Athlete's Foot: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ATHLETE’S FOOT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Athlete’s Foot: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83750-3 1. Athlete’s Foot-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on athlete’s foot. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATHLETE’S FOOT ...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Athlete’s Foot ................................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATHLETE’S FOOT ...................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 22 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT ................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Athlete’s Foot ............................................................................................................. 27 Patent Applications on Athlete’s Foot ......................................................................................... 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT....................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 33 Chapters on Athlete’s Foot........................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT ......................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Academic Periodicals covering Athlete’s Foot ............................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 39 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 40 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 45 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 47 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 51 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 64 ATHLETE’S FOOT DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 65 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 81

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with athlete’s foot is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about athlete’s foot, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to athlete’s foot, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on athlete’s foot. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to athlete’s foot, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on athlete’s foot. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATHLETE’S FOOT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on athlete’s foot.

Federally Funded Research on Athlete’s Foot The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to athlete’s foot. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to athlete’s foot. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore athlete’s foot. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for athlete’s foot: •

Project Title: THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE AS A NEW TARGET FOR ANTIFUNGALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Selitrennikoff, Claude P.; Professor; Mycologics, Inc. 12635 E Montview Blvd Aurora, Co 80010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fungi cause a wide spectrum of disease states. The most common examples are relatively minor, localized infections of the skin and

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

4

Athlete’s Foot

mucous membranes such as athlete's foot, vaginal yeast infections, and infections of keratinized nails. However, an ominously increasing number of fungi cause systemic disease with the involvement of internal organs. These have become serious and lifethreatening problems that are very difficult to diagnose and even more challenging to treat in patients with impaired host-defense mechanisms. Part of the difficulty in treating fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts, is the limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. Currently-available drugs include polyenes (e.g., amphotericin B) that complex with fungal-membrane ergosterol, a number of azoles and allylamines that inhibit steps in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, flucytosine that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, and Cancidas, a (1,3)beta-glucan synthase inhibitor. Unfortunately, amphotericin B has a number of acute and chronic adverse effects. Flucytosine has a narrow spectrum of activity and is plagued with treatment failures due to the development of resistant fungi. Azoles are only fungistatic and resistance to commonly-used azoles is becoming a significant clinical problem. There is general agreement that there is a critical and immediate need for novel drugs with mechanisms of action different from current drugs. The applicant's long-term goal is to discover novel antifungals that are active against enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle, which is absent in humans, is essential for fungal pathogenicity and represents an unexploited pathway for the development of antifungal drugs. The investigators will accomplish this in Two Aims: (1) to isolate and identify 5 to10 inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes and determine their potency against fungal cells and toxicity against human cells; (2) to determine the in vivo efficacy of two of the most active compounds using a Candida albicans murine model. Ultimately, this work will lead to the isolation of new classes of compounds for treatment of human fungal disease. The applicant predicts that, since humans do not have the glyoxylate cycle, the inhibitors will be safe and effective therapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for athlete’s foot in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of KP-103, a Novel Triazole Derivative, and Its Therapeutic Efficacy against Experimental Plantar Tinea Pedis and Cutaneous Candidiasis in Guinea Pigs. by Tatsumi Y, Yokoo M, Arika T, Yamaguchi H.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90494

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

5

•

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tinea Unguium and Tinea Pedis in the General Population in Spain. by Perea S, Ramos MJ, Garau M, Gonzalez A, Noriega AR, del Palacio A.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87362

•

Short-term topical therapy of experimental tinea pedis in guinea pigs with lanoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent. by Niwano Y, Tabuchi T, Kanai K, Hamaguchi H, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162944

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with athlete’s foot, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for athlete’s foot (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. Author(s): Nozickova M, Koudelkova V, Kulikova Z, Malina L, Urbanowski S, Silny W. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 37(9): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762826&dopt=Abstract

•

A modified technique (using polyester tape) of skin surface biopsy. Its interest for the investigation of athlete's foot. Author(s): Lachapelle JM, Gouverneur JC, Boulet M, Tennstedt D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 July; 97(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=889698&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

6

Athlete’s Foot

•

A prospective epidemiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Hong Kong. Author(s): Cheng S, Chong L. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 June; 115(6): 860-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123553&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized trial of acidified nitrite cream in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Weller R, Ormerod AD, Hobson RP, Benjamin NJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555794&dopt=Abstract

•

A ten-year survey of Tinea pedis in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Author(s): Lopes JO, Alves SH, Mari CR, Oliveira LT, Brum LM, Westphalen JB, Furian FW, Altermann MJ. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1999 March-April; 41(2): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10413953&dopt=Abstract

•

A three-stage clinical evaluation of etonam (R 10 100) in the treatment of chronic athlete's foot. Author(s): Brugmans J, Van Cutsem J. Source: Dermatologica. 1969; 138(5): 403-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4946929&dopt=Abstract

•

Advances in the treatment of superficial fungal infections: focus on onychomycosis and dry tinea pedis. Author(s): Del Rosso JQ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1997 June; 97(6): 339-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232944&dopt=Abstract

•

AFSS: athlete's foot severity score. A proposal and validation. Author(s): Cohen AD, Wolak A, Alkan M, Shalev R, Vardy DA. Source: Mycoses. 2002 April; 45(3-4): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000509&dopt=Abstract

•

Antifungal activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in gram-negative athlete's foot. Author(s): Abramson C, Steinmetz R. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1983 May; 73(5): 227-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6408153&dopt=Abstract

Studies

7

•

Association of athlete's foot with cellulitis of the lower extremities: diagnostic value of bacterial cultures of ipsilateral interdigital space samples. Author(s): Semel JD, Goldin H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 November; 23(5): 1162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922818&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot and fungally infected toe nails. Author(s): Crawford F. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1458-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230762&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot and fungally infected toenails. Authors should use familiar drug names. Author(s): Melville A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 May 26; 322(7297): 1306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403064&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot and onychomycosis caused by Hendersonula toruloidea. Author(s): Abramson C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 August; 46(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145133&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Abramson C. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1983 July-September; 1(1): 14-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443779&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot due to fungus infection--foot rash is fungus. Author(s): Chappell F. Source: Md State Med J. 1979 June; 28(6): 39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=491767&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot in boot-wearing policemen in Nigeria. Author(s): Obasi OE, Adeleke D, Clayton YM. Source: Mycoses. 1988 May; 31(5): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3419454&dopt=Abstract

•

Athlete's foot. Author(s): Byrd OE. Source: West Med Med J West. 1966 June; 7(6): 142-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5952650&dopt=Abstract

8

Athlete’s Foot

•

Athlete's foot: a step forward. Author(s): Lison EM, Pearson BG, Goodfellow RC. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1985 February; 37(2): 66-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3157078&dopt=Abstract

