 1 table. 26 references.

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Helping Patients Cope with Chronic Prostatitis Source: Patient Care. 34(8): 22-32. April 30, 2000. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This article describes a new classification system for prostatitis (prostate infection) that can help focus treatment for patients with chronic symptoms. While many patients respond well to treatment for prostatitis, the overall cure rate is low and relapse and recurrence are common. The new diagnostic system, developed in 1995 and endorsed in 1998, has 4 numbered categories and strives to be more descriptive than its predecessor. Category I, acute bacterial prostatitis, and category II, chronic bacterial prostatitis, are defined as they have always been. An important change is evident in category III, designed as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), which encompasses about 90 percent of patients. A new group, category IV, includes patients with asymptomatic prostatitis. Diagnosis begins with a focused history and a physical; the physical assessment should be concentrated on the

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abdomen, external genitalia, perineum, pelvic area, and the prostate gland. Treatment for patients in category I is straightforward, usually beginning with a short hospital stay. The oral fluoroquinolones are excellent choices for patients with category II prostatitis. Trimethoprim or trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole may be useful. Therapies used in the treatment of patients with inflammatory CPPS include a trial course, of antibiotics, prostatic massage, NSAIDs, alpha 1 adrenergic blockers, and supportive measures. A patient care algorithm (flowchart) is included. 2 figures. 2 tables. 14 references. •

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Men with Chronic Prostatitis: The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study Source: Journal of Urology. 168(8): 593-598. August 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article describes the study design of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort (CPC) study characterizing men with chronic prostatitis or the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. All 488 men screened into the CPC study before close of recruitment in August 2001 were selected for analysis. The results showed that chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a chronic syndrome affecting men over a wide age group. The majority of CPC study participants are white, well educated, and affluent. However, lower education, lower income and unemployment were associated with more severe symptoms. Patients most frequently reported pain in the perineum and tenderness in the prostate. The highest self-reported diseases were genitourinary (55 percent), allergies (53 percent), neurological (40 percent), and hematopoietic, lymphatic, or infectious (40 percent). This disease has a significant negative impact on mental and physical domains of quality of life. Almost all patients (95 percent) reported antimicrobial drug use. Of these 488 participants, 280 (57 percent) reported the previous or current use of 5 or more categories of prostatitis related treatments. The authors note that long term follow up of this cohort may answer important questions on the natural treated history of this syndrome. One appendix lists the CPC Study Eligibility Criteria. 7 tables. 20 references.

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Low Agreement Between Previous Physician Diagnosed Prostatitis and National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index Pain Measures Source: Journal of Urology. 171(1): 279-283. January 2004. Summary: This article reports on a study that evaluated the agreement between selfreported physician diagnosed prostatitis and pain questions from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI). Of 1,543 men in the study, 27 (1.7 percent) reported a physician diagnosis of prostatitis in the preceding 2 years. There were strong associations between self-reported prostatitis and pain at the tip of the penis, ejaculatory pain, and testicular pain. Associations based on medical record ascertainment of prostatitis during followup were weak. The authors conclude that these findings demonstrate low agreement between CPSI-like pain measures and selfreported physician diagnosed prostatitis. The authors note that the CPSI may be best used to evaluate the severity of current symptoms rather than to assess the presence or absence of prostatitis. 1 figure. 4 tables. 20 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Chronic Prostatitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chronic prostatitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chronic prostatitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chronic prostatitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chronic prostatitis: •

Project Title: BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE CPCRN-FOR PROSTATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berger, Richard E.; Associate Professor; Urology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of the proposal are to establish a clinical center for the study and treatment of chronic pelvic pain in both genders and to co-operate with and contribute to other investigators in establishing and conducting multicenter clinical trials. In specific, this proposal is concerned with men with chronic male pelvic pain syndrome and with becoming a clinical site for the CPCRN. Our specific aims are to: (1) assist the CPCRN to establish study designs for clinical trials, develop forms, develop clinical definitions, recruit subjects for CPCRN trials, and to analyze and publish data in a co-operative and interactive manner; (2) support and take part in the Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group in a cooperative and interactive manner; (3) develop and conduct ancillary studies, which will provide further understanding of chronic prostatitis. Subjects will be recruited from the practice of Dr. Berger at the University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC) and the outpatient clinics at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) and the University of Washington Physicians Network (UWPN). Dr. Berger sees approximately 200 new patients with CPPS per year, and GHC sees approximately 250 patients per year with newly diagnosed CPPS. By combining the patient population of both Seattle Medical Centers, we will be able to recruit a mix of previously treated and newly diagnosed patients into CPCRN clinical protocols. The Principal Investigator has a multidisciplinary team, currently performing clinical and laboratory studies in CPPS in men. Over the past four years, the Principal Investigator has enrolled 590 subjects into IRB approved studies of CPPS that have used a variety of methodological perspectives and examined a variety of etiological factors. We believe that we are ideally suited to contribute to the design and implementation of future studies performed by the CPCRN. Furthermore, the same multidisciplinary focus and experience will allow us the

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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flexibility to design and carry out ancillary studies, which will fit with the overall plan of the CPCRN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COLLABORATIVE CLINICAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Alexander, Richard B.; Professor; Surgery; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a common but poorly understood condition affecting men of all ages. Infection has dominated the thinking about this disease for decades. However, a growing body of evidence provides significant challenge to the notion that infection contributes to symptoms in a significant proportion of patients. Much of this new information was developed by the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN), a six year project representing the first NIH-funded collaborative study of chronic prostatitis. The long-term goal of this application is the continuation of our involvement in the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. In addition, we will collaborate with investigators studying interstitial cystitis under an umbrella group, the Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group. We describe the activities at our center over the past 7 years in the study of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and describe the clinical and research infrastructure and expertise that we propose to continue to apply to the study of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome as part of this cooperative group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COLLABORATIVE CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcnaughton-Collins, Mary F.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application reflects a proposal from the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) / Harvard Medical School to become one of the Clinical Centers of the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN) to develop and conduct randomized clinical trials for evaluating novel therapies in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). The BWH/MGH Harvard clinical center has a history of successful recruitment and retention of CP/CPPS patients, including a substantial proportion of Latino patients, from the New England area for CPCRN 1997- 2003 - both for the Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study and Randomized Clinical Trial. Drs. Mary McNaughton Collins and Michael O'Leary have advanced the field of CP/CPPS by helping to develop and validate the NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, translating the index to Spanish, evaluating the quality of life and resource utilization of men with CP/CPPS, as well as examining the epidemiology and natural history of the condition. Dr. McNaughton Collins has also performed several chronic prostatitis studies as a member of the Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) for Prostate Diseases and the Cochrane Collaboration. The BWH/MGH Harvard clinical center has expanded to include a multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary network of co-investigators and consultants with both content (i.e., chronic prostatitis, pain management) expertise and methodological (i.e., clinical trials, basic science, and outcomes research) training, as well as fresh sources of chronic prostatitis patients, especially newly diagnosed patients

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and minority patients. The new reservoirs of CP/CPPS patients include: 1) newly diagnosed CP/CPPS patients from primary care practices and medical walk-in units across the two large institutions and their neighborhood health centers, including the BWH internal medicine Spanish clinic; 2) both newly diagnosed and long-term CP/CPPS patients from the MGH Spanish urology clinic, and; 3) both newly diagnosed and long-term patients from Boston Medical Center, which is a large, inner-city academic health center providing care to a large proportion of African American patients. To assist in the recruitment and retention of Latino men, the site now includes 3 Spanish speaking medicine and urology investigators, and the Research Coordinator is taking Spanish classes to become proficient. This proposal includes a clinical trial design for consideration by the CPCRN. The multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary team from the BWH/MGH Harvard clinical center is eager to collaborate on treatment trials and ancillary studies with other CPCRN centers, the NIH/NIDDK scientific team, and the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Litwin, Mark S.; Associate Professor; Urology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this application is to establish a clinical trial center at UCLA, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, and Martin Luther King-Drew Medical Center that will participate in collaborative, multi-site clinical trials sponsored by a newly established NIDDK-sponsored Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN). As a CPCRN site, UCLA will (1) participate in the design of randomized controlled clinical trials to treat the symptoms associated with chronic prostatitis, also known as chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) (2) develop and conduct ancillary studies, which will provide further understanding of CPPS (3) determine if there is a different response to therapy between sub-groups of patients, including newly diagnosed and chronic, long-term patients with CPPS (4) recruit sufficient numbers of patients with CCPS, including an adequate number of newly diagnosed cases, into these clinical trials (5) jointly work with other CPCRN investigators, including a Data Coordinating Center, to analyze and interpret the results of the trials (6) participate in a newly established Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group to facilitate the efficient conduct of clinical trials in both interstitial cystitis and chronic prostatitis The study will develop a clinically relevant definition of the urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes, based on the clinical findings from these and other related clinical studies. The UCLA site has demonstrated experience in recruiting minority subjects to participate in research studies, including clinical trials, for CPPS and other urologic conditions. The UCLA site will build upon its experience as a charter site in the first CPCRN to achieve the goals set out by the second. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Rodney U.; Urology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes that Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, participate as one of several National Clinical Centers in a cooperative effort to develop feasible clinical trials for the study of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The Principal Investigator intends to participate fully as a member of the steering committee in designing randomized controlled clinical trials and facilitate carrying them out in collaboration with other national center Pl's. The investigative group at Stanford will work in parallel with the centers conducting trials for investigation of interstitial cystitis. A simultaneous application for that effort is being submitted. While the precise pathophysiology and biologic basis of chronic pelvic pain, particularly associated with genitourinary dysfunction, have not been elucidated, a large number of men in the United States continue to suffer immeasurably for many years with this chronic disorder. Multimodal therapy exists as the only management approach and, for the most part, lacks sound scientific justification. The specific aim of this project is to utilize clinical experience from the most experienced and knowledgeable physicians available to design clinical trials of treatment modalities that may provide a favorable therapeutic response among the many sub-groups of this population of patients. Investigation within these trials will stretch from pharmaceutical to complimentary holistic treatment methods, representing the best of ideas chosen by the participating centers. The Stanford Group intends to contribute experience and expertise with regard to managing chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome utilizing a neurobehavioral therapy and proposes a clinical trial of targeted physiotherapeutic myofascial release of painful trigger points with progressive relaxation exercises. The psychophysiological vagaries among patients suffering from this disorder have long been appreciated, but poorly defined, and deserve a fresh look with a dedicated "hands on" clinical effort conducted by several investigators simultaneously and with rigorous clinical research design. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH NETWORK CPCRN Principal Investigator & Institution: Nickel, J Curtis.; Queen's University at Kingston Kingston K7l 3N6, Canada Kingston, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The RFA specifically requests that the applicants confirm their interest and ability to take part in clinical treatment trials in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) in men. The Queen's University Prostatitis Research Group was established under the directorship of Dr. J. Curtis Nickel in Kingston, Canada approximately 10 years ago. In the last 8 years, Dr. J.C. Nickel has been the principal investigator (or in 2 cases principal co-investigator) of 16 clinical trials enrolling 935 patients designed to evaluate 13 treatment modalities. The Queen's University site has enrolled 357 patients, specifically in clinical treatment trials (this does not include the hundreds of patients recruited for etiology and diagnostic studies during the same time period). As part of the first NIH CPCRN, the Queen's University site exceeded its enrollment quota for all studies including RCT#1. The prostatitis research group is closely affiliated with the Queen's University Interstitial Cystitis Research Group (PI Dr. J.C. Nickel) which is collaborating in the NIH ICCTG RCT#1. The IC research center is also meeting its recruitment quota in RCT#1. This application describes our aim to participate in the proposed NIH CPCRN as well as the proposed urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes collaborative group (UCPPSCG). Our group is proposing a clinically relevant definition of the urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes

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encompassing both male CPPS and IC. This definition, based on chronic genito-urinary pain/discomfort with subcategories for urinary frequency/urgency and no urinary frequency/urgency will, if adopted by the UCPPSCG, facilitate decisions on treatments to be evaluated and increase the accrual rate of study participants in both CPPS and IC. We develop a rationale, hypothesis, objectives necessary to propose a 16 week randomized placebo controlled clinical trial (employing 2X2 factorial design) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amitriptyline and gabapentin for the amelioration of symptoms in men with a clinical diagnosis of CPPS. The Queen's University site with Dr. Nickel as PI has the experience, expertise and the proven ability to design, implement and enroll patients with CPPS in clinical studies and will be a valuable partner in the proposed CPCRN and UCPPSCG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS CRC Principal Investigator & Institution: Krieger, John N.; Professor of Urology; Urology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostatitis is a chronic, disabling condition affecting untold numbers of men of all ages and ethnic origins. We will participate in the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN). Long-term goals are to prevent and effectively treat this condition. Specific aims are to cooperate and interact with the other clinical centers, the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) and NIDDK staff to: 1) establish a collaborative group of clinical trial centers with expertise in chronic pelvic pain, clinical pain management, and chronic prostatitis 2) design randomized controlled clinical trials to treat the symptoms associated with chronic prostatitis 3) develop and conduct ancillary studies, which will provide further understanding of chronic prostatitis 4) determine if there is a different response to therapy between subgroups of patients, including newly diagnosed and chronic, long-term patients 5) recruit a sufficient numbers of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), including an adequate number of newly diagnosed cases 6) jointly work with other CPCRN investigators, including the DCC, to analyze and interpret trial results 7) participate in the Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group (UCPPSCG) and 8) develop a clinically relevant definition of the urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes, based on the clinical findings from these and other related clinical studies. Previous success in CP/CPPS studies allows us to meet the special requirements for this research including: the ability to recruit (and retain a high proportion of) at least 4-6 participants each month during years 2-4, the ability to recruit newly diagnosed cases, willingness to participate in a collaborative and interactive manner to develop the study protocols (both clinical trial and ancillary studies) and carry out the CPCRN trials, and willingness to participate in the UCPPSCG. We propose the following trial concept for consideration. Prior studies focused on refractory cases from tertiary referral centers. We propose to test the hypothesis that treatment outcomes in newly diagnosed cases are substantially better than in tertiary referral cases. We will screen the general population in Penang, Malaysia for new cases to compare with chronic cases from UW and other tertiary centers. Following clinical evaluation, CP/CPPS patients will be enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with a factorial design comparing alpha-blocker therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy (or other therapies selected by the CPCRN), the combination, or placebo. Potential outcomes include: symptom indexes (e.g., the NIH-CPSI), urodynamics and inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDR* Principal Investigator & Institution: Shoskes, Daniel A.; Professor; Surgery; Cleveland Clinic Lerner Col/Med-Cwru Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS) is a prevalent multifactorial disorder with variable and often disappointing response to therapy. There is evidence for infection, inflammation and neuromuscular spasm as the underlying cause in different patients despite identical clinical presentation. Large multicenter clinical trials are required to help delineate effective therapies and to identify which patients have the highest chance of success for a particular intervention. The Chronic Prostatitis Clinic at the Cleveland Clinic Florida has a high volume of patients, both newly diagnosed and longstanding. We have done numerous clinical trials in chronic prostatitis with rapid enrolment, 100% accrual of set targets and high rates of retention. We have a team of clinical specialists in allied fields important to the understanding of this condition, including experts in erectile dysfunction, rectal dysfunction, chronic pain management, complementary therapies (acupuncture, phytotherapy) and neuropsychology. We also maintain a basic science laboratory which would be equipped to perform any necessary molecular or biochemical ancillary studies such as real time PCR, oxidative stress markers, cytokines and genetic polymorphisms. Through our participation in the CPCRN and first NIH chronic prostatitis randomized clinical trial, we have demonstrated the ability to work collaboratively and to participate in study design and execution. As an example of a potential clinical trial, a study of water induced thermotherapy is outlined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DATA COORDINATING CENTER FOR CPCRN AND ICCRN Principal Investigator & Institution: Landis, J R.; Professor; Biostatistics and Epidemiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application from the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB) at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center to serve as the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN) and the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network (ICCRN). The proposed DCC will provide administrative, biostatistical, data management and research computing leadership for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) within each of these two collaborative networks. In addition, the DCC will serve as a central link among 20 clinical centers, potentially overlapping for both the CPCRN and ICCRN at a few sites, within the Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group (UCPPSCG), the overarching organization formed to facilitate common protocol and data collection procedures across these two networks. With supplemental funding, the DCC would also provide design, analysis and data coordination support for ancillary studies, as approved by the UCPPSCG. The proposed DCC is uniquely positioned with experience-based scientific, technical and administrative leadership to coordinate new RCTs for the UCPPSCG, currently serving as the DCC for the CPCRN (1997-2003) and the ICCTG (1998-2004), with 10 Clinical Research Centers (CRCs) within each network, as well as the previously funded Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) Study (1993-1998). To support these multicenter RCTs, the DCC will provide the technical expertise necessary to design and implement

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data collection, quality assurance (QA), and reporting via a secure World Wide Web (www)-based data management system (DMS), deployed at the CRCs on existing hardware, to facilitate data entry, verification, validation and query resolution, and data transmission over the internet to servers at the DCC. This DMS will support subject screening and enrollment, randomization and data collection at the CRCs, and tracking of subjects and data at the DCC. The DCC will execute procedures for data security and access, QA, storage, back-up, disaster recovery, and will provide periodic monitoring and QA reports. The DCC will provide the scientific design and analysis, logistical and administrative support by organizing meetings of Steering Committees, coordinating development and distribution of RCT Protocols and Manuals of Operations, and providing the NIDDK Program Office, Steering Committees, and the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) with interim and final statistical analyses, and collaboration on all scientific publications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES IN IC (AND MALE CPPS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Dimitrakov, Jordan D.; Queen's University at Kingston Kingston K7l 3N6, Canada Kingston, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The etiology and pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis (IC) and its related condition in men, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has remained elusive. This has hampered development of mechanistic treatment strategies for these common, chronic and distressing medical conditions. We believe that IC and perhaps CP/CPPS are a spectrum of complex but inter-related genetic and acquired diseases resulting from the interaction of several genes regulating immune/inflammatory and neurogenic parameters and environmental factors/circumstances or exposure, culminating in the combination of pain, frequency, urgency and sexual specific symptoms. New research has delineated the dynamic and powerful association of the immune and neurogenic system in pain activation. An immune-modulated neurogenic model of IC illuminating the action of immune derived substances and pain related substances might be important in discovering the determinants of pain, voiding dysfunction and gender specific sexual problems. This inter-related dynamic model of IC disease pathogenesis could be explored for potential avenues leading to novel diagnostic and treatment strategies. We plan to identify and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of several novel nerve and inflammation related markers in the diagnosis and follow up of IC (and CP/CPPS). By correlating the levels of urine immune and pain related substances to disease mechanisms, severity and progression, we may be able to create a human disease specific model for diagnosis and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Clemens, J Quentin.; Assistant Professor; Urology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The primary aim of this application is to obtain novel information about chronic pelvic pain of bladder origin (CPPBO) in order to determine the magnitude of the problem and its cost to society. This study builds on our ongoing collaborative work with the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Clinical

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Research Study, in which demographics, risk factors, quality of life, and health resource utilization are being evaluated in men with chronic voiding symptoms and pelvic pain. These studies are ongoing, and we will utilize similar methods in men and women in order to obtain consistent data for comparison between the sexes. The specific aims are: 1) to assess the prevalence and incidence of CPPBO. A clinically useful definition of the syndrome will be described, and this definition will be used to assess the prevalence of the syndrome in a large, diverse patient population. Using the same definition, the incidence of new cases will subsequently be determined over a three-year time period; 2) to determine risk factors for the development of CPPBO. A case-control study will be performed using age- and gender-matched controls in order to evaluate for medical conditions and lifestyle factors which are associated with the syndrome; and 3) to evaluate the effect of CPPBO on patient quality of life and health resource utilization. To conduct this study, two populations will be utilized. A database of patients from the Kaiser Permanente Foundation Hospitals in Oregon will be used to assess population prevalence and incidence rates and direct medical costs. Questionnaires will be mailed to a random sample of the Kaiser Permanente patients to obtain detailed information about symptoms and quality of life (QOL). In addition, patients diagnosed with CPPBO at the Northwestern Memorial Faculty Foundation Urology Clinic will undergo a more extensive questionnaire evaluation to analyze medical and lifestyle risk factors for the presence of CPPBO and to obtain additional QOL and health resource utilization information. Answers from the Urology clinic patients will be compared with those of age-and gender-matched controls in a case-control study design. This project will provide novel, population-based epidemiologic information about chronic pelvic pain of bladder origin in both men and women, and will help to further define the public health burden of this extremely common condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Burks, David A.; Senior Staff Urologists; Urology; Case Western Reserve Univ-Henry Ford Hsc Research Administraion Cfp-046 Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Interstitial cystitis is a chronic debilitating disease characterized by urinary frequency, urgency and bladder pain. Despite the first descriptions of this disease by Guy Hunner in 1914, it still remains "The Great Enigma." The disease continues to defy a consensus definition, a definable pathophysiology or a reliably effective treatment. Multiple theories of pathogenesis have spawned a myriad of mostly ineffective treatments. Many physicians either doubt, or are unaware of the existence of this disease causing significant delay in diagnosis for many patients, especially men and children, where the disease is most poorly characterized. Since 1987 the NIH has begun a systematic, evidence-based effort to define interstitial cystitis determine its biochemical and clinical characteristics and evaluate novel therapies. Beginning with the NIDDK Workshop and Consensus Conference, the definition of interstitial cystitis has evolved from a restrictive instrument used for research papers, to a more inclusive criteria developed by the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Group. The Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group proved that a collaborative multi-center group could recruit patients into rigorous, novel treatment protocols. The major objective of this grant is to develop the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network to continue the evolution in characterizing this disease. We propose evaluating a novel therapy, IPD1151T, an immune system modulator with possible efficacy in interstitial cystitis

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patients. A published pilot study showed significant improvement in symptom scores with minimal side effects. The ICCRN will work in collaboration with the Chronic Prostatitis Clinical Research Network to investigate interstitial cystitis as a subset of chronic pelvic pain disorders of the bladder. A coordinated effort to develop common patient evaluation and treatment protocols, will allow an overarching analysis of these urologic pain syndromes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Payne, Christopher K.; Associate Professor; Urology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes that Stanford University Center for Female Urology and NeuroUrology participate as one of several National Clinical Centers in a cooperative effort to develop clinical trials for the study of interstitial cystitis (IC). The Principal Investigator intends to participate fully as a member of the steering committee in designing and carrying out multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The investigative group at Stanford will work in parallel with the centers conducting trials for investigation of chronic prostatitis. A simultaneous application for that effort is being submitted. This is a critical juncture for IC research. While appreciation of the prevalence and impact of the disease is growing, little headway has been made in identifying the underlying etiology or finding reliably effective treatment. More importantly, the very definition of IC and pelvic pain syndromes is under active debate--are all patients with pelvic pain simply varying manifestations of a single underlying disorder or are there important clinical distinctions between IC, vulvadynia, chronic prostatitis, and pelvic floor dysfunction? The relevance of standard diagnostic tools has been challenged. Bladder distention under anesthesia may be neither sensitive nor specific. Neither urodynamic testing nor bladder biopsy provides specific diagnostic information. A simple office trial of intravesical potassium instillation purported to identify IC totally failed to predict response to therapy in a RCT. These and other critical issues will only be settled by carefully designed, large scale RCTs. The ICCRN should focus on the following specific aims: 1) determining the clinical utility of currently diagnostic tests for IC and evaluating new tests 2) developing evidence based algorithms for the work-up of IC patients involved in clinical research 3) developing relevant clinical protocols that involve the entire spectrum of IC patients 4) to test novel therapies for IC as they become available. Stanford is ideally suited for this project due to a long history of interest in IC, a Principal Investigator with recognized expertise in clinical research, an ethnically diverse patient base, and demonstrable success recruiting patients for IC research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK (ICCRN) Principal Investigator & Institution: Kreder, Karl J.; Professor; Urology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives and specific aims of this proposal are to establish the University of Iowa Interstitial Cystitis Research Group as a