•

Bifonazole (Mycospor cream) in the treatment of moccasin-type tinea pedis. Comparison between combination therapy of bifonazole cream + 10% urea ointment (Urepearl) and occlusive dressing therapy with the same agents. Author(s): Tanuma H, Doi M, Sato N, Nishiyama S, Abe M, Kume H, Katsuoka K. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(3-4): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907343&dopt=Abstract

•

Biometrological assessment of the preventive effect of a miconazole spray powder on athlete's foot. Author(s): Pierard GE, Wallace R, De Doncker P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 September; 21(5): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9136152&dopt=Abstract

•

Borotannic complex in athlete's foot. Author(s): Simmonds AJ. Source: The Practitioner. 1971 February; 206(232): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4928968&dopt=Abstract

•

Butenafine hydrochloride (Mentax) cream for the treatment of hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis and its transfer into the horny layer, with or without concomitant application of 20% urea ointment (Keratinamin). Author(s): Tanuma H, Doi M, Ohta Y, Abe M, Kume H, Mukai H, Katsuoka K. Source: Mycoses. 2001; 44(7-8): 287-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714064&dopt=Abstract

•

Butenafine hydrochloride: for the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Author(s): Syed TA, Maibach HI. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2000 March; 1(3): 467-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249531&dopt=Abstract

•

Butenafine, a fungicidal benzylamine derivative, used once daily for the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Author(s): Reyes BA, Beutner KR, Cullen SI, Rosen T, Shupack JL, Weinstein MB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 37(6): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646136&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

Case Report. Bullous tinea pedis in an elderly man. Author(s): El-Segini Y, Schill WB, Weyers W. Source: Mycoses. 2002 November; 45(9-10): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421296&dopt=Abstract

•

Case Report. Tinea pedis and onychomycosis in primary school children in Turkey. Author(s): Inanir I, Sahin MT, Gunduz K, Dinc G, Turel A, Arisoy A, Ozturkcan S. Source: Mycoses. 2002 June; 45(5-6): 198-201. Erratum In: Mycoses. 2002 October; 45(8): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100540&dopt=Abstract

•

Case report. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare causing tinea pedis. Author(s): Brasch J. Source: Mycoses. 2001 November; 44(9-10): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766112&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical and mycological study of occult tinea pedis and tinea unguium in dermatological patients from Tokyo. Author(s): Ogasawara Y, Hiruma M, Muto M, Ogawa H. Source: Mycoses. 2003 April; 46(3-4): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870199&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once daily Canesten with twice daily Nizoral (clotrimazole 1% cream vs. ketoconazole 2% cream) during a 28-day topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Author(s): Suschka S, Fladung B, Merk HF. Source: Mycoses. 2002 April; 45(3-4): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000508&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical evaluation of bifonazole for moccasin-type tinea pedis. Author(s): Tanuma H, Nishiyama S. Source: Mycoses. 1997 October; 40(5-6): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9476493&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of one week of oral terbinafine (250 mg/day) with four weeks of treatment with clotrimazole 1% cream in interdigital tinea pedis. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Marley J, Bullen M, Brookman S, Cowen P, Ellis D, Williams T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 139(4): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892913&dopt=Abstract

10

Athlete’s Foot

•

Double blind comparison of econazole spray powder and placebo as therapy and prophylaxis of athlete's foot. Author(s): Lestienne MC, Chemali R, Tennstedt D, Vandaele R, Lachapelle JM, Lapiere CM. Source: Mykosen. 1982 June; 25(6): 335-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7050699&dopt=Abstract

•

Double-blind study of the efficacy of 1 week topical terbinafine cream compared to 4 weeks miconazole cream in patients with tinea pedis. Author(s): Leenutaphong V, Niumpradit N, Tangwiwat S, Sritaveesuwan R, Muanprasat C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 October; 82(10): 1006-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561963&dopt=Abstract

•

Editorial: Athlete's foot. Author(s): Hussey HH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 August 11; 233(6): 539. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173670&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of treatment of severe tinea pedis with 1% terbinafine cream in members of the Japanese self-defense forces. Author(s): Noguchi H, Hiruma M, Kawada A. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(7-8): 479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546490&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy and safety of butenafine in superficial dermatophytoses (tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis). Author(s): Saple DG, Amar AK, Ravichandran G, Korde KM, Desai A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2001 May; 99(5): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676116&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy and safety of short-term itraconazole in tinea pedis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Svejgaard E, Avnstorp C, Wanscher B, Nilsson J, Heremans A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(4): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873176&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy and safety of terbinafine 1% solution in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis and tinea corporis or tinea cruris. Author(s): Lebwohl M, Elewski B, Eisen D, Savin RC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270304&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

•

Efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine 1% emulsion gel in patients with tinea pedis. Author(s): Hollmen KA, Kinnunen T, Kiistala U, Vaananen A, Saarelainen IO, De CC, Decroix J, Broeckx W, Karvonen J. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952304&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine 1% topical solution used for 1 week compared with 4 weeks clotrimazole 1% topical solution in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: a randomized, double-blind, multi-centre, 8-week clinical trial. Author(s): Schopf R, Hettler O, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, Kaben U, Mayser P, Resl V. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(5-6): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536434&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of flutrimazole 1% powder in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Pereda J, Noguera X, Boncompte E, Alguero M, Izquierdo I. Source: Mycoses. 2003 April; 46(3-4): 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870201&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of oral fluconazole in tinea pedis of the hyperkeratotic type. Stratum corneum levels. Author(s): Tanuma H, Doi M, Yaguchi A, Ohta Y, Nishiyama S, Sekiguchi K, Katsuoka K. Source: Mycoses. 1998 March-April; 41(3-4): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9670768&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Menendez S, Falcon L, Simon DR, Landa N. Source: Mycoses. 2002 October; 45(8): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572723&dopt=Abstract

•

Epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in central Poland. Part III. Tinea pedis. Author(s): Lupa S, Seneczko F, Jeske J, Glowacka A, Ochecka-Szymanska A. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(9-10): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592702&dopt=Abstract

•

Epidemiology of tinea pedis in marathon runners: prevalence of occult athlete's foot. Author(s): Auger P, Marquis G, Joly J, Attye A. Source: Mycoses. 1993 January-February; 36(1-2): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8316260&dopt=Abstract

12

Athlete’s Foot

•

Erysipelas and tinea pedis. Author(s): Roldan YB, Mata-Essayag S, Hartung C. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(5): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948816&dopt=Abstract

•

Extracts from “Clinical evidence”: Athlete's foot and fungally infected toenails. Author(s): Crawford F, Hart R, Bell-Syer SE, Torgerson DJ, Young P, Russell I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 3; 322(7281): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157535&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional nerve disorders in the athlete's foot, ankle, and leg. Author(s): Baxter DE. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1993; 42: 185-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463665&dopt=Abstract

•

Identifying and treating athlete's foot. Author(s): Poyner T. Source: Community Nurse. 1996 September; 2(8): 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9450436&dopt=Abstract

•

Incidence of occult athlete's foot in swimmers. Author(s): Attye A, Auger P, Joly J. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 September; 6(3): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2253726&dopt=Abstract

•

Inflammatory tinea pedis/manuum masquerading as bacterial cellulitis. Author(s): Sweeney SM, Wiss K, Mallory SB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 November; 156(11): 1149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413346&dopt=Abstract

•

Interdigital athlete's foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria. Author(s): Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 October; 114(10): 1466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=718181&dopt=Abstract

•

Interdigital athlete's foot: new concepts in pathogenesis. Author(s): Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1977 June; 61(6): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=866279&dopt=Abstract

Studies

13

•

Interdigital athlete's foot: the battle for survival occurring between our toes. Author(s): Smith JM. Source: N Z Med J. 1983 October 26; 96(742): 799-800. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578453&dopt=Abstract

•

Interferon-gamma production in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with tinea pedis: comparison of patients with and without tinea unguium. Author(s): Koga T, Shimizu A, Nakayama J. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2001 February; 39(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270412&dopt=Abstract

•

Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea manuum: comparison of two treatment schedules. Author(s): Schuller J, Remme JJ, Rampen FH, Van Neer FC. Source: Mycoses. 1998 December; 41(11-12): 515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919896&dopt=Abstract

•

Malignant “athlete's foot”. Author(s): Brewer BM, Barwick WJ. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1982 January; 8(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7073198&dopt=Abstract

•

Microflora of the intertriginous toe surfaces of patients with athlete's foot. Author(s): Terleckyj B, Goldman SM, Abramson C. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 October; 71(10): 529-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6793655&dopt=Abstract

•

One week terbinafine 1% cream (Lamisil) once daily is effective in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: a vehicle controlled study. LAS-INT-06 Study Group. Author(s): Korting HC, Tietz HJ, Brautigam M, Mayser P, Rapatz G, Paul C. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2001 August; 39(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556763&dopt=Abstract

•

Onychomycosis and tinea pedis in patients with diabetes. Author(s): Rich P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Suppl): S130-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044289&dopt=Abstract

14

Athlete’s Foot

•

O-T-C aids for athlete's foot. Author(s): Duke VH. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1967 May; 7(5): 226-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6043838&dopt=Abstract

•

Pathogenesis and treatment of hyperkeratotic tinea pedis in Japan. Author(s): Tanuma H. Source: Mycoses. 1999 April; 42(1-2): 21-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394843&dopt=Abstract

•

Population-based epidemiologic study of tinea pedis in Israeli children. Author(s): Leibovici V, Evron R, Dunchin M, Strauss-Leviatan N, Westerman M, Ingber A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 September; 21(9): 851-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352808&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence and awareness of tinea pedis in Italian sailors. Author(s): Ingordo V, Fracchiolla S, Figliola F, D'Andria G, Colecchia B, Naldi L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(4): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146348&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence and risk factors of tinea unguium and tinea pedis in the general population in Spain. Author(s): Perea S, Ramos MJ, Garau M, Gonzalez A, Noriega AR, del Palacio A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 38(9): 3226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970362&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence of bacteria and fungi in athlete's foot of varying severity and response to topical antibacterial and antifungal therapies. Author(s): Talwar P, Kumar B, Ayyagiri A, Kaur S. Source: Sabouraudia. 1985 August; 23(4): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4049188&dopt=Abstract

•

Pustular tinea pedis. Author(s): Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 January; 42(1 Pt 1): 1323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10607333&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

Relation between vesicular eruptions on the hands and tinea pedis, atopic dermatitis and nickel allergy. Author(s): Bryld LE, Agner T, Menne T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816153&dopt=Abstract

•

Remedies for athlete's foot. Author(s): Suleyman F. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 May; 4(4): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9763955&dopt=Abstract

•

Short-duration oral terbinafine for the treatment of tinea pedis in HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Smith S, Houpt K, Rich P, LaMarca A, Weinberg JM, Alferez TS, Atillasoy E, Opper C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 July; 68(1 Suppl): 30-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499332&dopt=Abstract

•

Short-term itraconazole versus terbinafine in the treatment of tinea pedis or manus. Author(s): Tausch I, Decroix J, Gwiezdzinski Z, Urbanowski S, Baran E, Ziarkiewicz M, Levy G, Del Palacio A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542675&dopt=Abstract

•

The athlete's foot. Author(s): Resnik SS, Lewis LA, Cohen BH. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1977 September; 20(3): 351-3, 355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=891252&dopt=Abstract

•

The frequency of tinea pedis in patients with tinea cruris in Tehran, Iran. Author(s): Sadri MF, Farnaghi F, Danesh-Pazhooh M, Shokoohi A. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838845&dopt=Abstract

•

The interaction between stratum corneum and dermatophytes in patients with chronic tinea pedis. Author(s): Bergstrom A, Faergemann J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 May; 77(3): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188884&dopt=Abstract

16

Athlete’s Foot

•

The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 4 Tinea pedis. Author(s): Merlin K, Kilkenny M, Plunkett A, Marks R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 897-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354029&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Danish soldiers before and after service in exYugoslavia. Author(s): Brocks KM, Johansen UB, Jorgensen HO, Ravnborg LR, Svejgaard EL. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(7-8): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546489&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis in children presenting as unilateral inflammatory lesions of the sole. Author(s): Geary RJ, Lucky AW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 July-August; 16(4): 255-8. Erratum In: Pediatr Dermatol 1999 November-December; 16(6): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469406&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis in European marathon runners. Author(s): Lacroix C, Baspeyras M, de La Salmoniere P, Benderdouche M, Couprie B, Accoceberry I, Weill FX, Derouin F, Feuilhade de Chauvin M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 March; 16(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046817&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis in Korean children. Author(s): Jang KA, Chi DH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 39(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651960&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis interdigitalis (interspace). Author(s): Zaias N. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 May; 67(5 Suppl): 28-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398263&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis isolates. Author(s): Rosenthal SA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 May; 67(5 Suppl): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398257&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Tinea pedis observed in Cagliari, Italy, between 1996 and 2000. Author(s): Aste N, Pau M, Aste N, Biggio P. Source: Mycoses. 2003 February; 46(1-2): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588481&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis outbreak in swimming pools in Japan. Author(s): Kamihama T, Kimura T, Hosokawa JI, Ueji M, Takase T, Tagami K. Source: Public Health. 1997 July; 111(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242039&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis resulting from Fusarium spp. Author(s): Romano C, Gianni C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 41(6): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100693&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis. Author(s): Malcolm B. Source: The Practitioner. 1998 March; 242(1584): 225. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10476583&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis: the child and the family. Author(s): Rebell G, Zaias N. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 March-April; 16(2): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337685&dopt=Abstract