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clinical center in the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network (ICCRN). The purpose of this network is to establish a collaborative group of centers with expertise in pelvic pain and interstitial cystitis to conduct controlled clinical trials that will provide further understanding of interstitial cystitis. Additionally this network will participate in the Urologic-Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Group to conduct trials in chronic prostatitis. A concept protocol using low dose BCG and interferon-alpha(alpha) is included in this proposal. The recruitment, marketing and retention strategies outlined in the following sections will ensure enrollment of between four and six patients per month as well as maximize this center's ability to recruit minority populations. This center has all the clinical and laboratory support as stated in the protocol. The following sections outline innovative methods to recruit both male and female interstitial cystitis patients as well as multiple strategies to ensure long term compliance and completion of all scheduled follow-up visits. In summary, this proposal outlines what we believe are the outstanding credentials of the University of Iowa Interstitial Cystitis Research Group to serve as a Clinical Center in the multi-institutional Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network (ICCRN). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK (ICCRN) Principal Investigator & Institution: Sant, Grannum R.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this proposal are the initiation and development of the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network (ICCRN) and the performance of randomized controlled multicenter clinical trials for the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). These objectives will be achieved by: (a) development and design of medical treatment protocols for IC and a manual of operations in conjunction with a Steering Committee consisting of the Clinical Centers, the Data Coordinating Center and the NIDDK Project Scientist. (b) recruitment and retention of patients who meet agreed upon Clinical Trials entry criteria The Specific Aims of the proposal are: (a) to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of drug (approved, investigational, other) and non-drug treatment of IC in well-characterized cohorts of IC patients (newly diagnosed, chronic, minority populations) (b) to utilize validated and meaningful treatment outcome measures (eg., SF-36 health-related quality of life; the O'Leary-Sant Symptom/Problem Index, global response assessment (GRA) (c) recruitment of a minimum of 50 patients/year for 4 years (total 200 patients). The Principal Investigator (Dr. Grannum R. Sant, has a 20 year experience in the diagnosis and treatment of IC and has a large IC patient population within his clinical practice. (d) there will be an initial 12 month period of collaborative protocol/manual of operations development, followed by 48 months of patient recruitment with concurrent data analysis and reporting. (e) coordinate protocol development and clinical outcomes analyses with the Chronic Prostatitis Clinical Research Network (CPCRN) under the umbrella of the Urological Chronic Pain Syndromes Collaborative Network (UCPPSCG). The data obtained from these randomized controlled studies will define the effectiveness of various therapies for IC and improve the quality of life of patients suffering from IC. The collaboration with the UCPPSCG will better define the urological pelvic pain syndromes (male and female) and lead to better classification and treatment outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF NON BACTERIAL CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Albertsen, Peter C.; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chronic prostatitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chronic prostatitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A review of the development and validation of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Author(s): Litwin MS. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 14-8; Discussion 18-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521581

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A study of the effectiveness of rifaprim in chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Giamarellou H, Kosmidis J, Leonidas M, Papadakis M, Daikos GK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1982 August; 128(2): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7109100

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Acute and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Hua VN, Schaeffer AJ. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2004 March; 88(2): 483-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049589

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Acute and chronic prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Meares EM Jr. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1987 December; 1(4): 855-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3333662

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Acute anterior uveitis in men. Association with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Dark AJ, Morton RS. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1968 December; 52(12): 907-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5700674

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Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Author(s): Mehik A, Alas P, Nickel JC, Sarpola A, Helstrom PJ. Source: Urology. 2003 September; 62(3): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946740

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Allopurinol for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): McNaughton CO, Wilt T. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd001041. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519549

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Allopurinol for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): McNaughton Collins M, Wilt T. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001041. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796738

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Alpha-blockers for the treatment of chronic prostatitis in combination with antibiotics. Author(s): Barbalias GA, Nikiforidis G, Liatsikos EN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 March; 159(3): 883-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9474175

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Ambulatory urodynamic monitoring of external urethral sphincter behavior in chronic prostatitis patients. Author(s): Liao LM, Shi BY, Liang CQ. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 1999 December; 1(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11225898

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An electrostimulator to restore sexual function in chronic prostatitis patients. Author(s): Guskov AR, Vasiliev AI. Source: Medical Progress Through Technology. 1992; 18(1-2): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1388232

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Anaerobic infections in chronic prostatitis and chronic urethritis. Author(s): Justesen T, Nielsen ML, Hattel T. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1973 March 8; 158(3): 237-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4571920

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Anal submucosal injection: a new route for drug administration. VI. Chronic prostatitis: a new modality of treatment with report of eleven cases. Author(s): Shafik A. Source: Urology. 1991 January; 37(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1986477

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Antimicrobial treatment for chronic prostatitis as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Shoda R. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1993; 51(3): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8249222

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Application of real-time polymerase chain reaction technology to detect prostatic bacteria in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Takahashi S, Riley DE, Krieger JN. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 21(2): 100-4. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743735

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Azithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Strapac Z, Markovinovic L, Kruzic V, Puntaric A, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J. Source: J Chemother. 2001 December; 13(6): 664-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806631

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Azithromycin treatment follow-up: antibacterial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Smelov V, Krylova T, Smelova N, Norman L. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23 Suppl 1: S79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037332

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Bacteria in the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome: molecular approaches to critical research questions. Author(s): Krieger JN, Riley DE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 June; 167(6): 2574-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992091

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Bacterial dna sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Krieger JN, Riley DE, Vesella RL, Miner DC, Ross SO, Lange PH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 October; 164(4): 1221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10992370

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Bacteriologic investigations of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Khairallah SA, Mahfouz RA. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1974; 49(3): 181-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4459435

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Bacteriological and serological study of chronic prostatitis patients. Author(s): Maged Z, Khafaga H. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1965 September; 41(3): 202-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5828920

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Chlamydia in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Mardh P, Colleen S, Holmquist B. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 November 11; 4(836): 361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4637521

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Chronic pelvic pains represent the most prominent urogenital symptoms of "chronic prostatitis". Author(s): Krieger JN, Egan KJ, Ross SO, Jacobs R, Berger RE. Source: Urology. 1996 November; 48(5): 715-21; Discussion 721-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911515

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Chronic prostatitis and male accessory gland infection--is there an impact on male infertility (diagnosis and therapy)? Author(s): Everaert K, Mahmoud A, Depuydt C, Maeyaert M, Comhaire F. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 325-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535865

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Chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia: ultrasonographic alterations of the prostate, bladder neck, seminal vesicles and periprostatic venous plexus. Author(s): Di Trapani D, Pavone C, Serretta V, Cavallo N, Costa G, Pavone-Macaluso M. Source: European Urology. 1988; 15(3-4): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3063543

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Chronic prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis--diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Granic J, Krhen I, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Desnica B, Zeljko Z. Source: J Chemother. 2002 October; 14(5): 537-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462437

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Chronic prostatitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Author(s): Naiel B, Raul R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 March; 36(3): 856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9508336

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Chronic prostatitis in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Odunjo EO, Elebute EA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1971 June; 43(3): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4104172

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Chronic prostatitis in spinal cord injury patients. Author(s): Wyndaele JJ. Source: Paraplegia. 1985 June; 23(3): 164-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4011291

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Chronic prostatitis, chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. Author(s): Suominen J, Gronroos M, Terho P, Wichmann L. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1983 October; 6(5): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6654516

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Batstone GR, Doble A, Batstone D. Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 2003 January; 13(1): 23-9. Review. Erratum In: Curr Opin Urol.2003 March; 13(2): 177. Batstone D [corrected to Batstone G Richard D]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490812

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Schaeffer A, Stern J. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 788-95. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230704

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Doble A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 November; 74(5): 537-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7827813

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Gingell JC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 17; 295(6604): 998. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3119140

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Blacklock NJ, Reeves DS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 August 5; 3(822): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5046516

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Miller RJ. Source: Pa Med. 1966 June; 69(6): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5932383

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Caplan B. Source: Manit Med Rev. 1966 May; 46(5): 338-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5931676

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Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Denis LJ. Source: Acta Urol Belg. 1966 January; 34(1): 49-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5910210

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Chronic prostatitis. Problems in diagnosis and management. Author(s): Muangman V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1973 June; 56(6): 337-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4784772

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Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in elderly men: toward better understanding and treatment. Author(s): Pontari MA. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2003; 20(15): 1111-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651434

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Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: national survey of genitourinary medicine clinics. Author(s): Luzzi GA, Bignell C, Mandal D, Maw RD; British Co-operative Clinical Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 June; 13(6): 416-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015017

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Chronic prostatitis: a thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Author(s): Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H, Jantos C, Friedrich HJ, Altmannsberger M. Source: Infection. 1991; 19 Suppl 3: S119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2055646

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Chronic prostatitis: comments on infectious etiologies and antimicrobial treatment. Author(s): Greenberg RN, Reilly PM, Luppen KL, Piercy S. Source: The Prostate. 1985; 6(4): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4088955

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Chronic prostatitis: epidemiology and role of infection. Author(s): Krieger JN, Ross SO, Riley DE. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 8-12; Discussion 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521579

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Chronic prostatitis: MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopic imaging findings--initial observations. Author(s): Shukla-Dave A, Hricak H, Eberhardt SC, Olgac S, Muruganandham M, Scardino PT, Reuter VE, Koutcher JA, Zakian KL. Source: Radiology. 2004 June; 231(3): 717-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15163811

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Chronic prostatitis: results of an Internet survey. Author(s): Alexander RB, Trissel D. Source: Urology. 1996 October; 48(4): 568-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886062

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Chronic prostatitis: symptom survey with follow-up clinical evaluation. Author(s): Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, Yang JR, Yap HW, Krieger JN. Source: Urology. 2003 January; 61(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559266

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Chronic prostatitis: what we know, what we do not know, and what we should do! Author(s): Lobel B, Rodriguez A. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 21(2): 57-63. Epub 2003 May 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774173

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Chronic prostatitis--an Australian view. Author(s): Murnaghan GF, Tynan AP, Farnsworth RH, Harvey K. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1974 February; 46(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4205846

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Chronic prostatitis-an infectious disease? Author(s): Naber KG, Weidner W. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 August; 46(2): 157-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10933636

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Clinical and therapeutical guidelines for chronic prostatitis. from bacteriological importance to neuromuscular considerations. Author(s): Barbalias GA. Source: European Urology. 2000 January; 37(1): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671797

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Clinical classification of chronic prostatitis: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Huang WD, Liu P, Huang WJ. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 December; 2(4): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11202424

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Clinical evaluation of the man with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Nickel JC. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 20-2; Discussion 22-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521583

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Coagulase-negative staphylococcus in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nickel JC, Costerton JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 February; 147(2): 398-400; Discussion 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1732601

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Comparison of symptoms, morphological, microbiological and urodynamic findings in patients with chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Is it possible to differentiate separate categories? Author(s): Strohmaier WL, Bichler KH. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2000; 65(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025434

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Comprehensive evaluation and treatment of 75 men referred to chronic prostatitis clinic. Author(s): Krieger JN, Egan KJ. Source: Urology. 1991 July; 38(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1866851

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Correlation between chronic prostatitis syndrome and pelvic venous disease: a survey of 2,554 urologic outpatients. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD001041 Source: European Urology. 2000 April; 37(4): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519549

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Counting leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretions from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Krieger JN, Ross SO, Deutsch LA, Fritsche TR, Riley DE. Source: Urology. 2003 July; 62(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12837417

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C-reactive protein in semen and serum of men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Girgis SM, Ekladios E, Iskandar RM, El-Haggar S, Moemen N, El-Kassem SM. Source: Andrologia. 1983 March-April; 15(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859561

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Creatine phosphokinase relative to acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, zinc and fructose in human semen with special reference to chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Bostrom K, Andersson L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1971; 5(2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4937334

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Cytologic evaluation of urine is important in evaluation of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nickel JC, Ardern D, Downey J. Source: Urology. 2002 August; 60(2): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137814

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Cytologic findings of fine needle aspirates in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Soejima T, Tanaka M, Naito S, Kumazawa J. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1992; 24(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1624243

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Decrease of sperm antibody titer in males, and conception after treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Fjallbrant B, Nilsson S. Source: Int J Fertil. 1977; 22(4): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=24606

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Delayed hypersensitivity to Chlamydia trachomatis: cause of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Ballard RC, Block C, Koornhof HJ, Haitas B. Source: Lancet. 1979 December 15; 2(8155): 1305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=93221

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Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis cohort study. Author(s): Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, Nickel JC, O'Leary MP, Nadler RB, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Fowler JE Jr, Mazurick CA, Kishel L, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network Group. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 593-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131316

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Design of a multicenter randomized clinical trial for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Nickel JC, Kusek JW, Litwin MS, Landis JR, Nyberg LM, Schaeffer AJ; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. Source: Urology. 2002 June; 59(6): 870-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12031372

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Detecting urethral and prostatic inflammation in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Krieger JN, Jacobs R, Ross SO. Source: Urology. 2000 February; 55(2): 186-91; Discussion 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688076

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Diagnosing and treating chronic prostatitis: do urologists use the four-glass test? Author(s): McNaughton Collins M, Fowler FJ Jr, Elliott DB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ. Source: Urology. 2000 March; 55(3): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699621

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Diagnosis and management of acute and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Katske F, Kim S. Source: Urologic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Urological Association Allied. 2001 August; 21(4): 255-8, 261-2; Quiz 263-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11998455

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Diagnosis and management of chronic prostatitis by primary care providers. Author(s): Lovejoy B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 July; 13(7): 31721; Quiz 322-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11930605

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Diagnostic considerations and interpretation of microbiological findings for evaluation of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Krieger JN, McGonagle LA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 October; 27(10): 2240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584375

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Diagnostic value of semen culture in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Arora DR, Ichhpujani RL, Arora B, Chhabra HL, Keswani RK, Chugh TD. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982 January; 75: 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7085039

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Difficulties of treatment in the chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Arvis G. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1976; 6: 417-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1023220

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Distinguishing chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms: results of a national survey of physician visits. Author(s): Collins MM, Stafford RS, O'Leary MP, Barry MJ. Source: Urology. 1999 May; 53(5): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223484

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Distribution of chronic prostatitis in radical prostatectomy specimens with upregulation of bcl-2 in areas of inflammation. Author(s): Gerstenbluth RE, Seftel AD, MacLennan GT, Rao RN, Corty EW, Ferguson K, Resnick MI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 May; 167(5): 2267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956490

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Diverse and related 16S rRNA-encoding DNA sequences in prostate tissues of men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Riley DE, Berger RE, Miner DC, Krieger JN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 June; 36(6): 1646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620394

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Do anaerobes cause chronic prostatitis? Author(s): Meijer-Severs GJ, Dankert J, Mensink HJ, Krol ER. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 3; 2(8249): 753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6116888

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Dynamics of spermatogenesis, hormonal and immune response of patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and sterility under bitemporal treatment with an ultra-high frequency electric field. Author(s): Bogolyubov VM, Karpukhin IV, Bobkova AS, Razuvayev AV, Kozhinova EV. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1986; 18(1): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3087902

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Effective office management of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nickel JC. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1998 November; 25(4): 677-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10026774

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Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Alexander RB, Ponniah S, Hasday J, Hebel JR. Source: Urology. 1998 November; 52(5): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801092

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Estrogen treatment of abacterial chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Mackenzie AR. Source: Urology. 1986 June; 27(6): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716064

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Evaluation of seminal plasma parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis or leukocytospermia. Author(s): Ludwig M, Kummel C, Schroeder-Printzen I, Ringert RH, Weidner W. Source: Andrologia. 1998; 30 Suppl 1: 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9629442

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Evaluation of the cytokines in genital secretions of patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Paulis G, Conti E, Voliani S, Bertozzi MA, Sarteschi ML, Fabris FM. Source: Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2003 December; 75(4): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005490

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Expression of Bcl-2 on leukocytes in prostatic fluid from patients with acute and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Abe H, Nishimura T, Asoh S, Ohta S. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 9(2): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825115

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Few patients with "chronic prostatitis" have significant bladder outlet obstruction. Author(s): Mayo ME, Ross SO, Krieger JN. Source: Urology. 1998 September; 52(3): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730453

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HLA antigens and sacro-iliitis in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Moller P, Vinje O, Fryjordet A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1980; 9(3): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7455619

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HLA phenotypes and joint affection in psoriasis, acute anterior uveitis and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Moller P, Berg K, Vinje O. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1981 April; 19(4): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196814

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IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in prostatic secretions are indicators in the evaluation of men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nadler RB, Koch AE, Calhoun EA, Campbell PL, Pruden DL, Bennett CL, Yarnold PR, Schaeffer AJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 July; 164(1): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10840462

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Illness behavior and personality changes in patients with chronic prostatitis during a two-year follow-up period. Author(s): Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Mueller K, Lehtonen T. Source: European Urology. 1989; 16(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744053

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Immunological alterations in the ejaculate of chronic prostatitis patients: clues for autoimmunity. Author(s): John H, Maake C, Barghorn A, Zbinden R, Hauri D, Joller-Jemelka HI. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535858

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Increased intraprostatic pressure in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Lukkarinen O, Sarpola A, Alfthan O. Source: Urological Research. 1999 August; 27(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460899

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Infertility and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Giamarellou H, Tympanidis K, Bitos NA, Leonidas E, Daikos GK. Source: Andrologia. 1984 September-October; 16(5): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6496959

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Influence of environmental factors on chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: results of a community-based survey. Author(s): Ku JH, Kim ME, Lee NK, Park YH. Source: Urology. 2001 December; 58(6): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744444

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Interleukin-10 levels in seminal plasma: implications for chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Miller LJ, Fischer KA, Goralnick SJ, Litt M, Burleson JA, Albertsen P, Kreutzer DL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792966

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Laboratory findings in chronic prostatitis--with special reference to immunological and microbiological aspects. Author(s): Vinje O, Fryjordet A, Bruu AL, Moller P, Mellbye OJ, Kass E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1983; 17(3): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6648377

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Leukocyte and bacterial counts do not correlate with severity of symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. Author(s): Schaeffer AJ, Knauss JS, Landis JR, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, Nickel JC, O'Leary MP, Nadler RB, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Fowler JE Jr, Mazurick CA, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network Study Group. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 September; 168(3): 1048-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187220

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Leukocytes and bacteria in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared to asymptomatic controls. Author(s): Nickel JC, Alexander RB, Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network Study Group. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 September; 170(3): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913707

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Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Author(s): Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Casey RW, Pommerville PJ, Barkin J, Steinhoff G, Brock G, Patrick AB, Flax S, Goldfarb B, Palmer BW, Zadra J. Source: Urology. 2003 October; 62(4): 614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14550427

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Author(s): Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, Wright PA, Wu SC, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. Source: Urology. 2003 September; 62(3): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946763

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Low agreement between previous physician diagnosed prostatitis and national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index pain measures. Author(s): Roberts RO, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Lieber MM, Jacobsen SJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665894

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Management of chronic prostatitis in Genitourinary Medicine clinics in the United Kingdom's North Thames Region 2000. Author(s): Dale A, Wilson J, Forster G, Daniels D, Brook G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 April; 12(4): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11319977

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Measurement of immunoglobulins in seminal fluid with modified nephelometry--an alternative diagnostic tool for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Kastner C, Jakse G. Source: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2003; 6(1): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664071

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Mullerian duct cyst masquerading as chronic prostatitis: diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging using a phased array surface coil. Author(s): Fowler JE Jr, Peters JJ, Hamrick-Turner J. Source: Urology. 1995 April; 45(4): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7716853

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National institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index for Japanese men. Author(s): Kunishima Y, Matsukawa M, Takahashi S, Itoh N, Hirose T, Furuya S, Takatsuka K, Mori M, Tsukamoto T. Source: Urology. 2002 July; 60(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100927

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Needle biopsy study of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Schmidt JD, Patterson MC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1966 October; 96(4): 519-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5925554

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Nerve growth factor and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Miller LJ, Fischer KA, Goralnick SJ, Litt M, Burleson JA, Albertsen P, Kreutzer DL. Source: Urology. 2002 April; 59(4): 603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927336

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On chronic prostatitis with special studies of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Author(s): Wedren H. Source: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1989; 123: 1-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2483757

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Overview summary statement. Diagnosis and management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Author(s): Schaeffer AJ, Datta NS, Fowler JE Jr, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, Nadler RB, Nickel JC, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Hart C; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521576

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Perineal versus anal submucosal injection for drug administration in treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shafik A. Source: Urology. 1992 March; 39(3): 297. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546432

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Personality pathology underlying chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Ruokolainen J, Lehtonen T. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1982; 37(2): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7122791

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Personality variables involved in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): de la Rosette JJ, Ruijgrok MC, Jeuken JM, Karthaus HF, Debruyne FM. Source: Urology. 1993 December; 42(6): 654-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8256399

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Pi phenotypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, acute anterior uveitis, psoriasis and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Moller P, Fagerhol MK. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1984 October; 26(4): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6333942

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Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16s rRNA genes in prostate biopsies from men without chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Keay S, Zhang CO, Baldwin BR, Alexander RB. Source: Urology. 1999 March; 53(3): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10096371

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Practical approach to bacteriologic investigation of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Fowler JE Jr. Source: Urology. 1985 November; 26(5 Suppl): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3904136

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Predictors of patient response to antibiotic therapy for the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Author(s): Nickel JC, Downey J, Johnston B, Clark J, Group TC; Canadian Prostatitis Research Group. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 May; 165(5): 1539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342913

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Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. Author(s): Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D, Clark J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 March; 165(3): 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176483

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Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Chinese men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Liang CZ, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Shi HQ, Wang KX. Source: Bju International. 2004 March; 93(4): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15008731

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Prostate blood flow characteristics in the chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Cho IR, Keener TS, Nghiem HV, Winter T, Krieger JN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 April; 163(4): 1130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737481

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Prostate histopathology and the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective biopsy study. Author(s): True LD, Berger RE, Rothman I, Ross SO, Krieger JN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 December; 162(6): 2014-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10569559

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PSA is a candidate self-antigen in autoimmune chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Ponniah S, Arah I, Alexander RB. Source: The Prostate. 2000 June 15; 44(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861757

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Pseudomembranous colitis following treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Biggers RD. Source: Military Medicine. 1985 March; 150(3): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3920576

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Psychological problems in chronic prostatitis patients with pain. Author(s): Egan KJ, Krieger JN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1994 September; 10(3): 218-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7833580

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Psychological problems in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. Author(s): Clin Evid. 2002 Dec;(8):864-71 Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 36(4): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603917

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Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis: the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. Author(s): McNaughton Collins M, Pontari MA, O'Leary MP, Calhoun EA, Santanna J, Landis JR, Kusek JW, Litwin MS; Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2001 October; 16(10): 656-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679032

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Quantitative culture of ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with chronic prostatitis or prostatosis. Author(s): Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1980 November; 124(5): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7452788

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Quantitative studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in non-gonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1983 September-December; 56(5-6): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6679147

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Questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists concerning the diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Kiyota H, Onodera S, Ohishi Y, Tsukamoto T, Matsumoto T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 December; 10(12): 636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633066

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Re: A study of the effectiveness of Rifaprim in chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Pfau A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 December; 130(6): 1204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6644909

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Re: Alpha-blockers for the treatment of chronic prostatitis in combination with antibiotics. Author(s): Shafik A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 January; 161(1): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10037409

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Re: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Pfau A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 December; 148(6): 1921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1433646

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Re: Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort study. Author(s): Shafik A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 April; 169(4): 1476; Author Reply 1476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629394

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Re: Prostate histopathology and the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective biopsy study. Author(s): Merkle W. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 July; 164(1): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10840468

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Re: The chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome can be characterized by prostatic tissue pressure measurements. Author(s): Barbalias GA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131342

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Research guidelines for chronic prostatitis: consensus report from the first National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network. Author(s): Nickel JC, Nyberg LM, Hennenfent M. Source: Urology. 1999 August; 54(2): 229-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10443716

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Retrograde transurethral balloon dilation of prostate: innovative management of abacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. Author(s): Lopatin WB, Martynik M, Hickey DP, Vivas C, Hakala TR. Source: Urology. 1990 December; 36(6): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2247918

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Role of alpha-blockers in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Datta NS. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 27-8; Discussion 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521587

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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmas in chronic prostatitis. A review. Author(s): Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1988; 43(3): 167-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3051621

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Role of mycoplasmas in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Peeters MF, Polak-Vogelzang AA, Debruyne FM, Van der Veen J. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1983 September-December; 56(5-6): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6679148

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Semen parameters in men with and without proven chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Weidner W, Jantos C, Schiefer HG, Haidl G, Friedrich HJ. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1991 May-June; 26(3): 173-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1872650