•

Topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: terbinafine compared with clotrimazole. Author(s): Patel A, Brookman SD, Bullen MU, Marley J, Ellis DH, Williams T, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 40(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570555&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of chronic tinea pedis (athlete's foot type) with topical terbinafine. Author(s): Savin RC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 2): 7869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229524&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of tinea pedis with a single pulse of itraconazole. Author(s): Bonifaz A, Saul A. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872413&dopt=Abstract

18

Athlete’s Foot

•

Treatments of tinea pedis. Author(s): Gupta AK, Chow M, Daniel CR, Aly R. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 July; 21(3): 431-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956197&dopt=Abstract

•

Two cases of tinea pedis caused by Scytalidium hyalinum. Author(s): Romano C, Valenti L, Difonzo EM. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 January; 12(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188148&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness of 1% terbinafine HCl (Lamisil) cream for hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis and its transfer into the horny layer. Author(s): Tanuma H, Doi M, Ohta Y, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K, Kaneko S, Mukai H, Abe M. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(11-12): 417-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204359&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness of lanoconazole (Astat) cream in the treatment of hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis. Comparative study of monotherapy and combination therapy with 10% urea ointment (Pastaron). Author(s): Tanuma H, Tanuma M, Abe M, Kume H. Source: Mycoses. 2001; 44(5): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486456&dopt=Abstract

•

What is the most effective treatment for tinea pedis (athlete's foot)? Author(s): Markova T. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 January; 51(1): 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927056&dopt=Abstract

•

What's your assessment? Tinea pedis. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2003 June; 15(3): 268, 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875012&dopt=Abstract

19

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATHLETE’S FOOT Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to athlete’s foot. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to athlete’s foot and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to athlete’s foot: •

Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment. Author(s): Watanabe K, Taniguchi H, Katoh T. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838846&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergic contact dermatitis from ciclopirox olamine. Author(s): Foti C, Diaferio A, Bonamonte D. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 42(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309043&dopt=Abstract

•

Broad spectrum herbal therapy against superficial fungal infections. Author(s): Shahi SK, Shukla AC, Bajaj AK, Banerjee U, Rimek D, Midgely G, Dikshit A.

20

Athlete’s Foot

Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2000 January-February; 13(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10657767&dopt=Abstract •

Burnaid. Author(s): Price J. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 February; 24(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9601599&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical evaluation of Acalypha ointment in the treatment of superficial fungal skin diseases. Author(s): Oyelami OA, Onayemi O, Oladimeji FA, Ogundaini AO, Olugbade TA, Onawunmi GO. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 May; 17(5): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748998&dopt=Abstract

•

Cow dung cure. Author(s): Mathis JL. Source: N C Med J. 1992 July; 53(7): 322. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1630500&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized phytodrug derived from Solanum chrysotrichum on Tinea pedis: a controlled and randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Herrera-Arellano A, Rodriguez-Soberanes A, de los Angeles Martinez-Rivera M, Martinez-Cruz E, Zamilpa A, Alvarez L, Tortoriello J. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 May; 69(5): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802717&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: a double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Marcano K, Jorquera A, De Sousa L, Padilla M, Pulgar M, ApitzCastro R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050588&dopt=Abstract

•

Efficacy of ajoene, an organosulphur derived from garlic, in the short-term therapy of tinea pedis. Author(s): Ledezma E, DeSousa L, Jorquera A, Sanchez J, Lander A, Rodriguez E, Jain MK, Apitz-Castro R.

Alternative Medicine 21

Source: Mycoses. 1996 September-October; 39(9-10): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009665&dopt=Abstract •

Hydrotherapy 2: caring for pool staff. Author(s): Roberts P. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1981 June; 33(6): 297-303. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6911478&dopt=Abstract

•

In-vitro and in-vivo anti-Trichophyton activity of essential oils by vapour contact. Author(s): Inouye S, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Source: Mycoses. 2001 May; 44(3-4): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413931&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Management of superficial fungus infections. Author(s): Arnold CA. Source: American Family Physician. 1974 May; 9(5): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4828517&dopt=Abstract

•

Lymphoedema 3: the available treatments for lymphoedema. Author(s): Board J, Harlow W. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 April 11-24; 11(7): 43850. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984458&dopt=Abstract

•

Mico-artemin--a new antimycotic preparation for local treatment of Epidermophytosis interdigitalis pedum. Author(s): Tolev I, Toleva P, Dessev D, Marina S. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1983; 25(3): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6425142&dopt=Abstract

•

Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of tinea pedis. A placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Yamauchi K, Hiruma M, Yamazaki N, Wakabayashi H, Kuwata H, Teraguchi S, Hayasawa H, Suegara N, Yamaguchi H. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(5): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948819&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening of medicinal plants of Chhindwara District against Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a causal organism of Tinea pedis. Author(s): Rai MK, Upadhyay S.

22

Athlete’s Foot

Source: Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 1988 February-May; 30(1-2): 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170261&dopt=Abstract •

Solanum chrysotrichum (Schldl.) a plant used in Mexico for the treatment of skin mycosis. Author(s): Lozoya X, Navarro V, Garcia M, Zurita M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992 April; 36(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1608268&dopt=Abstract

•

Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1992; 33(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1303075&dopt=Abstract

•

Tinea pedis et unguium in the Muslim community of Durban, South Africa. Author(s): Raboobee N, Aboobaker J, Peer AK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 759-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802686&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. Author(s): Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121393&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 23

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to athlete’s foot; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Alternative Therapy Urine Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html

•

Chinese Medicine Jiusheng San Alternative names: Jiusheng Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiusheng%20San&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records

•

Herbs and Supplements Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10011,00.html Econazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

24

Athlete’s Foot

Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Ketoconazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

The following is a specific Web list relating to athlete’s foot; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html

•

Food and Diet Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the

Alternative Medicine 25

MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

27

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “athlete’s foot” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on athlete’s foot, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Athlete’s Foot By performing a patent search focusing on athlete’s foot, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 7Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