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Seminal fluid analysis in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Krieger JN, Ross SO, Deutsch L, Riley DE. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535853

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Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Potts JM, Pasqualotto FF. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 304-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535860

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Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Pasqualotto FF, Sharma RK, Potts JM, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ, Agarwal A. Source: Urology. 2000 June; 55(6): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10840100

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Serum antibody titers in treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Meares EM Jr. Source: Urology. 1978 February; 11(2): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=343344

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Significance of inflammation on standard semen analysis in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Ludwig M, Vidal A, Huwe P, Diemer T, Pabst W, Weidner W. Source: Andrologia. 2003 June; 35(3): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780532

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Single-drug or combined antibacterial therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis and Chlamydia trachomatis? Author(s): Smelov V, Gorelov A, Smelova N, Krylova T. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23 Suppl 1: S83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037333

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Sperm angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in Chernobyl victims and patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Sakharov IYu, Evdokimov VV, Atochina EA. Source: Andrologia. 1996 September-October; 28(5): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893093

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus in males with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Bergman B, Wedren H, Holm SE. Source: Urology. 1989 November; 34(5): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2815444

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Studies on the etiological role of Tr. vaginalis in chronic prostatitis, and efficiency of the diagnostic methods employed. Author(s): Andreeva N, Tzvetkova A, Gikov D, Milchev A, Hristeva G, Uchikova T, Haydushka I, Vachkova I. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1981; 23(2): 36-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6804324

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Ten years experience with chronic prostatitis in Africans. Author(s): Magoha GA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 March; 73(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698016

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Terazosin helpful in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Slawson D. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 May 15; 67(10): 2206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776975

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Terazosin therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, Yang JR, Yap HW, Krieger JN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 592-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544314

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The chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome can be characterized by prostatic tissue pressure measurements. Author(s): Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Nickel JC, Kilponen A, Leskinen M, Sarpola A, Lukkarinen O. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 January; 167(1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743292

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The effect of alpha-difluromethylornithine and tartaric acid on sperm count, seminal gamma GT, FSH, LH, testosterone and steroid excretion in patients with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Dunzendorfer U, Feller H. Source: Andrologia. 1981 March-April; 13(2): 100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6113790

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The effect of prostaglandin E1 on in vitro transcription of sperm chromatin, isolated from patients with azoospermia, teratospermia and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Pironcheva G, Miteva K, Russev GC, Vaisberg C, Zlatarev S. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1998 May-June; 53(5-6): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9679333

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The Finnish version of The National Institutes Of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index correlates well with the visual pain scale: translation and results of a modified linguistic validation study. Author(s): Leskinen MJ, Mehik A, Sarpola A, Tammela TL, Jarvelin MR. Source: Bju International. 2003 August; 92(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887478

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The impact of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome on patients. Author(s): McNaughton Collins M. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 21(2): 86-9. Epub 2003 April 02. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682773

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The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in chronic prostatitis patients determined by culture using a newly modified liquid medium. Author(s): Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 November; 166(5): 1205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1402043

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The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. Author(s): Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ Jr, Nickel JC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, Alexander RB, Farrar JT, O'Leary MP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 August; 162(2): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10411041

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The prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: a communitybased survey. Author(s): Ku JH, Kim ME, Lee NK, Park YH. Source: Urological Research. 2001 April; 29(2): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396727

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The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Author(s): Markovic VS. Source: European Urology. 1999 November; 36(5): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10516459

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The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Author(s): Bjerklund Johansen TE, Gruneberg RN, Guibert J, Hofstetter A, Lobel B, Naber KG, Palou Redorta J, van Cangh PJ. Source: European Urology. 1998 December; 34(6): 457-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831786

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The role of lomefloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Scelzi S, Travaglini F, Nerozzi S, Dominici A, Ponchietti R, Novelli A, Rizzo M. Source: J Chemother. 2001 February; 13(1): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11233805

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The role of transurethral prostatectomy in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Smart CJ, Jenkins JD. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1973 December; 45(6): 654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4590667

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The schistosomal circumoval precipitin test in cases of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Khafagy H, Khalil HM. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1970; 64(6): 909-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5495640

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Topical treatment of chronic prostatitis and premature ejaculation. Author(s): Boneff AN. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1972; 4(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4677562

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Transrectal prostatic sonography as a useful diagnostic means for patients with chronic prostatitis or prostatodynia. Author(s): Ludwig M, Weidner W, Schroeder-Printzen I, Zimmermann O, Ringert RH. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 June; 73(6): 664-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8032834

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Treatment of acute and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Sierp M. Source: Mod Treat. 1970 September; 7(5): 1020-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4933348

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Treatment of blastomycetes induced chronic prostatitis with ketoconazole (Nizoral). Author(s): Koranyi E, Torok I, Kottasz S, Brousil E. Source: Ther Hung. 1987; 35(4): 218-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3447307

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis by consecutive per os administration of doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and cephalexin. Author(s): Milingos S, Creatsas G, Messinis J, Lolis D, Kaskarelis D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983 June; 21(6): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6604038

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis lowers serum prostate specific antigen. Author(s): Bozeman CB, Carver BS, Eastham JA, Venable DD. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 April; 167(4): 1723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11912396

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis. Comparison of Minocycline and Doxycycline. Author(s): Brannan W. Source: Urology. 1975 May; 5(5): 626-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1093309

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: a randomized double blind trial. Author(s): Nickel JC, Narayan P, McKay J, Doyle C. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 April; 171(4): 1594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017228

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis: intraprostatic antibiotic injections under echography control. Author(s): Jimenez-Cruz JF, Tormo FB, Gomez JG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 May; 139(5): 967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3283385

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Treatment options for chronic prostatitis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Taylor SE, Paterson DL, Yu VL. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 November; 17(11): 798-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923524

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Treatment with neodymium: YAG laser in patients with chronic prostatitis: a preliminary report. Author(s): Serel TA, Kosar A, Ozturk A, Dogruer K, Tahoglu M, Kecelioglu M. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1997; 29(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9203038

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Trimethorpim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Dow D. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 June 14; 112(13 Spec No): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1093649

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Unusual bladder mucosal metaplasia in a case of chronic prostatitis and cystitis. Author(s): Davis EL, Goldstein AM, Morrow JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 June; 111(6): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4830880

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Urinary tract infection in urology, including acute and chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Pewitt EB, Schaeffer AJ. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1997 September; 11(3): 623-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9378927

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Urodynamic evaluation of bladder neck obstruction in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Murnaghan GF, Millard RJ. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1984 December; 56(6): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6534495

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Use of antibiotics in chronic prostatitis syndromes. Author(s): Shoskes DA. Source: Can J Urol. 2001 June; 8 Suppl 1: 24-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442994

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Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Chesley AE, Dow D. Source: Urology. 1973 September; 2(3): 280-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4583821

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Validity and responsiveness of the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index. Author(s): Turner JA, Ciol MA, Von Korff M, Berger R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544311

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Virological investigations in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nielsen ML, Vestergaard BF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1973 June; 109(6): 1023-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4351066

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Where do we stand with chronic prostatitis? An update. Author(s): Khastgir J, Dickinson AJ. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 December; 64(12): 732-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14702786

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X Chromosomal short tandem repeat polymorphisms near the phosphoglycerate kinase gene in men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Riley DE, Krieger JN. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 January 2; 1586(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781154

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chronic prostatitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chronic Prostatitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chronic prostatitis” (or a synonym): •

62 cases of chronic prostatitis treated by rectal ionintroduction of TCM suppository. Author(s): Shijiazhuang Railway Central Hospital, Hebei Province. Source: Chen, Z J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1996 March; 16(1): 15-7 0254-6272

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Correlation of beta-endorphin and prostaglandin E2 levels in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis with diagnosis and treatment response. Author(s): Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA. Source: Shahed, A R Shoskes, D A J-Urol. 2001 November; 166(5): 1738-41 0022-5347

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Treatment of 133 cases of chronic prostatitis by seminal consolidation and turbidity excretion. Source: Zhu, Y K J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 December; 9(4): 272-4 0254-6272

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia with pollen extract. Author(s): Department of Urology, Leighton Hospital, Crewe. Source: Buck, A C Rees, R W Ebeling, L Br-J-Urol. 1989 November; 64(5): 496-9 00071331

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Treatment of nonspecific chronic prostatitis with Qian Lie Xian Yan Suppository suppository in 104 cases. Author(s): Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Beijing 100700. Source: Jia, Y Li, Y Li, J Sun, M J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2001 June; 21(2): 90-2 0254-6272

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to chronic prostatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chronic prostatitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chronic prostatitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chronic prostatitis: •

62 cases of chronic prostatitis treated by rectal ionintroduction of TCM suppository. Author(s): Chen Z. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1996 March; 16(1): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758702

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A new high frequency electrostimulation device to treat chronic prostatitis. Author(s): John H, Ruedi C, Kotting S, Schmid DM, Fatzer M, Hauri D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 1): 1275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501740

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Acupuncture ameliorates symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Antolak SJ Jr.

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Source: Urology. 2004 January; 63(1): 212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751398 •

Acupuncture ameliorates symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Chen R, Nickel JC. Source: Urology. 2003 June; 61(6): 1156-9; Discussion 1159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809886

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Acupuncture treatment in 102 cases of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Ge SH, Meng FY, Xu BR. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1988 June; 8(2): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3412022

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Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis: a review of treatment approaches. Author(s): Kot T, Pettit-Young N. Source: Compr Ther. 1990 August; 16(8): 54-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2173653

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Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Beus A, Kuzmanovic NS, Kruzic V, Vince A. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 June; 19(6): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135835

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Application of millimeter waves in treating chronic prostatitis patients. Author(s): Matveev AG. Source: Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 2001; 29(3): 482-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11730107

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Chlamydial and ureaplasmal infections in patients with nonbacterial chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Badalyan RR, Fanarjyan SV, Aghajanyan IG. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535852

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Chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain in men: aetiology, diagnosis and management. Author(s): Luzzi GA.

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Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 May; 16(3): 253-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195565 •

Chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Mobley DF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1974 February; 67(2): 219-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4590619

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Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain pyndrome): seminal markers of inflammation. Author(s): Ludwig M, Vidal A, Diemer T, Pabst W, Failing K, Weidner W. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 21(2): 82-5. Epub 2003 April 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690515

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Chronic prostatitis: psychosomatic incidence. Author(s): Mendlewicz J, Schulman CC, De Schutter B, Wilmotte J. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1971; 19(1): 118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5146341

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727080

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajic V. Source: J Chemother. 2002 August; 14(4): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420857

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Comparison of expressed prostatic secretions with urine after prostatic massage--a means to diagnose chronic prostatitis/inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Ludwig M, Schroeder-Printzen I, Ludecke G, Weidner W. Source: Urology. 2000 February; 55(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688073

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Correlation of beta-endorphin and prostaglandin E2 levels in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis with diagnosis and treatment response. Author(s): Shahed AR, Shoskes DA.

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Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 November; 166(5): 1738-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11586213 •

Cytokine polymorphisms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: association with diagnosis and treatment response. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Albakri Q, Thomas K, Cook D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 July; 168(1): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12050565

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Diagnosis of chronic prostatitis: overview and update. Author(s): Thin RN. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 August; 8(8): 475-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9259494

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Does the chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome differ from nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia? Author(s): Krieger JN, Jacobs RR, Ross SO. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 November; 164(5): 1554-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025703

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Efficacy of Prostant on chronic prostatitis in 119 patients. Author(s): Xu G, Zhang YF, Ding Q. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 June; 24(6): 615-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791192

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Emotional aspects of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): LEWIN KK. Source: Geriatrics. 1963 April; 18: 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13930315

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Herbal and complementary medicine in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Manickam K. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 21(2): 109-13. Epub 2003 April 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720037

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Inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): A Pontari M. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 29-33; Discussion 33-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521589

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Long-term results of multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Hakim L, Ghoniem G, Jackson CL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 April; 169(4): 1406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629373

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Management of chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Anderson RU. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 February; 29(1): 235-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12109351

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Measurement of urinary antibodies to crude bacterial antigen in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Shortliffe LM, Elliott K, Sellers RG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 March; 141(3): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2918607

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Phytotherapy for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Lowe FC, Fagelman E. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2000 August; 1(2): 164-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084332

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Phytotherapy in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shoskes DA. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6 Suppl): 35-7; Discussion 37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521591

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Prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation. Author(s): Screponi E, Carosa E, Di Stasi SM, Pepe M, Carruba G, Jannini EA. Source: Urology. 2001 August; 58(2): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489699

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Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Source: Urology. 1999 December; 54(6): 960-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604689

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Re: a new high frequency electrostimulation device to treat chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Nickel JC, Thompson I.

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Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 June; 171(6 Pt 1): 2389; Author Reply 2389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126853 •

Results of treatment with pollen extract (Cernilton N) in chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. Author(s): Rugendorff EW, Weidner W, Ebeling L, Buck AC. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 April; 71(4): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499988

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Symptoms and inflammation in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Author(s): Krieger JN, Ross SO, Penson DF, Riley DE. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6): 959-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475649

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The chronic prostatitis syndromes. Author(s): Thin RN. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1997 October; 143(3): 155-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9403823

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The NIH Consensus concept of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared with traditional concepts of nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. Author(s): Krieger JN, Ross SO, Deutsch L, Riley DE. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2002 August; 3(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149161

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The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Szoke I, Torok L, Dosa E, Nagy E, Scultety S. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1998 June; 21(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669200

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The value of endotoxin concentrations in expressed prostatic secretions for the diagnosis and classification of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Li LJ, Shen ZJ, Lu YL, Fu SZ. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88(6): 536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678746

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Treatment of 133 cases of chronic prostatitis by seminal consolidation and turbidity excretion. Author(s): Zhu YK. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 December; 9(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2630815

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia with pollen extract. Author(s): Buck AC, Rees RW, Ebeling L. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1989 November; 64(5): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692777

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Treatment of chronic prostatitis with laser acupuncture. Author(s): Chen C, Gao Z, Liu Y, Shen L. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 March; 15(1): 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783460

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Treatment of nonspecific chronic prostatitis with Qian Lie Xian Yan Suppository suppository in 104 cases. Author(s): Jia Y, Li Y, Li J, Sun M. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 June; 21(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11498910

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Treatment response to conventional and novel therapies in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shoskes DA. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2003 August; 4(4): 311-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12882725

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Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urogenital tract of patients with chronic prostatitis or related symptomatology. Author(s): Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 December; 72(6): 918-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8306156

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Use of prostatic massage in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI. Source: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 1999 May; 2(3): 159-162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496826

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Value of intraprostatic injection of zinc and vitamin C and of ultrasound application in infertile men with chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Fahim MS, Ibrahim HH, Girgis SM, Essa HA, Hanafi S. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1985; 14(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901948

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Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid: normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma and cancer. Author(s): Zaichick VY, Sviridova TV, Zaichick SV.

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Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1996; 28(5): 687-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9061429

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chronic prostatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html

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Chinese Medicine Qianlieshu Wan Alternative names: Qianlieshu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Herbs and Supplements Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saw Palmetto Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chronic prostatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chronic prostatitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chronic Prostatitis By performing a patent search focusing on chronic prostatitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chronic prostatitis: •

Method for treating chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome Inventor(s): Nickel; Curtis J. (Elginburg, CA), Pontari; Michel A. (Lafayette Hill, PA), Stoner; Elizabeth (Westfield, NJ), Waldstreicher; Joanne (Scotch Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ), Temple University of the Commonwealth of Higher Ed. (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,403,640 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: The use of a COX-2 selective inhibitor for the treatment of chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome is disclosed. Excerpt(s): Chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome is an extremely prevalent disease in men (Collins M M, et al., "How common is prostatitis? A national survey of physician visits," Journal of Urology, 159:1224-1228 (1998)). Although the epidemiologic evidence is limited, it appears that the prevalence of prostatitis is approximately 2-9% in adult men. It has been suggested that 35-50% of men are affected by prostatitis at some time in life. Approximately 2 million ambulatory patient visits are made annually for prostatitis, accounting for 8% of all visits to urologists and 1% of all visits to primary care physicians. Many men remain symptomatic for much of their lives. Chronic prostatitis is characterized by evidence of prostatic inflammation and by the presence or absence of white blood cells in prostatic fluid and/or pain associated with the prostate. This syndrome does not exist prior to puberty but has a peak incidence between the ages of 18 and 50. Suggestions as to the origins of these conditions have included a chemical imbalance in the prostate, infection undetected by current microbiological methods and autoimmunity to the prostate gland itself. Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia (Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome) is characterized by pain and/or discomfort in the genitourinary, pelvic or perineal area and is associated with variable voiding and sexual dysfunction. Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis [Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome NIH Category IIIA] is an inflammatory and painful condition of unknown etiology characterized by excessive inflammatory cells in prostatic secretions despite a lack of documented urinary tract infections, and negative bacterial cultures of urine and prostatic secretions. Prostatodynia [Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome NIH Category IIIB] is a painful condition of unknown etiology characterized by a decided lack of inflammatory cells in prostatic secretions, no documented urinary tract infections and negative bacterial cultures in urine and prostatic secretions. Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is more common than bacterial prostatitis. Symptoms mimic those of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Patients usually show an increase in the number of white blood cells and oval fat bodies in their expressed prostatic secretions. However, they rarely have a history of urinary tract infection, and lower-tract localization cultures fail to reveal a pathogenic organism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403640__

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Method of treatment of chronic prostatitis with 17.beta.-N-monosubstitutedcarbamoyl-4-aza-5.alpha.-androst-1-en-3-ones Inventor(s): Gormley; Glenn J. (Westfield, NJ), Stoner; Elizabeth (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,629,318 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with the use of 17.beta.-Nmonosubstituted-carbamaoyl-4-aza-5.alpha.-androst-1-en-3-one compounds as testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/US93/11155 filed Nov. 18, 1993. The present invention is concerned with the use of 17.beta.-N-monosubstituted-carbamoyl-4-aza5.alpha.-androst-1-en-3-one compounds as testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Prostatitis in general constitutes about 10 to 15% of all urological practice. This category of poorly understood syndromes can be characterized by evidence of prostatic inflammation and by the presence or absence of white blood cells in prostatic fluid and/or pain associated with the prostate. Within this group of syndromes, the origins of chronic idiopathic prostatitis, asymptomatic prostatitis, and prostatodynia are problematic and are probably the least understood. The origin of these diseases have been attributed to some undefinable bacterial or viral infection, but this has never been proven. These syndromes do not exist prior to puberty but have a peak incidence between the ages of 18 and 50. It is possible that these three specific entities actually represent the same disease process in different phases or forms. Suggestions as to the origins of these conditions have included a chemical imbalance in the prostate, infection undetected by current microbiological methods, and autoimmunity to the prostate gland itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05629318__

Patent Applications on Chronic Prostatitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chronic prostatitis: •

Composition and method for treating non-bacterial prostatitis Inventor(s): Kastke, Floyd A.; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Robert J. Schaap; Suite 188; 21241 Ventura Boulevard; Woodland Hills; CA; 91364; US Patent Application Number: 20010025059 Date filed: January 9, 2001 Abstract: A composition and a method for treatment of prostate related dysfunction and, particularly, non-bacterial prostatitis and, even more particularly, non-bacterial chronic prostatitis. The composition primarily relies upon the use of a bioflavonoid and,

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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particularly, that bioflavonoid known as quercetin. The quercetin is mixed with a proteolytic digestive enzyme protease, such as bromelin and papain, as the primary active ingredients. However, the composition may optionally and beneficially include other prostatitis affecting agents, such as zinc derived from zinc gluconate, cranberry, saw palmetto, as well as some other active and non-active ingredients. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60,175,286, filed Jan. 10, 2000, for "Composition for Treating Non-Bacterial Prostatitis". The invention primarily relates to a composition and method for the treatment of non-bacterial prostatitis and, more particularly, to a composition and method for treating non-bacterial chronic prostatitis syndromes using bioflavonoids in a treatment composition and in a treatment method. Prostatitis is a name commonly used for a non-specific group of prostate related problems and is often characterized by prostatic pain, which may actually adopt the form of phantom symptomatic pain. At present, the cause for many of the forms of prostatitis is not fully known. As a result, there is frequently no known cure for non-bacterial chronic prostatitis, although there are several therapies of varying effectiveness, and usually limited effectiveness. These therapies are generally designed to address the issues of pain and discomfort as well as the other symptoms arising from this condition of prostatitis, but are not specific to any effective cure or permanent treatment therefor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chronic prostatitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chronic prostatitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chronic prostatitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chronic prostatitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chronic prostatitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Chronic Prostatitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chronic prostatitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chronic prostatitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chronic prostatitis: •

Hyperthermia in Urology Source: in Gautherie, M., ed. Interstitial, Endocavitary, and Perfusional Hyperthermia: Methods and Clinical Trials. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1990. p. 43-58. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (800) 7774643 or (201) 348-4033. PRICE: $101. ISBN: 0387509836. Summary: At present, hyperthermia in urology is mainly used in the treatment of bladder and prostatic cancer. Additionally, local hyperthermia is used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic abacterial prostatitis. This chapter, from a book about the methods and clinical trials of interstitial, endocavitary, and perfusional hyperthermia, discusses hyperthermia in urology. Hyperthermia of the urinary bladder is discussed in five sections: the development of the use of hyperthermia of the bladder; animal experiments in hyperthermia of the bladder; hyperthermia as monotherapy in bladder cancer; hyperthermia as part of an integrated

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combined treatment in bladder cancer; and the results of combined hyperthermia and locoregional chemoembolization. Hyperthermia of the prostate is discussed in three sections: cancer of the prostate; benign hyperplasia of the prostate; and chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. The author concludes that hyperthermia as monotherapy has no sufficient tumor-damaging effect; however, the inclusion of hyperthermia in an integrated tumor treatment regimen shows promise. 4 tables. 16 figures. 42 references. •

Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate Source: in Walsh, P.C. and Worthington, J.F. Prostate: A Guide for Men and the Women Who Love Them. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1995. p. 276-290. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. (800) 537-5487 or (410) 516-6900. Fax (410) 516-6998. PRICE: $15.95 paperback; $39.95 hardback (as of 1995). ISBN: 0801849896 (paperback); 0801849888 (hardback). Summary: This chapter is from a book designed to provide patients and their families with extensive information about the prostate gland and its diseases. In this chapter, the authors describe prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate. Written in a question-andanswer format, the chapter covers a definition of prostatitis and its incidence; acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis; nonbacterial prostatitis; prostatodynia; diagnosis of prostatitis; treatment options, including antibiotics; and risk factors and etiological considerations. One man's experience with chronic prostatitis is outlined.

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Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, and Prostatic Urethra Source: in MacLennan, G.T.; Resnick, M.I.; Bostwick, D.G. Pathology for Urologists. New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2003. p. 81-120. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $149.00. ISBN: 721600913. Summary: This chapter on the prostate, seminal vesicles, and prostatic urethra is from a pathology textbook that explores the full range of urology, including congenital, hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, and benign and malignant neoplastic disorders found in the urogenital system. The chapter includes full-color photographs of gross and microscopic pathologic specimens, representing virtually all of the common and rare entities seen in practice. The chapter covers normal histology of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and Cowper's glands, inflammation, acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, granulomatous prostatitis, malakoplakia, xanthomas, squamous metaplasia, mucinous metaplasia, nephrogenic metaplasia, nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), basal cell hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, stromal hyperplasia with atypical cells, prostatic cysts, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), diagnostic criteria for PIN, adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemistry of prostatic adenocarcinoma, cancer grade, histologic variants of prostatic adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma involving the prostate and prostatic urethra, treatment changes in adenocarcinoma, predictive factors in prostate cancer, prostatic soft tissue tumors, malignant soft tissue tumors, other rare malignant tumors, amyloidosis of the seminal vesicles, seminal vesiculitis, seminal vesicle cysts, seminal vesicle adenocarcinoma, prostatic urethra inflammation, and urethral polyp. Each photograph is accompanied by a descriptive text section. The text also includes explanations of the most current neoplasm classification and staging systems. 92 figures. 1 table.