28

Athlete’s Foot

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on athlete’s foot: •

Method of treating tinea pedis and related dermatophytic infections Inventor(s): Blank; Lynne B. (Brighton, NY), Gettings; Richard L. (Freeland, MI), White; William C. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,865,844 Date filed: May 20, 1988 Abstract: A therapeutic method of treating the chronic human superficial fungus infection tinea pedis produced by the pathogenic dermatophytic fungi Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp., and Epidermophyton sp., which invade and attack keratinized skin areas of the body by repeatedly applying topically to the itching, macerated, cracked, and scaling skin areas of the body at the site of the infection a fungicidally effective amount of a silane-containing lotion antagonistic to the dermatophytic fungi in order to exert at least an inhibitory growth effect upon the dermatophytes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a therapeutic method of treating the chronic human superficial fungus infection tinea pedis produced by the pathogenic dermatophytic fungi Microsporum sp., Trichopyton sp., and Epidermophyton sp., which invade and attack keratinized skin areas of the body, by repeatedly applying topically to the itching, macerated, cracked, and scaling skin areas of the body at the site of the infection a fungicidally effective amount of a lotion antagonistic to the dermatophytic fungi in order to exert at least an inhibitory growth effect upon the dermatophytes, the lotion including an antimicrobially active silane which is a quaternary ammonium salt. Antimicrobial agents are chemical compositions that are used to prevent microbiological contamination and deterioration of products, materials, and systems. Particular areas of application of antimicrobial agents and compositions are, for example, cosmetics, disinfectants, sanitizers, wood preservation, food, animal feed, cooling water, metalworking fluids, hospital and medical uses, plastics and resins, petroleum, pulp and paper, textiles, latex, adhesives, leather and hides, and paint slurries. Of the diverse categories of antimicrobial agents and compositions, quaternary ammonium compounds represent one of the largest of the classes of antimicrobial agents in use. At low concentrations, quaternary ammonium type antimicrobial agents are bacteriostatic, fungistatic, algistatic, sporostatic, and tuberculostatic. At medium concentrations they are bactericidal, fungicidal, algicidal, and viricidal against lipophilic viruses. Nonsilicone quaternary antimicrobials are not known to be or taught to be effective against dermatophytic fungi and in fact are known not to be effective in such uses because of interferences caused by the organic matter present on skin specifically the active infection sites. Silicone quaternary ammonium salt compounds are well known as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,385, issued Feb. 2, 1971, and the use of such compounds as antimicrobial agents is taught, for example, in a wide variety of patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,701, issued May 1, 1973, and 3,817,739, issued June 18, 1974, where the compounds are used to inhibit algae; 3,794,736, issued Feb. 26, 1974, and 3,860,709, issued Jan. 14, 1975, where they are employed for sterilizing or disinfecting a variety of surfaces and instruments; 3,865,728, issued Feb. 11, 1975, where the compounds are used to treat aquarium filters; 4,259,103, issued Mar. 31, 1981; and in British Pat. No. 1,386,876, of Mar. 12, 1975. Published unexamined European application No. 228464 of July 15, 1987, teaches the microorganisms on plants can be killed by the

Patents 29

application thereto of an aqueous mixture of a surfactant and an organosilicon quaternary ammonium compound. In a particular application of an antimicrobial silicone quaternary ammonium compound, a paper substrate is rendered resistant to the growth of microorganisms in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,366, issued Aug. 4, 1981. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,541, issued Mar. 12, 1985, an antimicrobial fabric is disclosed which is resistant to discoloration and yellowing by treatment of the fabric with a quaternary ammonium base containing an organosilicone. U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,937, issued Oct. 7, 1986, as well as its companion U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,374, issued Sept. 8, 1987, relate to wet wiper towelettes having an antimicrobial agent substantive to the fibers of the web and being an organosilicon quaternary ammonium compound. In a series of Burlington Industries, Inc. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,408,996, issued Oct. 11, 1983, 4,414,268, issued Nov. 8, 1983, 4,425,372, issued Jan. 10, 1984, and 4,395,454, issued July 26, 1983, such compounds are disclosed to be useful in surgical drapes, dressings, and bandages. This same assignee also discloses these compounds as being employed in surgeons' gowns in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,928, issued Oct. 25, 1983, and 4,467,013, issued Aug. 21, 1984. Organosilicon quaternary ammonium compounds have been employed in carpets, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,577, issued Feb. 1, 1983; applied to walls, added to paints, and sprayed into shoes, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,378, issued July 19, 1983; applied to polyethylene surfaces and used in pillow ticking in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,511, issued Jan. 26, 1988; in flexible polyurethane foams of fine-celled, soft, resilient articles of manufacture in U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,297, issued Dec. 23, 1986; and mixed with a surfactant in Japanese Kokai application No. 58-156809, filed Aug. 26, 1983, of Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., for the purpose of achieving uniformity of distribution of the compounds to a surface. Thus, the versatility of such compositions is readily apparent. However, no one, as far as is known, has used an organosilicon quaternary ammonium compound in lotion form in order to provide a topical skin application for the treatment of diseases such as tinea pedis. This infection has typically been treated with such compositions as morpholine hydroperfiodide as evidenced by U.S. Pat. No. 2,290,710; griseofulyin antifungous antibiotic drug; and a combination of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, it has been found that compositions which are antimicrobial can be formed in soothing lotion form and since they possess the characteristics and advantages of the silicone quaternary ammonium salts can be used to effectively treat skin infections such as tinea pedis. It has been further shown that substrates treated with organosilicon quaternary ammonium compounds provide for protection against organisms known to cause tinea pedis, tinea corpus and tinea captis. Thus, the compositions of the present invention act in preventing microbiological contamination and deterioration. For example, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride, hereinafter referred to as TMS, is an effective antimicrobial agent in which the active ingredient reacts with substrates with which it is brought into contact. These substrates demonstrate nonleaching broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. By including an antimicrobial component in the lotion composition, a convenient delivery system is realized. Hence, the compositions set forth in the present invention possess unique features and advantages over existing antimicrobial treating agents and provide improved results thereover. Thus, the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome with the present invention wherein improved antimicrobial agents are provided. where y denotes an organic or a hydrolyzable radical, R denotes a divalent hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R', R" and R'" independently denote saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated organic radicals consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur; or carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, and X denotes an anion.

30

Athlete’s Foot

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04865844__ •

Pharmaceutical preparation for tinea pedis Inventor(s): Doi; Yoshio (Osaka, JP), Egawa; Shohei (Hyogo, JP), Ikeda; Kaori (Osaka, JP), Kido; Shigeru (Osaka, JP), Saitoh; Izumi (Hyogo, JP) Assignee(s): Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,935,241 Date filed: November 3, 1988 Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of tinea pedis, containing as basic components about 0.1% to about 2.5% of croconazole hydrochloride and about 1%15% of an ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer in an aqueous alcohol, and if necessary, about 0.1% to about 2.5% of a thickening agent and/or a plasticizer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to external preparations of croconazole hydrochloride (hereinafter abbreviated as CCZ) known as an antifungal agent. However, in many cases, mycosis as represented by athlete's foot primarily occurs at moist parts of the body. So, when an ointment or a gel preparation is applied to the affected part, it makes the affected part even more moist, thereby giving a strange feeling or staining of clothing. These are shortcomings in using ointments or gel preparations. A tincture has such shortcomings as to take a longer time to dry on the application parts. To solve these shortcomings, a film-formation-type anti-fungal composition consisting of halopropargylaryl ether, a cellulose derivative and a solvent of a low boiling point was proposed (JPN KOKOKU 55-49570). Generally speaking, however, the coating film formed by a cellulose derivative is coarse and, therefore, gives a bad feeling on an applied part unless softening agents are added. Further, the film is apt to come off easily. Therefore, the addition of a softening agent or the like was suggested to solve these shortcomings in the said patent publication. However, it is not desirable to use such softening agents, because those are irritative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04935241__

•

Preparation for treating dermatitis in the nature of tinea pedis Inventor(s): Sichak; Stephen (Dolton, IL) Assignee(s): Scholl, Inc. (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,147,770 Date filed: December 27, 1976 Abstract: A preparation for treating dermatitis of the nature of tinea pedis or athlete's foot, which preparation may be applied directly to the foot as a cream, gel, powder, liquid, aerosol liquid, or aerosol powder, and may be held in a controlled release dispenser in a shoe or the like overnight to deodorize and sanitize the shoe for wear the next day without direct application of the preparation to the foot, relying on the residual effect of the overnight treatment in the shoe. The invention also embodies a method of using the preparation. Excerpt(s): In article (A) these doctors stated that interdigital lesions of the feet (athlete's foot) are invariably regarded as infections caused by ringworm fungi. The doctors also stated that as they see it, athlete's foot becomes an itching, malodorous, uncomfortable,

Patents 31

disorder when large numbers of ordinary, nonvirulent bacteria proliferate in the fungus infected interspace. Symptomatic athlete's foot, therefore, is a fungal-baterial complex, a collaborative enterprise. They also stated on page 1009 that suppression of bacteria is an essential requirement in treating symptomatic athlete's foot. Further, that the ideal, perhaps, would be a single agent with very broad spectrum coverage against dermatophytes, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida. It was further stated that their preference, aluminum chloride, combines broad spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack, and that they viewed drying as the decisive element. At the end of publication (A), the doctors stated that they did not find aluminum chloride to be superior to carbol-fuchsin solution. The difference, an important one in their opinion, lies in aesthetics. That statement was probably made because carbol-fuchsin is a purple stain. In the second publication (B) these same doctors stated that they were reformulating the concept of interdigital athlete's foot as a simple ringworm infection, and that it is only when native diphtheroids grow extensively in a site previously colonized by ringworm fungi that the disturbing signs of the disorder appear. The doctors pointed out that simple scaling is the work of the fungi (dermatophytosis simplex) but that it is the luxurious growth of the diphtheroids that brings on the sogginess, maceration, itching and malodor that typifies the condition (dermatophytosis complex). The doctors further point out that since symptomatic athlete's foot is a product of collaboration between a ringworm fungus and the resident bacterial population, the disease can be controlled, though not cured, by repressing the bacteria. Regarding the instant invention, it is an important object of this invention to provide a treatment for athlete's foot that is economical, and may be sold over the counter rather than require a prescription. Applicant has discovered that vanillin is antimicrobial; that is, vanillin possesses antifungal and antibacterial activity. That antimicrobial activity covers the spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and mold, to the special regard to Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum, the "athlete's foot" molds. Vanillin may be formulized with other well known chemicals to provide a treatment in the form of a cream, gel, powder, liquid, aerosol liquid, aerosol powder, ointments, and the like. The vanillin may also be utilized in powder form in a controlled release dispenser for foot treatment of a shoe or other article of footwear overnight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04147770__

Patent Applications on Athlete’s Foot As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to athlete’s foot:

8

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

32

Athlete’s Foot

•

Adhesive treatment for tinea pedis Inventor(s): Badejo, Ibraheem; (Morrisville, NC), Hedgpeth, Daniel L.; (Raleigh, NC), Narang, Upvan; (Raleigh, NC), Nicholson, William S. C.; (Raleigh, NC), Rivera, Andres; (Wake Forest, NC), Rivera, Mary Jo S.; (Wake Forest, NC), Sherbondy, Anthony; (Raleigh, NC), Szabo, Gabriel N.; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC; P.O. BOX 19928; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030007826 Date filed: July 5, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing tinea pedis, commonly known as Athlete's Foot, includes applying a polymerizable monomer adhesive composition to an area of skin afflicted with or susceptible to tinea pedis, optionally with at least one of an additional anti-fungal agent or a foot care additive, and allowing the polymerizable monomer composition to polymerize to form a polymer film over the area of skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatment and prevention of tinea pedis, commonly known as Athlete's Foot. Monomer and polymer adhesives are used in both industrial (including household) and medical applications. Included among these adhesives are the 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers and polymers, such as the.alpha.-cyanoacrylates. Since the discovery of the adhesive properties of such monomers and polymers, they have found wide use due to the speed with which they cure, the strength of the resulting bond formed, and their relative ease of use. These characteristics have made the.alpha.-cyanoacrylate adhesives the primary choice for numerous applications such as bonding plastics, rubbers, glass, metals, wood, and, more recently, biological tissues. It is known that monomeric forms of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are extremely reactive, polymerizing rapidly in the presence of even minute amounts of an initiator, including moisture present in the air or on moist surfaces such as animal (including human) tissue. Monomers of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are anionically polymerizable or free radical polymerizable, or polymerizable by zwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Once polymerization has been initiated, the cure rate can be very rapid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with athlete’s foot, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on athlete’s foot. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning athlete’s foot. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

33

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to athlete’s foot. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on athlete’s foot include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

9

Podiatry sourcebook: basic consumer health information about foot conditions, diseases, and injuries, including bunions, corns, calluses, athlete's foot, plantar warts, hammertoes and clawtoes, clubfoot, heel pain, gout, and more: along with facts about foot care, disease prevention, foot safety, choosing a foot care specialist, a glossary of terms, and resource listings for additional information Author: Weatherford, M. Lisa.; Year: 1977; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2001; ISBN: 0780802152 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802152/icongroupinterna

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

34

Athlete’s Foot

Chapters on Athlete’s Foot In order to find chapters that specifically relate to athlete’s foot, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and athlete’s foot using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

35

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATHLETE’S FOOT Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover athlete’s foot.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on athlete’s foot is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to athlete’s foot. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for athlete’s foot: •

Garlic compound is an effective treatment for athlete's foot Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 22, 2000

36

Athlete’s Foot

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to athlete’s foot, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Athlete’s Foot Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to athlete’s foot. In addition to

Periodicals and News

37

these sources, you can search for articles covering athlete’s foot that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

39

CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for athlete’s foot. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with athlete’s foot. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

40

Athlete’s Foot

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to athlete’s foot: Butenafine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Mentax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203496.html