Books

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Prostate Disease Source: in Lawrence, K.E.; Roe, S.N., eds. Geriatric Patient Education Resource Manual. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1991. p. 1: 249-1: 253. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9782. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $185; plus $4 handling. ISBN: 0834202255. Summary: This chapter, from a geriatric patient education resource manual, discusses prostate disease. After a quick review of the three most common prostatic problems, acute prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), the author focuses on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of BPH. Two sections outline expected recovery after surgery for BPH and sexual function after surgery for BPH. Each section presents information in a step-by-step, easy-to-understand format, readily adaptable by educators who will be teaching patients or caregivers. 8 references.

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Urinary Tract Infections in Adults Source: in Landau, L.; Kogan, B.A. 20 Common Problems in Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 63-76. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $45.00;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070634130. Summary: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) continue to occupy a large proportion of the primary care clinician's practice. Primary care clinicians must maintain an interest in UTI, must understand the mechanisms that result in such infection, and need to develop a rational, therapeutic strategy that incorporates the most up to date evidence-based information available to them. This chapter on UTIs in adults is from a text on common problems in urology (written for the primary care provider). The author first offers a practical classification system for UTIs to use in general practice; this system simply divides UTIs into two categories: simple and complicated. This categorization of UTIs into uncomplicated and complicated allows the physician to develop a rational diagnostic treatment algorithm that is useful in clinical practice. The author then discusses uncomplicated UTI (simple cystitis or bladder infection, recurrent simple cystitis, and acute nonobstructive pyelonephritis, kidney infection), and complicated UTI, including acute infections, catheter-associated UTI, urinary stones (urolithiasis), pregnancy, UTI in the elderly, and prostatitis. The author covers three types of prostatitis: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, and prostatodynia. A patient evaluation algorithm is also provided. The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of simple cystitis are relatively simple and consistent. The patient is started on a short course of a first line antibiotic. It appears from the literature that 3 days of treatment is superior to single dose therapy, and in the particular case of simple cystitis, longer therapy may offer no further advantages. The antibiotics of choice for simple cystitis include the fluoroquinolones, trimethroprimsulfmathoxazole (or trimethroprim alone), or nitrofurantoin. The dose, adverse effects, and potential drug interactions should be familiar to all clinicians; regimes for uncomplicated UTIs are summarized in a table. 3 figures. 6 tables. 15 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHRONIC PROSTATITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chronic prostatitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chronic prostatitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chronic prostatitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chronic prostatitis: •

Environmental factors influence development of chronic prostatitis symptoms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 16, 2002

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chronic prostatitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on chronic prostatitis: •

Voiding Symptoms: Why do Men Under the Age of 50 Have Them? Source: Issues in Incontinence. 4(1): 1, 5-6. Spring 1997. Contact: Available from Saxe Healthcare Communications. P.O. Box 1282, Burlington, VT 05402. Fax (802) 655-3127. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Many young men (under age 50) with longstanding irritative or obstructive voiding symptoms are commonly and empirically diagnosed as having chronic prostatitis or prostatodynia. This article reports on a video urodynamics study of 137 men under the age of 50 years. This was a select group of men with chronic voiding dysfunction who were found to have abnormalities on urodynamic evaluation. All 137 had been misdiagnosed previously with chronic prostatitis and had been treated unsuccessfully with either antibiotics or alpha blockers. Patients with culture-proven bacterial prostatitis, symptoms for less than 6 months, or previously diagnosed neurologic disease were excluded. A diagnosis of pseudodyssynergia (voluntary closure of the membranous urethra during voiding) was made based on a number of criteria. This diagnosis was made in 24 percent of the patients. Treatment options for this condition include hypnosis and biofeedback, employed to allow patients to understand and correct their dysfunctional voiding patterns. Other urodynamic abnormalities found include vesical neck obstruction in 74 patients (54 percent), impaired bladder contractility in 23 patients (17 percent), and acontractile bladder in 7 patients (5 percent). In the same period, 16 men who underwent urodynamic evaluation were found to have no evidence of abnormalities. The authors conclude that these data provide compelling evidence that urodynamic evaluation should be an integral part of the workup for young men without neurologic disease or evidence of active bacterial infection whose urinary symptoms fail to improve after a due course of therapy with currently accepted treatment modalities for prostatitis. 1 table. 9 references. (AA-M).

Academic Periodicals covering Chronic Prostatitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chronic prostatitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chronic prostatitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1705 18 934 5 11 2673

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chronic prostatitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chronic prostatitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chronic prostatitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chronic prostatitis”:

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Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Lymphoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Prostate Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chronic prostatitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Chronic Prostatitis Source: Norwich, NY: Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. 1993. 13 p. Contact: Available from Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. 17 Eaton Avenue, Norwich, NY 13815. (607) 335-2111. PRICE: Free. Summary: This brochure provides information on the characteristics of chronic prostatitis, a common disorder in younger men between ages 30 and 50, resulting in permanent, slowly progressive benign enlargement of the prostate with age. Information is presented on the cause, symptoms, anatomical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic prostatitis. While it is rarely cured it is not life-threatening, and does respond to timely treatment. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an

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ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chronic prostatitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chronic prostatitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chronic prostatitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chronic prostatitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.

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The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chronic prostatitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chronic prostatitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chronic prostatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chronic prostatitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHRONIC PROSTATITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either

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primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are

Dictionary 93

split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Balloon dilation: A treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate enlargement. A tiny balloon is inflated inside the urethra to make it wider so urine can flow more freely from the bladder. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked

Dictionary 95

surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic

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substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU]

Dictionary 97

Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject

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nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Echography: Ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with

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blood. [EU] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Evaluable patients: Patients whose response to a treatment can be measured because enough information has been collected. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH]

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Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using

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labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]

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Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH]

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National Institutes of Health: NIH. The National Institutes of Health, the focal point of biomedical research in the United States, conducts research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the NIH Web site at http://www.nih.gov. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Office Management: Planning, organizing, and administering activities in an office. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phosphoglycerate Kinase: An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name.

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Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare

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the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical

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prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its

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outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino

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acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH]

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Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

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Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH]

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Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Ureaplasma: A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of man, cattle, dogs, and monkeys. [NIH] Ureaplasma urealyticum: A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract, oropharynx, and anal canal. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and the organs of reproduction ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and clitoris in women and the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, seminal ducts, and penis in men. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the

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inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 7, 91, 94, 102, 105, 113 Acid Phosphatase, 26, 91 Acoustic, 91, 98 Adenocarcinoma, 64, 91, 108 Adenoma, 55, 91 Adrenal Glands, 91, 92 Adrenergic, 7, 91, 98 Adverse Effect, 65, 91, 112 Aetiology, 50, 91 Algorithms, 16, 91, 94 Alpha-1, 91 Alternative medicine, 68, 91 Amino Acid Sequence, 91, 92, 93 Amino Acids, 91, 93, 99, 105, 109, 111, 114 Amitriptyline, 12, 91 Amplification, 34, 91 Amyloidosis, 64, 91 Anaerobic, 20, 54, 92, 103, 113 Anal, 20, 34, 92, 115 Analogous, 92, 106, 114 Anaplasia, 92, 108 Anatomical, 80, 92, 95 Anesthesia, 16, 92 Annealing, 92, 107 Antibacterial, 20, 39, 92, 105, 112, 115 Antibiotic, 3, 34, 43, 65, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 111, 112, 114, 115 Antibodies, 53, 92, 100, 101, 106 Antibody, 3, 27, 38, 92, 96, 97, 101, 112 Anticholinergic, 91, 92 Antidepressant, 91, 92 Antidiuretic, 92, 104 Antifungal, 92, 102 Antigen, 35, 42, 53, 92, 96, 100, 101 Anti-infective, 92, 104 Anti-inflammatory, 12, 52, 92, 94 Antimicrobial, 7, 20, 24, 25, 39, 50, 51, 92, 94, 95, 98 Antioxidant, 92, 105 Antiviral, 93, 101 Anus, 92, 93, 96, 106, 110 Aqueous, 93 Arachidonic Acid, 93, 108 Aseptic, 93, 113 Asymptomatic, 6, 32, 61, 93 Atypical, 64, 93 Autoimmune disease, 93

Autoimmunity, 31, 60, 61, 93 Azithromycin, 20, 51, 93 Azoospermia, 40, 93 B Bacteria, 20, 21, 32, 54, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100, 103, 105, 112, 113, 115 Balloon dilation, 37, 93 Base, 13, 15, 16, 93, 102 Benign, 4, 22, 28, 56, 63, 64, 65, 80, 91, 93, 104 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 22, 28, 63, 64, 93 Beta-Endorphin, 46, 51, 93 Bile, 93, 102, 113 Biochemical, 13, 15, 93, 111 Biological response modifier, 94, 101 Biopsy, 16, 33, 35, 37, 94 Biotechnology, 18, 68, 75, 94 Bladder, 14, 15, 16, 22, 30, 43, 63, 65, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 104, 108, 111, 115 Blastocyst, 94, 96 Blood vessel, 94, 95, 109, 112, 116 Body Fluids, 94, 98 Bone Marrow, 94, 102, 113 Bowel, 92, 94 Broad-spectrum, 94, 105 Bromelain, 6, 94 C Carcinogenic, 94, 101, 113 Carcinoma, 64, 94 Cardiac, 94, 98, 113 Catheter, 65, 94 Cell Division, 93, 94, 106 Cephalexin, 42, 94 Cephaloridine, 94 Cephalothin, 94 Character, 94, 97 Chemoembolization, 64, 94 Chin, 46, 49, 50, 54, 55, 95, 103 Chlamydia, 20, 21, 22, 27, 38, 39, 51, 95 Chlamydia trachomatis, 20, 22, 27, 38, 39, 51, 95 Cholesterol, 93, 95, 113 Cholinergic, 91, 95 Chromatin, 40, 95, 102, 113 Chromosomal, 44, 91, 95, 100 Chymopapain, 95, 105 Ciprofloxacin, 32, 51, 95

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Chronic Prostatitis

Clarithromycin, 51, 95 Clinical Protocols, 8, 16, 95 Clinical study, 95, 97 Clinical trial, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 34, 63, 75, 95, 97, 103, 109, 110 Cloning, 94, 95 Coenzyme, 95, 102 Colitis, 35, 95 Collagen, 94, 95 Colon, 95, 96, 102 Complement, 96 Complementary and alternative medicine, 49, 57, 96 Complementary medicine, 49, 52, 96 Compliance, 17, 96 Computational Biology, 75, 96 Conception, 27, 96, 113 Consolidation, 46, 54, 97 Contractility, 69, 97 Contraindications, ii, 97 Control group, 4, 97, 110 Controlled clinical trial, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 97 Cooperative group, 9, 97 Coordination, 13, 97 Cornea, 97, 111, 115 Corpus, 97, 105, 107 Cryptosporidiosis, 93, 97 Curative, 97, 114 Cyclic, 97, 108 Cyst, 33, 97 Cystitis, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 43, 65, 80, 97 Cytokines, 13, 29, 30, 97 D Data Collection, 13, 97, 99 Degenerative, 64, 97 Denaturation, 97, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 59, 68, 97 Dihydrotestosterone, 97, 110 Dilation, 97 Direct, iii, 15, 97, 110, 114 Distention, 16, 97 Double-blind, 6, 19, 32, 53, 97 Doxycycline, 42, 98 Drug Interactions, 65, 98 Duct, 33, 98 E Echography, 43, 98 Efficacy, 12, 15, 51, 52, 98, 115 Ejaculation, 42, 53, 98, 111 Electrolyte, 98, 107