Ciclopirox •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Loprox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202140.html

Clotrimazole and Betamethasone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lotrisone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202156.html

Econazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Spectazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202211.html

Oxiconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Oxistat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202661.html

Sulconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Exelderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202691.html

Terbinafine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202760.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202666.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

Researching Medications

41

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

43

APPENDICES

45

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

46

Athlete’s Foot

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

47

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

48

Athlete’s Foot

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 925 13 430 3 0 1371

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

49

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

51

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on athlete’s foot can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to athlete’s foot. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to athlete’s foot. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “athlete’s foot”:

52

Athlete’s Foot

•

Other guides Athlete's Foot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Foot Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Heel Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heelinjuriesanddisorders.html Nail Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html Tinea Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tineainfections.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to athlete’s foot, the following was listed: •

Children Athlete’s Foot Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/skin/athletes_foot.html Trouble Under Foot Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/feet.html

•

Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Fungus Infections: Preventing Recurrence Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/fungus_preventing.html

Patient Resources

53

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Athlete's Foot Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4807

•

Tinea Infections: Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch and Ringworm Summary: This online fact sheet defines tinea, a fungus that can grow on skin, hair or nails. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4810

•

Your Podiatric Physician Brochure Series Summary: Consumer health information pamphlets discuss several foot health conditions and concerns, including athlete's foot, occupational foot health, warts, foot orthoses, children's feet, foot surgery, heel Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4289

•

Your Podiatric Physician Talks About Athlete's Foot Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4811 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to athlete’s foot. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful

54

Athlete’s Foot

background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to athlete’s foot. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with athlete’s foot. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about athlete’s foot. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “athlete’s foot” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

Patient Resources

55

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “athlete’s foot”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “athlete’s foot” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “athlete’s foot” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

57

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

58

Athlete’s Foot

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

60

Athlete’s Foot

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

62

Athlete’s Foot

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

63

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on athlete’s foot: •

Basic Guidelines for Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000875.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Athlete’s Foot Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Dry skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm

64

Athlete’s Foot

Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Athlete’s Foot Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin lesion KOH exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003761.htm

•

Background Topics for Athlete’s Foot Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Scales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003226.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

65

ATHLETE’S FOOT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or

66

Athlete’s Foot

reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the

Dictionary 67

lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH]

68

Athlete’s Foot

Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and

Dictionary 69

theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanoacrylates: A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH]

70

Athlete’s Foot

Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Econazole: A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against gram-positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

Dictionary 71

Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

72

Athlete’s Foot

occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH]

Dictionary 73

Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

74

Athlete’s Foot

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.

76

Athlete’s Foot

[NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va

Dictionary 77

and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

78

Athlete’s Foot

Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 79

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH]

80

Athlete’s Foot

Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

81

INDEX A Adhesives, 28, 32, 65 Adverse Effect, 4, 65, 78 Aerobic, 65, 77 Aerosol, 30, 31, 65 Affinity, 65, 74, 78 Algorithms, 65, 66 Alternative medicine, 36, 65 Aluminum, 31, 65 Amino Acids, 65, 71, 77, 78, 79 Ammonia, 65, 79 Ammonium Compounds, 28, 65 Analog, 65, 71 Ankle, 12, 65 Antibacterial, 14, 31, 65, 69, 78 Antibiotic, 29, 66, 78 Antibody, 65, 66, 68, 73 Antifungal, 4, 6, 14, 23, 30, 31, 66, 71, 73, 74 Antigen, 65, 66, 68, 73 Antimicrobial, 28, 31, 66, 79 Antimycotic, 5, 21, 66, 67, 70 Aqueous, 29, 30, 66, 70 Arterial, 66, 77 Arteries, 66, 69, 74 Aspergillosis, 66, 73 Atopic, 15, 66 B Bacteria, 12, 14, 31, 65, 66, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80 Bactericidal, 28, 66 Bacteriostatic, 28, 66 Base, 29, 66, 69, 71, 73, 76 Biopsy, 5, 64, 66 Biosynthesis, 66, 67 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 33, 36, 47, 66 Blastomycosis, 66, 73 Branch, 61, 67, 76, 78, 79 C Calculi, 67, 72 Candidiasis, 4, 52, 67, 71 Candidosis, 5, 67 Carcinogenic, 67, 73 Causal, 21, 67 Cell, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76 Cell Division, 66, 67, 76 Cell membrane, 67 Cellobiose, 67

Cellulitis, 7, 12, 67 Cellulose, 30, 67, 71, 76 Chlorophyll, 67, 71 Chronic, 4, 6, 15, 17, 28, 64, 67, 73, 78 Clinical trial, 3, 11, 47, 67, 69, 77 Cloning, 66, 67 Clotrimazole, 9, 11, 17, 40, 67 Clubfoot, 33, 68 Cod Liver Oil, 68, 70 Cofactor, 68, 75, 77 Collagen, 65, 68 Combination Therapy, 8, 18, 68 Complement, 68 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 24, 68 Complementary medicine, 19, 68 Computational Biology, 47, 68 Concomitant, 8, 69 Connective Tissue, 67, 68, 69, 74 Contact dermatitis, 19, 69 Contamination, 28, 69 Contraindications, ii, 69 Controlled study, 13, 69 Corneum, 11, 15, 69, 70, 71 Coronary, 69, 74 Coronary Thrombosis, 69, 74 Corpus, 29, 69 Curative, 69, 79 Cutaneous, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 16, 66, 67, 69 Cyanoacrylates, 32, 69 Cysteine, 69, 78 Cytosine, 69, 71 D Databases, Bibliographic, 47, 69 Deamination, 69, 79 Defense Mechanisms, 4, 69 Degenerative, 69, 74 Density, 69, 74, 76 Dermatitis, 15, 30, 69 Dermatomycoses, 11, 69, 70 Dermatophytosis, 31, 70 Deuterium, 70, 72 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 36, 70 Diploid, 70, 76 Direct, iii, 30, 39, 70, 77 Dispenser, 30, 31, 70 Domesticated, 70, 72 Drug Interactions, 40, 41, 70