Electrons, 93, 98, 101, 105, 109 Embryo, 94, 98, 106 Endogenous, 93, 98, 104 Endotoxin, 54, 98 Enkephalin, 93, 98 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 98 Enzymatic, 96, 98, 105, 107 Enzyme, 39, 62, 91, 94, 95, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116 Epinephrine, 91, 98, 104 Epithelial, 91, 98 Epithelium, 98, 108 Erectile, 13, 98, 105 Erection, 98 Erythromycin, 93, 95, 99 Evaluable patients, 4, 99 Extensor, 99, 109 F Fallopian tube, 99, 110, 115 Family Planning, 75, 99 Fat, 60, 93, 94, 99, 102, 112 Fatty acids, 99, 108 Focus Groups, 4, 99 Fructose, 26, 99 G Gastrointestinal, 95, 98, 99, 112 Gene, 44, 94, 99 Genetic testing, 99, 107 Genital, 30, 95, 99, 115 Genitourinary, 7, 11, 24, 32, 60, 99, 115 Genotype, 99, 106 Geriatric, 65, 99 Gland, 21, 99, 102, 108, 111, 113 Glomeruli, 99, 109 Glycogen, 95, 99 Gonadal, 99, 113 Governing Board, 99, 107 Grade, 6, 64, 99, 108 Gram-negative, 94, 95, 100, 103, 104, 105, 115 Gram-positive, 94, 100, 104, 105, 113 Granulocytes, 100, 116 H Hereditary, 64, 100 Heredity, 99, 100 Histology, 64, 100 Histones, 95, 100 Hormonal, 29, 100 Hormone, 93, 98, 100, 104, 107, 114 Hydrogen, 93, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105 Hydrolysis, 100, 109 Hyperplasia, 64, 100

119

Hypersensitivity, 27, 100 Hyperthermia, 63, 100 Hypertrophy, 65, 93, 100 I Idiopathic, 61, 100 Immune response, 29, 92, 93, 100, 116 Immune system, 15, 93, 100, 115, 116 Immunoglobulins, 33, 100 Immunohistochemistry, 64, 100 Implantation, 96, 101 Impotence, 98, 101 In vitro, 40, 101, 107, 111 In vivo, 101 Incision, 101, 108, 111 Infection, 6, 9, 13, 21, 24, 30, 56, 60, 61, 65, 69, 93, 94, 97, 101, 102, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116 Infertility, 21, 22, 31, 101 Inflammation, 12, 13, 14, 27, 28, 38, 51, 52, 54, 60, 61, 64, 92, 95, 97, 101, 106, 109, 113, 115 Initiation, 17, 101 Inner ear, 101, 116 Instillation, 16, 101 Interferon, 17, 101 Interferon-alpha, 17, 101 Internal Medicine, 10, 36, 101 Interstitial, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 63, 80, 101 Intracellular, 101, 107, 108 Intravesical, 16, 101 Invasive, 101, 102, 108 Involuntary, 101, 112 Ions, 93, 98, 100, 101 K Kb, 74, 102 Ketoconazole, 42, 102 L Lactate Dehydrogenase, 26, 102 Large Intestine, 102, 110 Lesion, 102 Leucine, 93, 102 Ligament, 99, 102, 108 Lipid, 102, 105 Lipid Peroxidation, 102, 105 Liver, 92, 93, 99, 102 Localization, 60, 100, 102 Localized, 91, 101, 102, 106 Locoregional, 64, 102 Lymph, 102 Lymph node, 102 Lymphatic, 7, 101, 102, 106, 113, 114

Lymphocytes, 92, 102, 113, 114, 116 Lymphoid, 92, 102 Lymphoma, 80, 102 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33, 102 Malignant, 64, 91, 103, 104 Malignant tumor, 64, 103 Meat, 94, 103 MEDLINE, 75, 103 Membrane, 96, 100, 103, 106, 107, 110 Mental, iv, 7, 8, 74, 76, 95, 103, 109 Mental Health, iv, 8, 74, 76, 103, 109 Metaplasia, 43, 64, 103 Microbiological, 26, 28, 31, 60, 61, 103 Microbiology, 20, 22, 28, 29, 43, 93, 103 Microscopy, 4, 103 Milliliter, 103, 112 Millimeter, 50, 103 Modification, 103, 109 Modulator, 15, 103 Molecular, 13, 21, 75, 77, 92, 94, 96, 103, 106, 113 Molecule, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 103, 105, 110 Monotherapy, 63, 103 Morphological, 26, 98, 103 Mucinous, 64, 103 Mucus, 103 Multicenter study, 32, 103 Mycoplasma, 38, 103 N Naloxone, 93, 103 Neodymium, 43, 104 Neoplasia, 104, 108 Neoplasm, 64, 104 Nephrogenic, 64, 104 Nervous System, 104, 112 Networks, 13, 104 Neurogenic, 14, 104 Neurologic, 69, 104 Neuromuscular, 13, 25, 104 Neuropsychology, 13, 104 Neurotransmitters, 91, 104 Nitrofurantoin, 65, 104 Norepinephrine, 91, 104 Nuclear, 98, 104, 108 Nuclei, 98, 100, 102, 104 Nucleus, 95, 97, 102, 105, 113 O Ocular, 95, 105 Office Management, 29, 105 Ofloxacin, 4, 105 Opiate, 93, 98, 103, 105

120

Chronic Prostatitis

Orgasm, 98, 105, 111 Oropharynx, 105, 115 Outpatient, 8, 105 Ovaries, 105, 110, 112, 115 Ovary, 105, 106 Oxidation, 93, 102, 105 Oxidative Stress, 13, 38, 105 P Palliative, 105, 114 Papain, 6, 62, 105 Parasitic, 97, 105, 115 Pathologic, 64, 94, 100, 105, 109 Pathophysiology, 11, 15, 105 Patient Education, 65, 80, 84, 86, 89, 105 Pelvis, 91, 105, 109, 115 Penis, 7, 98, 105, 110, 115 Peptide, 93, 95, 105, 106, 108, 109 Peptide Chain Elongation, 95, 106 Perineal, 34, 60, 106, 110 Perineum, 7, 106 Peripheral blood, 101, 106 Phantom, 62, 106 Pharmacologic, 92, 106, 114 Phenotypes, 30, 34, 106 Phosphoglycerate Kinase, 44, 106 Phospholipids, 99, 106 Physiologic, 106, 108, 110 Pilot study, 16, 19, 106 Plants, 104, 106, 111, 114 Plasma, 29, 31, 92, 103, 106, 111 Plasma cells, 92, 106 Plexus, 22, 106 Pneumonia, 97, 106, 115 Pollen, 46, 54, 55, 57, 106, 109 Polyethylene, 106, 113 Polyethylene Glycols, 106, 113 Polymerase, 20, 34, 107 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 20, 107 Polyp, 64, 107 Polysaccharide, 92, 107 Posterior, 92, 107, 111 Potassium, 16, 107 Potentiating, 91, 107 Practicability, 107, 115 Practice Guidelines, 76, 107 Precursor, 93, 98, 104, 107, 108 Predictive factor, 64, 107 Premalignant, 107, 108 Prevalence, 5, 15, 16, 35, 41, 53, 60, 107 Progesterone, 107, 113 Progression, 14, 108 Progressive, 11, 80, 108

Prophylaxis, 104, 108 Prostaglandin, 40, 46, 51, 108 Prostaglandins A, 108 Prostate gland, 7, 60, 61, 64, 108 Prostatectomy, 41, 108, 110 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 56, 108 Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia, 64, 108 Protease, 62, 108 Protein S, 94, 95, 99, 109, 111, 114 Proteins, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109, 112, 114 Proteolytic, 62, 91, 96, 105, 109 Protocol, 13, 17, 109 Protozoa, 103, 109 Psoriasis, 30, 34, 109 Psychic, 103, 109 Psychology, 104, 109 Psychophysiology, 104, 109 Psychosomatic, 51, 109 Puberty, 60, 61, 109 Public Health, 15, 21, 76, 109 Public Policy, 75, 109 Pyelonephritis, 65, 109 Q Quality of Life, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 109 Quercetin, 6, 47, 53, 62, 109 R Radiation, 100, 106, 109 Radical prostatectomy, 28, 109 Random Allocation, 110 Randomization, 14, 110 Randomized, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 27, 32, 39, 42, 98, 110 Randomized clinical trial, 9, 12, 13, 27, 110 Receptor, 92, 110, 112 Rectal, 13, 46, 49, 110, 113 Rectum, 93, 96, 102, 108, 110 Recurrence, 6, 110 Reductase, 61, 110 Refer, 1, 96, 102, 110 Refraction, 110, 112 Refractory, 12, 110 Regimen, 64, 95, 98, 110 Relapse, 6, 110 Reliability, 4, 5, 110 Remission, 110 Reproductive system, 108, 110 Research Design, 11, 110 Retina, 110, 115 Retropubic, 108, 110, 111 Retropubic prostatectomy, 110, 111 Ribosome, 111, 114

121

Risk factor, 15, 64, 111 Ristocetin, 111, 115 Rutin, 109, 111 S Saponins, 111, 113 Scatter, 106, 111 Sclera, 111, 115 Screening, 14, 95, 111 Secretion, 103, 111 Secretory, 108, 111 Sedative, 91, 111 Semen, 26, 28, 29, 38, 93, 98, 108, 111 Seminal fluid, 33, 38, 111 Seminal vesicles, 22, 64, 111, 115 Semisynthetic, 94, 95, 111 Sequencing, 107, 111 Serotonin, 91, 111 Serum, 26, 38, 42, 96, 112 Sex Characteristics, 109, 112, 114 Side effect, 16, 91, 112, 114 Signs and Symptoms, 110, 112 Skeletal, 112 Skeleton, 108, 112 Smooth muscle, 112 Social Environment, 109, 112 Soft tissue, 64, 94, 112 Spasm, 13, 112 Specialist, 81, 97, 112 Species, 95, 98, 105, 112, 113, 115 Specificity, 14, 112 Spectroscopic, 24, 112 Spectrum, 14, 16, 102, 112 Sperm, 27, 39, 40, 106, 111, 112 Sperm Count, 40, 112 Spermatogenesis, 29, 112 Spermatozoa, 93, 111, 112, 113 Sphincter, 19, 113 Spinal cord, 22, 95, 104, 113 Spleen, 92, 102, 113 Spondylitis, 34, 113 Squamous, 64, 113 Staging, 64, 113 Staphylococcus, 18, 25, 33, 36, 37, 39, 113 Sterility, 29, 101, 113 Steroid, 40, 111, 113 Stimulus, 97, 113 Strand, 107, 113 Stromal, 64, 113 Subacute, 101, 113 Subclinical, 101, 113 Suppository, 46, 49, 55, 107, 113 Suppression, 104, 113

Symphysis, 95, 108, 113 Symptomatic, 6, 60, 62, 113 Symptomatology, 55, 114 Synapse, 91, 114 Systemic, 91, 98, 101, 114 T Testicular, 7, 114 Testis, 114 Testosterone, 40, 61, 110, 114 Tetracycline, 98, 114 Therapeutics, 114 Thermal, 107, 114 Thymus, 102, 114 Tissue, 21, 37, 40, 64, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 114 Topical, 42, 105, 114 Toxic, iv, 114, 115 Toxicity, 98, 111, 114 Toxicology, 76, 114 Toxins, 92, 101, 114 Toxoplasmosis, 93, 114 Transfection, 94, 114 Translating, 9, 114 Translation, 40, 99, 114 Translocation, 95, 99, 114 Transurethral, 37, 41, 108, 114, 115 Transurethral resection, 108, 114 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 108, 115 Treatment Outcome, 12, 17, 115 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 38, 44, 115 U Ureaplasma, 20, 36, 55, 115 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 20, 36, 55, 115 Ureters, 115 Urethra, 64, 69, 93, 105, 108, 114, 115 Urethritis, 20, 36, 115 Urinary, 4, 5, 12, 15, 43, 53, 60, 63, 65, 69, 80, 95, 97, 99, 104, 108, 111, 115 Urinary tract, 4, 43, 60, 65, 104, 115 Urinary tract infection, 43, 60, 65, 104, 115 Urine, 14, 26, 51, 60, 92, 93, 94, 104, 115 Urodynamic, 16, 19, 26, 43, 69, 115 Urogenital, 21, 55, 64, 95, 99, 115 Urogenital Diseases, 95, 115 Urogenital System, 64, 115 Urolithiasis, 65, 115 Uterus, 97, 105, 108, 110, 115 Uvea, 115 Uveitis, 19, 30, 34, 115

122

Chronic Prostatitis

V Vaccine, 109, 115 Vagina, 110, 115 Vaginal, 113, 115 Vancomycin, 43, 115 Vascular, 101, 115, 116 Veins, 94, 106, 116 Venous, 22, 26, 109, 116 Vertebrae, 113, 116

Veterinary Medicine, 75, 116 Viral, 61, 116 Virus, 101, 116 Vitro, 116 W White blood cell, 60, 61, 92, 102, 103, 106, 116 Z Zygote, 96, 116

123

124

Chronic Prostatitis

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