82

Athlete’s Foot

E Econazole, 10, 23, 40, 70 Edema, 69, 70 Efficacy, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20, 70 Electrons, 66, 70, 73, 77 Emollient, 70, 75 Emulsion, 11, 70 Endocarditis, 67, 70 Environmental Health, 46, 48, 70 Enzyme, 67, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80 Epidemiological, 6, 71 Epidermal, 71, 80 Epidermis, 69, 71, 72 Epidermomycosis, 70, 71 Erythema, 69, 71 Ether, 30, 71 F Family Planning, 47, 71 Fat, 71, 74, 78 Fetus, 71, 74, 80 Fluconazole, 5, 11, 71 Flucytosine, 4, 71 Foot Care, 32, 33, 71 Fungi, 3, 14, 28, 30, 66, 69, 71, 74, 75, 80 Fungistatic, 4, 28, 71 Fungus, 7, 21, 28, 31, 52, 53, 67, 71, 75 G Gas, 65, 71, 72, 75 Gene, 33, 66, 71 Genetic Code, 71, 75 Glucose, 67, 71 Gout, 33, 72 Governing Board, 72, 76 Graft, 72 Gram-negative, 6, 31, 72, 77 Gram-positive, 31, 70, 72 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 70, 72 Growth, 28, 31, 65, 66, 71, 72, 76, 79 Guinea Pigs, 4, 5, 72 H Haploid, 72, 76 Heredity, 71, 72 Heterotrophic, 71, 72 Histology, 72, 74 Horny layer, 8, 18, 71, 72 Host, 4, 67, 72, 80 Hydrogen, 29, 66, 70, 72, 75, 77 Hyperuricemia, 72 I Id, 22, 54, 60, 62, 72 Imidazole, 5, 67, 72, 74 Immune system, 72, 73

Immunocompromised, 4, 72, 73 Immunocompromised Host, 4, 73 Immunodeficiency, 73 Immunologic, 73 Immunosuppressive, 73 In vitro, 73 In vivo, 4, 73 Infarction, 69, 73, 74 Infection, 7, 23, 28, 31, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78 Inflammation, 64, 67, 69, 73, 74, 80 Infusion, 73, 74 Inhalation, 65, 73 Initiator, 32, 73 Intracellular, 73 Intravenous, 73, 74 Ions, 66, 72, 73 Ipsilateral, 7, 73 Itraconazole, 10, 13, 15, 17, 73 K Kb, 46, 73 Ketoconazole, 9, 24, 73 L Lesion, 64, 66, 73, 79 Lethal, 66, 73 Library Services, 60, 73 Life cycle, 71, 74 Lipophilic, 28, 74 Lipopolysaccharide, 72, 74 Lipoprotein, 72, 74 Liver, 70, 74, 79 Localized, 3, 73, 74, 76, 79 Locomotion, 74, 76 Lubricants, 74, 76 Lymphatic, 73, 74 M Maceration, 31, 74 Mannans, 71, 74 MEDLINE, 47, 74 Membrane, 4, 67, 68, 72, 74 Meningitis, 71, 73, 74 Metabolic disorder, 72, 74 Methacrylate, 30, 74 Methionine, 74, 78 MI, 28, 33, 64, 74 Miconazole, 8, 10, 74 Microbe, 74, 79 Microbiological, 28, 74 Microbiology, 14, 74 Microorganism, 68, 75, 80 Molecular, 47, 49, 66, 69, 75 Molecule, 66, 68, 75

Index 83

Monotherapy, 18, 75 Morphological, 71, 75 Mycological, 9, 75 Mycosis, 22, 30, 75 Myocardium, 74, 75 N Necrosis, 73, 74, 75 Need, 4, 34, 55, 65, 75 Nerve, 12, 71, 75 Nervous System, 75 Nickel, 15, 75 Nitrogen, 29, 75 Nosocomial, 75, 77 Nucleic acid, 4, 69, 71, 75 O Obstetrics, 74, 75 Occult, 9, 11, 12, 75 Ointments, 30, 31, 75 Onychomycosis, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 75 P Palliative, 75, 79 Pathogenesis, 12, 14, 75 Pathologic, 66, 67, 69, 76 Petrolatum, 70, 76 Petroleum, 28, 76 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 67, 76 Pharmacologic, 76, 79 Phenolphthalein, 70, 76 Plants, 21, 28, 72, 76, 77, 79 Polyethylene, 29, 76 Polymers, 32, 76, 77 Polysaccharide, 66, 67, 76 Practice Guidelines, 48, 76 Prevalence, 5, 11, 14, 16, 76 Progressive, 72, 75, 76 Projection, 69, 76 Prophylaxis, 10, 76 Protease, 68, 76 Protein C, 74, 76, 79 Protein S, 33, 66, 71, 77 Proteins, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 79 Protons, 72, 77 Protozoa, 74, 75, 77 Pruritic, 77, 79 Pseudomonas, 6, 7, 77 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6, 7, 77 Public Policy, 47, 77 Publishing, 4, 21, 77 Pulmonary, 77, 78, 80 Pulse, 17, 77 Q Quaternary, 28, 77

R Radiation, 73, 77 Radioactive, 72, 77 Randomized, 6, 10, 11, 20, 22, 70, 77 Randomized clinical trial, 20, 77 Refer, 1, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77 Refraction, 77, 78 Regimen, 70, 78 Rigidity, 76, 78 Risk factor, 14, 78 Rod, 77, 78 S Screening, 21, 67, 78 Side effect, 39, 65, 72, 78, 79 Sodium, 72, 78 Solvent, 30, 78 Specialist, 33, 54, 78 Species, 70, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80 Spectrum, 3, 19, 29, 31, 67, 70, 73, 78 Subacute, 73, 78 Subclinical, 73, 78 Subcutaneous, 67, 70, 78 Substrate, 29, 78 Sulfur, 29, 74, 78 Suppression, 31, 78 Suppurative, 67, 78 Surfactant, 29, 78 Symptomatic, 31, 78 Systemic, 4, 40, 64, 67, 73, 79 Systemic disease, 4, 79 T Tea Tree Oil, 22, 24, 79 Therapeutics, 4, 41, 79 Thrombosis, 77, 79 Tinea Pedis, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 30, 32, 70, 79 Tissue, 32, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79 Topical, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 29, 40, 76, 79 Toxic, iv, 79 Toxicity, 4, 70, 79 Toxicology, 48, 79 Toxins, 66, 73, 79 Trace element, 75, 79 Transfection, 66, 79 Treatment Failure, 4, 79 Tuberculosis, 79 Tuberculostatic, 28, 79 U Ulcer, 67, 79 Unconscious, 69, 72, 79 Urea, 8, 18, 79

84

Athlete’s Foot

Uric, 72, 79 Urinary, 67, 77, 79, 80 Urinary tract, 77, 79, 80 Urinary tract infection, 77, 80 Uterus, 69, 74, 80 V Vagina, 67, 80 Vaginal, 4, 80 Vaginitis, 67, 80 Vascular, 73, 80 Venous, 77, 80 Ventricle, 77, 80

Vesicular, 15, 80 Veterinary Medicine, 47, 80 Viral, 80 Virulence, 79, 80 Viruses, 28, 74, 75, 80 Vitro, 4, 21, 80 Vivo, 21, 80 W Warts, 33, 53, 80 Y Yeasts, 67, 71, 80

Index 85

86

Athlete’s Foot

Index 87

88

Athlete’s Foot